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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc4cbac --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50938 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50938) diff --git a/old/50938-0.txt b/old/50938-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 44afe6e..0000000 --- a/old/50938-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11894 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sign Talk, by Ernest Thompson Seaton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Sign Talk - A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for Use in the - Army, the Navy, Camping, Hunting, and Daily Life - -Author: Ernest Thompson Seaton - -Translator: Lillian Delger Powers - -Other: Huge L. Scott - -Release Date: January 16, 2016 [EBook #50938] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIGN TALK *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jennifer Linklater, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - SIGN TALK - - _A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, - for Use in the Army, the Navy, Camping, - Hunting, and Daily Life_ - - By - Ernest Thompson Seton - - _Author of “Wild Animals I Have Known,” - “Life Histories of Northern Animals,” - “The Book of Woodcraft,” etc., etc._ - - _Chief of the Woodcraft League of America_ - - THE GESTURE LANGUAGE OF THE CHEYENNE INDIANS - - With additional Signs used by other tribes, - also a few necessary Signs from the code - of the Deaf in Europe and America, and - others that are established among - our Policemen, Firemen, - Railroad Men, and - School Children - - IN ALL 1,725 - - Prepared with assistance from - General Hugh L. Scott, U. S. A. - - The French and German equivalent words added by - Lillian Delger Powers, M. D. - - 700 ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR - - GARDEN CITY NEW YORK - DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY - 1918 - - _Copyright, 1918, by_ - ERNEST THOMPSON SETON - - _All rights reserved, including that of - translation into foreign languages, - including the Scandinavian_ - - - - -PREFACE - - -In offering this book to the public after having had the manuscript -actually on my desk for more than nine years, let me say frankly that no -one realizes better than myself, now, the magnitude of the subject and -the many faults of my attempt to handle it. - -My attention was first directed to the Sign Language in 1882 when I went -to live in Western Manitoba. There I found it used among the various -Indian tribes as a common language, whenever they were unable to -understand each other’s speech. In later years I found it a daily -necessity when traveling among the natives of New Mexico and Montana, -and in 1897, while living among the Crow Indians at their agency near -Fort Custer, I met White Swan, who had served under General George A. -Custer as a Scout. He had been sent across country with a message to -Major Reno, so escaped the fatal battle; but fell in with a party of -Sioux, by whom he was severely wounded, clubbed on the head, and left -for dead. He recovered and escaped, but ever after was deaf and -practically dumb. However, sign-talk was familiar to his people and he -was at little disadvantage in daytime. Always skilled in the gesture -code, he now became very expert; I was glad indeed to be his pupil, and -thus in 1897 began seriously to study the Sign Language. - -In 1900 I included a chapter on Sign Language in my projected Woodcraft -Dictionary, and began by collecting all the literature. There was much -more than I expected, for almost all early travellers in our Western -Country have had something to say about this _lingua franca_ of the -Plains. - -As the material continued to accumulate, the chapter grew into a -Dictionary, and the work, of course, turned out manifold greater than -was expected. The Deaf, our School children, and various European -nations, as well as the Indians, had large sign vocabularies needing -consideration. With all important print on the subject I am fairly well -conversant, besides which I have had large opportunities in the field -and have tried to avail myself of them to the fullest extent, carrying -my manuscript from one Indian tribe to another, seeking out always the -best sign-talkers among them, collecting and revising, aiming to add all -the best signs in use to those already on record. - - * * * * * - -The following are the chief printed works on Sign Language: - -=1823. The Indian Language of Signs= by Major Stephen H. Long, published -in his Expedition to the Rocky Mts., 1823, Vol. I, pp. 378–394. Gives -104 signs. The earliest extensive vocabulary on record. - -=1880. Gesture Signs and Signals of the North American Indians= by -Lieut. Col. Garrick Mallery. An elaborate and valuable 330 page quarto -compilation from many contributors; published by the Bureau of American -Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880. - -It was preliminary to the much more extended work published the year -following, and combines in itself all the important vocabularies -published up to that time, including: _Wm. Dunbar’s List_ pub. Trans. -Am. Phil. Soc., January 16, 1801; about 60 signs; _Prince Maximilian von -Wied-Neuwied’s List_, Reise, Nord. Am., 1832–34, 1837; _Capt. R. F. -Burton’s List_ pub. in “The City of the Saints,” 1862; _Dr. D. G. -MacGowan’s List_ pub. in _Historical Magazine_, Vol. X, 1866, pp. 86–97; -also Manuscript Lists supplied by _Col. R. I. Dodge_, _Dr. William H. -Corbusier_, U. S. A., and about forty other contributors. - -=1881. Sign Language Among the North American Indians= compared with -that among other peoples and Deaf Mutes, by Col. Garrick Mallery; 290 -page quarto, 286 illustrations, an elaborate examination of the history, -origin, and nature of the Sign Language, with extensive vocabularies. -Published in 1st Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1881. - -=1885. The Indian Sign Language= by Capt. William Philo Clark, U. S. A., -244 pp. octavo, quite the best book on the subject, giving over 1,000 -signs with photographic exactness; it is also one of the best early -encyclopedic books on Indians in general; unfortunately, it is without -illustrations and is out of print. Published by Hamersly & Co., of -Philadelphia, 1885. - -This is practically the only publication quoted in preparing this work. -I have referred to it continually as a standard—as the highest available -authority. (W. P. Clark was born July 27, 1845, at Deer River, Lewis -Co., New York. Graduated from West Point June 15, 1868. Served on the -Plains in 2d Cavalry during the Indian wars of 1876 to 1880. Died at -Washington, D. C., September 23, 1884.) - - -HADLEY INDIAN SIGN PRINTS - -About twenty-five years ago there lived in Anadarko, Indian Territory, -an enthusiastic missionary worker named Lewis F. Hadley, known to the -Indians as Ingonompashi. - -He made a study of Sign Language in order to furnish the Indians with a -pictographic writing, based on diagrams of the signs, and meant to be -read by all Indians, without regard to their speech. Pointing to the -Chinese writing as a model and parallel, he made a Sign Language font of -4,000 pictographic types for use in his projected works. He maintained -that 110,793 Indians were at that time sign-talkers and he proposed to -reach them by Sign-Language publications. - -In pursuance of his plan, he issued the following: - -=1887. List of the Primary Gestures in Indian Sign Talk.= “Only 19 -copies were printed.” It was intended as a prodrome to “_extended works -and a magazine in Hands-tal[k]ing_.” - -It consists of 63 pages with 684 crude woodblocks of white lines on -black ground, illustrating signs, alphabetically arranged, but without -captions or text of any kind, except the explanation on the title page, -abridged as above. - -=1890. A Lesson in Sign Talk=, designed to show the use of the line -showing the movement of the hands in the Indian Gesture Language, by -In-go-nom-pa-shi, Fort Smith, Ark., 1890. Copyrighted by Lewis F. -Hadley, 12 pp. A portrait of him by himself is on p. 11, inscribed -“In-go-nom-pa-shi, drawn by himself at 60 years.” - -It devotes 3 pages to general discussion of Sign Talk, 1½ pages to -reform of our spelling, the rest is given to general remarks with 12 -poor illustrations in white line, also a Scripture text with 15 signs -drawn, the Lord’s Prayer with 55 drawn signs, and on p. 12, The Indian -Little Star, a novel version of “Twinkle, Twinkle,” rendered in 97 drawn -signs. - -=1893. Indian Sign Talk.= Being a Book of Proofs of the matter printed -or equivalent cards designed for teaching sign-talking Indians as much -English as can be explained through the medium of their “Universal” -Gesture Language, by Ingonompashi, copyrighted May 15, 1893, “only 75 -copies are saved.” - -This is Hadley’s most extended work. It is a dictionary of the Sign -Language, in 268 large octavo leaves printed on one side only of each -sheet. - -It consists of 9 pages of Preface and general matter, 192 pp. of -dictionary alphabetically arranged, each page having three gestures -figured and beside each the equivalent in English. A total of 577 signs -(including a double). Pages 193 to 205 are given to small reproductions -of the sign drawings to illustrate “measurements of type”—his font—about -800 illustrations, two pages of appendix with compound sign words, and -14 illustrations, 1 page of black type, 18 in number, 53 pages of -reading matter in signs, the above cited version of “Twinkle, Twinkle, -Little Star” and the story of “Wolf and the White Man” in signs; the -rest being Scripture texts and exhortations and the 19th Psalm, ending -with the Lord’s Prayer. - -The cards referred to I have. They consist of 571 separate cards with an -illustrated sign on each and additional matter on the back. Besides -which there are about 100 separate cards each with a scripture text, -chapter, or sermonette on it, about 1,000 illustrations in all. The same -being the matter of the dictionary proper reproduced on separate cards, -the diagram on one side and the text on the other. The front matter and -the type measurements do not, however, appear on the cards. Though poor -as art, the drawings are of some value to the student. - -This is the most ambitious work extant on the subject of Sign Language, -but seems to be quite unknown to most ethnologists, and is not in any -library, so far as I can learn, except the Library of Congress, the -Smithsonian Institution, the New York Public Library, the Library of -Prof. J. C. Elsom of Wisconsin State University, and my own collection. - -Of the 75 copies issued, only these 5 have been accounted for, but cards -comprising the dictionary part were issued to the extent of 100,000 in -sets of 571 each, and the reading matter on cards to the number of over -27,000. - -=1910. The Sign Language=, by Prof. J. Schuyler Long, State School for -the Deaf, Council Bluffs, Iowa, published at Washington, D. C., 1910. A -valuable dictionary of about 1,500 signs used by the deaf, with 500 -admirable photographic illustrations. Of these signs a large number seem -to be arbitrary, but many are evidently of good construction and quite -acceptable to Indian sign-talkers. - -To these should be added: - -=1832. La Mimica=, by Andrea de Jorio. “La mimica degli antichi -investigata nel Gestire Napoletano.” Napoli, 1832, 8vo, 372 pp., 21 -plates. - -This interesting Italian work on Sign Language was written to show that -the gestures figured on antique vases, etc., may be explained by their -modern parallels, especially as observed in Naples. The 21 plates -illustrate about one hundred of these gestures—about half of these are -reproduced in Mallery’s 1881 publication. - -=1854. Dactylologie= by Louis de Mas-Latrie. “Dictionnaire de -Paleographie.” _Tome Quarante-septième_, pp. 179 to 366. - -An extended study of Finger-talking as used by the deaf, the savages, -etc. About 30 American Indian signs are described and compared with -those of the deaf. No illustrations. - -=1878. The Gesture Language=, by E. B. Tyler, in his studies in “Early -History of Mankind,” third edition, 1878, pp. 14–81. - -An interesting but not very important dissertation on the Gesture -Language in use among the deaf, the Cistercian Monks, and the American -Indians. No illustrations. - -=1883. Sign Language, Remarks on=, by Wilfred Powells in his “Wanderings -in a Wild Country.” An account of a three years’ residence in New -Britain (to the north of New Guinea), 1883, pp. 254–261, with 14 good -figures, showing the digital origin of numbers. - -=1896. Arunta Sign Language=, E. C. Stirling. Rep. Horn Scientific -Exped. to Central Australia; IV, pp. 111–125. - -A considerable discourse on the Sign Language as used by the very -primitive races. Many figures. - - * * * * * - -My thanks are due to General Hugh Lenox Scott, U. S. A., one of the best -living sign-talkers, for a general review of the text, with new signs -and explanations as indicated. - -To John Homer Seger of Colony, Oklahoma, for much assistance. He was for -45 years in official control of the Indians at Darlington and Colony, -Oklahoma. They were of the Southern Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho tribes -chiefly. All his communications with them were in the Sign Language, so -that he became one of our best experts. We have corresponded much, and -during a prolonged visit to his home in August, 1915, we together went -over every sign in this Manual. His signs were of the Cheyenne dialect. - -To the Reverend Walter C. Roe (since dead) of Colony, Oklahoma, for many -notes and comments. He was so expert that he preached every Sunday in -the Sign Language. - -To Sheeaka, or Cyiaka (The Mudhen), a Yanktonnais Sioux living at -Standing Rock. He worked over my entire manuscript with me in 1912, -endorsing most of the signs given by Clark, as well as adding those that -are accredited to him. He was considered the best sign-talker on the -reservation. His familiarity with the Sign Language was largely due to -the fact that a member of his family was a deaf-mute, so that he has -kept up the method while others of his generation are forgetting it. -Frank Zahn, an intelligent and educated half-breed, acted as interpreter -and helped with many suggestions. - -In the autumn of 1916 I took my manuscript to Montana and received -valuable help from the following Blackfoot Indians: - -Bearhead, an old-time, full-blooded Piegan Indian, with a pronounced -contempt for modern ways and modern signs; George Starr or Bull Calf, a -half-blood, who acted as interpreter for Bearhead; Medicine Owl, Eagle -Child, Three Bears, Two-Guns Whitecalf; all full-blooded Piegans and -excellent sign-talkers. - -Heavy Breast, a half-blood, acted as interpreter, with assistance from -James C. Grant. - -I am also indebted to Chasing Bear (Ma-to Hu-wa-pi), a Santee, and to -Chief Tom Frosted, a Yanktonnais; both of Standing Rock. About a dozen -good signs were given me by C. B. Ruggles, of Taos, New Mexico; and -helpful information was received from Thomas La Forge, official -interpreter for the Crow Nation, and Clitzo Dead-man, an educated Navaho -at Ganado, Arizona. - -In the spring of 1917 I spent some time among the Cheyennes at Concho, -Oklahoma, checking up my lists. My chief source of information was -Robert Burns, an intelligent and educated Cheyenne, who spoke excellent -English and was also a good sign-talker. At the same time I got much -valuable assistance from Cheyenne Fanny (Mrs. Hamilton), Deafy Fletcher, -and numerous old Cheyennes and Arapahoes about the Post. Father Isadore, -of the St. Patrick’s Mission, Anadarko, Oklahoma, and the Reverend -Sherman Coolidge (Arapahoe), of Sheridan, Wyoming, also contributed. - -In the case of special or unusual signs, I give the name of the best of -my authorities; but when, according to my own observation, the sign is -in general use and indorsed by practically all, no authority is cited. - -I have to thank my friends James Mooney and F. W. Hodge of the -Smithsonian Institution, and Professor J. Schuyler Long, of Council -Bluffs, Iowa, for much helpful criticism; Professor Elmer D. Read, of -the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, for a review of the Introduction; -also, Doctor Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa), Colonel W. F. Cody (Buffalo -Bill), Hamlin Garland, Miss Frances Densmore, and Mrs. Mary Austin for -contributions or criticism. - -For the French and German equivalent words I am chiefly indebted to -Doctor Lillian Delger Powers, of Mt. Kisco, New York. Some assistance -was given by Miss Dorothy Dwenger, of Greenwich, Connecticut, and Harry -G. Seides, Professor of German, Jersey City High School, New Jersey. - -The drawings throughout are by myself. - -ERNEST THOMPSON SETON. - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -ITS ANTIQUITY - -Many thoughtful men have been trying for a century, at least, to give -mankind a world-speech which would overstep all linguistic barriers, and -one cannot help wondering why they have overlooked the Sign Language, -the one mode common to all mankind, already established and as old as -Babel. Yes, more ancient than the hills. - -As far back as the records go, we find the Sign Language in use. General -Hugh L. Scott has pointed out nineteen examples in Homer. Greek vases, -Japanese bronzes, ancient Hindu statuary, as well as songs and legends -older than history, give testimony in like tenor. While Egyptologists -remind us that the oldest records show, not only that the Sign Language -was then used, but that the one original code was much like that in use -to-day. The fact that it is yet found all over the world wherever man is -man, is proof of its being built on human nature in the beginnings. We -might even argue that it is more ancient than speech. - -Ideas certainly came before the words that express them. The idea of -“hunger” must be a thousand times as old as any existing “word” for -“hunger.” When it became necessary to communicate to another the idea of -hunger, it certainly was easier and more direct to communicate it by -gesture than by word. The word had, perforce, to be more or less -arbitrary, but the gesture was logical, and could at once indicate the -pain, its place, and even hint at the cause. - -The possible variations of a mere squeak in a concealed pipe are -obviously less in number and far less graphic and logical than the -various movements of two active, free-moving, compound, visible parts of -the body that utilize all the dimensions of space, all the suggestions -of speed, motion, physical form and action, juxtaposition, yes, even a -measure of sound, and that could in a multitude of cases reproduce the -very idea itself. - -Animals have far more gestures to express thoughts and emotions than -they have sounds, and children instinctively use gestures for various -ideas long before they acquire the sound for them. In all races as a -rule the very young children’s gestures are the same, but the different -words imposed by the different mothers have little or nothing in common, -and no obvious basis in logic. All of which goes to prove the greater -antiquity of eye-talk over ear-talk. To which conclusion we are forced -also by the superiority of sight over hearing as a sense. “Seeing is -believing,” is convincement: hearing is more open to challenge. - -Nor can the sign-talk have changed radically, for it is founded on the -basic elements of human make-up, and on mathematics, and is so perfectly -ideographic that no amount of bad presentation can completely divert -attention from the essential thought to the vehicle; while punning is an -impossibility. - -It had all the inherent possibilities of speech, was indeed capable of -even greater subtleties, as we have noted, and had a far greater -distance range, three or four times that of spoken words. - -In view of the greater antiquity and many advantages that hand gestures -have over spoken language, one is prompted to ask: Why did it not -develop and continue man’s chief mode of inter-communication? The answer -is, doubtless, partly because it was useless in the dark or when the -person was out of sight or partly hidden by intervening things. -Diagrammatically expressed it was thus: - -[Illustration] - -Speech therefore covers all directions night and day. - -Gesture covers one-third of the circle in hours of light. - -Therefore speech serves six times as many occasions as gesture. - -But the chief reason for the triumph of the appeal to the ear is -doubtless because the hands were in constant use for other things; the -tongue was not; was indeed practically free to specialize for this end. - - -ITS UNIVERSALITY - -Being so fundamental, ancient, and persistent, Sign Language is, -_perforce_, universal. In some measure it is used by every race on earth -to-day. Eskimo and Zulu, Japanese and Frenchman, Turk and Aztec, Greek -and Patagonian. And whenever two men of hopelessly diverse speech have -met, they have found a medium of thought exchange in the old Sign -Language—the pantomimic suggestion of ideas. - -Latin races are proverbially hand-talkers, so that the Sign Language is -more widely used among them than with Anglo-Saxons. - -But the American Plains Indian is undoubtedly the best sign-talker the -world knows to-day. There are, or were, some thirty different tribes -with a peculiar speech of their own, and each of these communicated with -the others by use of the simple and convenient sign-talk of the plains. -It is, or was, the language of Western trade and diplomacy as far back -as the records go. Every traveller who visited the Buffalo Plains had -need to study and practise this Western Volapuk, and all attest its -simplicity, its picturesqueness, its grace, and its practical utility. - -Many of the best observers among these have left us long lists of signs -in use, Alexander Henry in his gossipy journal among the Mandans of the -Missouri in 1806 tells us of the surprise and interest he felt in -watching two Indian chiefs of different tribes who conversed freely for -hours on all subjects of common interest, conveying their ideas -accurately by nothing but simple gestures. - -The European races are much less gifted as sign-talkers. But we all have -a measure of it that is a surprise to most persons when first confronted -with the facts. Our school children especially make daily use of the -ancient signals. - - -AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN - -In taking observations among school-boys and girls, I had this uniform -experience: All denied any knowledge of the Sign Language, _at first_, -but were themselves surprised on discovering how much of it they had in -established use. - -One very shy little girl—so shy that she dared not speak—furnished a -good illustration: - -“Do you use the Sign Language in your school?” I asked. - -She shook her head. - -“Do you learn any language but English?” - -She nodded. - -“What is the use of learning any other than English?” - -She raised her right shoulder in the faintest possible shrug and at the -same time turned her right palm slightly up. - -“Now,” was my reply, “don’t you see you have answered all my three -questions in signs which you said you did not use?” - -Following the subject, I said: “What does this mean?” and held up my -right hand with the first and second fingers crossed. - -“Pax,” she whispered; and then, after further trials, I learned that at -least thirty signs were in daily use in that local school. - -This was in England. In America the sign “Pax,” or “King’s cross,” is -called “King’s X,” “Fines” or “Fins” or “Fends,” “Bars up” or “Truce,” -meaning always, “I claim immunity.” - -This is a very ancient sign and seems to refer to the right of -sanctuary. The name “King’s cross,” used occasionally in England, means -probably the sanctuary in the King’s palace. - -In general I found about 150 gesture signals in established use among -American school children, namely: - -Me (Tap one’s own chest). - -You (Pointing to you). - -Yes (Nod). - -No (Shake head). - -Good (Nod and clap hands). - -Bad (Shake head and grimace). - -Go (Pushing flat hand forward, palm forward). - -Come (Drawing in flat hand, palm toward one). - -Hurry (The same repeated vigorously several times). - -Come for a moment (Beckon with forefinger, hand unmoved). - -Stop (Flat hand held up, palm forward). - -Gently (Flat hand held low, palm down, gently waved). - -Good-bye (Flat hand held high, palm down and forward, fingers quickly -waved up and down). - -Up (Point up). - -High (Flat hand, palm down, held up at arm’s length). - -Deep (Left flat hand palm down at level of mouth, right palm up, as low -as possible). - -Heaven (Point up very high and look up). - -Down (Point down). - -Forward (Swing index forward and down in a curve). - -Backward (Jerk thumb over shoulder). - -Across (Hold left hand out flat, palm down, run right index across it). - -Over or Above (Hold out flat left, palm down, and above it hold ditto -right). - -Under (Reverse of foregoing). - -Hush (Index finger on lips). - -Listen (Curved hand behind ear). - -Look (Flat hand over eyes). - -Look there (Point and look in same direction). - -Touch (Reach out and touch with index). - -Taste (Lay finger on tongue). - -Smell (Hold palm to nose). - -Friendship (Hand shake). - -Warning (Index finger held up). - -Threatening (Fist held up). - -Weeping (With index finger at each eye, trace course of tears). - -Shame on you (Point one index at the person and draw the other along it -several times in same direction). - -You make me ashamed (Cover eyes and face with hands). - -Mockery (Stick tongue out at person). - -Disdain (Snap fingers toward person). - -Scorn (Throw an imaginary pinch of sand at person). - -Insolent defiance (Thumb to nose, hand spread). - -Arrogant (Indicate swelled head). - -Pompous (Indicate big chest). - -Incredulity (Expose white of eye with finger, as though proving “No -green there”). - -I am no fool (Tap one side of the nose). - -Joke (Rub side of nose with index). - -Connivance (Winking one eye). - -Puzzled (Scratch the head). - -Crazy (Tap forehead with index then describe a circle with it). - -Despair (Pulling the hair). - -Sleepy (Put a fist in each eye). - -Bellyache (Hands clasped across the belly). - -Sick (A grimace and a limp dropping of the hands). - -Applause (Clap hands). - -Victory (Swing an imaginary flag over head). - -Upon my honor (Draw a cross over heart or cross the hands over breast). - -I am seeking (Looking about and pointing finger in same directions). - -I am thinking (Lay index on brow, lower head and look out under brows). - -I have my doubts (Slowly swing head from side to side). - -I will not listen (Hold flat hands on ears). - -I will not look (Cover eyes with hands). - -I forget (Slowly shake head, and brush away something in air, near the -forehead). - -I claim exemption, or “Fins” or “Bar up” (Middle finger crossed on -index). - -I beg of you (Flat hand palm to palm, pointing to the person). - -I pray (Clasped hands held up). - -I am afraid, or surrender (Hold up both flat hands, palm forward). - -I wind him around my finger (Make the action with right thumb and index -around left index). - -I have him under my thumb (Press firmly down with top of right thumb). - -You surprise me (Flat hand on open mouth). - -I send you a kiss (Kiss the finger tips of right hand and throw it -forward). - -Search me (Hold the coat flaps open, one in each hand). - -Swim (Strike out with flat hands). - -Dive (Flat hands together, moved in a curve, forward and down). - -Will you come swimming? (Two fingers in V shape held up level). - -Will you? or Is it so? (Look, nod and raise brows). - -Fool or Ass (A thumb in each ear, flat hands up). - -Cut-throat (Draw index across throat). - -Indifference (A shoulder shrug). - -Ignorance (A shrug and a head shake). - -Pay (Hold out closed hand, palm up, rubbing thumb and index tips -together). - -Jew (Flat hands waved near shoulders, palms up). - -Bribe (Hold hollow hand, palm up, behind one). - -It is in my pocket (Slap pocket with flat hand). - -Give me my bill (Beckon, then write on air). - -Match (Make the sign of striking a match on the thigh). - -Set it afire (Sign match, and then thrust it forward). - -Pistol (Making barrel with left index, stock and hammer with right -hooked on; snapping right index from thumb). - -That tastes good (Smack the lips). - -The food was good (Pat the stomach). - -Bad taste (Grimace and spitting out). - -Bad smell (Hold the nose). - -Bend (With right hand bend left index). - -Break (With fists touching, make as though to bend a stick, then swing -the fists apart). - -Hot (Wet middle finger in mouth, reach it forward and jerk it back). - -Cold (Fists near shoulder and shaken). - -Paint (Use flat right as a brush to paint flat left). - -Shave (Use finger or thumb on face as a razor). - -Wash (Revolve hands on each other as in washing). - -Knife (With right fist as though holding knife, whittle left index). - -Revolver (Hold out right fist with index extended and thumb up). - -Gun or shooting (Hold hands as in aiming a gun). - -Drive horses (Work the two fists, side by side). - -Give me (Hold out flat hand, palm up). - -Write (Make the action with index). - -Strike (Strike down with fist). - -Fighting (Make the fists menace each other). - -Drinking (Lift right hand to mouth as though it held a glass). - -Smoking (Make as though holding a pipe and drawing). - -Rub it out (Wet tips of right fingers, and seem to rub). - -Thank you (Bow and, at the same time, swing flat right, palm up, a -little way down and to one side). - -Church (Hands clasped, fingers in, but index fingers up and touching). - -Get up (Raise flat right, palm up, from low up high). - -Sit down (Drop flat right, palm down, from high, down low). - -Here (Pointing down, hand swung in small circle).[1] - -In all, 110; besides the compass points, the features of the face, the -parts of the body, the numerals up to 20 or 30, and a great many -half-established signs, such as book, telephone, ring the bell, etc., -which, if allowed, would bring the number up to nearly 200. - -As another line of observation, I have asked New York boys, “How many -signs does the Broadway policeman use in regulating the traffic?” Any -bright child remembers presently that the officer seldom speaks, could -scarcely be heard if he did. Indeed, he relies chiefly on Sign Language -and hourly uses the established signs for “Stop,” “Come on,” “Come -here,” “Go right,” “Go left,” “Go back,” “Hurry up,” “Go easy,” “I warn -you,” “I’ll punish you,” “Pass,” “Keep behind me,” “Scorn,” and, -perhaps, one or two others. - -While not infrequently the small boy responds with the sign of “insolent -defiance” that is used the world ’round, and was probably invented by -Cain and Abel. - -Similarly, the car conductor uses the signs for “Do you want this car?” -“Do you want transfer?” “How many?” “Go on,” as well as most of the -above. - -Evidently, then, the Sign Language is used of necessity in much of our -life where speech is impossible. - - -CODES, ETC. - -It is inevitable that a world-wide language be split into variant forms. -Besides the fragmentary Sign Code among our children, the more copious -list of signs among Latins, and the code of the Cistercian or Trappist -Monks, there are the Deaf Code and the Sign Language of the American -Indians. Only the two last are widely established and at all complete as -languages to-day. - - -DEAF CODE - -The Sign Language used by the deaf was originated in France by Abbé de -l’Epée about 1759, with a view to facilitating the intercommunication of -the deaf. His signs were largely arbitrary or founded on the spelling of -French words, usually in abbreviated form, so that it was merely a -short-hand of French done into finger-spelling. - -While this was the case at its beginning, the deaf themselves had -instinctively done so much in the way of introducing pantomime and -expressive gesture, that they have half redeemed the Code from its -unfortunate original plan, and, in so doing, have made themselves -intelligible to an immensely larger audience. - - -THE INDIAN CODE - -So far as I can learn, no student hitherto has compared the various -methods without being convinced that the American Indian Sign Language -is the best extant. It is theoretically perfect and practically -complete. In order to make this evident, I must offer a definition and -some comparative details. - -_A true Sign Language is an established code of logical gestures to -convey ideas; and is designed as an appeal to the eye, without the -assistance of sounds, grimaces, apparatus, personal contact, written or -spoken language, or reference to words or letters; preferably made by -using only the hands and adjoining parts of the body._ - -Measured by these standards, there is only one true Gesture Language in -the field to-day; that is the sign-talk of the American Indians. It is -established over the whole area of the Great Plains; and, though varied -locally, is essentially the same from Saskatchewan to Rio Grande. - -In general, it is claimed that there are two well-marked dialects of -this: the northern, which is a _whole hand_ and a _two-hand_ dialect; -the central and southern, which is a _finger_ and _one-hand_ dialect. - -The former is better for far signalling; the latter for conversation. -There are, however, many exceptions to these rules; and, in any case, -they are so close akin that Indians from opposite extremes of the Plains -have no difficulty in conversing with each other. - -The Cheyennes originally lived in a central region where they had -intercourse with a dozen tribes whose spoken language differed from -their own; so they became very expert sign-talkers, perhaps the best. -They have amplified to the number of several thousand signs, and -simplified until theirs has become largely a one-hand code; therefore, -as far as possible, I make the Cheyenne sign-talk my standard. All signs -herein given I have found in use among the southern Cheyennes and are -understood to be Cheyenne except when another source is specifically -mentioned. - -Clark gives first place among gesture talkers to the Cheyennes and their -associates the Arapahoes, whose sign-talk was the same, though their -speech was very different, so that the signs for which he is authority -may also be considered Cheyenne. - -The signs given me as Indian by Sheeaka and his friend, Tom Frosted, -should be cautiously received if one would study the ancient code. -Sheeaka had in his family a deaf-mute, who probably imported some signs -from the Deaf Code, as indicated. - -In cases where there were different signs for the same idea, I have -selected the simplest and clearest, the least like other signs; or, -other things equal, the one most extensively used, preferring a one-hand -to a two-hand sign. - -Usually that sign is best from the locality where the idea is most -familiar. Thus the Sioux sign for “tree squirrel” is poor; the Modoc -sign is very good. The Navaho signs for “domestic sheep” are numerous -and clearly differentiated; those of the north are not, and refer back -to the “bighorn.” Southern signs for “snow” are descriptive and -cumbrous, while those of the northern tribes are simple and perfect. - - -A COMPARISON OF THE TWO CODES - -A comparison of the Deaf and Indian Codes seems to emphasize the -superiority of the Indian. The Deaf was intended to convey, word by -word, a vocal language; it assumes that you know the other man’s speech, -and can spell. Whereas, the Indian was invented to over-ride linguistic -barriers and, knowing nothing of spelling, deals only with ideas. - -The next great advantage of Indian style is its picturesqueness. The two -systems can be illustrated and fairly compared by the signs for the -months. - -First the Deaf: - -January—Sign for _Month_, then _J_, _N_, and _R_, that is 4 signs. - -June—Sign for _Month_, then _J_ and _N_, that is 3 signs. - -July—Sign for _Month_, then _J_ and _L_, again 3 signs. - -Whereas the Indian calls January the _Snow Moon_, thus _moon_ or “Horns -in the sky” and _snow_, that is two signs. June is _Rose Moon_ i.e., -_horns_ or _Crescent in the sky_ and _rose_ (the right hand plucking an -imaginary petal from each finger tip of the left). July is the _Thunder -Moon_, i.e., _horns in the sky_, then the right index darted downward in -a quick zigzag to imitate _lightning_. All need but two signs each. - -The first involving a certain amount of spelling is limited to those who -can read, and who use that word. The second, touching nothing but the -idea, is widely acceptable, much shorter, and visible much farther off. -It was apparently developed for the safe distance beyond arrow range. - -Again the Indian method is strong in its dignity. The deaf often spoil -their sign-talk by grimacing, the Indian never does so. One may -occasionally help the idea by facial expression, but it should be used -with great reserve, as there is nothing more unlovely or likely to harm -the study of the Sign Language than the excessive grimacing that one -sometimes sees in an uneducated deaf-mute. The Indian sign-talker’s face -is calm and little changed, his head is moved in graceful sweeps, and -never jerked unless to express some jerky action. His communication is -indeed a study in beautiful, dignified gesture. There is not an Indian -sign in this book that depends on facial expression for its usefulness, -and there are but few that involve the face in any way. - -Last year (1910) my friend Hamlin Garland met a party of moving picture -men returning from a business tour among the Indians. He asked, “Did you -get two old chiefs talking together in the Sign Language?” They said -“No, hadn’t heard of it.” - -“Then,” he replied, “you have missed one of the most graceful and -rewarding chances for your special art that the western country -affords.” - -They were so much impressed with his description that they went back. -Having brought together two chiefs of diverse speech they got results on -their films which amply justified their time and trouble. - -Finally a large number of the signs used by the deaf are conventional -and arbitrarily fixed, dating back about 100 years, whereas each Indian -sign is the slow evolutionary product of ages, with its roots deep in -human nature. It is never arbitrary, but so logical and so reasonable -that it is easily and quickly learned. - -Every interested person, therefore, must regret profoundly that the -teachers of the deaf should have gone out of their way to fabricate an -unnatural, localized code, when there was awaiting them ready-made, and -already established, a system founded on universal human nature, old as -the hills, full of the charms of grace and poetry, and so logical that -any one of any race can learn it in a tithe of the time required for the -acquisition of the merest smattering of a spoken language, and the -adoption of which would at once have greatly lessened the handicap of -the deaf. One can only suppose that the founders of the code were -unaware of the other’s existence. - -Undoubtedly actual service has done much to reform and redeem the Deaf -Code and make it more nearly a true Sign Language, but one cannot help -wishing that their teachers would take the inevitable step at once and -adopt the natural system. - -Thus we have logic with us as well as the opinion of ethnologic students -in giving preference to the Indian System. While in the extent of usage -honors are about even, I am credibly assured that about 100,000 people -are daily using the Deaf Code and an equal number using the Indian. - -It is my belief that an available popular Manual will soon establish the -latter as the universal code and result in its further and full -development. - - -ATTITUDE TOWARD THE SIGN LANGUAGE - -There are two distinct attitudes toward Indian Sign Language: - -_First_, that of the student who sees in it a beautiful product of -evolution, a perfect demonstration of the subtle laws of speech growth, -the outcome of human mind yearning for converse with human mind, -rebellious at its shut-in loneliness, battering with its hands the -prison walls, till it could reach out and signal to the next locked-in, -before it had yet found the way of modulated sounds. This, then, was the -means which responded to the demand for communion and mental fellowship -before there was a spoken speech. It began, as all codes must, with the -broadest, simplest root ideas, and expressed their inter-relationships -at most by context, sequence, proximity, or emphasis, but not by -inflection. - -Every student of the Sign Language is impressed by this thought and very -naturally considers every true sign of the old Sign Language a thing -sacred, precious as a pre-Homeric manuscript. He believes that to modify -it or tamper with it would be to rob it of all value as a living -expression of growth, and much like trying to readjust the crystalline -forms on a frost-covered pane by shaping them with a hot iron. The -student recognizes it as his first and highest duty to make faithful, -unadulterated, untooled records of the oldest types of signs. This is -the academic attitude. I am fully in sympathy with it. - -_Second_, the practical attitude which realizes that Sign Language, -never dead, is coming to its renaissance and can serve many useful ends -among us here to-day. But to complete its possibilities it must be -brought up to date by the addition of elements that stand for the latest -modern ideas; and therefore does not hesitate to seize on and adopt -these elements wherever they may be found. Thus, it may be held, is a -contamination of the thought by interminglement of spurious recent -creations. But it is merely submitting the code to the ordinary rules of -all language. We should remember, further, that the ancient signs, as -well as the modern, were _invented by men who had need of them_. The -only difference is that the one was invented recently, the other maybe -thousands of years ago; and that without such changes the Sign Language -could not serve its beneficent purpose to-day among the deaf, the -distant, the roar-environed, the moving picture folk, and those of -unknown speech about us. Hand-talk fully developed will find much good -work to do; and it matters little where the elements of the code were -gathered so long as they meet with general acceptation; which implies -that they be _needed_, _serviceable_, and of _sound construction_. The -forty odd Deaf Signs included here have been admitted on this basis. - - -PROPER NAMES - -There is at least one place where all pure Sign Language must fail; that -is in dealing with proper names, especially new proper names. If I wish -to signal “New York State” to an expert sign-talker, I can use the -nickname “Empire State” and signal “_Country great crowned_”; or, for -“Kentucky” I can signal “_Country blue grass_”; or Boston, “_The Hub -City_”; or Chicago “_Windy City_”; but when I come to South America or -Oberammergau or Poughkeepsie, I am obliged to fall back on the white -man’s method and spell the name. For this reason then we begin our -sign-talk by teaching the one-handed sign alphabet of the deaf. The -two-handed will answer, but obviously a one-handed sign is better than a -two-handed, other things equal. We aim at simplicity; and there are many -occasions when one has but one hand free. - - -TO WHAT PURPOSE? - -My own interest in the study had been growing for thirty years, and to -satisfy myself that it was not a mere fad of slight and passing import, -I set down carefully the reasons for studying and using the Sign -Language, not forgetting its limitations. I set these also in hostile -array and will give them first: - -It is useless in the dark. - -It cannot serve over the telephone. - -It can scarcely be written, except by cumbrous pictographs. - -It cannot give new proper names; they must be spelled. - -But the reasons for the study were more numerous and stronger. - -1st. _It develops observation and accurate thinking._ All races that -excel in sign-talking are noted for their keenness of observation. Which -is cause and which effect one cannot certainly determine, but it is sure -that this method of communication is excellent practice to develop -observation, and it makes for a wonderfully graphic descriptive power. - -Herein, perhaps, is its most enduring, the least obvious, claim to a -high place. There is a sweet reasonableness, a mathematical accuracy, in -the fabric of the Sign Language that has an insistent and reactionary -effect on the mental processes and pictures of those who use it. -Therefore, it is valuable for the kind of mind it makes. - -2d. _It is easily learned._ Unlike most languages, it is very easily -acquired, for most of the signs are natural in concept, and so logical -that they explain themselves where their history is known. Six hundred -signs (that is ideas) make a fairly good sign-talker. - -3d. _It is Indian talk._ By means of this you can talk to any Plains -Indian no matter what his speech; and there are many tribes each with -its own tongue or dialect. In some measure it is understood and used by -savages and keen observers all over the globe. - -4th. _A cognate code is the talk of the deaf_; and is used the world -round by them in preference to the manual alphabet when possible; so -that a wide use of the much better Indian Sign Language will certainly -result in their accepting it and thus tend to lessen the barrier between -the deaf and their more fortunate brethren. - -5th. _It is silent talk._ It can be used on occasions when it is -necessary to give information, but improper or impossible to speak -aloud. Thus, lecturers use it in directing their lanternist; friends use -it for necessary information during musical performances; it is used at -the bedside of the sick, the actors in a moving picture can utilize it, -and so be comprehended the world round; the pantomime stage, forbidden -to use speech, can easily make clear the plot by sign-talk. - -In a recent letter, Prof. J. S. Long has furnished me with a touching -instance (one that has since recurred) that indicates another and final -service that the silent method can render: An eminent divine was on his -deathbed. His life had been devoted to ministering to the deaf, he knew -the Sign Language perfectly; for several hours before the end his power -of ordinary speech had deserted him, but his mind was clear, and to the -last he conversed freely with those about him, in this, the universal -talk, the one which for its exercise depended on muscular powers that in -his case were the last of all to fail. - -6th. _It allows talk in an uproar._ It can be used when great noise -makes it impossible to use the voice; therefore it can be of daily -service in modern life, city or country, and each year it discovers new -uses. Friends talk across a rackety thoroughfare or from a moving train; -firemen and policemen, or sailors in a storm find it of growing service. -The baseball umpire uses it when the roar of the multitude makes him -voiceless; the catcher talks to the pitcher; the aeroplanist talks to -his friends on earth; the stockholder on the curb buys and sells in it; -the football captain or the army officer issues clear sign orders when -the uproar of fight would drown even the trumpet call. The politician -facing a shrieking mob may find it useful for conveying a few crude -truths to his crude, unruly audience, thus opening the way for a more -usual form of harangue, or failing in the attempt, he can at least -inform his friends of his next move and his audience what he thinks of -them. In St. Paul’s epoch-making address on the stairs of Jerusalem we -have a good illustration of the first part of this. - -7th. _It is practical far-talk._ It is a valuable method of talking at a -distance, far beyond earshot. Compared with the other modes of -far-signalling it has the great advantages of speed, for it gives a -sentence while semaphore, Morse, or Myer code give a letter, and of -inconspicuousness at short range, or in a crowd; also it is independent -of apparatus. - -8th. _It is a true universal language._ It is already established. -Instinctively the whole world has adopted it in a measure; and daily -proofs of this are seen. Rasmussen among the Eskimo would have been -helpless, he tells us, for he knew not their tongue, and they not a word -of his, but they were expert sign-talkers and the lingual barrier was -swept away. So also Henry among the Mandans, and Butler among the -Basutos, while a thousand other cases could be aligned. - -It is so complete that Dr. W. C. Roe and many others regularly _preach_ -and _lecture_ in the language of Signs, to congregations in which -several spoken tongues are used and would be necessary to the preacher -were he limited to sounds. - -It is so fundamental indeed that it is the easiest means of -communicating with animals; the best trainers of dogs and horses use -Sign Language as the principal medium of command. - -But, for lack of standards and codification, its use is much smaller -than it might be; and yet larger than commonly supposed. At least 100 of -the 725 signs herein given are in daily employ among hearing white folk -in America. After a little extension of the study, as is inevitable with -a standard code, one will be able to travel all over Europe, the world -indeed, on Sign Language alone. No matter what the other man’s language -may be, French, German, Russian, Greek, all are the same in the Sign -Language because it expresses _ideas, not words_. This, then, is its -chief obvious strength—_It is a universal language._ - -It was with this in view that the French and German equivalents were -added after each sign; and since it is impossible to render in one word -a sign that stands for a broad idea and is capable of conveying many -meanings, according to the context and sense, the foreign equivalents -are understood to deal only with the simplest root idea, that which -usually is expressed by the first of the English words given. - -It is my earnest hope that we may have an International Society of the -Sign Language whose functions would be to keep it pure, to add new signs -as they are needed, and to aim at its complete development. - -Also, that in furtherance of this a thorough, full, and careful record -of the old Indian Sign Language will be made before it is too late; that -is, before all the old-time Indians of the Plains are dead. - -My own effort is meant not as a record of the past, but a starting point -for the future. - - -SYNTAX OF THE SIGN LANGUAGE[2] - -The Sign Language is a system of root _ideas_ expressed by _gestures_, -preferably made only by the hands, without sounds or reference to -letters, or words, spoken or written, and not delimited by anything -corresponding to words. There can be but little doubt that Sign Language -preceded all audible speech. - -Being fundamentally a true spontaneous language, wholly removed from any -spoken language, it must necessarily have its own syntax and idiom. - -Its syntax is simple and primitive, much like that of spoken language in -its earliest or monosyllabic stage, as defined by Hovelacque. Yet -clearly many signs are amplified by an associated but subsidiary root, -so that we may consider it entering the second or agglutinative stage. -Thus _deer_, signed by holding up the hands to indicate _branching -horns_, is a simple or isolated root; but _white-tailed deer_ which -gives first _deer_, then adds the qualifying sign _banner tail_ by -waving the right index up high, is in close correspondence with -agglutinative language. Still more so are the signs _finished_ or _done_ -added to a verb to show the past tense, or the different twists to the -sign _give_ that turns it respectively into _give me_ or _give you_, or -the variations of _talk_ which make it mean _I talk to you_, _you talk -to me_, or _they talk to each other_. - -The sentence construction is elemental. Dependent sentences are not used -nor are negative or involved questions. - -The relation of one idea to another is indicated chiefly by proximity -and sequence, rarely by connectives and (with a few exceptions) never by -inflection. So that the same sign may be the equivalent of a noun, a -verb, or a phrase, etc., according as it is used. - - -NOUNS AND PRONOUNS - -The =Nominative= and =Objective cases= are not distinguished except by -context and sequence, that is, the Nominative precedes, the Objective -usually follows, the verb. - -A partial exception is the first personal pronoun—the starting point of -most inflection—for _I_, _mine_, and _me_ are sometimes given as cognate -but distinctive signs. - -The =Possessive case= is usually shown by the addition of the possessive -sign, equivalent to “his,” “hers,” “its,” etc. “That man’s” horse would -be signed: _Man_, _that_, _his horse_, or _Man_, _that there_, -_possession_, _horse_. - -The =Gender= of nouns is indicated when necessary by adding the signs -_male_ or _man_ and _female_ or _woman_. Thus “A She bear” would be -rendered _Bear Woman_. - -The =Number= of nouns is indicated by the signs 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., _many_ -or _few_. - -In the Personal Pronouns the plural is made by adding _all_ to the -singular. Thus _Me all_ is the equivalent of “We,” _You all_ of “Ye.” -_He all_ is the equivalent of “they.” - -The =Person= by pointing to _myself_, to _you_, or to the _third -person_. The first person is understood unless otherwise indicated. - - -VERBS - -The =Verb= is usually placed between the subject and the object, but -need of emphasis may change this so the verb comes last. - -The =Tense= of verbs is marked by the auxiliary prefixes _now_, _future_ -and _past_, _finished_ or _done_. Thus “I have eaten” would be _I done -eat_, “I shall eat” will be _I time ahead, eat_. - -The present is understood, unless otherwise stated; but the sign is -plastic and may be any part of the verb, according to context. Thus -_Arrange_, _Arranged_, or _Arranging_ are the same. - -The =Number= of the verb is shown by the context. - -The =Voice= is assumed to be active, indeed the passive is not used. - -The =Imperative= is shown by following the verb with the sign _must_, -that is, strike down with right fist, giving the significance of -command, or else by emphasis. - -The =Subjunctive= is shown by the signs _if_, _so that_, _perhaps_. - - -ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB - -The =Adjective= usually follows the substantive. Thus “A bad man” would -be rendered _Man bad_. But numerals are exceptions to this rule. - -The =Adverb= of time precedes the verb. - -Qualities are compared by the use of the signs _little_, _more_, _much_, -_most_, _ahead_, and _behind_. They are further modified by adding such -signs as _strong_, _brave_, _very much_, or _very strong_. - -The =Numeral sign= is often prefaced to small numbers to prevent -confusion. Thus when prefaced by the numeral sign the sign _Wolf_ may -become _two_ and _Man_ become _one_. - -Mere particles and expletives, as “a” “the,” etc., have no equivalent -signs. - - -PREPOSITIONS - -Prepositions were little used by the Indian sign-talkers, though they -did have _above_, _about_, _across_, _around_, _at_, _below_, _beside_, -_beyond_, _by_, _for_, _from_, _in_, _near_, _on_, _out_, _to_, _under_, -_upon_, _with_, etc. _Of_ or _pertaining to_ has been added by the deaf. - - -CONJUNCTIONS - -_And_ or _also_ (add on) _but_ or _if_ (_pick out_ or _cut off_), _so -that_, _with_ are the equivalents of conjunctions. Sometimes the close -continuity of two signs serves the purpose of “and,” conversely a pause -may indicate a full stop. - - -INTERROGATION - -The sign of interrogation always precedes the question, but is sometimes -added after it as well, for emphasis or certainty. - - -PERIOD OR FULL STOP - -For period, the sign _finished_ is generally used. The Blackfeet make -the sign _broken off_ and often clap the flat right down on the flat -left, palm to palm, for both beginning and end of a sentence. - - -ABSTRACT IDEAS - -Abstract ideas are not copiously rendered in signs. But it often happens -that a gesture with the index alone is specific, while the same gesture -with the flat hand becomes abstract. For example, compare _yonder_ and -_far_, _up_ and _up there_. - - -OPPOSITION - -The principle of opposition as pointed out by Mallery plays an important -part in the pairing of signs. Thus _above_ being fixed, _below_ is the -reverse; the sign _come_ is reversed in _go_, and _out_ reversed in -_in_, etc. - - -EMPHASIS - -Emphasis is sometimes given by using both hands for a sign that can be -made by one, sometimes by repeating the sign, sometimes by energetic -rendering, and sometimes by adding the sign _very much_ or _heap_. - - -PARALLEL OR DUPLICATE SIGNS - -Many signs are made by parallel action of both hands. Most of these are -permissibly rendered by using only one hand as, _woman_, _abandon_, -_gratitude_, etc. - - -ENUNCIATION OR DELIVERY - -In actual and expert practice most signs are abbreviated. But the -beginner, as in all new arts, should go slowly and be careful to make -each sign clear-cut and complete in itself. - -The hands are always held or moved so as to illustrate, as far as -possible, the action in mind or its manner, or its direction, or the -point where it takes place, or the shape of an object, or their relative -positions if two objects are being considered. - - -ELEGANCE - -Grace and dignity are of large importance in all good sign-talk. Ugly or -vulgar gestures should be abandoned. Even angular gestures should be -avoided, except to express some angular idea. - -Many times my Indian teachers have said to me as I imitated their signs, -“Yes, that is correct enough in a way, but it is awkward”; or “it is not -graceful. We do it this way.” Then they sketched the same structure, but -in sweeping lines. In this work many movements are indicated in straight -lines, for the sake of simplicity. As a matter of fact, I never saw a -Cheyenne make a straight-line movement, all had a graceful curve. - -Many signs are followed by a changeable _liaison_; that is, by an -introduced sweep to join it on to the sign that follows and avoid a jerk -or unpleasant movement. This elegant manner is what I call an Indian -accent, few whites achieve it. - -In a dignified way, the expression of face and the pose were used in -elucidation of the gesture, but very sparingly. - - -THE CONCEPT AND ITS VALUE - -The student of vocal language finds vital help in remembering the -derivation of words; so also the sign-talker. - -Most signs were pantomimic originally, but through much use have become -shortened, till now they are conventional. Yet it is well worth while in -each case to note the original concept as fully as possible; first as a -great help to the memory, and second as a guard against slovenly gesture -and a guarantee of point, power, and structural accuracy. Some of the -concepts given are evidently right, but some are mere guesses, probably -wrong in many cases. It is quite permissible in any one to challenge any -of them. - -Nevertheless, the fact that most signs are capable of logical -explanation does not mean that they are self-explanatory. Indeed nearly -all have become conventional, and each must be learned separately before -it can be rightly used. - -Signs which make the heart the seat of the mind are, I think, older than -those which give the place of honor to the brain. - - -THE MANUAL ALPHABET - -Although not at all Indian, it is exceedingly helpful to know the -single-hand alphabet as given in the cut on page li; partly because it -must sometimes be used for _giving proper names_ and also because it -saves time in describing _hand positions_. For example, we say “position -A or B” instead of describing each hand all over again for each new -sign. - - -THE NUMERALS - -_Fingers_ and _numbers_ are nearly synonymous the world round when -making signs, manual or written, hence the universality of the decimal -system. The Indian Code, the Popular Code, and the Deaf Code are nearly -alike in this, but in most points of difference the Indian is best. - -To prevent mistakes in certain cases preface the number with the sign of -_numbers_ or _arithmetic_. - - -THE ORDINALS - -For Ordinals, make the figure sign, 1, 2, or whatever it is, then -without changing the position of hand or arm, give the hand a twisting -from the wrist, to add point or emphasis, meaning “number-so-and-so.” -This is not Indian but adopted from the Deaf, nevertheless quite -logical. - - -ILLUSTRATIONS OF SIGN LANGUAGE - -Clark gives the following (pp. 17–18) as a good illustration of the -syntax of the Sign Language: - -_In English._ “I arrived here to-day to make a treaty—my one hundred -lodges are camped beyond the Black Hills, near the Yellowstone River. -You are a great chief—pity me, I am poor, my five children are sick and -have nothing to eat. The snow is deep and the weather intensely cold. -Perhaps God sees me. I am going. In one month I shall reach my camp.” - -_In Signs_, this literally translated would read, I—arrive here—to-day -—to make—treaty. My—hundred—lodge—camp—beyond—Hills—Black—near—river -—called—Elk—you—chief—great—pity me—I—poor—My—five—child—sick—food -—all gone (or wiped out)—Snow—deep—cold—brave (or strong). Perhaps—Chief -Great (or Great Mystery)—above—see—me—I—go. Moon—die—I—arrive there—my -—camp. - -“An Indian in closing or terminating a talk or speech wishing to say, ‘I -have finished my speech or conversation,’ or, ‘I have nothing more to -say,’ simply makes the sign for ‘_Done_’ or ‘_Finished_.’” - - -THE LORD’S PRAYER - -FATHER ISADORE’S VERSION - - Our Father up high, medicine thy name. Thy sit-aboard down here on - earth as up high. Give us all bread. Forgive our bad as we forgive - bad. Lead us bad not. Ended. - -Professor Elmer D. Read has supplied me with the foregoing two examples -done into the Sign Language of the deaf, as below: - - I—came—here—to-day—make—agreement (think parallel)—name (written). - My—1 C (100) tents—beyond—B-l-a-c-k H-i-l-l-s, near - Y-e-l-l-o-w-s-t-o-n-e water flow. You—most—chief, feel—tender—me. - I—ragged sleeve (poor). My—five—children (sign size)—sick—nothing—eat. - Snow—deep. Weather (air, wind)—very cold. Perhaps—God—look down on - (see) me. I—go. In—one—month—I—shall—arrive—tents—home (eat, sleep). - -The Lord’s Prayer in Deaf Signs: - - Our—Father—sky—into. - Honored—thy—name—truly. - Thy—kingdom—come; - Thy—law—do—on—earth—as—in—sky. - Give—us—our—bread—daily. - Forgive—us—our—lawbreaking—as—we—forgive—those—injure—us. - Lead—us—not—in—temptation, - But—save (break our tied hands)—us—from—lawbreaking. - Because—thine—kingdom, power, and—glory—forever. - Amen. - - -PICTURE-WRITING - -As already noted, a weakness of Sign Language is the difficulty of -writing it without translating it into words, and thereby changing its -nature and its world-wide application. Yet it can be written; and some -mention of its recorded form may fitly round out this introduction. - -The characters used, because they represent ideas, not words or letters, -are called ideographs or picture-writing. It is widely believed that -Sign Language is the oldest of all languages, that indeed it existed -among animals before man appeared on earth. It is universally accepted -that the ideograph is the oldest of all writing. The Chinese writing, -for instance, is merely picture-writing done with as few lines as -possible. - -Thus, it is said that their curious character for _Hearing_ was once a -complete picture of a person listening behind a screen, but in time it -was reduced by hasty hands to a few scratches; and _War_, now a few -spider marks, was originally a sketch of _Two women in one house_. - -We may also record our Sign Language in picture-writing, as was the -custom of many Indian tribes; and we shall find it worth while for -several reasons: it is picturesque and useful for decoration; and it is -likely that a pictographic inscription dug up 10,000 years from now -would be read, whether our language was understood or not.[3] - -When the French Government set up the Obelisk of Luxor, in Paris, and -wished to inscribe it for all time, they made record, not in French or -Latin, but in pictographs. - -It is, moreover, a good thing to take the young through the stages of -race development; just as the young bird must run for a send-off, before -it flies, so pictography, being its earliest form, is the natural first -step to writing. - -In this dictionary I give the written form after many of the signs that -have an established pictograph. These are chiefly from Mallery, 10th -Annual Report Bureau of American Ethnology. A few are popularly accepted -among ourselves. - - -NOTE - -The letters, initials, etc., after the paragraphs indicate the chief -authority for the sign. - -Where no authority is given, it means that the sign was observed by -myself among the Cheyenne Indians. Those ascribed to other Indians also -were observed by myself. Besides these the following are cited: - -_C._ Standing for Captain William Philo Clark, U. S. A. - -_Scott_, for General Hugh L. Scott, U. S. A. - -_Seger_, for John M. Seger, of Colony, Oklahoma. - -_R. B._, for Robert Burns, the Cheyenne interpreter at Concho, Oklahoma. - -_Long_, for Major Stephen H. Long, U. S. A. - -_Pop._ for Popular; that is, established among ourselves. - -_D._ for Deaf Sign, as given in J. Schuyler Long’s Dictionary. - - -GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS - -The drawing shows the hands as seen by the second person. - -The digits are named: thumb, first or index finger, second or middle -finger, third or ring-finger, and fourth or little finger. - -The following marks, etc., are used in the illustrations: - -Unless otherwise stated the _solid outline_ indicates the position of -the hands at the beginning of a sign, the _dotted outlines_ indicate the -position of the hands at the finish. - -................ Dotted lines indicate the course of hand employed in -the sign. - -> Indicates the commencement point of the movement. - -→ Indicates the direction of movement. - -X Indicates the point in the gesture line at which the hand position is -(x) changed. - -⊙ Or full stop represents the termination of the movement. - -“A hand” means like A, and “B hand” means like B, etc., in the -one-handed Deaf Alphabet (Cut 1) on next page. The positions meant by “4 -hand,” “5 hand,” “flat hand,” “flat fist,” or “compressed hand,” are -figured on the same page. - -Begin by learning the Single-hand Manual alphabet as noted above. - -Next learn the _Numbers_ and the signs for _Question_ and its -combinations; also _Yes_ and _No_, _Good_ and _Bad_, _Come_ and _Go_, -_Big_ and _Small_, _Truth_ and _Lie_, _Strong_ and _Weak_, _Understand_, -_Perhaps_, _Talk_ and _Sign-talk_, after this refer to the Dictionary -for the signs that serve your purpose and use them according to the -rules of syntax as herein set forth. - -Never lose a chance of talking the Sign Language with an old Plains -Indian, preferably of the Cheyenne or Arapahoe tribes. Their wonderful -facility and grace are as hard to convey on paper as the pronunciation -of French, and are as essential for the best style in Sign Talk. One -may, indeed, know every sign in this book and not be a good sign-talker, -so fundamental is this correct accent, or manner. - -[Illustration] - - - - -Footnotes - - -[1] Professor Elmer D. Read writes me that all of these are in use among -the deaf also, except the signs for “shame” and “church”; for these they -make the Indian signs “_red_” and “_house prayer_,” respectively. - -[2] “After going carefully over your syntax I approve it in the main but -I think it quite likely that many of the rules are not so inflexible as -this makes them seem; besides which, there must be always a certain -amount of modification by transliteration from the spoken language of -those using the signs. This would manifest itself in a growing -conformity of the Sign Language syntax to that of the more dominant -spoken language.”—_F. W. Hodge (Ethnologist, Smithsonian Institution)._ - -[3] Since the above was written, I have come across L. F. Hadley’s -pictographic writing of the Sign Language, fully set forth in the -bibliographical matter. E. T. S. - - - - -SIGN TALK - -_A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for Use in the Army, the -Navy, Camping, Hunting, Daily Life and Among the Plains Indians_ - - - - -SIGN TALK OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS - -BY ERNEST THOMPSON SETON - -_“A hand,” “G hand,” “flat hand” etc., mean like “A,” “G,” “flat,” etc., -on page li._ - - -A - -[Illustration] - -=Abandon=, =Give It up= (Thrown away, chucked). Hold both S hands, backs -up, near left breast, briskly swing both down to left side, opening them -with a snap and giving a slight rebound to the hands after the movement, -as though emphatically throwing away something. Sometimes only one hand -is used. Compare _Bad_, _Hate_, and _Charge_. See _Divorce_. - - Fr. _abandonner_; Ger. _aufgeben_. - -=Able.= See _Can_. - -[Illustration] - -=Aboard= (Sitting down on). Left hand out flat, palm up, right S hand on -it, thumb up. Compare _Sit down_. - - Fr. _à bord_; Ger. _an Bord_. - -[Illustration] - -=About= or =Around=. Hold the flat left hand pointing forward, up and to -the right, encircle it several times with the right G finger. If -possible, make it concrete by indicating the very thing that was -encircled. - - Fr. _autour_; Ger. _um_ ... _herum_. - -=About=, in the sense of _Near by_ or _Almost_. See _Close_. - -[Illustration] - -=Above= or =Over= (One thing above another). Bring the flat left hand, -back up, in front of and a little to the left of body; left forearm -horizontal, fingers pointing to right and front; bring the flat right -hand, back up over the left in a semi-circle upward large or small, as -best suggests the actual distance. Has been used for _More than_. -Compare _Beyond_. - - Fr. _au-dessus_; Ger. _über_. - -(=Below= is the reverse of this.) - -=Absent.= See _Empty_. - -[Illustration] - -=Abuse= to =Scold= or =Defame= (Throwing lies against one). Hold the -right V hand near the mouth, pointing to left. Jerk it forward toward -person once or twice. For =Abusing me= make the sign lower opposite the -left breast and inward toward one’s self. - - Fr. _calomnier_, _injurier_; Ger. _schmähen_, _beschimpfen_. - -=Accident.= See _Free_, also _Luck_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ache= or =Pain=. Thrust G finger many times in different directions -over and parallel to the part. Compare _Wound_ and _Sick_. - - Fr. _la douleur_; Ger. _der Schmerz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Across=, =Cross=, or =Over= (Crossing a ridge). Hold the flat left hand -out, palm down, and pointing forward and toward the right, pass the flat -right hand edgewise across the back of the left. If but one person is -meant, the right G is sometimes used. This sign as illustrated is often -used for _Council_. See _Council_ and _Laws_. - - Fr. _d’un côté à l’autre_, _traverser_; Ger. _hinüber_. - -[Illustration] - -=Act=, as in a theatre play. Hold A hands in front perpendicularly, move -up and down alternately as though the thumbs were two puppets. (Deaf -sign, not used or understood by Indians.) Compare _Play_ and _Follow_. - -=Act=, as in a play. Sign _Face_, _Two_, _Dance_ (that is dancing with a -mask) (not established). - - Fr. _jouer_; Ger. _spielen_. - -=Act= or =Deed=. See _Work_. - -[Illustration] - -=Add to= (Piling up). Flat left hand pointing to the right and front, -palm up, forearm horizontal; the palm of flat right hand is placed on -top of left hand a number of times, the left hand being raised a couple -of inches each time, to meet it; the movement ends with left hand as -high as top of the head. Often it is done as in the illustration but -with palm of left down. - -=Adjectives=, see _Comparative_. - -=Adulation.= Kissing the back of the hand. (Pop.) Not Indian, but they -understand it now. (R. B.) - - Fr. _la flatterie_; Ger. _die Schmeichelei_. - -[Illustration] - -=Advance.= Both flat hands back up, pointing forward, tandem, right in -advance, six inches ahead (the fingers extended) moved forward together -in gentle jerks. Compare _Move camp_. - - Fr. _avancer_; Ger. _vorschreiten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Advance Guard= (The one ahead, looking). Flat left hand back up, -pointing forward, breast high; place G right just before it, then turn -right G into V to mean _Looking_. Also used for _Scout_. Compare -_Ahead_. - - Fr. _l’avant-garde_; Ger. _die Vorhut_. - -=Advise= or =Advice=. Sign _Talk_, _Make_, _Way_. (C) Sign _Help_ and -_Talk_ would be near it. - - Fr. _conseiller_; Ger. _raten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Afraid= (Shaking heart). Sign _Heart_ then shake it up and down two or -three times, to indicate the throbbing action of the heart under -influence of fear. Or more strongly, sign _Heart_ and then finish by -raising the hand until its back strikes the chin, to mean the heart -rises in the throat. - - Fr. _effrayé_; Ger. _ängstlich_. - -[Illustration] - -=Afraid= or =Cowardly= (Seger says this means Buffalo backing out of -fight; that is, “drawing in his horns.”) Hold out both G hands level, -backs out, G fingers hooked like horns, draw them straight back together -for six inches. Mostly but one hand is used. Compare _Bring_. - - Fr. _lâche_, _poltron_; Ger. _feige_. - -=Afraid of no one.= Point right G in several directions, then add -_Afraid_, _Not_. - - Fr. _peur de personne_; Ger. _vor niemand Angst haben_. - -[Illustration] - -=After=, =Behind=, or =Late= (Time or space). G fingers pointing forward -at an angle in front of body; left in advance. Draw the right over and -behind the left. Draw it back a little way for a _little bit after_; but -far back and low down for _a long way behind_. Some finish by clenching -the right hand. - -If it meant that _one_ is behind _the rest_, use the flat left hand, -palm down, in advance, with right G behind. - - Fr. _après_; Ger. _hinter_, _nach_. - -[Illustration] - -=Afternoon.= Make a circle of right thumb and index and sweep it over -the afternoon half of the sky from the zenith down. Compare _Sunset_. - - Fr. _l’après-midi_; Ger. _der Nachmittag_. - -=Again.= See _Repeat_ or _More_. - -=Against=, i.e., =Go Against=. Thrust the tips of the flat right, back -out, square against the palm of the flat left held pointing level -forward, back to left. See also _Oppose_. Compare _Quandary_. - - Fr. _contre_; Ger. _wider_. - -=Agent, Indian.= Sign _Whiteman_ and _Chief, Give all_. The Southern -Cheyennes sign _Chief_ and _pull teeth_, because their first agent had -false upper teeth. - -=Agitate.= See _Excite_. - -=Agree.= Sign _You_, _I_, _think_, _same_. Sometimes use _Equal_. See -also _Treaty_. - - Fr. _s’accorder_; Ger. _übereinstimmen_. - -=Agreement.= See _Treaty_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ago=, =Time back=, =Past=, or =Back=. Sign _Time_ and point back over -the right shoulder with right finger G. Sometimes the thumb or the whole -hand is used instead of the index. See _Back_. - - Fr. _passé_, _il y a quelque temps_; Ger. _vorher_, _früher_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ahead= or =Before= (In time). Hold out the left G pointing forward and -up; swing the right G over the left to a place in front of it, both -pointing the same way. Some finish by closing and lowering the right -fist. Compare _After_. - - Fr. _avant_; Ger. _vor_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ahead= or =Before others= (In space or rank). Hold out flat left, back -up, near breast, pointing forward and slightly upward; then hold right G -just before it. Compare _Advance Guard_, which it exactly resembles, -except that this omits _Looking_. - - Fr. _en avant_; Ger. _vor_. - -=Air.= See _Wind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Alight= or =Descend=. Indicate from what, then drop right V fingers -downward onto flat left palm. See _Dismount_. - - Fr. _descendre_; Ger. _absteigen_, _hinuntersteigen_. - -=Alike=, to =Look like= or =Resemble= (Of persons). Make the signs -_Face_ and _Equal_. - - Fr. _semblable_; Ger. _ähnlich sein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Alive=, =Live=, =Life=, or =All right= (Walking about, upright). Hold -index of right hand upright, move it about shoulder high, forward in -long slow zigzags sidewise, always turning it so as to move palm -forward. Also used for _Be_ or _Exist_. See _Life_, _Deer_, and -_Nothing_. The Blackfeet use the sign _Grow_ for this idea. See -_Wandering_. - - Fr. _vivant_; Ger. _lebendig_. - -[Illustration] - -=All.= With right hand flat and back up, describe a large horizontal -circle, shoulder high. - - Fr. _tout_; Ger. _alles_. - -[Illustration] - -=All gone= or =Empty= (Hands swept clean). Both 5 hands in front of -body, backs out, right nearer; loosely brush fingers of right on left -palm, moving right outward, then reverse and repeat. Sometimes begin -with sign _All_. See _Wipe out_. - - Fr. _vide_; Ger. _leer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Alliance= or =Friendship= (Linked together). Form two circles with -thumbs and index fingers, and link them together, other fingers closed. -Some use only index fingers hooked together. - - Fr. _l’alliance_; Ger. _das Bündnis_. - -=All right.= See _Good_ or sometimes _Alive_. - -[Illustration] - -=All the time.= Hold up the left G, pointing upward, forward, and to the -right; strike on it with right G near the tip, then every inch or so up -to the arm. See _Many times_, _Cheyenne_ and _Buy_. - - Fr. _toujours_; Ger. _immerzu_. - -[Illustration] - -=Alone= or =Only= (Living and moving singly). Move the right G hand, -pointed upward, slowly forward and to left in a line slightly waving to -right and left. Compare _Alive_, _Life_, _Man_, _One_ and _Up there_. - - Fr. _seul_; Ger. _allein_. - -=Already.= See _Now_. - -[Illustration] - -=Always=, =Ever=, or =Forever= (Going on in cycles). With elbow at side, -hold the right G hand pointing forward; move hand forward, describing -circles with the index, the result a spiral, ending with the index -raised. (Frosted, borrowed from the Deaf Code.) - -=Always.= Sign _Long time_, _Wiped out_, and _Not_. Sometimes sign -_Stop, Not_. (Blackfoot signs.) See _All the time_. - - Fr. _toujours_; Ger. _immer_. - -=Ambitious= (Pushing to rise). Indicate a person, then sign _Push_ and -_Rising man_, or omit last. - - Fr. _ambitieux_; Ger. _ehrgeizig_. - -=American.= See _Nationalities_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ammunition= (Cartridges in belt). Lay the flat hands, palm in, on belt, -then add _Shoot_ by shooting the right G forward. (Not Cheyenne, but -understood.) - - Fr. _les munitions_; Ger. _die Munition_. - -[Illustration] - -=Among.= Hold the left 5 hand in front of neck, pointing upward, move -right G index (pointing down) in and through. Sometimes use _With_. - - Fr. _parmi_; Ger. _unter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ancestor.= Repeat the sign for _Father_ several times, with the flat -left hand held back out on the breast, and each time pushed farther -away, the _Father_ sign made beyond it. (Crow sign.) The Cheyennes sign -_Father_ and _Old_. - - Fr. _l’ancêtre_; Ger. _der Vorvater_. - -[Illustration] - -=And= or =Also= (Meet and go together). The spread flat right hand, -breast high, back forward, drawn six inches to the right and closed to -flat hand. (Deaf sign.) Compare _Horse_. The Cheyennes use _Equal_ or -_Increase_, according to the sense; or sometimes _With_ or _Add_. - - Fr. _et_, _aussi_; Ger. _und_, _auch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Angry= (Mind twisted). Twist the A hand against or near the forehead. - -Seger maintains that this means a “mad buffalo breaking off his own -horns.” Possibly he is right; for the older signs make the heart, not -the head, the place of the mind, and this must be a very old sign. Some -of the Blackfeet make this sign over the heart. Some grind on the heart -with the flat right fist, palm in, after pointing to the person; -meaning, “he grinds my heart.” See _Sorrow_. - - Fr. _en colère_; Ger. _böse_, _zornig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Animal= or =Quadruped= (Jumper). The compressed right hand, back up, -advanced in short jumps, as in _Frog_ and _Weasel_. Sometimes the sign -_Ground_ is made, first by sweeping the flat right across, palm up. -“Leaping” is generic for the quadruped as “Flying” is generic for -_Bird_. Compare _Jump_. Used by Blackfeet. The Cheyennes considered it -incomplete. - - Fr. _l’animal_; Ger. _das Tier_. - -=Annihilate.= See _Exterminate_ or _Wipe out_. - -=Annoyance.= See _Trouble_. - -=Annul.= See _Rub it out_. - -[Illustration] - -=Another= or =Other= (one other). Hold out flat right, back up, swing it -slowly up, out, _far to right_ and down low, turning it palm up. Compare -_Fall_ and _Lie down_. - - Fr. _un autre_; Ger. _ein anderer_. - -=Another person.= As above, but use right G. (Blackfoot.) In this, as -usual, the index up alone means _Man_. This gesture is so natural that -many whites use it; as, for example, in saying impatiently: “That was -another man altogether.” - -[Illustration] - -=Answer= (Talk come back). Push right G from the mouth in the sign -_Talk_, then draw back reversed; that is, pointing to one’s own face or -ear. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes use _Talk_, _Arrived here_. - -[Illustration] - -=Answer=, =Reply=, =Respond= (The word that follows the other). Right G -index upright on lips, left six inches ahead and parallel; move them -together toward the person. (Frosted, borrowed from the Deaf Code.) - - Fr. _la réponse_; Ger. _die Antwort_. - -[Illustration] - -=Antelope= (Pronged horns of the animal). Bring the L hands palm toward -and alongside of the head, near the base of the ears. - - Fr. _l’antelope_; Ger. _die Antilope_. - -=Anxious.= See _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Any= (Scattering). Place the right A hand near left side, elbow high; -draw it down and out to right side in a shaky curve. (Deaf sign.) Use -_Here_ and _There_. (Cheyennes.) - - Fr. _quelconque_, _quelque_; Ger. _irgend ein_. - -=Apache.= See _Indian_. - -=Appear=, =To come into view=. See _Come into view_. - -[Illustration] - -=Appears=, =Seems=, or =Looks like= (See and Same). Hold up flat right -hand, thumb toward self, shoulder high; throw it forward and turn palm -toward self, fixing the eyes on it and sign _Same_. Sometimes use the -sign for _Look_ before _Same_. (Frosted; probably adopted from Deaf -Code.) - - Fr. _paraître_; Ger. _aussehen_, _erscheinen_. - -=Applause.= See _Approval_. - -[Illustration] - -=Approach= or =Moving toward=. Hold partly bent left hand well in front, -breast high, to left side, palm to you and right similarly to right, but -quite near to you; move the latter _slowly_ forward toward former, but -not to touch it by several inches. Some use right G. See _Arrive there_ -and _Quandary_. - - Fr. _approcher_; Ger. _näher kommen_. - -=Approval=, =Applause=, or =Praise=. Make the motion of clapping the -hands, but without noise. A white man’s sign, but now generally -understood. - - Fr. _l’approbation_; Ger. _der Beifall_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arise= or =Get up=. Hold out right G, back down; raise the arm with a -swing and snap and bend the wrist till the finger points straight up. -For a large number, use both 5 hands. - - Fr. _se lever_; Ger. _aufstehen_. - -=Arithmetic.= See _Numeral_. - -=Around.= See _About_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrange= (Parfleches placed in teepee). With flat right, slightly -curved, back out, strike half a dozen times in a circle, turning to -watch the hand; then add _Good_. Sometimes omit _Good_. Or, sign _Work_ -and _Fix_. See _Ready_. - - Fr. _arranger_; Ger. _ordnen_, _einrichten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrest= or =Imprison= (To seize hold of and tie at wrists). Sign -_Seize_ and then add _Prisoner_; that is, cross the wrists, hands -closed. Sometimes the upright left forearm with S hand, back to left, is -held near the left shoulder, grasp left wrist with right hand and pull -it a little distance to right. - - Fr. _arrêter_; Ger. _verhaften_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrive here= or =Get here=. Hold the flat left hand, back out, near the -breast, fingers pointing to right; carry right G, back to front, well -out in front of body; bring the right hand briskly against back of left. -Often the flat right is used instead of right G. - - Fr. _arriver ici_; Ger. _hier ankommen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrive there= or =Reach=. Hold the flat left hand, back to front, well -out in front of body, about height of neck, pointing to right; bring -right G hand, palm outward, in front of and close to neck, carry the -right hand out sharply to strike the palm of the left. - - Fr. _y arriver_; Ger. _hinkommen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrogance.= A haughty lifting of the eyebrows and sidelong, disdainful -look down as upon an inferior. (Scott.) Sign _Head, Big_. In the popular -code, indicate big chest. See _Conceit_ and _Pride_. - - Fr. _l’arrogance_; Ger. _die Anmaszung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Arrow.= Make, with a long swing, the motion of drawing an arrow from -the left hand. - - Fr. _la flèche_; Ger. _der Pfeil_. - -[Illustration] - -=As= or =Than=. Both hands, G fingers parallel, level, forward near -right side; carry them over to left in similar position. (A sign -borrowed from the Deaf, Frosted.) This is the same as _Who_; only the -context can show which is meant. Sign _Same_ or _Beside_. - - Fr. _comme_, _que_; Ger. _wie_, _als_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ascend.= Indicate the object (hill, tree, etc.), then press right G -against it, raising the same in jerks. Compare _Famous_. - - Fr. _monter_; Ger. _hinaufsteigen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ashamed= or =Bashful= (Drawing blanket over face). Flat hands pointing -up, palms in, close to face and moved in till the _wrists crossed_, -right nearest the face; bow the head a little. Compare _Blind_ and -_Dark_. The bowing of the head was not generally done, yet is the only -feature to distinguish it from _Dark_. - - Fr. _honteux_; Ger. _verschämt_, _verlegen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ashamed= (I am ashamed). Cover the face and eyes with both hands. -(Pop.) - - Fr. _avoir honte_; Ger. _sich schämen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ashamed= (You should be). See _Shame_. - -=Ashes.= Sign _Fire_ and _Powder_. - - Fr. _la cendre_; Ger. _die Asche_. - -=Ask.= See _Beg_. - -=Assiniboine.= See _Indian_. - -[Illustration] - -=Astonishment= or =Wonder=. Lay the flat palm of left hand over the open -mouth and draw the body backward. Sometimes, also, raise right hand -flat, palm forward. - - Fr. _l’étonnement_; Ger. _die Verwunderung_. - -=Astray.= See _Lost_. - -=Astride.= See _Horseman_. - -[Illustration] - -=At.= Hold left flat hand, back up, pointing partly up; strike the back -with right flat hand. - - Fr. _à_; Ger. _an_, _auf_. - -=Attempt.= See _Try_. - -=Attention= (A command). See _Call_. - -=Aunt.= Sign _Father_ (or _Mother_) and _Sister_. Or, sign _Woman_ with -right, then tuck compressed right, point down, under left arm pit. (R. -B.) - - Fr. _la tante_; Ger. _die Tante_. - -[Illustration] - -=Aurora= or =Northern Lights=. Both hands, backs down, half closed, -thumb and finger tips together, raised very high and spread with a sweep -to indicate flashes. It should be done facing north. It is helped if the -hands when at the highest are swung apart in an arch. - - Fr. _l’aurore boréale_; Ger. _das Nordlicht_. - -=Automobile.= See _Motor car_. - -[Illustration] - -=Autumn= (Leaf-falling time). Make the sign for _Tree_ with both hands, -then for _Leaf_ with the right near the left finger tips, then drop the -leaf with tremulous, wavy motion down and to right. - - Fr. _l’automne_; Ger. _der Herbst_. - -[Illustration] - -=Avoid= or =Miss=. Hold up G hands, move them toward each other as in -_Meet_, but carry left well outside, past and beyond without meeting. -Compare _Meet_, _Trade_, and _Mistake_. - - Fr. _éviter_; Ger. _vermeiden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Awl.= Bore right G finger into left palm. Or, over the left G as in -sewing. - - Fr. _l’alêne_; Ger. _die Ahle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Axe= or =Hatchet=. Hold out the flat right hand, back to right, wrist -bent downward. Make as though chopping with it; that is, strike down -once or twice. Some also grasp it near the elbow with left index and -thumb, but the Cheyennes omit this. For _Hatchet_, indicate _Size_. See -_Tomahawk_. - - Fr. _la hache_; Ger. _das Beil_. - - -B - -[Illustration] - -=Baby.= Swing the flat right hand (sometimes S hand) in the hollow of -the left arm as though it were a baby. Add signs for sex and size when -needed. Compare _Tomahawk_. - - Fr. _le bébé_; Ger. _das Kindchen_, _der Säugling_. - -=Bachelor.= Sign _Man_, _Marriage_, _No_. (C) - - Fr. _le célibataire_; Ger. _der Junggeselle_. - -=Back= or =Again=. See _Repeat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Back=, =Backward=, =Ago=, or =Past= (In time or space). Throw right 5 -hand thumb first back over right shoulder once or twice. See _Ago_. - - Fr. _en arrière_; Ger. _hinten_, _zurück_. - -[Illustration] - -=Backbite.= Lay the right V hand on the mouth, as in _Lie_, then lay it -on the back of the right shoulder. (Blackfoot.) - -=Backbite.= Sign _Scold_, _Talk_, and _Hide_. - - Fr. _médire de_; Ger. _verleumden_. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -=Bacon= (Meat and thin). Hold out the flat left hand, thumb edge up; -with thumb and finger tips of right back down, rub little finger of -left. Hadley gives this with the right hand over. It makes a better -sign, but I never saw it used that way. Compare _Meat_ and _Thin_ and -_Oil_. - - Fr. _le lard_; Ger. _der Speck_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bad= or =Evil= (Suddenly thrown away). Hold clenched fist, back up, -near breast; throw it forward, down, and aside, opening the hand. -Sometimes for emphasis both hands are used. Compare _Abandon_, _Charge_, -and _Hate_. - - Fr. _mauvais_; Ger. _schlecht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Badger= (Walks under ground). Sign _Hole_, _Enter_, and _Walk_. The -Blackfeet sign is _Striped-face_ with size and pawing indicated. - - Fr. _le blaireau_; Ger. _der Dachs_. - -=Bad Taste.= See _Taste Bad_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bag.= Left C hand, back out; drop compressed right into this; then -sometimes indicate thickness with flat hands pointing straight up. - - Fr. _le sac_; Ger. _der Sack_. - -=Bald.= Lay the flat right hand on the forehead, draw it up and back to -the top of the head. Touch the hair and sign _Wiped-out_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _chauve_; Ger. _kahlköpfig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Band= or =Patrol= (Banded together). Hold the compressed left hand -pointing up; encircle it with the right forefinger and thumb. (Chasing -Bear.) Not a true Indian sign and not used, but would understand it. -(Seger.) Sometimes use _Bunch_ or _Few_. See _Tribe_ or _Troop_. - - Fr. _la bande_, _la patrouille_; Ger. _die Schar_, _die Truppe_. - -=Bankrupt.= See _Done_. - -=Bar= or =Saloon= (House of drink). Sign _Crazy_, _Drink_, _House_. - - Fr. _le cabaret_, _la buvette_; Ger. _die Bierstube_, _die Kneipe_. - -=Bark= (Like a dog). Sign _Talk_, but use index and middle finger -against thumb. - - Fr. _aboyer_; Ger. _bellen_. - -=Barracks.= Sign _White_, _Soldier_, _House_. - - Fr. _la caserne_; Ger. _die Kaserne_. - -=Barren.= Sign _Born_ and _All gone_. - - Fr. _stérile_; Ger. _unfruchtbar_. - -=Bar up.= See _Fins_. - -=Baseball signs.= These, of course, are not Indian; they differ locally, -but the three following are used by most umpires: - - _A strike._ The sign “Yes.” - - _Out._ The Same as the “No” sign (as tho striking something to one - side with the back of hand). - - _Safe._ Hand raised as in “Easy.” - -=Bashful.= See _Ashamed_. - -[Illustration] - -=Basin= or =Hollow= (A spread out circle). Hold the L hands low in -front, backs up, forming an incomplete horizontal circle, not touching, -the index fingers nearer each other than thumbs; swing the hands apart -by wrist action so the index fingers point nearly forward. - - Fr. _le bassin_; Ger. _die Vertiefung_, _die Grube_. - -[Illustration] - -=Basket.= Sign _Kettle_, then interlock fingers as in _House of logs_, -to show structure. The Cheyennes understand this, though usually they -sign _Kettle_ and _Sew_. - -[Illustration] - -=Basket.= Lock the fingers of the hollowed hands, backs down, join the -thumbs as for a handle, then with the right hand grasp left thumb and -raise the hand a few inches. (Sioux.) Compare _Corral_. - - Fr. _le panier_; Ger. _der Korb_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bat.= Sign _Night_ and zigzag flight; i.e., flat hands side by side, -breast high, flapped first to right side next to left. (C) - - Fr. _la chauve-souris_; Ger. _die Fledermaus_. - -=Battle, Combat.= Sign _Fight_, after which make _Shoot_ with each hand -toward the other. (C) Compare _Fight_ and _Kill_. - - Fr. _la bataille_, _le combat_; Ger. _die Schlacht_. - -=Battle-cry= or =War-cry.= Open the mouth as in saying “O” and pat it -with flattened fingers of right hand. (C) The Cheyennes use _Yell_. - - Fr. _le cri de bataille_; Ger. _der Schlachtruf_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bay.= Sign _Water_, then bring right L hand well out in front of body, -forming a horizontal half-circle. (C) - - Fr. _la baie_; Ger. _die Bucht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bayonet.= Sign _Gun_, then lay left G index alongside right G, the -latter one-third ahead. If there is doubt, indicate drawing it on the -barrel tip. - - Fr. _la baïonnette_; Ger. _das Bajonett_. - -[Illustration] - -=Be, to be or exist= (Living). Sign _Alive_ and then finish with _Now_ -or _Past_ to indicate tense, and _Many_ to indicate plural. Sometimes -use _Dwell_ or _Recover_ for this idea. Compare _Alone_. - - Fr. _étre_; Ger. _existieren_, _sein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beads.= Hold out the flat right, slightly hollow; drop it a little with -a sidewise quivering to suggest the shimmering of a handful of beads. -(C) - -=Beads.= Simulate holding beads between the left index and thumb, while -threading them with a needle in the right. For _Beadwork_ add a design -or sign for _Work_. - - Fr. _les perles_; Ger. _die Perlen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beans= (One picked out of a handful). Right hand flat, palm up, index -and thumb joined with the tip of index projecting. (Chasing Bear. -Understood by Cheyennes.) - - Fr. _les haricots_; Ger. _die Bohnen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bear.= Hold out the Y hands, backs up, and strike both down; push both -forward in a series of jerks, or swing down, forward and up. - -[Illustration] - -=Bear.= Hold up flat fists near ears, palms forward, to indicate round -ears. (Blackfoot.) Some indicate the paws by holding up both curved 5 -hands. - - Fr. _l’ours_; Ger. _der Bär_. - -=Bear, Grizzly.= As above, but indicate the gray color. - - Fr. _l’ours gris_; Ger. _der graue Bär_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beard.= Hang the compressed right hand, point down, under chin. The -hand or hands are differently placed for different cuts of whiskers. - - Fr. _la barbe_; Ger. _der Bart_. - -=Beat=, or =Overcome=. Use _Kill_. - -=Beautiful=, =Handsome=, or =Pretty=. Hold up flat right hand, and look -on the palm as in a mirror, then make the sign _Good_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beautiful.= Draw the flat hand down near the face, back forward, and -sign _Good_. - - Fr. _beau_; Ger. _schön_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beaver= (Tail of beaver striking mud or water). Hold left flat hand in -front of body, left arm horizontal; strike up against the left palm once -or twice with back of right flat hand. - - Fr. _le castor_; Ger. _der Biber_. - -[Illustration] - -=Because.= Sign _Consider_, then _Behold_. Understood by Cheyennes and -Blackfeet, though not well established. - - Fr. _parce que_; Ger. _weil_. - -=Become= or =Turn into=. Sign _Grow_ and _Same_ or _Arrive there_. - - Fr. _devenir_; Ger. _werden_. - -=Bed= (Spreading blanket for sleep). Hold flat hands palms up, points -forward, one behind the other, left ahead, push it forward, at same time -draw back right, then add _Sleep_. - - Fr. _le lit_; Ger. _das Bett_. - -=Bee.= Sign _Fly_, _Arrow_, and _One_. (C) In Cheyenne, sign _Small_, -_Bird_, _Make_, _Taste_. - - Fr. _l’abeille_; Ger. _die Biene_. - -=Before.= See _Ahead_. - -=Before=, that is, =Future=. Sign for _Time_, but hold left hand near -breast and swing right forward, up and over. Or sign _After_, _Many -Sleeps_. - - Fr. _avant_; Ger. _ehe_. - -=Beg= (To ask alms). Hold out the flat right hand, palm up, as a beggar -does. Swing it forward and upward, then draw it toward self, slightly -curving the fingers. - - Fr. _mendier_; Ger. _betteln_. - -=Beg=, =I beg of you=, =Ask=, =I pray you=. Lay the flat hands together, -palms touching, fingers pointing up (or clasp them) and hold them toward -the person. A white sign now understood by the Indians. Compare _Pray_. - - Fr. _supplier_; Ger. _bitten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Begin=, =Commence=, =Must=, =Push=, =Try=, =Go ahead= (Start in a -race). With elbow at sides and arms level, push fists forward two or -three inches, right a little behind. Or use _Go_. See _Strong_. - - Fr. _commencer_; Ger. _anfangen_, _beginnen_. - -=Behavior.= See _Way_. - -=Behind.= See _After_. - -[Illustration] - -=Behold.= Hold out flat right, palm up, pointing forward and moved -slowly down to below level. Sometimes use both hands. Compare _Show_. - - Fr. _regardez!_; Ger. _siehe da!_ - -=Believe.= Sign _Think_, _Straight_. - - Fr. _croire_; Ger. _glauben_. - -=Belonging to.= See _Possession_. - -=Below=, =Beneath=, or =Under=. Is the reverse of _Above_; which see. - - Fr. _dessous_, _sous_; Ger. _unter_. - -=Belt.= With both hands, make as though putting on a belt. - - Fr. _la ceinture_; Ger. _der Gürtel_. - -=Beneath.= See _Below_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bend= or =Bent=. Take left index in right finger and thumb and bend the -middle joint of it at right angles. Or sign _Break_ very slowly. - - Fr. _plier_; Ger. _biegen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Berry.= With right middle finger and thumb hold tip of right index, -letting it project a little; add _Bushes_. Or, sign _Tree_, _Pick_, and -_Eat_. This is a descriptive phrase rather than an established sign, but -it is a good illustration of impromptu constructions which are -continually made and are at once understood because in harmony with the -main principles of Sign Talk. Compare _Fruit_, _Cherry_, and _Bullet_. - - Fr. _la baie_; Ger. _die Beere_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beside= or =By= (By the side of). Like _With_, but right G about three -inches off left palm. Sometimes use _Close_. - - Fr. _à côté de_, _près de_; Ger. _neben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bet= or =Wager= (Placing on each of two piles). Indicate the event, as -_Race_, then sign _Place_; that is, hold out partly compressed hands -backs up; swing both forward up and down nearly _together_ at finish. - - Fr. _le pari_; Ger. _die Wette_. - -[Illustration] - -=Between.= Hold up the flat hands, palm to palm, six inches apart; then -thrust the right G on line close past left palm. - -[Illustration] - -=Between.= Hold left V hand, fingers level, pointing to right (or -straight up) and drop right G down between. - - Fr. _entre_; Ger. _zwischen_. - -=Beware=, =Caution=, or =Look out=. See _Warning_. - -[Illustration] - -=Beyond= or =Other side=. Hold the flat left hand, back up, in front of -body about ten inches, fingers pointing to right; bring flat right hand, -back up, between left and body at same height, fingers pointing to left; -swing the right hand upward, outward, and then downward on curve, beyond -left hand, turning right hand back down in movement. Compare _Fall_ and -_Other_. - - Fr. _au-delà de_; Ger. _jenseits_. - -=Bible.= Sign _Book_ and _Medicine_. - - Fr. _la Bible_; Ger. _die Bibel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Big.= Hold the curved 5 hands with palms toward each other, well out in -front of the body, hands a little lower than shoulders and a few inches -apart, pointing forward; separate hands, carrying right to right, left -to left, keeping them opposite each other. Also used for _Long_. Compare -_Great_ and _Long_. - - Fr. _grand_, _gros_; Ger. _grosz_. - -=Bighorn.= See _Sheep_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bird.= With flat hands at the shoulders, palms down, imitate the motion -of wings. Using different speeds for different birds. Compare _Fly_, -which progresses. - - Fr. _l’oiseau_; Ger. _der Vogel_. - -=Birth.= See _Born_. - -=Bison.= See _Buffalo_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bit= (Of a bridle). Place the L hand palm down on the mouth. - - Fr. _le frein_; Ger. _das Gebisz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bite.= Bring the right C hand, back outward and upward, a little in -front of the body; snap sharply together the tips of the first and -second fingers and the tip of thumb against the back of the left flat -hand, repeating the motion. Some omit left hand. The Blackfeet make this -from the mouth. - - Fr. _mordre_; Ger. _beiszen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bitter= or =Sour=. Touch tongue with tip of right G and add _Bad_. -Compare _Salt_, _Sugar_, _Taste_, _Taste bad_. - - Fr. _amer_; Ger. _bitter_. - -=Black.= See _Color_. - -=Blackfoot.= See _Indian_. - -[Illustration] - -=Blackguarding= or =Reviling= (Lies from both). Hold up right V, -pointing nearly level forward, opposite right shoulder; left ditto at -left shoulder; swing them alternately at each other. - - Fr. _outrager_, _insulter_; Ger. _jemanden beschimpfen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Blanket= or =Robe= (Wrapping about shoulder). Bring the A hands palms -toward each other, opposite and above each shoulder _near the neck_; -move the right hand to left and left to right till the wrists are -crossed, right hand nearest body. Compare _Fond_. - - Fr. _la couverture_; Ger. _die Decke_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bless you= (Drawing from above and spreading out). Hold the flat hands -high up in front, palms forward, apart, at arm’s length. Lower them a -little and slightly push toward the person meant. (C) - - Fr. _que Dieu vous bénisse_; Ger. _Gott segne dich!_ - -=Blessing the food.= Hold both 5 hands over the food, then add _Talk_ -upward. - -[Illustration] - -=Blind.= Bring both flat hands, backs outward, in front of and close to -eyes, right hand nearest and both hands parallel to face; move right -hand slightly to left, left to right; then place the tips of the fingers -against closed eyes. (C) - - Fr. _aveugle_; Ger. _blind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Blood= (A wounded buffalo bleeds at the nostrils). Raise the right V -hand so the tips of the fingers are pressed one against each nostril; -move the hand to the right and downward, giving it a tremulous motion. -Add _Red_. Some omit _Red_. - - Fr. _le sang_; Ger. _das Blut_. - -=Bloom= or =Blossom=. See _Flower_. - -=Bluff.= See _Hill_. - -[Illustration] - -=Boat.= Bring the hands together hollowed, fingers straight, little -fingers joining, the thumbs somewhat apart, to represent the body of a -boat, held before the breast. Push it forward to indicate movement. Add -the motion of paddling for _Canoe_, or _Rowing_ for bigger boat. Usually -the _Boat_ sign is omitted; _Paddling_ or _Rowing_ being enough by -itself. Compare _Bowl_. - - Fr. _le bateau_; Ger. _der Kahn_. - -=Boil.= See _Cook_. - - Fr. _bouillir_; Ger. _kochen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bone.= Hold up the left hand, palm down, wrist a little bent; with -right G tap the wrist bone on outer side of left; then add _Hard_. - - Fr. _l’os_; Ger. _der Knochen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bonnet=, that is, _Warbonnet_. Sweep 5 hands along near each side of -head from front to back. Sometimes also sweep right 5 hand down behind -for the _Tail_. - - Fr. _le bonnet de guerre_; Ger. _die Federkappe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Book.= Open and close the flat hands like cover of a book, then -indicate the lines of writing. Sometimes show the thickness to -distinguish it from _Letter_. Compare _Open_ and _Shut_. - - Fr. _le livre_; Ger. _das Buch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Born=, =Birth=, or =Parturition= (Issuing from loins). Flat right in -front of and near the body, pointing downward and to front, moved -downward and outward on a curve. Compare _Dive_. - - Fr. _né_; Ger. _geboren_. - -=Borrow.= See _Lend_. - -=Boss.= Use _Chief_. - -=Both.= Sign _Or_, that is, hold up the left V, pointing forward, and -tap each tip of V, and in turn, with right G; then over left V add _All_ -with right. Sometimes point to each and add _Two_. Sometimes use _All_. -Blackfeet use _Two_ and _Same_. - - Fr. _tous les deux_; Ger. _beide_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bow= (Weapon). The left A hand held still, a little advanced, the right -A hand touches it and makes the motion of drawing the cord of the bow. - - Fr. _l’arc_; Ger. _der Schiessbogen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bowl= (A vessel). With curved hands side by side, fingers bent, palms -up, indicate shape. (C) Compare _Boat_. For a larger vessel, use -_Basin_. - - Fr. _le bol_; Ger. _die Schale_, _die Schüssel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Box.= Hold out both flat hands side by side, backs up; then swing apart -and down at right angles, turning the hands at the angle so the backs -are out. - - Fr. _la boîte_; Ger. _der Kasten_. - -=Boy.= Sign _Man_, _Young_. - - Fr. _le garçon_; Ger. _der Knabe_. - -=Brag.= See _Bravado_. - -[Illustration] - -=Brain.= Touch forehead with N hand. - - Fr. _le cerveau_; Ger. _das Gehirn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Brand= or =Name=. All fingers of right closed but thumb and index, -these form a “C,” which lay on the palm of flat left, pointing forward, -thumb up. Sometimes lay it on left shoulder outside. Compare _Name_. - - Fr. _la marque_, _marquer avec un fer rouge_; Ger. _das Zeichen_, _das - Brandmal_, _einbrennen_. - -=Bravado= or =Brag=. Sign _Fire_, _Talk_, _True_, and _No_. (C) - - Fr. _la bravade_; Ger. _die Prahlerei_. - -=Brave= (Strong heart). Sign _Heart_ and _Strong_. - - Fr. _brave_; Ger. _mutig_, _tapfer_. - -=Brave=, as an intensive. See _Very much_. - -=Bread= (Making a cake). Gently clap the slightly hollow right hand over -slightly hollow left hand, then reverse so left is on right and clap -them together again; repeat. - - Fr. _le pain_; Ger. _das Brot_. - -[Illustration] - -=Break.= Make the motion of seizing a stick, hold it horizontally with -both hands and breaking it in the middle. The thumbs finish wide apart. - - Fr. _casser_, _briser_; Ger. _zerbrechen_. - -=Breakfast=. Sign _Sunrise_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le déjeuner_; Ger. _das Frühstück_. - -=Breeze=. See _Wind_. - -=Bribe.= Hold the hand behind the back, hollowed, open and palm up. -(Pop.) - - Fr. _corrompre_; Ger. _bestechen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bridge= (Lifting over water). Sign _Water_; hold out the flat hands -horizontally in front of body, pointing forward, palms up; and _Across_. - - Fr. _le pont_; Ger. _die Brücke_. - -=Bridle.= Like _Bit_; but raise the hand till near the eyes. - - Fr. _la bride_; Ger. _der Zaum_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bring=, =Take=, or =Fetch=. Move the right G hand briskly well in front -or to right or left of body; draw the hand with a sweep in toward the -body, at the same time curving index finger. Compare _Come_ in which the -index is held vertically, and _Steal_. - - Fr. _apporter_, _prendre_; Ger. _bringen_, _nehmen_, _holen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Broad= or =Wide=. Same as _Big_, but keep the hands flat and palms up. - -[Illustration] - -=Broad and Spreading= is the same as above but with palms down. Compare -_Prairie_. - - Fr. _large_; Ger. _breit_. - -=Broke= or =Dead broke=. See _Done_ (No. 2.) - -=Broken down.= See _Decrepit_. - -=Brook.= See _Creek_. - -[Illustration] - -=Brother= (Suck together). Lay nearly horizontal N of right hand on -lips; draw it away and down, then add _Male_. - - Fr. _le frère_; Ger. _der Bruder_. - -[Illustration] - -=Brother-in-Law.= Left forearm across breast; with lower edge of flat -right, strike down past left elbow. Probably means relative on the side. -(R. B.) - - Fr. _le beau-frère_; Ger. _der Schwager_. - -=Bucket.= Sign _Bowl_, then indicate the handle. - - Fr. _le seau_; Ger. _der Eimer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Buffalo= (Curved horns). Hold the curved G fingers palms toward and -close to sides of head; raise the hands slightly and carry them a little -to the front. To distinguish domestic cattle, add _Spotted_. The Navahos -reverse this; that is, with them the curved horns as above means -_Cattle_, to which they add _Beard_, to mean _Buffalo_. - - Fr. _le bison_; Ger. _der Büffel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bullet.= Sign _Fire off_; then grasp the forefinger of the hand with -the second finger and thumb, so that the tip of it will so extend beyond -them and represent the ball. - - Fr. _la balle_; Ger. _die Kugel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bunch= (Of fruit). Hold out the compressed right hand opposite throat, -fingers pointing down. Compare _Beard_. - -[Illustration] - -=Bunch= (A small herd grazing). Hold out curved right 5 hand, back up -and forward. See _Herd_. Sometimes use _Enclosure_. - - Fr. _le troupeau_; Ger. _die Anzahl_, _die kleine Herde_. - -=Burn.= Sign _Fire_ and _Wipe out_. - - Fr. _brûler_; Ger. _brennen_. - -=Bushes= or =Brush=. Like _Grass_, but breast high; and draw right hand -to you and left far ahead. - - Fr. _la broussaille_; Ger. _das Gebüsch_. - -=Busy.= Sign _Push_ and _Work_. - - Fr. _occupé_; Ger. _beschäftigt_. - -=But=, =Except=, =Save=, or =Unless= (Of all one pulled back). Sign -_All_, with right swung to left; then sign _One_, with left at left -side, and pull it to right side between forefinger and thumb of right. - -=But.= Sign _All Go_, _One_, _Sits_. - -[Illustration] - -=But= (One drawn back). Point right G down, forward and to right; hold -it a second, then jerk it back four or five inches. (Hadley.) - - Fr. _mais_; Ger. _aber_. - -=Butte.= See _Hill_. - -=Buy.= Sign _Money_ and _Trade_, making it clear who gives the money. - -[Illustration] - -=Buy= or =Sell= i.e., =Market=. Tap three times on side of left G index -with side of right G index. Compare, _All the time_, _Peas_, and -_While_. See _Sell_. - - Fr. _acheter_; Ger. _kaufen_. - -=By.= See _Beside_. - -[Illustration] - -=By and By= (After a little time). Hold the pinched index and thumb of -each hand as in _Time_, but half an inch apart. Or sign _Time -afterward_. Compare _Sometime_. - - Fr. _plus tard_; (C) Ger. _später_. - - -C - -=Cache.= See _Hide_. - -[Illustration] - -=Call=, =Attention!= =Say!= Strike the palm of the open left hand with -the tips of right fingers, then swing right G a little toward the -person. - - Fr. _dites donc_; Ger. _hören Sie!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Called= or =Named=. Lay the back of the crooked right G _on lips_, -pointing to front and left, its tip pressed against the thumb, which is -nearly straight; then move the hand upward and forward in a curve, -straightening out the index finally with a snap, pointing toward the -person or thing. Compare _Talk_ in which the action is repeated. See -also _Name_. - - Fr. _appelé_; Ger. _genannt_. - -=Camera.= Sign _Picture_ and _See_. Compare _Photograph_. - -[Illustration] - -=Camp= (Set up the lodge). Sign _Teepee_, holding the hands face high; -drop the hands together for a foot with energy. - - Fr. _le camp_; Ger. _das Lager_. - -[Illustration] - -=Camp-fire.= Hold left hand flat, palm down, fingers a little spread; -then lay right hand fingers similarly held across at right angles, to -indicate the wood laid ready, and add the sign for _Fire_. (Sheeaka.) -Not a true Indian sign, but sufficiently descriptive for the Cheyennes -to understand it. - - Fr. _le feu de camp_; Ger. _das Lagerfeuer_. - -=Camp-fire Girls.= Sign _Camp-fire_, then raise the right index in a -spiral for _Smoke_. - -=Camp-fire man are you?= Give the signs _Question_, _you_, _camp-fire_, -and _man_ or briefly make the _Camp-fire_ sign and look inquiringly. - - Fr. _Êtes vous membre du Camp-fire Club_; Ger. _Sind Sie ein - Mitglied des Lagerfeuer Klubs?_ - -[Illustration] - -=Can=, =Able=, or =Power=. Hold both S hands in front, elbows at sides, -thumbs up; drop the hands for six inches with a jerk. (Sheeaka and the -Blackfeet.) Sometimes use only one hand. The Cheyennes sign _Own_, -_Strong_, _Medicine_. - - Fr. _pouvoir_; Ger. _können_. - -=Candid= (True, clear as day and good). Sign _True_, _Day_, and _Good_. -(C) - - Fr. _sincère_; Ger. _aufrichtig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Candle.= Hold up left G finger and with right hand sign _Fire_ on its -tip, then indicate length on left arm. - - Fr. _la bougie_; Ger. _die Kerze_. - -[Illustration] - -=Candy-stick.= Sign _Sugar_; then on left G index held upright, show -stripes. (C) - - Fr. _le bonbon_; Ger. _das Zuckerwerk_. - -=Cannon.= Sign _Gun_ and _Big_. - - Fr. _le canon_; Ger. _die Kanone_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cannot=, or =Unable=, =Fail=, =Failure= (The arrow that failed to -stick). Hold the flat left hand out in front, thumb edge up; strike the -palm of it with the forefinger of the right G hand, which then at once -rebounds and is thrown forward and down to rest on its back. - - Fr. _ne pas pouvoir_, _incapable_; Ger. _nicht können_, _unfähig_. - -=Canoe.= Sign _Boat_ and _Paddle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Canoe of birch bark.= Push forward compressed right, back down, to -represent the curved prow, then add _Paddle_. - - Fr. _la pirogue_, _le canot_; Ger. _das Kanu_, der _Rindenkahn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Canyon= (Between hills). Hold up the fists, palms toward each other, -about six inches apart, face high; then indicate _Go between_; that is, -hold the left unchanged but thrust forward the flat right hand, palm to -left. (Blackfoot.) Compare _Between_. - - Fr. _le canyon_, _le grand ravin_; Ger. _die Schluckt_. - -=Cards.= Hold imaginary cards in left and deal with right hand. - - Fr. _les cartes_; Ger. _die Karten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Caribou.= Sign _Deer_, _High_, and lay the flat right hand on forehead -so the fingers slightly spread point forward, showing the _brow shovel_. -(Blackfoot.) Sometimes omit _High_. - - Fr. _le renne_, _le caribou_; Ger. _das Karibu_. - -[Illustration] - -=Carriage=, or =Covered Wagon=. Sign _Wagon_, then raise the hands, -palms down, flat, but bent at an angle, up above the head, and move -forward about two feet to represent the carriage top. - -=Carriage= or =Buggy=. Sign _Wagon_, _Small_, and sometimes add _Black_. - - Fr. _la voiture_; Ger. _der Wagen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Carry= or =Pack=. Both closed hands held opposite the temple as if -holding the tump line, the shoulders slightly forward as though bearing -a pack. - - Fr. _porter_; Ger. _tragen_. - -=Carry in the hand.= With one hand make as though carrying a basket by -the handle. - -=Cars.= See _Railroad train_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cartridge.= Hold right G hand, back up, in front of body, index -horizontal and pointing to front, thumb pressed against side of index, -with the thumb tip just back of second joint; add _Shoot_. See -_Ammunition_. - - Fr. _la cartouche_; Ger. _die Patrone_, (_artill_) _die Kartusche_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cat= (Flattened or turned-up nose). Lay A hand on nose, rotating a -little out and up. (C) Sign _Nose_, _Short_, _Dog_. - - Fr. _le chat_; Ger. _die Katze_. - -=Catch.= Same as _Get_ but action quicker. See _Get_. - - Fr. _attraper_; Ger. _fangen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Catholic.= Indicate gown by sweeping the 5 hands down over the sides -and outward; then add _Black_. Sometimes make the sign of the Cross. - - Fr. _catholique_; Ger. _katholisch_. - -=Cattle.= Sign _Buffalo_ and _Spotted_. (Blackfoot.) Compare _Buffalo_. -Or, sign _Buffalo_ and _Whiteman_. - - Fr. _les bestiaux_; Ger. _das Vieh_. - -=Caution.= See _Warning_. - -=Cavalry.= _Soldier_ and _Ride_. - - Fr. _la cavalerie_; Ger. _die Kavallerie_. - -[Illustration] - -=Centre.= With thumbs and index fingers of L hands make a horizontal -circle; then, keeping the left unchanged, indicate centre with right G -finger. Sometimes draw a horizontal circle with right G, then drop same -down into its centre. - - Fr. _le centre_; Ger. _die Mitte_. - -=Certain.= Sign _I_, _Know_, _Good_. Or use _True_. - - Fr. _certain_; Ger. _sicher_. - -[Illustration] - -=Challenge=, =Defy=, or =Dare=. Spring the middle finger with a vigorous -snap toward the person, the other fingers closed; hand held face high, -back up. A European sign given by Butler. Compare _There_ and -_Defiance_. - - Fr. _défier_; Ger. _herausfordern_. - -=Chance.= See _Luck_. - -[Illustration] - -=Character= (Shape of heart). Lay right C hand on heart, draw it out, -that is, forward, a little and with both A hands outline a human figure. -(D) Sign _Heart_, _Good_, _Bad_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _le caractère_; Ger. _der Charakter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Charge= (Military, against others). Swing both fists from right -shoulder forward and a little down in an up curve, away, rising a -little, at the same time springing them open. - - Fr. _la charge_ (_contre les autres_); Ger. _die Attacke_, _der - Angriff_ (_gegen andere_). - -[Illustration] - -=Charge= (Military, against us). Similar but reversed, springing the -hands open toward one’s face. - - Fr. _la charge_ (_contre nous_); Ger. _die Attacke_ (_gegen uns_). - -=Chase.= See _Follow_. - -=Cherries= (Choke). Sign, _Tree_, _Pick_, and _Pound_. (Blackfoot.) See -_Berry_. - - Fr. _les cerises_; Ger. _die Kirschen_. - -=Cheyenne.= See _Indian_. - -[Illustration] - -=Chicken.= Sign _Bird_, then _Red_ and with 5 hand on crown show _Comb_. -(C) Or sign _Bird_ and _Whiteman_. - - Fr. _le poulet_; Ger. _das Huhn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Chief= (People with one man rising above them). Hold up left 5 hand, -palm to right, pass index of right G hand at several inches above left. -(Scott.) The Cheyennes omit left hand; they shoot the right G up over -and much down in a long sweep, finishing lower than it began. - - Fr. _le commandant_; Ger. _der Häuptling_. - -=Child= or =Offspring=. Compressed right hand, points up, swung well out -in front and dropped a foot to the height of the child. Compare _Young_. - - Fr. _l’enfant_; Ger. _das Kind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Children= (Springing up). Hold out both hands, palms up, very low, -fingers pointing up and scarcely spread; alternately swing them up and -down for six inches. Compare _Grass_, in which they are held low and are -spread widely; also _Bushes_. - - Fr. _les enfants_; Ger. _die Kinder_. - -[Illustration] - -=Choose=, =Make choice=, or =Select=. Hold right G shoulder high, back -up, a foot in front of the breast, swing it in a circle with a -succession of little bounds or up curves, as though pointing at many -different objects in succession, the head turned to follow always; then -finish by throwing the G finger forward in a curve; or, in some cases, -finish by picking up the imaginary object selected, using index and -thumb for this. Compare _Find_, _Hunting_, and _Look_. - - Fr. _choisir_; Ger. _wählen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Chop.= Use the flat right hand, little finger down, as an axe, chopping -first from right, then from left, once on each side. Sometimes do this -on back of left hand, which stands for the log. Compare _Free_, which is -two or three cuts on right side only. - - Fr. _couper_, _trancher_; Ger. _hauen_, _hacken_. - -=Christmas= (The day of the shining tree). Sign _Tree_, then hold hand -with fingers spread and crooked, palm down, level of face. Lower it six -inches in short, quick zigzags to suggest glittering or shimmering. (W. -C. Roe.) In _Snow_ the hand is lowered in long zigzags for about two -feet. See _Shimmer_. Or sign _Middle_, _Winter_, _Tree_, and _Hanging_; -for the last, hold the curved 5 hands, backs up, at level of the eyes; -jerk them a little apart. (R. B.) - - Fr. _le Noël_; Ger. _Weihnachten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Church= (Steeple house). Cross clasp the fingers so the tips are -within, then raise both index fingers to form the steeple. (Pop.) - -=Church.= Sign _Medicine_, _Talk_, _House_. - - Fr. _l’église_; Ger. _die Kirche_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cigarette.= Sign _Tobacco_; then lay G fingers side by side pointing -opposite ways; roll one about the other. Sometimes omit _Tobacco_; -sometimes give _Cigar_ (2nd sign) and _Little_. - - Fr. _la cigarette_; Ger. _die Zigarette_. - -=Cigar= (=2=). Sign _Cigarette_, _Black_, and _Smoking_. Sometimes hold -right G at corner of mouth, pointing forward. _Cigar_ and _Cigarette_ -are recent signs and changing rapidly. - - Fr. _le cigare_; Ger. _die Zigarre_. - -=City= (Big town). Make sign for _Town_, then add sign for _Big_. Or -omit _Big_ but swing the hands far apart. - - Fr. _la ville_; Ger. _die Stadt_. - -=Cities.= Many are indicated by their initial letter enhanced with -twisting motion. (D) For some we may use their nickname but this is -merely a suggestion. - - =Boston= (The Hub). Sign for _City_ and _Centre_. - - =Chicago= (Windy City). Sign for _City_ and _Wind_. The Cheyennes - call it _Big Lake City_. - - =Kansas City= (Buffalo Head City). Sign _Buffalo Head_ and point up - high to the wall. (Cheyenne.) - - =London.= Sign _City_, _Chief_, and _Red Coats_. - - =New York= (Knickerbocker City). Sign for _City_ and trousers cut off - below the knee; i.e., draw flat of hand down over thigh then below - knee and stop, turning edge of hand in. Or sign _Big Island City_. - (Blackfoot.) - - =Ottawa.= Sign _City_, _Chief_, and _Capotes_. - - [Illustration] - - =Philadelphia= (Quaker City). Sign _City_, then make sign for broad - hat with rim curled up by drawing both index fingers across mid-brow, - level in front, then twisting them up at the place of the rim. Or “no - name, just _Big City_, nothing distinctive.” (Blackfoot.) - - =Pittsburg= (Smoky City). Sign for _City_ and _Smoky_. - - =Rome= (Eternal City). Sign _City_ and _Forever_. - - =Washington.= Sign _Father_, _Chief_, _Sits_. (Cheyenne.) - -[Illustration] - -=Clean-handed= or =Innocent= (Great Spirit see no blood on these hands). -Lift hands over shoulder, palms up higher than head and add _Blood_, -_No_. (C) Or, sign _Work_, _Bad_, _No_. - - Fr. _innocent_; Ger. _unschuldig_. - -=Clear= (Clear Sky). Sign _Clouds_, then swing the hands wide apart, -finishing with palms up at arm’s length, up high. Or, sign _Clouds_, -_Wiped out_. (Blackfoot.) - -=Clever.= See _Cunning_. - -[Illustration] - -=Close=, =Near=, =Nearly=, =Soon=, =Early=, =About=, or =Almost= (Draw -near). Bring the flat curved right hand, back to right, well out in -front of body, about height of shoulder; draw the hand in toward the -body and slightly downward. Compare _Far_. See also _Soon_. - - Fr. _près_, _presque_; Ger. _nahe_, _beinahe_. - -=Clothes.= See _Coat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Clouds= (Rolling). Rotate the flat hands over each other from in front -of the face, to over the head. - -[Illustration] - -=Clouds= (Rain). Look upward, swing the flat hands at arm’s length, -palms down over the head; then add _Rain_. - - Fr. _les nuages_; Ger. _die Wolken_. - -=Coal.= Sign _Hard_, _Fire_, and _Good_. - - Fr. _le charbon_; Ger. _die Kohle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Coat= or =Clothes=. Hold the L hands near the breast, palms in; swing -them down to the waist. - - Fr. _l’habit_; Ger. _der Rock_. - -[Illustration] - -=Coffee= (Grinding coffee in mill). A few inches over the flat left -hand, back down, move the right A as though turning the crank of a -coffee mill. Or, sign _Black Drink_. Compare _Tobacco_. - - Fr. _le café_; Ger. _der Kaffee_. - -=Coin.= Close hollow right over hollowed left and shake as tho jingling -coin. (Sheeaka; not Indian, but now understood.) See _Dollar_. - - Fr. _la pièce d’argent_; Ger. _die Münze_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cold= (Shivering). Bring the fists in front of and close to body, -height of shoulder, elbows at sides, shoulders drawn in, and shiver. See -_Winter_. Compare _Blanket_. - - Fr. _froid_; Ger. _kalt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Color.= With the finger tips of right hand (thumb crooked under) rub -circularly on the palm of left hand as though rubbing color. Often add -_Same_ or _Equal_, to make more clear. - - Fr. _la couleur_; Ger. _die Farbe_. - - =Black.= Sign _Color_ and touch the hair or eyebrow. - - Fr. _noir_; Ger. _schwarz_. - - =Blue.= Sign _Sun_ with left hand and then draw the right G finger - around it to mean color of sky around the sun. (Sheeaka). Or, sign - _Color_ and _Sky_. - - Fr. _bleu_; Ger. _blau_. - - =Brown.= Sign _Color_ and _Deer_. - - Fr. _brun_; Ger. _braun_. - - =Gray.= Sign _Color_, _Little_, and _White_. - - Fr. _gris_; Ger. _grau_. - - =Green.= Sign _Color_ and _Grass_. - - Fr. _vert_; Ger. _grün_. - - =Red= (Cheek color). Sign _Color_ and lightly brush the right finger - tips over the cheek, points to right. - - Fr. _rouge_; Ger. _rot_. - - =White.= Sign _Color_ and rub thumb nail of left A hand with tip of - right G finger; i.e., nail color, white in Indians. - - Fr. _blanc_; Ger. _weiss_. - - =Yellow.= Sign _Color_ and point to any yellow object, such as a straw - or dead grass. Or sign _Color_, _Grass_, and _Dead_. - - Fr. _jaune_; Ger. _gelb_. - - For other colors, touch or indicate some object of the tint meant. - -[Illustration] - -=Comb.= With all fingers of right 5 hand hooked, comb the right side of -the head and down as far as the breast two or three times. Compare -_Woman_. - - Fr. _le peigne_; Ger. _der Kamm_. - -=Combat.= See _Battle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Come=. Carry right G hand, back out, fingers up, in a graceful sweep -from arm’s length to within a foot of one’s face. Many use the flat hand -swung down and to you, palm under and toward you. Railroad men use the -whole arm, swinging it across the body at an angle of 45 degrees, so as -to be seen in a dim light. - - Fr. _venez_; Ger. _kommen Sie_. - -=Come back=. Hold flat left, back forward, near breast; swing right -ditto pointed up from arm’s length in against back of left. See _Arrive -here_. - - Fr. _revenez_; Ger. _kommen Sie zurück_. - -[Illustration] - -=Come between= or =Intervene=. Hold out left hand flat, back out, at -arm’s length and pass flat right, thumb up, between left and body. - - Fr. _s’interposer, intervenir_; Ger. _dazwischen kommen_. - -=Come gently.= See _Easy_. - -[Illustration] - -=Come for a moment.= Right hand held forward and up, fingers closed -except index, with which beckon by crooking and straightening, the hand -not moved. (Pop.) White sign, now fully adopted by the Cheyennes. - - Fr. _venez une seconde_; Ger. _kommen Sie einen Augenblick her_. - -[Illustration] - -=Come into view= or =Appear=. Hold out flat left hand, back forward, -thrust right G index up, farther off, under and behind, until it appears -above. - - Fr. _paraître_; Ger. _erscheinen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Comfort= (See how smooth or fat). Draw flat right hand, palm in, down -breast, then off and up in curve forward, palm up. (Sheeaka.) Compare -_Confess_. Sometimes use _Glad_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _le bien-être_; Ger. _die Behaglichkeit_. - -[Illustration] - -=Comfortable.= Alternately rub left palm over back of right hand, then -right over left back, always palm up; then swing both forward. (Sheeaka. -Probably from Deaf.) - - Fr. _confortable_; Ger. _gemütlich_. - -=Coming.= Hold out the flat right, palm to you and pointing nearly up; -draw it to you in little jerks. - - Fr. _venant_; Ger. _kommend_. - -=Coming man.= See _Rising man_. - -=Commence.= See _Begin_. - -=Compass points.= - - _North—Wind cold there._ - - Fr. _le nord_; Ger. _der Norden_. - - _East—Sunrise there._ - - Fr. _l’est_; Ger. _der Osten_. - - _South—Wind warm there._ - - Fr. _le sud_; Ger. _der Süden_. - - _West—Sunset there._ - - Fr. _l’ouest_; Ger. _der Westen_. - -=Complete.= See _Done_. - -=Comparative=, etc., of _Adjectives_. - - For =Positive=, give first the adjective then swing the flat right - hand out a little, level, palm up. (Sheeaka.) - - For =Comparative=, give first the adjective then raise the right G - hand to the height of the chin, pointing up. (Sheeaka.) See _More_, - and sometimes use _Ahead_ or _Above_ after the adjective. - - Fr. _le comparatif_; Ger. _der Komparativ_. - - For =Superlative=, give first the adjective then add _Strong_ and - _Ahead_ or _Very much_. - - Fr. _le superlatif_; Ger. _der Superlativ_. - -=Conceal.= See _Hide_. - -[Illustration] - -=Conceit= (Swelled Head). Hold hands open and curved, one on each side -of the head, two or three inches away. A whiteman’s sign, but quite well -known now to the younger generation of Indians. - -If in unbelievable degree, stretch the right hand at full length -sidewise, and work the first finger as though scratching the ear which -is supposed to be just above the hand. (Pop.) - -=Conceit.= Sign _He_, _Think_, _Strong_. - - Fr. _la vanité_, _la présomption_; Ger. _die Einbildung_, _der - Dünkel_. - -=Conduct.= Same as _Way_. - -[Illustration] - -=Confess= (Show the heart). Lay points of both compressed hands on -centre of breast, then spring them away, out and aside, turning them -flat and palms up. Sometimes but one hand is used. I am inclined to -think that this should be simply _Heart_ and _Behold_, although none of -my Indians made it that way. Sometimes sign _You_, _Tell_, _True_. - - Fr. _confesser_; Ger. _gestehen_. - -=Congress.= Sign _Whiteman_, _Chief_, _Council_ (No. 2). - - Fr. _le Congrès_; Ger. _der Kongresz_. - -=Connivance= (Wink, that is, close one eye). This ancient sign assumes -that the person who should see, closes the eye next his accomplice. -(Pop. Also Cheyenne.) - - Fr. _la connivence_; Ger. _die Konnivenz_, _das (strafbare) - Einverständnis_. - -[Illustration] - -=Consider=, =Ponder=, or =Weigh= (Wisdom looking on the ground). Sign -_Wolf_ (i.e., _wisdom_, analogous with our word “foxy”), then turn -downward the points of the two fingers representing the wolf ears, back -of hand near the eyes and moving the hand from right to left as in -surveying the ground. (Scott.) - -[Illustration] - -=Consider.= Hold the right “4” hand near the heart, pointing to left, -rotate a little back and forth. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes use V hand, -which makes it the same as _If_. See _Because_. - - Fr. _considérer_; Ger. _erwägen_. - -=Constable.= See _Policeman_. - -=Contempt.= See _Scorn_. - -=Contented.= =To make contented, Satisfied.= Use _Glad_ or _Sit_, -_Good_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _content_; Ger. _zufrieden_. - -=Continue.= Sign _Go_ and _Long Time_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _continuer_; Ger. _fortsetzen_. - -=Conversation.= See _Discussion_, _Speech_, and _Talk_. - -=Cook= (In the abstract). See _Make_ and _Food_. - - Fr. _faire cuire_, _cuisiner_; Ger. _kochen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cook= (By boiling). With both L hands make a horizontal circle, then -holding left unchanged, put something into it with right and add _Fire_. -Compare _Centre_ and _Hole_. - - Fr. _cuire_, _bouillir_; Ger. _kochen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cook= (By frying). Place flat right on flat left hand, palm to palm, -then flip the right like a pancake, turning it palm up as it drops on -the left. - -=Cook= (By broiling). As in the above _Frying_, but leave out the left -hand entirely. - - Fr. _griller_; Ger. _braten_, _rösten_. - -=Cook= (noun). Sign _Man_, _Makes_, _Food_. - - Fr. _le cuisinier_; Ger. _der Koch_. - -=Coon.= See _Raccoon_. - -[Illustration] - -=Corn= (Shelling the corn). Hold out the left A hand, thumb straight and -resting on index finger; place the ball of the thumb of right A hand on -back of left thumb near its base; twist the right hand by wrist action -to the right and downward until the right thumb slips off with a snap -against the right index. Repeat once or twice. - - Fr. _le maïs_; Ger. _der türkische Weizen_, der _Mais_. - -[Illustration] - -=Corral= or =Fenced Field= or =Pasture= (Area embraced or held). -Interlock the fingers, hold arms curved in front, horizontal; then add -_Enclosure_, i.e., swing the hands apart and draw back each in a half -circle till their heels meet near you. - - Fr. _le corral_; Ger. _die Einzäunung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Council= (Sitting in a circle and talking). Bring the A hands, back -outward, well out in front of body, a little lower than the shoulders, -little fingers touching; swing them apart and toward the body so they -meet close to it, forming a horizontal circle; palms forward; then add -_Discussion_. - -=Council= (=2=). Exactly like _Across_, but repeated two or three times. -This is a recent sign among the Cheyennes, but is becoming popular. See -_Across_ and _Law_. - - Fr. _le conseil_; Ger. _die Ratsversammlung_. - -=Counsel= or =Advice=. See _Advice_. - -=Counting.= See _Numbers_. - -[Illustration] - -=Count coup= or =Make a hit= or a =Strike= (Striking a dead body with -the coup stick). Strike the top joint of the right G index on the middle -of the left G index, as the right is swung from below up. _Grand Coup_ -sign _Coup_ and _Great_. - - Fr. _le coup_; Ger. _der Treffschusz_. - -=Country.= See _Land_. - -=Coup.= See _Count coup_. - -[Illustration] - -=Courting= (Driving or rounding up in secret). Thrust the right L hand -back nearly up under flat left, held palm down, twisting the right by -wrist action. Compare _Sweetheart_ and _Glitter_. - - Fr. _faire la cour_; Ger. _das Cour machen_, _das Hof machen_. - -=Coward.= See _Fear_. - -=Coyote.= Sign _Wolf_ and _Small_. - - Fr. _le coyote_, _le loup des prairies_; Ger. _der Präriewolf_. - -[Illustration] - -=Crab.= Place base of wrist of right hand, palm down, on some flat -surface, thumb and little finger extended and curved (others closed) to -represent claws. Then move the hand sidewise backward, waving the claws. -(Scott.) Compare _Spider_. - - Fr. _le crabe_; Ger. _die Krabbe_. - -=Crave.= See _Want_. - -=Crayfish.= Hold out the V hand level; draw it back, opening and -shutting the V. Compare _Dog_. - - Fr. _l’écrevisse_; Ger. _der Krebs_. - -[Illustration] - -=Crazy=, =Foolish=, =Mad=, =Demented= (Brain in a whirl). Raise -compressed right hand, all fingers together, tap the forehead with it -and make one or two quick circles with finger tips in the air. -(Sheeaka.) Tap the forehead, shake the head and point to the person. -(Pop.) - -=Crazy.= Swing the 5 hand in horizontal circles near the forehead, going -with the sun. Going the reverse way always raises a laugh among -Cheyennes; it both intensifies and makes the idea ridiculous. - - Fr. _fou_; Ger. _verrückt_. - -=Cree.= See _Indian_. - -[Illustration] - -=Creek=, =Brook=, or =Rill=. Sign _Water_, then draw right G hand, back -up, held low, from opposite left side, past body to right side; finger -level, pointing to left and waved sidewise. Compare _River_, _Snake_, -_Crooked_, and _Wire_. - - Fr. _le ruisseau_; Ger. _der Bach_. - -=Crime= or =Sin=. Sign _Strong_, _Bad_, _Work_. - - Fr. _le crime_; Ger. _das Verbrechen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Crooked= or =Wrong=. Point the right G forward and slightly down; push -it slowly forward in a succession of large, horizontal zigzags, each -arched a little. - -[Illustration] - -=Cross= or =Sulky=. Rest the forehead low on the left hand. Or sign -_Heart_, _Bad_. - - Fr. _maussade_; Ger. _mürrisch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cross= (of Christ). Hold right G upright, left G at right angles across -last joint of right. - - Fr. _le crucifix_; Ger. _das Kruzifix_. - -=Cross.= See _Across_. - -=Cross the heart.= With right index make a little cross over the heart. -This means “I give you my word of honor.” (Pop.) - - Fr. _parole d’honneur!_; Ger. _auf mein Ehrenwort!_ - -=Crow.= Sign _Bird_ and _Black_. - - Fr. _la corneille_; Ger. _die Krähe_. - -=Crowded.= See _Few_. - -=Crow Indian.= See _Indian_. - -=Crush.= See _Exterminate_. - -=Cry out.= See _Yell_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cry=, =To weep=. With G forefingers near the eyes trace the courses of -tears. If excessive, sign _Rain_ from the eyes. (Blackfoot.) Compare -_Pity_. - - Fr. _pleurer_; Ger. _weinen_. - -=Cunning=, =Smart=, or =Clever=. Make the sign for _Wolf_ and add the -sign _Equal_. Compare _Consider_. - - Fr. _rusé_; Ger. _schlau_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cut.= Saw the lower edge of the flat right across the palm or edge of -the flat left. - - Fr. _couper_; Ger. _schneiden_. - -=Cutting up.= See _Meat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Cyclone= or =Whirlwind=. With flat right hand, back to the right and -level with the right shoulder, make a spiral upward. A very small one -for a little dust whirlwind, and a large violent one for a dangerous -cyclone. - - Fr. _le cyclone_; Ger. _der Wirbelsturm_. - - -D - -=Dam.= Sign for _Stream_ or _River_ and _Hold_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _la digue_, _l’écluse_; Ger. _der Damm_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dance= (People jumping together). Bring the flat (or “5”) hands in -front of body about height of breast, with fingers pointing nearly up, -palms toward each other about six inches apart. Move the hands briskly -upward and downward a few inches several times, simultaneously, mostly -by elbow action. Compare _People_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dance= (Drumming). Hold up one flat hand face high, back to side, thumb -raised and up: jerk up and down. (C) - - Fr. _danser_; _la danse_; Ger. _tanzen_, _der Tanz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Danger= (The _Scout_ or _Wolf_ going ahead and coming back to report -danger). Right V hand, back upward, moved directly and slowly forward in -front of the right shoulder and then suddenly and quickly drawn back at -the same time the body is thrown back a little. (Sheeaka.) - -=Danger.= Sign _Look_, _Little_, _Afraid_ (No. 2). - - Fr. _le danger_; Ger. _die Gefahr_. - -=Dangerous= (Of a man). Sign _Strong_ and _Bad_. - - Fr. _dangereux_; Ger. _gefährlich_. - -=Dare you.= See _Challenge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dark=, =Unknown=, =Obscure=. Bring the flat hands, back outward, in -front of face, right hand nearest face, left a little ahead, hands -crossed, tips of fingers about opposite centre of forehead; bring the -hands very slightly toward face. Compare _Ashamed_ and _Blind_. - - Fr. _obscur_; Ger. _dunkel_. - -=Daughter.= Sign _Born_ and _Female_. - - Fr. _la fille_; Ger. _die Tochter_. - -=Day.= See _Time_. - -=Daybreak.= Sign _Little_, _Sunrise_. - -[Illustration] - -=Daybreak= (A peep through darkness). Hold right flat hand above left -flat hand and in same plane; right little finger on left index then -raise the right hand a few inches higher. (C) - - Fr. _l’aube_; Ger. _der Tagesanbruch_. - -=Dead=, =Death=. Make the sign for _Die_ and _Sleep_. (C) The Cheyennes -use _Die_. - - Fr. _mort_; Ger. _tot_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deaf= (Hearing ground out). Press the palm of extended right hand -slightly against right ear, and move the hand in small circle parallel -to and close to the ear. Sometimes add _Not_. - - Fr. _sourd_; Ger. _taub_. - -=Debt.= See _Owe_. - -=Deceive.= Sign _Give_ and _Lie_. - - Fr. _tromper_; Ger. _betrügen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Decide=, =Determine=, =Make up one’s mind= (Think, then act or settle -it). Lower the head and raise right fist to chin; then raise the head -and cut down with the little finger edge of the flat right hand. -(Sheeaka.) - -=Decide.= This is a sentence rather than a sign. With 4 hand over heart, -sign _Consider_; point slowly in two or three directions for _Ways_; -sign _That_ by vigorously swinging the right G index out, pointing down; -then add _So_ by raising it slightly up and then down. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _décider_; Ger. _sich entscheiden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Decrease=, =Reduce=, or =Make smaller=. Hold flat right hand, palm -down, high above, a little to the side of flat left hand, palm up; move -them together in succession of little jerks. Sometimes for emphasis -finish by compressing all right fingers to a point in the left palm. -Compare _Increase_ and _Heap_. - - Fr. _diminuer_; Ger. _verringern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Decrepit=, =Old=, or =Broken down= (Bent with disease or age). Hold up -G hand, back to right, higher than shoulder; lower the hand several -inches, at same time bend the index. (C) - -=Decrepit.= Hold up the right G, shoulder high, with index bent in a -hook; rotate as in _Old_. - - Fr. _décrépit_; Ger. _altersschwach_, _gebrechlich_. - -=Deed.= See _Act_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deep.= Hold the left flat hand horizontal, chin high, back up, fingers -pointing to right; then drop right arm to full length down with flat -right hand palm up, under left, fingers pointing forward. - - Fr. _profond_; Ger. _tief_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deer.= Both hands fully spread, palms in and held up to the side of the -head to represent the horns of a deer. (Sheeaka.) This is generic for -_Deer_. Compare _Elk_. - - Fr. _le cerf_; Ger. _der Hirsch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deer, Mule= or =Rocky Mountain Blacktail=. Sign _Deer_ then set -compressed hand at each ear pointing up and forward to indicate the -large ears, as in a mule. (Scott.) Compare _Bear_. - - Fr. _le cerf mulet_; Ger. _der langohrige Hirsch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Deer, Whitetailed= or =Virginian=. Raise the right G hand, pointing up -and shoulder high; switch it from nearly horizontal right to nearly -horizontal left and back, several times, pausing at the low point each -time. Sign _Deer_ if need for clearness. - - Fr. _le cerf de la Virginie_; Ger. _der Hirsch aus Virginien_. - -=Defame.= See _Abuse_. - -[Illustration] - -=Defend=, =Protect=, =Defense=, =Forbid=, or =Protection=. Sign the same -as the first part of _Corral_, but swing the joined hands to left and -right. So also to separate the hands means to _Loose_ or _Remove_ -protection. See _Hold_ or _Protect_. - - Fr. _défendre_; Ger. _verteidigen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Defiance=, =Defy=, =Dare=, =Challenge=, or =I defy you=. Point the T -hand toward the person. This is an extremely insulting challenge -implying also the extreme of hatred and contempt. See _Challenge_. - - Fr. _le défi_, _défier_; Ger. _die Herausforderung_, _trotzen_. - -=Defiance, Insolent.= See _Mockery_. - -=Delight.= See _Excite_. - -=Depart.= See _Go_. - -[Illustration] - -=Describe=, =Explain=, or =Tell about= (Tell all about it). Sign _Talk_ -and _All_—that is, swing the curved flat right hand, palm down, and to -left, in a horizontal circle in front of the right cheek. - - Fr. _décrire_; Ger. _beschreiben_. - -=Desire.= See _Want_. - -=Destroy.= See _Exterminate_. - -=Determine.= See _Decide_. - -=Devil.= Sign _Medicine_, _Horns_, and _Tail_. A purely modern sign. - - Fr. _le diable_; Ger. _der Teufel_. - -=Dew.= Sign _Night_, _Grass_, and the _Shimmer_; i.e., pass curved right -5 hand, palm down, with a tremulous motion just above the grass and add -_Water_. (C) - - Fr. _la rosée_; Ger. _der Tau_. - -[Illustration] - -=Die= (To go under; i.e., underground). Hold left hand flat, fingers -horizontal, palm to you, breast high, pointing to right. Hold right G -hand pointing to left above and within; pass it down, under and up -beyond, still pointing to left. - -This is capable of modification. Thus passing the right hand under and -drawing it back means to be near death but to _Recover_. To make the -sign _Little_ after this means to _Faint_. - - Fr. _mourir_; Ger. _sterben_. - -=Die out.= See _Melt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Different= or =Wrong= (Push aside). Hold up the flat right, pointing -forward and a little up, back to right. Swing the whole arm a foot to -right, forward and upward, without bending the wrist, then back to first -pose and repeat; a much-used and very plastic sign. Compare _Bad_ and -_No_. - - Fr. _différent_; Ger. _anders_. - -=Difficulty.= See _Trouble_. - -=Dig.= Use flat right hand as a spade. - - Fr. _creuser_; Ger. _graben_. - -=Dime.= Sign _White_, _Little_, _Money_. - -=Dinner.= Sign _Noon_ or _Night_, as may be, and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le dîner_; Ger. _das Mittagessen_, _die Haupmahlzeit_. - -=Direction.= Point the G finger forward and down, swing it forward in a -curve till it is about horizontal and pointing in the line intended. - - Fr. _la direction_; Ger. _die Richtung_. - -=Dirt= or =Soil=. See _Earth_. - -=Dirty.= Rub the tips of the 1st and 2nd fingers with the tip of the -thumb, exactly as in _Powder_, and add _Bad_. - - Fr. _sal_; Ger. _schmutzig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Disappear.= Hold out the flat left, palm in, then shoot compressed -right, points first, over and down; then rub upper edge of left with -palm tips of right to mean _wiped out_. - -=Disappear.= Look around and sign _See_, _Not_. Sometimes use _Hide_. - - Fr. _disparaître_; Ger. _verschwinden_. - -=Disbelief.= Sign _That_, _True_, _I think_, _No_. - - Fr. _l’incrédulité_; Ger. _der Unglaube_. - -=Disciple.= See _Learner_. - -=Discouraged.= See _Sorrow_. - -=Discovery.= _Found out._ - -[Illustration] - -=Discussion=, =Conversation=, or =Debate= (In a general sense). Hold out -both flat hands, palms up, level, six inches apart, breast high; swing -both to left, then back to right several times, to signify the handing -of words back and forth. - -=Discussion= or =Conversation= (Between two). Make the sign for _Talk_ -alternately right at left and left at right. - - Fr. _la conversation_; Ger. _das Gespräch_. - -=Disgust= or =Dislike=. Push both flat hands forward palms out, fingers -up, and turn away head. Or _Heart_, _Tired_. (C) Sometimes use _Scorn_. - - Fr. _le dégoût_; Ger. _der Ekel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dismount.= Sign _Horseman_, then separate and lower right V hand, -points up. If the points of the A hand were down, it would mean “looking -on the ground.” See _Mount_. - - Fr. _descendre de cheval_; Ger. _absteigen_. - -=Disobey.= Sign _Hear_, _Not_. Compare _Obey_. - - Fr. _désobéir_; Ger. _nicht gehorchen_. - -=Distant.= See _Far_. - -=Distress.= See _Sorrow_. - - Fr. _la misère_; Ger. _die Not_. - -=Dissolve.= See _Melt_. - -=Dive= (To plunge into water). Place flat hands palm to palm and make -the action of diving. - - Fr. _plonger_; Ger. _tauchen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dive= or =Swoop= (Like a bird in air). Hold out flat left hand, back -outward, bring flat right hand, back out, some inches in rear of and -higher than left hand, pointing downward and forward; then shoot the -right hand downward and outward, back of hand grazing under the left -hand and up beyond. Compare _Born_. - - Fr. _s’élancer_; Ger. _niederschiessen au_. - -=Divorce.= Sign _Marry_, then swing the fingers apart horizontally. This -is a legal divorce. When _Abandon_ is used it means leaving one’s mate -without legal divorce. - -=Do.= See _Work_. - -=Doctor.= Sign _Chief_ and _Medicine_. (C) The Cheyennes omit _Chief_. - - Fr. _le médecin_, _le docteur_; Ger. _der Arzt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Doer= or =The one who does= or =Man who= (of all, that one). Sign -_Man_, then swing right G on the level a foot, and back six inches; then -raise and strike with same G down on middle of the line. (Sheeaka. -Apparently no other Indian knew it.) The Cheyennes sign _Man_ and -_Work_, or _Man_ and _Knows_. - - Fr. _l’auteur_, _celui qui fait_; Ger. _der Täter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dog= (Drawing lodge poles). With V hand back up in front of body draw -the double trail down and backward. Compare _Wolf_. Seger maintains that -the idea here is the dog’s ears point backward as he runs. See _Bark_. - - Fr. _le chien_; Ger. _der Hund_. - -=Dollar.= Sign _Money_ and _One_. This would vary with the country, the -sign stands for the unit of currency. - - Fr. _le dollar_; Ger. _der Dollar_. - -[Illustration] - -=Done=, =Ended=, =Finished=, =Complete=, =Period=, or =Full Stop= -(Chopped off). Hold left hand flat, fingers touching, point forward, -thumb up and with edge of right similarly held, chop down close past the -tips of the fingers. - -Also used as an auxiliary past tense, as _I done eat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Done= (=2=) =Finish=, =Quit=, =Break off=. Hold up both fists at level -of chin, palms down, middle knuckles of left touching ditto of right; -jerk them a foot apart as though breaking a cord; swing them apart, -down, along and up. This is also used as a _Period_ at the end of -sentence and I have seen it used for _Bankrupt_. It is a northern sign -recently established among the Cheyennes. Compare _Fat_ and _Break_. - - Fr. _fini_; Ger. _fertig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Don’t Care= (I am defiant). Tap chest with tips of right flat hand, -then swing the hand briskly and high to right, keeping palm facing the -left. (Sheeaka.) Merely shrug the shoulders. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes -sign _Go ahead_. - - Fr. _cela m’est égal_; Ger. _ich mache mir nichts daraus_. - -=Do not= or =Don’t=. Hold up flat right hand, palm out, and forward at -an angle; sharply shake the hand by wrist action back and forward (not -sidewise), also sometimes the head. Compare _Easy_ and _Rub it out_. -Sometimes use _Stop_. - - Fr. _ne faites pas_; Ger. _tun Sie das nicht_. - -=Don’t want.= See under _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Door.= Sign _Teepee_ or _House_, then hold flat left hand, thumb up, -and lay flat right across the palm with little finger of the right as -the hinge; swing it till it lies flat on left palm. (C) The Cheyennes -sign _House_, then pull and swing an imaginary door. - - Fr. _la porte_; Ger. _die Tür_. - -=Doubt=, =I am doubtful=. Very slowly shake the head. (Pop.) Cheyennes -and other Indians add—right hand held out palm forward and down, open -and shaken; really a slow, slight _Question_ sign. See _If_. - - Fr. _le doute_, _j’en doute_; Ger. _der Zweifel_, _ich bezweifle_. - -=Down=, =Downward=, or =Below=. Point straight down with right G, -lowering the same. (Blackfoot.) Some use flat hand for this. Compare -_Here_. - - Fr. _en bas_; Ger. _unten_. - -=Down-hearted.= See _Sorrow_. - -=Dream= (See while sleeping). Sign _Sleep_ and _See_; keeping the eyes -closed. - - Fr. _le rêve_; Ger. _der Traum_. - -=Dress.= Pass the palm of the L hand over the part of the body to be -covered. Compare _Hat_, _Moccasin_, _Robe_, etc. - - Fr. _la robe_; Ger. _das Kleid_. - -[Illustration] - -=Drink= or =Drinking= (From a cup). The O hand to the mouth as in -drinking. Compare _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Drinking= in the abstract would be: Draw the hollow hand level to the -mouth from slightly above and down past chin, fingers pointing nearly -forward. This combines _Water_ and _Swallow_. See _Water_. Compare -_Speech_. - - Fr. _buvant_; Ger. _trinkend_. - -=Drinking liquor= (Half a finger). Hold up right G hand back to you, -then lay left G across back to indicate liquor, then add _Drink_. -(Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _buvant une boisson alcoolique_; Ger. _Schnaps trinkend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Drive= (Sense of driving a herd, or running off a herd). With L hands -horizontal, opposite each other and same height, about an inch between -tips of thumbs; move the hands simultaneously in the direction of the -drive. - - Fr. _mener_; Ger. _treiben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Driving= (A team). Hold both hands, backs out, as though holding reins, -thumbs straight, with index of each around its point. See-saw the hands -on the same level. - - Fr. _conduisant_; Ger. _lenkend_, _fahrend_. - -=Drouth.= Sign, _Long time_, _Rain_, _No_. - - Fr. _la sécheresse_; Ger. _die Dürre_. - -=Drown.= Sign _Water_ and _Die_. - - Fr. _noyer_; Ger. _ertrinken_. - -=Drum.= With G fingers draw a large circle, beginning together well -forward, each making half-circle, ending near body; then strike on it -several times with right A. - - Fr. _le tambour_; Ger. _die Trommel_. - -=Drunk= or =Drunkard=. Sign _Crazy_, _Drink_, and _Much_. - - Fr. _ivre_; Ger. _betrunken_. - -=Dry= (Of a stream or spring). Sign _Stream_, _Water_, _All gone_. - - Fr. _sec_; Ger. _trocken_. - -=Dry.= See _Thirsty_. - -[Illustration] - -=Duck.= Sign for _Bird_ and make the broad bill with flat hand held -under the nose, back up, pointing forward; push it forward a few inches, -or else with thumb below and first and second fingers above. - - Fr. _le canard_; Ger. _die Ente_. - -=Dull= (Of a tool). Sign _Cut_ and _Not_ or _Bad_. Compare _Saw_. - - Fr. _émoussé_; Ger. _stumpf_. - -=Dull.= See _Dunce_. - -=Dumb.= Press the finger tips of the flat hand on the mouth; add _Talk_ -and _No_. - - Fr. _muet_; Ger. _stumm_. - -=Dunce= or =Dull= (Blockhead). Strike forehead with right fist knuckles. -(D) A Cheyenne signed it _Behind_, _Book_, _Know_, _Not_. - - Fr. _le benêt_, _l’imbécile_; Ger. _der Dummkopf_. - -=During.= See _While_. - -=Dust.= Rub tips of right fingers with tip of right thumb, as in -_Powder_; then with flat right hand horizontal, palm down, pat several -times toward the earth. (Scott.) See _Earth_ and _Land_. - -If the dust is in the air, pat down with one flat hand, then wave both 5 -hands, points up, near the eyes; sometimes blink and draw back to make -it more expressive. - - Fr. _la poussière_; Ger. _der Staub_. - -=Duty= (That, me, sends). Sign for _That_, _Me_, and _Go_ -(emphatically). - - Fr. _le devoir_; Ger. _die Pflicht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dwell= or =Inhabit= (Alive and moving about in). Right flat hand, face -high, pointing up, twisted slowly from left to right two or three times. -Compare _Appear_, _Alive_, and _Doubt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Dwell= (=2=) (Sitting, emphatic). One fist above the other in front as -though grasping a stake, then with both hands push it down and slightly -forward. (Blackfoot.) Compare _Sit_. - - Fr. _demeurer_; Ger. _bewohnen_, _wohnen_. - -=Dwindle.= See _Decrease_. - - -E - -[Illustration] - -=Eagle.= The sign for _Bird_ is slowly made, then with the G hand in -front of the face, back to right, describe a downward curve from between -the eyes to indicate the curved bill of the eagle. This same sign is -given for _Roman nose_, but hold the back of the hand forward. - - Fr. _l’aigle_; Ger. _der Adler_. - -=Early.= See _Soon_. - -=Early evening.= Sign _Sunset_ and _Little of_. (C) The Cheyennes -understood this, but preferred to swing the _Sun_ sign down to near, but -not quite, level. - - Fr. _au commencement du soir_; Ger. _früh am Abend_. - -=Early morning.= Sign _Little_ and _Daybreak_, or _Sunrise_. - - Fr. _de bon matin_; Ger. _frühmorgens_. - -=Ear-rings.= Make a ring of each index and thumb and apply to each -ear-lobe, backs of hands out, other fingers raised. - - Fr. _les boucles d’oreilles_; Ger. _das Ohrgehänge_. - -=Earth=, =the World= (All land). Sign _All_ with both flat hands, palms -down, then pat down with both hands twice. Compare _Land_. - - Fr. _le monde_; Ger. _die Erde_, _die Welt_. - -=Earth=, =Soil=, or =Dirt=. Point down, then with thumb and finger tips, -lift and rub some imaginary soil as in _Powder_. - - Fr. _la terre_; Ger. _die Erde_, _der Schmutz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Easy=, =Softly=, or =Gently=. Hold flat hand at face height, fingers -half spread and a little curved, palm forward, leaning toward the person -and gently and slightly shake the hand from side to side. (Sioux and -Blackfoot.) With slight modification, much used on the railway in -shunting. Compare _Rub it out_, _Question_, and _Do not_. - - Fr. _doucement_; Ger. _sachte_. - -[Illustration] - -=Eat= or =Food=. Throw the nearly compressed right hand lightly in a -curve past the mouth several times. Compare _Water_ and _Drink_. - - Fr. _manger_; Ger. _essen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Eaten enough= (Full to throat). Sign _Eat_, then lay L hand on breast, -palm in, and raise it to opposite chin. Compare _Hang_. - - Fr. _assez mangé_; Ger. _satt gegessen_. - -=Effect.= See _Result_. - -=Effort.= See _Try_. - -=Egg.= Sign _Bird_ and _Born_; then indicate the size of the egg with -finger and thumb of one or both hands. - - Fr. _l’oeuf_; Ger. _das Ei_. - -[Illustration] - -=Either=, =Or=. Hold out left V hand, back up; tap each finger in turn -with right G. Compare _Both_. - - Fr. _l’un ou l’autre_, _ou ... ou_; Ger. _entweder ... oder_. - -[Illustration] - -=Elk= or =Wapiti=. Hold the hands above the head at arm’s length on each -side, thumb and first two fingers of each spread, others closed; jerk -them forward two or three times for three or four inches. Compare -_Deer_, _Moose_, and _Caribou_. - - Fr. _le cerf du Canada_; Ger. _das Elentier_. - -[Illustration] - -=Empty=, =Absent=, =Gone=, or =Out of=. Place the right 5 hand, points -up, in the left C hand, which is back, forward, and down; drop the right -hand down out of the left, closing left to O. Compare _All gone_. - - Fr. _vide_; Ger. _leer_. - -=Encamp.= See _Camp_. - -=Encircle.= See _Surround_. - -[Illustration] - -=Enclosure.= Hold out both 5 hands level, palm to palm, finger tips -touching; swing them apart in a horizontal circle; draw them back; end -with fingers wide apart and heels touching. A much-used sign. See -_Corral_. - - Fr. _l’enclos_; Ger. _die Einzäunung_. - -=End.= See _Done_. - -[Illustration] - -=Endure=, =Suffer=, or =Stand it= (Suffering, but strong and erect). -Hold flat curved right hand close in front of breast, breathe heavily, -swinging the hand near and from; then raise the right A hand in a curve -out and up, about head high. (Sheeaka.) Understood, but not used by -Cheyennes. - - Fr. _supporter_; Ger. _aushalten_, _leiden_. - -=Enemy.= Sign _Shake hands_ and _Not_. Sometimes use _Hate_. - - Fr. _l’ennemi_; Ger. _der Feind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Engaged= or =Betrothed= (Ring-bound). Sign _Prisoner_, then with right -index indicate a ring on ring finger of left hand. (D) - -=Engaged.= Sign _Bye and bye_, _Marry_. See _Courting_. - - Fr. _fiancé_; Ger. _verlobt_. - -=Engagement= (i.e., Business). Swing the flat hands, palms up, up and -down for six or eight inches, as in _Road_, but not progressing. Or, -sign _Road_ and _Meet_. - - Fr. _l’engagement_, _l’obligation_; Ger. _die Verabredung_. - -=Enlist.= Sign _Work_ and _Soldier_. - - Fr. _enrôler_; Ger. _sich anwerben lassen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Enough= or =Full= in general sense (Levelling off a full measure). Hold -out left O hand, back to left, and across the top from right to left -pass the flat palm of the open right hand. Sometimes add _Strong_, to -mean _Plenty_. See _Eaten enough_. - - Fr. _assez_; Ger. _genug_. - -[Illustration] - -=Enter= or =Come into=. Hold out hollow left, back up, and pass -compressed right hand under and beyond. - - Fr. _entrer_; Ger. _eintreten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Equal=, =Even=, =Same=, =Too=, =Also= (Even race). Hold G hands in -front of breast, side by side, backs up, pointing to front, about two -inches apart; push them forward together and a little up in a sweep. A -much-used sign. Compare _Race_, _Parallel_, _Marry_, and _Mate_. - - Fr. _égal_, _le même_; Ger. _gleich_, _egal_, _genau so_. - -=Erase= or =Annul=. Sign _Wrong_ and _Wipe out_. See _Rub it out_. - - Fr. _effacer_; Ger. _auslöschen_, _ausstreichen_. - -=Escape.= See _Free_. - -=Even= or =Same=. See _Equal_. - -=Evening.= Sign _Night_ and _Little of_. (C) See _Early evening_. - - Fr. _le soir_; Ger. _der Abend_. - -=Ever.= See _Always_. - -=Evil= or =Sin=. Sign _Work_ and _Bad_. - -[Illustration] - -=Evil Eye.= Close all fingers of right hand, except index and little -finger; to point these at any one means “You have the Evil Eye.” In -Italy this is an insult. (Pop.) In France it means “Shame on you,” or “I -put you to shame.” (Pop.) - - Fr. _la main à corne_; Ger. _das Hexenauge_. - -=Except= or =Unless=. See _But_. - -[Illustration] - -=Excessive=, =Too much=, =Unjust=, =Too= (Extremely, piled up). With -right palm down, make a succession of curves, marking stages each higher -than the last, beginning very low; then finish by swinging both hands, -palm down, away up and forward. (Sheeaka.) Or sign _Heap_. Sometimes use -_Enough_. - - Fr. _excessif_, _trop_; Ger. _übermässig_, _zu viel_. - -=Exchange.= See _Trade_. - -[Illustration] - -=Excite=, =Agitate= (Heart flutters). Sign _Heart_, then hold the 5 hand -near the heart, back to right, pointing upward; raise it a foot shaking -the fingers. The Blackfeet use this for _Glad_, and in most cases among -the Cheyennes it implies pleasant excitement. - - Fr. _exciter_; Ger. _aufregen_. - -=Excuse.= See _Wipe out_. - -=Exist.= See _Be_. - -=Expect.= See _Hope_. - -=Explain.= See _Describe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Exterminate=, =Annihilate=, =Crush=, =Destroy=, etc. (Crushed and wiped -out). Drop flat right on flat left, palm to palm, grind them together, -then brush the right over the left tips, to front and beyond. Compare -_Wipe out_. - - Fr. _exterminer_; Ger. _vernichten_. - - -F - -[Illustration] - -=Face.= Sweep the flat right hand, palm in, across the face and down. -This is sometimes used for _Person_. - - Fr. _la figure_; Ger. _das Gesicht_. - -=Fade.= See _Melt_. - -=Faint.= Signs for _Die_ and _Recover_. - - Fr. _s’évanouir_, _faible_, _épuisé_; Ger. _ohnmächtig werden_, - _schwach_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fall= or =Tumble=. The right flat hand in front of breast, back up, -swept briskly out, _forward_ up and down, to rest palm up. Compare -_Another_ and _Lie Down_. - - Fr. _tomber_; Ger. _hinfallen_. - -=Fall.= See _Autumn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fall= (Of water). Sign _River_ or _Creek_, then hold out flat left, -back out, and push flat right over it, bending right fingers over far -edge, making them tremble. - - Fr. _la cataracte_; Ger. _der Wasserfall_. - -=Fail=, that is, to lack success. See _Cannot_. - -=Fail= (In business). Sign _Work_, _Backward_. (Blackfoot.) The -_Backward_ is indicated by holding the flat left well forward, drawing -the flat right back in jumps. - - Fr. _faire faillite_; Ger. _bankerott werden_. - -=False.= See _Lie_. - -=Fame.= See _Glory_. - -[Illustration] - -=Famous= (Standing on a hill). Sign _Hill_, then over that hold right G, -palm forward, index just above left thumb. Or, sign _Chief_ and _Brave_. - - Fr. _fameux_, _célèbre_; Ger. _berühmt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Far object=, =Distant= or =Far forward=, =Over there=. Move the G hand -forward and upward in a long slow arch, finishing at arm’s length with -down curve. - -[Illustration] - -=Far= (In general). Flat right hand curved, pointing to left, back -forward, pushed out and up at arm’s length. Compare _Close_. - - Fr. _loin_; Ger. _entfernt_. - -=Farm.= Sign _Land_ and _Planting_. - - Fr. _la ferme_; Ger. _der Pachthof_. - -=Farmer.= Sign _Corn_ and _Chief_. - - Fr. _le fermier_; Ger. _der Ackerbauer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fast=, =Quick=, =Rapid=, or =Swift= (Pass by). Hold out the flat left -hand, back to left. Bring the flat right hand, back to right, several -inches in rear of and slightly to right of left, pointing to front and -downward; carry right hand swiftly past left and close to it, and as it -passes, by wrist action, raise the hand so that fingers will point -upward and in front, making a curve; at the same time, draw back the -left a little. - - Fr. _rapide_, _vite_; Ger. _schnell_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fat= (Shape of a fat animal’s hips). Hold the fists out side by side, -thumb to thumb, then swing them apart in two curves, up, out, down, and -a little forward. Compare _Done_ and _Break_. - - Fr. _gras_; Ger. _fett_. - -=Fat= or =Grease=. See _Oil_. - -[Illustration] - -=Father= (Nurse, male). With compressed right hand, pluck at the right -breast two or three times, as though drawing out milk. Sometimes add -_Male_. Compare _Mother_. - - Fr. _le père_; Ger. _der Vater_. - -=Father-in-law.= Sign _Brother-in-law_, _Old_, and _Man_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fault-finding= (Striking, knocking). With flat right hand, arm at full -length, make a succession of short chops down. This is fault-finding -with another. For “fault-finding with me” chop toward the breast. -(Sheeaka.) See _Abuse_, _Chop_, and _By itself_. The Cheyennes use -_You_, _All time_, _Scold_. - - Fr. _blâmer_, _censurer_; Ger. _das Tadeln_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fear=, =Cowardice=, =Coward=. The head stooped down and the right arm -thrown up, palm out, as though to ward off danger. (Sheeaka.) The -Cheyennes understand, but prefer _Woman_, _Heart_. See _Afraid_. - - Fr. _la peur_; Ger. _die Furcht_. - -=Feather= (Small). Pluck an imaginary feather from left arm with index -finger and thumb of right hand and blow it away from the mouth with one -puff, at same time opening the finger and thumb to let it go. - -=Feather=, i.e., =Quill Feather=. Sign _Wing_, then make as though -pulling out and holding up _One_ feather. - - Fr. _la plume_; Ger. _die Feder_. - -=Feel= (That is, heart feels). Place the tip of the middle finger, -others extended and lifted, against the heart; then draw it up a little -way. (D) - - Fr. _sentir_; Ger. _empfinden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Feel= or =Touch= (to touch). The hand as above, but pushed forward and -moved a little from side to side. (Sheeaka.) See _Hot_. - -=Feel= or =Touch=. Hold out left flat hand, back up; press tip of right -flat hand on it at various places. Compare _At_. - - Fr. _toucher_; Ger. _tasten_, _berühren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Female= or =Woman=. Draw the flat right hand, palm in close to the side -of the head, finger tips about on line with the top of head; lower the -hand, at the same time curving fingers as though combing with them the -hair over ears and cheeks; finish with a snap at line of shoulders. Two -hands are used in the north. Compare _Comb_. For _White woman_ indicate -an immense hat. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la femme_; Ger. _das Weib_. - -=Fetch.= See _Bring_. - -=Few.= See _Small_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fight= or =War=. Hold loosely clenched A hands well out in front of -body, thumbs toward body, about height of shoulders and about three -inches apart; bring right hand in toward body few inches, at same time -move left out about same distance; then carry right out and bring left -in, repeating these two or three times, making them by wrist and elbow -action. This is a fight of many; for a fight of two, use the G fingers -same way. In old days, according to Father Isadore, the signal for -_Battle_ was a handful of dust thrown in the air. The gesture of doing -this came to mean _Fight_. - - Fr. _le combat_, _la guerre_; Ger. _der Streit_, _der Krieg_. - -=Find.= Sign _Look_ around here and there, then shoot out the V hand and -pick up an imaginary something with finger and thumb. Compare _Choose_ -and _Hunt_. - - Fr. _trouver_; Ger. _finden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fingers crossed=, =To claim Sanctuary=. Also called _Bar up_, _King’s -X_, _King’s Cross_, _Pax_, _Truce_, _Fins_, _Fines_, etc. Hold up right -hand with first and second fingers crossed. This means “I claim -privilege, what I do now is outside the game.” (Universal in our schools -and probably very ancient.) - - Fr. _être exempt_; Ger. _die Immunität_, _verschont sein_. - -=Finish.= Hold out flat left, palm up; rub flat right on it, palm down, -making two sunwise circles. Also use _Done_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fire= (Blaze, flaring up with smoke). Hold the right hand down and -forward at arm’s length, back in front of the body; fingers hooked so -the tip of thumb is over the nails of first three fingers and holds them -down; raise the hand six inches and spring the fingers upward, free, -separate, and straight. Do this twice. Compare _Aurora_. - - Fr. _le feu_; Ger. _das Feuer_. - -=Fire, Spark of.= Hold up right thumb and index as though holding -something and blow it steadily; add _Fire_ if needed for clearness. -Compare _Feather_ (small). - - Fr. _l’étincelle_; Ger. _der Funke_. - -=Fire=, =Set it afire=. Make the motion of striking a match on the side -of the thigh and thrusting it forward. - - Fr. _allumer_; Ger. _anzünden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fire off=, =Shoot=, or =Gun-Fire= (Blaze shooting forward). Right hand -in front of right shoulder; throw palm forward six inches and at same -time straighten and spread all fingers with a jerk. Some add a hand clap -or many for _Volley firing_. - - Fr. _décharger_, _faire feu sur_, _tirer_; Ger. _schiessen_, - _abfeuern_. - -[Illustration] - -=First= (Of all, number one). Hold up left 5 hand, palm to right; push -it forward, then tap the little finger with the right G. (Sheeaka. A -Sioux sign, but understood by Cheyennes.) Compare _Last_ and _Guide_. - -=First.= Sign _Ahead_. - - Fr. _le premier_; Ger. _der Erste_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fish.= Make sign for _Water_; then hold flat right hand, back to right, -in front of right shoulder, elbow high; and move the hand sinuously -forward. Often omit _Water_. Compare _Snake_. - - Fr. _le poisson_; Ger. _der Fisch_. - -=Fisher= or =Pekan=. Sign _Marten_ and _Big_ (suggested, not -established). - - Fr. _le pékan_; Ger. _der kanadische Marder_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fix.= Lay low edge of flat right hand on upper edge of flat left near -thumb base. Push right forward and down, turning left back up. (C) Or, -sign _Work_ and _All right_. Compare _Mend_, _Council_, and _Law_. - - Fr. _ajuster_, _arranger_; Ger. _herrichten_, _in Ordnung machen_. - -=Fix=, =In a Fix=. See _Quandary_. - -[Illustration] - -=Flag.= Hold flat right well out, back to right. Lay left G on wrist of -right. Wave right sidewise. - - Fr. _le drapeau_; Ger. _die Flagge_. - -=Flat.= See _Prairie_. - -=Flesh.= See _Meat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Float.= Flat left hand, back up; place flat right on it, palm down, and -move both to right as on waves. (C) Understood by Cheyennes. - - Fr. _flotter_; Ger. _oben auf schwimmen_, _auf dem Wasser treiben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Flood.= Indicate source of _Water_, then hold up both flat hands, backs -up, side by side, waist high; raise them neck high and sign _Charge_. -Omit _Charge_ unless needed. - - Fr. _l’inondation_; Ger. _die Flut_. - -=Flour.= Sign _Bread_ and _Powder_. - - Fr. _la farine_; Ger. _das Mehl_. - -[Illustration] - -=Flower=, =Bloom=, or =Blossom=. Sign _Grass_, but higher; then clasp -right index and thumb over left ditto, others closed; then turn the -hands so the little fingers touch and the thumbs point up. (C) - -[Illustration] - -=Flower.= Sign _Grow_; hold both compressed hands together in front, -pointing up, backs out; spring them out into 5 hands, forming a circle -pointing up. - -=Fly= (The insect). Sign _Bird_, _Small_; then point here and there on -the arm anywhere. Sometimes omit _Small_. - - Fr. _la mouche_; Ger. _die Fliege_. - -=Fly= (To). With flat hands held near shoulders simulate wings, beating -exactly as in _Bird_, but move the hands forward a foot or more -horizontally. Compare _Bird_. - - Fr. _voler_; Ger. _fliegen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fog= (Water, peep through). Sign _Water_ and hold the 5 hands, fingers -crossed, in front of the eyes. (C) The Cheyennes understand this, but -prefer the next: - -=Fog= (Mud in the sky). Sign _Turtle_, then raise both 5 hands, palms -forward, from the horizon up high; then spread them out. This expresses -“turtles in the sky”; probably because the sky is clouded as is the -water when the turtle moves in it. - - Fr. _le brouillard_; Ger. _der Nebel_. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -=Follow= or =Chase=. Left G hand pointing nearly up, moved ahead and -variously pursued six inches behind by right G hand. Sheeaka used his -thumbs for this. - - Fr. _suivre_; Ger. _folgen_, _nachlaufen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fond=, =Fondness=, =Love=, =Affection=, =Regard=, etc. (Pressed to the -heart). Cross wrists of A hands, backs out, over the heart, right -nearest body, few inches from it; draw both against the body and bend -the head over them. With one hand it is _Like_; with two hands, _Love_. -(Blackfoot.) Compare _Blanket_. - - Fr. _affectueux_; Ger. _zärtlich_, _liebevoll_. - -=Food.= See _Eat_. - -=Fool, Do you take me for a.= With the right G index, draw down the -lower eyelid a little; as though to say, “Can you see any green there?” -(Pop.) - - Fr. _le sot, me croyez vous bête?_ Ger. _der Narr, denken Sie ich - bin dumm?_ - -=Foolish.= See _Crazy_. - -=Foolish= or =Unwise=. Sign _Crazy_ and _Little of_. - - Fr. _imbécile_; Ger. _närrisch_. - -=Football signs.= See page 233. - -=Footprints= (Visible walk). Sign for _Walk_ and for _See_ with the -fingers pointed down. This is _Human tracks_; for _Horse tracks_, sign -_Walk_ with the index and thumb of each hand in a three-quarter circle, -other fingers closed, and then add _See_ as here. - - Fr. _les empreintes des pieds_; Ger. _die Fusztapfen_. - -=Footrace.= Sign _Walk_ quickly, and _Race_. - - Fr. _la course à pied_; Ger. _der Wettlauf_. - -[Illustration] - -=For= (Giving to). Throw the flat right hand forward and palm down, -slowly toward the object. Compare _Stop_, _Give_, and _Wait_. - -=For.= Sometimes use _Belongs_. Hold out the two G hands nearly back up, -a foot apart; swing them together till the G tips are about two inches -apart. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=For.= Lightly close the right as though it held some object, push it -forward and upward, back to right. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _pour_; Ger. _für_. - -=Forbid.= See _Defend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Forest=, =Timber=, or =Woods=. Hold both forearms upright, with all the -fingers much spread, meaning _Trees_, the right hand nearest the body, -its back against the palm of left; then separate them, drawing right -hand toward the body, moving the left away and upward in a curve. See -_Tree_. - - Fr. _la forêt_; Ger. _der Wald_. - -=Forever.= See _Always_. - -=Forgive.= See _Excuse_. - -[Illustration] - -=Forget= or =Forgot= (Swept from my brain). Touch the forehead with the -right N finger. Shake the head and motion as though to brush away an -imaginary fly from near the nose. (Sheeaka and Pop.) See _Remember not_. - -=Forget= or =Forgot=. Clap right hand down on left (for surprise); lay -right G, palm forward, on forehead, and add _Hid_. - - Fr. _oublier_; Ger. _vergessen_. - -=Forward= (In space). See _Ahead_. - -=Forward= (In time). See _Future_. - -=Found it.= Sign _I Saw_, then reach forward and with index and thumb -pick up an imaginary object. Compare _Choose_. - -[Illustration] - -=Found it.= At a distance, hold both hands high above the head, fingers -closed, thumbs pointing toward each other. (Pop.) - - Fr. _je l’ai trouvé_; Ger. _ich habe es gefunden_. - -=Found out=, i.e., =You are found out=. Point forefinger at the person. -(Sheeaka.) Or sign _You_, _I_, _Understand_. - - Fr. _démasqué_; Ger. _ertappt_. - -=Four-foot.= See _Animal_. - -=Fox.= Indicate the size of animal and bushy tail. - - Fr. _le renard_; Ger. _der Fuchs_. - -[Illustration] - -=Free=, =Escape=, =Safe=, =Save=, =Relief=, =Permit=, =Turn loose= -(Unbinding). S hands crossed at wrists. With an effort, break the -imaginary bonds and throw the hands apart, turning palm sides up. -Sometimes add _Go_. See _Pardon_. - -[Illustration] - -=Free=, =Wild=, or =Free of Incumbrance= (Cut loose). Hold flat right -hand in front of breast, fingers forward, back down; move by wrist -action sharply to left a few inches; then jerk back to place two or -three times as though cutting something loose. Compare _Chop_ and _Wild -Animal_. - - Fr. _libre_; Ger. _frei_. - -[Illustration] - -=Freeze over=, =Form ice=. Sign for _Cold_, _Water_, then raise and move -till the flat hands are touching in front, side by side, backs up and at -arm’s length. (C) See _Ice_. - - Fr. _geler_; Ger. _gefrieren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Friend=, =Friendship=, or =Chum= (Brothers growing up together). Hold -right N hand in front of neck, palm forward, pointing up; raise it head -high, slightly advancing it. _Alliance_ is sometimes used, or even -_Peace_. - - Fr. _l’ami_; Ger. _der Freund_. - -[Illustration] - -=Frog= (Water hopper). _Water_; then with compressed right hand make -long hops forward. - - Fr. _la grenouille_; Ger. _der Frosch_. - -[Illustration] - -=From.= Touch digit of right G hand to right shoulder, then throw it in -a long sweep up and forward. Sometimes Indians use flat hand for this. - - Fr. _de_; Ger. _von_. - -=Frost.= Sign, _Cold_, _White_, and _Strong_. - - Fr. _la gelée_; Ger. _der Frost_. - -[Illustration] - -=Fruit.= Sign _Tree_, then make a ring of right index and thumb, others -closed, and place it here and there in the branches, and add _Eat_. -Compare _Berry_, _Leaf_, and _Money_. - - Fr. _le fruit_; Ger. _die Frucht_. - -=Full.= See _Enough_. - -=Future= (Time ahead). Make the signs for _Time_ and _Far ahead_. See -also _Will_. - - Fr. _futur_, _l’avenir_; Ger. _zukünftig_, _die Zukunft_. - - -G - -[Illustration] - -=Gallop.= Sign _Ride_, then hold out flat hands, palm to palm, right in -advance; work them up and down together, the tips describing vertical -curves. Compare _Fast_ and _Work_. - - Fr. _galoper_; Ger. _galoppieren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Gamble.= Hold the hands out level, six inches apart; swing to left and -right simultaneously, in easy curves down and up, keeping them near each -other as though swinging a tom tom. Compare _Drive_ and _Herd_. - - Fr. _jouer_; Ger. _spielen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Gap=, =Gorge=, or =Mountain Pass=. Sign _Mountains_, then hold out left -L hand, thumb pointing to left and upward, pass flat right between, -touching at bottom. - - Fr. _le défilé_; Ger. _die Kluft_, _die Schlucht_. - -=Garden.= Strike down with right G as in _Here_, but in several -directions, then add _Plant_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le jardin_; Ger. _der Garten_. - -=Gather.= See _Together_. - -=Generous.= Sign _Heart_ and _Big_; or, _Heart_, _Pities_. - - Fr. _généreux_; Ger. _groszmütig_, _freigiebig_. - -=Gentle.= See _Kind_. - -=Gently.= See _Easy_. - -[Illustration] - -=Get= or =Obtain= (That is, he gets, or obtains). Reach out left hand, -back up; then with right hand, grasp something on top of it; then close -and draw back the right. If it is the first person who _gets_, finish by -drawing the hand toward oneself. Sometimes omit left hand. - - Fr. _obtenir_; Ger. _erlangen_, _erhalten_. - -=Get well.= See _Recover_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ghost=, =Soul=, or =Spirit.= Bring right G hand in front of centre of -body, pointing down; then draw it upward, as though drawing the -forefinger out of the mouth, upward and to the front and at the same -time exhale a breath. (Scott.) The Cheyennes sign _Big eyes_ (as in -Owl), and shaking the hands at the same time. See _Spirit_. - - Fr. _l’esprit_; Ger. _der Geist_. - -=Gift.= Hold left hand, hollow up; with right hand pick an imaginary -object out of the left; carry it forward, at the same time turning right -hand flat, palm up, and fingers pointing down and forward. Or, sign -_Give_ and _Free_ (2nd). - - Fr. _le cadeau_; Ger. _das Geschenk_. - -=Girl= (Woman sprout). Sign _Female_, _Young_. - - Fr. _la fille_; Ger. _das Mädchen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Give.= Hold out flat right, back to right, shoulder high; swing it out -and down. - - Fr. _donner_; Ger. _geben_. - -=Give you.= Swing the hand from the person giving toward you. This, with -the sign below, shows the beginning of a conjugation. - -[Illustration] - -=Give me.= Bring the flat right hand well out in front of body, about -height of neck, back of hand nearly to left, lower edge nearest to body, -pointing upward; draw the hand in toward the body and a little down; at -the same time, bend the hand and the wrist so the fingers touch the -chest. Compare _Tell me_ and _Half-Breed_. - - Fr. _donnez moi_; Ger. _geben Sie mir_. - -=Give it up.= See _Abandon_. - -=Give up=, =Lose hope=, or =Discouraged=. See _Sorrow_. - -=Glad=, =Pleasant=, =Happy=, or =Merry= (Sunshine in the heart). Sign -_Heart_ and _Day_. - - Fr. _heureux_; Ger. _froh_, _glücklich_. - -[Illustration] - -=Glitter= or =Shining= (The mirror signal). Hold out the L hand with -index pointing forward, back up. Rotate with a flash, or jerk so the -thumb is upright and back to its original pose. Do this once or twice. -See _Courting_ and _Sweetheart_. - - Fr. _étinceler_; Ger. _glitzern_. - -=Gloomy=, =Cross=, or =Sullen= (Clouds close). Sign _Clouds_, then draw -them down near head. (C) Or, sign _Thinking_ and _Bad_. Compare _Cross_ -and _Angry_. - - Fr. _sombre_; Ger. _finster_, _trübe_. - -=Glory= or =Fame=. Sign _All_, _Good_, _Know_. See _Famous_. - - Fr. _la gloire_; Ger. _der Ruhm_. - -[Illustration] - -=Glow=, =Splendor=, =Wonderful= (Spread in the sky). Hold up both 5 -hands, palms forward, pointing up, at arm’s length, nearly level; raise -up very high and at the same time spread widely. A much-used and very -plastic sign. May sometimes mean _Weather_. - - Fr. _la splendeur_; Ger. _das Glühen_, _die Pracht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Go=, =Went=, or =Travel=. Hold flat right hand, back to right, breast -high, pointing to front and down; swing it up and out till the fingers -point forward and upward. Often combined with _Arrive there_. - - Fr. _aller_; Ger. _gehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Going.= Hold up right G, palm forward; move it forward in short pushes. - - Fr. _allant_; Ger. _gehend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Go away=, =Go ahead=, =Go farther= (Imperative). Hold flat right hand -in front of body, palm forward, fingers upright; move the hand to front -in a slight curve to right; repeat once or twice. See _Begin_. - - Fr. _allez!_ Ger. _gehen Sie!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Goat.= Sign _Horns_, with the straight G fingers on each side of head, -and _Beard_. Sometimes omit _Horns_, signing only _Beard_. - - Fr. _la chèvre_; Ger. _die Ziege_. - -=God= (The Great Mystery). Sign _Medicine_ and _Great_. - - Fr. _Dieu_; Ger. _Gott_. - -=Gold.= Sign _Money_ and _Yellow_, or _Hard_ and _Yellow_. - -For _Gold coin_ sign, _Chief_, _Money_. - - Fr. _l’or_; Ger. _das Gold_. - -=Gone.= See _Absent_. - -[Illustration] - -=Good=, =All right=, =Level=, =Fair=, =Just= (Level with the heart). -Hold the flat extended right hand, back up, level, touching the left -breast; swing the hand briskly out to front and slightly up in a curve. - - Fr. _bon_; Ger. _gut_. - -=Good-bye.= Hold right hand flat, palm down, pointing forward -horizontally at height of head and shake the hand up and down by wrist -action. A whiteman’s sign recently adopted by Indians. - - Fr. _adieu_, _au revoir_; Ger. _lebe wohl!_ - -=Good-morning.= Sign _Day_ and _Good_. - - Fr. _bonjour_; Ger. _guten Morgen_. - -=Goose.= Sign _Bird_, moving the wing hands slowly; hold both flat hands -low, side by side, a little apart, backs up; push them down sharply a -few inches, for flat feet. Sometimes also make the _honk_ sound. - - Fr. _l’oie_; Ger. _die Gans_. - -=Gorge.= See _Gap_. - -=Gossip.= See _Telltale_. - -=Grain=, of any kind. Hold both hands hollow together, as in _Bowl_; -shake, then point to the hollow of the left with right G. (Sheeaka.) The -exact kind must be specified. In Cheyenne, _Wheat_ is _Bread_ and _Sow_; -_Oats_ is _Horse_, _Eat_, _Sow_. - - Fr. _le grain_; Ger. _das Getreide_. - -=Grandchild.= With the flat right, pat one’s own back where the baby is -carried. Among the Cheyennes, only the grandmother uses this. - -=Grand Coup.= See _Count Coup_. - -=Grandfather.= Sign _Old_ and _Father_. - -[Illustration] - -=Grandfather= (Father once removed). Sign _Father_, then hold curved -left hand in front of body, palm in; and on outer side make the sign -_Father_ again. For _Great grandfather_, repeat the sign for _Father_ -once more. For _Ancestors_, many times. (Crow signs given me by La -Forge.) - - Fr. _le grandpère_; Ger. _der Groszvater_. - -=Grandmother.= As above, but use _Mother_ sign. (LaF.) - -=Grandmother.= Sign _Old_, _Mother_. - - Fr. _la grand-mère_; Ger. _die Groszmutter_. - -=Grasp.= See _Keep_. - -[Illustration] - -=Grass.= Hold both hands low, palms up; turn all fingers upward straight -and swing hands slightly apart. For _Grass growing_, raise the hands a -little. Compare _Children_. - - Fr. _l’herbe_, _le gazon_; Ger. _das Gras_, _der Rasen_. - -=Gratitude.= Use _Thank you_ sign. Or else raise the flat right hand, -palm forward and face high; draw it downward in a sweep several times as -though stroking the other person’s breast. For emphasis use both hands. - - Fr. _la reconnaissance_; Ger. _die Dankbarkeit_. - -=Grave.= Hold out both flat hands, thumbs up, six inches apart, pointing -level forward; draw them back level to you, sign _Die_; then hold out -left flat hand as before and slap on it two or three times with the flat -right, for _cover up_. - - Fr. _le tombeau_; Ger. _das Grab_. - -[Illustration] - -=Great.= Hold out the slightly curved 5 hands in front of breast, few -inches apart, palms toward each other, pointing to front; separate hands -the right to the right and up a little and near the body; the left to -the left and down a little and farther away. Compare _Big_ and _Wide_. -Sometimes use _Much_ or _High_. - - Fr. _grand_; Ger. _grosz_. - -=Greater than.= Sign _Ahead_, _Great_. So also _Less than_ would be -_Behind_, _Small_. - - Fr. _plus grand que_; Ger. _gröszer als_. - -=Grief.= See _Sorrow_. - -=Grieve.= Sign _Heart_, _Down_. See _Give up_ and _Mourn_. - - Fr. _se chagriner_, _pleurer_; Ger. _trauern_. - -=Ground.= See _Land_. - -[Illustration] - -=Grouse= or =Prairie Chicken=. Sign _Bird_ and show size; then with -right hand low, palm up, fingers closed except first curved up like -neck, imitate forward walking. (Sioux.) Sign _Bird_ then indicate fast -wing beats and whirring. (Blackfoot.) Sign _Bird_ and _Tail cut off_. -(Cheyenne.) - - Fr. _la gelinotte_; Ger. _das Waldhuhn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Grow=, =Become=, or =Turn into=. Hold right G hand low, back down, -index finger pointing upward, in front of body; raise the hand by gentle -jerks. - - Fr. _pousser_, _croître_, _devenir_; Ger. _wachsen_, _werden_. - -=Guide= (Verb). (Show trail and Lead.) Point with right index forward -and downward; then add _Lead_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _conduire_; Ger. _führen_, _leiten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Guide= (Noun). Hold up left 5 hand, little finger forward, and ahead of -the right G, all moved forward in easy swings. - - Fr. _le guide_; Ger. _der Führer_. - -=Gun.= Make the motion of holding and aiming a gun; then add _Fire-off_. -For _Rifle_, add the working of the lever. - - Fr. _le fusil_, _la carabine_; Ger. _das Gewehr_. - -=Gun=, i.e., _Shot-gun_, sign _Gun_, then clasp the hands twice and hold -up two fingers. See _Revolver_. - - Fr. _le fusil de chasse_; Ger. _die Flinte_. - -=Gun-fire.= See _Fire_. - -=Gun-powder.= Sign _Gun_ and _Powder_. - - Fr. _la poudre à canon_; Ger. _das Schiesspulver_. - - -H - -=Habit= (Thought bound). With G forefinger draw a small circle on -forehead, then sign _Prisoner_. (D) - -[Illustration] - -=Habit= (Road smoothed by repeated strokes). Sweep the flat hands, palms -down, back and forth; then strike three times down with the right G. -(Sheeaka.) Or sign _Way_ and _Keep_. (Seger.) - -=Habit= (Long time the same). Hold out left G, draw right G back from -left knuckles to shoulder; add _Same_. - - Fr. _l’habitude_; Ger. _die Gewohnheit_. - -=Hail.= Sign _Rain_, _Cold_, and with curved right index on thumb -indicate size of stones. - - Fr. _la grêle_; Ger. _der Hagel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hair= (Of animal). Hold out left forearm horizontally in front of body -and sweep the curved right 5 hand, palm up, along it from elbow to -wrist. For _Human hair_, touch one’s own hair. Compare _Wing_. - - Fr. _le poil_; Ger. _der Pelz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Half.= Hold left flat hand in front of breast, back out. Lay the lower -edge of right flat hand on upper edge of left index, in middle, and jerk -it toward the tips of left. Sometimes the right hand alone is used edge -downward, drawn back and down as though its under side were cutting -something. Compare _Part_. - - Fr. _le demi_, _la moitié_; Ger. _die Hälfte_. - -[Illustration] - -=Half-breed.= With flat right hand pointing up, little finger next -middle of the breast, palm to right, halve the body down breast, swing -it far to left, return to centre, then swing far to right and give the -tribal sign for each half. Or, give the first sign only; that is, the -hand cutting in the middle. - - Fr. _le métis_; Ger. _der Mischling_. - -[Illustration] - -=Halt= or =Stop=. Hold the right flat hand, palm outward and downward, -in front of the body, pointing upward and to front, hand about height of -shoulders; move the hand sharply to front and downward, stopping it -suddenly. Sometimes merely raise the hand flat forward. - -This means also _Keep quiet_, _Wait a moment_, etc., when made gently. -“This sign is world wide. In a journey around the world, I have used it -in every country visited and found it instantly recognized. I saw a -train stopped by it in the Himalayas, also jinrikishas stopped in Java, -Singapore, Saigon, Canton, Hong Kong, Nagasaki, and Manila.” (Scott.) - - Fr. _Halte!_ Ger. _Halt!_ - -=Halve.= Same as _Half_; but jerk one part to right and one to left. (C) - - Fr. _couper ou diviser en deux_; Ger. _halbieren_. - -For _One-Quarter_, lay the “knife hand” at last joint of left index; for -_Three-Quarters_, near base; see also _Quarter_. - - Fr. _le quart_; Ger. _das Viertel_. - -=Handsome.= See _Beautiful_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hang= (To be executed). Swing the right L hand over the head down to -the neck, palm in; close the thumb and index, then draw it up to height -of head, index pointing down. This is done in two graceful sweeps. - - Fr. _pendre_; Ger. _hängen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hang.= Hang right G index like a hook on straight left G index. - - Fr. _accrocher_; Ger. _aufhängen_. - -=Hanker.= See _Want_. - -=Happen.= See _Luck_. - -=Happy.= See _Glad_. - -=Happy Hunting Ground.= Sign _Die_, _Beyond_, and _Dwell_. - - Fr. _les Champs Elysées des Indiens_; Ger. _die seligen Jagdgefilde_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hard= (Like rock). Hold out the left hand flat, edge down, and strike -the palm with the knuckles of the right two or three times. - - Fr. _dur_; Ger. _hart_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hat= (Head cover). Bring the L right hand, back outward, in front, -close to, and a little above the head; lower the hand until thumb and -index are about opposite the eyes; spread thumb and index, passing down -close to forehead. - - Fr. _le chapeau_; Ger. _der Hut_. - -=Hatchet.= See _Axe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hate.= Hold up both hands opposite left side of face in pose for -_Fire-off_, back of each to its side; spring both out as in _Fire-off_, -to left side, turning the left very little, so that it shoots forward; -the right shoots to the left. Compare _Abandon_ and _Scorn_; also -_Defiance_. Sheeaka used only _Defiance_ sign. - - Fr. _détester_; Ger. _hassen_. - -=Have= (To possess). See _Possession_. - -=Have= to, =Bound= to, =Must=, =Obliged= to, =Compelled= to (Bound -down). Sign _Prisoner_ and _Work_. Or, _That_, _Work_, _Strong_. - - Fr. _être obligé_; Ger. _müssen_. - -=Hawk.= First make _Bird_ sign, then imitate the seizing of the prey -with both feet hawk-fashion, by means of both hands placed in front of -body opposite neck, palms outward, make grasping motion forward. -(Scott.) Or sign _Bird_ and with curved G indicate bill. See _Eagle_. - - Fr. _le faucon_; Ger. _der Habicht_. - -[Illustration] - -=He.= Make the sign _Male_; or point with the thumb, other fingers -closed. - - Fr. _il_; Ger. _er_. - -=Headache.= Touch head; then hold curved flat hand near and flirt the -fingers from behind the thumb two or three times to show the throbbing. - - Fr. _le mal de tête_; Ger. _das Kopfweh_. - -=Healthy.= See _Well_. - -[Illustration] - -=Heap= or =Very Much=. With curved hands show shape, beginning at the -lowest points. Compare _Many_, _Mound_, and _Much_. - - Fr. _l’amas_, _le tas_; Ger. _der Haufe(n)_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hear.= Move the right G hand (pointed forward) from behind the right -ear, past the ear and forward. Compare _Listen_ and _Indian Nez Percé_. - - Fr. _entendre_; Ger. _hören_. - -[Illustration] - -=Heart.= Bring the compressed right hand against the left breast, over -heart and pointing downward. - - Fr. _le coeur_; Ger. _das Herz_. - -=Heat.= See _Hot_. - -=Heaven.= Simply point up with right G, back to right and head high. -Compare _Heavens_ and _Happy Hunting Ground_; also, _Tall_. - - Fr. _le paradis_; Ger. _der Himmel_, _das Paradies_. - -[Illustration] - -=Heavens=, =Skies=, or =Sky=. Hold both flat hands palms down, tips -touching, over and in front of the head; sweep them down sidewise in -outline of the dome. Compare _Clouds_, _Carriage_, _Hot Weather_. - - Fr. _le ciel_; Ger. _der Himmel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Heavy= (Cannot hold up). Hold flat hands, a few inches apart, at same -level, backs down, in front of body and pointing to front. Raise them -slightly and let them drop several inches, finishing low. Compare -_Light_. - - Fr. _lourd_; Ger. _schwer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Help.= Hold left forearm horizontally in front of body, hand A, and -place flat right hand under left forearm and lift it slightly. (Sheeaka; -borrowed from the Deaf.) Or, sign _Work_ and _With_. - - Fr. _aider_; Ger. _helfen_. - -=Her.= See _Possession_. - -[Illustration] - -=Herd of Animals.= Hold out left 5 fingers a little curved, level, far -advanced, shoulder high, backs up and out; moved forward and a little -down together. For _Herd grazing_ hold right 5 over left 5 wrist; draw -right back toward body in a slight arc up and down. - - Fr. _le troupeau_; Ger. _die Herde_. - -=Herd= (Verb). See _Drive_. - -[Illustration] - -=Here= (This spot). Swing the right G, back up, from pointing up, to -forward and down; then stab toward the ground two or three times. -Compare _Down_, _Earth_, _Place_. - - Fr. _ici_; Ger. _hier_. - -=He who.= See _Doer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hide=, =To Cache=, =Conceal=, or =Lose=. Swing the flat or else -compressed right hand, palm down, under the flat left hand held in -front, palm down; the left hand rests on the right at end of sign. -(Sheeaka.) Sometimes add _Hush_. Compare _Enter_ and _Night_. - - Fr. _cacher_; Ger. _verstecken_. - -=Hide= (Skin). Hold extended left hand, back up, in front of body, and -with the right thumb and forefinger gather up, with a pinch, the loose -skin on the back of left hand. Sometimes sign _Robe_. - - Fr. _la peau_; Ger. _das Fell_. - -[Illustration] - -=High= or =Height=. Hold the flat right hand, back nearly up, pointing -to front, in front of right shoulder; raise the hand according to the -height intended. If it refers to humans, hold the right hand (compressed -or G) vertically pointing upward. (C) To show height of small objects or -animals, hold the flat left, palm up, under right. See _Tall_. - - Fr. _haut_; Ger. _hoch_. - -=Higher.= See _Superior_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hill=, =Bluff=, or =Butte=. Push right A fist, back out, straight up, -face high. For plural use both hands moved alternately up and down at -different places. Compare _Ridge_, _Lump_, and _Mountain_. - - Fr. _la colline_; Ger. _der Hügel_. - -=His.= See _Possession_. - -=History= or =Story= (Pictures of the past). Hold up flat left, palm -forward, and sketch on palm with right G; then sign _Past_. (C) Or, Sign -_Long_, _Past_, _Tell me_. - - Fr. _l’histoire_; Ger. _die Geschichte_. - -=Hit= (To make a hit). See _Count Coup_. - -=Hoax= (To wolf or beguile). Sign _I_, _Make_, _Him_, _Wolf_. (Seger.) - - Fr. _mystifier_; Ger. _jemandem etwas aufbinden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hog= or =Pig=. Indicate size, then with a circle of two thumbs and two -index fingers in front of mouth show muzzle; last, with flat right hand, -or flat fist back up, make a snout and root. Usually give only the last -sign. - - Fr. _le cochon_; Ger. _das Schwein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hold= (to hold a prisoner). Arms in a level circle, flat right hand -inside flat left and overlapping, both palms toward you; swing to right -and left. Compare _Defend_, _Keep_, and _Corral_. - - Fr. _tenir prisonnier_; Ger. _gefangen halten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hole.= Form a circle with thumbs and fingers of L hands. If need be, -for clearness, hold left hand in position and pass the compressed right -through the imaginary hole. Compare _Cook_ and _Boil_. - - Fr. _le trou_; Ger. _das Loch_. - -=Holler.= See _Yell_. - -=Home.= Sign _My_, _Teepee_. - - Fr. _la demeure_, _le foyer_, _le chez-soi_; Ger. _das Heim_. - -=Home-sickness.= Sign _Heart_, _Want_, and _Teepee_. - - Fr. _le mal du pays_; Ger. _das Heimweh_. - -[Illustration] - -=Honest= (Straight walk). Point right G straight forward from near -throat; push it down and up in a slight curve till it is upright, then -push it forward in two or three little jerks. See also _True_. - - Fr. _honnête_, _intègre_; Ger. _ehrlich_. - -=Honor= (Upon my honor). With right index draw a small cross on the -heart. (Pop.) - - Fr. _parole d’ honneur!_ Ger. _auf Ehre!_ _bei meiner Ehre!_ - -=Hope.= Sign _Heart_, _Want_. - - Fr. _l’espoir_; Ger. _die Hoffnung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Horse.= Hold the flat left hand, back to front, before face, fingers -level; move it to right; and then, for a moment, place the first and -second fingers of right astride it, as in _Ride_. Some omit the last -gesture. The movements of the hand indicate the height, action, and -speed of the horse. - - Fr. _le cheval_; Ger. _das Pferd_. - -[Illustration] - -=Horseman.= Sign _Man_ and _Ride_. Or, place the V right astride of the -flat left and push both to right. - - Fr. _le cavalier_; Ger. _der Reiter_. - -=Hot= or =Heat= (As water or iron). Hold the hand as in _Feel_; touch -the middle right finger tip to tongue; reach it forward and down, as -though touching a hot iron, quickly jerking it back. (A northern sign -understood by Cheyennes.) The use of the middle finger is general, no -doubt because it is longest. - - Fr. _chaud_; Ger. _heisz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hot weather= (Rays of sun beating down). Hold the 5 hands a few inches -apart, backs up, above and in front of head, pointing toward each other. -Lower the hands to level of face. - - Fr. _les grandes chaleurs_; Ger. _das heisze Wetter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hot= or =Sweating= (Personally). Draw right index crooked across the -brow, left to right, as though to run off the sweat, others and thumb -closed. - -=Hotel.= See _Restaurant_. - -=Hour.= See _Time_. - -[Illustration] - -=House.= Indicate the double slope of the roof by flat hands, pointing -nearly up and joined together at the tips. Some use only the next sign -for _House_. - - Fr. _la maison_; Ger. _das Haus_. - -[Illustration] - -=House of logs= (Corners of a log house). Bring the hands in front of -body and interlock the fingers near tips, fingers at nearly right angles -and horizontal. Some add _Roof_ by joining tips of flat hands as in -_House_. Compare _Basket_. - - Fr. _la cabane en bois_, _la hutte_; Ger. _das Blockhaus_. - -[Illustration] - -=How!= or =Ho!= The Indian salutation is sometimes used with hand -salute; that is, all fingers closed except index and middle, as in -_Friend_. - - Fr. _Ho!_ Ger. _Grüsz Gott!_ - -=How?= See _Question_. - -=How many?= See _Question_. - -=How much?= See _Question_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hundred= (Whole circle of tens). Hold up both 5 hands, palms forward, -opposite right shoulder; thumbs nearly touching; swing to left and down. -Precede this with _one_ for _one hundred_, _two_ for _two hundred_, etc. - - Fr. _cent_; Ger. _hundert_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hungry= or =Hunger= (Cuts one in two). Draw the lower edge of flat -right hand, back down, across the stomach; emphasize by drawing back and -forth. - - Fr. _avoir faim_, _la faim_; Ger. _hungrig sein_, _der Hunger_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hunt or Searching for= (In the sense of seeking for). The fingers of -the right V hand brought near the eye, but pointing forward; then swing -horizontally from side to side, the eye looking wherever they point. -Compare _Choose_, _Find_, and _Look_. Or, shade the right eye with the -right hand and swing the head. (Pop.) - - Fr. _chercher_; Ger. _suchen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Hunting= (With gun or bow). Hold out both G hands, one behind the -other; swing in up-curves forward and sidewise, but always one behind -the other. - - Fr. _chasser_; Ger. _jagen_. - -=Hurry=, to _Come_ or to _Go quickly_. Make the sign for _Come_ (or -_Go_) three or four times, very quickly and emphatically. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=Hurry= (Ride fast). Jump the flat hands up and down before you, -quickly, palms up. Compare _Light_, which is similar, but slower. - - Fr. _se dépêcher_; Ger. _eilen_. - -=Husband.= Make sign _Male_ and _Marry_. - - Fr. _le mari_; Ger. _der Mann_; _der Gatte_. - -=Hush.= See _Silence_ and _Halt_. - -=Hypocrite.= Sign _Wolf_ and _Like_. Or _Face_ and _Two_. According to -Ruggles, the Paiutes sometimes use this second combination for _Liar_; -the Cheyennes understand it but do not use it. - - Fr. _le hypocrite_; Ger. _der Heuchler_. - - -I - -[Illustration] - -=I=, =Me=, =Myself=, =Mine=. For _I_ touch the centre of the breast with -the right thumb extended, other fingers closed. This and the next are -used indiscriminately by the Cheyennes. - - _Me_ is touching the breast with point of compressed fingers. - - _My._ Lay the A hand on the forehead, palm to left, thumb pointing up; - swing it forward and down level; that is, sign _Possession_, assuming - the first person. - - Fr. _je_, _moi_, _mien_; Ger. _Ich_, _mich_, _mein_. - -=Ice.= Sign _Water_ and _Hard_. Sometimes add _Cold_. - - Fr. _la glace_; Ger. _das Eis_. - -=Icicle.= Sign _Water_ and _Cold_; then hold up right G, pointing -downward and dropped a little. - - Fr. _le glaçon_; Ger. _der Eiszapfen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Idea=, =Thought= (Thought expressed). Lay the right G on the forehead, -pointing up, palm to left; swing it down to horizontal at mouth level, -then push it straight forward and up in a curve. Compare _So_. - - Fr. _l’idée_; _la pensée_; Ger. _die Idee_, _der Gedanke_. - -=Idle.= Sign _Work_ and _Not_. - - Fr. _paresseux_; Ger. _müszig_. - -[Illustration] - -=If=, =Doubt=, =Undecided=, =Perhaps=, or =Maybe so= (Heart looking two -ways). Lay the right V hand on the heart, pointed down and to left -front; rotate the hand on the wrist so the back is alternately up and -out. When many emotions (i.e., _perplexity_) are to be expressed, use -all fingers extended. See _Consider_. - - Fr. _si_, _peut-être_; Ger. _wenn_, _ob_, _vielleicht_. - -=Ignorance= (I don’t know). Shrug shoulders and raise one flat hand. -(Pop.) Or, sign _Know_, _Not_. Compare _Forget_. - - Fr. _l’ignorance_; Ger. _die Unwissenheit_. - -=Imperative Mood.= Sign the verb in question, then strike the flat -right, palm down, onto the flat left, palm up. Or add _Push_. (C) - -=Impossible.= Sign _Can_ and _Not_. See also _Cannot_. The Cheyennes use -_True_, _Not_. - - Fr. _impossible_; Ger. _unmöglich_. - -=Imprison.= See _Arrest_. - -[Illustration] - -=In=, =Inside=, or =Within= (To put into). Make a semicircle of the left -arm held out level; then drop the compressed right hand downward between -the left and the body. _Outside_ begins the same, but the right drops -outside the left. - -[Illustration] - -=Inside=, i.e., =in a Hole=. Make a horizontal ring of the left index -and thumb, then drop the right index down into it. For a house, use -_Enter_. - - Fr. _en_, _dedans_, _dans_; Ger. _in_, _drin_, _im Innern_. - -=Incite.= Sign _Push_, _Talk_, and _Go_; that is, try to talk into -going. - - Fr. _inciter_; Ger. _anreizen_. - -=Increase.= Hold out the flat hands, palm to palm, well apart at same -height; separate them more and more in slight jerks; or, if it is more -explicit, do it with the flat hands one above the other. See _Add to_. -Compare _Decrease_. - - Fr. _augmenter_; Ger. _vermehren_, _vergröszern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Indian.= With the tips of right flat fingers, rub the side of the flat -left held out back up, in short strokes; meaning reddish, because all -men’s hands out west are red at this place. Compare _Smooth_. - -[Illustration] - -=Indian.= Indicate the eagle feather at back of head. (Sheeaka.) Or sign -_Man_ and _Red_. (Scott.) - - Fr. _l’Indien_; Ger. _der Indianer_. - -=Indian Tribe= or =Nation=. Give the _Tribal_ sign and add _All_ in each -case. - -=Indian= Tribal signs: - - [Illustration] - - =Apache.= (Probably using the notched-stick fiddle). Draw the right G - finger _up and down_ along the left G several times, from near the - point to the base, a foot long each stroke. Compare _Poor_. - - =Arapahoe.= With all fingers of right hand compressed so the points - are together, tap the left breast, that is, sign _Mother_. As Sherman - Coolidge tells me, the Arapahoes claim theirs to have been the mother - of all tribes. In the south, the sign is rub the side of the nose with - the right G, referring to their one-time salutation of nose-rubbing. - - =Banak.= Sign for _Lodge_ and _Bad_. (C) - - =Blackfeet.= Sign for _Moccasin_ and _Black_. - - =Caddo.= Draw the right N over the left N from the tips back to the - knuckles (because they wore pants). (Father Isadore.) - - [Illustration] - - =Cheyennes.= (Perhaps meaning “striped tail,” because they used turkey - feathers; or, more likely, “finger-choppers,” because they chopped - their fingers when in mourning.) Hold out left G finger and cut it - with the edge of the right G finger drawn across it once or twice, - each time further up the hand. Compare _Often_ and _And all the time_. - - =Chippewa.= See _Ojibwa_. - - =Comanche.= Sign for _Snake_, pushing the hand forward. Compare - _Shoshoni_. (Seger.) - - =Cree.= Sign _Rabbit_, _People_; but usually omit _People_. - - =Crow.= Sign _Bird_ slowly. Sometimes only one hand. Or hold S hand, - palm forward, at brow for “Pompadour Indians.” - - =Dakota.= See _Sioux_. - - =Flathead.= See _Koutenais_. - - =Gros Ventre.= Sign _Big Belly_. - - =Hopi.= Sign _Dance_ and _Snake_. - - =Kiowa.= With the tips of the flat right, palm up, back to left, - describe an upright ellipse near the right ear; because they used to - cut their hair on that side to show the ear ornaments or ear painted - red. - - =Koutenai.= Sign for _White-tailed Deer_. (C) - - =Mandan= (Tattooed chin and cheek). With right hand compressed so all - tips touch, tap the chin and jaw. (C) - - =Navaho= (Makers of striped blankets). Sign for _Work_, _Blanket_, and - _Striped_. - - =Nez Percé= (Pierced nose). Pass index of right G hand level under - nose from right to left. Compare _Hear_. - - =Ojibwa= or =Chippewa= (Living in the Woods). Sign _Tree_ and - _People_; or sign _Paddle_, _People_. (Blackfoot.) - - =Osage= (Shaved heads). Rub the flat right hand, palm out, over the - side of the head and down, as though shaving the head; the little - finger being the sharp edge. - - =Paiute.= Sign _Rabbit_, _Robe_. - - =Pawnee= (Wolf). Hold up the right V hand, palm forward, near right - ear; then swing finger-tips forward. - - =Piegan.= Rotate half closed hand, palm in, near right cheek. - - =Pueblo.= Sign _Two Quivers_; that is, _Arrow_, _Two_; then drop - compressed left once or twice into C right hand. - - =Sac= (Shaved heads). Same as _Osage_ sign. - - =Shoshoni= or =Snake Indians=. Sign for _Snake_ and sometimes add - _Bad_, _Lodge_. - - =Sioux= (Cut throats). Draw the right G finger across the throat. - - =Uncapapa= (From their position in camp). Sign for _Sioux_ and - _Encamp_, then make an incomplete circle with index fingers and - thumbs; then, holding left in pose, strike last joint of index with - tip of right G and similarly right index with tip of left G. (C) - - =Ute.= Sign _Black_ and _Red_. - - =Wichita= (Tattooed rings). With right G finger tap the forehead in a - circle. - - =Yankton.= Sign for _Sioux_ and _Nez Percé_. (C) - -=Indian Agent.= See _Agent_. - -=Indifference= (_None of my business_). Both hands held down by the -thighs; at the same time a shrug of the shoulders. (Pop.) - - Fr. _l’indifférence_; Ger. _die Gleichgültigkeit_. - -=Infantry.= Sign _Soldiers_ and _Walk_. - - Fr. _l’infanterie_; Ger. _die Fusztruppen_, _die Infanterie_. - -[Illustration] - -=Inferior= (To one). Hold up both G fingers, the one representing the -inferior much lower. - -[Illustration] - -=Inferior= (To many). For several inferiors use the 5 hand to represent -them, while the G of the other hand up high represents the superior. - - Fr. _inférieur_; Ger. _untergeordnet_. - -=Inhabit.= See _Dwell_. - -=Injure=, =Doing evil to=. If with reference to another person, make -sign for _Work_ and _Bad_. If with reference to one’s self, make signs -_Do_, _to me_, _Bad_. - - Fr. _faire du mal_; Ger. _beschädigen_. - -=Innocent.= See _Clean-handed_. - -=In order that.= See _So that_. - -=Inside.= See _In_. - -=Interrogate.= See _Question_ or _Query_. - -=Intervene.= See _Come between_. - -=Invalid.= See _Sick one_. - -=Investigating.= See _Searching_; also _Consider_. - -=Iron.= See _Metal_. - -[Illustration] - -=Island= (Round thing surrounded by water). Sign _Land_, then with L -hands make a horizontal circle; hold left hand in pose, sign _Water_ -with right hand; then compress it and draw it point down around the -circle just made. Compare _Lake_. - - Fr. _l’île_; Ger. _die Insel_. - -=Itching.= Scratch the left palm with nail of the right G index; or else -the thigh. - - Fr. _la démangeaison_; Ger. _das Jucken_. - - -J - -[Illustration] - -=Jealous= (Elbowing aside). Hold the fists near the breast; alternately -swing each elbow out and back a little. (C) - -[Illustration] - -=Jealous= (Hide and stab). Hold out flat left, back up, and with right G -stab under it once or twice. - - Fr. _jaloux_; Ger. _eifersüchtig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Jesus= (The Cross above). The right G finger upright and crossed on top -with the left G; this cross then placed above the eyes, the face looking -upward; then the cross pushed toward the sky to the full extent of the -arms. The real meaning being, “He who was crucified and is now in -heaven.” (Scott.) Or sign _Big_, _Medicine_, _Child_. - - Fr. _Jésus_; Ger. _Jesus_. - -[Illustration] - -=Joke= (Play talk). Sign _Play_; that is, hold the right 5 hand near the -mouth, back down, fingers a little curved; swing the hand forward and -upward; then add _Talk_. - - Fr. _la plaisanterie_; Ger. _der Scherz_. - -=Joyous.= Sign _Heart_, _Glad_, and _Sing_. (C) Sign _Heart_, _Happy_, -or _Playing_. - - Fr. _joyeux_; Ger. _fröhlich_. - -=Judge.= See _Consider_. - -=Jump= (Human). Stand right V on left palm; assume these to be legs and -make them jump up and down. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=Jump= or =Spring= (Anything). Hold compressed right hand, pointing to -left, near right shoulder; swing it up forward and down in a long curve. -Also used for _Animal_, in which case use several short jumps. - - Fr. _sauter_; Ger. _springen_. - -=Junior.= See _Younger_; also _Inferior_. - -=Just= or =Fair=. From a position near each side, bring the extended O -hands, palms inward, together so the tips of right thumb and index touch -tips of left thumb and index, like two balance pans side by side. (D) -Or, sign _True_ and _Same_, or _Good_. - - Fr. _juste_; Ger. _gerecht_. - -=Just so.= Make the sign _Yes_ once or twice; or else, use _True_. - - Fr. _justement_, _précisément cela_; Ger. _genau so_, _ganz richtig_. - - -K - -[Illustration] - -=Keep=, =Grasp=, or =Remember=. Hold out flat right hand, back to right, -fingers level; hold up left G hand, back to left; swing them together; -grasp left index in closed right hand and move the hands slightly to -right and left. Compare _Hold_ and _Remember_. - - Fr. _tenir_, _retenir_; Ger. _halten_, _behalten_. - -=Keep close.= Sign _Good_ and _Near_. (C) - -=Keep quiet.= Sign _Stop_ and _Sit down_, or simply _Stop_. See _Hush_. - - Fr. _taisez vous_, _tenez vous tranquille!_ Ger. _ruhig sein!_ - _schweigen!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Kettle.= Indicate the shape of the mouth with both L hands; then, -holding left unchanged, pass the right G into it; then, with right, lift -as if by a handle. Some omit the “handle.” Compare _Basket_ and _Cook_. - - Fr. _le chaudron_, _la chaudière_; Ger. _der Kessel_. - -=Kidney.= Hold up the two compressed hands, then swing them back against -the kidneys. - - Fr. _le rein_, (_d’animal_) _le rognon_; Ger. _die Niere_. - -[Illustration] - -=Kill=, =Overcome=, =Win=, or =Be victor= (Striking with a club). Hold -the right A hand, back nearly up, in front of shoulder, back of hand -making a slight angle with wrist; strike to the front, downward and -little to left, stopping hand suddenly and giving it slight rebound. -For _Kill me_ or _Beat me_, make the sign toward one’s self. - - Fr. _tuer_, _vaincre_; Ger. _tot schlagen_, _siegen_. - -=Kin=, =Kinsman=, or =Kinship=. Sign _Brother_ and _Distant_ or _Near_, -as the case may be. - - Fr. _le parent_; Ger. _der Verwandte_. - -=Kind= or =Gentle=. Sign _Heart_ and _Good_. - - Fr. _aimable_; Ger. _freundlich_, _sanft_. - -=King’s X.= See _Fins_. - -[Illustration] - -=Knife= (Penknife or Jack-knife). (Whittling a stick.) With right A hand -make motion of whittling the index finger of the left G hand. (Blackfoot -and Pop.) The Cheyennes sign _Cut_ and _Bend_. - - Fr. _le canif_, _le couteau_; Ger. _das Messer_, _das Taschenmesser_. - -=Knife= or =Dagger=. Thumb up straight, rest of fingers closed, hand at -side. (Pop.) Compare _He_, _Turn down_, and _Opossum_. - -=Knife.= Hold left hand near mouth, then with lower edge of flat right -make as though cutting off a piece of meat held between the left hand -and the teeth. Understood but not used by Cheyennes. They indicate -length with right G on flat left back and add _Cut_. - - Fr. _le couteau_, _le poignard_; Ger. _das Messer_, _der Dolch_. - -=Know= or =Be acquainted with=. Sign _Know_, as below. - - Fr. _connaître_; Ger. _kennen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Know= or =Understand= (See, it is in my heart). Lay the right L hand, -back up, on heart; swing it out, up in a slight curve, and down a -little, palm up. - - Fr. _comprendre_, _savoir_; Ger. _wissen_, _verstehen_. - -=Know, I don’t.= Shrug the shoulders and shake the head and raise the -right hand open, palm up, to level of shoulder, inclining the head to -the side. (Pop.) Compare _Don’t care_. - -=Know=, =I know what I’m doing= (Perhaps “I smell a rat” is the verbal -form of the sign). Lay the right index on right side of nose. (Pop.) - - Fr. _je ne suis pas aveugle_; Ger. _ich weiss was ich mache_. - -=Knowledge= or =Intelligence=. Tap the forehead and add _Big_. Compare -_Conceit_. - - Fr. _le savoir_, _l’intelligence_; Ger. _die Kenntnis_, _das Wissen_. - - -L - -=Labor.= See _Work_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lake.= Sign _Water_ and with both L hands make an incomplete horizontal -circle, then bring wrists together and swing finger tips apart. The last -gesture is to suggest _Wide_. Compare _Island_. - - Fr. _le lac_; Ger. _der See_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lame= (Bobbing of horse’s head). Right A hand out in front, _back up_, -moved forward a little and at the same time jerked down by wrist action -and to left; repeat. Compare _Old_ and _Kill_. - - Fr. _boiteux_; Ger. _lahm_. - -[Illustration] - -=Land=, =Country=, =Ground=, or =Earth= (Flat and extended). Pat toward -ground with one or both flat hands; then swing them apart, flat, palms -down, on a broad upward sweep left and right. - - Fr. _la campagne_, _la terre_; Ger. _das Land_, _die Erde_. - -=Lantern.= Sign _Enclosure_, but make it perpendicular; then in the same -space sign _Fire_ twice. - - Fr. _la lanterne_; Ger. _die Laterne_. - -=Large.= See _Big_ and _High_. - -=Lasso.= Sign _Rope_, then hold right L hand over right shoulder, back -nearly to right, index pointing up; throw it forward, upward, and down, -close index and thumb and jerk the hand back. Often omit _Rope_. - - Fr. _le lasso_; Ger. _die Wurfschlinge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Last.= Hold up the left 5 hand, thumb nearest you; push it straight -away, then tap the thumb with the G of the other hand. (Sheeaka.) - -=Last= (One, After). Hold up 5 left hand and, away behind it, the G -right. (Blackfoot.) Compare _First_ and _Guide_. - - Fr. _le dernier_; Ger. _der Letzte_. - -=Last year.= Sign _Winter_, _Beyond_. - - Fr. _l’année passée_; Ger. _voriges Jahr_. - -=Late.= See _After_. - -=Laugh.= Hold both curved 5 hands, palms up, near the sides, a foot -apart; then shake them up and down. Compare _Play_. - - Fr. _rire_; Ger. _lachen_. - -=Law= (Written road). Sign _Write_, then _Across_ two or three times. -Compare _Council_ (No. 2.) - - Fr. _la loi_; Ger. _das Gesetz_. - -=Lawyer.= _Whiteman_, _Law_, and _Know_. - - Fr. _l’avocat_; Ger. _der Advokat_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lazy= or =Tired=. Shake the head, throw it back, then drop both nearly -open, hands limply, one held out at each side motionless. Compare _Weak_ -and _Tired_. - - Fr. _paresseux_, _fatigué_; Ger. _faul_, _träge_, _müde_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lead.= With right hand fingers grasp the flat left hand and drag it -forward. (Sheeaka; borrowed from the Deaf.) Sometimes used also for -_Teacher_. - -=Lead.= Hold right A hand high in front of right shoulder, back to -right; move it forward by gentle jerks, as though leading a pony. See -_Guide_. - - Fr. _conduire_; Ger. _führen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Leaf.= Sign _Tree_, then shake right hand shoulder high, with thumb and -index pointed nearly up, forming an incomplete circle, others closed. -Compare _Money_ and _Fruit_. - - Fr. _la feuille_; Ger. _das Blatt_. - -=Learn.= Sign _Book_, then follow the lines with the right G finger and -last draw it to _Me_. Or sign _Book_, _Look_, _Know_, making the last -sign once or twice toward the _Book_. See _Lesson_. - - Fr. _apprendre_; Ger. _lernen_. - -=Leggings.= Draw the L hands, backs out, one on each leg from well down -to near hips. - - Fr. _les grandes guêtres_; Ger. _die ledernen Gamaschen_. - -=Lend=, =Loan=, or =Borrow=. Sign _Give you_ (or me) and _By and By_, -_Give me_ (or you). Or, _Give_, _Little while_. - - Fr. _prêter_, _emprunter_; Ger. _leihen_, _borgen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Less= (Compressed). Hold the open flat hands a foot or two apart, palm -to palm, one above the other. Hold the lower hand stationary and then -draw the upper in jerks down toward the lower. See _Decrease_. - - Fr. _moins_; Ger. _weniger_. - -=Let it alone.= See _Abandon_. - -=Letter= (Sticking on the stamp). Indicate size of letter, then close -right hand, thumb extended; wet thumb end on lips and press on open left -palm. - - Fr. _la lettre_; Ger. _der Brief_. - -=Level=, =All right=. See _Good_, also _Prairie_. - -=Liar.= Make sign for _Lie_; then indicate the person. To add the -intensive _Very much_ makes it equivalent to the strong and unprintable -English expression that is used in extreme cases. - - Fr. _le menteur_; Ger. _der Lügner_. - -=Liberal.= See _Generous_. - -=Liberate.= Sign _Prisoner_, throw the hands up and apart, then add -_Go_. (C) See _Pardon_. - - Fr. _délivrer_; Ger. _befreien_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lie= or =False= (Two tongues or forked tongue). Hold the right V hand, -back out, a little in front and to the right of mouth, and pointing to -left; move the hand to left, past mouth, and downward. - - Fr. _le mensonge_; Ger. _die Lüge_. - -=Life.= See _Alive_. - -=Light= (Not dark). See _Day_. - -=Light= (Not heavy). Hold out both flat hands, palms up; raise briskly -together in one or two jerks. Compare _Heavy_, which is the same in -pose, but in which the hands drop briskly. See _Hurry_, which is similar -but much faster and raised each time in one movement. - - Fr. _léger_; Ger. _leicht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lightning= or =Thunderbolt=. With right G index held high, make a quick -zigzag downward. - - Fr. _l’éclair_; Ger. _der Blitz_. - -=Like= (To be partial to). Sign _Want_. - -=Like= or =Alike=. See _Equal_. - -=Listen, I will not.= Cover both ears with the hands and shake head. -(Pop. and Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _je n’écouterai pas_; Ger. _ich will nicht zuhören_. - -=Listen.= Hold right L hand back to right near and around right ear; -rotate the hand by wrist action (Cheyenne). Or hold hollowed right hand -behind the right ear. (Popular sign understood by Cheyennes.) Compare -_Hear_. - - Fr. _écouter_; Ger. _horchen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Little of=, =Small=, =Piece of=, =Part=. Hold right hand in front of -body, shoulder high, back to right, end of thumb pressing against under -side of index so that only about half an inch of index is seen beyond -the thumb, other fingers closed. For emphasis, point at right with left -G. - -=Little= or =Small of Stature=. For small animal, person, etc., indicate -the stature by holding out flat right, palm down, above the ground or -above the flat left, palm up. See _Boy_. - -[Illustration] - -=Little= or =Small degree or matter=, =Weak=. Hold the right fist above -the left as though both were grasping a thin stick, backs out. Twist the -right hand and draw it in a little to the breast, turning it so the palm -is a little upward instead of a little downward. Compare _Few_. Note -_Strong_ is its analogue. - - Fr. _petit_, _peu_; Ger. _klein_, _wenig_. - -=Live.= See _Alive_. - -=Live in.= See _Dwell_. - -=Liver.= Compress the right hand, bend it much at the wrist, hold it so -the back is forward and down, fingers level and pointing back; lay it on -the right side under the ribs, draw it to the middle of the body -following under side of ribs. - - Fr. _le foie_; Ger. _die Leber_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lock.= Against flat left palm turn thumb and index of right as a key. - - Fr. _fermer à clef_, _la serrure_; Ger. _schlieszen_, _das Schlosz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Long.= Fully extend the left arm forward and downward, hand flat, palm -down; lay right G finger on the left wrist; then draw it up to the -shoulder. Often use _Big_. - - Fr. _long_; Ger. _lang_. - -=Longing.= Sign _Heart_ and _Want_; or _Heart_, _Want_, and _See_. - - Fr. _le désir ardent_; Ger. _das Verlangen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Long time= (Drawn out). Slowly draw the hands very far apart as though -pulling out a piece of gum or elastic. See _Time_. - - Fr. _longtemps_; Ger. _lange_. - -[Illustration] - -=Look.= Make V hand and point with fingers in line of sight. Compare -_Hunting_ and _See_. - - Fr. _regarder_; Ger. _ansehen_, _hinsehen_. - -=Look at that.= Point with forefinger at object and add _See_. Compare -_There_. - - Fr. _regardez cela_, _voyez_; Ger. _sehen Sie das an_. - -=Look out.= See _Warning_. - -=Loose= or =Set Free=. See _Liberate_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lose=, =Lost=, or =Astray= (Hid, find, and not; apparently referring to -the game of hide in the hand). Hold out both fists together, palms up, -for _Hid_; then look about and point with right G hand behind here and -there and to one side; add _Not_. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=Lose.= The Cheyennes use _Hide_, which see. Compare _Night_. - -=Lost=, =I am lost=. Sign _Look_, _Way_, _See_, _Not_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _perdre_, _perdu_; Ger. _verlieren_, _verloren_. - -=Love.= See _Fond_. - -[Illustration] - -=Low.= Hold flat right hand low, back up. - - Fr. _bas_; Ger. _niedrig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Luck=, =Happen=, =Chance=, or =Accident= (What turns up). Extend both G -hands in front, palm side up; turn them in toward each other till the -backs are up; forefingers still extended. Then add _Good_ or _Bad_. (D) -This suggests the gambling sticks in the Indian game. See _Of_. - -=Luck= (Whatever befalls me). Sign _Medicine_, or shake the head and the -flat hand in front of the neck, then swing right G in a curve till it -strikes the breast. (Sheeaka. A doubtful Sioux sign.) - - Fr. _la chance_, _l’accident_; Ger. _der Zufall_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lump= (Apparently “hill” that can be held in the hand). Hold up the -right A hand, waist high, palm to you, thumb pointing up, wrist bent so -arm is nearly level. Compare _Hill_. - - Fr. _la petite masse_; Ger. _der Klumpen_, _die kleine Masse_. - -=Lunch= or =Luncheon=. Sign _Noon_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le déjeuner_; Ger. _das Mittagessen_. - -=Lungs.= Hold the 5 hands on the breast, one at each side, and indicate -slow heaving. Compare _Sick_. - - Fr. _les poumons_; Ger. _die Lungen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Lynx.= With the C hand at each side of the face indicate ruffs; with -rings of index fingers and thumbs, show the eyes; then on the G right -with the G left show the bob tail. (Sheeaka.) This is a description -rather than a name. - - Fr. _le lynx_; Ger. _der Luchs_. - -=Lynx=, =Bay=, or =Bob-cat.= Sign _Cat_ and _Short tail_. (Scott.) The -Cheyennes, who do not know the true Lynx, sign _Animal_ and _Short -tail_. - - Fr. _le lynx rouge_; Ger. _der Rotluchs_, _die amerikanische - Wildkatze_. - - -M - -=Mad.= See _Angry_ and _Crazy_. - -[Illustration] - -=Make= or =Manufacture=. Hammer the top of one fist with the other two -or three times, giving both hands a twisting motion. (Sheeaka. Adopted -from the Deaf.) Compare _Work_, which is mostly used by _Indians_ for -_Make_. - - Fr. _fabriquer_; Ger. _anfertigen_. - -=Make up one’s mind.= See _Decide_. - -[Illustration] - -=Man= or =Male= (The one alone; the erect one). Right G held up at -height of chin, palm forward; many Cheyennes make it back forward. For -_Boy_ sign _Man_ then drop the hand down to a level that indicates -height, and turn it palm to you. - - Fr. _l’homme_; Ger. _der Mann_. - -=Mandan.= See _Indian Tribes_. - -=Manitoba= (Red River Country). Give signs for _Country_, _River_, _Red_ -(suggested). - -=Manner.= See _Way_. - -=Man who.= See _Doer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Many= (Many tens). Hold up both hands, face high, half closed, palms -forward; throw them forward in 5 shape. Repeat several times. See also -_Heap_ and _Much_. - - Fr. _plusieurs_; Ger. _viele_. - -[Illustration] - -=Many times=, =Often=, or =All the time=. Hold out left arm level, hand -flat palm in; tap it a few times with right G hand from near wrist, -moving each time an inch or so toward elbow. Compare _Cheyenne_. - - Fr. _souvent_; Ger. _oft_. - -[Illustration] - -=Married= or =Marry= (Side by side, united as one). Sign _Trade_, that -is, _Bargain_; then lay right G beside left G touching, both pointing -forward level, not moved. (C) The Cheyennes omit _Trade_. Compare -_Equal_, _Parallel_, and _Mates_. - - Fr. _marié_, _épouser_; Ger. _verheiratet_, _heiraten_. - -=Marten= or =Sable=. Sign _Weasel_; that is, curve right G and push it -forward, back up, in bounds; indicate size, yellow throat; then, running -up a tree. This is a suggested description, as I found no established -sign. - - Fr. _la marte_, _la zibeline_; Ger. _der Marder_, _der Zobel_. - -=Match.= Strike an imaginary match on right thigh, or left arm. - - Fr. _l’allumette_; Ger. _das Streichholz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mate= or =Partner= (One teepee and side by side). The G fingers in tent -form, then up side by side, touching. (Sheeaka.) - -=Mate= or =Chum=. Sign _Friend_, _Same_. - - Fr. _le camarade_, _le compagnon_; Ger. _der Kamerad_. - -=May= or =Maybe=. See _Perhaps_. - -=Me.= Touch one’s own chest with the tips of the compressed fingers of -the right hand. (Sheeaka.) Compare _I_. - - Fr. _moi_; Ger. _mich_. - -=Meals.= For _Breakfast_, sign _Eat_ and _Sunrise_; for _Lunch_, sign -_Eat_ and _Noon_; for _Dinner_, sign _Eat_ and _Sundown_. - - Fr. _les repas_; Ger. _die Mahlzeiten_. - -=Mean= or =Intend=. Sign _Want_ and _Say_. - - Fr. _avoir en vue_, _vouloir dire_; Ger. _beabsichtigen_, _meinen_. - -=Mean= or =Stingy=. Sign _Heart_ and _Few_. - - Fr. _avare_; Ger. _geizig_. - -=Meanwhile.= See _While_. - -[Illustration] - -=Meat= (=1=). Hold out the flat left, back up; then with the flat right, -palm up, slice pieces off the left palm. This is generally used, but -often with left palm up. - -[Illustration] - -=Meat= or =Flesh= (=2=). With right index finger and thumb, grasp the -flesh between left index finger and thumb. (Sioux and Blackfoot.) Note, -if this be done by putting the right at the under side of the left, it -is the same as the next sign. - -[Illustration] - -=Meat= (=3=). Lay the flat left hand, little finger down, between the -thumb and fingers of the flat right, as far in as possible; then pat the -back of the left by opening and closing the right a little and add -_Buffalo_. In conversation, _Buffalo_ without the first sign is often -used for _Meat_, just as we use _Beef_. The first part of this is much -like _Thick_ and _Thin_, but the whole of the left fingers are involved -and the right hand is not slid along. - -The right in this, it will be noted, shows the pose of the hand when -holding a thick piece of meat to be cut up for drying. - -Clark says there is no sign for _Meat_; yet, obviously, his sign for -_Bacon_ is compounded of _Meat_, _Thin_, and _Greasy_; and the sign he -gives for _Cutting up_, means _Cutting up meat_. - -=Meat= (=4=). With right index and thumb, pinch the flesh at the palmar -base of the left thumb. (Father Isadore says this is fixed and universal -among the Comanches.) - - Fr. _la viande_; Ger. _das Fleisch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Medal.= Make a circle of right thumb and index (other fingers closed); -lay it little finger in, on the centre of the breast. (C) Compare -_Policeman_. - - Fr. _la médaille_; Ger. _die Medaille_. - -[Illustration] - -=Medicine=, =Mystery=, =Holy=, =Sacred=, or =Wonderful= (In the sense of -Sacred Mystery). Hold V right hand close to forehead, palm forward, -pointing up, separated; move the hand upward, twisting it so that the -tips of the extended fingers will describe a spiral curve. This is -hardly translatable. - - Fr. _le mystère sacré_; Ger. _das heilige Geheimnis_. - -=Medicine= (A curative drug or potion). Hold out left C back to left and -pour into it from a bottle in right C hand. If a powder, pour on flat -left palm. If a pill, pour on palm and afterward pick up with index and -thumb. (Pop.) Sign _Medicine_ and _Eat_. (Cheyenne, recent.) - - Fr. _la médecine_, _le remède_; Ger. _die Arznei_. - -=Medicine-Man= or =Shaman=. Make signs for _Man_ and _Medicine_. - - Fr. _le magicien_, _le médecin_; Ger. _der Medizinmann_, _der - Schamane_. - -[Illustration] - -=Meet.= Hold forefingers of both G hands a foot apart, pointing up, left -farthest off; move together till touching at the tips. Compare _Trade_, -_Mistake_, and _Avoid_. - - Fr. _rencontrer_; Ger. _treffen_, _begegnen_. - -=Melancholy.= Incline the head slightly forward and rest forehead on -left hand, left forearm close to body. Understood by Cheyennes, but they -prefer _Heart on the Ground_. - - Fr. _triste_; Ger. _schwermütig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Melt=, =Fade=, =Die out=, =Dissolve=. Hold up both “5” hands six inches -apart, fingers pointing up, palms toward you; let the hands drop and -slide aside, gradually assuming compressed position, backs up. -(Sheeaka.) - -=Melt.= Sign _Wipe out_, but slide the right palm over the left toward -the tips in small jerks, then over and beyond. - - Fr. _fondre_; Ger. _schmelzen_, _vergehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Memories.= Head hung forward; right A hand dropped a foot under chin; -then sign _Time_, _Back_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _les souvenirs_; Ger. _die Erinnerungen_. - -=Memory= or =Remembering=. Sign _Heart_ and _Know_. - - Fr. _la mémoire_, _se rappeler_; Ger. _das Gedächtnis_, _sich - erinnern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mend.= Lay the right G along to overlap the left G, then hammer on the -left with right fist. (Sheeaka.) Note, this is mending iron or wood; to -mend clothes, lay one index on other as above, then with right sew over -edge of left. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes usually sign _Make_ and _Good_. -Compare _Fix_. - - Fr. _raccommoder_; Ger. _ausbessern_, _reparieren_. - -=Mercy.= In the Roman Arena, the appeal for mercy was made by stretching -the hand with first and second fingers raised and touching; others -closed. (Pop.) - - Fr. _la clémence_, _la miséricorde_; Ger. _das Erbarmen_, _die Gnade_. - -=Mercy on Another.= See _Pity_. - -=Mercy on Me.= See _Pity_. - -=Merry.= See _Glad_. - -=Message=, i.e., =Spoken=. See _Speech_. - -=Metal.= Sign _Hard_ and describe or point to a piece of the metal in -question. Or sign _Strong_, _Hard_. - - Fr. _le métal_; Ger. _das Metall_. - -=Meteor.= Sign _Star_ and with hand up high sign _Fire_ and let it drop -in a wavy line across the sky. - - Fr. _le météore_; Ger. _das Meteor_, _die Feuerkugel_. - -=Midday= or =Noon=. _Sun_ and _Straight up_. - - Fr. _le midi_; Ger. _der Mittag_. - -[Illustration] - -=Middle= (The point dividing in half). Hold out the left G hand, finger -level. Drop the right G hand down onto it at the middle joint. Compare -_Half_ and _Centre_. - -=Middle.= Strike down with lower edge of flat right between the fingers -of left V held pointing up. - - Fr. _le milieu_; Ger. _die Mitte_. - -=Middle one.= Hold up three fingers of left, tap the two outer with -right G, then bend the middle one down. - - Fr. _celui au milieu_; Ger. _der Mittlere_. - -=Midnight.= Sign _Night_ and _Middle_. - - Fr. _le minuit_; Ger. _die Mitternacht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mile= (Stake, measure, and stake). Hold out closed left at arm’s length -in front of shoulder, back up, index and thumb joined at top; drop it -six inches, point down; then place index and thumb of similar right -against it and swing right out level to right for two or three feet and -drop it as before. - - Fr. _le mille_; Ger. _die Meile_. - -=Milk.= With both S hands make motion of milking. - - Fr. _le lait_; Ger. _die Milch_. - -=Milky Way= (Spirit’s Trail). _Die_ and _Way_, and sweep the right hand -high across the sky to show where. - - Fr. _la voie lactée_; Ger. _die Milchstrasze_. - -=Mingle.= See _Mix_. - -=Mink.= Sign _Water_, _Creek_, and _Animal_. (Blackfoot.) Sometimes -indicate size. - - Fr. _le foutereau_, _le mink_; Ger. _der Mink_, _der Nerz_. - -=Minute= (Division of time). See _Time_. Hold left O hand horizontal for -_Watch_; tap around it with right G finger for _hours_; then for minute -add _One_, _Small_, and _Time_. _Second_ would be the same with added -signs _Few_ or _Very_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la minute_; Ger. _die Minute_. - -=Minute= (Very small). Sign _Small_. - - Fr. _trés petit_; Ger. _winzig_. - -=Mirage.= Hold right 5 hand high, opposite left shoulder, back out, -pointing to left; move it horizontally to right with a tremulous motion. -(C) - - Fr. _le mirage_; Ger. _die Luftspiegelung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mirror.= Flat right, points up, opposite face, shaken a little forward -and back as though adjusting the distance. Sometimes sign _Look_ first. - - Fr. _le miroir_; Ger. _der Spiegel_. - -=Mislead.= Sign _Way_, then thrust right G to right and to left, but not -straight. Or sign _Tell_, _Straight_, _Not_. - - Fr. _égarer_; Ger. _verleiten_. - -=Miss.= See _Avoid_. - -=Mist.= See _Fog_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mistake= (Mark missed). Hold up left G hand, then pass it by with right -G hand. - - Fr. _l’erreur_; Ger. _der Irrtum_. - -=Mix= or =Mingle.= Hold up the 5 hands, face high, points up, palm to -palm touching; rotate one against the other. If in cookery, imitate the -movement of stirring. Compare _Play_. - - Fr. _mélanger_; Ger. _mischen_. - -=Moccasin.= Pass the open hands over feet from toe to ankle. Usually but -one hand is used, and it need not touch the foot. - - Fr. _le mocassin_; Ger. _der Mokassin_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mockery= or =Insolent defiance=. Spread the right hand with fingers -straight, point of thumb to point of nose, little finger toward the -enemy. (Pop.) Not Indian originally, but all understand it now. - - Fr. _la moquerie_, _la dérision_; Ger. _die Verspottung_. - -=Modesty.= Cover the eyes with one flat hand, its fingers well apart. -(Pop.) See _Ashamed_ and _Fog_. - - Fr. _la modestie_; Ger. _die Sittsamkeit_, _die Bescheidenheit_. - -[Illustration] - -=Money= (Coin). With right thumb and index, others closed, make a -horizontal circle. Compare _Sun_, _Fruit_, and _Leaf_. - - Fr. _l’argent_; Ger. _das Geld_. - -=Money= (Paper). Sign _Writing_ and _Money_. - -[Illustration] - -=Money= (Bills). Draw the flat left hand edgewise between the thumb and -fingers of the right; then on left palm indicate shape. (C) - - Fr. _billets de banque_; Ger. _die Banknoten_. - -=Monkey= (Man’s face, dog’s run). Sign _Face_, _Man_, _Dog_, _Goes_. - - Fr. _le singe_; Ger. _der Affe_. - -=Month= (One Moon). Sign for _One_ and _Moon_ and _Die_. - - Fr. _le mois_; Ger. _der Monat_. - -Each tribe had, of course, its own names for the months. I have selected -the ones most likely to be widely popular, without regard to their -origin. - - [Illustration] - - =January= (Snow Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Snow_. - - Fr. _le janvier_; Ger. _der Januar_. - - =February= (Hunger Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Hunger_. - - Fr. _le février_; Ger. _der Februar_. - - =March= (Crow Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Crow_. - - Fr. _le mars_; Ger. _der März_. - - =April= (Grass Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Short grass_. - - Fr. _l’avril_; Ger. _der April_. - - [Illustration] - - =May= (Planting Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Planting_. - - Fr. _le mai_; Ger. _der Mai_. - - =June= (Rose Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Rose_. - - Fr. _le juin_; Ger. _der Juni_. - - =July= (Thunder Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Lightning_. - - Fr. _le juillet_; Ger. _der Juli_. - - =August= (Red Moon). Sign for _Moon_ and _Red_. - - Fr. _l’août_; Ger. _der August_. - - [Illustration] - - =September= (Hunting Moon). Sign _Moon_ and then draw a bow as in - hunting. - - Fr. _le septembre_; Ger. _der September_. - - =October= (Leaf-falling Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Leaf-falling_. - - Fr. _l’octobre_; Ger. _der Oktober_. - - =November= (Mad Moon). Sign _Moon_ and _Mad_. - - Fr. _le novembre_; Ger. _der November_. - - =December= (Long Night). Sign _Moon_, _Night_, and _Long_. - - Fr. _le décembre_; Ger. _der Dezember_. - -[Illustration] - -=Moon= (Horns in the sky, or crescent). Close right hand except thumb -and first finger, which forms a half-circle or crescent, held above the -right ear, back of hand forward. Sometimes expressed as _Night_ and -_Sun_. - - Fr. _la lune_; Ger. _der Mond_. - -[Illustration] - -=Moose= (Elk with flat horns). Hold up flat hands for horns; but swing -both backward and forward to indicate width; then, with both “L” hands, -indicate the hanging muzzle. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _l’orignal_; Ger. _das Elentier_, _der Elch_. - -[Illustration] - -=More.= Hold out the flat left hand, palm up; then with right make as -though throwing sand on it more and more, three times. (Sheeaka.) -Compare _Most_. See _Repeat_, _Add to_, and _Ahead_. - - Fr. _plus_; Ger. _mehr_. - -[Illustration] - -=Morning= or =Day= (Opening up). Both hands palms down, flat, near -together. Sweep them up, out, and apart; turning the palms up. The same -as _Day_. - -[Illustration] - -=Morning= or =Dawn=. Hold out both arms level, full length, side by -side, hands flat, backs forward, tips touching; raise them slowly to -half height. - - Fr. _le matin_; Ger. _der Morgen_. - -=Mosquito.= With right index and thumb make as though pricking right -cheek with a thorn; then slap the place with right palm. - - Fr. _le moustique_; Ger. _der Moskito_, _die Stechmücke_. - -[Illustration] - -=Most.= Sign _More_, then raise the right flat hand high above it. -(Sheeaka.) Or sign _Ahead_, _All_. - - Fr. _le plus_; Ger. _meist_, _am Meisten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mother= (Nurse or parent, female). With the finger tips of the right -hand, make as though drawing milk from the left breast; add the sign for -_Female_ if necessary. (Scott.) Note the left breast for _Mother_, -nearer the heart; the right breast is for _Father_. - - Fr. _la mère_; Ger. _die Mutter_. - -=Mother-in-law.= Sign _Brother-in-law_, _Old_, _Woman_. - - Fr. _la belle-mère_; Ger. _die Schwiegermutter_. - -=Motor car.= Make signs for _Wheels_, _Horse_, _Not_. Or sign _Fire_ -twice then make as though holding and turning steering wheel. - - Fr. _l’automobile_; Ger. _das Automobil_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mound= or =Low Hill=. Flat hands together, backs up; separated and -swept down to show shape. Compare _Heap_, which is just the reverse; -also see _Box_. - - Fr. _la petite éminence_; Ger. _der Erdhügel_. - -=Mount= (A horse). Hold right V to right side pointing up; swing it up -to right, over and down, points down, onto flat left, which is held -thumb up. Or, omit left. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _monter_; Ger. _steigen_. - -=Mountain.= Hold up A hand as in _Hill_, but higher, and add _Hard_. Use -both hands alternately up and down in various places for plural. Compare -_Hill_ and _Lump_. - - Fr. _la montagne_; Ger. _der Berg_. - -=Mountain Lion=, =Cat=. Sign _Cat_, _Long tail_, and _Jump_. (C) Or with -both L hands indicate large round tracks; then, with right G, pointed -down, raised and down, each time, indicate the zigzag trail. (Paiute -sign, given me by C. B. Ruggles.) - - Fr. _le couguar_; Ger. _der Kuguar_. - -=Mountain Pass.= See _Gap_. - -=Mourn.= With the flat hands used like knives, backs up, little fingers -as though sharp edges, make as though to cut off the hair at each side -of the head, and add _Cry_. - - Fr. _s’affliger_; Ger. _trauern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mouse= (Night nibbler). Sign _Animal_, with very small jumps, indicate -size and _Night_; then, with right forefinger and thumb, nibble at left -G forefinger. - - Fr. _la souris_; Ger. _die Maus_. - -[Illustration] - -=Move=, =To move camp= (Teepee poles, travois). Both G hands in front, -backs out; lay right forefinger on left at middle joint, crossing at an -angle of 45 degrees, and push both hands forward in slight jerks, each -jerk a day’s journey. - - Fr. _changer de place_, _déménager_; Ger. _fortziehen_, _wegrücken_. - -=Mowing machine.= Sign _Grass_ and _Knife_; the last at right lower than -waist. Add _Wagon_ if needed to indicate horse mower. - - Fr. _la machine à faucher_; Ger. _die Mähmaschine_. - -[Illustration] - -=Much= or =Many=. Hold curved 5 hands, palm to palm, a foot apart; swing -down together and up face high, closing them; swing a little apart at -the finish. - -[Illustration] - -=Much= (Heap.) Hold the flat hands so the palms are toward each other, -the left lower, and draw them apart, the left downward, the right -upward. The extent to which they are drawn apart indicates the quantity. -Compare _Big_, _Great_, _Heap_, _Increase_, and _Decrease_. - - Fr. _beaucoup_; Ger. _viel_. - -=Much, Too.= See _Excessive_. - -=Mud.= See _Soft_. - -[Illustration] - -=Mule.= Hold extended hands alongside of ears, palms to front, fingers -pointing upward; by wrist action, flop the hands to front and rear, -representing motion of mule’s ears. - - Fr. _le mulet_; Ger. _das Maultier_. - -=Murder.= Sign _Kill_ and _Free_. Meaning an unjustified killing. - - Fr. _le meurtre_; Ger. _der Mord_. - -=Must.= See _Have to_; also _Begin_ or _Push_. See _Imperative_. - -=Muskrat= or =Musquash=. Sign _Beaver_ and _Small_. - -[Illustration] - -=Muskrat= (Tail, swimming and lump). Hold out right G, back up, nearly -level, pointing forward and to left; shake it, draw it to right; then -hold up compressed right hand, back up, pointing forward, and grasp -right wrist on lower side with left hand. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _le rat musqué du Canada_, _l’ondatra_; Ger. _die Bisamratte_. - -=My=, =Mine=, or =My own=. Sign _Possession_; that is, hold out the A -hand, thumb straight up; then swing it in till it touches the breast; or -sometimes lay the spread flat hand on the breast. (Sheeaka.) See _I_. - -=My=, =Mine=, or =My own=. Touch breast with point of compressed right, -then sign _Possession_. - - Fr. _mon_; Ger. _mein_. - -=Mystery.= See _Medicine_. - - -N - -=Name= (Of a man). Sign _Called_. “What is your name?” would be -_Question_, _You_, _Called_. - -[Illustration] - -=Name= (Of animal). With right forefinger and thumb, others closed, make -an incomplete circle and lay it palm down against the palm of the flat -left hand, held forward, back to left. Compare _Brand_ and _Called_. -Scott gives it as illustrated. - - Fr. _nommer_, _le nom_; Ger. _(be) nennen_, _der Name_. - -=Name, To sign one’s= (Thumb print). Press the thumb tip of the A hand -against the palm of the flat left. Compare _Letter_. - - Fr. _signer son nom_; Ger. _seinen Namen unterschreiben_. - -=Named=. See _Called_. - -[Illustration] - -=Narrow.= Hold flat hands out, palm to palm, about six inches apart, -fingers level and pointing forward; move them toward each other until -but one inch apart. Compare _Fast_, _Between_, _Few_, and _Road_. - - Fr. _étroit_; Ger. _eng_. - -[Illustration] - -=Nation= (People all). Hold up both 5 hands, swing them toward each -other and away in a great circle. (Sheeaka.) Not well established. - - Fr. _la nation_, _le peuple_; Ger. _die Nation_, _das Volk_. - - NATIONALITIES: - - =American.= Sign _Thirteen_, _Fires_. This was once used on the Ohio, - referring to the Council Fires of the thirteen original colonies. Then - add _Country_ by patting the ground with both flat hands and swinging - them apart and up. - - According to Clark, sometimes called _Long Knives_. Draw a long line - east and west; then with flat hand, point up, indicate all south of - it. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _l’Américain_; Ger. _der Amerikaner_. - - =British= (Red coat). Touch the coat; then with fingers brush the - cheeks for _red_. - - Fr. _les Anglais_, _les sujets anglais_; Ger. _die Briten_, _das - britische Volk_. - - =Canadian= (Shaking off the snow). Shake the coat lapel with right - hand. (D) The Blackfeet draw a long line east and west then with flat - hand point to indicate all north of that line. - - Fr. _le Canadien_; Ger. _der Kanadier_. - - =Chinaman.= Indicate long tail by signing _Rope_ at back of head. - - Fr. _le Chinois_; Ger. _der Chinese_. - - =Dutchman= (Long pipe). Place thumb of Y hand at the mouth, draw it - down and outward to indicate the long pipe. (D) - - Fr. _le Hollandais_; Ger. _der Holländer_. - - =Englishman.= Sign _White Man_, _Far_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _l’Anglais_; Ger. _der Engländer_. - - =Frenchman.= Hold out the F hand well toward the left, palm up; draw - it across in front of self from left to right, turning it palm down. - (D) To sign _Hairy Man_ would translate the nickname “Poilu.” - - Fr. _le Français_; Ger. _der Franzose_. - - [Illustration] - - =German= (The double eagle). Cross the wrists of both 5 hands, thumb - palm against thumb palm, and work the fingers. (D) - - Fr. _l’Allemand_; Ger. _der Deutsche_. - - =Great Britain= (Red-coat land). _Land_, _Coat_, and _Red_. - - Fr. _la Grande-Bretagne_; Ger. _das Groszbritannien_. - - =Holland.= Same as _Dutchman_. - - =Indian.= See _Indian_ on p. 106. - - =Irishman.= Hold out left S hand, back up; swing right V around it and - end with V resting on back of left. (D) _Green Island Man_ would be - more acceptable. - - Fr. _l’Irlandais_; Ger. _der Irländer_. - - =Japanese.= Sign _Country_ and _Rising Sun_. Or sign _Man_, _Short_, - _Eyes_, _Oblique_. The last by pushing up the outer corners of the - eyes with G fingers. (These are suggested.) - - Fr. _le Japonais_; Ger. _der Japaner_. - - =Jew= (Long beard). Placing the fingers of the bent 5 hand on the - chin, draw them down and off, letting the hand assume the flat - position as it leaves the chin. (D) - - (As a slang term.) Spread both hands open from opposite each shoulder, - palms forward, and rotate them slightly on the wrist back and forth. - (Pop.) - - Fr. _le Juif_; Ger. _der Jude_. - - =Italian.= With the little finger of I hand trace a cross in the - centre of the forehead. (D) - - Fr. _l’Italien_; Ger. _der Italiener_. - - =Mexican= (Bearded White Man). Sign for _White Man_ and _Beard_. In - this case, _Beard_ is made by rotating and jerking the 5 hand before - the chin, points up. - - Fr. _le Mexicain_; Ger. _der Mexikaner_. - - =Negro.= Sign _White Man_, _Black face_. (C) Sheeaka also fumbled the - open right over the knuckles of the half closed left, to indicate - kinky hair. - - Fr. _le nègre_; Ger. _der Neger_. - - =Ontario= (Land of Lakes). Make signs for _Country_ and _Lakes_. - (Suggested.) - - Fr. _l’Ontario_; Ger. _das Ontario_. - - =Russian.= Arms akimbo, i.e., C hand on each side of the waist. (D) - The Cheyennes call them _Ride Easy_ from the Cossack circus - performers; but it is not an established sign. _Bear Man_ is - suggested. - - Fr. _le Russe_; Ger. _der Russe_. - - =Scotchman= (Plaid clothes). Cross the fingers of the right 5 hand - with those of the left 5 hand on the chest, then let each drop to - continue the lines. (D) - - Fr. _l’Écossais_; Ger. _der Schotte_. - - =Spaniard.= Sign _Old_, _Mexican_. - - Fr. _l’Espagnol_; Ger. _der Spanier_. - - =White Man= (Hat man). With G right hand draw first finger across the - brow. (C) For illustration see _White Man_ among W’s. - - Fr. _l’homme blanc_; Ger. _der Weisze_. - - Other countries are indicated in the Deaf Code by making the initial - letter in the single-handed alphabet and swinging them in a circle in - front of the forehead; but this mode contravenes the fundamental - principle of Signs. (See Introduction.) - - Therefore, it is better to wait till a true sign is discovered. - -=Near= or =Nearly=. Same as _Close_, which see. - -=Near by.= See _By_. - -=Nearest.= See _Next_. - -=Need= or =Need to=. See _Must_. - -=Needle.= Make the sign for _Sew_. (C) - - Fr. _l’aiguille_; Ger. _die Nadel_. - -=Neighbor.= Sign _Close_ and _Dwell_, or _Sit_, _Close_. - - Fr. _le voisin_; Ger. _der Nachbar_. - -=Nephew.= Sign _Brother’s_ (or _Sister’s_) _Son_. (C) - - Fr. _le neveu_; Ger. _der Neffe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Never= (_Ever_ and _Not_). Right elbow fixed at side and with right G -hand out straight, describe a complete upright circle, left to right; -then throw the hand down to right in _Not_. (Sheeaka; probably borrowed -from Deaf.) - - Fr. _jamais_; Ger. _niemals_. - -=Never mind.= See _Rub it out_. - -=New.= Sign _Little time_, _Traded_. Or, _Little while_, _Made_, _Good_. - - Fr. _neuf_; Ger. _neu_. - -=News.= With right G struck down to right and left (for _this_ and -_that_) and _Hear_. - - Fr. _les nouvelles_; Ger. _die Nachrichten_. - -=Newspaper.= Sign _Writing_ and _Tell_ (i.e., _Talk_) to right and left. - - Fr. _le journal_; Ger. _die Zeitung_. - -=Next.= See _Neighbor_. - -[Illustration] - -=Next= or =Second=. Hold out the flat 4 left hand, palm down; with right -G draw the left index toward the right; then tap the middle finger of -left with right index. Or sign _Close_. - - Fr. _prochain_; Ger. _nächst_. - -[Illustration] - -=Night= (Earth covered up). Bring the flat hands, backs up, well apart, -out in front of body, breast high; move them together in outline of a -dome, finally resting right wrist on left. Compare _Hide_. - - Fr. _la nuit_; Ger. _die Nacht_. - -[Illustration] - -=No.= Hold flat right hand, back up, in front of body, fingers pointing -level and nearly forward. Swing the hand in a graceful curve to right -and front, at the same time turning it thumb up, finishing with the back -of hand to right and downward; the hand is swept into its position on a -curve. Usually abbreviated into a short jerk of the flat hand to right, -its palm kept facing left. Compare _Bad_ and _Different_. - -For short range, shake the head; this is simple and universal. It is so -natural that babies and animals do it when offered bitter medicine, for -example. (Popular and Indian generally.) - - Fr. _non_; Ger. _nein_. - -[Illustration] - -=No, I won’t listen=; or =Go away, the matter is ended=. Right G hand -upraised to level of face, palm out, index upright; wave the finger hand -from side to side by wrist action. Chiefly used by Cheyennes when -joking. It is general in Latin countries. Compare _White-tailed Deer_. - - Fr. _non, allez!_ Ger. _Punktum!_ _Schlusz!_ - -=None=, =Nothing=, =I have no money=. Turn the flat palms forward, one -near each trouser pocket. (Pop.) - - Fr. _il n’y a rien_; Ger. _nichts_. - -=Noon.= See _Midday_. - -=Notify.= See _Tell_. - -[Illustration] - -=Now= (Emphatic “right now”). Hold up right G, back to right and -pointing upward about eight inches in front of the face; and, without -stopping, carry it a little to front; then stop and give a slight -rebound. Sometimes look up to make it clear that it relates to time of -day, that is, the sun’s course. Often it means _this_ as in _this day_; -_this moment_; _this night_. - - Fr. _maintenant_; Ger. _jetzt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Numbers= and =Counting=. Up to _ten_ as shown on the fingers at the -foot of previous page and this. - - For 20—Sign 10, close the hands, then repeat it. - - For 25—Sign 20, then drop left, close right, and sign 5. - - For 30—Sign 10 three times; or else as below. - - [Illustration] - - For 20, etc., sign 10, then hold out left 5 hand pointing forward and - draw right G along each finger from base to tip; each finger so - pointed stands for 10. - - If over 50, do same with right hand and left index till enough tens - are shown. - - [Illustration] - - For 100—Both 5 hands held up, palm forward, thumb tips touching, low, - opposite right shoulder; swing in a vertical arch to low opposite left - shoulder. This mode of multiplying by ten may be applied to other - numbers. - - For 1,000—Sign 100 and on flat hands spread and pointing forward, palm - down, with index of other hand show number of hundreds as above. - -[Illustration] - -=Numbers= or =Counting=. Or, with the thumb of the same hand, touch each -of the finger tips in succession. (Popular and sometimes used by -Cheyennes.) - - Fr. _les nombres_, _les numéros_, _compter_; Ger. _die Zahlen_, - _zählen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Numbers ordinal.= Point at or indicate the person or thing; then turn -down the first finger for 1st and the second finger for 2d and so on. -Also see _First_, _Next_, and _Last_. - -=Numeral Sign=, =Arithmetic=, or =Counting=. Hold the left 5 hand, palm -up, fingers a little bent; with right G turn one or two left fingers -down on left palm. - -The Deaf mode is the figure-sign, then, without changing position of arm -or hand, give the hand a twisting jerk from the wrist, which swings it -in a small circle. - - Fr. _les nombres ordinaux_; Ger. _die Ordinalzahlen_. - -=Nun.= Sign _Woman_, _Black_, _Hat_. - - Fr. _la religieuse_; Ger. _die Nonne_. - - -O - -[Illustration] - -=Oath= or =Swear=. Tap the chest with the tips of the flat right hand, -then hold it at head height, palm forward. (Sheeaka.) Sometimes point to -Heaven and Earth, then hold up flat right hand. (C) Neither is Cheyenne, -but both are understood by them. See _Promise_. With right G make a -small cross over the heart. (Pop.) - - Fr. _le serment_, _jurer_; Ger. _der Eid_, _schwören_. - -=Obey.= Make sign for _Listen_. For emphasis add _Yes_. _Disobey_ is -putting the flat hands over the ears. - - Fr. _obéir_; Ger. _gehorchen_. - -=Obliged to.= See _Have to_. (C) - -=Ocean.= Sign _Water_ and _Very broad_. Some add _Salt_. - - Fr. _l’océan_; Ger. _der Ozean_. - -[Illustration] - -=Of= (That from that). Hold right G hand out straight from right side, -palm up; rotate the hand so the index tip describes a small half-circle -inward and finally the palm is down. (D) Compare _Luck_. - - Fr. _de_; Ger. _von_. - -=Offer= or =Propose=. Hold the flat hands, palms up, near you, then move -forward as though offering something. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes sign -_Want_ and _Give_. - - Fr. _offrir_, _proposer_; Ger. _anbieten_, _vorschlagen_. - -=Office.= Sign _Writing House_. - -=Officer.= Sign _Chief_; or, if military, sign _Chief_, _Soldier_. Or -indicate with the right index on the left shoulder or arm the insignia -of the particular rank. - - Fr. _l’officier_; Ger. _der Beamte_, _der Offizier_. - -=Offspring.= See _Child_. - -=Often.= See _Many times_. - -[Illustration] - -=Oil= (Blowing oil off surface in pot). With both L hands form a big -level circle; then tilt it low on forward side and blow across it. -(Blackfoot, but understood by Cheyennes.) - - Fr. _l’huile_; Ger. _das Öl_. - -[Illustration] - -=Oil= or =Grease=. Hold out the flat left, thumb up; with right thumb on -palm and right index on back (others closed); rub back and forth with -short, quick jerks. Compare _Thick_, _Thin_, _Bacon_. - - Fr. _la graisse_; Ger. _das Fett_. - -[Illustration] - -=Old= (Walking with a stick). Hold right A hand, _back to right_, about -twelve inches in front of right shoulder, about height of breast; move -the hand a little upward, to front, downward and back into its first -position on small curve, repeating motion. Compare _Lame_. - - Fr. _vieux_; Ger. _alt_. - -=Old Man.= Hold up the right index finger as in _Man_, then drop, crook, -and swing it in _Old_. See _Decrepit_. - - Fr. _le vieillard_; Ger. _der Greis_. - -=Old=, =How old are you?= Sign _Question_, _Snows_, _You_; or -_Question_, _Counting_, _Colds_, _You_. - - Fr. _quel âge avez-vous?_ Ger. _wie alt sind Sie?_ - -[Illustration] - -=On= or =Upon=. Lay the flat right hand, palm down, on back of the flat -horizontal left, palm down. Compare _At_. - - Fr. _sur_; Ger. _auf_. - -[Illustration] - -=Once.= Dip the finger ends of the right compressed hand down against -the palm of the flat left hand, bringing it away quickly. For _Twice_, -do it twice, etc. (Sheeaka.) Compare _This_ and _Repeat_. - -=Once= (One go). Sign _One_ with right G index and push it forward low -down. (So, also, _Twice_ is _Two_ pushed forward, etc.) - - Fr. _une fois_; Ger. _einmal_. - -=One who=, or =The man that does=. See _Doer_. - -=Onion.= Sign _Potato_ and _Bad_, _Smell_. - - Fr. _l’oignon_; Ger. _die Zwiebel_. - -=Only.= See _Alone_. - -[Illustration] - -=Open.= The flat hands together, palm to palm, opened out flat as a -book. The same as _Book_ with _Writing_ omitted. Compare _Day_, _Book_, -_Shell_, and _Shut_. - - Fr. _ouvrir_, _ouvert_; Ger. _öffnen_, _offen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Opossum.= Hold out the flat right, fingers doubled on palm, thumb -straight up; move it forward level. The thumb represents the tail. This -is an Australian sign given by E. C. Stirling. It is offered as a -suggestion and as a reminder that the Sign Language is world-wide. The -Cheyennes sign _Tree_, _Climb_, _Hang by tail_. - - Fr. _l’opossum_, _le (la) sarigue_; Ger. _das Opossum_. - -[Illustration] - -=Opposite= or =Against=. Hold the G fingers up opposite each other, -pointing at each other. Compare =Against=. - - Fr. _opposé_, _en face_; Ger. _gegenüber_. - -=Or.= See _Either_. Sometimes use _Different_. - -=Orderly= or =Put in order=. See _Ready_. - -=Ordinal Numbers.= See _Numbers Ordinal_. - -=Other.= See _Another_. - -=Other side.= See _Beyond_. - -[Illustration] - -=Otter= (Wrapping the hair plait). With right thumb, index and middle -fingers together, others closed, describe a small spiral from near the -right ear down. Because the otter skin was the kind used in strips to -wrap the plaits of the Indians’ hair. - - Fr. _la loutre_; Ger. _der (die) Otter_. - -=Our.= Sign _All_, _My_. - - Fr. _notre_; Ger. _unser_. - -=Out of.= See _Absent_. - -=Outside= or =Out of=. Make a semicircle of the left arm out level; drop -the compressed right hand without and beyond the semicircle. Compare -_In_, which it resembles, except in the last movement. - - Fr. _dehors_, _hors de_; Ger. _drauszen_. - -=Over= or =Above=. See _Above_. - -=Overcome.= See _Kill_. - -[Illustration] - -=Overtake.= Hold out flat left hand at arm’s length, palm forward, -fingers pointing up; hold the right G hand near the breast, palm out, -pointing up; move it forward till it strikes the left hand. Use the left -G if only one is pursued. Compare _Arrive there_. - - Fr. _atteindre_; Ger. _einholen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Owe= or =Debt= (Recorded and given). Write on the left palm and swing -it from _you_ to _me_ or otherwise, according to the case. (Sheeaka.) - -=Owe.= Sign _Trade_, _Time_, _Money_, _Give_. - - Fr. _devoir_; Ger. _schuldig sein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Owl.= Sign _Bird_ and _Big-eyes_; the latter by putting around each eye -a half-circle of thumb and index. (For _Horned Owl_ indicate the horns -with G hands.) For _Burrowing Owl_, sign _Owl_, _Hole_, and _Dancing_. - - Fr. _la chouette_, _le hibou_; Ger. _die Eule_. - -=Own.= See _Possession_. - - -P - -[Illustration] - -=Pack.= Hold out left flat hand, back to left (this is the horse); bring -right flat hand and place palm against left thumb, fingers pointing to -front (this is the right pack); raise the right hand and place palm -against upper part of left (this is the left pack); repeat these motions -quickly. - - Fr. _emballer_; Ger. _packen_. - -=Pain.= See _Ache_. - -=Paint.= Use all the fingers of right hand as a brush painting the left -palm. Recent Cheyenne. - - Fr. _peindre_; Ger. _anstreichen_, _malen_. - -=Paint the cheeks.= Sign _Red_, then rub the cheeks and front of the -face with palm of flat right hand moved in small circles. - - Fr. _se farder_; Ger. _schminken_. - -[Illustration] - -=Palsy.= Both flat hands, backs up, near breast, shaking. - - Fr. _la paralysie agitante_; Ger. _die Schüttellähmung_. - -=Panther.= See _Mountain Lion_. - -[Illustration] - -=Paper= (Square to write on). With G fingers outline a square, then make -as though to write on it with right G. - - Fr. _le papier_; Ger. _das Papier_. - -[Illustration] - -=Parallel=, or =Side by Side=. The index fingers of G hands laid side by -side, _not_ touching and _not_ moving. Some make right index point to -left and left to right in this. Compare _Equal_, _Race_, and _Marry_. - - Fr. _parallèle_; Ger. _parallel_, _gleichlaufend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pardon=, =Liberate=, or =Turn Loose= (Removing a halter). Hold both L -hands, palms up, near the neck, one on each side; sweep them up, over, -forward and down, as though removing a halter; at the finish the index -fingers are pointing forward and down. Sometimes add _Go_. See _Excuse_ -and _Free_. - - Fr. _pardonner_; Ger. _begnadigen_. - -=Part.= If _one-half_, indicate it as in the sign for that word; if -less, hold the right hand nearer end of index, according to portion -desired to be represented. See _Half_ and _Some_. - - Fr. _la partie_; Ger. _der Teil_. - -=Partner.= See _Mate_. - -=Parturition.= See _Born_. - -=Pass by.= See _Avoid_. - -[Illustration] - -=Past= (Time back). Make the sign for _Time_ and jerk the thumb backward -over the right shoulder, all fingers closed. (Sheeaka.) Or throw the -flat hand back over shoulder. In general, sign _Time_, _Back_. See _Ago_ -and _Back_. - - Fr. _le passé_; Ger. _die Vergangenheit_. - -=Pasture.= See _Corral_. - -=Patrol.= See _Band_. - -=Pawnee.= See _Indian Tribes_. - -=Pawnshop= (House of three balls). _House_ and hold left hand up with -thumb, first and second fingers pointing straight down; then make a hoop -of right thumb and index and apply it in succession to the three hanging -tips. (Pop. and acceptable to Indians.) - - Fr. _le Mont-de-Piété_; Ger. _das Leihhaus_, _das Pfandhaus_. - -=Pax.= See _Fins_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pay= (i.e., “Will you give me?” or “Will you pay?”). Hold the right -hand forward at level of waist, palm up, fingers half closed, rubbing -the tip of first finger and tip of thumb together. (Popular and -understood by Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign _Money_, _Give me_. - - Fr. _payer_; Ger. _bezahlen_. - -=Peace.= Clasp the hands in front of body. - - Fr. _la paix_; Ger. _der Friede_. - -[Illustration] - -=Peak.= Sign _Mountain_, _Part_; then hold up high all fingers of right -hand in a point, back under. - - Fr. _le pic_; Ger. _die Spitze_. - -=Peas.= Sign _Plant_, then with right index and thumb as in _Little of_ -tap five or six times in a row along the side of the left G. - - Fr. _les pois_; Ger. _die Erbsen_. - -=Pekan.= See _Fisher_. - -=Penny.= Sign _Red_, _Money_. - -[Illustration] - -=People.= Hold up the 5 hands, points up, and add _All_. Compare -_Nation_ and _Dance_. - -[Illustration] - -=People.= Hold up both G hands at various heights, as in _Man_ sign. -(Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _le peuple_; Ger. _die Leute_, _das Volk_. - -=Pepper= (Black sprinkler). Sign _Black_, then use right O hand as tho -it held a sprinkler. A Blackfoot sign understood by Cheyennes. - - Fr. _le poivre_; Ger. _der Pfeffer_. - -=Perhaps.= See _If_. - -=Permit.= See _Free_. - -=Perplexed.= See _If_ and _Consider_. - -=Petrol.= See _Spirit_. - -=Period= or =Full stop=. Use _Done_ both No. 1 and No. 2. - - Fr. _le point_; Ger. _der Punkt_. - -=Persevere=, =Persist=, or =Stick to it.= Hold both fists near breast -and firmly push them forward once or twice. That is, sign _Push_ -repeatedly. - - Fr. _persister_; Ger. _beharren_. - -=Person= or =Individual=. Sign _Man_. - - Fr. _la personne_; Ger. _die Person_. - -[Illustration] - -=Photograph.= Hold out the nearly flat left hand at arm’s length, face -high, palm to you, fingers level, pointing to right; from near it, draw -back right fist, palm to left and up, thumb out straight, as though -drawing something to the eye; then near the face change the right hand -to flat, slightly curved, back forward, fingers pointing to left, and -push it forward against palm of left, as in Print. - - Fr. _la photographie_; Ger. _die Photographie_. - -=Picture.= Indicate the subject, then hold up both L hands to outline -bottom and two sides of a square. With imaginary pencil in right draw on -this; left remaining as it was. See _Portrait_ and _Photograph_. - - Fr. _le tableau_; Ger. _das Bild_. - -=Pie.= Sign _Bread_, _Round_ (i.e., with right G, indicate a horizontal -circle of proper size), and _Sweet_. Then sidewise slide the flat right -exactly over the flat left, both with palms up. A description, rather -than a sign. - - Fr. _le pâté_, _la tarte_; Ger. _die Pastete_. - -=Piece.= See _Little of_. - -=Pig.= See _Hog_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pipe.= Hold out right G breast high, back down, with index curled up, -pointing forward; jerk it forward once or twice. - - Fr. _le pipe_; Ger. _die Pfeife_. - -=Pistol.= See _Gun_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pity= or =Mercy= on another (Cry or shed tears for you). Hold G hands, -palms downward, index fingers up, in front of and near heart, few inches -apart, equally advance and same height; move the hands outward and -slightly downward, or toward person. Compare _Cry_. - - Fr. _avoir pitié de quelqu’ un_; Ger. _jemanden bemitleiden_. - -=Pity= or =Have mercy on me= (Cry for me). Hold G hands well out in -front of body, as described above, but with backs out; bring them toward -body, slightly raising them. - - Fr. _plaignez-moi_, _ayez pitié de moi!_ Ger. _haben Sie Mitleid mit - mir!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Place= or =Put= (Verb). Hold out flat left, back up; swing compressed -right over onto it, then open the right a little. Sometimes omit flat -left, or use instead compressed left hand held points up. Compare _Bet_. - - Fr. _mettre_; Ger. _stellen_, _legen_, _setzen_. - -=Place= (Noun). With right G pointing down, indicate a large circle on -the ground. (A Pai-ute sign given by Mallery p. 500, also a popular -sign.) - - Fr. _la place_; Ger. _der Ort_, _die Stelle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Plant= or =Planting=. With right fingers and thumb, open as though to -drop a seed, then closed and moved on to drop another farther, and -another, all in the same row. Compare _Animal_ and _Jump_. See _Sow_. - - Fr. _planter_; Ger. _pflanzen_. - -=Play= or =Recreation=. Hold up both slightly curved 5 hands, points up -and forward, palm to palm, about eight inches apart. Swing them from -side to side together, rotating them so the palms are once to front, -once to back on each swing. Compare _Dance_ and _Children_. - - Fr. _le jeu_; Ger. _das Spiel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Playing= or =Fooling=. Hold out in front of shoulder the slightly -curved 5 hand, palm up; rotate slightly by wrist action. See _Joke_ and -_Laugh_. - - Fr. _jouer_; Ger. _das Spielen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Plenty= (Many, piled up). Push forward with both 5 hands, palms first, -three times (i.e., sign _Many_); then raise the hands very high, palms -forward and down. (Sheeaka.) Or sign _Heap_ or _Full_. Compare _Many_. - - Fr. _l’abondance_; Ger. _die Fülle_. - -=Ploughing.= Hold both fists forward as though holding plough, elbows -high; and push forward. Also used for cultivation in general. - - Fr. _le labourage_, _labourer_; Ger. _das Pflügen_. - -=Poison-ivy= (Vine, nibbler). Sign _Vine_; that is, hold left forearm -upright, as in _Tree_, and with right G finger trace a climbing _Vine_ -about it; then with thumb and first two fingers of right hand, scratch -on edge of flat left, held out back up. - - Fr. _le toxicodendron_; Ger. _der Giftefeu_, _der Giftsumach_. - -=Polecat.= See _Skunk_. - -[Illustration] - -=Policeman= or =Constable=. Place the curved right index and thumb, -little finger out, against left coat lapel. Compare _Medal_, _Brand_, -and _Name_. - - Fr. _le sergent de ville_; Ger. _der Schutzmann_. - -=Police-station.= Sign _Policeman_ and _House_. - - Fr. _le poste de police_; Ger. _das Polizeibureau_. - -=Ponder.= See _Consider_. - -[Illustration] - -=Poor in property= (Scraped bare). With right G finger scrape down the -left G finger held up, from tip to base, several times. Compare _Indian -Apache_, and _Shame_. - - Fr. _pauvre_; Ger. _arm_. - -=Poor in flesh.= See _Thin_. - -[Illustration] - -=Porcupine= (Prickly hair). Sign _Hair_; then with tips of right 5 hand -strike or prick the left palm, held facing the right. - - Fr. _le porc-épic_; Ger. _das Stachelschwein_. - -=Portrait.= Hold up the flat left hand, back forward, as though it were -a _Mirror_, then sketch on the same with an imaginary pencil, add _Face_ -and indicate the person. See _Photograph_ and _Picture_. - - Fr. _le portrait_; Ger. _das Bild(nis)_. - -=Positive of adjectives.= See _Comparative_. - -[Illustration] - -=Possesses=, =Possession=, =Yours=, =His own=, =Belonging to=, etc. -(Held in the hand.) Hold right A hand, back to right, in front of the -neck, or even the forehead, and a few inches from it. Swing it forward -and down so the thumb is pointing straight forward. - - Fr. _posséder_; Ger. _besitzen_. - -=Potato.= Curved 5 right hand held as low as possible, back down. - - Fr. _la pomme de terre_; Ger. _die Kartoffel_. - -=Pour.= Hold out the left O hand, back to left, and pour into it with -the right O hand. - - Fr. _verser_; Ger. _gieszen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Powder.= Hold out left hand, palm up; just above it, rub thumb and -finger tips of right. Or commonly omit left hand. Compare _Dust_. - - Fr. _la poudre_; Ger. _das Pulver_, _der Puder_. - -=Power.= See _Can_. - -[Illustration] - -=Prairie=, =Smooth land=, =Flat=, or =Level= (Level wide). Flat hands -side by side, palms up; then slowly wide spread on same plane. In -conversation, usually but one hand is used. Compare _Free_ and _Broad_. - - Fr. _la prairie_, _la plaine_; Ger. _die Prärie_, _die grosze Ebene_. - -=Prairie-chicken.= See _Grouse_. - -=Prairie-dog.= Sign _Mound_, _Hole_; then push right G up through hole -and add _Talk_. - - Fr. _la marmotte de la prairie_; Ger. _der Präriehund_. - -=Praise.= See _Applause_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pray.= Lay the flat hands palm to palm, point them to the sky, then -draw down toward self; repeat. (Sheeaka.) - -=Pray.= Look up, sign _Talk_ (_No. 1._) _straight_. - - Fr. _prier_; Ger. _beten_. - -=Present= (Time). Same as _Now_. - -=Pretty.= See _Beautiful_. - -[Illustration] - -=Pride=, =Proud=, or =Vain=. Draw the flat hand, palm down, over face to -breast; throw back head, look up and add _Good_. (Blackfoot.) This is -their sign for _Beautiful_ with the addition of the head thrown back. Or -sign _He, Think_, _He, Big Chief_. See _Conceit_. - - Fr. _la fierté_, _fier_; Ger. _der Stolz_, _stolz_. - -=Priest.= Sign _Robe_ and _Black_. - - Fr. _le prêtre_; Ger. _der Priester_. - -=Print.= Push the back of right flat curved hand slowly and firmly -against the palm of the left curved ditto, as in _Picture_, only several -times. Compare _Quandary_, _Approach_, _Photograph_ etc. - -[Illustration] - -=Prison= (House of bars). Sign for _House_, then hold 4 hands up, side -by side for prison bars. Add _Man_ and _Look through_. - -=Prison.= Sign _Prisoner_ and _House_. - - Fr. _la prison_; Ger. _das Gefängnis_. - -[Illustration] - -=Prisoner= (Arrested). Clinch the fists and cross the wrists as though -bound, and press down a little. - - Fr. _le prisonnier_; Ger. _der Gefangene_. - -=Private.= See _Secret_. - -=Produce= and =Product=. See _Result_. - -[Illustration] - -=Prominent= or =Conspicuous= (Stands on a hill). Sign _Hill_ up high, -then lay right G against it, pointing up, palm to self, back of right -against left hand. See _Famous_. - - Fr. _éminent_; Ger. _hervorragend_. - -=Promise= (Word bound). Place the forefinger of right G perpendicularly -against mouth; bring down fist and, parallel with it, the other fist, -thumbs up; strike both down together twice. (Sheeaka.) Also see _Word of -Honor_, or _Cross my Heart_. - -=Promise.= Sign _Talk_ (i.e., _Word_), _Give_. - -[Illustration] - -=Promise=, =Sworn= (I swear). Tap the chest with tips of flat right -hand, then raise it, palm forward, and add _Talk_. (Sheeaka.) Compare -_Oath_. - - Fr. _la promesse_, _promettre_; Ger. _das Versprechen_, _versprechen_. - -=Proof= or =Prove=. See _Show_. - -=Propose.= See _Offer_. - -=Protect.= See _Defend_. - - Fr. _protéger_; Ger. _beschützen_. - -=Push.= The same as _Begin_, which see. - - Fr. _pousser_; Ger. _schieben_. - -=Put.= See _Place_. - - -Q - -=Quality.= See _Rank_. - -[Illustration] - -=Quandary=, =In a fix=, =Run against=, or =Up against it=. Hold out the -curved left hand nearly at arm’s length, back forward; push the ditto -right from near the breast right out briskly and hard against the left. -Sometimes use _Against_. Compare _Approach_, which is similar, but is -slow, and right does not touch; also, _Print_, which pushes and is -repeated. - - Fr. _l’embarras_; Ger. _die Verlegenheit_. - -=Quarter= (But one of four). Hold up the left 4 hand, back out; then -with the right G turn the little finger down on the palm. Sometimes sign -_Half_, then again half of the tip portion. - - Fr. _le quart_; Ger. _das Viertel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Quarrel= (Two persons springing at each other). Hold up both G hands -and alternately jerk left at right and right at left. - - Fr. _la querelle_; Ger. _der Streit_. - -=Quench.= _Fire_ and _Wipe out_. - - Fr. _éteindre_; Ger. _löschen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Question=, =Query=, =Interrogation=, =I am asking you a question=, =I -want to know=, usually equivalent to “Is that you?” (Groping or -uncertain.) Hold up the right hand toward the person, palm down and -forward, fingers and thumb open, spread, but a little curved; by wrist -action, swing the hand in small vertical semicircles. The diagram below -the illustration indicates the finger tips seen from in front. The -motion shown for the little finger is, of course, shared by all. This is -a very important and much-used sign; it appears before all questions. - -If the person is quite distant, hold the hand higher, more spread, and -wave it several times to right and left. - -When very near, merely raise the eyebrows. For long distance, raise both -arms like Y with hands flat and waved a little. (Crow.) See _Consider_. - - Fr. _l’interrogation_; Ger. _die Frage_. - -The following are needed in asking questions: - - =How?= Sign _Question_ and _Work_ and _Way_. - - Fr. _comment?_; Ger. _wie?_ - - [Illustration] - - =How many?= or =How much?= Sign _Question_; next hold the left hand - open, curved, palm up, fingers spread; then with right G digit, - quickly tap each finger on left in succession, closing it back toward - the left palm, beginning with the little finger. - - Fr. _combien?_; Ger. _wie viele?_ - - [Illustration] - - =What?= (As in “What are you doing?” “What is it?”) Sign _Question_; - follow with the same sign much exaggerated; that is, with the arm - action, swing the right 5 hand, palm under, fingers slightly bent and - separated and pointing forward, in an arc of about a foot from right - over to left and back once or twice. The Cheyennes in general use - this, though they denied it when questioned. But it seems a good - logical sign, the large arc being equivalent to “object.” - - Fr. _quoi?_ _que?_; Ger. _was?_ - - [Illustration] - - =When?= If seeking a definite answer as to length of time, make signs - for _Question_, _How many?_ and then specify time by sign for hours, - days, etc. If asking in general _When?_ sign _Question_ and _Time_. - - =When?= If asking for an exact date or point hold up the left G, make - a circle around its tip with right G, which always points at it. On - reaching the starting point, the right G stops, touches the tip of - left G. (Sioux, given by Sheeaka.) This probably represents the shadow - going around the tree. See _Time_. - - Fr. _quand?_; Ger. _wann?_ - - =Whence?= Strike to left with right G, back up, then over to right a - foot away, then back and again; point to the person and sign _Come_. - Usually it needs no _Question_. - - Fr. _d’où?_; Ger. _woher?_ - - [Illustration] - - =Where?= or =Whither?= (What direction?). Sign _Question_; then with - forefinger sweep the horizon in a succession of bounds, a slight pause - at the bottom of each, the head following the finger. (Sioux and - Arapahoe.) The actual line of the finger is illustrated in the lower - plan, the hand being gracefully rotated on the wrist in doing it. Or - sign _Question_ and _Somewhere_. - - =Where?= Sign _Question_ and _Look_. - - =Where?= (In an abstract sense). Extend the open hands, palm up, from - the sides out low to the front, and swing them from side to side with - a look of inquiry on the face. (Pop.) - - Fr. _où?_; Ger. _wo?_ _wohin?_ - - [Illustration] - - =Which?= (When the objects are in sight). Sign _Question_ and point - with right G in three or four directions, downward or toward the - objects in question. - - [Illustration] - - =Which?= (When the objects are not in sight). Sign _Question_; then - hold left hand in front of you, with palm toward you, fingers to right - and held apart; place the end of the right forefinger on that of the - left forefinger and then draw it down across the other fingers. - - Fr. _quel_, _lequel?_; Ger. _welcher?_ - - =Whither?= Sign _Question_ and _Go_, in two or three directions. - - Fr. _où?_; Ger. _wohin?_ - - =Who?= Sign _Question_ and _Man_. - - Fr. _qui?_; Ger. _wer?_ - - =Why?= Sign _Question_, but do it very slowly. (C) - - =Why?= Sign _Question_ and _Want_. - - Fr. _pourquoi?_; Ger. _warum?_ - -=Quick.= See _Fast_ and _Hurry_. - -[Illustration] - -=Quiet, be=, =Be not alarmed=, =Have patience=. The palm of the flat -hand held toward the person and gently depressed once or twice. See -_Easy_. - - Fr. _soyez tranquille_; Ger. _beruhigen Sie sich_. - -=Quiet, be.= See _Silence_. - -=Quit.= See _Give up_; also _Finish_. - - -R - -[Illustration] - -=Rabbit.= Move the M hand straight to the front, back up and undulating -on the wrist, to imitate the rabbit hopping forward; then make V right -hand and turn it to look back. (Scott.) The Cheyennes omit the second -part of this. - - Fr. _le lapin_; Ger. _der Hase_. - -=Raccoon= or =Coon=. Draw the V hand horizontally across the face and -nose. If necessary, also indicate _Size_ and striped tail. - - Fr. _le raton_; Ger. _der Waschbär_. - -[Illustration] - -=Race.= Move the index fingers forward and up, side by side, as in -_Equal_; but keep them moving a long way forward and upward. Compare -_Parallel_, _Marry_. - - Fr. _la course_, _le concours_; Ger. _das Wettrennen_, _der Wettlauf_. - -=Rags=, =In rags=. Touch _Coat_, add _Old_; then hold left 5 slightly -curved, back up and use ditto right as though to comb out the fingers of -left, once or twice. - - Fr. _les guenilles_, _en loques_; Ger. _die Lumpen_, _zerlumpt_. - -=Railroad train= or =Cars=. Sign _Fire_ twice upward for puffs, then add -_Fast_. Compare _Motor car_. - - Fr. _le train_ [_de chemin de fer_]; Ger. _der Eisenbahnzug_. - -[Illustration] - -=Railroad.= Indicate _Train_ as above; then push the right G finger -quickly along the back of the left V hand and on beyond. (Sheeaka.) - -=Railroad.= Sign _Road_; then with the two G hands, backs up, indicate -rails as in _Parallel_. - -=Railroad.= Sign _Hard_ (i.e., metal); then hold out two G fingers, -backs up, six inches apart, and push both together far forward and a -little up. - - Fr. _le chemin de fer_; Ger. _die Eisenbahn_. - -=Railroad Station.= Make the signs of _Railway_ and _House_; adding, if -necessary, _Alight_ and _Aboard_. - - Fr. _la gare_; Ger. _der Bahnhof_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rain= (Falling from clouds). Hold A hands, backs up, opposite forehead, -near each other; lower them slightly, mostly by wrist action; at the -same time open and separate fingers and thumb so they point downward; -repeat. - - Fr. _la pluie_; Ger. _der Regen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rainbow.= Sign _Rain_ then indicate the arch with a slow sweep of the -flat right hand, back up, high above head. - - Fr. _l’arc-en-ciel_; Ger. _der Regenbogen_. - -=Rank= or =Quality= (Of a soldier.) With the right G, indicate stripes -on left arm, or else touch each shoulder for epaulets. - -=Rank= or =Quality=. Sign _Chief_; then lay upright right G, palm -forward, against back of left ditto, as in _Rising man_, sliding the -right up and down to various heights. - - Fr. _le rang_; Ger. _der Rang_, _die Würde_. - -=Rank, What is his?= Sign _Chief, Big_; _Chief, Little_; _Question_. -Sometimes omit _Chief, Little_. - - Fr. _quel rang-a-t-il?_; Ger. _Welchen Rang bekleidet er?_ - -=Rapid.= See _Fast_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rapids.= Sign _River_, _Rock_; and pass the right 5 hand, back up, -points first, swiftly forward and down, in an up and down waved course. - - Fr. _le rapide_; Ger. _die Stromschnelle_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rash= (Going forward blind). Hold left hand on eyes and point right G -index forward, moving it to front. - - Fr. _imprudent_; Ger. _unvorsichtig_, _verwegen_. - -=Rattlesnake.= Sign _Snake_, then hold right G finger, pointing up, near -shoulder, and shake it. - - Fr. _le serpent à sonnettes_; Ger. _die Klapperschlange_. - -=Reach.= _Arrive there._ - -[Illustration] - -=Ready=, =Orderly=, or =Arranged=. Extend the open hands, palm to palm, -a few inches apart, pointing outward and parallel to each other, over -toward the left side; lift them both together from the wrists, move -toward the right a little and let them come down again; repeat the -motion until by stages the hands have been moved over to the right side. -(D) - -=Ready.= Sign _All_, _Good_; or use _Arranged_, or combine them into -_Arranged_, _All_, _Good_. See _Arranged_. - - Fr. _prêt_; Ger. _bereit_, _fertig_. - -=Recall to memory.= See _Bring back_. - -=Receive.= Hold out hollow right hand, palm up, half open; draw it back, -slightly closing fingers. Compare _Give to me_. - - Fr. _recevoir_; Ger. _erhalten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Recover=, =Get well=, =Get all right again=, =Revive=, or =Save=. Hold -right G hand, back up, in front of breast, pointing to left and front; -raise the hand with a graceful sweep, at same time turn it back to front -and index pointing upward. The actual course of the index tip, if seen -from above, is as in the dotted line under the hand. - -If one is near death by disease, this may be used to denote recovery; if -in great danger, this would mean escaped. - - Fr. _se porter mieux_, _se rétablir_; Ger. _sich erholen_. - -=Recreation.= See _Play_. - -=Reduce.= See _Decrease_. - -=Reflect.= See _Idea_ and _Consider_. - -=Refuse.= See _Won’t_. - -=Religion.= Sign _Medicine_ and _Way_. - - Fr. _la religion_; Ger. _die Religion_. - -=Remain.= See _Sit_. - -[Illustration] - -=Remember.= Sign _Heart_, _Know_. Or, in popular code, touch the -forehead with right G, raise the brows and nod. - -=Remember, I=; or =Understand=. Hold right G index upright and grasp it -firmly with left hand, face high. - - Fr. _je me souviens_; Ger. _ich erinnere mich_. - -[Illustration] - -=Remember not= (It slips from my grasp). As above, but let the right G -index slip down and out. See _Forget_. - - Fr. _je ne me souviens pas_; Ger. _ich erinnere mich nicht_. - -=Remembering.= See _Memories_. - -[Illustration] - -=Repeat=, =Again=, or =Back.= Place the finger tips of the compressed -right hand on the left palm, as the latter is held in front of the body, -back down, and strike once or twice. (Sheeaka. Probably borrowed from -Deaf.) Compare _Once_, _Twice_, _Often_, and _More_. - -=Repeat.= Hold up right G, chin high, back up, pointing to left and -forward; lash down with it like a whip twice or more as best fits in. -Sometimes sign _Come back_. Compare _All the time_. - - Fr. _répéter_; Ger. _wiederholen_. - -=Reply.= See _Answer_. - -=Request.= See _Beg_. - -=Resemble.= See _Alike_. - -=Respond.= See _Answer_. - -=Responsible.= Sign _I_ (or whoever it is), _Do_, _That_ Or _My_ (or -_His_) _Way_. (Seger.) Sign _Carry_ and _That_ (Suggested.) - - Fr. _responsable_; Ger. _verantwortlich_. - -=Restaurant= or =Hotel=. Sign for _House_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le restaurant_, _l’hôtel_; Ger. _das Restaurant_, _das Hotel_. - -=Restrain= or =Prevent=. Sign _Hold_ and _Keep quiet_. Sometimes use _Do -not_. - - Fr. _réprimer_, _empêcher_; Ger. _zurückhalten_, _verhindern_. - -=Result.= Sign _After, Work, See_. - - Fr. _le résultat_; Ger. _das Ergebnis, die Folge_. - -=Retreat= (Of many). Sign _Charge_, then reverse and withdraw the hands. - -=Retreat= (Of one). Sign _Going_, then turn the G hand palm toward you -and draw it back with similar action. (Understood; not established.) - - Fr. _la retraite_; Ger. _der Rückzug_. - -=Reverie.= Bow the head, resting the mouth on the A fist. Compare -_Memories_. - - Fr. _la rêverie_; Ger. _die Träumerei_. - -=Revile.= See _Blackguarding_. - -=Revive.= See _Recover_. - -=Revolver.= Sign for drawing from belt behind and present the same, -using right G hand, back to right. Add _Fire-off_, if need be. See -_Gun_. - - Fr. _le pistolet, le revolver_; Ger. _der Revolver_. - -=Rich.= Sign _Possesses, Heap, Money_. - - Fr. _riche_; Ger. _reich_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ride= (To ride an animal). Hold the hands as in _Horse_, and then move -the hands to the front on short vertical curves. - - Fr. _aller à cheval_; Ger. _reiten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ridge= (Of hills). Hold the A hands touching, thumbs toward face and -upright; draw them apart a foot. Compare _Soldiers_ and _Hill_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ridge.= Sign _Hill_ with right, then hold 5 out at arm’s length, face -high, flat, and bent, so the fingers point to the left; swing it slowly -horizontally across to the right. This last seems to mean “lying across -the horizon” and appears in several combinations. See _Mirage_. - - Fr. _la crête_; Ger. _der Kamm_. - -=Rifle.= See _Gun_. - -=Right.= See _Good_. - -=Rill.= See _Creek_. - -=Ring= (For finger). Hold up left 5 hand; then with right index and -thumb make as though slipping a ring on the ring finger. - - Fr. _la bague_; Ger. _der Ring_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rising man=, or =Coming man= (Man rising to stand on a hill). Hold up -left as in _Hill_; lay right G behind or beside it, against the thumb, -palm forward, pointing up; push right up until the base of the index is -sitting on top of the left; that is, becomes _Prominent_. See -_Prominent_ and _Famous_. - - Fr. _l’homme qui arrivera_; Ger. _der Mann der Zukunft_. - -[Illustration] - -=River=, =Big stream=, or =Running water=. Sign _Water_ then with -tremulous movement draw flat right 4 hand, palm down, from opposite left -breast to opposite right; fingers always level and pointing to left. -Compare _Creek_ and _Rill_. - - Fr. _la rivière_; Ger. _der Flusz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Road= (i.e., Highroad; especially between high banks, hills, or -fences). Holding the open hands, palm to palm and pointing forward, -carry them forward, as if they represented the sides of a road; then add -_Going_ by pushing the flat right hand forward in line between, palm to -left, fingers level. (Sheeaka.) Or sign _Way_ and _Wagon_. - - Fr. _le chemin_, _la route_; Ger. _der Weg_, _die Landstrasse_. - -=Robe.= Sign _Coat_; but instead of ending at waist, sweep the hands as -low as possible. - - Fr. _la robe_; Ger. _das Kleid_, _die Robe_. - -=Rock= or =Stone.= Sign _Hard_ and sometimes indicate shape. For _Stone_ -add _Lump_. Compare _Metal_. - - Fr. _la roche_, _la pierre_; Ger. _der Fels_, _der Stein_. - -=Root.= First sign _Tree_ or _Grass_, as may be; then point down, place -the 5 hands together at the wrists, backs up and level; pointing left to -front and left, right to front and right; then move them out and apart. - - Fr. _la racine_; Ger. _die Wurzel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rope= (Trailing after the horse and twisted). Sign _After_; then, as -right is drawn to rear, make tip of index describe a spiral curve. -Commonly omit the left hand. - - Fr. _la corde_; Ger. _das Seil_, _der Strick_. - -[Illustration] - -=Rose= (Flower). Hold the fingers of the left hand straight, little -separated, arranged in a circle, back to left and front; in front of -body, index finger horizontal and pointing to right and front; with -right hand make as though picking berries from the left finger tips. (C) - - Fr. _la rose_; Ger. _die Rose_. - -=Rotten= (Meat). Indicate smell, etc. - - Fr. _pourri_; Ger. _faul_, _verfault_. - -=Rub it out=, =Erase=, =Annul=, =Never mind=, =As you were=. Put middle -finger of right hand to tongue, then rub left palm and wipe the palm -with under side of right forearm. (Sheeaka. A white man’s sign now -understood by Indians.) - -Or, if afar, simply shake the flat right hand quickly and vigorously -from side to side as it is held palm forward in front of the face. -(Pop.) Compare _Easy_ and _Erase_. - - Fr. _effacer_; Ger. _auswischen_, “_Schwamm drüber!_” - -[Illustration] - -=Rumor= (A little flying thing). With flat 5 right hand, palm down, -shoulder high, swing out level from throat to right, working all the -fingers as in playing piano. (A Paiute sign, given me by Mary Austin.) A -combination of _Wind_ and _Fly_. - - Fr. _la rumeur_; Ger. _das Gerücht_. - -=Run.= Swing the fists at each side as in running. - - Fr. _courir_; Ger. _laufen_. - -=Run against.= See _Quandary_. - -[Illustration] - -=Run away=, =Slip away=, =Clear out=, =Sneak= (Run under cover). Hold -out flat left hand, palm down; push right G hand under it quickly and -sinuously. Sometimes preface it by laying one hand over the eyes. -Compare _Jealous_. - - Fr. _filer_, _se sauver_; Ger. _ausreiszen_, _weglaufen_. - -=Running Water.= See _River_. - - -S - -=Sacred.= See _Medicine_. - -=Sad.= See _Sorrow_. - -[Illustration] - -=Saddle.= Hold out both S hands, palms up, side by side (sometimes -inches apart), about height of shoulders, forearms vertical, wrists bent -so backs of hands are nearly down. - - Fr. _la selle_; Ger. _der Sattel_. - -=Safe.= See _Recover_ or _Alive_. - -=Sage Brush= (Bunches). With all finger tips together pointing up, swing -the hand to various places in front of right shoulder. (C) Compare -_Peak_ and _Canoe_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sage.= Sign _White_, _Good smell_, _Grass_. - - Fr. _la plante aromatique de la prairie_; Ger. _der Präriebusch_. - -=Salt.= Sign _Powder_, then the act of sprinkling with finger and thumb. -(Blackfoot.) Touch the tongue cautiously with the right G. Compare -_Sugar_ and _Pepper_. - - Fr. _le sel_; Ger. _das Salz_. - -=Same.= See _Equal_. - -=Sanctuary, to claim.= See _Bar up_. - -=Satisfied.= See _Contented_. - -=Save.= See _Recover_, also _Free_. - -=Save= or =Except=. See _But_. - -=Savey= or =Sabe=. This word universal in the west is the same sign as -_Know_. - -=Saw.= With lower edge of right, thumb up, saw across the upper edge of -left wrist held out horizontally. - - Fr. _la scie_; Ger. _die Säge_. - -=Say.= See _Call_. - -=Scalp= (To). Point to scalp, make as though pulling it forward and sign -_Cutting_ under. The last two gestures being done out in front of the -body. - - Fr. _scalper_; Ger. _die Kopfhaut abziehen_. - -=Scatter!= (A command to scouts). See _Go_ and _Scatter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Scatter= or =Sow= (As seeds). Hold the closed hands, backs up, near -each other and close to breast; move right hand well to front and right, -left well to front and left; that is, widely separate the hands, -swinging each in a half-circle out, so the palms are a little outward, -at the same time extending and separating fingers and thumbs. (C) -Compare _Bad_ and _Scorn_; in these the hands are not moved apart. - -=Scatter.= Swing closed right to left, there opening to 5 so palm is to -left and forward; then same movement with hand opened to right, each -time in a graceful sweep. The Cheyennes say the above is _Throw away_. - - Fr. _disperser_, _semer_; Ger. _ausstreuen_, _säen_. - -=Schoolhouse.= Sign _House_ and _Writing_; usually preceded by -_Children_. - - Fr. _l’école_; Ger. _die Schule_. - -[Illustration] - -=Schoolteacher.= Sign _Book_ and _Chief_. - - Fr. _le maître d’ école_; Ger. _der Lehrer_. - -=Scold.= See _Abuse_; also _Fault-finding_. - -=Scorn.= Turn the head away and with one hand throw an imaginary handful -of sand toward the feet of the person. This is the same as _Bad_, except -for the turn of the head. - - Fr. _le mépris_; Ger. _die Verachtung_. - -[Illustration] - -=Scout.= Same as _Wolf_, but hold the hand near the right ear. Sometimes -use _Advance Guard_, which see. The Cheyennes sometimes sign it as -_Wolf_, _Soldier_. - - Fr. _le coureur_ (_d’ armée_); Ger. _der Späher_. - -=Scout, to.= Sign _Wolf_ and _Look_. - - Fr. _aller à la découverte_; Ger. _spähen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Scout=; that is, _Boy Scout_. Hold up the right hand with finger and -thumb forming a ring, other three fingers straight up. (Pop.) - - Fr. _le petit éclaireur_; Ger. _der jugendliche Pfadfinder_. - -=Scout=; of the _highest degree_. Add the sign _Wolf_ to the foregoing. -(Suggested.) - -[Illustration] - -=Scout leader= or =Patrol leader=. Sign _Boy Scout_; then lay the 4 left -hand on left side of head to indicate plume. (Suggested.) - -=Scout, Tenderfoot.= Make signs _Boy Scout_ and _Small_. (Suggested.) - -=Sculptor.= Right fist closed, thumb held up straight and free, then -used as a trowel on an imaginary wall. (Pop.) - - Fr. _le sculpteur_; Ger. _der Bildhauer_. - -=Search me.= With a hand grasping each lapel, spread open the coat. -(Pop.) - - Fr. _examinez-moi_; Ger. _was weisz ich?_ (Pop.) - -=Seasons.= The four seasons are _Little Grass_ (_Spring_); _High Grass_ -(_Summer_); _Leaf Fall_ (_Autumn_); and _Cold_ or _Snow_ (_Winter_). -Each is given in alphabetic place. - -=Secret= or =Private= (Talk under cover). Left hand flat, horizontal, -near left cheek; with right, sign _Talk_ under it. Usually sign _Talk_ -and _Hide_. - - Fr. _le secret_; Ger. _das Geheimnis_. - -=Seek.= See _Hunt_. - -[Illustration] - -=See.= The fingers of V hand pointed forward (as in _Look_) then -advanced a little in the line of sight; sometimes for extra point, it is -changed into G hand and pushed forward. Also compare _Hunt_ and _Lie_, -_Look_ and _Find_. The difference between _Look_ and _See_ is not -observed by most Indians; but it is well to maintain it. - - Fr. _voir_; Ger. _sehen_. - -=See me.= Point at one’s own chin with the right V hand and touch -breast. - - Fr. _voyez-moi_; Ger. _sehen Sie mich_. - -=Seem.= See _Appear_. - -[Illustration] - -=Seize.= Move the open hands forward; grasp and draw back as though -seizing some object. - - Fr. _saisir_; Ger. _ergreifen_. - -=Select.= See _Choose_. - -=Sell.= See _Trade_. On the Stock Exchange, the clenched fist thrown -forward and down means _Sell_. Probably in imitation of the auctioneer’s -hammer. See _Kill_. - -=Sell=, =Sold= or =Bought= i.e., =Marketed=. On middle of side of left G -held out, tap two or three times with middle side of right G. This is -also used for _Buy_, which see for illustration. It is supposed to have -had origin in an old gambling game. See _Trade_. - - Fr. _vendre_; Ger. _verkaufen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Send= (Command and Go). Hold the right A near the breast; swing it out, -up and down a foot; then swing the right G higher and farther. -(Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _envoyer_; Ger. _senden_, _schicken_. - -[Illustration] - -=Separate= or =Apart=. Lay the G fingers side by side, backs up; spring -them apart, widest at tips, moving them forward and out. - - Fr. _séparer_; Ger. _trennen_. - -=Several.= Extend the fingers of the right A hand, one at a time, -beginning with the index. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _plusieurs_; Ger. _mehrere_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sew.= Hold flat left hand index edge up, thumb level with index; move -right G hand index with extended thumb, across left index once or twice -as in sewing; each time nearer the body and each time turning the right -index nail down, as it is moved forward. Compare _Awl_. - - Fr. _coudre_; Ger. _nähen_. - -=Shade.= Sign _Sun_, _Not_. - -=Shadow= (Of a person). Indicate the person; then sign _Going_, _There -by me_, _Same_. _There by me_ is indicated by pointing to the ground on -the left side with right G. - - Fr. _l’ombre_; Ger. _der Schatten_. - -=Shall.= See _Will_. - -=Shaman.= See _Medicine-man_. - -=Shame= (On you). (The finger of scorn made sharper.) Point left index -at person, all others closed; and with right index similarly held, rub -it on back of left index from middle to tip and beyond. (Pop.) See -_Ashamed_. In France the idea is conveyed by the _Horns_. See _Evil -Eye_. - - Fr. _fi! fi donc!_ (Pop.); Ger. _Schäme dich!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Sharp= or =Keen=. Hold out flat right hand, palm up; touch little -finger edge lightly with ball of left thumb and add _Good_. For _Sharp -points_ see _Porcupine_. - - Fr. _affílé_; Ger. _scharf_. - -=Shave.= Use the flat right hand as a razor, palm to right, points up, -little finger next right cheek as the edge; move it toward the right -ear. - - Fr. (_se_) _raser_; Ger. (_sich_) _rasieren_. - -=Shawl.= Sign _Blanket_ and _Fringe_. For _Fringe_, hold out the left 5 -hand points forward, level; then push the similar right over it forward -several times. - - Fr. _le châle_; Ger. _der Schal_. - -=She.= Sign _Female_ and point with G finger at the person. - - Fr. _elle_; Ger. _sie_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sheep, Mountain=, or =Bighorn=. With compressed hands above each eye, -pointed backward, trace the sweep of horns, ending below ears, with -points turned forward. - - Fr. _le mouton sauvage_; Ger. _das amerikanische Groszhornschaf_. - -=Sheep, Common.= Sign _Bighorn_ and _White Man_. - - Fr. _le mouton_; Ger. _das Schaf_. - -=Shell.= Hold the curved hands side by side, close and open them on the -under side, as though hinged on top. Compare _Boat_, _Book_, _Bowl_, and -_Open_. - - Fr. _la coquille_; Ger. _die Muschelschale_. - -=Shield= (Noun). With both L hands a little apart, index fingers pointed -down, make a large incomplete circle to left of left breast. See -_Protect_. - - Fr. _le bouclier_; Ger. _der Schild_. - -[Illustration] - -=Shine=, =Shimmer=, or =Glitter=. Hold out the curved right 5 hand, palm -down; lower it slightly, shaking it quickly sidewise. Compare _Snow_, -_Glitter_, and _Easy_. - - Fr. _briller_, _étinceler_; Ger. _scheinen_, _glänzen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ship.= Raise and spread thumb and two first fingers to be masts, others -closed; then push the hand forward slowly in a rising and falling line. -(Deaf sign for _Sailing Ship_. For Indian sign see _Boat_, _Big_.) - - Fr. _le navire_; Ger. _das Schiff_. - -=Shoe.= Sign _Moccasin_, _White Man_. - - Fr. _le soulier_; Ger. _der Schuh_. - -=Shoot= (A gun). See _Fire_. - -=Shoot= (An arrow). Sign _Bow_, then snap the index fingers out -straight. To add _Hit with an arrow_, hold up the flat left and thrust -the right G through it. - - Fr. _lancer_ (_une flèche_); Ger. _schieszen_. - -=Shop.= See _Store_. - -=Short.= For things which grow, hold the flat hand back forward, fingers -pointing up at desired height. For things which do not grow, use the -flat hand, palm down; or else, both flat hands side by side, palm to -palm. The same as _Low_. - - Fr. _court_; Ger. _kurz_. - -=Shot-gun.= See _Gun_. - -=Shout.= See _Yell_. - -=Show=, =Prove=, =Proof=, or =Behold=. Raise flat left hand, palm -forward. Lay index of right G on it and turn the two about, pushing them -forward as though to show something. (Sheeaka. Borrowed from the Deaf.) - -=Show=, =Prove=, =Proof=, or =Behold=. Hold out the flat left, palm up, -pointing forward and down. Point to the person in question with right G, -then at left palm with right V. - - Fr. _montrer_; Ger. _zeigen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sick=, =Suffering=, =Sick one=, or =Invalid= (Throbbing). Hold flat -hands out near breast; move the hands quickly outward and back several -times. Compare _Lungs_. - - Fr. _malade_; Ger. _krank_. - -=Side by Side.= See _Parallel_. - -=Sign Language=, =To talk in Sign Language=. Touch the back of left hand -with tip of right, the back of right with tip of left and add _Talk_. -(C) - - Fr. _le langage des signes_; Ger. _die Gebärdensprache_. - -[Illustration] - -=Silence=, =Silent=, or =Hush=. Lay the extended index, pointing upward, -over the mouth. In the more vigorous form of _Shut up_, lay the flat -hand on the mouth (recent). - - Fr. _silence!_ _taisez-vous!_; Ger. _schweigen!_ _still!_ - -=Silly.= See _Foolish_. - -=Silver.= Sign _Money_ and _White_. - - Fr. _l’argent_; Ger. _das Silbergeld_. - -=Sin= or =Badness=. Same as _Bad_. See _Evil_. - -=Since.= See _After_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sing.= Hold right V hand, back to right, in front of face; finger tips -a little higher than and close to mouth, pointing nearly up. Move the -hand briskly so finger tips describe a small horizontal circle. Compare -_Lie_ and _Abuse_. - - Fr. _chanter_; Ger. _singen_. - -=Sioux.= See _Indian_. - -=Sister.= Sign _Woman_ and _Brother_. - - Fr. _la soeur_; Ger. _die Schwester_. - -=Sister-in-law.= Sign _Brother-in-law_ and _Woman_. - - Fr. _la belle-soeur_; Ger. _die Schwägerin_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sit=, =Sit down=, or =Remain=. Hold the right A hand in front of and a -little lower than right shoulder, back to right; move the hand -emphatically downward a few inches. Compare _Wait_ and _Aboard_. - - Fr. _s’asseoir_; Ger. _sitzen_. - -=Skin.= See _Hide_. - -=Skinny.= See _Lean_. - -[Illustration] - -=Skunk= or =Polecat=. Indicate _Size_ and tail up; that is, curving G -up, palm forward; move in gentle jerks forward, and then add _Smell_, -_Bad_. Compare _Weasel_. - - Fr. _la bête puante_, _la mouffette_; Ger. _das amerikanische_ - _Stinktier_. - -=Sky.= See _Heavens_. - -=Sled= or =Sleigh= (The runners). Both G hands, backs down, 4 inches -apart; index fingers curved and pushed forward. The idea is helped by -_Snow_ on _Ground_. - - Fr. _le traineau_; Ger. _der Schlitten_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sleep.= Hold both flat hands, backs up, in front of breast, same level; -swing both over to the left in an up and down curve, in which the right -(only) turns palm up; the left continues back up; then lower the head a -little to right. Some finish with both palms up. - -Journeys are one sleep, two sleeps, etc., on the Plains. - - Fr. _le sommeil_, _dormir_; Ger. _der Schlaf_, _schlafen_. - -=Sleepy.= Rub the eyes with the fists. (Pop.) Or yawn and lay the head -on one side, closing the eyes. (Sheeaka.) Both of these are understood -by the Cheyennes, but they use _Want_, _Sleep_. - - Fr. _avoir sommeil_; Ger. _schläfrig_. - -[Illustration] - -=Slow.= Hold out the flat left hand, palm to right; ditto right hand -opposite, palm to left; in slow jerks, move the left hand forward; at -the same time, jerk the right, making the latter fall behind. Compare -_Fast_. - - Fr. _lent_; Ger. _langsam_. - -[Illustration] - -=Small=, =Few=, or =Crowded=. Compress both hands so the fingers are -straight, but at an angle with the back of the hand; hold them about -eight inches apart, backs out, pointed up and forward, right higher; -move them together till the right is over the left. Sometimes the -Cheyennes made this sign with the closed fists to mean _Few_. Compare -_Little_. - - Fr. _peu_; Ger. _wenig_. - -=Smaller, to make.= See _Decrease_. - -=Smart.= See _Cunning_. - -[Illustration] - -=Smell.= Hold V hand, back up, fingers pointing to chin; swing fingers -up so the nose passes between them. Compare _Blood_ and _Brother_. Place -the palm close before the tip of the nose. (Pop.) - - Fr. _sentir_; Ger. _riechen_. - -=Smell=, =A bad smell=, or =Stink=. Sign _Smell_ and hold the nostrils, -or sign _Bad_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la mauvaise odeur_, _la puanteur_; Ger. _der üble_ _Geruch_, - _der Gestank_. - -=Smell=, =A good smell=. Sign _Smell_ and _Good_. - - Fr. _la bonne odeur_; Ger. _der gute Geruch_, _der Duft_. - -=Smoke.= For distant smoke, like a signal-fire smoke, make sign for -_Fire_ and continue raising hand in a spiral till higher than head. - - Fr. _la fumée_; Ger. _der Rauch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Smoke a pipe= (Action of filling it). Hold up the left A, thumb up, tap -on top two or three times with flat right, then add _Pipe_, jerking it -forward two or three times. - - Fr. _fumer_ (_une pipe_); Ger. _rauchen_ (_eine Pfeife_). - -=Smoke a cigarette.= Put index and thumb to mouth as though holding a -cigarette. (Blackfoot.) - -[Illustration] - -=Smooth= or =Level=. Rub the back of the flat left hand, held palm down, -with whole palm of the flat right, back and forth, in long strokes. -Sometimes use _Prairie_. Compare _Indian_ and _At_. - - Fr. _lisse_; Ger. _glatt_. - -=Smooth Ground.= See _Prairie_. - -[Illustration] - -=Snake= (Its motion). Hold the right H (or sometimes G) hand, back to -right, waist high, fingers pointing to front; move it several inches to -front in a sinuous line from side to side. Compare _Fish_, _Creek_, and -_Rope_. - - Fr. _le serpent_; Ger. _die Schlange_. - -=Sneak.= See _Run away_. - -[Illustration] - -=Snow.= Raise and spread both hands a foot apart, backs up, fingers -curved; then softly lower them in slow, short zigzags. For _Rain_, the -lines down are straight. _Years_ are commonly called _Snows_ or -_Winters_. Compare _Shimmer_. - - Fr. _la neige_; Ger. _der Schnee_. - -[Illustration] - -=So=, =Just so= (That’s true). Swing the right G index from 45 degree -angle down to level; then add _Straight_, swinging index up slightly at -finish. Sometimes sign _Yes_. Compare _Idea_. - - Fr. _si_, _précisément cela_; Ger. _so_, _jawohl_. - -[Illustration] - -=So that=; =In order that= (So, that). Strike down a foot with the right -G in front of breast, then strike it on the left flat hand held opposite -left breast. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _de sorte que_, _pour_; Ger. _um_, _damit_. - -=Soap.= Rub the hands together as in washing them. - - Fr. _le savon_; Ger. _die Seife_. - -[Illustration] - -=Soft or Muddy Ground= (Animal’s legs going down). Form a horizontal -half-circle of left index and thumb; drop the right fist into it; -reverse the hands and repeat. - - Fr. _la terre molle_, _la boue_; Ger. _die weiche Erde_, _der - Schlamm_. - -=Soft=, in general. Sign _Hard_ and _Not_. - - Fr. _mou_; Ger. _weich_. - -=Soil.= See _Earth_. - -[Illustration] - -=Soldiers= (In a row, spread out). Hold the flattened fists out in -front, side by side, backs up so basal joints of the fingers are nearly -level and the middle joints form a row; then swing them apart. - -In many whose fingers are stiff the row is made with the basal joints -plumb, as in the upper cut; but the correct way is as below. - -“This represents the line of the Indian soldiers that, pending the order -to charge, held back the people in the buffalo hunt.” (Scott.) Compare -_Ridge_, _Done_, and _Fat_. - - Fr. _les soldats_; Ger. _die Soldaten_. - -=Some= (Here and there one). Point with index finger downward and at -some near spot on the ground, then change to another farther off, then -to another. (Scott.) - - Fr. _quelques_; Ger. _einige_. - -[Illustration] - -=Some=, =A part of=. Hold out level flat left, back forward and out; lay -flat right thumb up on left index near the tip; then jerk it toward tip -and beyond. This is much like _Halve_; but the right is casually brushed -along the edge of the left and at no time precisely placed. - - Fr. _du_; Ger. _etwas_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sometimes= (Different times). Sign _Time_, moving the hands apart in -short jerks. (Seger.) Compare _By and by_. - - Fr. _quelquefois_; Ger. _zuweilen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Somewhere.= Hold right G up near right shoulder; swing it in a curve up -and down to opposite left shoulder and back. Also used in the question -_Where?_ - - Fr. _quelque part_; Ger. _irgendwo(hin)_. - -=Son.= Sign _Born_ and _Male_. - - Fr. _le fils_; Ger. _der Sohn_. - -=Song= or =Poem= (Written singing). Sign for _Sing_ and _Write_. - - Fr. _la chanson_; Ger. _das Lied_. - -[Illustration] - -=Soon= or =Early=. Sign _Time_, then stop with the fingers an inch -apart. Compare _Sometimes_, _Time_, _By and by_, _Close_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sorrow=, =Distress=, =Discouraged=, =Down-hearted=, =Sadness=, or =Sad= -(Heart on the ground). Lay the right compressed hand on the heart, -pointing down; then throw it forward and down, ending the sign with the -flat hand very low, palm up, near the ground. - - Fr. _le chagrin_, _la douleur_; Ger. _das Leid_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sorry= (It grinds my heart). Rub the fist on heart in circle two or -three times. (Blackfoot.) - -This is less strong than _Sorrow_ and is used as a polite expression of -interest, equivalent to “What a pity.” (Eastman.) See also _Trouble_. - - Fr. _j’en suis fâché_; Ger. _leid tun_, _es thut mir leid_. - -=Soul.= See _Spirit_. - -=Sour.= See _Bitter_. - -=Sow.= See _Sew_. - -=Sow Seeds.= See _Scatter_. - -=Spark.= See _Fire_. - -=Speak.= See _Talk_. - -=Spear.= Make as though thrusting a spear with both hands. - - Fr. _la lance_; Ger. _der Speer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Speech=, =Message=, or =Talk=. That is, a long talk, as at council, by -oneself. (Handing out words.) Hold the flat right hand, back down, -pointing to left, at lower lip and swing it forward several times. -Compare _Discussion_ and _Talk_. - - Fr. _la harangue_; Ger. _die Rede_. - -=Speech to me= or =Tell me=. Speech by another addressed to oneself is -the same as the preceding, but swing the right hand in toward the chin -instead of out. Compare _Drink_, _Water_, _Discussion_, and _Talk_. - -=Spell=, that is, =Spell it=. Make writing in the air, then sign _Talk_. - - Fr. _écrivez le_; Ger. _buchstabieren Sie es_. - -[Illustration] - -=Spider.= Hold the palm of the right hand about one and a half inches -from a flat surface; spread the fingers and thumb and work them like -legs; the hand represents the body. (Scott.) Compare _Bunch_ and _Herd_. - - Fr. _l’araignée_; Ger. _die Spinne_. - -=Spirit= or =Petrole= (Water of strong power). There is no established -sign; but Sheeaka understood this combination: _Water_ and _Strong_. A -Cheyenne gave it _Lantern_, _Different_, _Strong_, _Pour_. - - Fr. _l’essence_, _le pétrole_; Ger. _das Benzin_. - -=Splendor.= See _Glow_. - -=Spoon.= Use the cupped right hand as a spoon. - - Fr. _la cuiller_; Ger. _der Löffel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Spotted.= Hold out the level left arm and with right curved 5 hand -finger tips tap the left arm at various places on the inside, from the -wrist up, as though flecking it with the tip of a brush, at both up and -down strokes. Compare _Striped_. - - Fr. _tacheté_; Ger. _getupfelt_. - -[Illustration] - -=Spring= (Water coming up and spreading). Make the sign for _Water_, -then a large horizontal circle with L hands (as in _Hole_); then push -the right compressed hand up through the left L hand and, as it comes -up, extend the fingers with a slight snap to represent the bubbling -water. - - Fr. _la source_; Ger. _die Quelle_. - -=Spring= (Little grass time). Sign _Grass_ and _Short_. Add _Time_ if -there is doubt. - -Show longer grass for June, etc. - - Fr. _le printemps_; Ger. _der Frühling_. - -=Squeeze.= See _Few_. - -[Illustration] - -=Squirrel.= Hold both compressed hands near the mouth and give a quick -motion of the lips. (Ruggles.) Or sign _Tree_ with left hand, then with -compressed right hand as in _Animal_ indicate running up and around. - - Fr. _l’écureuil_; Ger. _das Eichhörnchen_. - -=Squirrel, Flying.= Sign _Squirrel_, _Fly_; and then with right hand -flat, palm down, simulate flight down and up in a long sweep. This is -merely a description, not an established sign. - - Fr. _l’écureuil volant_; Ger. _das Flughörnchen_. - -=Stand= (As a man). Make right V hand stand on left palm, the fingers -representing legs. For an animal, use all four fingers of right. See -_Alight_. - - Fr. _se tenir debout_; Ger. _stehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Stand up= (As a tree or pole). Hold G hand, back forward, erect over -shoulder. Compare _Tall_ and _Up_. - - Fr. _être debout_; Ger. _aufrecht stehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Star.= Make the sign for _Night_, then cross the right G with left G -near the tips and hold up high. Some flirt the index tip from behind the -curved thumb in different directions up high, to mean twinkling. This is -nearly like _Talk up high_. - - Fr. _l’étoile_; Ger. _der Stern_. - -=Stay.= Sign _Stop_, _Wait_, and _Sit down_. - - Fr. _rester_; Ger. _bleiben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Steal= (To seize under cover). Hold out flat left hand pointing out, -back up; reach right G hand under wrist, then draw it back with a sweep, -curving it into a hook at the same time. - - Fr. _voler_; Ger. _stehlen_. - -=Steamboat.= Sign _Boat_, _Big_, _Fire_, holding the hand above the -forehead for the last. - - Fr. _le bateau à vapeur_; Ger. _das Dampfboot_. - -=Stingy.= See _Mean_. - -=Stink.= Sign _Bad Smell_. - -=Stir.= Hold left as in C, back out, and make as though stirring its -contents with a ladle held in right. Compare _Tea_. - - Fr. _remuer_; Ger. _rühren_. - -=Stone.= Sign _Rock_ and _Lump_. - -=Stop.= See _Halt_. - -=Stop= or =Full Stop=. See _Period_. - -=Store= or =Shop=. Sign _House_ and _Trade_. - - Fr. _le magasin_, _la boutique_; Ger. _der Laden_. - -=Storm.= Sign _Strong_ then _Wind_, shaking the fingers when opened and -sometimes adding the sound of blowing. - - Fr. _l’orage_, _la tempéte_; Ger. _der Sturm_. - -=Story.= See _History_. - -=Straight.= See _Honest_; also _True_. - -=Stranger.= Sign, _My_, _People_, _Not_. Or _Man_, _Different_. - - Fr. _l’étranger_; Ger. _der Fremde_. - -=Stream.= See _River_. - -[Illustration] - -=Strike.= Hold out flat left, palm up; strike it with the edge of flat -right hand. Compare _Chop_ and _Kill_. - - Fr. _frapper_; Ger. _schlagen_. - -=Strike, To make a.= See _Count Coup_. - -[Illustration] - -=Striped.= Hold out flat left with forearm level and draw the right flat -palm across it at different points on the upper side. Compare _Spotted_. - - Fr. _rayé_; Ger. _gestreift_. - -[Illustration] - -=Strong.= With left fist, back out, grasp an imaginary stick; then also -grasp it four inches higher with right fist, back in. Give a strong -outward twist to the right, finishing with the right fist below the left -and back downward. The left is not moved. This means physically strong -in most cases, and few Indians distinguish this from _Very much_; which -see. Compare _Little_. - - Fr. _fort_; Ger. _stark_. - -[Illustration] - -=Subtract= or =Take from=. Holding out the flat left, palm toward you, -with all the right fingers and thumb make as though seizing something on -the left palm; draw the right to you and down. (Sheeaka. Borrowed from -the Deaf.) Compare _Place_. - - Fr. _soustraire_; Ger. _abziehen_. - -=Succeed.= Sign _Push_, _Work_, and _Finish_. Compare _Fail_. - - Fr. _réussir_; Ger. _Erfolg haben_. - -=Suffering.= See _Sick_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sugar= or =Sweet.= Rub the tongue with tips of extended index and -second finger of right hand, then add _Good_. Compare _Salt_ and -_Bitter_. - - Fr. _le sucre_; Ger. _der Zucker_. - -=Sullen= or =Sulky=. Sign _Heart_, _Angry_, _Hide_. (Blackfoot.) See -_Gloomy_. - -=Summer= (Time of high grass). Sign _High_, _Grass_. Or sometimes sign -_Hot_ only. - - Fr. _l’été_; Ger. _der Sommer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sun.= Form a circle with index and thumb of right hand; hold hand -toward east and swing it in a great up-curve toward the west. In -conversation, the circle is often incomplete. - - Fr. _le soleil_; Ger. _die Sonne_. - - =Sunday.= Sign _Day_ and _Medicine_. - - Fr. _le dimanche_; Ger. _der Sonntag_. - - =Monday= is _Day after Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le lundi_; Ger. _der Montag_. - - =Tuesday= is _Two Days after Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le mardi_; Ger. _der Dienstag_. - - =Wednesday= is _Three Days after Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le mercredi_; Ger. _der Mittwoch_. - - =Thursday= is _Four Days after Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le jeudi_; Ger. _der Donnerstag_. - - =Friday= is _Two Days before Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le vendredi_; Ger. _der Freitag_. - - =Saturday= is _Little Medicine Day_. - - Fr. _le samedi_ Ger. _der Sonnabend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sunrise.= Make a ring of the right index and thumb, others closed, -level, at full length toward the east; then raise it, chiefly by wrist -action, so the ring is nearly at an angle of 45 degrees. - - Fr. _le lever du soleil_; Ger. _der Sonnenaufgang_. - -=Sunset.= The reverse of Sunrise; that is, hold the ring to the west and -swing it down from 45 degrees to level or lower. - - Fr. _le coucher du soleil_; Ger. _der Sonnenuntergang_. - -[Illustration] - -=Superior= or =Higher= (One above another). Hold both G fingers side by -side, upright, one of them higher to represent the person or thing. When -it is _One above many_ use the left “5” hand instead of left G. See -_Rising Man_, also _Chief_. - - Fr. _supérieur_; Ger. _höher_ (_stehend_), _vorgesetzt_. - -=Superlative.= See _Comparative_; also _Very much_. - -=Supper.= Sign _Night_ and _Eat_. - - Fr. _le souper_; Ger. _das Abendessen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Surprise=, =You surprise me=. Hold flat hand on the mouth. This can be -made stronger by using both hands. Sometimes also for emphasis precede -this with a slap down of the flat right on the flat left, palm to palm. -See _Astonishment_. - - Fr. _étonner_; Ger. _überraschen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Surrender= or =Give up=. (No weapons.) Hold both 5 hands, palms -forward, at height of head. Sometimes one hand only. - - Fr. _rendre, se rendre_; Ger. _sich ergeben_. - -[Illustration] - -=Surround= or =Encircle=. Hold out both L hands at arm’s length, then -swing them together to form a level circle. See _Enclosure_. - - Fr. _entourer_; Ger. _umgeben_. - -=Swap.= See _Trade_. - -=Swear.= See _Oath_. - -[Illustration] - -=Sweat.= Draw the hooked right index across the brow as though wiping -off sweat. See _Hot_. - - Fr. _la sueur_; Ger. _der Schweisz_. - -=Sweat Lodge= or =Turkish Bath=. Sign _Medicine_ and _Wickey up_. (C) Or -with 5 hands indicate the shape beginning at top, then sign _Open_, -_Enter_, _Sweat_. - - Fr. _le sudatorium_, _le bain turc_; Ger. _das Schwitzbad_. - -=Sweet.= See _Sugar_. - -=Sweetheart= or =Lover=. Touch G to lips and add _Heart_. (Modern, but -now in general use among Cheyenne boys.) - -[Illustration] - -=Sweetheart= or =Lover=. Thrust the right L hand forward, level, back up -and to right, turning slowly by wrist action so the thumb rises two or -three inches up and down on the axis of the index. Compare _Courting_ -and _Glitter_. - - Fr. _le bien-aimé_; Ger. _der Geliebte_. - -=Swift.= See _Fast_. - -[Illustration] - -=Swim= (Probably to suggest a fish tail in action). That is, “Will you -come in swimming?” Hold right hand as high as the face, back forward, -all fingers closed except index and middle, these are spread like V and -pointed to left. Move the hand a little to right (Pop.) - - Fr. _nager_; Ger. _schwimmen_. - -=Swimming=. Sign Water, then strike out with hands as in swimming. - - Fr. _nageant_; Ger. _schwimmend_. - -=Swoop.= See _Dive_. - - -T - -=Table= (Flat top, square shape). Swing flat hands, palms down, as in -_Broad_ turn sharply and draw both toward you; with a V hand on each -side, strike down for legs, then sign _On_ and _Eat_. A description, not -an established sign. - - Fr. _la table_; Ger. _der Tisch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tail.= Right G hand, back up, at left side, pointing back and down. - - Fr. _la queue_; Ger. _der Schwanz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Take= or =Bring= (From some one else). Reach out the G hand, hook the -index and draw it toward you, in and upward, as though pulling a string -up and back. Compare _Steal_. - - Fr. _prendre_ (_de quelqu’un_); Ger. _nehmen_ (_von Jemandem_). - -=Take= (From oneself). The same, but point index toward body, hook it -and draw away. - - Fr. _prendre_ (_de soi-même_); Ger. _nehmen_ (_von sich selber_). - -=Take from.= See _Subtract_. - -[Illustration] - -=Talk= or =Say= (A little talk). Hold right hand under mouth, index and -thumb tips together, pointing forward, and move slightly forward, -snapping the index from behind the thumb two or three times. Compare -_Called_, _Telltale_, _Speech_, _Bark_. - - Fr. _parler_; Ger. _sprechen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Talk, to me.= Make the same gesture as above, but point and draw the -hand toward the cheek. - -[Illustration] - -=Tall= or =High=. Move the flat right straight up to arm’s length, back -out. - - Fr. _grand_, _haut_; Ger. _hoch_, _grosz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tangle= or =Tangled=. Revolve the 5 hands, in and out, one about the -other. Compare _Play_. - - Fr. _embrouiller_; Ger. _verwirren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Taste.= Join the first finger and thumb, rest their points on the lower -lip and work the lips. Compare _Salt_, _Sugar_, _Sour_, and _Bitter_. - - Fr. _goûter_; Ger. _schmecken_. - -=Taste bad= (To taste and throw away). Sign _Taste_ and _Bad_. (Seger.) - - Fr. _avoir un goût mauvais_; Ger. _schlecht schmecken_. - -=Tattler.= See _Telltale_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tattoo.= Tap the place with all five finger tips in a point. - - Fr. _tatouer_; Ger. _tätowieren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tea= (Stirring it). Trace the rim of the left O hand with the thumb and -finger tip of the right O hand, other fingers extended. (Sheeaka.) -Compare _Stir_. Or sign _Leaf_, _Drink_. - - Fr. _le thé_; Ger. _der Tee_. - -=Teacher.= Sign _Writing_ and _Chief_. See also _Guide_. - - Fr. _le professeur_; Ger. _der Lehrer_. - -=Team.= Sign _Horse_, _Two_; with L hand indicate _Halter_ and add -_Coat_ for _Harness_. - - Fr. _l’attelage_; Ger. _das Gespann_. - -[Illustration] - -=Teepee= or =Lodge=. Cross the tips of the G fingers held high. In -_Tent_ they are not crossed. - - Fr. _la loge (la hutte) des Indiens_; Ger. _die Indianerhütte_. - -=Telegraph.= On forefinger of left G hand, palm up, tap with crooked -forefinger of right hand, as though telegraphing; then shoot it along -left forefinger and on in line. (Crow sign, La Forge.) - -[Illustration] - -=Telegraph.= Sign _Wire_, then tap on it two or three times with right G -and add _Talk_, shooting it far ahead. - - Fr. _le télégraphe_; Ger. _der Telegraph_. - -=Telephone.= Sign _Wire_; raise O hand to the ear like the receiver, -then add _Talk_. - - Fr. _le téléphone_; Ger. _der Fernsprecher_. - -=Tell about.= See _Explain_ and _Speech_. - -=Tell me.= See _Talk_ and _Speech_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tell-tale=, =Tattling=, or =Tattle= (Magpie or Chatterer). Make a bill -with forefinger and thumb; hold it at the mouth, pointing forward; open -and shut it, but do not advance it. Note, it does not get anywhere; -_Talk_ does. - - Fr. _le rapporteur_; Ger. _der Ausplauderer_. - -=Tenderfoot.= Make signs for _Scout_ and _Little_. (Scott.) - - Fr. _le novice_; Ger. _der Neuling_. - -=Tense=, of verbs, indicated by _Now_, _Time Back_, and _Future_, that -is _Time Ahead_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tent.= Like _Teepee_, but do not cross the fingers. Sometimes add -_White Man_. - - Fr. _la tente_; Ger. _das Zelt_. - -=Than.= See _As_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thank you=, or =Gratitude=. Raise the open right hand within a foot of -the face, back down and to right; then carry it outward and downward -toward person, bowing at same time (Pop). For this the Cheyennes use one -hand as in _Gratitude_, which see. Sign _Give_, _Good_. (Blackfoot.) - - Fr. _merci_, _je vous remercie_, _la gratitude_; Ger. _ich danke - dir_ (or _Ihnen_), _die Dankbarkeit_. - -=That.= Point with right G at the person or thing. Compare _This_, -_There_, and _Yonder_. - - Fr. _ce ... là_; Ger. _der_, _jener_. - -[Illustration] - -=That= or =Which=, relative pronoun (The one behind that). Left L hand -pointing to right. Lay right forefinger on end of left, then turn it up -and back to touch the thumb. (D) - - Fr. _qui_, _que_, _lequel_; Ger. _welcher_. - -[Illustration] - -=That place.= Hold out right G, back up, at arm’s length, face high, -pointing forward; strike it down three or four times, chiefly by finger -action. Compare _Then_ and _Here_. - - Fr. _là_; Ger. _da_, _dort_. - -=Theatre=. Sign _House_, _Look_, _Big_, _Many_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _le théâtre_; Ger. _das Theater_. - -=Their=. See _Possession_. - -[Illustration] - -=Then= (That time). Swing right G, point first, forward and down in an -18-inch curve. Compare _Yonder_ and _That place_. - - Fr. _alors_; Ger. _damals_. - -[Illustration] - -=There.= Simply point with middle finger, others closed, hand held -breast high. Compare _Challenge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thick.= Hold out flat left, back to left, place right underneath palm -up; clasp left with it, rub right fingers and thumb tips back and forth -on the middle of the left hand in long, slow rubs. Compare _Meat_, -_Thin_, _Oil_, and _Bacon_. - - Fr. _épais_; Ger. _dick_. - -=Thief.= Sign for the person and add _Steal_. (C) - - Fr. _le voleur_; Ger. _der Dieb_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thin= (Not thick). Like _Thick_, but rub lower edge and little finger -of left with tips of right thumb and index finger united, others closed. -Usually the little finger side is the _Edge_. Compare _Bacon_, in which -all of the fingers are used; also, _Oil_, _Thick_, and _Meat_. - - Fr. _mince_; Ger. _dünn_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thin= or =Poor in flesh= (Flesh clawed off). Bring both 5 hands, backs -forward, in front of breast and touching it. Move each to its side, -curving the fingers more. - - Fr. _maigre_; Ger. _mager_. - -[Illustration] - -=Things.= The 5 hands similarly pointing forward, backs up, waist high, -one at each side of the body; swing once or twice in small circles -nearly vertical, but a little forward in the upper part. - - Fr. _les choses_; Ger. _die Dinge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Think= (Drawn from the heart). Lay right G on the heart, back up, and -swing it outward ten inches and a little up. - - Fr. _penser_; Ger. _denken_. - -=Thinking.= See _Consider_. - -=Thirst=, =Dry=, or =Drouth=. Sign _Want_ and _Drink_. - - Fr. _la soif_; Ger. _der Durst_. - -[Illustration] - -=This.= Hold flat left palm up near body and thrust right G down to it. -For _These_ repeat it several times. - - Fr. _ce ... ci_; Ger. _dieser_. - -=Thought.= See _Idea_. - -=Thousand.= Sign _Hundred_ and then _Ten times_. See _Numbers_. - - Fr. _mille_; Ger. _tausend_. - -[Illustration] - -=Thread.= Rub thumb and index together, as though twisting a thread, and -sign _Sew_. Compare _Powder_. - - Fr. _le fil_; Ger. _der Faden_. - -=Threaten.= Shake clenched fist toward the person. - - Fr. _menacer_; Ger. _drohen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Through.= Push the right flat hand edgewise outward between the middle -and third fingers of the left, which are held pointing upward. Compare -_Between_. - - Fr. _par_, _au travers de_; Ger. _durch_. - -=Thunder.= Clap the hands loudly in front of face and add a rapid zigzag -with the right G finger for _Lightning_. - - Fr. _le tonnerre_; Ger. _der Donner_, _das Gewitter_. - -=Thy= or =Thine=. Sign _You_. _Possess._ - - Fr. _ton_; Ger. _dein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Ticket=. Hold out H left, back up; lay the right G across it at the -middle knuckles; add _Writing_ and indicate _Railway_, _Theatre_, -_Pawn_, etc., as needed. - - Fr. _le billet_; Ger. _das Billett_. - -=Till.= See _To_. - -[Illustration] - -=Time= (Duration). Join the index finger and thumb of each hand at tips, -other fingers closed; hold back of right hand to right, left to left, -thumb tips touching; draw the hands apart, slowly and level. A little -apart means _Little time_; a long way is _Long time_, etc. Sign _After, -Little time_, for _Bye and bye_. So leaving the hands touching means -_Now_; and _Time, Long, Behind_ means _Long time ago_. A much-used sign. -See _Ago_ and _Past_. - - Fr. _le temps_; Ger. _die Zeit_. - -[Illustration] - -=Time afterward=, =After a little time=, =Bye and Bye=. Hold out the -left G level, pointing forward, breast high; lay the right G on the back -of the left, draw it back toward the wrist an inch. For _Time ahead_, -sign _Time_ and _Ahead_, that is, hold up left G and swing right G -parallel and far ahead in the same line. Or sometimes for _Time ahead_ -or _Future_ give the _Time_ sign first given, but draw the right -forefinger and thumb in an up and over curve far ahead, instead of to -the right. - - Fr. _plus tard_; Ger. _später_. - -[Illustration] - -=Time= (Shadow around tree). Hold up left G, point right G at it and -swing it around, finally touching it at top. (Sioux, Sheeaka.) This is -used for exact point or date. - - Fr. _l’époque_; Ger. _die Zeit_, _der Zeitpunkt_. - - =Hour.= Indicate in the sky the position of the sun at that hour. - - =Hour= (i.e., sixty minutes). Hold up the left hand with back toward - you, index and thumb joining in a complete vertical circle; with right - G on this as a pointer, move an inch and add _One_. - - Fr. _l’heure_; Ger. _die Stunde_. - - =Minute= or =Moment=. Hold the flat left hand pointed forward, thumb - up; lay the right G on it like a pointer and move it the least bit. - (Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign _Hour_ and _Small_. In giving _Time_ it - is safest to do it in railway style; that is, 45 minutes after 4 would - be 4 hours and 45 minutes; not a quarter before 5. - - Fr. _la minute_; Ger. _die Minute_. - - =Second.= Make the signs _Minute_ and _Very small_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la seconde_; Ger. _die Sekunde_. - - [Illustration] - - =Day= or =Light= (The opening up, as contrasted with _Night_, the - closing over). Hold out the level flat hands in the same horizontal - plane, backs up, pointing to front, a few inches apart. Swing them - upward apart to right and left, and then downward on a curve, turning - the palms up; ending when the hands are about opposite shoulders and a - little higher than at the start. - - For the days of the week, see under _Sun_. - - Sometimes “_one sun_” is “_one day_.” - - For _To-day_ the sign for _Now_ is first made. - - Fr. _le jour_; Ger. _der Tag_. - -=Time of Day=, as morning, forenoon, noon, afternoon, etc. Point to the -sun’s position in the sky at the time. See _Midnight_. - - Fr. _l’heure du jour_; Ger. _die Tageszeit_. - - =Week.= Sign _Suns_, _Seven_ (Sheeaka) or _One Medicine Day_. Compare - _Sunday_. - - Fr. _la semaine_; Ger. _die Woche_. - - =Month.= Crescent or Horns in the sky. See illustration in M. - - Fr. _le mois_; Ger. _der Monat_. - - =Seasons.= _Spring, Short grass_; _Summer, High grass_; _Autumn, - Falling leaf_; _Winter, Cold_ or _Snow_. - - Fr. _les saisons_; Ger. _die Jahreszeiten_. - - =Year.= Sign _One Cold_ (Cheyenne). Or better perhaps, though not - general, sign _Snow_, then swing the right G in a circle to left, down - and up on right, then again make _Snow_, meaning from snow around to - snow. (Sheeaka.) Sign _One Snow_ (Blackfoot). - - Fr. _l’an_, _l’année_; Ger. _das Jahr_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tired= or =Weary=. Hold out G hands, backs up, six inches apart, drop -them and draw them to you a little. Sometimes used for _Quit_. See -_Lazy_. Compare _Afraid_. - - Fr. _fatigué_; Ger. _müde_. - -[Illustration] - -=To=, =Till=, or =Until=. Hold the left G a little forward, palm to you; -swing the right G upward till the forefingers meet at tip. (Sheeaka; -probably borrowed from the Deaf.) Compare _Meet_. - - Fr. _jusqu’à_; Ger. _bis_. - -=Tobacco= (Ground in the palm). Hold flat left hand, back down, in front -of body; grind on it the heel of closed right in small circles. - - Fr. _le tabac_; Ger. _der Tabak_. - -=To-day.= Sign _Day_ and _Now_. - - Fr. _aujourd’hui_; Ger. _heute_. - -[Illustration] - -=Together= or =Gather= (Gathered together). Press the palms of the flat -hands together two or three times, swinging them apart and together once -or twice, so the tips describe six-inch vertical circles going down on -the outside and up on the inside of each. Note this also means _Gather_. -See also _With_, _Meet_, and _Heap_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tomahawk.= Hold the flat right hand in the hollow of the horizontal -left arm (C). Compare _Baby_. Or sign _Axe_ and _Smoke_. - - Fr. _le tomahawk_, _la hache de guerre des Indiens_; Ger. _die - Streitaxt der Indianer_. - -=To-morrow.= Sign for _Another_ and _Sunrise_. Compare _Yesterday_. - - Fr. _demain_; Ger. _morgen_. - -=Too=, =Too much=. Sign _Enough_, but raise both hands at arm’s length -above the head. (Scott.) Sometimes use _Heap_. See also _Excessive_, -_Ahead_, and _Over_. - - Fr. _trop_; Ger. _zu viel_. - -=Too= or =Also=. Sign _Equal_, _With_, or _And_. - - Fr. _aussi_; Ger. _auch_. - -=Touch.= See _Feel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Town.= Sign _House_; then, keeping the flat hands at same angle, swing -them wide apart, keeping left near body, right far away. Add _White Man_ -if needed. - - Fr. _la ville_; Ger. _die Stadt_. - -=Track= or =Trail=; i.e., to follow by _Trail_. Sign _Walk_ and point to -the ground with right G; move it forward in a sinuous course. Sometimes -add _Look_. - - Fr. _tracer_; Ger. _aufspüren_. - -[Illustration] - -=Trade=, =Exchange=, =Swap=, =Bargain=, =Buy=, or =Sell=. Hold G hands -pointing up, one at each shoulder; move them together in a down curve -till wrists are crossed. See _Avoid_. - - Fr. _trafiquer_, _troquer_, _faire le commerce_; Ger. _tauschen_, - _handeln_, _Handel treiben_. - -=Trail= (A road). See _Way_. - -=Train.= See _Railroad_. - -[Illustration] - -=Trap= or =To trap=. Make a large level circle of forefingers and thumbs -for the trap; then snap these up together, index alongside index, thumb -alongside thumb to indicate the closing. - - Fr. _le piège_, _prendre au piège_; Ger. _die Falle_, _mit der Falle - fangen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Travel.= Hold out the 5 hands, palm to palm, but left a foot advanced -and six inches higher, both of them vibrated up and down. This means -_Keep on Going_. See _Work_, _Go_, and _Walk_. - - Fr. _voyager_; Ger. _reisen_. - -=Treaty.= Sign _Shake Hands_ and _Write_; that is, write with right -index on flat left palm. - - Fr. _le traité_; Ger. _der Vertrag_. - -[Illustration] - -=Tree.= Hold right forearm upright in front of shoulder, fingers -straight, spread upward. For plural use both hands. For _Forest_, hold -left outside and touching right; draw right near body and push left far -away. See _Forest_. - - Fr. _l’arbre_; Ger. _der Baum_. - -=Tribe= or =Troop=. See _Bunch_. - -[Illustration] - -=Triumph.= Wave one hand in circle above the head as swinging a flag. At -a distance, wave a hat, coat, or blanket. - - Fr. _le triomphe_; Ger. _der Triumph_. - -=Troop= or =Tribe=. See _Bunch_. - -=Trot.= Indicate the kind of animal, then with S hands, backs up, -indicate movement of feet as in trotting. (C) - - Fr. _le trot_, _trotter_; Ger. _der Trott_, _traben_. - -=Trouble= or =Perplexity=. See _Consider_, _Doubt_, _Sorry_, and -_Sorrow_. - - Fr. _le trouble_, _la perplexité_; Ger. _die Sorge_, _die Bestürzung._ - -[Illustration] - -=True=, =Truth=, =Certain=, =Sure=, =Straight= (One straight trail). The -G forefinger pointing straight forward under the chin, then moved -forward with an upward curve. Compare _Honest_. - - Fr. _vrai_, _la vérité_; Ger. _wahr_, _die Wahrheit_. - -=Try= or =Attempt=. Sign _Work_ and _Begin_. - - Fr. _essayer_; Ger. _versuchen_. - -=Turkey=. Sign _Bird_; then indicate _Beard_ with compressed right hand -under the chin, pointed down and shaken. (C) - -=Turkey=. Sign _Bird_; then hold right G at forehead, back up, curved, -pointed down, and drop it past the nose down below chin. - - Fr. _le dindon_; Ger. _der Truthahn_, _der Puter_. - -=Turkish Bath.= See _Sweat Lodge_. - -[Illustration] - -=Turn him down= or =Thumbs down=. This dates from the Roman arena. Right -arm at full length, fingers closed, thumb extended and pointing -downward; meaning “Kill him” or “it.” See _Knife_. - -=Turn into.= See _Grow_. - -=Turn loose.= See _Free_ and _Pardon_. - -[Illustration] - -=Turtle= or =Tortoise=. Hold right hand low, back up, flat, but fingers -bent back on palm; push it forward, giving it by wrist action a -serpentine course. See _Fog_. - - Fr. _la tortue_; Ger. _die Schildkröte_. - -=Twice.= See _Once_. - -=Twinkle.= Sign _Star_ and _Talk_. - - Fr. _étinceler_; Ger. _funkeln_. - -[Illustration] - -=Twins.= Lay V fingers, palm in, on abdomen and add _Born_. - - Fr. _les jumeaux_; Ger. _die Zwillinge_. - -=Typewrite.= Sign _Write_; then with both hands strike here and there at -keys. - - Fr. _écrire à la machine_, _dactylographier_; Ger. _mit der - Schreibmaschine schreiben_. - - -U - -=Ugly.= Sign _Face_; i.e., swing the right 5 hand in a circle near the -face, and add _Bad_. - - Fr. _laid_; Ger. _häszlich_. - -=Unable.= See _Can’t_. - -=Uncertain.= Sign _Perhaps_, _Know_, and _Not_. - - Fr. _incertain_; Ger. _unbestimmt_. - -=Uncle.= Sign _Father_ (or _Mother_) and _Brother_. - - Fr. _l’oncle_; Ger. _der Onkel_. - -=Undecided.= Bow the head forward, resting the right G on the lips. See -also _Thinking_ and _If_. - - Fr. _en doute_; Ger. _unschlüssig_. - -=Under.= See _Below_. - -=Understand.= See _Know_; also, _Keep_. - -=Unfair.= See _Excessive_. - -=United.= Sign _Alliance_ or _With_. - - Fr. _uni_; Ger. _vereinigt_. - -=United States of America.= There is no well-established sign, but the -Indian of a hundred years ago referred to the United States as the -“Thirteen Fires,” i.e., Council Fires. So that _Thirteen_ and _Fires_ -would answer. The Blackfeet indicate the Boundary Line running east and -west, then all south of it. - -So, also, for the individual States, in the absence of established -signs, we may use their nicknames. These, however, are mere suggestions. - - Fr. _les États-Unis d’Amérique_; Ger. _die Vereinigten Staaten von - Nordamerika_. - - =Alabama= (Cotton State). _Country_ and _Cotton_. The latter by - pointing to something by cotton. - - =Arizona= (Cactus State). _Country_, _Trees_, and _Sharp_, as in - _Porcupine_. - - =Arkansas= (Bear State). _Country_ and _Bear Black_, to distinguish - from _Russia_. - - =California= (Golden State). _Country_ and _Gold_; for gold pinch the - lobe of the ear, or point to any gold or yellow thing in sight; if it - is near, take an imaginary pinch of it, to exclude the object that is - made of it. - - =Colorado= (Centennial State). _Country_ and _100 Years_ or _Snows_. - - =Connecticut= (Nutmeg State). _Country_, _Fruit_, and _Hard_. - - =Dakota, North= (Flickertail State). _Country_ and holding G hand, - palm up, wag the index to express the tail of the Flickertail gopher. - - =Dakota, South= (Coyote State). _Country_ and _Small Wolf_. - - =Delaware= (Diamond State). _Country_ and, for _Diamond_, place the - right thumb and index on an imaginary stone on ring finger of left; - then add _Twinkle_. - - =Florida= (Peninsular State). _Country_ and _Water_. The half into the - left C hand, held level and facing the right, lay the right N fingers, - backs up. - - =Georgia= (Cracker State). _Country_, _Corn_, and _Grind_, as in - _Coffee_. The Crackers were so called because of their cracked corn - diet. - - =Idaho= (Land of the Shoshoni). _Country_ and _Snake_. - - =Illinois= (Prairie State). _Country_ and _Prairie_. - - =Indiana= (Hoosier State). _Country_ and _Who is here?_ - - =Iowa= (Hawkeye State). _Country_, _Hawk_, and _Eye_. - - =Kansas= (Sunflower State). _Country_, _Flower_, and _Sun_. - - =Kentucky= (Blue Grass State). _Country_, _Grass_, and _Blue_. - - =Louisiana= (Pelican State). _Country_, _Bird_, _Long bill_; and with - index show outline of the pouch. - - =Maine= (Pine Tree State). _Country_ and _Tree_. - - =Maryland= (Terrapin State). _Country_ and _Turtle_. - - =Massachusetts= (Bay State). _Country_ and _Bay_. - - =Michigan= (Wolverine State). _Country_ and _Wolverine_ or - _Bushy-tailed Bear_. Indicate _Bear_, then _Tail_ and _Bushy_. - - =Minnesota= (Gopher State). _Country_ and _Small Striped Animal_. With - compressed right hand, back up, indicate a small animal; then draw the - fingers of left 4 hand along it for stripes. - - =Mississippi= (Bayou State). _Country_, _Bay_, and _Trees_. - - =Missouri= (Banner State). _Country_ and _Flag_. Or else, “_Show me - State_,” thus, with flat right hand shade right eye, knit brows, look - here and there. - - =Montana= (Land of the Blackfeet.) _Country_ and _Blackfeet_. - - =Nebraska= (Shallow River). _Country_, _River_, _Broad_, and _Low_. Or - _Pawneeland_, _Country_, and _Wolf_, which is the Pawnee sign. - - =Nevada= (Silver State). Sign _Country_, _Metal_, and _White_; bring - right hand hollow under left and shake as though jingling coins. - - =New Hampshire= (Granite State). _Country_ and signs for _Hard_ and - _Very_. - - =New Jersey= (Blue State). _Country_, _Color_, and _Blue_. - - =New Mexico= (Sunshine State). Make sign for _Country_ and _Sun_. - - =New York= (Empire State). _Country_ and _Crowned_, which is indicated - by placing both 5 hands on the sides of the head like the feathers in - a war-bonnet. - - =North Carolina= (Tar Heel State). _Country_, _Heel_, and _Black_. - - =Ohio= (Buckeye State). _Country_, _Deer_, and _Eye_. - - =Oklahoma= (Sooners State). _Country_ and _Soon_, or else _Country_ - and _Kiowa_. - - =Oregon= (Beaver State). _Country_ and _Beaver_. - - =Pennsylvania= (Keystone State). _Country_ and _Keystone_, thus: Hold - up right hand, fingers out, pointing up, a space between the ring and - middle fingers only; hold all fingers of left hand extended and join - at tips to form a wedge; put this wedge in the opening between the - fingers of the right hand. - - =Rhode Island= (Little State). _Country_ and _Very Small_. - - =South Carolina= (Palmetto State). _Country_ and _Leaf_; then indicate - the shape of leaf with flat hand and fingers spread to their utmost. - - =Tennessee= (Long Rifles). _Country_, _Rifle_, and _Long_. - - =Texas= (Lone Star State). _Country_, and _Star_, _Alone_. - - =Utah= (_Mormon_ or _Many Wives State_). _Country_, _Mates_, _Many_. - - =Vermont= (Green Mountain State). _Country_, _Mountain_, _Color_, and - _Grass_. - - =Virginia= (Tobacco State). _Country_ and _Tobacco_. - - =Washington= (Evergreen State). _Country_, _Green_, and _Always_. - - =West Virginia= (Panhandle State). _Country_ and _Cook by frying_; - then hold out flat spread left hand, palm up, and grasp the wrist with - the right. - - =Wisconsin= (Badger State). _Country_ and _Badger_. - - =Wyoming= (Land of Cheyennes). _Country_ and _Cheyennes_ or _Finger - Choppers_. - -=Unjust.= Sign _Honest_ and _Not_. See _Excessive_. - - Fr. _injuste_; Ger. _ungerecht_. - -=Unless= or =Except=. See _But_. - -=Unlucky.= Sign _Medicine_ and _Bad_. - - Fr. _malheureux_; Ger. _unglücklich_. - -=Until.= See _To_. - -=Unwise.= See _Foolish_. - -[Illustration] - -=Up= or =Upward=. Point up with flat hand or else the right G, raising -the same about head high. The index means specifically “that thing up -there”; whereas the flat hand means the abstract idea “up.” Compare -_Tall_ and _Stand_. - - Fr. _en haut_, _haut_; Ger. _auf_, _hinauf_, _aufwärts_. - -[Illustration] - -=Us.= See _We_. - - -V - -=Vain.= Sign _Beautiful_; then draw head and body back with an arrogant -look. (Blackfoot.) Sign _Paint_, _Dress_, _Good_, _Love_. (C) See -_Pride_. - - Fr. _vain_; Ger. _eitel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Valise.= Hold out both arms, level, low, parallel; hands flat, but bent -at right angles to arms; palms to you, tips touching. Add _Clothes_ and -_Enter_ twice or three times. - - Fr. _la valise_; Ger. _der Handkoffer_. - -[Illustration] - -=Very Much=, =Heap Much=, =Strong=, =Brave=, =Superlative=. Hold left S -hand, back out, in front of body; forearm horizontal and pointing to -right and front; bring the ditto right hand some six inches above and a -little in front of left hand; strike downward with right hand, mostly by -elbow action, the second joints of right hand passing close to and about -on a line with knuckles of left hand. This is very like _Strong_ and -seems in some renditions to be the same. - -It is also used for _Very_, _Very Much_, and for a certain strong -English adjective that is omitted from the Sunday School readers. -Compare _Strong_. - - Fr. _beaucoup_, _très_; Ger. _sehr_, _viel_. - -=Vessel.= See _Bowl_. - -=Victor.= See _Kill_ and _Triumph_. - -=Vigilant= or =Watchful=. Sign _Look_, in different directions, and _All -the time_. - - Fr. _vigilant_; Ger. _wachsam_. - -=Village= (Many Lodges). Sign _Lodges_ or _Teepees_ and _Many_. - - Fr. _le village_; Ger. _das Dorf_. - -=Vine.= Sign _Tree_ with left; then with right G trace the vine’s course -about it. - - Fr. _la vigne_; Ger. _die Ranke_. - -=Volley.= See _Fire_. - -[Illustration] - -=Vomit.= Hold compressed right hand back up below chin, pointed to left -and upward, move it upward forward and down, point first, once or twice. - - Fr. _vomir_; Ger. (_sich_) _brechen_, _sich übergeben_. - - -W - -=Wager.= See _Bet_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wagon.= With index and thumb of each hand make two vertical circles, -hands held backs up, a foot apart and shoulder high; by wrist action -rotate these circles and move them forward a little. - - Fr. _la voiture_; Ger. _der Wagen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wait= (Stop here). Flat hand up, palm forward; then gently bent forward -to nearly level, palm down. Compare _Halt_. - - Fr. _attendez!_; Ger. _warten!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Waken.= Sign _Sleep_ and _Arise_ (That is, lay the right G horizontally -on breast and swing it out upright a foot away, back to right). Or sign -_Sleep_ and _Done_, i.e., _Ended_. - - Fr. _réveiller_, _s’éveiller_; Ger. _wecken_, _erwachen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Walk= or =March=. (For a person.) (Shape and movement of feet.) Hold -out the flat hands, backs up, a few inches apart, pointing to front; -swing the right forward, upward, and downward to same height as when -starting; then the left ditto; draw the right hand to rear. Repeat these -motions. - -[Illustration] - -=Walk= (For an animal). With the S hands, backs up, go through the same -as above. - - Fr. _marcher_; Ger. _gehen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wall= or =Fence=. Push flat hands straight forward, points up, palms -in; then, when well out, turn palms toward you and swing together. -Compare _Valise_ and _Box_. - - Fr. _le mur_; Ger. _die Mauer_, _das Gitter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wandering.= Hold up right G, palm forward; advance it with excessive -sweeping zigzags from side to side, forming loops. These loops are 18 -inches across; their plan, seen from above, is in the lower scroll. -Compare _Alive_ and _White-tail Deer_. - - Fr. _errant_; Ger. _wandernd_. - -[Illustration] - -=Want= (To), =Crave=, =Desire=, =Wish=, =Anxious for=, =Will= (Thirsty -for). Hold the right hand, back to right, in front of and near chin; -form a vertical incomplete circle with G index and thumb. Swing the hand -down past the mouth, outward and upward, turning it at the finish so -that the little finger is as high as the index. - - Fr. désirer; Ger. wünschen. - -=Wapiti.= See _Elk_. - -=War.= See _Fight_. - -=War-cry.= See _Battle-cry_. - -[Illustration] - -=Warm, To= (One’s hands). Hold out both flat hands, side by side, breast -high, backs up, slightly curved as though over a fire; then rub them -together. (Blackfoot.) - -=Warm=, =I am warm=. Draw the 5 hands down over breast, then hold out -together, palms down, pointing forward. See also _Hot_. - - Fr. _chaud_; Ger. _warm_. - -[Illustration] - -=Warning=, =Beware=, =Caution=, or =Look out=. Raise right index, rest -closed; turn hand so as to have right eye, index, and the person in -line; at the same time, shake the head a little. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _l’avertissement_, _prenez garde!_; Ger. _die Warnung_, - _Vorsicht!_ - -[Illustration] - -=Warpath, To go to War= (The thumb chasing the index). With its index at -a right angle with the palm and pointing toward the left, other fingers -closed, its thumb extended and upright near base of the index, back of -hand outward; move the right hand forward with a long downward then -upward curve in front of the right shoulder. - - Fr. _le chemin de guerre_; Ger. _der Kriegspfad_. - -=Washing Clothes.= Rub with both fists as on a rubbing board. Old -gesture was to rub the right fist circularly, palm down, on the left, -palm up. - - Fr. _laver_; Ger. _waschen_. - -=Washington.= Sign _White Man_, _All_, _Chief_, _High_. (Sheeaka.) - -[Illustration] - -=Watch= (A timepiece). Form a horizontal circle with thumb and index of -left hand, others closed; tap around on this with the tip of right G. - - Fr. _la montre_; Ger. _die Taschenuhr_. - -=Watch.= See _Look_. - -=Water, Running.= See _River_. - -[Illustration] - -=Water= (In general). Bring the slightly cupped right palm from forward -nearly level to near the chin. Compare _Drink_ and _Speech_. - - Fr. _l’eau_; Ger. _das Wasser_. - -=Waterfall.= See _Fall of Water_. - -[Illustration] - -=Way=, =Manner=, =Road=, =Method=, =Custom=, =Plan=, =Trail=, =Law=, -etc. Both hands flat, palms up, but thumb sides higher, side by side, -pointing front, breast high, alternately advanced and withdrawn. Much -used among _Indians_ and sometimes equivalent to _-ship_ or _-ness_, as -in _Kingship_ or _Goodness_. Compare _Walk_ and _Road_. - - Fr. _le chemin_, _la manière_; Ger. _der Weg_, _die Art und Weise_. - -[Illustration] - -=We=, =Us=, and =Our= (Me all). Touch one’s chest with right thumb, -fingers closed, then add _All_. (Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign _Me_, -_All_, and _Together_. - - Fr. _nous_, _notre_; Ger. _wir_, _unser_. - -[Illustration] - -=Weak.= Swing the bent arms slowly from side to side as in walking -weakly. Or _Strong_, and _No_. See _Tired_ and _Lazy_. - - Fr. _faible_; Ger. _schwach_. - -=Weary.= See _Tired_. - -[Illustration] - -=Weasel.= With right G curved, back up, imitate bounding; then indicate -_Tail_ and _Half_, _Black_. (Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _la belette_; Ger. _das Wiesel_. - -=Week.= See _Time_ and _Sun_. - -=Weep.= See _Cry_. - -=Weigh= (Metaphorically). See _Consider_. - -=Welcome.= Sign _Come_ and _Good_. - - Fr. _bienvenu_; Ger. _willkommen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Well=, =Good Health= (Body strong). Flat hands one on each side of the -body; draw them away, clench them and move them down with a jerk. -(Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign _All_, _Body_ (_as above_), _Hard_. -Compare _Sick_ and _Lungs_. - - Fr. _bien portant_, _la bonne sante_; Ger. _wohl_, _die Gesundheit_. - -=What?= See _Question_. - -=When?= See _Question_. - -=Whence?= See _Question_. - -=Where?= See _Question_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wherever= (All places). Hold right G out, back up, pointing toward -horizon. Swing slowly in a half-circle up and over to left, then back to -right; repeat. - - Fr. _en quelque lieu que ce soit_; Ger. _wo auch nur_. - -=Whether.= See _If_. - -[Illustration] - -=Whetstone.= Sign _Hard_, then hold out left N hand and rub right N hand -on it, with long, sweeping strokes. - - Fr. _la pierre à aiguiser_; _Ger. der Wetzstein_. - -=Which?= See _Question_. - -=Which.= See _Who_. - -=While, After a.= See _Bye and bye_. - -[Illustration] - -=While=, =Every Little While=. Hold out left G, pointing to right; with -left G tap on it several times, each time moving the right nearer the -base of left G. See, _All the time_. Compare _Peas_ and _Buy_. - - Fr. _à chaque moment_; Ger. _jeden Augenblick_. - -[Illustration] - -=While=, =Meanwhile=, or =During=. Sign _Time_, slowly moving hands -until about six inches apart. Some shake the right hand in drawing it -back. Or sign _Time_, _Sit_. Compare _Time_, _Sometimes_, _Soon_. - - Fr. _pendant_; Ger. _während_. - -=Whirlwind.= See _Cyclone_. - -=Whiskey.= Sign _Fire_ and _Water_, or _Crazy_, _Water_. Although some -Cheyennes call beer fire-water, because of the explosion and froth. - - Fr. _le whiskey_, _l’eau-de-vie_; Ger. _der Whisky_, _der Branntwein_. - -[Illustration] - -=Whisper=, or =Speak Privately=. Hold up flat right hand, thumb at one -side of the mouth, and incline the head. Or sign _Hide_ and _Talk_. - - Fr. _chuchoter_; Ger. _flüstern_. - -=White= (Color). See _Colors_. - -[Illustration] - -=White= or =White Man= (Hat or Cap wearers). Hold right G hand, back up -and to right, in front of, close to, and a little to left of face, -pointing to left; draw the hand to right, index finger passing -horizontally in front of eyes. Sometimes add _Man_. - - Fr. _l’homme blanc_; Ger. _der Weisze_. - -=Whither?= See _Question_. - -[Illustration] - -=Who= or =Which= (This equals that). Hold the two G fingers side by side -on left; then, keeping the relative positions, swing them to the right. -(W. C. Roe.) Probably modern. This is the same as _As_; the context -alone shows which is meant. - -=Why?= See _Question_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wicky-up.= Swing the curved G fingers together in dome shape, left tip -resting on right tip; then change to curved 4 hands and swing down and -apart on a curve. (C) - -=Wide.= See _Broad_. - -=Wife.= Make signs for _Female_, then _Marry_. Usually sign _My_ (or -_His_) _Woman_. - - Fr. _la femme_; Ger. _die Frau_, _die Gattin_. - -=Wild.= Sign _Bad_; then push both 5 hands forward, thumbs up, six -inches apart, switching them simultaneously from side to side. Sometimes -use _Crazy_ or _Free_. - -=Wild= (Wild animal). Sign _Look_ backward, then add _Go_ quickly. -Sometimes use _Free_. - - Fr. _sauvage_; Ger. _wild_. - -=Will.= See _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Will= or =Shall= (Futurity). Hold the right open flat hand, palm to -left, pointing straight out and elevated near ear. Push it straight -forward and upward the length of the arm. Sometimes sign _Time Ahead_ or -_Far Ahead_. Compare _Past_ and _Future_. - - Fr. _le futur exprimé par l’inflexion du verbe_; Ger. _werden_, - _wollen_. - -=Win= or =Overcome=. Make sign for _Kill_; and indicate in what way. -Thus, a person winning at gambling “Kills” the other in that way. - - Fr. _gagner_, _vaincre_; Ger. _gewinnen_, _siegen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wind.= Hold up the 5 hands, shoulder high, backs up, a few inches -apart, pointed forward and hands moved with a tremulous motion in -direction of wind. If strong wind, preface this with _Fire-off_ or -_Charge_. Or Sign _Forward_, using both hands. See _Rumor_ and _Storm_. - - Fr. _le vent_; Ger. _der Wind_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wing.= Hold out left arm level, bent; sweep flat right 5 hand over it -from shoulder down. Or, sometimes flap one hand as in _Bird_. Compare -_Hair_. - - Fr. _l’aile_; Ger. _der Flügel_. - -[Illustration] - -=Winter= (Cold time). Hold closed hands in front of body, forearms about -vertical, hands several inches apart; give a shivering, tremulous motion -to hands; Sometimes, and particularly with Northern Indians, the sign -for _Snow_ is made. Add _Time_, if there is any doubt. - - Fr. _l’hiver_; Ger. _der Winter_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wipe Out=, =Excuse=, or =Forgive= (To wipe it off). Hold left hand -flat, palm up; smartly brush it with finger tips of right flat hand, -from wrist to fingers and beyond. Compare _Exterminate_ and _Color_. -For the stronger idea, see _Pardon_. - - Fr. _excuser_; Ger. _verzeihen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wire.= Hold right G back nearly up, pointing to left, about face high, -near left shoulder; draw it across level to right shoulder. Compare -_Creek_ and _Rope_. - - Fr. _le fil de métal_; Ger. _der Draht_. - -=Wise=, =Wisdom= (Heart and head good). Sign _Heart_, then touch -forehead and sign _Good_. (C) Or, _Heap_, _Understand_. Sometimes use -_Cunning_. - - Fr. _sage_, _la sagesse_; Ger. _klug_, _die Weisheit_. - -=Wish.= See _Want_. - -[Illustration] - -=Witch.= Cross the upright thumb of right hand on the middle of the -index, which is a little bent, other fingers straight, held so one can -sight over the thumb at the person meant. (Ruggles.) Also used for -_Distrust_ and _Discredited_. Widely established in the mountains. - - Fr. _la sorcière_; Ger. _die Hexe_. - -[Illustration] - -=With= or =Together=. Hold out the flat left, fingers forward, level, -back to left; and lay the side of the right G finger, pointed forward, -against the centre of the left palm. Sometimes means _Add_. See -_Together_ and _Beside_. - - Fr. _avec_, _ensemble_; Ger. _mit_, _zusammen_. - -=Within= or =Inside=. See _In_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wolf.= Hold the right V hand, palm forward, near right shoulder, -pointing straight upward; move it a little forward and up. See _Scout_. - - Fr. _le loup_; Ger. _der Wolf_. - -=Wolverine.= Sign _Bear_, _Small_, and indicate bushy tail. This is -merely a description, not an established sign. - - Fr. _le carcajou_, _le volverenne_; Ger. _der braune Vielfrasz_. - -[Illustration] - -=Woman.= Make the sign for _Female_; sometimes also indicate height. -Compare _Comb_. - - Fr. _la femme_; Ger. _die Frau_. - -=Wonderful.= See _Glow_. - -=Wood= or =Timber=. Sign _Tree_, then indicate size and shape. Add -_Chop_ and throw forward (i.e., onto fire). - - Fr. _le bois_; Ger. _das Holz_. - -=Woodchuck= or =Groundhog=. With compressed right, back up, pushed -forward, rolling from side to side, indicate the animal, its _Size_; -then, with left H hand near upper lip and right H hand near lower, show -the action of the front teeth, which differ from those of other rodents -its equal in size in being _White_. This is not an established sign, but -suggested as a description. - - Fr. _la grande marmotte d’Amérique_; Ger. _das virginische - Murmeltier_. - -[Illustration] - -=Woodcraft Boy.= The Y hand; this denotes the Horned Shield, the symbol -of the Order. (Not Indian.) - -[Illustration] - -=Woodcraft Girl.= Make the sign of _Sun_ on the heart and then raise it -to the zenith. (Not Indian.) - -[Illustration] - -=Woodpecker.= Sign _Bird_, then hold left arm upright for _Tree_ and on -this place the partly compressed right; make it hop up and tap the left -palm with curved right G. - - Fr. _le pic_, _le pivert_, _l’èpeiche_; Ger. _der Specht_. - -[Illustration] - -=Word= (One piece of talk). Make C and lay it on the mouth, then swing -it forward and a little down. (A very doubtful sign given by Sheeaka.) - - Fr. _le mot_; Ger. _das Wort_. - -=Word of Honor.= See _Cross the heart_. (Pop.) - -[Illustration] - -=Work=, =Doing=, =Make=, or =Act=. Hold the flat hands four inches -apart, palm to palm, level, left a little ahead; push them forward a -little, simultaneously, and, at the same time, swing the points upward -and downward briskly by wrist action, so that the finger points follow -the lines shown in the cut. To complete the sign, the action should be -repeated at the left side with the hands reversed with regard to each -other; but usually the first only is given. Possibly refers to fleshing -a hide, which was about the hardest work in an Indian camp. For _Work -hard_, use both A fists instead of flat hands. - - Fr. _travailler_; Ger. _arbeiten_. - -=World.= See _Earth_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wound= (The course of arrow or bullet). Swing the right G hand toward -the body, point first, back of hand to left and front, so that the tip -just grazes the surface of the body and passes on, as though glancing -off. Compare _Ache_. - - Fr. _la blessure_; Ger. _verwunden_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wrap.= Bring the slightly compressed hands, backs outward, in front of -body, backs of fingers of right hand resting against inner surface of -left, index fingers about horizontal; rotate the hands around each -other. - - Fr. _envelopper_; Ger. _einwickeln_. - -=Wrestle.= Cross the wrists about two feet in front of the face, hands -clenched as in _Prisoner_; then wriggle them from side to side. - - Fr. _lutter_; Ger. _ringen_, _kämpfen_. - -[Illustration] - -=Wring.= Hold the left A hand palm up and the right A hand back up, -index of each touching thumb of the other as though holding a rope; then -twist by wrist action till the position of each hand is reversed. - - Fr. _tordre_; Ger. _ringen_. - -=Wrinkle.= Wrinkle the skin of forehead and pinch same; also draw lines -on face with finger tip. Sometimes omit last. - - Fr. _la ride_, _le pli_; Ger. _die Runzel_, _die Falte_. - -[Illustration] - -=Write= or =Writing=. With an imaginary pencil in right fingers, write -on left palm; or in the air simply. - -This last preceded by _Come_ is commonly used in European hotels for -“_Give me my bill_.” - - Fr. _écrire_; Ger. _schreiben_. - -=Wrong.= Sign _Honest_ and _Not_; or else _Bad_. Sometimes use -_Different_ and _Bad_. See _Crooked_. - - Fr. _tort_; Ger. _unrecht_. - - -Y - -=Year.= See _Time_. - -[Illustration] - -=Yell=, =Holla=, or =Cry Out=. Place the G hand on the mouth, jerking it -much upward and a little forward to show the sound coming out of the -mouth and going far. Compare _Called_. - - Fr. _holá_ _hé!_ Ger. _holla!_; _hallo schreien_. - -[Illustration] - -=Yes= (Bowing of the head and body). Hold right hand upright near -shoulder, index and thumb only extended, others closed; move it slightly -to the left and a foot downward, at the same time closing the index over -the thumb. Or simply nod. - - Fr. _oui_; Ger. _ja_. - -[Illustration] - -=Yesterday= (Beyond the night). Sign _Night_; then, holding left in -position, swing the right upward and to right on a curve, finishing at -height of left, palm up, i.e., _Beyond_. Or, sign _Before_ and _Day_. -Or, _One_, _Sleep_, _Behind_. - - Fr. _hier_; Ger. _gestern_. - -[Illustration] - -=Yonder=, =Over yonder=. Point as in _There_, or with G, then swing the -finger up over and down farther ahead. Compare _Far_. - - Fr. _là-bas_; Ger. _drüben_, _dort_. - -[Illustration] - -=You= or =Thou=. Singular, point at the person; for plural, point, then -add _All_; that is, swing the finger in a horizontal circle (You, all). - - Fr. _vous_; Ger. _Sie_. - -=Young= (A sprout). Hold the hand as in _Grow_; then lower it -emphatically a foot. Sometimes use _Old_ and _Not_. - - Fr. _jeune_; Ger. _jung_. - -=Younger.= Sign _Born_ and _After_. - - Fr. _plus jeune_, _cadet_; Ger. _jünger_. - -=Your.= See _Possession_. - - - - -APPENDIX - - -FOOTBALL SIGNALS - -Code of Signals Used to Indicate Various Fouls - - Signals. Fouls. - - Grasping of wrist Holding - Shaking fists Unnecessary Roughness - Crossed legs Tripping - Sifting of hands Illegally in motion - Hands on Hips Off-side - Arm aloft Refusal of Penalty - Arms extended sidewise Incompleted F. Pass - Arms folded Interlocked interference - Both arms aloft Score - Military Salute Loose-ball foul - -NOTE—These signals will be given to the press-stand by the referee from -behind the offensive team. - -FRANK BIRCH, Referee. - - - - -BOOKS BY ERNEST THOMPSON SETON - - -WILD ANIMALS I HAVE KNOWN, 1898 - -The stories of Lobo, Silverspot, Molly Cottontail, Bingo, Vixen, The -Pacing Mustang, Wully and Redruff. Price, $2.00. (Scribners.) - -THE TRAIL OF THE SANDHILL STAG, 1899 - -The story of a long hunt that ended without a tragedy. Price, $1.50. -(Scribners.) - -BIOGRAPHY OF A GRIZZLY, 1900 - -The story of old Wahb from cubhood to the scene in Death Gulch. Price, -$1.50. (Century Company.) - -LOBO, RAG AND VIXEN, 1900 - -This is a school edition of number one, with some of the stories and -many of the pictures left out. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.) - -THE WILD ANIMAL PLAY, 1900 - -A musical play in which the parts of Lobo, Wahb, Vixen, etc., are taken -by boys and girls. Price, 50c. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -THE LIVES OF THE HUNTED, 1901 - -The stories of Krag, Randy, Johnny Bear, The Mother Teal, Chink, The -Kangaroo Rat, and Tito, the Coyote. Price, $1.75 net. (Scribners.) - -PICTURES OF WILD ANIMALS, 1901 - -Twelve large pictures for framing (no text), viz., Krag, Lobo, Tito Cub, -Kangaroo Rat, Grizzly, Buffalo, Bear Family, Johnny Bear, Sandhill Stag, -Coon Family, Courtaut the Wolf, Tito and her family. Price, $6.00. -(Scribners.) - -KRAG AND JOHNNY BEAR, 1902 - -This is a school edition of Lives of the Hunted with some of the stories -and many of the pictures left out. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.) - -TWO LITTLE SAVAGES, 1903 - -A book of adventure and woodcraft and camping out for boys, telling how -to make bows, arrows, moccasins, costumes, teepee, war-bonnet, etc., and -how to make a fire with rubbing sticks, read Indian signs, etc. Price, -$1.75 net. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -MONARCH, THE BIG BEAR OF TALLAC, 1904 - -The story of a big California grizzly that is living yet. Price, $1.25 -net. (Scribners.) - -ANIMAL HEROES, 1905 - -The stories of a Slum Cat, a Homing Pigeon, The Wolf That Won, A Lynx, A -Jackrabbit, A Bull-terrier, The Winnipeg Wolf, and a White Reindeer. -Price, $1.75 net. (Scribners.) - -BIRCH-BARK ROLL, 1906 - -The Manual of the Woodcraft Indians, first edition, 1902. (Doubleday, -Page & Co.) - -WOODMYTH AND FABLE, 1905 - -A collection of fables, woodland verses, and camp stories. Price, $1.25 -net. (Century Company.) - -THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TEN COMMANDMENTS, 1907 - -Showing the Ten Commandments to be fundamental laws of all creation. 78 -pages. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.) - -THE BIOGRAPHY OF A SILVER FOX, 1909 - -or Domino Reynard of Goldur Town, with 100 illustrations by the author. -209 pages. Price, $1.50 net. - -A companion volume to the Biography of a Grizzly. (Century Company.) - -LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTHERN ANIMALS, 1909 - -In two sumptuous quarto volumes with 68 maps and 560 drawings by the -author. Pages 1,267. Price, $18.00 net. - -Said by Roosevelt, Allen, Chapman, and Hornaday to be the best work ever -written on the Life Histories of American Animals. (Scribners.) - -BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA, 1910 - -A handbook of Woodcraft, Scouting, and Life Craft including the -Birch-Bark Roll. 192 pages. Price, 50c. Out of print. (Doubleday, Page & -Co.) - -ROLF IN THE WOODS, 1911 - -The Adventures of a Boy Scout with Indian Quonab and little dog Skookum. -Over 200 drawings by the author. Price, $1.75 net. (Doubleday, Page & -Co.) - -THE ARCTIC PRAIRIES, 1911 - -A canoe journey of 2,000 miles in search of the Caribou. 415 pages with -many maps, photographs, and illustrations by the author. Price, $1.75 -net. (Scribners.) - -THE BOOK OF WOODCRAFT AND INDIAN LORE, 1912 - -with over 500 drawings by the author. Price, $1.75 net. (Doubleday, Page -& Co.) - -THE FORESTER’S MANUAL, 1912 - -One hundred of the best-known forest trees of eastern North America, -with 100 maps and more than 200 drawings. Price, $1.00 in cloth, 50c. in -paper. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -WILD ANIMALS AT HOME, 1913 - -with over 150 sketches and photographs by the author. 226 pages. Price, -$1.75 net. In this Mr. Seton gives for the first time his personal -adventures in studying wild animals. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -MANUAL OF THE WOODCRAFT INDIANS, 1915 - -The fourteenth Birch-Bark Roll. 100 pages. 25c. paper, 75c. cloth. -(Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -WILD ANIMAL WAYS, 1916 - -More animal stories introducing a host of new four-footed friends, with -200 illustrations by the author. Net, $1.50. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -WOODCRAFT MANUAL FOR BOYS, 1917 - -A handbook of Woodcraft and outdoor life for members of the Woodcraft -League. 440 pp. 700 ills. Price, 50c. (Doubleday Page & Co.) - -WOODCRAFT MANUAL FOR GIRLS, 1917 - -Like the foregoing but adapted for girls. 424 pp., Illus. Price, 50c. -(Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -THE PREACHER OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN. - -A novel. A tale of the open country. Net, $1.35. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - -SIGN TALK - -A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for use in the Army, the -Navy, Camping, Hunting, Daily Life and among the Plains Indians. Net, -$3.00. (Doubleday, Page & Co.) - - -BY MRS. ERNEST THOMPSON SETON - -(Published by DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.) - -A WOMAN TENDERFOOT, 1901 - -A book of outdoor adventures and camping for women and girls. How to -dress for it, where to go, and how to profit the most by camp life. -Price, $2.00. - -NIMROD’S WIFE, 1907 - -A companion volume, giving Mrs. Seton’s side of the many camp-fires she -and her husband lighted together in the Rockies from Canada to Mexico. -Price, $1.75 net. - - -THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS -GARDEN CITY, N. Y. - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -Variant spelling and hyphenation have been preserved as printed. Simple -typographical errors have been corrected. - - page xlii - The hands are always held or moved so as to illustrate,[TN: changed - hyphen to comma] - - page xliv - the single-hand alphabet as given in the cut on page li[TN: was "II"] - - page xlv - or, ‘I have nothing more to say,’[TN: added closing quote] - - footnote 2 - This would manifest itself in a growing conformity[TN: was - "comformity"] - - page 49 - pointing to left, rotate a little back and forth. (Blackfoot.)[TN: - moved period inside closing parenthesis.] - - page 60 - Fr. _le dîner_; Ger.[TN: added period] - - page 61 - Hold out both flat hands, palms[TN: removed comma] up, level, - - page 107 - because they chopped their fingers when in mourning.)[TN: period - printed outside parenthesis] - - page 113 - For _Kill me_ or _Beat me_, make the sign toward one’s self.[TN: was a - comma] - - page 132 - =Money= (Paper). Sign _Writing_ and _Money_.[TN: added period] - - page 135 - Fr. _le couguar_;[TN: was a period] Ger. _der Kuguar_. - - page 146 - O[TN: added heading] - - page 216 - sides of the head like the feathers in a war-bonnet.[TN: added period] - - page 227 - Sometimes, and particularly with Northern Indians,[TN: was a period] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sign Talk, by Ernest Thompson Seaton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIGN TALK *** - -***** This file should be named 50938-0.txt or 50938-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/9/3/50938/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jennifer Linklater, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Sign Talk - A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for Use in the - Army, the Navy, Camping, Hunting, and Daily Life - -Author: Ernest Thompson Seaton - -Translator: Lillian Delger Powers - -Other: Huge L. Scott - -Release Date: January 16, 2016 [EBook #50938] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIGN TALK *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jennifer Linklater, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="titlepage"> -<h1>SIGN TALK</h1> - -<p class="subtitle"><i>A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, -for Use in the Army, the Navy, -Camping, Hunting, and Daily Life</i></p> - -<p class="author">By<br /> -Ernest Thompson Seton</p> - -<p><i>Author of “Wild Animals I Have Known,” “Life Histories of Northern -Animals,” “The Book of Woodcraft,” etc., etc.</i><br /> -<i>Chief of the Woodcraft League of America</i></p> - -<p>THE GESTURE LANGUAGE OF THE -CHEYENNE INDIANS</p> - -<p>With additional Signs used by other tribes, -also a few necessary Signs from the code -of the Deaf in Europe and America, and -others that are established among -our Policemen, Firemen, -Railroad Men, and -School Children</p> - -<p>IN ALL 1,725</p> - -<p>Prepared with assistance from - -General Hugh L. Scott, U. S. A.</p> - -<p>The French and German equivalent words added by - -Lillian Delger Powers, M. D.</p> - -<p>700 ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR</p> - -<p>GARDEN CITY NEW YORK - -DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY -1918</p> -</div><!--/titlepage--> - -<p class="frontmatter"><i>Copyright, 1918, by</i><br /> - -<span class="sc">Ernest Thompson Seton</span></p> - -<p class="frontmatter"><i>All rights reserved, including that of -translation into foreign languages, -including the Scandinavian</i></p> -<!--page-v--> - -<div class="preface"> -<h2>PREFACE</h2> - -<p>In offering this book to the public after having had -the manuscript actually on my desk for more than nine -years, let me say frankly that no one realizes better than -myself, now, the magnitude of the subject and the many -faults of my attempt to handle it.</p> - -<p>My attention was first directed to the Sign Language -in 1882 when I went to live in Western Manitoba. -There I found it used among the various Indian tribes -as a common language, whenever they were unable -to understand each other’s speech. In later years I -found it a daily necessity when traveling among the -natives of New Mexico and Montana, and in 1897, while -living among the Crow Indians at their agency near -Fort Custer, I met White Swan, who had served under -General George A. Custer as a Scout. He had been sent -across country with a message to Major Reno, so escaped -the fatal battle; but fell in with a party of Sioux, by whom -he was severely wounded, clubbed on the head, and left -for dead. He recovered and escaped, but ever after was -deaf and practically dumb. However, sign-talk was -familiar to his people and he was at little disadvantage -in daytime. Always skilled in the gesture code, he now -became very expert; I was glad indeed to be his pupil, -and thus in 1897 began seriously to study the Sign -Language.</p> - -<p>In 1900 I included a chapter on Sign Language in my -<!--page-vi--> -projected Woodcraft Dictionary, and began by collecting -all the literature. There was much more than I expected, -for almost all early travellers in our Western -Country have had something to say about this <i>lingua -franca</i> of the Plains.</p> - -<p>As the material continued to accumulate, the chapter -grew into a Dictionary, and the work, of course, turned -out manifold greater than was expected. The Deaf, -our School children, and various European nations, as -well as the Indians, had large sign vocabularies needing -consideration. With all important print on the -subject I am fairly well conversant, besides which I have -had large opportunities in the field and have tried to -avail myself of them to the fullest extent, carrying my -manuscript from one Indian tribe to another, seeking -out always the best sign-talkers among them, collecting -and revising, aiming to add all the best signs in use to -those already on record.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The following are the chief printed works on Sign -Language:</p> - -<p><b>1823. The Indian Language of Signs</b> by Major -Stephen H. Long, published in his Expedition to the -Rocky Mts., 1823, Vol. I, pp. 378–394. Gives 104 signs. -The earliest extensive vocabulary on record.</p> - -<p><b>1880. Gesture Signs and Signals of the North -American Indians</b> by Lieut. Col. Garrick Mallery. An -elaborate and valuable 330 page quarto compilation -from many contributors; published by the Bureau -of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, -1880.</p> -<!--page-vii--> - -<p>It was preliminary to the much more extended work -published the year following, and combines in itself -all the important vocabularies published up to that -time, including: <i>Wm. Dunbar’s List</i> pub. Trans. Am. Phil. -Soc., January 16, 1801; about 60 signs; <i>Prince Maximilian -von Wied-Neuwied’s List</i>, Reise, Nord. Am., -1832–34, 1837; <i>Capt. R. F. Burton’s List</i> pub. in “The -City of the Saints,” 1862; <i>Dr. D. G. MacGowan’s List</i> -pub. in <i>Historical Magazine</i>, Vol. X, 1866, pp. 86–97; -also Manuscript Lists supplied by <i>Col. R. I. Dodge</i>, -<i>Dr. William H. Corbusier</i>, U. S. A., and about forty other -contributors.</p> - -<p><b>1881. Sign Language Among the North American -Indians</b> compared with that among other peoples and -Deaf Mutes, by Col. Garrick Mallery; 290 page quarto, -286 illustrations, an elaborate examination of the history, -origin, and nature of the Sign Language, with extensive -vocabularies. Published in 1st Annual Report, Bureau -of American Ethnology, 1881.</p> - -<p><b>1885. The Indian Sign Language</b> by Capt. William -Philo Clark, U. S. A., 244 pp. octavo, quite the best book -on the subject, giving over 1,000 signs with photographic -exactness; it is also one of the best early encyclopedic -books on Indians in general; unfortunately, it is without -illustrations and is out of print. Published by Hamersly -& Co., of Philadelphia, 1885.</p> - -<p>This is practically the only publication quoted in preparing -this work. I have referred to it continually as a -standard—as the highest available authority. (W. P. -Clark was born July 27, 1845, at Deer River, Lewis Co., -New York. Graduated from West Point June 15, 1868. -Served on the Plains in 2d Cavalry during the Indian -<!--page-viii--> -wars of 1876 to 1880. Died at Washington, D. C., -September 23, 1884.)</p> - -<h3>HADLEY INDIAN SIGN PRINTS</h3> - -<p>About twenty-five years ago there lived in Anadarko, -Indian Territory, an enthusiastic missionary worker -named Lewis F. Hadley, known to the Indians as Ingonompashi.</p> - -<p>He made a study of Sign Language in order to furnish -the Indians with a pictographic writing, based on diagrams -of the signs, and meant to be read by all Indians, -without regard to their speech. Pointing to the Chinese -writing as a model and parallel, he made a Sign Language -font of 4,000 pictographic types for use in his projected -works. He maintained that 110,793 Indians were at -that time sign-talkers and he proposed to reach them by -Sign-Language publications.</p> - -<p>In pursuance of his plan, he issued the following:</p> - -<p><b>1887. List of the Primary Gestures in Indian Sign -Talk.</b> “Only 19 copies were printed.” It was intended -as a prodrome to “<i>extended works and a magazine in -Hands-tal[k]ing</i>.”</p> - -<p>It consists of 63 pages with 684 crude woodblocks of -white lines on black ground, illustrating signs, alphabetically -arranged, but without captions or text of any kind, -except the explanation on the title page, abridged as above.</p> - -<p><b>1890. A Lesson in Sign Talk</b>, designed to show the -use of the line showing the movement of the hands in the -Indian Gesture Language, by In-go-nom-pa-shi, Fort -Smith, Ark., 1890. Copyrighted by Lewis F. Hadley, -12 pp. A portrait of him by himself is on p. 11, inscribed -“In-go-nom-pa-shi, drawn by himself at 60 years.”</p> -<!--page-ix--> - -<p>It devotes 3 pages to general discussion of Sign Talk, 1½ -pages to reform of our spelling, the rest is given to general -remarks with 12 poor illustrations in white line, also a -Scripture text with 15 signs drawn, the Lord’s Prayer -with 55 drawn signs, and on p. 12, The Indian Little Star, -a novel version of “Twinkle, Twinkle,” rendered in 97 -drawn signs.</p> - -<p><b>1893. Indian Sign Talk.</b> Being a Book of Proofs of -the matter printed or equivalent cards designed for teaching -sign-talking Indians as much English as can be explained -through the medium of their “Universal” Gesture -Language, by Ingonompashi, copyrighted May 15, -1893, “only 75 copies are saved.”</p> - -<p>This is Hadley’s most extended work. It is a dictionary -of the Sign Language, in 268 large octavo leaves -printed on one side only of each sheet.</p> - -<p>It consists of 9 pages of Preface and general matter, -192 pp. of dictionary alphabetically arranged, each page -having three gestures figured and beside each the equivalent -in English. A total of 577 signs (including a double). -Pages 193 to 205 are given to small reproductions of the -sign drawings to illustrate “measurements of type”—his -font—about 800 illustrations, two pages of appendix -with compound sign words, and 14 illustrations, 1 page -of black type, 18 in number, 53 pages of reading matter -in signs, the above cited version of “Twinkle, Twinkle, -Little Star” and the story of “Wolf and the White Man” -in signs; the rest being Scripture texts and exhortations -and the 19th Psalm, ending with the Lord’s Prayer.</p> - -<p>The cards referred to I have. They consist of 571 separate -cards with an illustrated sign on each and additional -matter on the back. Besides which there are -<!--page-x--> -about 100 separate cards each with a scripture text, -chapter, or sermonette on it, about 1,000 illustrations -in all. The same being the matter of the dictionary -proper reproduced on separate cards, the diagram on one -side and the text on the other. The front matter and the -type measurements do not, however, appear on the cards. -Though poor as art, the drawings are of some value to -the student.</p> - -<p>This is the most ambitious work extant on the subject -of Sign Language, but seems to be quite unknown to most -ethnologists, and is not in any library, so far as I can learn, -except the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian Institution, -the New York Public Library, the Library of -Prof. J. C. Elsom of Wisconsin State University, and my -own collection.</p> - -<p>Of the 75 copies issued, only these 5 have been accounted -for, but cards comprising the dictionary part -were issued to the extent of 100,000 in sets of 571 each, -and the reading matter on cards to the number of over -27,000.</p> - -<p><b>1910. The Sign Language</b>, by Prof. J. Schuyler Long, -State School for the Deaf, Council Bluffs, Iowa, published -at Washington, D. C., 1910. A valuable dictionary -of about 1,500 signs used by the deaf, with 500 -admirable photographic illustrations. Of these signs a -large number seem to be arbitrary, but many are evidently -of good construction and quite acceptable to -Indian sign-talkers.</p> - -<p>To these should be added:</p> - -<p><b>1832. La Mimica</b>, by Andrea de Jorio. “La mimica -degli antichi investigata nel Gestire Napoletano.” Napoli, -1832, 8vo, 372 pp., 21 plates.</p> -<!--page-xi--> - -<p>This interesting Italian work on Sign Language was -written to show that the gestures figured on antique vases, -etc., may be explained by their modern parallels, especially -as observed in Naples. The 21 plates illustrate -about one hundred of these gestures—about half of these -are reproduced in Mallery’s 1881 publication.</p> - -<p><b>1854. Dactylologie</b> by Louis de Mas-Latrie. “Dictionnaire -de Paleographie.” <i>Tome Quarante-septième</i>, -pp. 179 to 366.</p> - -<p>An extended study of Finger-talking as used by the -deaf, the savages, etc. About 30 American Indian -signs are described and compared with those of the deaf. -No illustrations.</p> - -<p><b>1878. The Gesture Language</b>, by E. B. Tyler, in his -studies in “Early History of Mankind,” third edition, -1878, pp. 14–81.</p> - -<p>An interesting but not very important dissertation -on the Gesture Language in use among the deaf, the -Cistercian Monks, and the American Indians. No illustrations.</p> - -<p><b>1883. Sign Language, Remarks on</b>, by Wilfred -Powells in his “Wanderings in a Wild Country.” An -account of a three years’ residence in New Britain (to -the north of New Guinea), 1883, pp. 254–261, with 14 -good figures, showing the digital origin of numbers.</p> - -<p><b>1896. Arunta Sign Language</b>, E. C. Stirling. Rep. -Horn Scientific Exped. to Central Australia; IV, pp. -111–125.</p> - -<p>A considerable discourse on the Sign Language as used -by the very primitive races. Many figures.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>My thanks are due to General Hugh Lenox Scott, -<!--page-xii--> -U. S. A., one of the best living sign-talkers, for a general -review of the text, with new signs and explanations as -indicated.</p> - -<p>To John Homer Seger of Colony, Oklahoma, for much -assistance. He was for 45 years in official control of the -Indians at Darlington and Colony, Oklahoma. They -were of the Southern Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho -tribes chiefly. All his communications with them were -in the Sign Language, so that he became one of our best -experts. We have corresponded much, and during a -prolonged visit to his home in August, 1915, we together -went over every sign in this Manual. His signs were of -the Cheyenne dialect.</p> - -<p>To the Reverend Walter C. Roe (since dead) of Colony, -Oklahoma, for many notes and comments. He -was so expert that he preached every Sunday in the Sign -Language.</p> - -<p>To Sheeaka, or Cyiaka (The Mudhen), a Yanktonnais -Sioux living at Standing Rock. He worked over my -entire manuscript with me in 1912, endorsing most of -the signs given by Clark, as well as adding those that are -accredited to him. He was considered the best sign-talker -on the reservation. His familiarity with the Sign -Language was largely due to the fact that a member of -his family was a deaf-mute, so that he has kept up the -method while others of his generation are forgetting it. -Frank Zahn, an intelligent and educated half-breed, -acted as interpreter and helped with many suggestions.</p> - -<p>In the autumn of 1916 I took my manuscript to Montana -and received valuable help from the following -Blackfoot Indians:</p> - -<p>Bearhead, an old-time, full-blooded Piegan Indian, -<!--page-xiii--> -with a pronounced contempt for modern ways and modern -signs; George Starr or Bull Calf, a half-blood, who -acted as interpreter for Bearhead; Medicine Owl, Eagle -Child, Three Bears, Two-Guns Whitecalf; all full-blooded -Piegans and excellent sign-talkers.</p> - -<p>Heavy Breast, a half-blood, acted as interpreter, with -assistance from James C. Grant.</p> - -<p>I am also indebted to Chasing Bear (Ma-to Hu-wa-pi), -a Santee, and to Chief Tom Frosted, a Yanktonnais; -both of Standing Rock. About a dozen good signs were -given me by C. B. Ruggles, of Taos, New Mexico; and -helpful information was received from Thomas La Forge, -official interpreter for the Crow Nation, and Clitzo Dead-man, -an educated Navaho at Ganado, Arizona.</p> - -<p>In the spring of 1917 I spent some time among the -Cheyennes at Concho, Oklahoma, checking up my lists. -My chief source of information was Robert Burns, an -intelligent and educated Cheyenne, who spoke excellent -English and was also a good sign-talker. At the same -time I got much valuable assistance from Cheyenne -Fanny (Mrs. Hamilton), Deafy Fletcher, and numerous -old Cheyennes and Arapahoes about the Post. Father -Isadore, of the St. Patrick’s Mission, Anadarko, Oklahoma, -and the Reverend Sherman Coolidge (Arapahoe), -of Sheridan, Wyoming, also contributed.</p> - -<p>In the case of special or unusual signs, I give the name -of the best of my authorities; but when, according to my -own observation, the sign is in general use and indorsed -by practically all, no authority is cited.</p> - -<p>I have to thank my friends James Mooney and F. W. -Hodge of the Smithsonian Institution, and Professor -J. Schuyler Long, of Council Bluffs, Iowa, for much helpful -<!--page-xiv--> -criticism; Professor Elmer D. Read, of the Pennsylvania -School for the Deaf, for a review of the Introduction; -also, Doctor Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa), Colonel -W. F. Cody (Buffalo Bill), Hamlin Garland, Miss -Frances Densmore, and Mrs. Mary Austin for contributions -or criticism.</p> - -<p>For the French and German equivalent words I am -chiefly indebted to Doctor Lillian Delger Powers, of -Mt. Kisco, New York. Some assistance was given by -Miss Dorothy Dwenger, of Greenwich, Connecticut, and -Harry G. Seides, Professor of German, Jersey City High -School, New Jersey.</p> - -<p>The drawings throughout are by myself.</p> - -<p class="sig"> -<span class="sc">Ernest Thompson Seton.</span> -</p> -</div><!--/preface--> -<!--page-xv--> - -<div class="introduction"> -<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> - -<h3>ITS ANTIQUITY</h3> - -<p>Many thoughtful men have been trying for a century, -at least, to give mankind a world-speech which would -overstep all linguistic barriers, and one cannot help -wondering why they have overlooked the Sign Language, -the one mode common to all mankind, already established -and as old as Babel. Yes, more ancient than the hills.</p> - -<p>As far back as the records go, we find the Sign Language -in use. General Hugh L. Scott has pointed out -nineteen examples in Homer. Greek vases, Japanese -bronzes, ancient Hindu statuary, as well as songs and -legends older than history, give testimony in like tenor. -While Egyptologists remind us that the oldest records -show, not only that the Sign Language was then used, -but that the one original code was much like that in use -to-day. The fact that it is yet found all over the world -wherever man is man, is proof of its being built on human -nature in the beginnings. We might even argue that it is -more ancient than speech.</p> - -<p>Ideas certainly came before the words that express -them. The idea of “hunger” must be a thousand times -as old as any existing “word” for “hunger.” When it -became necessary to communicate to another the idea of -hunger, it certainly was easier and more direct to communicate -it by gesture than by word. The word had, -perforce, to be more or less arbitrary, but the gesture was -<!--page-xvi--> -logical, and could at once indicate the pain, its place, and -even hint at the cause.</p> - -<p>The possible variations of a mere squeak in a concealed -pipe are obviously less in number and far less -graphic and logical than the various movements of two -active, free-moving, compound, visible parts of the body -that utilize all the dimensions of space, all the suggestions -of speed, motion, physical form and action, juxtaposition, -yes, even a measure of sound, and that could in a multitude -of cases reproduce the very idea itself.</p> - -<p>Animals have far more gestures to express thoughts and -emotions than they have sounds, and children instinctively -use gestures for various ideas long before they -acquire the sound for them. In all races as a rule the -very young children’s gestures are the same, but the -different words imposed by the different mothers have -little or nothing in common, and no obvious basis in -logic. All of which goes to prove the greater antiquity of -eye-talk over ear-talk. To which conclusion we are -forced also by the superiority of sight over hearing as a -sense. “Seeing is believing,” is convincement: hearing -is more open to challenge.</p> - -<p>Nor can the sign-talk have changed radically, for it is -founded on the basic elements of human make-up, and on -mathematics, and is so perfectly ideographic that no -amount of bad presentation can completely divert attention -from the essential thought to the vehicle; while -punning is an impossibility.</p> - -<p>It had all the inherent possibilities of speech, was indeed -capable of even greater subtleties, as we have noted, -and had a far greater distance range, three or four times -that of spoken words.</p> -<!--page-xvii--> - -<p>In view of the greater antiquity and many advantages -that hand gestures have over spoken language, one is -prompted to ask: Why did it not develop and continue -man’s chief mode of inter-communication? The answer -is, doubtless, partly because it was useless in the dark or -when the person was out of sight or partly hidden by -intervening things. Diagrammatically expressed it was -thus:</p> - -<div class="illustration"> - <img src="images/page-xvii.jpg" width="500" height="220" alt="Speech and Gesture" /> -</div> - -<p>Speech therefore covers all directions night and day.</p> - -<p>Gesture covers one-third of the circle in hours of light.</p> - -<p>Therefore speech serves six times as many occasions as -gesture.</p> - -<p>But the chief reason for the triumph of the appeal to -the ear is doubtless because the hands were in constant -use for other things; the tongue was not; was indeed practically -free to specialize for this end.</p> - -<h3>ITS UNIVERSALITY</h3> - -<p>Being so fundamental, ancient, and persistent, Sign -Language is, <i>perforce</i>, universal. In some measure it is -used by every race on earth to-day. Eskimo and Zulu, -Japanese and Frenchman, Turk and Aztec, Greek and -Patagonian. And whenever two men of hopelessly diverse -<!--page-xviii--> -speech have met, they have found a medium of -thought exchange in the old Sign Language—the pantomimic -suggestion of ideas.</p> - -<p>Latin races are proverbially hand-talkers, so that the -Sign Language is more widely used among them than -with Anglo-Saxons.</p> - -<p>But the American Plains Indian is undoubtedly the -best sign-talker the world knows to-day. There are, or -were, some thirty different tribes with a peculiar speech -of their own, and each of these communicated with the -others by use of the simple and convenient sign-talk of the -plains. It is, or was, the language of Western trade and -diplomacy as far back as the records go. Every traveller -who visited the Buffalo Plains had need to study and -practise this Western Volapuk, and all attest its simplicity, -its picturesqueness, its grace, and its practical utility.</p> - -<p>Many of the best observers among these have left us -long lists of signs in use, Alexander Henry in his gossipy -journal among the Mandans of the Missouri in 1806 tells -us of the surprise and interest he felt in watching two -Indian chiefs of different tribes who conversed freely for -hours on all subjects of common interest, conveying their -ideas accurately by nothing but simple gestures.</p> - -<p>The European races are much less gifted as sign-talkers. -But we all have a measure of it that is a surprise -to most persons when first confronted with the facts. -Our school children especially make daily use of the -ancient signals.</p> - -<h3>AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN</h3> - -<p>In taking observations among school-boys and girls, I -had this uniform experience: All denied any knowledge -<!--page-xix--> -of the Sign Language, <i>at first</i>, but were themselves surprised -on discovering how much of it they had in established -use.</p> - -<p>One very shy little girl—so shy that she dared not -speak—furnished a good illustration:</p> - -<p>“Do you use the Sign Language in your school?” I -asked.</p> - -<p>She shook her head.</p> - -<p>“Do you learn any language but English?”</p> - -<p>She nodded.</p> - -<p>“What is the use of learning any other than English?”</p> - -<p>She raised her right shoulder in the faintest possible -shrug and at the same time turned her right palm slightly -up.</p> - -<p>“Now,” was my reply, “don’t you see you have answered -all my three questions in signs which you said you -did not use?”</p> - -<p>Following the subject, I said: “What does this mean?” -and held up my right hand with the first and second -fingers crossed.</p> - -<p>“Pax,” she whispered; and then, after further trials, I -learned that at least thirty signs were in daily use in that -local school.</p> - -<p>This was in England. In America the sign “Pax,” or -“King’s cross,” is called “King’s X,” “Fines” or “Fins” -or “Fends,” “Bars up” or “Truce,” meaning always, -“I claim immunity.”</p> - -<p>This is a very ancient sign and seems to refer to the -right of sanctuary. The name “King’s cross,” used -occasionally in England, means probably the sanctuary in -the King’s palace.</p> - -<p>In general I found about 150 gesture signals in -<!--page-xx--> -established use among American school children, -namely:</p> - -<ul> - <li>Me (Tap one’s own chest).</li> - - <li>You (Pointing to you).</li> - - <li>Yes (Nod).</li> - - <li>No (Shake head).</li> - - <li>Good (Nod and clap hands).</li> - - <li>Bad (Shake head and grimace).</li> - - <li>Go (Pushing flat hand forward, palm forward).</li> - - <li>Come (Drawing in flat hand, palm toward one).</li> - - <li>Hurry (The same repeated vigorously several times).</li> - - <li>Come for a moment (Beckon with forefinger, hand - unmoved).</li> - - <li>Stop (Flat hand held up, palm forward).</li> - - <li>Gently (Flat hand held low, palm down, gently - waved).</li> - - <li>Good-bye (Flat hand held high, palm down and forward, - fingers quickly waved up and down).</li> - - <li>Up (Point up).</li> - - <li>High (Flat hand, palm down, held up at arm’s length).</li> - - <li>Deep (Left flat hand palm down at level of mouth, - right palm up, as low as possible).</li> - - <li>Heaven (Point up very high and look up).</li> - - <li>Down (Point down).</li> - - <li>Forward (Swing index forward and down in a curve).</li> - - <li>Backward (Jerk thumb over shoulder).</li> - - <li>Across (Hold left hand out flat, palm down, run right - index across it).</li> - - <li>Over or Above (Hold out flat left, palm down, and - above it hold ditto right).</li> - - <li>Under (Reverse of foregoing).</li> - - <li>Hush (Index finger on lips).</li> -<!--page-xxi--> - - <li>Listen (Curved hand behind ear).</li> - - <li>Look (Flat hand over eyes).</li> - - <li>Look there (Point and look in same direction).</li> - - <li>Touch (Reach out and touch with index).</li> - - <li>Taste (Lay finger on tongue).</li> - - <li>Smell (Hold palm to nose).</li> - - <li>Friendship (Hand shake).</li> - - <li>Warning (Index finger held up).</li> - - <li>Threatening (Fist held up).</li> - - <li>Weeping (With index finger at each eye, trace course - of tears).</li> - - <li>Shame on you (Point one index at the person and - draw the other along it several times in same direction).</li> - - <li>You make me ashamed (Cover eyes and face with - hands).</li> - - <li>Mockery (Stick tongue out at person).</li> - - <li>Disdain (Snap fingers toward person).</li> - - <li>Scorn (Throw an imaginary pinch of sand at person).</li> - - <li>Insolent defiance (Thumb to nose, hand spread).</li> - - <li>Arrogant (Indicate swelled head).</li> - - <li>Pompous (Indicate big chest).</li> - - <li>Incredulity (Expose white of eye with finger, as - though proving “No green there”).</li> - - <li>I am no fool (Tap one side of the nose).</li> - - <li>Joke (Rub side of nose with index).</li> - - <li>Connivance (Winking one eye).</li> - - <li>Puzzled (Scratch the head).</li> - - <li>Crazy (Tap forehead with index then describe a circle - with it).</li> - - <li>Despair (Pulling the hair).</li> - - <li>Sleepy (Put a fist in each eye).</li> - - <li>Bellyache (Hands clasped across the belly).</li> -<!--page-xxii--> - - <li>Sick (A grimace and a limp dropping of the hands).</li> - - <li>Applause (Clap hands).</li> - - <li>Victory (Swing an imaginary flag over head).</li> - - <li>Upon my honor (Draw a cross over heart or cross the - hands over breast).</li> - - <li>I am seeking (Looking about and pointing finger in - same directions).</li> - - <li>I am thinking (Lay index on brow, lower head and - look out under brows).</li> - - <li>I have my doubts (Slowly swing head from side to - side).</li> - - <li>I will not listen (Hold flat hands on ears).</li> - - <li>I will not look (Cover eyes with hands).</li> - - <li>I forget (Slowly shake head, and brush away something - in air, near the forehead).</li> - - <li>I claim exemption, or “Fins” or “Bar up” (Middle - finger crossed on index).</li> - - <li>I beg of you (Flat hand palm to palm, pointing to - the person).</li> - - <li>I pray (Clasped hands held up).</li> - - <li>I am afraid, or surrender (Hold up both flat hands, - palm forward).</li> - - <li>I wind him around my finger (Make the action with - right thumb and index around left index).</li> - - <li>I have him under my thumb (Press firmly down - with top of right thumb).</li> - - <li>You surprise me (Flat hand on open mouth).</li> - - <li>I send you a kiss (Kiss the finger tips of right hand - and throw it forward).</li> - - <li>Search me (Hold the coat flaps open, one in each - hand).</li> - - <li>Swim (Strike out with flat hands).</li> -<!--page-xxiii--> - - <li>Dive (Flat hands together, moved in a curve, forward - and down).</li> - - <li>Will you come swimming? (Two fingers in V shape - held up level).</li> - - <li>Will you? or Is it so? (Look, nod and raise brows).</li> - - <li>Fool or Ass (A thumb in each ear, flat hands up).</li> - - <li>Cut-throat (Draw index across throat).</li> - - <li>Indifference (A shoulder shrug).</li> - - <li>Ignorance (A shrug and a head shake).</li> - - <li>Pay (Hold out closed hand, palm up, rubbing thumb - and index tips together).</li> - - <li>Jew (Flat hands waved near shoulders, palms up).</li> - - <li>Bribe (Hold hollow hand, palm up, behind one).</li> - - <li>It is in my pocket (Slap pocket with flat hand).</li> - - <li>Give me my bill (Beckon, then write on air).</li> - - <li>Match (Make the sign of striking a match on the - thigh).</li> - - <li>Set it afire (Sign match, and then thrust it forward).</li> - - <li>Pistol (Making barrel with left index, stock and - hammer with right hooked on; snapping right index - from thumb).</li> - - <li>That tastes good (Smack the lips).</li> - - <li>The food was good (Pat the stomach).</li> - - <li>Bad taste (Grimace and spitting out).</li> - - <li>Bad smell (Hold the nose).</li> - - <li>Bend (With right hand bend left index).</li> - - <li>Break (With fists touching, make as though to - bend a stick, then swing the fists apart).</li> - - <li>Hot (Wet middle finger in mouth, reach it forward - and jerk it back).</li> - - <li>Cold (Fists near shoulder and shaken).</li> - - <li>Paint (Use flat right as a brush to paint flat left).</li> -<!--page-xxiv--> - - <li>Shave (Use finger or thumb on face as a razor).</li> - - <li>Wash (Revolve hands on each other as in washing).</li> - - <li>Knife (With right fist as though holding knife, - whittle left index).</li> - - <li>Revolver (Hold out right fist with index extended - and thumb up).</li> - - <li>Gun or shooting (Hold hands as in aiming a gun).</li> - - <li>Drive horses (Work the two fists, side by side).</li> - - <li>Give me (Hold out flat hand, palm up).</li> - - <li>Write (Make the action with index).</li> - - <li>Strike (Strike down with fist).</li> - - <li>Fighting (Make the fists menace each other).</li> - - <li>Drinking (Lift right hand to mouth as though it - held a glass).</li> - - <li>Smoking (Make as though holding a pipe and - drawing).</li> - - <li>Rub it out (Wet tips of right fingers, and seem to - rub).</li> - - <li>Thank you (Bow and, at the same time, swing flat - right, palm up, a little way down and to one side).</li> - - <li>Church (Hands clasped, fingers in, but index fingers - up and touching).</li> - - <li>Get up (Raise flat right, palm up, from low up high).</li> - - <li>Sit down (Drop flat right, palm down, from high, - down low).</li> - - <li>Here (Pointing down, hand swung in small circle).<a id="marker-1" class="marker" href="#footnote-1" title="Footnote 1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> -</ul> - -<p>In all, 110; besides the compass points, the features of -the face, the parts of the body, the numerals up to 20 or -30, and a great many half-established signs, such as -<!--page-xxv--> -book, telephone, ring the bell, etc., which, if allowed, -would bring the number up to nearly 200.</p> - -<p>As another line of observation, I have asked New -York boys, “How many signs does the Broadway policeman -use in regulating the traffic?” Any bright child -remembers presently that the officer seldom speaks, -could scarcely be heard if he did. Indeed, he relies -chiefly on Sign Language and hourly uses the established -signs for “Stop,” “Come on,” “Come here,” “Go right,” -“Go left,” “Go back,” “Hurry up,” “Go easy,” “I warn -you,” “I’ll punish you,” “Pass,” “Keep behind me,” -“Scorn,” and, perhaps, one or two others.</p> - -<p>While not infrequently the small boy responds with -the sign of “insolent defiance” that is used the world -’round, and was probably invented by Cain and Abel.</p> - -<p>Similarly, the car conductor uses the signs for “Do -you want this car?” “Do you want transfer?” “How -many?” “Go on,” as well as most of the above.</p> - -<p>Evidently, then, the Sign Language is used of necessity -in much of our life where speech is impossible.</p> - -<h3>CODES, ETC.</h3> - -<p>It is inevitable that a world-wide language be split -into variant forms. Besides the fragmentary Sign Code -among our children, the more copious list of signs among -Latins, and the code of the Cistercian or Trappist Monks, -there are the Deaf Code and the Sign Language of the -American Indians. Only the two last are widely established -and at all complete as languages to-day.</p> - -<h3>DEAF CODE</h3> - -<p>The Sign Language used by the deaf was originated -in France by Abbé de l’Epée about 1759, with a view to -<!--page-xxvi--> -facilitating the intercommunication of the deaf. His -signs were largely arbitrary or founded on the spelling -of French words, usually in abbreviated form, so that it -was merely a short-hand of French done into finger-spelling.</p> - -<p>While this was the case at its beginning, the deaf -themselves had instinctively done so much in the way -of introducing pantomime and expressive gesture, that -they have half redeemed the Code from its unfortunate -original plan, and, in so doing, have made themselves intelligible -to an immensely larger audience.</p> - -<h3>THE INDIAN CODE</h3> - -<p>So far as I can learn, no student hitherto has compared -the various methods without being convinced that -the American Indian Sign Language is the best extant. -It is theoretically perfect and practically complete. In -order to make this evident, I must offer a definition and -some comparative details.</p> - -<p><i>A true Sign Language is an established code of logical -gestures to convey ideas; and is designed as an appeal to -the eye, without the assistance of sounds, grimaces, apparatus, -personal contact, written or spoken language, or -reference to words or letters; preferably made by using only -the hands and adjoining parts of the body.</i></p> - -<p>Measured by these standards, there is only one true -Gesture Language in the field to-day; that is the sign-talk -of the American Indians. It is established over -the whole area of the Great Plains; and, though varied -locally, is essentially the same from Saskatchewan to -Rio Grande.</p> - -<p>In general, it is claimed that there are two well-marked -<!--page-xxvii--> -dialects of this: the northern, which is a <i>whole hand</i> and a -<i>two-hand</i> dialect; the central and southern, which is a -<i>finger</i> and <i>one-hand</i> dialect.</p> - -<p>The former is better for far signalling; the latter -for conversation. There are, however, many exceptions -to these rules; and, in any case, they are so -close akin that Indians from opposite extremes of -the Plains have no difficulty in conversing with each -other.</p> - -<p>The Cheyennes originally lived in a central region -where they had intercourse with a dozen tribes whose -spoken language differed from their own; so they became -very expert sign-talkers, perhaps the best. They -have amplified to the number of several thousand signs, -and simplified until theirs has become largely a one-hand -code; therefore, as far as possible, I make the Cheyenne -sign-talk my standard. All signs herein given I have -found in use among the southern Cheyennes and are -understood to be Cheyenne except when another source -is specifically mentioned.</p> - -<p>Clark gives first place among gesture talkers to the -Cheyennes and their associates the Arapahoes, whose -sign-talk was the same, though their speech was very -different, so that the signs for which he is authority may -also be considered Cheyenne.</p> - -<p>The signs given me as Indian by Sheeaka and his -friend, Tom Frosted, should be cautiously received if -one would study the ancient code. Sheeaka had in his -family a deaf-mute, who probably imported some signs -from the Deaf Code, as indicated.</p> - -<p>In cases where there were different signs for the same -idea, I have selected the simplest and clearest, the least -<!--page-xxviii--> -like other signs; or, other things equal, the one most extensively -used, preferring a one-hand to a two-hand sign.</p> - -<p>Usually that sign is best from the locality where the -idea is most familiar. Thus the Sioux sign for “tree -squirrel” is poor; the Modoc sign is very good. The -Navaho signs for “domestic sheep” are numerous and -clearly differentiated; those of the north are not, and -refer back to the “bighorn.” Southern signs for “snow” -are descriptive and cumbrous, while those of the northern -tribes are simple and perfect.</p> - -<h3>A COMPARISON OF THE TWO CODES</h3> - -<p>A comparison of the Deaf and Indian Codes seems to -emphasize the superiority of the Indian. The Deaf -was intended to convey, word by word, a vocal language; -it assumes that you know the other man’s speech, and can -spell. Whereas, the Indian was invented to over-ride -linguistic barriers and, knowing nothing of spelling, -deals only with ideas.</p> - -<p>The next great advantage of Indian style is its picturesqueness. -The two systems can be illustrated and -fairly compared by the signs for the months.</p> - -<p>First the Deaf:</p> - -<p>January—Sign for <i>Month</i>, then <i>J</i>, <i>N</i>, and <i>R</i>, that is -4 signs.</p> - -<p>June—Sign for <i>Month</i>, then <i>J</i> and <i>N</i>, that is 3 signs.</p> - -<p>July—Sign for <i>Month</i>, then <i>J</i> and <i>L</i>, again 3 signs.</p> - -<p>Whereas the Indian calls January the <i>Snow Moon</i>, -thus <i>moon</i> or “Horns in the sky” and <i>snow</i>, that is two -signs. June is <i>Rose Moon</i> i.e., <i>horns</i> or <i>Crescent in the -sky</i> and <i>rose</i> (the right hand plucking an imaginary -petal from each finger tip of the left). July is the -<!--page-xxix--> -<i>Thunder Moon</i>, i.e., <i>horns in the sky</i>, then the right index -darted downward in a quick zigzag to imitate <i>lightning</i>. -All need but two signs each.</p> - -<p>The first involving a certain amount of spelling is -limited to those who can read, and who use that word. -The second, touching nothing but the idea, is widely acceptable, -much shorter, and visible much farther off. It -was apparently developed for the safe distance beyond -arrow range.</p> - -<p>Again the Indian method is strong in its dignity. -The deaf often spoil their sign-talk by grimacing, the -Indian never does so. One may occasionally help the -idea by facial expression, but it should be used with -great reserve, as there is nothing more unlovely or likely -to harm the study of the Sign Language than the excessive -grimacing that one sometimes sees in an uneducated -deaf-mute. The Indian sign-talker’s face is calm and -little changed, his head is moved in graceful sweeps, -and never jerked unless to express some jerky action. -His communication is indeed a study in beautiful, dignified -gesture. There is not an Indian sign in this book -that depends on facial expression for its usefulness, and -there are but few that involve the face in any way.</p> - -<p>Last year (1910) my friend Hamlin Garland met a -party of moving picture men returning from a business -tour among the Indians. He asked, “Did you get two -old chiefs talking together in the Sign Language?” They -said “No, hadn’t heard of it.”</p> - -<p>“Then,” he replied, “you have missed one of the most -graceful and rewarding chances for your special art -that the western country affords.”</p> - -<p>They were so much impressed with his description -<!--page-xxx--> -that they went back. Having brought together two -chiefs of diverse speech they got results on their films -which amply justified their time and trouble.</p> - -<p>Finally a large number of the signs used by the deaf -are conventional and arbitrarily fixed, dating back about -100 years, whereas each Indian sign is the slow evolutionary -product of ages, with its roots deep in human -nature. It is never arbitrary, but so logical and so -reasonable that it is easily and quickly learned.</p> - -<p>Every interested person, therefore, must regret profoundly -that the teachers of the deaf should have gone -out of their way to fabricate an unnatural, localized code, -when there was awaiting them ready-made, and already -established, a system founded on universal human nature, -old as the hills, full of the charms of grace and -poetry, and so logical that any one of any race can learn -it in a tithe of the time required for the acquisition of the -merest smattering of a spoken language, and the adoption -of which would at once have greatly lessened the handicap -of the deaf. One can only suppose that the founders -of the code were unaware of the other’s existence.</p> - -<p>Undoubtedly actual service has done much to reform -and redeem the Deaf Code and make it more nearly -a true Sign Language, but one cannot help wishing that -their teachers would take the inevitable step at once and -adopt the natural system.</p> - -<p>Thus we have logic with us as well as the opinion of -ethnologic students in giving preference to the Indian -System. While in the extent of usage honors are about -even, I am credibly assured that about 100,000 people -are daily using the Deaf Code and an equal number -using the Indian.</p> -<!--page-xxxi--> - -<p>It is my belief that an available popular Manual will -soon establish the latter as the universal code and result -in its further and full development.</p> - -<h3>ATTITUDE TOWARD THE SIGN LANGUAGE</h3> - -<p>There are two distinct attitudes toward Indian Sign -Language:</p> - -<p><i>First</i>, that of the student who sees in it a beautiful -product of evolution, a perfect demonstration of the subtle -laws of speech growth, the outcome of human mind -yearning for converse with human mind, rebellious at -its shut-in loneliness, battering with its hands the prison -walls, till it could reach out and signal to the next locked-in, -before it had yet found the way of modulated sounds. -This, then, was the means which responded to the demand -for communion and mental fellowship before there was a -spoken speech. It began, as all codes must, with the -broadest, simplest root ideas, and expressed their inter-relationships -at most by context, sequence, proximity, or -emphasis, but not by inflection.</p> - -<p>Every student of the Sign Language is impressed by -this thought and very naturally considers every true -sign of the old Sign Language a thing sacred, precious -as a pre-Homeric manuscript. He believes that to modify -it or tamper with it would be to rob it of all value as a -living expression of growth, and much like trying to readjust -the crystalline forms on a frost-covered pane by -shaping them with a hot iron. The student recognizes -it as his first and highest duty to make faithful, unadulterated, -untooled records of the oldest types of signs. -This is the academic attitude. I am fully in sympathy -with it.</p> -<!--page-xxxii--> - -<p><i>Second</i>, the practical attitude which realizes that Sign -Language, never dead, is coming to its renaissance and can -serve many useful ends among us here to-day. But to -complete its possibilities it must be brought up to date -by the addition of elements that stand for the latest -modern ideas; and therefore does not hesitate to seize -on and adopt these elements wherever they may be -found. Thus, it may be held, is a contamination of the -thought by interminglement of spurious recent creations. -But it is merely submitting the code to the ordinary -rules of all language. We should remember, further, -that the ancient signs, as well as the modern, were -<i>invented by men who had need of them</i>. The only difference -is that the one was invented recently, the other -maybe thousands of years ago; and that without such -changes the Sign Language could not serve its beneficent -purpose to-day among the deaf, the distant, the roar-environed, -the moving picture folk, and those of unknown -speech about us. Hand-talk fully developed will find much -good work to do; and it matters little where the elements -of the code were gathered so long as they meet with -general acceptation; which implies that they be <i>needed</i>, -<i>serviceable</i>, and of <i>sound construction</i>. The forty odd -Deaf Signs included here have been admitted on this basis.</p> - -<h3>PROPER NAMES</h3> - -<p>There is at least one place where all pure Sign Language -must fail; that is in dealing with proper names, especially -new proper names. If I wish to signal “New -York State” to an expert sign-talker, I can use the -nickname “Empire State” and signal “<i>Country great -crowned</i>”; or, for “Kentucky” I can signal “<i>Country -<!--page-xxxiii--> -blue grass</i>”; or Boston, “<i>The Hub City</i>”; or Chicago -“<i>Windy City</i>”; but when I come to South America or -Oberammergau or Poughkeepsie, I am obliged to fall -back on the white man’s method and spell the name. -For this reason then we begin our sign-talk by teaching -the one-handed sign alphabet of the deaf. The two-handed -will answer, but obviously a one-handed sign is -better than a two-handed, other things equal. We aim -at simplicity; and there are many occasions when one -has but one hand free.</p> - -<h3>TO WHAT PURPOSE?</h3> - -<p>My own interest in the study had been growing for -thirty years, and to satisfy myself that it was not a mere -fad of slight and passing import, I set down carefully -the reasons for studying and using the Sign Language, -not forgetting its limitations. I set these also in hostile -array and will give them first:</p> - -<p>It is useless in the dark.</p> - -<p>It cannot serve over the telephone.</p> - -<p>It can scarcely be written, except by cumbrous pictographs.</p> - -<p>It cannot give new proper names; they must be spelled.</p> - -<p>But the reasons for the study were more numerous -and stronger.</p> - -<p>1st. <i>It develops observation and accurate thinking.</i> -All races that excel in sign-talking are noted for -their keenness of observation. Which is cause and -which effect one cannot certainly determine, but it is -sure that this method of communication is excellent -practice to develop observation, and it makes for a -wonderfully graphic descriptive power.</p> -<!--page-xxxiv--> - -<p>Herein, perhaps, is its most enduring, the least obvious, -claim to a high place. There is a sweet reasonableness, -a mathematical accuracy, in the fabric of the -Sign Language that has an insistent and reactionary -effect on the mental processes and pictures of those who -use it. Therefore, it is valuable for the kind of mind -it makes.</p> - -<p>2d. <i>It is easily learned.</i> Unlike most languages, -it is very easily acquired, for most of the signs are natural -in concept, and so logical that they explain themselves -where their history is known. Six hundred -signs (that is ideas) make a fairly good sign-talker.</p> - -<p>3d. <i>It is Indian talk.</i> By means of this you can -talk to any Plains Indian no matter what his speech; -and there are many tribes each with its own tongue or -dialect. In some measure it is understood and used by -savages and keen observers all over the globe.</p> - -<p>4th. <i>A cognate code is the talk of the deaf</i>; and is -used the world round by them in preference to the -manual alphabet when possible; so that a wide use of the -much better Indian Sign Language will certainly result -in their accepting it and thus tend to lessen the barrier -between the deaf and their more fortunate brethren.</p> - -<p>5th. <i>It is silent talk.</i> It can be used on occasions -when it is necessary to give information, but improper -or impossible to speak aloud. Thus, lecturers use it in -directing their lanternist; friends use it for necessary -information during musical performances; it is used at -the bedside of the sick, the actors in a moving picture -can utilize it, and so be comprehended the world round; -the pantomime stage, forbidden to use speech, can easily -make clear the plot by sign-talk.</p> -<!--page-xxxv--> - -<p>In a recent letter, Prof. J. S. Long has furnished -me with a touching instance (one that has since recurred) -that indicates another and final service that the -silent method can render: An eminent divine was on -his deathbed. His life had been devoted to ministering -to the deaf, he knew the Sign Language perfectly; for -several hours before the end his power of ordinary speech -had deserted him, but his mind was clear, and to the -last he conversed freely with those about him, in this, -the universal talk, the one which for its exercise depended -on muscular powers that in his case were the last of all -to fail.</p> - -<p>6th. <i>It allows talk in an uproar.</i> It can be used -when great noise makes it impossible to use the voice; -therefore it can be of daily service in modern life, city -or country, and each year it discovers new uses. Friends -talk across a rackety thoroughfare or from a moving -train; firemen and policemen, or sailors in a storm find it -of growing service. The baseball umpire uses it when -the roar of the multitude makes him voiceless; the -catcher talks to the pitcher; the aeroplanist talks to his -friends on earth; the stockholder on the curb buys and -sells in it; the football captain or the army officer issues -clear sign orders when the uproar of fight would drown -even the trumpet call. The politician facing a shrieking -mob may find it useful for conveying a few crude -truths to his crude, unruly audience, thus opening the -way for a more usual form of harangue, or failing in the -attempt, he can at least inform his friends of his next -move and his audience what he thinks of them. In -St. Paul’s epoch-making address on the stairs of Jerusalem -we have a good illustration of the first part of this.</p> -<!--page-xxxvi--> - -<p>7th. <i>It is practical far-talk.</i> It is a valuable method -of talking at a distance, far beyond earshot. Compared -with the other modes of far-signalling it has the great -advantages of speed, for it gives a sentence while semaphore, -Morse, or Myer code give a letter, and of inconspicuousness -at short range, or in a crowd; also it is independent -of apparatus.</p> - -<p>8th. <i>It is a true universal language.</i> It is already -established. Instinctively the whole world has adopted -it in a measure; and daily proofs of this are seen. Rasmussen -among the Eskimo would have been helpless, he -tells us, for he knew not their tongue, and they not a word -of his, but they were expert sign-talkers and the lingual -barrier was swept away. So also Henry among the Mandans, -and Butler among the Basutos, while a thousand -other cases could be aligned.</p> - -<p>It is so complete that Dr. W. C. Roe and many others -regularly <i>preach</i> and <i>lecture</i> in the language of Signs, to -congregations in which several spoken tongues are used -and would be necessary to the preacher were he limited -to sounds.</p> - -<p>It is so fundamental indeed that it is the easiest means -of communicating with animals; the best trainers of -dogs and horses use Sign Language as the principal -medium of command.</p> - -<p>But, for lack of standards and codification, its use is -much smaller than it might be; and yet larger than commonly -supposed. At least 100 of the 725 signs herein -given are in daily employ among hearing white folk in -America. After a little extension of the study, as is -inevitable with a standard code, one will be able to travel -all over Europe, the world indeed, on Sign Language alone. -<!--page-xxxvii--> -No matter what the other man’s language may be, French, -German, Russian, Greek, all are the same in the Sign -Language because it expresses <i>ideas, not words</i>. This, then, -is its chief obvious strength—<i>It is a universal language.</i></p> - -<p>It was with this in view that the French and German -equivalents were added after each sign; and since it is -impossible to render in one word a sign that stands for a -broad idea and is capable of conveying many meanings, -according to the context and sense, the foreign equivalents -are understood to deal only with the simplest root -idea, that which usually is expressed by the first of the -English words given.</p> - -<p>It is my earnest hope that we may have an International -Society of the Sign Language whose functions -would be to keep it pure, to add new signs as they are -needed, and to aim at its complete development.</p> - -<p>Also, that in furtherance of this a thorough, full, and -careful record of the old Indian Sign Language will be -made before it is too late; that is, before all the old-time -Indians of the Plains are dead.</p> - -<p>My own effort is meant not as a record of the past, -but a starting point for the future.</p> - -<h3>SYNTAX OF THE SIGN LANGUAGE<a id="marker-2" class="marker" href="#footnote-2" title="Footnote 2"><sup>2</sup></a></h3> - -<p>The Sign Language is a system of root <i>ideas</i> expressed -by <i>gestures</i>, preferably made only by the hands, without -<!--page-xxxviii--> -sounds or reference to letters, or words, spoken or -written, and not delimited by anything corresponding to -words. There can be but little doubt that Sign Language -preceded all audible speech.</p> - -<p>Being fundamentally a true spontaneous language, -wholly removed from any spoken language, it must necessarily -have its own syntax and idiom.</p> - -<p>Its syntax is simple and primitive, much like that of -spoken language in its earliest or monosyllabic stage, as -defined by Hovelacque. Yet clearly many signs are -amplified by an associated but subsidiary root, so that we -may consider it entering the second or agglutinative stage. -Thus <i>deer</i>, signed by holding up the hands to indicate -<i>branching horns</i>, is a simple or isolated root; but <i>white-tailed -deer</i> which gives first <i>deer</i>, then adds the qualifying -sign <i>banner tail</i> by waving the right index up high, -is in close correspondence with agglutinative language. -Still more so are the signs <i>finished</i> or <i>done</i> added to -a verb to show the past tense, or the different twists -to the sign <i>give</i> that turns it respectively into <i>give -me</i> or <i>give you</i>, or the variations of <i>talk</i> which make -it mean <i>I talk to you</i>, <i>you talk to me</i>, or <i>they talk to -each other</i>.</p> - -<p>The sentence construction is elemental. Dependent -sentences are not used nor are negative or involved -questions.</p> - -<p>The relation of one idea to another is indicated -chiefly by proximity and sequence, rarely by connectives -and (with a few exceptions) never by inflection. -So that the same sign may be the equivalent -of a noun, a verb, or a phrase, etc., according as it is -used.</p> -<!--page-xxxix--> - -<h3>NOUNS AND PRONOUNS</h3> - -<p>The <b>Nominative</b> and <b>Objective cases</b> are not distinguished -except by context and sequence, that is, the Nominative -precedes, the Objective usually follows, the verb.</p> - -<p>A partial exception is the first personal pronoun—the -starting point of most inflection—for <i>I</i>, <i>mine</i>, and <i>me</i> are -sometimes given as cognate but distinctive signs.</p> - -<p>The <b>Possessive case</b> is usually shown by the addition -of the possessive sign, equivalent to “his,” “hers,” “its,” -etc. “That man’s” horse would be signed: <i>Man</i>, <i>that</i>, -<i>his horse</i>, or <i>Man</i>, <i>that there</i>, <i>possession</i>, <i>horse</i>.</p> - -<p>The <b>Gender</b> of nouns is indicated when necessary by -adding the signs <i>male</i> or <i>man</i> and <i>female</i> or <i>woman</i>. -Thus “A She bear” would be rendered <i>Bear Woman</i>.</p> - -<p>The <b>Number</b> of nouns is indicated by the signs 1, 2, 3, -4, etc., <i>many</i> or <i>few</i>.</p> - -<p>In the Personal Pronouns the plural is made by adding -<i>all</i> to the singular. Thus <i>Me all</i> is the equivalent of -“We,” <i>You all</i> of “Ye.” <i>He all</i> is the equivalent of -“they.”</p> - -<p>The <b>Person</b> by pointing to <i>myself</i>, to <i>you</i>, or to the <i>third -person</i>. The first person is understood unless otherwise -indicated.</p> - -<h3>VERBS</h3> - -<p>The <b>Verb</b> is usually placed between the subject and the -object, but need of emphasis may change this so the verb -comes last.</p> - -<p>The <b>Tense</b> of verbs is marked by the auxiliary prefixes -<i>now</i>, <i>future</i> and <i>past</i>, <i>finished</i> or <i>done</i>. Thus “I have -eaten” would be <i>I done eat</i>, “I shall eat” will be <i>I time -ahead, eat</i>.</p> -<!--page-xl--> - -<p>The present is understood, unless otherwise stated; -but the sign is plastic and may be any part of the verb, -according to context. Thus <i>Arrange</i>, <i>Arranged</i>, or -<i>Arranging</i> are the same.</p> - -<p>The <b>Number</b> of the verb is shown by the context.</p> - -<p>The <b>Voice</b> is assumed to be active, indeed the passive is -not used.</p> - -<p>The <b>Imperative</b> is shown by following the verb with the -sign <i>must</i>, that is, strike down with right fist, giving the -significance of command, or else by emphasis.</p> - -<p>The <b>Subjunctive</b> is shown by the signs <i>if</i>, <i>so that</i>, <i>perhaps</i>.</p> - -<h3>ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB</h3> - -<p>The <b>Adjective</b> usually follows the substantive. Thus -“A bad man” would be rendered <i>Man bad</i>. But numerals -are exceptions to this rule.</p> - -<p>The <b>Adverb</b> of time precedes the verb.</p> - -<p>Qualities are compared by the use of the signs <i>little</i>, -<i>more</i>, <i>much</i>, <i>most</i>, <i>ahead</i>, and <i>behind</i>. They are further -modified by adding such signs as <i>strong</i>, <i>brave</i>, <i>very -much</i>, or <i>very strong</i>.</p> - -<p>The <b>Numeral sign</b> is often prefaced to small numbers -to prevent confusion. Thus when prefaced by the -numeral sign the sign <i>Wolf</i> may become <i>two</i> and <i>Man</i> become -<i>one</i>.</p> - -<p>Mere particles and expletives, as “a” “the,” etc., have -no equivalent signs.</p> - -<h3>PREPOSITIONS</h3> - -<p>Prepositions were little used by the Indian sign-talkers, -though they did have <i>above</i>, <i>about</i>, <i>across</i>, <i>around</i>, <i>at</i>, -<i>below</i>, <i>beside</i>, <i>beyond</i>, <i>by</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>from</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>near</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>out</i>, <i>to</i>, -<!--page-xli--> -<i>under</i>, <i>upon</i>, <i>with</i>, etc. <i>Of</i> or <i>pertaining to</i> has been -added by the deaf.</p> - -<h3>CONJUNCTIONS</h3> - -<p><i>And</i> or <i>also</i> (add on) <i>but</i> or <i>if</i> (<i>pick out</i> or <i>cut off</i>), <i>so -that</i>, <i>with</i> are the equivalents of conjunctions. Sometimes -the close continuity of two signs serves the purpose of -“and,” conversely a pause may indicate a full stop.</p> - -<h3>INTERROGATION</h3> - -<p>The sign of interrogation always precedes the question, -but is sometimes added after it as well, for emphasis or -certainty.</p> - -<h3>PERIOD OR FULL STOP</h3> - -<p>For period, the sign <i>finished</i> is generally used. The -Blackfeet make the sign <i>broken off</i> and often clap the flat -right down on the flat left, palm to palm, for both beginning -and end of a sentence.</p> - -<h3>ABSTRACT IDEAS</h3> - -<p>Abstract ideas are not copiously rendered in signs. -But it often happens that a gesture with the index alone -is specific, while the same gesture with the flat hand becomes -abstract. For example, compare <i>yonder</i> and <i>far</i>, -<i>up</i> and <i>up there</i>.</p> - -<h3>OPPOSITION</h3> - -<p>The principle of opposition as pointed out by Mallery -plays an important part in the pairing of signs. Thus -<i>above</i> being fixed, <i>below</i> is the reverse; the sign <i>come</i> -is reversed in <i>go</i>, and <i>out</i> reversed in <i>in</i>, etc.</p> -<!--page-xlii--> - -<h3>EMPHASIS</h3> - -<p>Emphasis is sometimes given by using both hands for a -sign that can be made by one, sometimes by repeating the -sign, sometimes by energetic rendering, and sometimes by -adding the sign <i>very much</i> or <i>heap</i>.</p> - -<h3>PARALLEL OR DUPLICATE SIGNS</h3> - -<p>Many signs are made by parallel action of both hands. -Most of these are permissibly rendered by using only one -hand as, <i>woman</i>, <i>abandon</i>, <i>gratitude</i>, etc.</p> - -<h3>ENUNCIATION OR DELIVERY</h3> - -<p>In actual and expert practice most signs are abbreviated. -But the beginner, as in all new arts, should go -slowly and be careful to make each sign clear-cut and -complete in itself.</p> - -<p>The hands are always held or moved so as to illustrate,<!--TN: changed hyphen to comma--> -as far as possible, the action in mind or its manner, or its -direction, or the point where it takes place, or the shape of -an object, or their relative positions if two objects are -being considered.</p> - -<h3>ELEGANCE</h3> - -<p>Grace and dignity are of large importance in all good -sign-talk. Ugly or vulgar gestures should be abandoned. -Even angular gestures should be avoided, except to express -some angular idea.</p> - -<p>Many times my Indian teachers have said to me as I -imitated their signs, “Yes, that is correct enough in a -way, but it is awkward”; or “it is not graceful. We do -it this way.” Then they sketched the same structure, -<!--page-xliii--> -but in sweeping lines. In this work many movements -are indicated in straight lines, for the sake of simplicity. -As a matter of fact, I never saw a Cheyenne make a -straight-line movement, all had a graceful curve.</p> - -<p>Many signs are followed by a changeable <i>liaison</i>; that -is, by an introduced sweep to join it on to the sign that -follows and avoid a jerk or unpleasant movement. This -elegant manner is what I call an Indian accent, few whites -achieve it.</p> - -<p>In a dignified way, the expression of face and the pose -were used in elucidation of the gesture, but very sparingly.</p> - -<h3>THE CONCEPT AND ITS VALUE</h3> - -<p>The student of vocal language finds vital help in -remembering the derivation of words; so also the sign-talker.</p> - -<p>Most signs were pantomimic originally, but through -much use have become shortened, till now they are conventional. -Yet it is well worth while in each case to note -the original concept as fully as possible; first as a great -help to the memory, and second as a guard against -slovenly gesture and a guarantee of point, power, and -structural accuracy. Some of the concepts given are -evidently right, but some are mere guesses, probably -wrong in many cases. It is quite permissible in any -one to challenge any of them.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, the fact that most signs are capable of -logical explanation does not mean that they are self-explanatory. -Indeed nearly all have become conventional, -and each must be learned separately before it can -be rightly used.</p> - -<p>Signs which make the heart the seat of the mind are, -<!--page-xliv--> -I think, older than those which give the place of honor -to the brain.</p> - -<h3>THE MANUAL ALPHABET</h3> - -<p>Although not at all Indian, it is exceedingly helpful to -know the single-hand alphabet as given in the cut on -<a href="#page-li-illus">page li</a><!--TN: was "II"-->; partly because it must sometimes be used for -<i>giving proper names</i> and also because it saves time in -describing <i>hand positions</i>. For example, we say “position -A or B” instead of describing each hand all over -again for each new sign.</p> - -<h3>THE NUMERALS</h3> - -<p><i>Fingers</i> and <i>numbers</i> are nearly synonymous the world -round when making signs, manual or written, hence the -universality of the decimal system. The Indian Code, -the Popular Code, and the Deaf Code are nearly alike in -this, but in most points of difference the Indian is best.</p> - -<p>To prevent mistakes in certain cases preface the number -with the sign of <i>numbers</i> or <i>arithmetic</i>.</p> - -<h3>THE ORDINALS</h3> - -<p>For Ordinals, make the figure sign, 1, 2, or whatever it -is, then without changing the position of hand or arm, -give the hand a twisting from the wrist, to add point or -emphasis, meaning “number-so-and-so.” This is not -Indian but adopted from the Deaf, nevertheless quite -logical.</p> - -<h3>ILLUSTRATIONS OF SIGN LANGUAGE</h3> - -<p>Clark gives the following (pp. 17–18) as a good illustration -of the syntax of the Sign Language:</p> - -<p><i>In English.</i> “I arrived here to-day to make a treaty—my -one hundred lodges are camped beyond the Black -<!--page-xlv--> -Hills, near the Yellowstone River. You are a great -chief—pity me, I am poor, my five children are sick and -have nothing to eat. The snow is deep and the weather -intensely cold. Perhaps God sees me. I am going. In -one month I shall reach my camp.”</p> - -<p><i>In Signs</i>, this literally translated would read, I—arrive -here—to-day—to make—treaty. My—hundred—lodge—camp—beyond—Hills—Black—near—river—called—Elk—you—chief—great—pity -me—I—poor—My—five—child—sick—food—all -gone (or wiped out)—Snow—deep—cold—brave -(or strong). Perhaps—Chief -Great (or Great Mystery)—above—see—me—I—go. -Moon—die—I—arrive there—my—camp.</p> - -<p>“An Indian in closing or terminating a talk or speech -wishing to say, ‘I have finished my speech or conversation,’ -or, ‘I have nothing more to say,’<!--TN: added closing quote--> simply makes the -sign for ‘<i>Done</i>’ or ‘<i>Finished</i>.’”</p> - -<h3>THE LORD’S PRAYER</h3> - -<h4>FATHER ISADORE’S VERSION</h4> - -<blockquote> -<p>Our Father up high, medicine thy name. Thy sit-aboard -down here on earth as up high. Give us all -bread. Forgive our bad as we forgive bad. Lead us -bad not. Ended.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>Professor Elmer D. Read has supplied me with the -foregoing two examples done into the Sign Language of -the deaf, as below:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>I—came—here—to-day—make—agreement (think -parallel)—name (written). My—1 C (100) tents—beyond—B-l-a-c-k -H-i-l-l-s, near Y-e-l-l-o-w-s-t-o-n-e -<!--page-xlvi--> -water flow. You—most—chief, feel—tender—me. I—ragged -sleeve (poor). My—five—children (sign size)—sick—nothing—eat. -Snow—deep. Weather (air, -wind)—very cold. Perhaps—God—look down on (see) -me. I—go. In—one—month—I—shall—arrive—tents—home -(eat, sleep).</p> -</blockquote> - -<h4>The Lord’s Prayer in Deaf Signs:</h4> - -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="line">Our—Father—sky—into.</div> - <div class="line">Honored—thy—name—truly.</div> - <div class="line">Thy—kingdom—come;</div> - <div class="line">Thy—law—do—on—earth—as—in—sky.</div> - <div class="line">Give—us—our—bread—daily.</div> - <div class="line">Forgive—us—our—lawbreaking—as—we—forgive—those—injure—us.</div> - <div class="line">Lead—us—not—in—temptation,</div> - <div class="line">But—save (break our tied hands)—us—from—lawbreaking.</div> - <div class="line">Because—thine—kingdom, power, and—glory—forever.</div> - <div class="line">Amen.</div> -</div> -<!--page-xlvii--> - -<h3>PICTURE-WRITING</h3> - -<p>As already noted, a weakness of Sign Language is the -difficulty of writing it without translating it into words, -and thereby changing its nature and its world-wide -application. Yet it can be written; and some mention -of its recorded form may fitly round out this introduction.</p> - -<p>The characters used, because they represent ideas, not -words or letters, are called ideographs or picture-writing. -It is widely believed that Sign Language is the oldest of -all languages, that indeed it existed among animals -before man appeared on earth. It is universally accepted -that the ideograph is the oldest of all writing. -The Chinese writing, for instance, is merely picture-writing -done with as few lines as possible.</p> - -<p>Thus, it is said that their curious character for <i>Hearing</i> -was once a complete picture of a person listening -behind a screen, but in time it was reduced by hasty -hands to a few scratches; and <i>War</i>, now a few spider -marks, was originally a sketch of <i>Two women in one -house</i>.</p> - -<p>We may also record our Sign Language in picture-writing, -as was the custom of many Indian tribes; and -we shall find it worth while for several reasons: it is -picturesque and useful for decoration; and it is likely -that a pictographic inscription dug up 10,000 years from -now would be read, whether our language was understood -or not.<a id="marker-3" class="marker" href="#footnote-3" title="Footnote 3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> -<!--page-xlviii--> - -<p>When the French Government set up the Obelisk of -Luxor, in Paris, and wished to inscribe it for all time, -they made record, not in French or Latin, but in pictographs.</p> - -<p>It is, moreover, a good thing to take the young through -the stages of race development; just as the young bird -must run for a send-off, before it flies, so pictography, -being its earliest form, is the natural first step to -writing.</p> - -<p>In this dictionary I give the written form after many -of the signs that have an established pictograph. These -are chiefly from Mallery, 10th Annual Report Bureau -of American Ethnology. A few are popularly accepted -among ourselves.</p> -<!--page-xlix--> - -<h3>NOTE</h3> - -<p>The letters, initials, etc., after the paragraphs indicate -the chief authority for the sign.</p> - -<p>Where no authority is given, it means that the sign -was observed by myself among the Cheyenne Indians. -Those ascribed to other Indians also were observed by -myself. Besides these the following are cited:</p> - -<p><i>C.</i> Standing for Captain William Philo Clark, U. -S. A.</p> - -<p><i>Scott</i>, for General Hugh L. Scott, U. S. A.</p> - -<p><i>Seger</i>, for John M. Seger, of Colony, Oklahoma.</p> - -<p><i>R. B.</i>, for Robert Burns, the Cheyenne interpreter -at Concho, Oklahoma.</p> - -<p><i>Long</i>, for Major Stephen H. Long, U. S. A.</p> - -<p><i>Pop.</i> for Popular; that is, established among ourselves.</p> - -<p><i>D.</i> for Deaf Sign, as given in J. Schuyler Long’s Dictionary.</p> - -<h4>GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS</h4> - -<p>The drawing shows the hands as seen by the second -person.</p> - -<p>The digits are named: thumb, first or index finger, -second or middle finger, third or ring-finger, and fourth -or little finger.</p> - -<p>The following marks, etc., are used in the illustrations:</p> - -<p>Unless otherwise stated the <i>solid outline</i> indicates the -position of the hands at the beginning of a sign, the -<i>dotted outlines</i> indicate the position of the hands at the -finish.</p> -<!--page-l--> - -<p>................ Dotted lines indicate the course of -hand employed in the sign.</p> - -<p><img src="images/page-la.png" class="inline" alt="Greater-than sign >" /> Indicates the commencement point of the movement.</p> - -<p><img src="images/page-lb.png" class="inline" alt="Rightwards arrow →" /> Indicates the direction of movement.</p> - -<p><img src="images/page-lc.png" class="inline" alt="Latin capital letter X" /> Indicates the point in the gesture line at which the -hand position is (x) changed.</p> - -<p><img src="images/page-ld.png" class="inline" alt="Circled dot ⊙" /> Or full stop represents the termination of the movement.</p> - -<p>“A hand” means like A, and “B hand” means like -B, etc., in the one-handed Deaf Alphabet (Cut 1) on -next page. The positions meant by “4 hand,” “5 -hand,” “flat hand,” “flat fist,” or “compressed hand,” -are figured on the same page.</p> - -<p>Begin by learning the Single-hand Manual alphabet -as noted above.</p> - -<p>Next learn the <i>Numbers</i> and the signs for <i>Question</i> and -its combinations; also <i>Yes</i> and <i>No</i>, <i>Good</i> and <i>Bad</i>, <i>Come</i> -and <i>Go</i>, <i>Big</i> and <i>Small</i>, <i>Truth</i> and <i>Lie</i>, <i>Strong</i> and <i>Weak</i>, -<i>Understand</i>, <i>Perhaps</i>, <i>Talk</i> and <i>Sign-talk</i>, after this refer -to the Dictionary for the signs that serve your purpose -and use them according to the rules of syntax as herein -set forth.</p> - -<p>Never lose a chance of talking the Sign Language with -an old Plains Indian, preferably of the Cheyenne or -Arapahoe tribes. Their wonderful facility and grace -are as hard to convey on paper as the pronunciation of -French, and are as essential for the best style in Sign -Talk. One may, indeed, know every sign in this book -and not be a good sign-talker, so fundamental is this -correct accent, or manner.</p> -<!--page-li--> - -<div class="illustration" id="page-li-illus"> - <img src="images/page-li.jpg" width="415" height="800" alt="The one-handed Deaf Alphabet" /> -</div> -</div><!--/introduction--> - -<h2>Footnotes</h2> - -<div id="footnote-1" class="footnote"> -<p><a class="label" href="#marker-1"><sup>1</sup></a> Professor Elmer D. Read writes me that all of these are in use among -the deaf also, except the signs for “shame” and “church”; for these -they make the Indian signs “<i>red</i>” and “<i>house prayer</i>,” respectively.</p> -</div><!--/footnote-1--> - -<div id="footnote-2" class="footnote"> -<p><a class="label" href="#marker-2"><sup>2</sup></a> “After going carefully over your syntax I approve it in the main but -I think it quite likely that many of the rules are not so inflexible as this -makes them seem; besides which, there must be always a certain amount -of modification by transliteration from the spoken language of those -using the signs. This would manifest itself in a growing conformity<!--TN: was "comformity"--> of -the Sign Language syntax to that of the more dominant spoken language.”—<i>F. -W. Hodge (Ethnologist, Smithsonian Institution).</i></p> -</div><!--/footnote-2--> - -<div id="footnote-3" class="footnote"> -<p><a class="label" href="#marker-3"><sup>3</sup></a> Since the above was written, I have come across L. F. Hadley’s -pictographic writing of the Sign Language, fully set forth in the bibliographical -matter. E. T. S.</p> -</div><!--/footnote-3--> - -<div class="half-title"> -<h2>SIGN TALK</h2> - -<p class="subtitle"><i>A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for Use in -the Army, the Navy, Camping, Hunting, Daily -Life and Among the Plains Indians</i></p> -</div><!--/half-title--> -<!--page-3--> -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2>SIGN TALK -OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS</h2> - -<p class="author"> -BY<br /> -ERNEST THOMPSON SETON -</p> - -<p><i>“A hand,” “G hand,” “flat hand” etc., mean like “A,” -“G,” “flat,” etc., on <a href="#page-li-illus">page li</a>.</i></p> - -<h3>A</h3> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-3a.jpg" width="182" height="162" alt="Abandon" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Abandon</b>, <b>Give It up</b> (Thrown away, chucked). Hold -both S hands, backs up, near left breast, briskly swing -both down to left side, opening them with a snap and -giving a slight rebound to the hands after the movement, -as though emphatically throwing away something. -Sometimes only one hand is used. Compare -<i>Bad</i>, <i>Hate</i>, and <i>Charge</i>. See <i>Divorce</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>abandonner</i>; Ger. <i>aufgeben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Able.</b> See <i>Can</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-3b.jpg" width="174" height="136" alt="Aboard" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Aboard</b> (Sitting down on). Left hand out flat, palm -up, right S hand on it, thumb up. Compare <i>Sit down</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>à bord</i>; Ger. <i>an Bord</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-3c.jpg" width="195" height="139" alt="About" /> -</div> - -<p><b>About</b> or <b>Around</b>. Hold the flat left hand pointing -forward, up and to the right, encircle it several times -with the right G finger. If possible, make it concrete by -indicating the very thing that was encircled.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>autour</i>; Ger. <i>um</i> ... <i>herum</i>.</p> -<!--page-4--> - -<p><b>About</b>, in the sense of <i>Near by</i> or <i>Almost</i>. See <i>Close</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-4a.jpg" width="176" height="93" alt="Above" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Above</b> or <b>Over</b> (One thing above another). Bring the -flat left hand, back up, in front of and a little to the left -of body; left forearm horizontal, fingers pointing to right -and front; bring the flat right hand, back up over the -left in a semi-circle upward large or small, as best suggests -the actual distance. Has been used for <i>More -than</i>. Compare <i>Beyond</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>au-dessus</i>; Ger. <i>über</i>.</p> - -<p>(<b>Below</b> is the reverse of this.)</p> - -<p><b>Absent.</b> See <i>Empty</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-4b.jpg" width="166" height="171" alt="Abuse" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Abuse</b> to <b>Scold</b> or <b>Defame</b> (Throwing lies against one). -Hold the right V hand near the mouth, pointing to left. -Jerk it forward toward person once or twice. For -<b>Abusing me</b> make the sign lower opposite the left -breast and inward toward one’s self.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>calomnier</i>, <i>injurier</i>; Ger. <i>schmähen</i>, <i>beschimpfen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Accident.</b> See <i>Free</i>, also <i>Luck</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-4c.jpg" width="161" height="161" alt="Ache" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ache</b> or <b>Pain</b>. Thrust G finger many times in different -directions over and parallel to the part. Compare -<i>Wound</i> and <i>Sick</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la douleur</i>; Ger. <i>der Schmerz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-4d.jpg" width="169" height="103" alt="Across" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Across</b>, <b>Cross</b>, or <b>Over</b> (Crossing a ridge). Hold the -flat left hand out, palm down, and pointing forward and -toward the right, pass the flat right hand edgewise -across the back of the left. If but one person is meant, -<!--page-5--> -the right G is sometimes used. This sign as illustrated -is often used for <i>Council</i>. See <i>Council</i> and <i>Laws</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>d’un côté à l’autre</i>, <i>traverser</i>; Ger. <i>hinüber</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-5a.jpg" width="166" height="109" alt="Act" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Act</b>, as in a theatre play. Hold A hands in front perpendicularly, -move up and down alternately as though -the thumbs were two puppets. (Deaf sign, not used -or understood by Indians.) Compare <i>Play</i> and <i>Follow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Act</b>, as in a play. Sign <i>Face</i>, <i>Two</i>, <i>Dance</i> (that is dancing -with a mask) (not established).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>jouer</i>; Ger. <i>spielen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Act</b> or <b>Deed</b>. See <i>Work</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-5b.jpg" width="175" height="169" alt="Add to" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Add to</b> (Piling up). Flat left hand pointing to the right -and front, palm up, forearm horizontal; the palm of -flat right hand is placed on top of left hand a number of -times, the left hand being raised a couple of inches each -time, to meet it; the movement ends with left hand as -high as top of the head. Often it is done as in the -illustration but with palm of left down.</p> - -<p><b>Adjectives</b>, see <i>Comparative</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Adulation.</b> Kissing the back of the hand. (Pop.) Not -Indian, but they understand it now. (R. B.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la flatterie</i>; Ger. <i>die Schmeichelei</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-5c.jpg" width="178" height="45" alt="Advance" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Advance.</b> Both flat hands back up, pointing forward, -tandem, right in advance, six inches ahead (the fingers -extended) moved forward together in gentle jerks. -Compare <i>Move camp</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avancer</i>; Ger. <i>vorschreiten</i>.</p> -<!--page-6--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-6a.jpg" width="180" height="69" alt="Advance Guard" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Advance Guard</b> (The one ahead, looking). Flat left -hand back up, pointing forward, breast high; place G -right just before it, then turn right G into V to mean -<i>Looking</i>. Also used for <i>Scout</i>. Compare <i>Ahead</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’avant-garde</i>; Ger. <i>die Vorhut</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Advise</b> or <b>Advice</b>. Sign <i>Talk</i>, <i>Make</i>, <i>Way</i>. (C) Sign -<i>Help</i> and <i>Talk</i> would be near it.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>conseiller</i>; Ger. <i>raten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-6b.jpg" width="178" height="115" alt="Afraid" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Afraid</b> (Shaking heart). Sign <i>Heart</i> then shake it up -and down two or three times, to indicate the throbbing -action of the heart under influence of fear. Or more -strongly, sign <i>Heart</i> and then finish by raising the hand -until its back strikes the chin, to mean the heart rises -in the throat.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>effrayé</i>; Ger. <i>ängstlich</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-6c.jpg" width="180" height="153" alt="Afraid" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Afraid</b> or <b>Cowardly</b> (Seger says this means Buffalo -backing out of fight; that is, “drawing in his horns.”) -Hold out both G hands level, backs out, G fingers hooked -like horns, draw them straight back together for six -inches. Mostly but one hand is used. Compare <i>Bring</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>lâche</i>, <i>poltron</i>; Ger. <i>feige</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Afraid of no one.</b> Point right G in several directions, -then add <i>Afraid</i>, <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>peur de personne</i>; Ger. <i>vor niemand Angst haben</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-6d.jpg" width="178" height="113" alt="After" /> -</div> - -<p><b>After</b>, <b>Behind</b>, or <b>Late</b> (Time or space). G fingers pointing -forward at an angle in front of body; left in advance. -Draw the right over and behind the left. Draw it back -a little way for a <i>little bit after</i>; but far back and low -<!--page-7--> -down for <i>a long way behind</i>. Some finish by clenching -the right hand.</p> - -<p class="continue">If it meant that <i>one</i> is behind <i>the rest</i>, use the flat left -hand, palm down, in advance, with right G behind.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>après</i>; Ger. <i>hinter</i>, <i>nach</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-7a.jpg" width="173" height="110" alt="Afternoon" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Afternoon.</b> Make a circle of right thumb and index -and sweep it over the afternoon half of the sky from the -zenith down. Compare <i>Sunset</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’après-midi</i>; Ger. <i>der Nachmittag</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Again.</b> See <i>Repeat</i> or <i>More</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Against</b>, i.e., <b>Go Against</b>. Thrust the tips of the flat -right, back out, square against the palm of the flat left -held pointing level forward, back to left. See also -<i>Oppose</i>. Compare <i>Quandary</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>contre</i>; Ger. <i>wider</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Agent, Indian.</b> Sign <i>Whiteman</i> and <i>Chief, Give all</i>. -The Southern Cheyennes sign <i>Chief</i> and <i>pull teeth</i>, because -their first agent had false upper teeth.</p> - -<p><b>Agitate.</b> See <i>Excite</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Agree.</b> Sign <i>You</i>, <i>I</i>, <i>think</i>, <i>same</i>. Sometimes use <i>Equal</i>. -See also <i>Treaty</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>s’accorder</i>; Ger. <i>übereinstimmen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Agreement.</b> See <i>Treaty</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-7b.jpg" width="153" height="248" alt="Ago" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ago</b>, <b>Time back</b>, <b>Past</b>, or <b>Back</b>. Sign <i>Time</i> and point -back over the right shoulder with right finger G. Sometimes -<!--page-8--> -the thumb or the whole hand is used instead of -the index. See <i>Back</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>passé</i>, <i>il y a quelque temps</i>; Ger. <i>vorher</i>, <i>früher</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-8a.jpg" width="174" height="130" alt="Ahead" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ahead</b> or <b>Before</b> (In time). Hold out the left G pointing -forward and up; swing the right G over the left to a -place in front of it, both pointing the same way. Some -finish by closing and lowering the right fist. Compare -<i>After</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avant</i>; Ger. <i>vor</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-8b.jpg" width="170" height="93" alt="Ahead" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ahead</b> or <b>Before others</b> (In space or rank). Hold out -flat left, back up, near breast, pointing forward and -slightly upward; then hold right G just before it. Compare -<i>Advance Guard</i>, which it exactly resembles, except -that this omits <i>Looking</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>en avant</i>; Ger. <i>vor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Air.</b> See <i>Wind</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-8c.jpg" width="180" height="179" alt="Alight" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Alight</b> or <b>Descend</b>. Indicate from what, then drop right -V fingers downward onto flat left palm. See <i>Dismount</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>descendre</i>; Ger. <i>absteigen</i>, <i>hinuntersteigen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Alike</b>, to <b>Look like</b> or <b>Resemble</b> (Of persons). Make the -signs <i>Face</i> and <i>Equal</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>semblable</i>; Ger. <i>ähnlich sein</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-8d.jpg" width="120" height="183" alt="Alive" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Alive</b>, <b>Live</b>, <b>Life</b>, or <b>All right</b> (Walking about, upright). -Hold index of right hand upright, move it about shoulder -high, forward in long slow zigzags sidewise, always -turning it so as to move palm forward. Also used for -<i>Be</i> or <i>Exist</i>. See <i>Life</i>, <i>Deer</i>, and <i>Nothing</i>. The Blackfeet -use the sign <i>Grow</i> for this idea. See <i>Wandering</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vivant</i>; Ger. <i>lebendig</i>.</p> -<!--page-9--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-9a.jpg" width="175" height="87" alt="All" /> -</div> - -<p><b>All.</b> With right hand flat and back up, describe a large -horizontal circle, shoulder high.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tout</i>; Ger. <i>alles</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-9b.jpg" width="182" height="74" alt="All gone" /> -</div> - -<p><b>All gone</b> or <b>Empty</b> (Hands swept clean). Both 5 hands -in front of body, backs out, right nearer; loosely brush -fingers of right on left palm, moving right outward, -then reverse and repeat. Sometimes begin with sign -<i>All</i>. See <i>Wipe out</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vide</i>; Ger. <i>leer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-9c.jpg" width="163" height="61" alt="Alliance" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Alliance</b> or <b>Friendship</b> (Linked together). Form two -circles with thumbs and index fingers, and link them together, -other fingers closed. Some use only index fingers -hooked together.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’alliance</i>; Ger. <i>das Bündnis</i>.</p> - -<p><b>All right.</b> See <i>Good</i> or sometimes <i>Alive</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-9d.jpg" width="178" height="121" alt="All the time" /> -</div> - -<p><b>All the time.</b> Hold up the left G, pointing upward, -forward, and to the right; strike on it with right G near -the tip, then every inch or so up to the arm. See <i>Many -times</i>, <i>Cheyenne</i> and <i>Buy</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>toujours</i>; Ger. <i>immerzu</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-9e.jpg" width="159" height="251" alt="Alone" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Alone</b> or <b>Only</b> (Living and moving singly). Move the -right G hand, pointed upward, slowly forward and to -left in a line slightly waving to right and left. Compare -<i>Alive</i>, <i>Life</i>, <i>Man</i>, <i>One</i> and <i>Up there</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>seul</i>; Ger. <i>allein</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Already.</b> See <i>Now</i>.</p> -<!--page-10--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-10a.jpg" width="170" height="78" alt="Always" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Always</b>, <b>Ever</b>, or <b>Forever</b> (Going on in cycles). With -elbow at side, hold the right G hand pointing forward; -move hand forward, describing circles with the index, -the result a spiral, ending with the index raised. -(Frosted, borrowed from the Deaf Code.)</p> - -<p><b>Always.</b> Sign <i>Long time</i>, <i>Wiped out</i>, and <i>Not</i>. Sometimes -sign <i>Stop, Not</i>. (Blackfoot signs.) See <i>All the -time</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>toujours</i>; Ger. <i>immer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ambitious</b> (Pushing to rise). Indicate a person, then -sign <i>Push</i> and <i>Rising man</i>, or omit last.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ambitieux</i>; Ger. <i>ehrgeizig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>American.</b> See <i>Nationalities</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-10b.jpg" width="175" height="153" alt="Ammunition" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ammunition</b> (Cartridges in belt). Lay the flat hands, -palm in, on belt, then add <i>Shoot</i> by shooting the right G -forward. (Not Cheyenne, but understood.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les munitions</i>; Ger. <i>die Munition</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-10c.jpg" width="106" height="240" alt="Among" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Among.</b> Hold the left 5 hand in front of neck, pointing -upward, move right G index (pointing down) in and -through. Sometimes use <i>With</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>parmi</i>; Ger. <i>unter</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-10d.jpg" width="169" height="88" alt="Ancestor" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ancestor.</b> Repeat the sign for <i>Father</i> several times, -with the flat left hand held back out on the breast, and -each time pushed farther away, the <i>Father</i> sign made -beyond it. (Crow sign.) The Cheyennes sign <i>Father</i> -and <i>Old</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’ancêtre</i>; Ger. <i>der Vorvater</i>.</p> -<!--page-11--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-11a.jpg" width="176" height="91" alt="And" /> -</div> - -<p><b>And</b> or <b>Also</b> (Meet and go together). The spread flat -right hand, breast high, back forward, drawn six inches -to the right and closed to flat hand. (Deaf sign.) -Compare <i>Horse</i>. The Cheyennes use <i>Equal</i> or <i>Increase</i>, -according to the sense; or sometimes <i>With</i> or <i>Add</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>et</i>, <i>aussi</i>; Ger. <i>und</i>, <i>auch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-11b.jpg" width="170" height="221" alt="Angry" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Angry</b> (Mind twisted). Twist the A hand against or -near the forehead.</p> - -<p class="continue">Seger maintains that this means a “mad buffalo -breaking off his own horns.” Possibly he is right; for -the older signs make the heart, not the head, the place -of the mind, and this must be a very old sign. Some of -the Blackfeet make this sign over the heart. Some -grind on the heart with the flat right fist, palm in, after -pointing to the person; meaning, “he grinds my -heart.” See <i>Sorrow</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>en colère</i>; Ger. <i>böse</i>, <i>zornig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-11c.jpg" width="175" height="85" alt="Animal" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Animal</b> or <b>Quadruped</b> (Jumper). The compressed -right hand, back up, advanced in short jumps, as in -<i>Frog</i> and <i>Weasel</i>. Sometimes the sign <i>Ground</i> is made, -first by sweeping the flat right across, palm up. “Leaping” -is generic for the quadruped as “Flying” is -generic for <i>Bird</i>. Compare <i>Jump</i>. Used by Blackfeet. -The Cheyennes considered it incomplete.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’animal</i>; Ger. <i>das Tier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Annihilate.</b> See <i>Exterminate</i> or <i>Wipe out</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Annoyance.</b> See <i>Trouble</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Annul.</b> See <i>Rub it out</i>.</p> -<!--page-12--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-12a.jpg" width="172" height="92" alt="Another" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Another</b> or <b>Other</b> (one other). Hold out flat right, -back up, swing it slowly up, out, <i>far to right</i> and down -low, turning it palm up. Compare <i>Fall</i> and <i>Lie down</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>un autre</i>; Ger. <i>ein anderer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Another person.</b> As above, but use right G. (Blackfoot.) -In this, as usual, the index up alone means <i>Man</i>. -This gesture is so natural that many whites use it; as, -for example, in saying impatiently: “That was another -man altogether.”</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-12b.jpg" width="181" height="164" alt="Answer" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Answer</b> (Talk come back). Push right G from the mouth -in the sign <i>Talk</i>, then draw back reversed; that is, -pointing to one’s own face or ear. (Blackfoot.) The -Cheyennes use <i>Talk</i>, <i>Arrived here</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-12c.jpg" width="170" height="199" alt="Answer" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Answer</b>, <b>Reply</b>, <b>Respond</b> (The word that follows the -other). Right G index upright on lips, left six inches -ahead and parallel; move them together toward the -person. (Frosted, borrowed from the Deaf Code.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la réponse</i>; Ger. <i>die Antwort</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-12d.jpg" width="163" height="103" alt="Antelope" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Antelope</b> (Pronged horns of the animal). Bring the L -hands palm toward and alongside of the head, near -the base of the ears.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’antelope</i>; Ger. <i>die Antilope</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Anxious.</b> See <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-12e.jpg" width="186" height="170" alt="Any" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Any</b> (Scattering). Place the right A hand near left side, -elbow high; draw it down and out to right side in a -shaky curve. (Deaf sign.) Use <i>Here</i> and <i>There</i>. -(Cheyennes.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quelconque</i>, <i>quelque</i>; Ger. <i>irgend ein</i>.</p> -<!--page-13--> - -<p><b>Apache.</b> See <i>Indian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Appear</b>, <b>To come into view</b>. See <i>Come into view</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-13a.jpg" width="172" height="231" alt="Appears" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Appears</b>, <b>Seems</b>, or <b>Looks like</b> (See and Same). Hold -up flat right hand, thumb toward self, shoulder high; -throw it forward and turn palm toward self, fixing the -eyes on it and sign <i>Same</i>. Sometimes use the sign for -<i>Look</i> before <i>Same</i>. (Frosted; probably adopted from -Deaf Code.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>paraître</i>; Ger. <i>aussehen</i>, <i>erscheinen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Applause.</b> See <i>Approval</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-13b.jpg" width="175" height="97" alt="Approach" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Approach</b> or <b>Moving toward</b>. Hold partly bent left -hand well in front, breast high, to left side, palm to you -and right similarly to right, but quite near to you; -move the latter <i>slowly</i> forward toward former, but not -to touch it by several inches. Some use right G. See -<i>Arrive there</i> and <i>Quandary</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>approcher</i>; Ger. <i>näher kommen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Approval</b>, <b>Applause</b>, or <b>Praise</b>. Make the motion of -clapping the hands, but without noise. A white man’s -sign, but now generally understood.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’approbation</i>; Ger. <i>der Beifall</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-13c.jpg" width="176" height="170" alt="Arise" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Arise</b> or <b>Get up</b>. Hold out right G, back down; raise the -arm with a swing and snap and bend the wrist till the -finger points straight up. For a large number, use both -5 hands.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>se lever</i>; Ger. <i>aufstehen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Arithmetic.</b> See <i>Numeral</i>.</p> -<!--page-14--> - -<p><b>Around.</b> See <i>About</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-14a.jpg" width="167" height="84" alt="Arrange" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Arrange</b> (Parfleches placed in teepee). With flat right, -slightly curved, back out, strike half a dozen times in a -circle, turning to watch the hand; then add <i>Good</i>. -Sometimes omit <i>Good</i>. Or, sign <i>Work</i> and <i>Fix</i>. See -<i>Ready</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>arranger</i>; Ger. <i>ordnen</i>, <i>einrichten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-14b.jpg" width="171" height="206" alt="Arrest" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Arrest</b> or <b>Imprison</b> (To seize hold of and tie at wrists). -Sign <i>Seize</i> and then add <i>Prisoner</i>; that is, cross the -wrists, hands closed. Sometimes the upright left forearm -with S hand, back to left, is held near the left -shoulder, grasp left wrist with right hand and pull it a -little distance to right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>arrêter</i>; Ger. <i>verhaften</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-14c.jpg" width="171" height="179" alt="Arrive here" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Arrive here</b> or <b>Get here</b>. Hold the flat left hand, back -out, near the breast, fingers pointing to right; carry -right G, back to front, well out in front of body; bring -the right hand briskly against back of left. Often the -flat right is used instead of right G.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>arriver ici</i>; Ger. <i>hier ankommen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-14d.jpg" width="174" height="93" alt="Arrive there" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Arrive there</b> or <b>Reach</b>. Hold the flat left hand, back to -front, well out in front of body, about height of neck, -pointing to right; bring right G hand, palm outward, -in front of and close to neck, carry the right hand out -sharply to strike the palm of the left.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>y arriver</i>; Ger. <i>hinkommen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-14e.jpg" width="180" height="163" alt="Arrogance" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Arrogance.</b> A haughty lifting of the eyebrows and sidelong, -disdainful look down as upon an inferior. (Scott.) -<!--page-15--> -Sign <i>Head, Big</i>. In the popular code, indicate big -chest. See <i>Conceit</i> and <i>Pride</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’arrogance</i>; Ger. <i>die Anmaszung</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-15a.jpg" width="179" height="98" alt="Arrow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Arrow.</b> Make, with a long swing, the motion of drawing -an arrow from the left hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la flèche</i>; Ger. <i>der Pfeil</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-15b.jpg" width="179" height="92" alt="As" /> -</div> - -<p><b>As</b> or <b>Than</b>. Both hands, G fingers parallel, level, forward -near right side; carry them over to left in similar -position. (A sign borrowed from the Deaf, Frosted.) -This is the same as <i>Who</i>; only the context can show -which is meant. Sign <i>Same</i> or <i>Beside</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>comme</i>, <i>que</i>; Ger. <i>wie</i>, <i>als</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-15c.jpg" width="121" height="234" alt="Ascend" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ascend.</b> Indicate the object (hill, tree, etc.), then press -right G against it, raising the same in jerks. Compare -<i>Famous</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>monter</i>; Ger. <i>hinaufsteigen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-15d.jpg" width="176" height="177" alt="Ashamed" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ashamed</b> or <b>Bashful</b> (Drawing blanket over face). -Flat hands pointing up, palms in, close to face and -moved in till the <i>wrists crossed</i>, right nearest the face; -bow the head a little. Compare <i>Blind</i> and <i>Dark</i>. -The bowing of the head was not generally done, yet is -the only feature to distinguish it from <i>Dark</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>honteux</i>; Ger. <i>verschämt</i>, <i>verlegen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-15e.jpg" width="115" height="172" alt="Ashamed" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ashamed</b> (I am ashamed). Cover the face and eyes -with both hands. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avoir honte</i>; Ger. <i>sich schämen</i>.</p> -<!--page-16--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-16a.jpg" width="168" height="177" alt="Ashamed" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ashamed</b> (You should be). See <i>Shame</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ashes.</b> Sign <i>Fire</i> and <i>Powder</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la cendre</i>; Ger. <i>die Asche</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ask.</b> See <i>Beg</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Assiniboine.</b> See <i>Indian</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-16b.jpg" width="167" height="174" alt="Astonishment" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Astonishment</b> or <b>Wonder</b>. Lay the flat palm of left -hand over the open mouth and draw the body backward. -Sometimes, also, raise right hand flat, palm -forward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’étonnement</i>; Ger. <i>die Verwunderung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Astray.</b> See <i>Lost</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Astride.</b> See <i>Horseman</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-16c.jpg" width="173" height="86" alt="At" /> -</div> - -<p><b>At.</b> Hold left flat hand, back up, pointing partly up; -strike the back with right flat hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>à</i>; Ger. <i>an</i>, <i>auf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Attempt.</b> See <i>Try</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Attention</b> (A command). See <i>Call</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Aunt.</b> Sign <i>Father</i> (or <i>Mother</i>) and <i>Sister</i>. Or, sign -<i>Woman</i> with right, then tuck compressed right, point -down, under left arm pit. (R. B.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la tante</i>; Ger. <i>die Tante</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-16d.jpg" width="180" height="199" alt="Aurora" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Aurora</b> or <b>Northern Lights</b>. Both hands, backs down, -<!--page-17--> -half closed, thumb and finger tips together, raised very -high and spread with a sweep to indicate flashes. It -should be done facing north. It is helped if the hands -when at the highest are swung apart in an arch.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’aurore boréale</i>; Ger. <i>das Nordlicht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Automobile.</b> See <i>Motor car</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-17a.jpg" width="170" height="158" alt="Autumn" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Autumn</b> (Leaf-falling time). Make the sign for <i>Tree</i> -with both hands, then for <i>Leaf</i> with the right near the -left finger tips, then drop the leaf with tremulous, wavy -motion down and to right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’automne</i>; Ger. <i>der Herbst</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-17b.jpg" width="174" height="110" alt="Avoid" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Avoid</b> or <b>Miss</b>. Hold up G hands, move them toward -each other as in <i>Meet</i>, but carry left well outside, past -and beyond without meeting. Compare <i>Meet</i>, <i>Trade</i>, -and <i>Mistake</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>éviter</i>; Ger. <i>vermeiden</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-17c.jpg" width="164" height="103" alt="Awl" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Awl.</b> Bore right G finger into left palm. Or, over the -left G as in sewing.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’alêne</i>; Ger. <i>die Ahle</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-17d.jpg" width="187" height="108" alt="Axe" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Axe</b> or <b>Hatchet</b>. Hold out the flat right hand, back to -right, wrist bent downward. Make as though chopping -with it; that is, strike down once or twice. Some -also grasp it near the elbow with left index and thumb, -but the Cheyennes omit this. For <i>Hatchet</i>, indicate -<i>Size</i>. See <i>Tomahawk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la hache</i>; Ger. <i>das Beil</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<!--page-18--> - -<h3>B</h3> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-18a.jpg" width="170" height="125" alt="Baby" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Baby.</b> Swing the flat right hand (sometimes S hand) -in the hollow of the left arm as though it were a baby. -Add signs for sex and size when needed. Compare -<i>Tomahawk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bébé</i>; Ger. <i>das Kindchen</i>, <i>der Säugling</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bachelor.</b> Sign <i>Man</i>, <i>Marriage</i>, <i>No</i>. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le célibataire</i>; Ger. <i>der Junggeselle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Back</b> or <b>Again</b>. See <i>Repeat</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-18b.jpg" width="175" height="177" alt="Back" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Back</b>, <b>Backward</b>, <b>Ago</b>, or <b>Past</b> (In time or space). -Throw right 5 hand thumb first back over right shoulder -once or twice. See <i>Ago</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>en arrière</i>; Ger. <i>hinten</i>, <i>zurück</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-18c.jpg" width="166" height="142" alt="Backbite" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Backbite.</b> Lay the right V hand on the mouth, as in -<i>Lie</i>, then lay it on the back of the right shoulder. -(Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p><b>Backbite.</b> Sign <i>Scold</i>, <i>Talk</i>, and <i>Hide</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>médire de</i>; Ger. <i>verleumden</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-18d.jpg" width="157" height="113" alt="Bacon" /> -</div> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-18e.jpg" width="168" height="153" alt="Bacon" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bacon</b> (Meat and thin). Hold out the flat left hand, -thumb edge up; with thumb and finger tips of right -back down, rub little finger of left. Hadley gives this -with the right hand over. It makes a better sign, but -I never saw it used that way. Compare <i>Meat</i> and <i>Thin</i> -and <i>Oil</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lard</i>; Ger. <i>der Speck</i>.</p> -<!--page-19--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-19a.jpg" width="178" height="263" alt="Bad" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bad</b> or <b>Evil</b> (Suddenly thrown away). Hold clenched -fist, back up, near breast; throw it forward, down, and -aside, opening the hand. Sometimes for emphasis -both hands are used. Compare <i>Abandon</i>, <i>Charge</i>, and -<i>Hate</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mauvais</i>; Ger. <i>schlecht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-19b.jpg" width="169" height="166" alt="Badger" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Badger</b> (Walks under ground). Sign <i>Hole</i>, <i>Enter</i>, and -<i>Walk</i>. The Blackfeet sign is <i>Striped-face</i> with size and -pawing indicated.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le blaireau</i>; Ger. <i>der Dachs</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bad Taste.</b> See <i>Taste Bad</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-19c.jpg" width="175" height="158" alt="Bag" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bag.</b> Left C hand, back out; drop compressed right into -this; then sometimes indicate thickness with flat hands -pointing straight up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sac</i>; Ger. <i>der Sack</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bald.</b> Lay the flat right hand on the forehead, draw -it up and back to the top of the head. Touch the hair -and sign <i>Wiped-out</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>chauve</i>; Ger. <i>kahlköpfig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-19d.jpg" width="125" height="190" alt="Band" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Band</b> or <b>Patrol</b> (Banded together). Hold the compressed -left hand pointing up; encircle it with the right -forefinger and thumb. (Chasing Bear.) Not a true -Indian sign and not used, but would understand it. -(Seger.) Sometimes use <i>Bunch</i> or <i>Few</i>. See <i>Tribe</i> or -<i>Troop</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la bande</i>, <i>la patrouille</i>; Ger. <i>die Schar</i>, <i>die -Truppe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bankrupt.</b> See <i>Done</i>.</p> -<!--page-20--> - -<p><b>Bar</b> or <b>Saloon</b> (House of drink). Sign <i>Crazy</i>, <i>Drink</i>, -<i>House</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cabaret</i>, <i>la buvette</i>; Ger. <i>die Bierstube</i>, <i>die -Kneipe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bark</b> (Like a dog). Sign <i>Talk</i>, but use index and middle -finger against thumb.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aboyer</i>; Ger. <i>bellen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Barracks.</b> Sign <i>White</i>, <i>Soldier</i>, <i>House</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la caserne</i>; Ger. <i>die Kaserne</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Barren.</b> Sign <i>Born</i> and <i>All gone</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>stérile</i>; Ger. <i>unfruchtbar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bar up.</b> See <i>Fins</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Baseball signs.</b> These, of course, are not Indian; they -differ locally, but the three following are used by most -umpires:</p> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p><i>A strike.</i> The sign “Yes.”</p> - -<p><i>Out.</i> The Same as the “No” sign (as tho striking -something to one side with the back of hand).</p> - -<p><i>Safe.</i> Hand raised as in “Easy.”</p> -</div><!--/subentry--> - -<p><b>Bashful.</b> See <i>Ashamed</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-20a.jpg" width="182" height="74" alt="Basin" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Basin</b> or <b>Hollow</b> (A spread out circle). Hold the L -hands low in front, backs up, forming an incomplete -horizontal circle, not touching, the index fingers nearer -each other than thumbs; swing the hands apart by -wrist action so the index fingers point nearly forward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bassin</i>; Ger. <i>die Vertiefung</i>, <i>die Grube</i>.</p> -<!--page-21--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-21a.jpg" width="167" height="99" alt="Basket" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Basket.</b> Sign <i>Kettle</i>, then interlock fingers as in <i>House -of logs</i>, to show structure. The Cheyennes understand -this, though usually they sign <i>Kettle</i> and <i>Sew</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-21b.jpg" width="173" height="164" alt="Basket" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Basket.</b> Lock the fingers of the hollowed hands, backs -down, join the thumbs as for a handle, then with the -right hand grasp left thumb and raise the hand a few -inches. (Sioux.) Compare <i>Corral</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le panier</i>; Ger. <i>der Korb</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-21c.jpg" width="170" height="99" alt="Bat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bat.</b> Sign <i>Night</i> and zigzag flight; i.e., flat hands side -by side, breast high, flapped first to right side next to -left. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la chauve-souris</i>; Ger. <i>die Fledermaus</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Battle, Combat.</b> Sign <i>Fight</i>, after which make <i>Shoot</i> -with each hand toward the other. (C) Compare -<i>Fight</i> and <i>Kill</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la bataille</i>, <i>le combat</i>; Ger. <i>die Schlacht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Battle-cry</b> or <b>War-cry.</b> Open the mouth as in saying -“O” and pat it with flattened fingers of right hand. -(C) The Cheyennes use <i>Yell</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cri de bataille</i>; Ger. <i>der Schlachtruf</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-21d.jpg" width="153" height="92" alt="Bay" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bay.</b> Sign <i>Water</i>, then bring right L hand well out in -front of body, forming a horizontal half-circle. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la baie</i>; Ger. <i>die Bucht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-21e.jpg" width="164" height="58" alt="Bayonet" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bayonet.</b> Sign <i>Gun</i>, then lay left G index alongside -right G, the latter one-third ahead. If there is doubt, -indicate drawing it on the barrel tip.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la baïonnette</i>; Ger. <i>das Bajonett</i>.</p> -<!--page-22--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-22a.jpg" width="164" height="155" alt="Be, to be or exist" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Be, to be or exist</b> (Living). Sign <i>Alive</i> and then finish -with <i>Now</i> or <i>Past</i> to indicate tense, and <i>Many</i> to -indicate plural. Sometimes use <i>Dwell</i> or <i>Recover</i> for -this idea. Compare <i>Alone</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>étre</i>; Ger. <i>existieren</i>, <i>sein</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-22b.jpg" width="170" height="87" alt="Beads" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Beads.</b> Hold out the flat right, slightly hollow; drop -it a little with a sidewise quivering to suggest the shimmering -of a handful of beads. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Beads.</b> Simulate holding beads between the left index -and thumb, while threading them with a needle in the -right. For <i>Beadwork</i> add a design or sign for <i>Work</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les perles</i>; Ger. <i>die Perlen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-22c.jpg" width="154" height="65" alt="Beans" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Beans</b> (One picked out of a handful). Right hand flat, -palm up, index and thumb joined with the tip of index -projecting. (Chasing Bear. Understood by Cheyennes.)<!--TN: Aside may belong with next entry, Bear.--></p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les haricots</i>; Ger. <i>die Bohnen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-22d.jpg" width="142" height="110" alt="Bear" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bear.</b> Hold out the Y hands, backs up, and strike -both down; push both forward in a series of jerks, or -swing down, forward and up.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-22e.jpg" width="177" height="165" alt="Bear" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bear.</b> Hold up flat fists near ears, palms forward, to -indicate round ears. (Blackfoot.) Some indicate the -paws by holding up both curved 5 hands.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’ours</i>; Ger. <i>der Bär</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bear, Grizzly.</b> As above, but indicate the gray color.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’ours gris</i>; Ger. <i>der graue Bär</i>.</p> -<!--page-23--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-23a.jpg" width="168" height="271" alt="Beard" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Beard.</b> Hang the compressed right hand, point down, -under chin. The hand or hands are differently placed -for different cuts of whiskers.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la barbe</i>; Ger. <i>der Bart</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Beat</b>, or <b>Overcome</b>. Use <i>Kill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Beautiful</b>, <b>Handsome</b>, or <b>Pretty</b>. Hold up flat right -hand, and look on the palm as in a mirror, then make -the sign <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-23b.jpg" width="175" height="184" alt="Beautiful" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Beautiful.</b> Draw the flat hand down near the face, back -forward, and sign <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>beau</i>; Ger. <i>schön</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-23c.jpg" width="160" height="98" alt="Beaver" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Beaver</b> (Tail of beaver striking mud or water). Hold -left flat hand in front of body, left arm horizontal; -strike up against the left palm once or twice with back -of right flat hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le castor</i>; Ger. <i>der Biber</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-23d.jpg" width="175" height="161" alt="Because" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Because.</b> Sign <i>Consider</i>, then <i>Behold</i>. Understood by -Cheyennes and Blackfeet, though not well established.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>parce que</i>; Ger. <i>weil</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Become</b> or <b>Turn into</b>. Sign <i>Grow</i> and <i>Same</i> or <i>Arrive there</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>devenir</i>; Ger. <i>werden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bed</b> (Spreading blanket for sleep). Hold flat hands -palms up, points forward, one behind the other, left -ahead, push it forward, at same time draw back right, -then add <i>Sleep</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lit</i>; Ger. <i>das Bett</i>.</p> -<!--page-24--> - -<p><b>Bee.</b> Sign <i>Fly</i>, <i>Arrow</i>, and <i>One</i>. (C) In Cheyenne, -sign <i>Small</i>, <i>Bird</i>, <i>Make</i>, <i>Taste</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’abeille</i>; Ger. <i>die Biene</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Before.</b> See <i>Ahead</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Before</b>, that is, <b>Future</b>. Sign for <i>Time</i>, but hold left -hand near breast and swing right forward, up and over. -Or sign <i>After</i>, <i>Many Sleeps</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avant</i>; Ger. <i>ehe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Beg</b> (To ask alms). Hold out the flat right hand, palm -up, as a beggar does. Swing it forward and upward, -then draw it toward self, slightly curving the fingers.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mendier</i>; Ger. <i>betteln</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Beg</b>, <b>I beg of you</b>, <b>Ask</b>, <b>I pray you</b>. Lay the flat hands -together, palms touching, fingers pointing up (or clasp -them) and hold them toward the person. A white sign -now understood by the Indians. Compare <i>Pray</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>supplier</i>; Ger. <i>bitten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-24a.jpg" width="165" height="107" alt="Begin" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Begin</b>, <b>Commence</b>, <b>Must</b>, <b>Push</b>, <b>Try</b>, <b>Go ahead</b> (Start -in a race). With elbow at sides and arms level, push -fists forward two or three inches, right a little behind. -Or use <i>Go</i>. See <i>Strong</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>commencer</i>; Ger. <i>anfangen</i>, <i>beginnen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Behavior.</b> See <i>Way</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Behind.</b> See <i>After</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-24b.jpg" width="176" height="90" alt="Behold" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Behold.</b> Hold out flat right, palm up, pointing forward -and moved slowly down to below level. Sometimes -use both hands. Compare <i>Show</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>regardez!</i>; Ger. <i>siehe da!</i></p> -<!--page-25--> - -<p><b>Believe.</b> Sign <i>Think</i>, <i>Straight</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>croire</i>; Ger. <i>glauben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Belonging to.</b> See <i>Possession</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Below</b>, <b>Beneath</b>, or <b>Under</b>. Is the reverse of <i>Above</i>; -which see.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>dessous</i>, <i>sous</i>; Ger. <i>unter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Belt.</b> With both hands, make as though putting on a -belt.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la ceinture</i>; Ger. <i>der Gürtel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Beneath.</b> See <i>Below</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-25a.jpg" width="162" height="113" alt="Bend" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bend</b> or <b>Bent</b>. Take left index in right finger and thumb -and bend the middle joint of it at right angles. Or sign -<i>Break</i> very slowly.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plier</i>; Ger. <i>biegen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-25b.jpg" width="162" height="147" alt="Berry" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Berry.</b> With right middle finger and thumb hold tip -of right index, letting it project a little; add <i>Bushes</i>. -Or, sign <i>Tree</i>, <i>Pick</i>, and <i>Eat</i>. This is a descriptive -phrase rather than an established sign, but it is a good -illustration of impromptu constructions which are -continually made and are at once understood because in -harmony with the main principles of Sign Talk. Compare -<i>Fruit</i>, <i>Cherry</i>, and <i>Bullet</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la baie</i>; Ger. <i>die Beere</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-25c.jpg" width="180" height="75" alt="Beside" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Beside</b> or <b>By</b> (By the side of). Like <i>With</i>, but right G -about three inches off left palm. Sometimes use <i>Close</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>à côté de</i>, <i>près de</i>; Ger. <i>neben</i>.</p> -<!--page-26--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-26a.jpg" width="175" height="106" alt="Bet" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bet</b> or <b>Wager</b> (Placing on each of two piles). Indicate -the event, as <i>Race</i>, then sign <i>Place</i>; that is, hold out -partly compressed hands backs up; swing both forward -up and down nearly <i>together</i> at finish.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pari</i>; Ger. <i>die Wette</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-26b.jpg" width="174" height="91" alt="Between" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Between.</b> Hold up the flat hands, palm to palm, six -inches apart; then thrust the right G on line close past -left palm.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-26c.jpg" width="171" height="78" alt="Between" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Between.</b> Hold left V hand, fingers level, pointing to -right (or straight up) and drop right G down between.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>entre</i>; Ger. <i>zwischen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Beware</b>, <b>Caution</b>, or <b>Look out</b>. See <i>Warning</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-26d.jpg" width="176" height="120" alt="Beyond" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Beyond</b> or <b>Other side</b>. Hold the flat left hand, back up, -in front of body about ten inches, fingers pointing to -right; bring flat right hand, back up, between left and -body at same height, fingers pointing to left; swing the -right hand upward, outward, and then downward on -curve, beyond left hand, turning right hand back down -in movement. Compare <i>Fall</i> and <i>Other</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>au-delà de</i>; Ger. <i>jenseits</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bible.</b> Sign <i>Book</i> and <i>Medicine</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la Bible</i>; Ger. <i>die Bibel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-26e.jpg" width="165" height="41" alt="Big" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Big.</b> Hold the curved 5 hands with palms toward -each other, well out in front of the body, hands a little -lower than shoulders and a few inches apart, pointing -forward; separate hands, carrying right to right, left to -left, keeping them opposite each other. Also used for -<i>Long</i>. Compare <i>Great</i> and <i>Long</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>grand</i>, <i>gros</i>; Ger. <i>grosz</i>.</p> -<!--page-27--> - -<p><b>Bighorn.</b> See <i>Sheep</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-27a.jpg" width="185" height="138" alt="Bird" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bird.</b> With flat hands at the shoulders, palms down, -imitate the motion of wings. Using different speeds for -different birds. Compare <i>Fly</i>, which progresses.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’oiseau</i>; Ger. <i>der Vogel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Birth.</b> See <i>Born</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bison.</b> See <i>Buffalo</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-27b.jpg" width="164" height="210" alt="Bit" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bit</b> (Of a bridle). Place the L hand palm down on the -mouth.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le frein</i>; Ger. <i>das Gebisz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-27c.jpg" width="170" height="86" alt="Bite" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bite.</b> Bring the right C hand, back outward and upward, -a little in front of the body; snap sharply together -the tips of the first and second fingers and the tip -of thumb against the back of the left flat hand, repeating -the motion. Some omit left hand. The Blackfeet make -this from the mouth.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mordre</i>; Ger. <i>beiszen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-27d.jpg" width="115" height="243" alt="Bitter" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bitter</b> or <b>Sour</b>. Touch tongue with tip of right G and -add <i>Bad</i>. Compare <i>Salt</i>, <i>Sugar</i>, <i>Taste</i>, <i>Taste bad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>amer</i>; Ger. <i>bitter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Black.</b> See <i>Color</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Blackfoot.</b> See <i>Indian</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-27e.jpg" width="180" height="98" alt="Blackguarding" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Blackguarding</b> or <b>Reviling</b> (Lies from both). Hold up -right V, pointing nearly level forward, opposite right -shoulder; left ditto at left shoulder; swing them alternately -at each other.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>outrager</i>, <i>insulter</i>; Ger. <i>jemanden beschimpfen</i>.</p> -<!--page-28--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-28a.jpg" width="174" height="136" alt="Blanket" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Blanket</b> or <b>Robe</b> (Wrapping about shoulder). Bring -the A hands palms toward each other, opposite and -above each shoulder <i>near the neck</i>; move the right hand -to left and left to right till the wrists are crossed, right -hand nearest body. Compare <i>Fond</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la couverture</i>; Ger. <i>die Decke</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-28b.jpg" width="170" height="134" alt="Bless you" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bless you</b> (Drawing from above and spreading out). -Hold the flat hands high up in front, palms forward, -apart, at arm’s length. Lower them a little and -slightly push toward the person meant. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>que Dieu vous bénisse</i>; Ger. <i>Gott segne dich!</i></p> - -<p><b>Blessing the food.</b> Hold both 5 hands over the food, -then add <i>Talk</i> upward.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-28c.jpg" width="175" height="147" alt="Blind" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Blind.</b> Bring both flat hands, backs outward, in front -of and close to eyes, right hand nearest and both hands -parallel to face; move right hand slightly to left, left -to right; then place the tips of the fingers against closed -eyes. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aveugle</i>; Ger. <i>blind</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-28d.jpg" width="167" height="193" alt="Blood" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Blood</b> (A wounded buffalo bleeds at the nostrils). -Raise the right V hand so the tips of the fingers are -pressed one against each nostril; move the hand to the -right and downward, giving it a tremulous motion. Add -<i>Red</i>. Some omit <i>Red</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sang</i>; Ger. <i>das Blut</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bloom</b> or <b>Blossom</b>. See <i>Flower</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bluff.</b> See <i>Hill</i>.</p> -<!--page-29--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-29a.jpg" width="172" height="74" alt="Boat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Boat.</b> Bring the hands together hollowed, fingers -straight, little fingers joining, the thumbs somewhat -apart, to represent the body of a boat, held before the -breast. Push it forward to indicate movement. Add -the motion of paddling for <i>Canoe</i>, or <i>Rowing</i> for bigger -boat. Usually the <i>Boat</i> sign is omitted; <i>Paddling</i> or -<i>Rowing</i> being enough by itself. Compare <i>Bowl</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bateau</i>; Ger. <i>der Kahn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Boil.</b> See <i>Cook</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>bouillir</i>; Ger. <i>kochen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-29b.jpg" width="156" height="147" alt="Bone" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bone.</b> Hold up the left hand, palm down, wrist a little -bent; with right G tap the wrist bone on outer side of -left; then add <i>Hard</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’os</i>; Ger. <i>der Knochen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-29c.jpg" width="176" height="179" alt="Bonnet" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bonnet</b>, that is, <i>Warbonnet</i>. Sweep 5 hands along near -each side of head from front to back. Sometimes also -sweep right 5 hand down behind for the <i>Tail</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bonnet de guerre</i>; Ger. <i>die Federkappe</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-29d.jpg" width="210" height="182" alt="Book" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Book.</b> Open and close the flat hands like cover of a -book, then indicate the lines of writing. Sometimes -show the thickness to distinguish it from <i>Letter</i>. Compare -<i>Open</i> and <i>Shut</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le livre</i>; Ger. <i>das Buch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-29e.jpg" width="176" height="130" alt="Born" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Born</b>, <b>Birth</b>, or <b>Parturition</b> (Issuing from loins). Flat -right in front of and near the body, pointing downward -and to front, moved downward and outward on a curve. -Compare <i>Dive</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>né</i>; Ger. <i>geboren</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Borrow.</b> See <i>Lend</i>.</p> -<!--page-30--> - -<p><b>Boss.</b> Use <i>Chief</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Both.</b> Sign <i>Or</i>, that is, hold up the left V, pointing -forward, and tap each tip of V, and in turn, with right -G; then over left V add <i>All</i> with right. Sometimes point -to each and add <i>Two</i>. Sometimes use <i>All</i>. Blackfeet -use <i>Two</i> and <i>Same</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tous les deux</i>; Ger. <i>beide</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-30a.jpg" width="176" height="95" alt="Bow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bow</b> (Weapon). The left A hand held still, a little -advanced, the right A hand touches it and makes the -motion of drawing the cord of the bow.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’arc</i>; Ger. <i>der Schiessbogen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-30b.jpg" width="165" height="103" alt="Bowl" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bowl</b> (A vessel). With curved hands side by side, -fingers bent, palms up, indicate shape. (C) Compare -<i>Boat</i>. For a larger vessel, use <i>Basin</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bol</i>; Ger. <i>die Schale</i>, <i>die Schüssel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-30c.jpg" width="188" height="118" alt="Box" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Box.</b> Hold out both flat hands side by side, backs up; -then swing apart and down at right angles, turning the -hands at the angle so the backs are out.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la boîte</i>; Ger. <i>der Kasten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Boy.</b> Sign <i>Man</i>, <i>Young</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le garçon</i>; Ger. <i>der Knabe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Brag.</b> See <i>Bravado</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-30d.jpg" width="165" height="222" alt="Brain" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Brain.</b> Touch forehead with N hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cerveau</i>; Ger. <i>das Gehirn</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-31a.jpg" width="171" height="176" alt="Brand" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Brand</b> or <b>Name</b>. All fingers of right closed but thumb -and index, these form a “C,” which lay on the palm of -<!--page-31--> -flat left, pointing forward, thumb up. Sometimes lay -it on left shoulder outside. Compare <i>Name</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la marque</i>, <i>marquer avec un fer rouge</i>; Ger. <i>das -Zeichen</i>, <i>das Brandmal</i>, <i>einbrennen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bravado</b> or <b>Brag</b>. Sign <i>Fire</i>, <i>Talk</i>, <i>True</i>, and <i>No</i>. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la bravade</i>; Ger. <i>die Prahlerei</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Brave</b> (Strong heart). Sign <i>Heart</i> and <i>Strong</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>brave</i>; Ger. <i>mutig</i>, <i>tapfer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Brave</b>, as an intensive. See <i>Very much</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bread</b> (Making a cake). Gently clap the slightly hollow -right hand over slightly hollow left hand, then reverse -so left is on right and clap them together again; -repeat.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pain</i>; Ger. <i>das Brot</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-31b.jpg" width="167" height="86" alt="Break" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Break.</b> Make the motion of seizing a stick, hold it -horizontally with both hands and breaking it in the -middle. The thumbs finish wide apart.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>casser</i>, <i>briser</i>; Ger. <i>zerbrechen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Breakfast</b>. Sign <i>Sunrise</i> and <i>Eat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le déjeuner</i>; Ger. <i>das Frühstück</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Breeze</b>. See <i>Wind</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bribe.</b> Hold the hand behind the back, hollowed, -open and palm up. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>corrompre</i>; Ger. <i>bestechen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-31c.jpg" width="176" height="85" alt="Bridge" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bridge</b> (Lifting over water). Sign <i>Water</i>; hold out the -<!--page-32--> -flat hands horizontally in front of body, pointing forward, -palms up; and <i>Across</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pont</i>; Ger. <i>die Brücke</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bridle.</b> Like <i>Bit</i>; but raise the hand till near the eyes.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la bride</i>; Ger. <i>der Zaum</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-32a.jpg" width="166" height="78" alt="Bring" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bring</b>, <b>Take</b>, or <b>Fetch</b>. Move the right G hand briskly -well in front or to right or left of body; draw the hand -with a sweep in toward the body, at the same time -curving index finger. Compare <i>Come</i> in which the index -is held vertically, and <i>Steal</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>apporter</i>, <i>prendre</i>; Ger. <i>bringen</i>, <i>nehmen</i>, <i>holen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-32b.jpg" width="181" height="54" alt="Broad" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Broad</b> or <b>Wide</b>. Same as <i>Big</i>, but keep the hands flat -and palms up.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-32c.jpg" width="161" height="48" alt="Broad and Spreading" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Broad and Spreading</b> is the same as above but with -palms down. Compare <i>Prairie</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>large</i>; Ger. <i>breit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Broke</b> or <b>Dead broke</b>. See <i>Done</i> (No. 2.)</p> - -<p><b>Broken down.</b> See <i>Decrepit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Brook.</b> See <i>Creek</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-32d.jpg" width="175" height="107" alt="Brother" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Brother</b> (Suck together). Lay nearly horizontal N of -right hand on lips; draw it away and down, then add -<i>Male</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le frère</i>; Ger. <i>der Bruder</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-32e.jpg" width="164" height="103" alt="Brother-in-Law" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Brother-in-Law.</b> Left forearm across breast; with -lower edge of flat right, strike down past left elbow. -Probably means relative on the side. (R. B.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le beau-frère</i>; Ger. <i>der Schwager</i>.</p> -<!--page-33--> - -<p><b>Bucket.</b> Sign <i>Bowl</i>, then indicate the handle.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le seau</i>; Ger. <i>der Eimer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-33a.jpg" width="166" height="144" alt="Buffalo" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Buffalo</b> (Curved horns). Hold the curved G fingers -palms toward and close to sides of head; raise the hands -slightly and carry them a little to the front. To distinguish -domestic cattle, add <i>Spotted</i>. The Navahos -reverse this; that is, with them the curved horns as -above means <i>Cattle</i>, to which they add <i>Beard</i>, to mean -<i>Buffalo</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bison</i>; Ger. <i>der Büffel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-33b.jpg" width="180" height="63" alt="Bullet" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bullet.</b> Sign <i>Fire off</i>; then grasp the forefinger of the -hand with the second finger and thumb, so that the tip -of it will so extend beyond them and represent the ball.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la balle</i>; Ger. <i>die Kugel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-33c.jpg" width="162" height="134" alt="Bunch" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bunch</b> (Of fruit). Hold out the compressed right hand -opposite throat, fingers pointing down. Compare -<i>Beard</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-33d.jpg" width="166" height="134" alt="Bunch" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Bunch</b> (A small herd grazing). Hold out curved right -5 hand, back up and forward. See <i>Herd</i>. Sometimes -use <i>Enclosure</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le troupeau</i>; Ger. <i>die Anzahl</i>, <i>die kleine Herde</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Burn.</b> Sign <i>Fire</i> and <i>Wipe out</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>brûler</i>; Ger. <i>brennen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Bushes</b> or <b>Brush</b>. Like <i>Grass</i>, but breast high; and -draw right hand to you and left far ahead.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la broussaille</i>; Ger. <i>das Gebüsch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Busy.</b> Sign <i>Push</i> and <i>Work</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>occupé</i>; Ger. <i>beschäftigt</i>.</p> -<!--page-34--> - -<p><b>But</b>, <b>Except</b>, <b>Save</b>, or <b>Unless</b> (Of all one pulled back). -Sign <i>All</i>, with right swung to left; then sign <i>One</i>, with -left at left side, and pull it to right side between forefinger -and thumb of right.</p> - -<p><b>But.</b> Sign <i>All Go</i>, <i>One</i>, <i>Sits</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-34a.jpg" width="173" height="212" alt="But" /> -</div> - -<p><b>But</b> (One drawn back). Point right G down, forward -and to right; hold it a second, then jerk it back four or -five inches. (Hadley.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mais</i>; Ger. <i>aber</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Butte.</b> See <i>Hill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Buy.</b> Sign <i>Money</i> and <i>Trade</i>, making it clear who gives -the money.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-34b.jpg" width="174" height="130" alt="Buy" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Buy</b> or <b>Sell</b> i.e., <b>Market</b>. Tap three times on side of -left G index with side of right G index. Compare, <i>All -the time</i>, <i>Peas</i>, and <i>While</i>. See <i>Sell</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>acheter</i>; Ger. <i>kaufen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>By.</b> See <i>Beside</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-34c.jpg" width="173" height="85" alt="By and By" /> -</div> - -<p><b>By and By</b> (After a little time). Hold the pinched -index and thumb of each hand as in <i>Time</i>, but half an -inch apart. Or sign <i>Time afterward</i>. Compare <i>Sometime</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plus tard</i>; (C) Ger. <i>später</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>C</h3> - -<p><b>Cache.</b> See <i>Hide</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-34d.jpg" width="175" height="150" alt="Call" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Call</b>, <b>Attention!</b> <b>Say!</b> Strike the palm of the open -left hand with the tips of right fingers, then swing right -G a little toward the person.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>dites donc</i>; Ger. <i>hören Sie!</i></p> -<!--page-35--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-35a.jpg" width="175" height="138" alt="Called" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Called</b> or <b>Named</b>. Lay the back of the crooked right -G <i>on lips</i>, pointing to front and left, its tip pressed -against the thumb, which is nearly straight; then move -the hand upward and forward in a curve, straightening -out the index finally with a snap, pointing toward the -person or thing. Compare <i>Talk</i> in which the action is -repeated. See also <i>Name</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>appelé</i>; Ger. <i>genannt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Camera.</b> Sign <i>Picture</i> and <i>See</i>. Compare <i>Photograph</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-35b.jpg" width="166" height="170" alt="Camp" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Camp</b> (Set up the lodge). Sign <i>Teepee</i>, holding the -hands face high; drop the hands together for a foot with -energy.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le camp</i>; Ger. <i>das Lager</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-35c.jpg" width="167" height="77" alt="Camp-fire" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Camp-fire.</b> Hold left hand flat, palm down, fingers a -little spread; then lay right hand fingers similarly held -across at right angles, to indicate the wood laid ready, -and add the sign for <i>Fire</i>. (Sheeaka.) Not a true -Indian sign, but sufficiently descriptive for the Cheyennes -to understand it.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le feu de camp</i>; Ger. <i>das Lagerfeuer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Camp-fire Girls.</b> Sign <i>Camp-fire</i>, then raise the right -index in a spiral for <i>Smoke</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Camp-fire man are you?</b> Give the signs <i>Question</i>, <i>you</i>, -<i>camp-fire</i>, and <i>man</i> or briefly make the <i>Camp-fire</i> sign -and look inquiringly.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>Êtes vous membre du Camp-fire Club</i>; Ger. -<i>Sind Sie ein Mitglied des Lagerfeuer Klubs?</i></p> -<!--page-36--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-36a.jpg" width="181" height="185" alt="Can" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Can</b>, <b>Able</b>, or <b>Power</b>. Hold both S hands in front, -elbows at sides, thumbs up; drop the hands for six -inches with a jerk. (Sheeaka and the Blackfeet.) -Sometimes use only one hand. The Cheyennes sign -<i>Own</i>, <i>Strong</i>, <i>Medicine</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pouvoir</i>; Ger. <i>können</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Candid</b> (True, clear as day and good). Sign <i>True</i>, <i>Day</i>, -and <i>Good</i>. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sincère</i>; Ger. <i>aufrichtig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-36b.jpg" width="90" height="254" alt="Candle" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Candle.</b> Hold up left G finger and with right hand sign -<i>Fire</i> on its tip, then indicate length on left arm.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la bougie</i>; Ger. <i>die Kerze</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-36c.jpg" width="172" height="178" alt="Candy-stick" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Candy-stick.</b> Sign <i>Sugar</i>; then on left G index held -upright, show stripes. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bonbon</i>; Ger. <i>das Zuckerwerk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cannon.</b> Sign <i>Gun</i> and <i>Big</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le canon</i>; Ger. <i>die Kanone</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-36d.jpg" width="176" height="109" alt="Cannot" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cannot</b>, or <b>Unable</b>, <b>Fail</b>, <b>Failure</b> (The arrow that failed -to stick). Hold the flat left hand out in front, thumb -edge up; strike the palm of it with the forefinger of the -right G hand, which then at once rebounds and is -thrown forward and down to rest on its back.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ne pas pouvoir</i>, <i>incapable</i>; Ger. <i>nicht können</i>, -<i>unfähig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Canoe.</b> Sign <i>Boat</i> and <i>Paddle</i>.</p> -<!--page-37--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-37a.jpg" width="178" height="113" alt="Canoe of birch bark" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Canoe of birch bark.</b> Push forward compressed right, -back down, to represent the curved prow, then add -<i>Paddle</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la pirogue</i>, <i>le canot</i>; Ger. <i>das Kanu</i>, der <i>Rindenkahn</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-37b.jpg" width="174" height="127" alt="Canyon" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Canyon</b> (Between hills). Hold up the fists, palms -toward each other, about six inches apart, face high; -then indicate <i>Go between</i>; that is, hold the left unchanged -but thrust forward the flat right hand, palm to left. -(Blackfoot.) Compare <i>Between</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le canyon</i>, <i>le grand ravin</i>; Ger. <i>die Schluckt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cards.</b> Hold imaginary cards in left and deal with right -hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les cartes</i>; Ger. <i>die Karten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-37c.jpg" width="170" height="134" alt="Caribou" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Caribou.</b> Sign <i>Deer</i>, <i>High</i>, and lay the flat right hand -on forehead so the fingers slightly spread point forward, -showing the <i>brow shovel</i>. (Blackfoot.) Sometimes omit -<i>High</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le renne</i>, <i>le caribou</i>; Ger. <i>das Karibu</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-37d.jpg" width="164" height="145" alt="Carriage" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Carriage</b>, or <b>Covered Wagon</b>. Sign <i>Wagon</i>, then raise -the hands, palms down, flat, but bent at an angle, up -above the head, and move forward about two feet to -represent the carriage top.</p> - -<p><b>Carriage</b> or <b>Buggy</b>. Sign <i>Wagon</i>, <i>Small</i>, and sometimes -add <i>Black</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la voiture</i>; Ger. <i>der Wagen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-37e.jpg" width="181" height="142" alt="Carry" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Carry</b> or <b>Pack</b>. Both closed hands held opposite the -temple as if holding the tump line, the shoulders -slightly forward as though bearing a pack.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>porter</i>; Ger. <i>tragen</i>.</p> -<!--page-38--> - -<p><b>Carry in the hand.</b> With one hand make as though -carrying a basket by the handle.</p> - -<p><b>Cars.</b> See <i>Railroad train</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-38a.jpg" width="174" height="73" alt="Cartridge" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cartridge.</b> Hold right G hand, back up, in front of -body, index horizontal and pointing to front, thumb -pressed against side of index, with the thumb tip just -back of second joint; add <i>Shoot</i>. See <i>Ammunition</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la cartouche</i>; Ger. <i>die Patrone</i>, (<i>artill</i>) <i>die Kartusche</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-38b.jpg" width="175" height="191" alt="Cat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cat</b> (Flattened or turned-up nose). Lay A hand on -nose, rotating a little out and up. (C) Sign <i>Nose</i>, -<i>Short</i>, <i>Dog</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chat</i>; Ger. <i>die Katze</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Catch.</b> Same as <i>Get</i> but action quicker. See <i>Get</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>attraper</i>; Ger. <i>fangen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-38c.jpg" width="181" height="151" alt="Catholic" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Catholic.</b> Indicate gown by sweeping the 5 hands -down over the sides and outward; then add <i>Black</i>. -Sometimes make the sign of the Cross.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>catholique</i>; Ger. <i>katholisch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cattle.</b> Sign <i>Buffalo</i> and <i>Spotted</i>. (Blackfoot.) Compare -<i>Buffalo</i>. Or, sign <i>Buffalo</i> and <i>Whiteman</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les bestiaux</i>; Ger. <i>das Vieh</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Caution.</b> See <i>Warning</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cavalry.</b> <i>Soldier</i> and <i>Ride</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la cavalerie</i>; Ger. <i>die Kavallerie</i>.</p> -<!--page-39--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-39a.jpg" width="171" height="142" alt="Centre" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Centre.</b> With thumbs and index fingers of L hands -make a horizontal circle; then, keeping the left unchanged, -indicate centre with right G finger. Sometimes -draw a horizontal circle with right G, then drop -same down into its centre.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le centre</i>; Ger. <i>die Mitte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Certain.</b> Sign <i>I</i>, <i>Know</i>, <i>Good</i>. Or use <i>True</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>certain</i>; Ger. <i>sicher</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-39b.jpg" width="186" height="91" alt="Challenge" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Challenge</b>, <b>Defy</b>, or <b>Dare</b>. Spring the middle finger -with a vigorous snap toward the person, the other -fingers closed; hand held face high, back up. A European -sign given by Butler. Compare <i>There</i> and <i>Defiance</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>défier</i>; Ger. <i>herausfordern</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Chance.</b> See <i>Luck</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-39c.jpg" width="180" height="126" alt="Character" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Character</b> (Shape of heart). Lay right C hand on -heart, draw it out, that is, forward, a little and with -both A hands outline a human figure. (D) Sign -<i>Heart</i>, <i>Good</i>, <i>Bad</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le caractère</i>; Ger. <i>der Charakter</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-39d.jpg" width="181" height="119" alt="Charge" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Charge</b> (Military, against others). Swing both fists -from right shoulder forward and a little down in an up -curve, away, rising a little, at the same time springing -them open.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la charge</i> (<i>contre les autres</i>); Ger. <i>die Attacke</i>, -<i>der Angriff</i> (<i>gegen andere</i>).</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-39e.jpg" width="181" height="147" alt="Charge" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Charge</b> (Military, against us). Similar but reversed, -springing the hands open toward one’s face.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la charge</i> (<i>contre nous</i>); Ger. <i>die Attacke</i> (<i>gegen -uns</i>).</p> -<!--page-40--> - -<p><b>Chase.</b> See <i>Follow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cherries</b> (Choke). Sign, <i>Tree</i>, <i>Pick</i>, and <i>Pound</i>. -(Blackfoot.) See <i>Berry</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les cerises</i>; Ger. <i>die Kirschen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cheyenne.</b> See <i>Indian</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-40a.jpg" width="182" height="264" alt="Chicken" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Chicken.</b> Sign <i>Bird</i>, then <i>Red</i> and with 5 hand on -crown show <i>Comb</i>. (C) Or sign <i>Bird</i> and <i>Whiteman</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le poulet</i>; Ger. <i>das Huhn</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-40b.jpg" width="161" height="181" alt="Chief" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Chief</b> (People with one man rising above them). -Hold up left 5 hand, palm to right, pass index of right G -hand at several inches above left. (Scott.) The -Cheyennes omit left hand; they shoot the right G up -over and much down in a long sweep, finishing lower -than it began.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le commandant</i>; Ger. <i>der Häuptling</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Child</b> or <b>Offspring</b>. Compressed right hand, points up, -swung well out in front and dropped a foot to the height -of the child. Compare <i>Young</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’enfant</i>; Ger. <i>das Kind</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-40c.jpg" width="156" height="91" alt="Children" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Children</b> (Springing up). Hold out both hands, palms -up, very low, fingers pointing up and scarcely spread; -alternately swing them up and down for six inches. -Compare <i>Grass</i>, in which they are held low and are -spread widely; also <i>Bushes</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les enfants</i>; Ger. <i>die Kinder</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-40d.jpg" width="187" height="118" alt="Choose" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Choose</b>, <b>Make choice</b>, or <b>Select</b>. Hold right G shoulder -high, back up, a foot in front of the breast, swing it in a -<!--page-41--> -circle with a succession of little bounds or up curves, as -though pointing at many different objects in succession, -the head turned to follow always; then finish by throwing -the G finger forward in a curve; or, in some cases, -finish by picking up the imaginary object selected, using -index and thumb for this. Compare <i>Find</i>, <i>Hunting</i>, -and <i>Look</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>choisir</i>; Ger. <i>wählen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-41a.jpg" width="178" height="125" alt="Chop" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Chop.</b> Use the flat right hand, little finger down, as an -axe, chopping first from right, then from left, once on -each side. Sometimes do this on back of left hand, -which stands for the log. Compare <i>Free</i>, which is two -or three cuts on right side only.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>couper</i>, <i>trancher</i>; Ger. <i>hauen</i>, <i>hacken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Christmas</b> (The day of the shining tree). Sign <i>Tree</i>, -then hold hand with fingers spread and crooked, palm -down, level of face. Lower it six inches in short, quick -zigzags to suggest glittering or shimmering. (W. C. -Roe.) In <i>Snow</i> the hand is lowered in long zigzags for -about two feet. See <i>Shimmer</i>. Or sign <i>Middle</i>, <i>Winter</i>, -<i>Tree</i>, and <i>Hanging</i>; for the last, hold the curved 5 -hands, backs up, at level of the eyes; jerk them a little -apart. (R. B.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Noël</i>; Ger. <i>Weihnachten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-41b.jpg" width="153" height="154" alt="Church" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Church</b> (Steeple house). Cross clasp the fingers so the -tips are within, then raise both index fingers to form the -steeple. (Pop.)</p> - -<p><b>Church.</b> Sign <i>Medicine</i>, <i>Talk</i>, <i>House</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’église</i>; Ger. <i>die Kirche</i>.</p> -<!--page-42--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-42a.jpg" width="175" height="63" alt="Cigarette" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cigarette.</b> Sign <i>Tobacco</i>; then lay G fingers side by -side pointing opposite ways; roll one about the other. -Sometimes omit <i>Tobacco</i>; sometimes give <i>Cigar</i> (2nd -sign) and <i>Little</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la cigarette</i>; Ger. <i>die Zigarette</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cigar</b> (<b>2</b>). Sign <i>Cigarette</i>, <i>Black</i>, and <i>Smoking</i>. Sometimes -hold right G at corner of mouth, pointing forward. -<i>Cigar</i> and <i>Cigarette</i> are recent signs and changing -rapidly.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cigare</i>; Ger. <i>die Zigarre</i>.</p> - -<p><b>City</b> (Big town). Make sign for <i>Town</i>, then add sign -for <i>Big</i>. Or omit <i>Big</i> but swing the hands far apart.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la ville</i>; Ger. <i>die Stadt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cities.</b> Many are indicated by their initial letter -enhanced with twisting motion. (D) For some we -may use their nickname but this is merely a suggestion.</p> - -<div class="subentry"> - <p><b>Boston</b> (The Hub). Sign for <i>City</i> and <i>Centre</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Chicago</b> (Windy City). Sign for <i>City</i> and <i>Wind</i>. - The Cheyennes call it <i>Big Lake City</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Kansas City</b> (Buffalo Head City). Sign <i>Buffalo Head</i> - and point up high to the wall. (Cheyenne.)</p> - - <p><b>London.</b> Sign <i>City</i>, <i>Chief</i>, and <i>Red Coats</i>.</p> - - <p><b>New York</b> (Knickerbocker City). Sign for <i>City</i> and - trousers cut off below the knee; i.e., draw flat of - hand down over thigh then below knee and stop, - turning edge of hand in. Or sign <i>Big Island City</i>. - (Blackfoot.)</p> -<!--page-43--> - - <p><b>Ottawa.</b> Sign <i>City</i>, <i>Chief</i>, and <i>Capotes</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-43a.jpg" width="171" height="88" alt="Philadelphia" /> -</div> - - <p><b>Philadelphia</b> (Quaker City). Sign <i>City</i>, then make - sign for broad hat with rim curled up by drawing both - index fingers across mid-brow, level in front, then - twisting them up at the place of the rim. Or “no - name, just <i>Big City</i>, nothing distinctive.” (Blackfoot.)</p> - - <p><b>Pittsburg</b> (Smoky City). Sign for <i>City</i> and <i>Smoky</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Rome</b> (Eternal City). Sign <i>City</i> and <i>Forever</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Washington.</b> Sign <i>Father</i>, <i>Chief</i>, <i>Sits</i>. (Cheyenne.)</p> -</div> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-43b.jpg" width="174" height="147" alt="Clean-handed" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Clean-handed</b> or <b>Innocent</b> (Great Spirit see no blood -on these hands). Lift hands over shoulder, palms up -higher than head and add <i>Blood</i>, <i>No</i>. (C) Or, sign -<i>Work</i>, <i>Bad</i>, <i>No</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>innocent</i>; Ger. <i>unschuldig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Clear</b> (Clear Sky). Sign <i>Clouds</i>, then swing the hands -wide apart, finishing with palms up at arm’s length, up -high. Or, sign <i>Clouds</i>, <i>Wiped out</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p><b>Clever.</b> See <i>Cunning</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-43c.jpg" width="165" height="133" alt="Close" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Close</b>, <b>Near</b>, <b>Nearly</b>, <b>Soon</b>, <b>Early</b>, <b>About</b>, or <b>Almost</b> -(Draw near). Bring the flat curved right hand, back to -right, well out in front of body, about height of shoulder; -draw the hand in toward the body and slightly downward. -Compare <i>Far</i>. See also <i>Soon</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>près</i>, <i>presque</i>; Ger. <i>nahe</i>, <i>beinahe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Clothes.</b> See <i>Coat</i>.</p> -<!--page-44--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-44a.jpg" width="171" height="140" alt="Clouds" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Clouds</b> (Rolling). Rotate the flat hands over each -other from in front of the face, to over the head.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-44b.jpg" width="172" height="176" alt="Clouds" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Clouds</b> (Rain). Look upward, swing the flat hands at -arm’s length, palms down over the head; then add <i>Rain</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les nuages</i>; Ger. <i>die Wolken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Coal.</b> Sign <i>Hard</i>, <i>Fire</i>, and <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le charbon</i>; Ger. <i>die Kohle</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-44c.jpg" width="171" height="94" alt="Coat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Coat</b> or <b>Clothes</b>. Hold the L hands near the breast, -palms in; swing them down to the waist.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’habit</i>; Ger. <i>der Rock</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-44d.jpg" width="157" height="137" alt="Coffee" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Coffee</b> (Grinding coffee in mill). A few inches over the -flat left hand, back down, move the right A as though -turning the crank of a coffee mill. Or, sign <i>Black -Drink</i>. Compare <i>Tobacco</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le café</i>; Ger. <i>der Kaffee</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Coin.</b> Close hollow right over hollowed left and shake -as tho jingling coin. (Sheeaka; not Indian, but now -understood.) See <i>Dollar</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la pièce d’argent</i>; Ger. <i>die Münze</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-44e.jpg" width="178" height="152" alt="Cold" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cold</b> (Shivering). Bring the fists in front of and close -to body, height of shoulder, elbows at sides, shoulders -drawn in, and shiver. See <i>Winter</i>. Compare <i>Blanket</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>froid</i>; Ger. <i>kalt</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-44f.jpg" width="179" height="131" alt="Color" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Color.</b> With the finger tips of right hand (thumb -crooked under) rub circularly on the palm of left hand as -though rubbing color. Often add <i>Same</i> or <i>Equal</i>, to make -more clear.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la couleur</i>; Ger. <i>die Farbe</i>.</p> -<!--page-45--> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p><b>Black.</b> Sign <i>Color</i> and touch the hair or eyebrow.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>noir</i>; Ger. <i>schwarz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Blue.</b> Sign <i>Sun</i> with left hand and then draw the -right G finger around it to mean color of sky around -the sun. (Sheeaka). Or, sign <i>Color</i> and <i>Sky</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>bleu</i>; Ger. <i>blau</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Brown.</b> Sign <i>Color</i> and <i>Deer</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>brun</i>; Ger. <i>braun</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gray.</b> Sign <i>Color</i>, <i>Little</i>, and <i>White</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>gris</i>; Ger. <i>grau</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Green.</b> Sign <i>Color</i> and <i>Grass</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vert</i>; Ger. <i>grün</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Red</b> (Cheek color). Sign <i>Color</i> and lightly brush -the right finger tips over the cheek, points to right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>rouge</i>; Ger. <i>rot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>White.</b> Sign <i>Color</i> and rub thumb nail of left A -hand with tip of right G finger; i.e., nail color, -white in Indians.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>blanc</i>; Ger. <i>weiss</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Yellow.</b> Sign <i>Color</i> and point to any yellow object, -such as a straw or dead grass. Or sign <i>Color</i>, -<i>Grass</i>, and <i>Dead</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>jaune</i>; Ger. <i>gelb</i>.</p> - -<p>For other colors, touch or indicate some object of the -tint meant.</p> -</div><!--/subentry--> -<!--page-46--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-46a.jpg" width="172" height="130" alt="Comb" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Comb.</b> With all fingers of right 5 hand hooked, comb -the right side of the head and down as far as the breast -two or three times. Compare <i>Woman</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le peigne</i>; Ger. <i>der Kamm</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Combat.</b> See <i>Battle</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-46b.jpg" width="168" height="204" alt="Come" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Come</b>. Carry right G hand, back out, fingers up, in a -graceful sweep from arm’s length to within a foot of -one’s face. Many use the flat hand swung down and to -you, palm under and toward you. Railroad men use -the whole arm, swinging it across the body at an angle -of 45 degrees, so as to be seen in a dim light.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>venez</i>; Ger. <i>kommen Sie</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Come back</b>. Hold flat left, back forward, near breast; -swing right ditto pointed up from arm’s length in -against back of left. See <i>Arrive here</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>revenez</i>; Ger. <i>kommen Sie zurück</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-46c.jpg" width="171" height="123" alt="Come between" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Come between</b> or <b>Intervene</b>. Hold out left hand flat, -back out, at arm’s length and pass flat right, thumb up, -between left and body.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>s’interposer, intervenir</i>; Ger. <i>dazwischen kommen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Come gently.</b> See <i>Easy</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-46d.jpg" width="144" height="185" alt="Come for a moment" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Come for a moment.</b> Right hand held forward and up, -fingers closed except index, with which beckon by -crooking and straightening, the hand not moved. -(Pop.) White sign, now fully adopted by the Cheyennes.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>venez une seconde</i>; Ger. <i>kommen Sie einen -Augenblick her</i>.</p> -<!--page-47--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-47a.jpg" width="190" height="182" alt="Come into view" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Come into view</b> or <b>Appear</b>. Hold out flat left hand, back -forward, thrust right G index up, farther off, under -and behind, until it appears above.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>paraître</i>; Ger. <i>erscheinen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-47b.jpg" width="187" height="107" alt="Comfort" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Comfort</b> (See how smooth or fat). Draw flat right hand, -palm in, down breast, then off and up in curve forward, -palm up. (Sheeaka.) Compare <i>Confess</i>. Sometimes -use <i>Glad</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bien-être</i>; Ger. <i>die Behaglichkeit</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-47c.jpg" width="180" height="112" alt="Comfortable" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Comfortable.</b> Alternately rub left palm over back of -right hand, then right over left back, always palm up; -then swing both forward. (Sheeaka. Probably from -Deaf.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>confortable</i>; Ger. <i>gemütlich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Coming.</b> Hold out the flat right, palm to you and -pointing nearly up; draw it to you in little jerks.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>venant</i>; Ger. <i>kommend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Coming man.</b> See <i>Rising man</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Commence.</b> See <i>Begin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Compass points.</b></p> - -<div class="subentry"> - <p><i>North—Wind cold there.</i></p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le nord</i>; Ger. <i>der Norden</i>.</p> - <p><i>East—Sunrise there.</i></p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’est</i>; Ger. <i>der Osten</i>.</p> - <p><i>South—Wind warm there.</i></p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sud</i>; Ger. <i>der Süden</i>.</p> - <p><i>West—Sunset there.</i></p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’ouest</i>; Ger. <i>der Westen</i>.</p> -</div> -<!--page-48--> - -<p><b>Complete.</b> See <i>Done</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Comparative</b>, etc., of <i>Adjectives</i>.</p> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p>For <b>Positive</b>, give first the adjective then swing the -flat right hand out a little, level, palm up. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p>For <b>Comparative</b>, give first the adjective then raise -the right G hand to the height of the chin, pointing -up. (Sheeaka.) See <i>More</i>, and sometimes use -<i>Ahead</i> or <i>Above</i> after the adjective.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le comparatif</i>; Ger. <i>der Komparativ</i>.</p> - -<p>For <b>Superlative</b>, give first the adjective then add -<i>Strong</i> and <i>Ahead</i> or <i>Very much</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le superlatif</i>; Ger. <i>der Superlativ</i>.</p> -</div><!--/subentry--> - -<p><b>Conceal.</b> See <i>Hide</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-48a.jpg" width="160" height="163" alt="Conceit" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Conceit</b> (Swelled Head). Hold hands open and curved, -one on each side of the head, two or three inches away. -A whiteman’s sign, but quite well known now to the -younger generation of Indians.</p> - -<p class="continue">If in unbelievable degree, stretch the right hand at full -length sidewise, and work the first finger as though -scratching the ear which is supposed to be just above the -hand. (Pop.)</p> - -<p><b>Conceit.</b> Sign <i>He</i>, <i>Think</i>, <i>Strong</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la vanité</i>, <i>la présomption</i>; Ger. <i>die Einbildung</i>, <i>der -Dünkel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Conduct.</b> Same as <i>Way</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-48b.jpg" width="173" height="136" alt="Confess" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Confess</b> (Show the heart). Lay points of both compressed -hands on centre of breast, then spring them -away, out and aside, turning them flat and palms up. -Sometimes but one hand is used. I am inclined to -<!--page-49--> -think that this should be simply <i>Heart</i> and <i>Behold</i>, -although none of my Indians made it that way. Sometimes -sign <i>You</i>, <i>Tell</i>, <i>True</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>confesser</i>; Ger. <i>gestehen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Congress.</b> Sign <i>Whiteman</i>, <i>Chief</i>, <i>Council</i> (No. 2).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Congrès</i>; Ger. <i>der Kongresz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Connivance</b> (Wink, that is, close one eye). This ancient -sign assumes that the person who should see, closes the -eye next his accomplice. (Pop. Also Cheyenne.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la connivence</i>; Ger. <i>die Konnivenz</i>, <i>das (strafbare) -Einverständnis</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-49a.jpg" width="191" height="234" alt="Consider" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Consider</b>, <b>Ponder</b>, or <b>Weigh</b> (Wisdom looking on the -ground). Sign <i>Wolf</i> (i.e., <i>wisdom</i>, analogous with our -word “foxy”), then turn downward the points of the -two fingers representing the wolf ears, back of hand near -the eyes and moving the hand from right to left as in -surveying the ground. (Scott.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-49b.jpg" width="159" height="110" alt="Consider" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Consider.</b> Hold the right “4” hand near the heart, -pointing to left, rotate a little back and forth. (Blackfoot.)<!--TN: moved period inside closing parenthesis.--> -The Cheyennes use V hand, which makes it the -same as <i>If</i>. See <i>Because</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>considérer</i>; Ger. <i>erwägen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Constable.</b> See <i>Policeman</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Contempt.</b> See <i>Scorn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Contented.</b> <b>To make contented, Satisfied.</b> Use <i>Glad</i> -or <i>Sit</i>, <i>Good</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>content</i>; Ger. <i>zufrieden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Continue.</b> Sign <i>Go</i> and <i>Long Time</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>continuer</i>; Ger. <i>fortsetzen</i>.</p> -<!--page-50--> - -<p><b>Conversation.</b> See <i>Discussion</i>, <i>Speech</i>, and <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cook</b> (In the abstract). See <i>Make</i> and <i>Food</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>faire cuire</i>, <i>cuisiner</i>; Ger. <i>kochen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-50a.jpg" width="163" height="109" alt="Cook" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cook</b> (By boiling). With both L hands make a horizontal -circle, then holding left unchanged, put something -into it with right and add <i>Fire</i>. Compare <i>Centre</i> -and <i>Hole</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>cuire</i>, <i>bouillir</i>; Ger. <i>kochen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-50b.jpg" width="178" height="68" alt="Cook" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cook</b> (By frying). Place flat right on flat left hand, -palm to palm, then flip the right like a pancake, turning -it palm up as it drops on the left.</p> - -<p><b>Cook</b> (By broiling). As in the above <i>Frying</i>, but leave -out the left hand entirely.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>griller</i>; Ger. <i>braten</i>, <i>rösten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cook</b> (noun). Sign <i>Man</i>, <i>Makes</i>, <i>Food</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cuisinier</i>; Ger. <i>der Koch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Coon.</b> See <i>Raccoon</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-50c.jpg" width="181" height="56" alt="Corn" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Corn</b> (Shelling the corn). Hold out the left A hand, -thumb straight and resting on index finger; place the -ball of the thumb of right A hand on back of left thumb -near its base; twist the right hand by wrist action to the -right and downward until the right thumb slips off with -a snap against the right index. Repeat once or twice.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le maïs</i>; Ger. <i>der türkische Weizen</i>, der <i>Mais</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-50d.jpg" width="180" height="126" alt="Corral" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Corral</b> or <b>Fenced Field</b> or <b>Pasture</b> (Area embraced or -held). Interlock the fingers, hold arms curved in -<!--page-51--> -front, horizontal; then add <i>Enclosure</i>, i.e., swing the -hands apart and draw back each in a half circle till their -heels meet near you.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le corral</i>; Ger. <i>die Einzäunung</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-51a.jpg" width="170" height="160" alt="Council" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Council</b> (Sitting in a circle and talking). Bring the -A hands, back outward, well out in front of body, a little -lower than the shoulders, little fingers touching; swing -them apart and toward the body so they meet close -to it, forming a horizontal circle; palms forward; then -add <i>Discussion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Council</b> (<b>2</b>). Exactly like <i>Across</i>, but repeated two or -three times. This is a recent sign among the Cheyennes, -but is becoming popular. See <i>Across</i> and <i>Law</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le conseil</i>; Ger. <i>die Ratsversammlung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Counsel</b> or <b>Advice</b>. See <i>Advice</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Counting.</b> See <i>Numbers</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-51b.jpg" width="180" height="66" alt="Count coup" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Count coup</b> or <b>Make a hit</b> or a <b>Strike</b> (Striking a dead -body with the coup stick). Strike the top joint of the -right G index on the middle of the left G index, as the -right is swung from below up. <i>Grand Coup</i> sign <i>Coup</i> -and <i>Great</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le coup</i>; Ger. <i>der Treffschusz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Country.</b> See <i>Land</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Coup.</b> See <i>Count coup</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-51c.jpg" width="181" height="95" alt="Courting" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Courting</b> (Driving or rounding up in secret). Thrust -the right L hand back nearly up under flat left, held -<!--page-52--> -palm down, twisting the right by wrist action. Compare -<i>Sweetheart</i> and <i>Glitter</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>faire la cour</i>; Ger. <i>das Cour machen</i>, <i>das Hof machen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Coward.</b> See <i>Fear</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Coyote.</b> Sign <i>Wolf</i> and <i>Small</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le coyote</i>, <i>le loup des prairies</i>; Ger. <i>der Präriewolf</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-52a.jpg" width="178" height="102" alt="Crab" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Crab.</b> Place base of wrist of right hand, palm down, -on some flat surface, thumb and little finger extended -and curved (others closed) to represent claws. Then -move the hand sidewise backward, waving the claws. -(Scott.) Compare <i>Spider</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le crabe</i>; Ger. <i>die Krabbe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crave.</b> See <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crayfish.</b> Hold out the V hand level; draw it back, -opening and shutting the V. Compare <i>Dog</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’écrevisse</i>; Ger. <i>der Krebs</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-52b.jpg" width="153" height="127" alt="Crazy" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Crazy</b>, <b>Foolish</b>, <b>Mad</b>, <b>Demented</b> (Brain in a whirl). -Raise compressed right hand, all fingers together, tap -the forehead with it and make one or two quick circles -with finger tips in the air. (Sheeaka.) Tap the forehead, -shake the head and point to the person. (Pop.)</p> - -<p><b>Crazy.</b> Swing the 5 hand in horizontal circles near the -forehead, going with the sun. Going the reverse way -always raises a laugh among Cheyennes; it both intensifies -and makes the idea ridiculous.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fou</i>; Ger. <i>verrückt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cree.</b> See <i>Indian</i>.</p> -<!--page-53--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-53a.jpg" width="176" height="185" alt="Creek" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Creek</b>, <b>Brook</b>, or <b>Rill</b>. Sign <i>Water</i>, then draw right G -hand, back up, held low, from opposite left side, past -body to right side; finger level, pointing to left and -waved sidewise. Compare <i>River</i>, <i>Snake</i>, <i>Crooked</i>, and -<i>Wire</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le ruisseau</i>; Ger. <i>der Bach</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crime</b> or <b>Sin</b>. Sign <i>Strong</i>, <i>Bad</i>, <i>Work</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le crime</i>; Ger. <i>das Verbrechen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-53b.jpg" width="178" height="64" alt="Crooked" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Crooked</b> or <b>Wrong</b>. Point the right G forward and -slightly down; push it slowly forward in a succession -of large, horizontal zigzags, each arched a little.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-53c.jpg" width="168" height="215" alt="Cross" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cross</b> or <b>Sulky</b>. Rest the forehead low on the left -hand. Or sign <i>Heart</i>, <i>Bad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>maussade</i>; Ger. <i>mürrisch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-53d.jpg" width="159" height="143" alt="Cross" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cross</b> (of Christ). Hold right G upright, left G at right -angles across last joint of right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le crucifix</i>; Ger. <i>das Kruzifix</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cross.</b> See <i>Across</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cross the heart.</b> With right index make a little cross -over the heart. This means “I give you my word of -honor.” (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>parole d’honneur!</i>; Ger. <i>auf mein Ehrenwort!</i></p> - -<p><b>Crow.</b> Sign <i>Bird</i> and <i>Black</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la corneille</i>; Ger. <i>die Krähe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crowded.</b> See <i>Few</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crow Indian.</b> See <i>Indian</i>.</p> -<!--page-54--> - -<p><b>Crush.</b> See <i>Exterminate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cry out.</b> See <i>Yell</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-54a.jpg" width="181" height="285" alt="Cry" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cry</b>, <b>To weep</b>. With G forefingers near the eyes trace -the courses of tears. If excessive, sign <i>Rain</i> from the -eyes. (Blackfoot.) Compare <i>Pity</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pleurer</i>; Ger. <i>weinen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cunning</b>, <b>Smart</b>, or <b>Clever</b>. Make the sign for <i>Wolf</i> -and add the sign <i>Equal</i>. Compare <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>rusé</i>; Ger. <i>schlau</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-54b.jpg" width="177" height="114" alt="Cut" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cut.</b> Saw the lower edge of the flat right across the -palm or edge of the flat left.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>couper</i>; Ger. <i>schneiden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Cutting up.</b> See <i>Meat</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-54c.jpg" width="175" height="231" alt="Cyclone" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cyclone</b> or <b>Whirlwind</b>. With flat right hand, back to -the right and level with the right shoulder, make a spiral -upward. A very small one for a little dust whirlwind, -and a large violent one for a dangerous cyclone.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cyclone</i>; Ger. <i>der Wirbelsturm</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>D</h3> - -<p><b>Dam.</b> Sign for <i>Stream</i> or <i>River</i> and <i>Hold</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la digue</i>, <i>l’écluse</i>; Ger. <i>der Damm</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-54d.jpg" width="175" height="179" alt="Dance" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Dance</b> (People jumping together). Bring the flat (or -“5”) hands in front of body about height of breast, -with fingers pointing nearly up, palms toward each other -<!--page-55--> -about six inches apart. Move the hands briskly upward -and downward a few inches several times, -simultaneously, mostly by elbow action. Compare -<i>People</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-55a.jpg" width="170" height="130" alt="Dance" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Dance</b> (Drumming). Hold up one flat hand face high, -back to side, thumb raised and up: jerk up and down. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>danser</i>; <i>la danse</i>; Ger. <i>tanzen</i>, <i>der Tanz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-55b.jpg" width="182" height="68" alt="Danger" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Danger</b> (The <i>Scout</i> or <i>Wolf</i> going ahead and coming -back to report danger). Right V hand, back upward, -moved directly and slowly forward in front of the right -shoulder and then suddenly and quickly drawn back at -the same time the body is thrown back a little. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p><b>Danger.</b> Sign <i>Look</i>, <i>Little</i>, <i>Afraid</i> (No. 2).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le danger</i>; Ger. <i>die Gefahr</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dangerous</b> (Of a man). Sign <i>Strong</i> and <i>Bad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>dangereux</i>; Ger. <i>gefährlich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dare you.</b> See <i>Challenge</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-55c.jpg" width="175" height="142" alt="Dark" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Dark</b>, <b>Unknown</b>, <b>Obscure</b>. Bring the flat hands, back -outward, in front of face, right hand nearest face, left a -little ahead, hands crossed, tips of fingers about opposite -centre of forehead; bring the hands very slightly -toward face. Compare <i>Ashamed</i> and <i>Blind</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>obscur</i>; Ger. <i>dunkel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Daughter.</b> Sign <i>Born</i> and <i>Female</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la fille</i>; Ger. <i>die Tochter</i>.</p> -<!--page-56--> - -<p><b>Day.</b> See <i>Time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Daybreak.</b> Sign <i>Little</i>, <i>Sunrise</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-56a.jpg" width="169" height="98" alt="Daybreak" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Daybreak</b> (A peep through darkness). Hold right flat -hand above left flat hand and in same plane; right little -finger on left index then raise the right hand a few inches -higher. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’aube</i>; Ger. <i>der Tagesanbruch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dead</b>, <b>Death</b>. Make the sign for <i>Die</i> and <i>Sleep</i>. (C) -The Cheyennes use <i>Die</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mort</i>; Ger. <i>tot</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-56b.jpg" width="159" height="234" alt="Deaf" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Deaf</b> (Hearing ground out). Press the palm of extended -right hand slightly against right ear, and move -the hand in small circle parallel to and close to the ear. -Sometimes add <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sourd</i>; Ger. <i>taub</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Debt.</b> See <i>Owe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Deceive.</b> Sign <i>Give</i> and <i>Lie</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tromper</i>; Ger. <i>betrügen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-56c.jpg" width="178" height="129" alt="Decide" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Decide</b>, <b>Determine</b>, <b>Make up one’s mind</b> (Think, then -act or settle it). Lower the head and raise right fist to -chin; then raise the head and cut down with the little -finger edge of the flat right hand. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p><b>Decide.</b> This is a sentence rather than a sign. With -4 hand over heart, sign <i>Consider</i>; point slowly in two or -three directions for <i>Ways</i>; sign <i>That</i> by vigorously -swinging the right G index out, pointing down; then -<!--page-57--> -add <i>So</i> by raising it slightly up and then down. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>décider</i>; Ger. <i>sich entscheiden</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-57a.jpg" width="181" height="183" alt="Decrease" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Decrease</b>, <b>Reduce</b>, or <b>Make smaller</b>. Hold flat right -hand, palm down, high above, a little to the side of flat -left hand, palm up; move them together in succession -of little jerks. Sometimes for emphasis finish by compressing -all right fingers to a point in the left palm. -Compare <i>Increase</i> and <i>Heap</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>diminuer</i>; Ger. <i>verringern</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-57b.jpg" width="170" height="202" alt="Decrepit" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Decrepit</b>, <b>Old</b>, or <b>Broken down</b> (Bent with disease or -age). Hold up G hand, back to right, higher than -shoulder; lower the hand several inches, at same time -bend the index. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Decrepit.</b> Hold up the right G, shoulder high, with -index bent in a hook; rotate as in <i>Old</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>décrépit</i>; Ger. <i>altersschwach</i>, <i>gebrechlich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Deed.</b> See <i>Act</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-57c.jpg" width="175" height="287" alt="Deep" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Deep.</b> Hold the left flat hand horizontal, chin high, -back up, fingers pointing to right; then drop right arm -to full length down with flat right hand palm up, under -left, fingers pointing forward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>profond</i>; Ger. <i>tief</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-57d.jpg" width="167" height="130" alt="Deer" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Deer.</b> Both hands fully spread, palms in and held up -to the side of the head to represent the horns of a deer. -(Sheeaka.) This is generic for <i>Deer</i>. Compare <i>Elk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cerf</i>; Ger. <i>der Hirsch</i>.</p> -<!--page-58--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-58a.jpg" width="118" height="165" alt="Deer, Mule" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Deer, Mule</b> or <b>Rocky Mountain Blacktail</b>. Sign <i>Deer</i> -then set compressed hand at each ear pointing up and -forward to indicate the large ears, as in a mule. (Scott.) -Compare <i>Bear</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cerf mulet</i>; Ger. <i>der langohrige Hirsch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-58b.jpg" width="163" height="102" alt="Deer, Whitetailed" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Deer, Whitetailed</b> or <b>Virginian</b>. Raise the right G -hand, pointing up and shoulder high; switch it from -nearly horizontal right to nearly horizontal left and -back, several times, pausing at the low point each time. -Sign <i>Deer</i> if need for clearness.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cerf de la Virginie</i>; Ger. <i>der Hirsch aus Virginien</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Defame.</b> See <i>Abuse</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-58c.jpg" width="173" height="60" alt="Defend" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Defend</b>, <b>Protect</b>, <b>Defense</b>, <b>Forbid</b>, or <b>Protection</b>. Sign -the same as the first part of <i>Corral</i>, but swing the joined -hands to left and right. So also to separate the hands -means to <i>Loose</i> or <i>Remove</i> protection. See <i>Hold</i> or -<i>Protect</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>défendre</i>; Ger. <i>verteidigen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-58d.jpg" width="174" height="72" alt="Defiance" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Defiance</b>, <b>Defy</b>, <b>Dare</b>, <b>Challenge</b>, or <b>I defy you</b>. Point -the T hand toward the person. This is an extremely -insulting challenge implying also the extreme of hatred -and contempt. See <i>Challenge</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le défi</i>, <i>défier</i>; Ger. <i>die Herausforderung</i>, <i>trotzen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Defiance, Insolent.</b> See <i>Mockery</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Delight.</b> See <i>Excite</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Depart.</b> See <i>Go</i>.</p> -<!--page-59--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-59a.jpg" width="175" height="238" alt="Describe" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Describe</b>, <b>Explain</b>, or <b>Tell about</b> (Tell all about it). -Sign <i>Talk</i> and <i>All</i>—that is, swing the curved flat right -hand, palm down, and to left, in a horizontal circle in -front of the right cheek.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>décrire</i>; Ger. <i>beschreiben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Desire.</b> See <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Destroy.</b> See <i>Exterminate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Determine.</b> See <i>Decide</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Devil.</b> Sign <i>Medicine</i>, <i>Horns</i>, and <i>Tail</i>. A purely -modern sign.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le diable</i>; Ger. <i>der Teufel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dew.</b> Sign <i>Night</i>, <i>Grass</i>, and the <i>Shimmer</i>; i.e., pass -curved right 5 hand, palm down, with a tremulous motion -just above the grass and add <i>Water</i>. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la rosée</i>; Ger. <i>der Tau</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-59b.jpg" width="175" height="153" alt="Die" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Die</b> (To go under; i.e., underground). Hold left hand -flat, fingers horizontal, palm to you, breast high, pointing -to right. Hold right G hand pointing to left above -and within; pass it down, under and up beyond, still -pointing to left.</p> - -<p class="continue">This is capable of modification. Thus passing the -right hand under and drawing it back means to be near -death but to <i>Recover</i>. To make the sign <i>Little</i> after -this means to <i>Faint</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mourir</i>; Ger. <i>sterben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Die out.</b> See <i>Melt</i>.</p> -<!--page-60--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-60a.jpg" width="182" height="135" alt="Different" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Different</b> or <b>Wrong</b> (Push aside). Hold up the flat -right, pointing forward and a little up, back to right. -Swing the whole arm a foot to right, forward and upward, -without bending the wrist, then back to first pose -and repeat; a much-used and very plastic sign. Compare -<i>Bad</i> and <i>No</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>différent</i>; Ger. <i>anders</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Difficulty.</b> See <i>Trouble</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dig.</b> Use flat right hand as a spade.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>creuser</i>; Ger. <i>graben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dime.</b> Sign <i>White</i>, <i>Little</i>, <i>Money</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dinner.</b> Sign <i>Noon</i> or <i>Night</i>, as may be, and <i>Eat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le dîner</i>; Ger.<!--TN: added period--> <i>das Mittagessen</i>, <i>die Haupmahlzeit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Direction.</b> Point the G finger forward and down, swing -it forward in a curve till it is about horizontal and -pointing in the line intended.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la direction</i>; Ger. <i>die Richtung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dirt</b> or <b>Soil</b>. See <i>Earth</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dirty.</b> Rub the tips of the 1st and 2nd fingers with the -tip of the thumb, exactly as in <i>Powder</i>, and add <i>Bad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sal</i>; Ger. <i>schmutzig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-60b.jpg" width="175" height="156" alt="Disappear" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Disappear.</b> Hold out the flat left, palm in, then shoot -compressed right, points first, over and down; then rub -upper edge of left with palm tips of right to mean <i>wiped -out</i>.</p> -<!--page-61--> - -<p><b>Disappear.</b> Look around and sign <i>See</i>, <i>Not</i>. Sometimes -use <i>Hide</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>disparaître</i>; Ger. <i>verschwinden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Disbelief.</b> Sign <i>That</i>, <i>True</i>, <i>I think</i>, <i>No</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’incrédulité</i>; Ger. <i>der Unglaube</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Disciple.</b> See <i>Learner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Discouraged.</b> See <i>Sorrow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Discovery.</b> <i>Found out.</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-61a.jpg" width="175" height="71" alt="Discussion" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Discussion</b>, <b>Conversation</b>, or <b>Debate</b> (In a general -sense). Hold out both flat hands, palms<!--TN: removed comma--> up, level, six -inches apart, breast high; swing both to left, then back -to right several times, to signify the handing of words -back and forth.</p> - -<p><b>Discussion</b> or <b>Conversation</b> (Between two). Make the -sign for <i>Talk</i> alternately right at left and left at right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la conversation</i>; Ger. <i>das Gespräch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Disgust</b> or <b>Dislike</b>. Push both flat hands forward -palms out, fingers up, and turn away head. Or <i>Heart</i>, -<i>Tired</i>. (C) Sometimes use <i>Scorn</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le dégoût</i>; Ger. <i>der Ekel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-61b.jpg" width="182" height="208" alt="Dismount" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Dismount.</b> Sign <i>Horseman</i>, then separate and lower -right V hand, points up. If the points of the A hand -were down, it would mean “looking on the ground.” See -<i>Mount</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>descendre de cheval</i>; Ger. <i>absteigen</i>.</p> -<!--page-62--> - -<p><b>Disobey.</b> Sign <i>Hear</i>, <i>Not</i>. Compare <i>Obey</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>désobéir</i>; Ger. <i>nicht gehorchen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Distant.</b> See <i>Far</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Distress.</b> See <i>Sorrow</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la misère</i>; Ger. <i>die Not</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dissolve.</b> See <i>Melt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dive</b> (To plunge into water). Place flat hands palm to -palm and make the action of diving.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plonger</i>; Ger. <i>tauchen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-62a.jpg" width="185" height="169" alt="Dive" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Dive</b> or <b>Swoop</b> (Like a bird in air). Hold out flat left -hand, back outward, bring flat right hand, back out, -some inches in rear of and higher than left hand, pointing -downward and forward; then shoot the right hand -downward and outward, back of hand grazing under -the left hand and up beyond. Compare <i>Born</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>s’élancer</i>; Ger. <i>niederschiessen au</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Divorce.</b> Sign <i>Marry</i>, then swing the fingers apart -horizontally. This is a legal divorce. When <i>Abandon</i> -is used it means leaving one’s mate without legal -divorce.</p> - -<p><b>Do.</b> See <i>Work</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Doctor.</b> Sign <i>Chief</i> and <i>Medicine</i>. (C) The Cheyennes -omit <i>Chief</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le médecin</i>, <i>le docteur</i>; Ger. <i>der Arzt</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-63a.jpg" width="173" height="147" alt="Doer" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Doer</b> or <b>The one who does</b> or <b>Man who</b> (of all, that one). -Sign <i>Man</i>, then swing right G on the level a foot, and -<!--page-63--> -back six inches; then raise and strike with same G down -on middle of the line. (Sheeaka. Apparently no other -Indian knew it.) The Cheyennes sign <i>Man</i> and <i>Work</i>, -or <i>Man</i> and <i>Knows</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’auteur</i>, <i>celui qui fait</i>; Ger. <i>der Täter</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-63b.jpg" width="177" height="99" alt="Dog" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Dog</b> (Drawing lodge poles). With V hand back up in -front of body draw the double trail down and backward. -Compare <i>Wolf</i>. Seger maintains that the idea -here is the dog’s ears point backward as he runs. See -<i>Bark</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chien</i>; Ger. <i>der Hund</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dollar.</b> Sign <i>Money</i> and <i>One</i>. This would vary with -the country, the sign stands for the unit of currency.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le dollar</i>; Ger. <i>der Dollar</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-63c.jpg" width="178" height="166" alt="Done" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Done</b>, <b>Ended</b>, <b>Finished</b>, <b>Complete</b>, <b>Period</b>, or <b>Full -Stop</b> (Chopped off). Hold left hand flat, fingers touching, -point forward, thumb up and with edge of right -similarly held, chop down close past the tips of the fingers.</p> - -<p class="continue">Also used as an auxiliary past tense, as <i>I done eat</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-63d.jpg" width="184" height="59" alt="Done" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Done</b> (<b>2</b>) <b>Finish</b>, <b>Quit</b>, <b>Break off</b>. Hold up both fists at -level of chin, palms down, middle knuckles of left -touching ditto of right; jerk them a foot apart as though -breaking a cord; swing them apart, down, along and up. -This is also used as a <i>Period</i> at the end of sentence and -I have seen it used for <i>Bankrupt</i>. It is a northern sign -recently established among the Cheyennes. Compare -<i>Fat</i> and <i>Break</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fini</i>; Ger. <i>fertig</i>.</p> -<!--page-64--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-64a.jpg" width="175" height="126" alt="Don’t Care" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Don’t Care</b> (I am defiant). Tap chest with tips of right -flat hand, then swing the hand briskly and high to -right, keeping palm facing the left. (Sheeaka.) Merely -shrug the shoulders. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes sign -<i>Go ahead</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>cela m’est égal</i>; Ger. <i>ich mache mir nichts -daraus</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Do not</b> or <b>Don’t</b>. Hold up flat right hand, palm out, -and forward at an angle; sharply shake the hand by -wrist action back and forward (not sidewise), also sometimes -the head. Compare <i>Easy</i> and <i>Rub it out</i>. Sometimes -use <i>Stop</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ne faites pas</i>; Ger. <i>tun Sie das nicht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Don’t want.</b> See under <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-64b.jpg" width="175" height="173" alt="Door" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Door.</b> Sign <i>Teepee</i> or <i>House</i>, then hold flat left hand, -thumb up, and lay flat right across the palm with little -finger of the right as the hinge; swing it till it lies flat -on left palm. (C) The Cheyennes sign <i>House</i>, then -pull and swing an imaginary door.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la porte</i>; Ger. <i>die Tür</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Doubt</b>, <b>I am doubtful</b>. Very slowly shake the head. -(Pop.) Cheyennes and other Indians add—right hand -held out palm forward and down, open and shaken; -really a slow, slight <i>Question</i> sign. See <i>If</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le doute</i>, <i>j’en doute</i>; Ger. <i>der Zweifel</i>, <i>ich bezweifle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Down</b>, <b>Downward</b>, or <b>Below</b>. Point straight down -with right G, lowering the same. (Blackfoot.) Some -use flat hand for this. Compare <i>Here</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>en bas</i>; Ger. <i>unten</i>.</p> -<!--page-65--> - -<p><b>Down-hearted.</b> See <i>Sorrow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dream</b> (See while sleeping). Sign <i>Sleep</i> and <i>See</i>; keeping -the eyes closed.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le rêve</i>; Ger. <i>der Traum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dress.</b> Pass the palm of the L hand over the part of -the body to be covered. Compare <i>Hat</i>, <i>Moccasin</i>, -<i>Robe</i>, etc.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la robe</i>; Ger. <i>das Kleid</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-65a.jpg" width="171" height="255" alt="Drink" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Drink</b> or <b>Drinking</b> (From a cup). The O hand to the -mouth as in drinking. Compare <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-65b.jpg" width="183" height="245" alt="Drinking" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Drinking</b> in the abstract would be: Draw the hollow -hand level to the mouth from slightly above and down -past chin, fingers pointing nearly forward. This combines -<i>Water</i> and <i>Swallow</i>. See <i>Water</i>. Compare -<i>Speech</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>buvant</i>; Ger. <i>trinkend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Drinking liquor</b> (Half a finger). Hold up right G hand -back to you, then lay left G across back to indicate -liquor, then add <i>Drink</i>. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>buvant une boisson alcoolique</i>; Ger. <i>Schnaps -trinkend</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-65c.jpg" width="165" height="68" alt="Drive" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Drive</b> (Sense of driving a herd, or running off a herd). -With L hands horizontal, opposite each other and same -height, about an inch between tips of thumbs; move the -hands simultaneously in the direction of the drive.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mener</i>; Ger. <i>treiben</i>.</p> -<!--page-66--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-66a.jpg" width="170" height="73" alt="Driving" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Driving</b> (A team). Hold both hands, backs out, as -though holding reins, thumbs straight, with index of each -around its point. See-saw the hands on the same level.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>conduisant</i>; Ger. <i>lenkend</i>, <i>fahrend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Drouth.</b> Sign, <i>Long time</i>, <i>Rain</i>, <i>No</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la sécheresse</i>; Ger. <i>die Dürre</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Drown.</b> Sign <i>Water</i> and <i>Die</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>noyer</i>; Ger. <i>ertrinken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Drum.</b> With G fingers draw a large circle, beginning -together well forward, each making half-circle, ending -near body; then strike on it several times with right A.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le tambour</i>; Ger. <i>die Trommel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Drunk</b> or <b>Drunkard</b>. Sign <i>Crazy</i>, <i>Drink</i>, and <i>Much</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ivre</i>; Ger. <i>betrunken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dry</b> (Of a stream or spring). Sign <i>Stream</i>, <i>Water</i>, <i>All -gone</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sec</i>; Ger. <i>trocken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dry.</b> See <i>Thirsty</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-66b.jpg" width="174" height="112" alt="Duck" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Duck.</b> Sign for <i>Bird</i> and make the broad bill with flat -hand held under the nose, back up, pointing forward; -push it forward a few inches, or else with thumb below -and first and second fingers above.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le canard</i>; Ger. <i>die Ente</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dull</b> (Of a tool). Sign <i>Cut</i> and <i>Not</i> or <i>Bad</i>. Compare -<i>Saw</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>émoussé</i>; Ger. <i>stumpf</i>.</p> -<!--page-67--> - -<p><b>Dull.</b> See <i>Dunce</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dumb.</b> Press the finger tips of the flat hand on the -mouth; add <i>Talk</i> and <i>No</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>muet</i>; Ger. <i>stumm</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dunce</b> or <b>Dull</b> (Blockhead). Strike forehead with right -fist knuckles. (D) A Cheyenne signed it <i>Behind</i>, -<i>Book</i>, <i>Know</i>, <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le benêt</i>, <i>l’imbécile</i>; Ger. <i>der Dummkopf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>During.</b> See <i>While</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dust.</b> Rub tips of right fingers with tip of right thumb, -as in <i>Powder</i>; then with flat right hand horizontal, -palm down, pat several times toward the earth. (Scott.) -See <i>Earth</i> and <i>Land</i>.</p> - -<p class="continue">If the dust is in the air, pat down with one flat hand, -then wave both 5 hands, points up, near the eyes; sometimes -blink and draw back to make it more expressive.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la poussière</i>; Ger. <i>der Staub</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Duty</b> (That, me, sends). Sign for <i>That</i>, <i>Me</i>, and <i>Go</i> -(emphatically).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le devoir</i>; Ger. <i>die Pflicht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-67a.jpg" width="174" height="183" alt="Dwell" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Dwell</b> or <b>Inhabit</b> (Alive and moving about in). Right -flat hand, face high, pointing up, twisted slowly from -left to right two or three times. Compare <i>Appear</i>, -<i>Alive</i>, and <i>Doubt</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-67b.jpg" width="178" height="110" alt="Dwell" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Dwell</b> (<b>2</b>) (Sitting, emphatic). One fist above the other -in front as though grasping a stake, then with both hands -<!--page-68--> -push it down and slightly forward. (Blackfoot.) Compare -<i>Sit</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>demeurer</i>; Ger. <i>bewohnen</i>, <i>wohnen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dwindle.</b> See <i>Decrease</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>E</h3> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-68a.jpg" width="92" height="254" alt="Eagle" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Eagle.</b> The sign for <i>Bird</i> is slowly made, then with the -G hand in front of the face, back to right, describe a -downward curve from between the eyes to indicate the -curved bill of the eagle. This same sign is given for -<i>Roman nose</i>, but hold the back of the hand forward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’aigle</i>; Ger. <i>der Adler</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Early.</b> See <i>Soon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Early evening.</b> Sign <i>Sunset</i> and <i>Little of</i>. (C) The -Cheyennes understood this, but preferred to swing the -<i>Sun</i> sign down to near, but not quite, level.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>au commencement du soir</i>; Ger. <i>früh am Abend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Early morning.</b> Sign <i>Little</i> and <i>Daybreak</i>, or <i>Sunrise</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>de bon matin</i>; Ger. <i>frühmorgens</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ear-rings.</b> Make a ring of each index and thumb and -apply to each ear-lobe, backs of hands out, other fingers -raised.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les boucles d’oreilles</i>; Ger. <i>das Ohrgehänge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Earth</b>, <b>the World</b> (All land). Sign <i>All</i> with both flat -hands, palms down, then pat down with both hands -twice. Compare <i>Land</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le monde</i>; Ger. <i>die Erde</i>, <i>die Welt</i>.</p> -<!--page-69--> - -<p><b>Earth</b>, <b>Soil</b>, or <b>Dirt</b>. Point down, then with thumb and -finger tips, lift and rub some imaginary soil as in <i>Powder</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la terre</i>; Ger. <i>die Erde</i>, <i>der Schmutz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-69a.jpg" width="173" height="132" alt="Easy" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Easy</b>, <b>Softly</b>, or <b>Gently</b>. Hold flat hand at face height, -fingers half spread and a little curved, palm forward, -leaning toward the person and gently and slightly -shake the hand from side to side. (Sioux and Blackfoot.) -With slight modification, much used on the -railway in shunting. Compare <i>Rub it out</i>, <i>Question</i>, -and <i>Do not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>doucement</i>; Ger. <i>sachte</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-69b.jpg" width="173" height="243" alt="Eat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Eat</b> or <b>Food</b>. Throw the nearly compressed right hand -lightly in a curve past the mouth several times. Compare -<i>Water</i> and <i>Drink</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>manger</i>; Ger. <i>essen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-69c.jpg" width="181" height="169" alt="Eaten enough" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Eaten enough</b> (Full to throat). Sign <i>Eat</i>, then lay L -hand on breast, palm in, and raise it to opposite chin. -Compare <i>Hang</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>assez mangé</i>; Ger. <i>satt gegessen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Effect.</b> See <i>Result</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Effort.</b> See <i>Try</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Egg.</b> Sign <i>Bird</i> and <i>Born</i>; then indicate the size of the -egg with finger and thumb of one or both hands.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’oeuf</i>; Ger. <i>das Ei</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-69d.jpg" width="185" height="58" alt="Either" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Either</b>, <b>Or</b>. Hold out left V hand, back up; tap each -finger in turn with right G. Compare <i>Both</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’un ou l’autre</i>, <i>ou ... ou</i>; Ger. <i>entweder ... oder</i>.</p> -<!--page-70--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-70a.jpg" width="178" height="144" alt="Elk" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Elk</b> or <b>Wapiti</b>. Hold the hands above the head at arm’s -length on each side, thumb and first two fingers of each -spread, others closed; jerk them forward two or three -times for three or four inches. Compare <i>Deer</i>, <i>Moose</i>, -and <i>Caribou</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cerf du Canada</i>; Ger. <i>das Elentier</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-70b.jpg" width="144" height="175" alt="Empty" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Empty</b>, <b>Absent</b>, <b>Gone</b>, or <b>Out of</b>. Place the right 5 -hand, points up, in the left C hand, which is back, -forward, and down; drop the right hand down out of the -left, closing left to O. Compare <i>All gone</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vide</i>; Ger. <i>leer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Encamp.</b> See <i>Camp</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Encircle.</b> See <i>Surround</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-70c.jpg" width="168" height="90" alt="Enclosure" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Enclosure.</b> Hold out both 5 hands level, palm to palm, -finger tips touching; swing them apart in a horizontal -circle; draw them back; end with fingers wide apart -and heels touching. A much-used sign. See <i>Corral</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’enclos</i>; Ger. <i>die Einzäunung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>End.</b> See <i>Done</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-70d.jpg" width="192" height="163" alt="Endure" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Endure</b>, <b>Suffer</b>, or <b>Stand it</b> (Suffering, but strong and -erect). Hold flat curved right hand close in front of -breast, breathe heavily, swinging the hand near and -from; then raise the right A hand in a curve out and -up, about head high. (Sheeaka.) Understood, but not -used by Cheyennes.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>supporter</i>; Ger. <i>aushalten</i>, <i>leiden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Enemy.</b> Sign <i>Shake hands</i> and <i>Not</i>. Sometimes use -<i>Hate</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’ennemi</i>; Ger. <i>der Feind</i>.</p> -<!--page-71--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-71a.jpg" width="181" height="70" alt="Engaged" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Engaged</b> or <b>Betrothed</b> (Ring-bound). Sign <i>Prisoner</i>, -then with right index indicate a ring on ring finger of -left hand. (D)</p> - -<p><b>Engaged.</b> Sign <i>Bye and bye</i>, <i>Marry</i>. See <i>Courting</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fiancé</i>; Ger. <i>verlobt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Engagement</b> (i.e., Business). Swing the flat hands, -palms up, up and down for six or eight inches, as in -<i>Road</i>, but not progressing. Or, sign <i>Road</i> and <i>Meet</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’engagement</i>, <i>l’obligation</i>; Ger. <i>die Verabredung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Enlist.</b> Sign <i>Work</i> and <i>Soldier</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>enrôler</i>; Ger. <i>sich anwerben lassen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-71b.jpg" width="176" height="121" alt="Enough" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Enough</b> or <b>Full</b> in general sense (Levelling off a full -measure). Hold out left O hand, back to left, and across -the top from right to left pass the flat palm of the open -right hand. Sometimes add <i>Strong</i>, to mean <i>Plenty</i>. -See <i>Eaten enough</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>assez</i>; Ger. <i>genug</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-71c.jpg" width="168" height="92" alt="Enter" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Enter</b> or <b>Come into</b>. Hold out hollow left, back up, -and pass compressed right hand under and beyond.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>entrer</i>; Ger. <i>eintreten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-71d.jpg" width="170" height="62" alt="Equal" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Equal</b>, <b>Even</b>, <b>Same</b>, <b>Too</b>, <b>Also</b> (Even race). Hold G -hands in front of breast, side by side, backs up, pointing -to front, about two inches apart; push them forward -together and a little up in a sweep. A much-used sign. -Compare <i>Race</i>, <i>Parallel</i>, <i>Marry</i>, and <i>Mate</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>égal</i>, <i>le même</i>; Ger. <i>gleich</i>, <i>egal</i>, <i>genau so</i>.</p> -<!--page-72--> - -<p><b>Erase</b> or <b>Annul</b>. Sign <i>Wrong</i> and <i>Wipe out</i>. See <i>Rub -it out</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>effacer</i>; Ger. <i>auslöschen</i>, <i>ausstreichen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Escape.</b> See <i>Free</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Even</b> or <b>Same</b>. See <i>Equal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Evening.</b> Sign <i>Night</i> and <i>Little of</i>. (C) See <i>Early -evening</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le soir</i>; Ger. <i>der Abend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ever.</b> See <i>Always</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Evil</b> or <b>Sin</b>. Sign <i>Work</i> and <i>Bad</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-72a.jpg" width="166" height="66" alt="Evil Eye" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Evil Eye.</b> Close all fingers of right hand, except index -and little finger; to point these at any one means “You -have the Evil Eye.” In Italy this is an insult. (Pop.) -In France it means “Shame on you,” or “I put you to -shame.” (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la main à corne</i>; Ger. <i>das Hexenauge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Except</b> or <b>Unless</b>. See <i>But</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-72b.jpg" width="176" height="189" alt="Excessive" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Excessive</b>, <b>Too much</b>, <b>Unjust</b>, <b>Too</b> (Extremely, piled up). -With right palm down, make a succession of curves, -marking stages each higher than the last, beginning -very low; then finish by swinging both hands, palm -down, away up and forward. (Sheeaka.) Or sign -<i>Heap</i>. Sometimes use <i>Enough</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>excessif</i>, <i>trop</i>; Ger. <i>übermässig</i>, <i>zu viel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Exchange.</b> See <i>Trade</i>.</p> -<!--page-73--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-73a.jpg" width="174" height="210" alt="Excite" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Excite</b>, <b>Agitate</b> (Heart flutters). Sign <i>Heart</i>, then hold -the 5 hand near the heart, back to right, pointing -upward; raise it a foot shaking the fingers. The -Blackfeet use this for <i>Glad</i>, and in most cases among the -Cheyennes it implies pleasant excitement.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>exciter</i>; Ger. <i>aufregen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Excuse.</b> See <i>Wipe out</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Exist.</b> See <i>Be</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Expect.</b> See <i>Hope</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Explain.</b> See <i>Describe</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-73b.jpg" width="176" height="83" alt="Exterminate" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Exterminate</b>, <b>Annihilate</b>, <b>Crush</b>, <b>Destroy</b>, etc. (Crushed -and wiped out). Drop flat right on flat left, palm to -palm, grind them together, then brush the right over the -left tips, to front and beyond. Compare <i>Wipe out</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>exterminer</i>; Ger. <i>vernichten</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>F</h3> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-73c.jpg" width="171" height="161" alt="Face" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Face.</b> Sweep the flat right hand, palm in, across the -face and down. This is sometimes used for <i>Person</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la figure</i>; Ger. <i>das Gesicht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fade.</b> See <i>Melt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Faint.</b> Signs for <i>Die</i> and <i>Recover</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>s’évanouir</i>, <i>faible</i>, <i>épuisé</i>; Ger. <i>ohnmächtig werden</i>, -<i>schwach</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-73d.jpg" width="185" height="118" alt="Fall" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fall</b> or <b>Tumble</b>. The right flat hand in front of breast, -back up, swept briskly out, <i>forward</i> up and down, to -rest palm up. Compare <i>Another</i> and <i>Lie Down</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tomber</i>; Ger. <i>hinfallen</i>.</p> -<!--page-74--> - -<p><b>Fall.</b> See <i>Autumn</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-74a.jpg" width="132" height="131" alt="Fall" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fall</b> (Of water). Sign <i>River</i> or <i>Creek</i>, then hold out -flat left, back out, and push flat right over it, bending -right fingers over far edge, making them tremble.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la cataracte</i>; Ger. <i>der Wasserfall</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fail</b>, that is, to lack success. See <i>Cannot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fail</b> (In business). Sign <i>Work</i>, <i>Backward</i>. (Blackfoot.) -The <i>Backward</i> is indicated by holding the flat -left well forward, drawing the flat right back in jumps.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>faire faillite</i>; Ger. <i>bankerott werden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>False.</b> See <i>Lie</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fame.</b> See <i>Glory</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-74b.jpg" width="120" height="249" alt="Famous" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Famous</b> (Standing on a hill). Sign <i>Hill</i>, then over that -hold right G, palm forward, index just above left -thumb. Or, sign <i>Chief</i> and <i>Brave</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fameux</i>, <i>célèbre</i>; Ger. <i>berühmt</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-74c.jpg" width="180" height="59" alt="Far object" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Far object</b>, <b>Distant</b> or <b>Far forward</b>, <b>Over there</b>. Move -the G hand forward and upward in a long slow arch, -finishing at arm’s length with down curve.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-74d.jpg" width="180" height="117" alt="Far" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Far</b> (In general). Flat right hand curved, pointing to -left, back forward, pushed out and up at arm’s length. -Compare <i>Close</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>loin</i>; Ger. <i>entfernt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Farm.</b> Sign <i>Land</i> and <i>Planting</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la ferme</i>; Ger. <i>der Pachthof</i>.</p> -<!--page-75--> - -<p><b>Farmer.</b> Sign <i>Corn</i> and <i>Chief</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le fermier</i>; Ger. <i>der Ackerbauer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-75a.jpg" width="180" height="62" alt="Fast" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fast</b>, <b>Quick</b>, <b>Rapid</b>, or <b>Swift</b> (Pass by). Hold out the -flat left hand, back to left. Bring the flat right hand, -back to right, several inches in rear of and slightly to -right of left, pointing to front and downward; carry -right hand swiftly past left and close to it, and as it -passes, by wrist action, raise the hand so that fingers -will point upward and in front, making a curve; at the -same time, draw back the left a little.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>rapide</i>, <i>vite</i>; Ger. <i>schnell</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-75b.jpg" width="178" height="64" alt="Fat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fat</b> (Shape of a fat animal’s hips). Hold the fists out -side by side, thumb to thumb, then swing them apart -in two curves, up, out, down, and a little forward. -Compare <i>Done</i> and <i>Break</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>gras</i>; Ger. <i>fett</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fat</b> or <b>Grease</b>. See <i>Oil</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-75c.jpg" width="115" height="236" alt="Father" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Father</b> (Nurse, male). With compressed right hand, -pluck at the right breast two or three times, as though -drawing out milk. Sometimes add <i>Male</i>. Compare -<i>Mother</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le père</i>; Ger. <i>der Vater</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Father-in-law.</b> Sign <i>Brother-in-law</i>, <i>Old</i>, and <i>Man</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-75d.jpg" width="171" height="67" alt="Fault-finding" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fault-finding</b> (Striking, knocking). With flat right -hand, arm at full length, make a succession of short -chops down. This is fault-finding with another. For -“fault-finding with me” chop toward the breast. -(Sheeaka.) See <i>Abuse</i>, <i>Chop</i>, and <i>By itself</i>. The -Cheyennes use <i>You</i>, <i>All time</i>, <i>Scold</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>blâmer</i>, <i>censurer</i>; Ger. <i>das Tadeln</i>.</p> -<!--page-76--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-76a.jpg" width="166" height="192" alt="Fear" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fear</b>, <b>Cowardice</b>, <b>Coward</b>. The head stooped down -and the right arm thrown up, palm out, as though to -ward off danger. (Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes understand, -but prefer <i>Woman</i>, <i>Heart</i>. See <i>Afraid</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la peur</i>; Ger. <i>die Furcht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Feather</b> (Small). Pluck an imaginary feather from left -arm with index finger and thumb of right hand and -blow it away from the mouth with one puff, at same -time opening the finger and thumb to let it go.</p> - -<p><b>Feather</b>, i.e., <b>Quill Feather</b>. Sign <i>Wing</i>, then make as -though pulling out and holding up <i>One</i> feather.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la plume</i>; Ger. <i>die Feder</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Feel</b> (That is, heart feels). Place the tip of the middle -finger, others extended and lifted, against the heart; -then draw it up a little way. (D)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sentir</i>; Ger. <i>empfinden</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-76b.jpg" width="175" height="146" alt="Feel" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Feel</b> or <b>Touch</b> (to touch). The hand as above, but -pushed forward and moved a little from side to side. -(Sheeaka.) See <i>Hot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Feel</b> or <b>Touch</b>. Hold out left flat hand, back up; press -tip of right flat hand on it at various places. Compare <i>At</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>toucher</i>; Ger. <i>tasten</i>, <i>berühren</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-76c.jpg" width="171" height="147" alt="Female" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Female</b> or <b>Woman</b>. Draw the flat right hand, palm in -close to the side of the head, finger tips about on line -with the top of head; lower the hand, at the same time -curving fingers as though combing with them the hair -over ears and cheeks; finish with a snap at line of shoulders. -<!--page-77--> -Two hands are used in the north. Compare -<i>Comb</i>. For <i>White woman</i> indicate an immense hat. -(Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la femme</i>; Ger. <i>das Weib</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fetch.</b> See <i>Bring</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Few.</b> See <i>Small</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-77a.jpg" width="173" height="170" alt="Fight" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fight</b> or <b>War</b>. Hold loosely clenched A hands well out -in front of body, thumbs toward body, about height of -shoulders and about three inches apart; bring right hand -in toward body few inches, at same time move left out -about same distance; then carry right out and bring left -in, repeating these two or three times, making them by -wrist and elbow action. This is a fight of many; for a -fight of two, use the G fingers same way. In old days, -according to Father Isadore, the signal for <i>Battle</i> was a -handful of dust thrown in the air. The gesture of doing -this came to mean <i>Fight</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le combat</i>, <i>la guerre</i>; Ger. <i>der Streit</i>, <i>der Krieg</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Find.</b> Sign <i>Look</i> around here and there, then shoot out -the V hand and pick up an imaginary something with -finger and thumb. Compare <i>Choose</i> and <i>Hunt</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>trouver</i>; Ger. <i>finden</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-77b.jpg" width="107" height="185" alt="Fingers crossed" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fingers crossed</b>, <b>To claim Sanctuary</b>. Also called <i>Bar -up</i>, <i>King’s X</i>, <i>King’s Cross</i>, <i>Pax</i>, <i>Truce</i>, <i>Fins</i>, <i>Fines</i>, -etc. Hold up right hand with first and second fingers -crossed. This means “I claim privilege, what I do now is -outside the game.” (Universal in our schools and probably -very ancient.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>être exempt</i>; Ger. <i>die Immunität</i>, <i>verschont sein</i>.</p> -<!--page-78--> - -<p><b>Finish.</b> Hold out flat left, palm up; rub flat right on it, -palm down, making two sunwise circles. Also use -<i>Done</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-78a.jpg" width="101" height="264" alt="Fire" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fire</b> (Blaze, flaring up with smoke). Hold the right -hand down and forward at arm’s length, back in front -of the body; fingers hooked so the tip of thumb is over -the nails of first three fingers and holds them down; -raise the hand six inches and spring the fingers upward, -free, separate, and straight. Do this twice. Compare -<i>Aurora</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le feu</i>; Ger. <i>das Feuer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fire, Spark of.</b> Hold up right thumb and index as -though holding something and blow it steadily; add -<i>Fire</i> if needed for clearness. Compare <i>Feather</i> (small).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’étincelle</i>; Ger. <i>der Funke</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fire</b>, <b>Set it afire</b>. Make the motion of striking a match -on the side of the thigh and thrusting it forward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>allumer</i>; Ger. <i>anzünden</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-78b.jpg" width="178" height="119" alt="Fire off" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fire off</b>, <b>Shoot</b>, or <b>Gun-Fire</b> (Blaze shooting forward). -Right hand in front of right shoulder; throw palm forward -six inches and at same time straighten and spread -all fingers with a jerk. Some add a hand clap or many -for <i>Volley firing</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>décharger</i>, <i>faire feu sur</i>, <i>tirer</i>; Ger. <i>schiessen</i>, -<i>abfeuern</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-78c.jpg" width="171" height="107" alt="First" /> -</div> - -<p><b>First</b> (Of all, number one). Hold up left 5 hand, palm to -right; push it forward, then tap the little finger with the -right G. (Sheeaka. A Sioux sign, but understood by -Cheyennes.) Compare <i>Last</i> and <i>Guide</i>.</p> -<!--page-79--> - -<p><b>First.</b> Sign <i>Ahead</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le premier</i>; Ger. <i>der Erste</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-79a.jpg" width="179" height="96" alt="Fish" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fish.</b> Make sign for <i>Water</i>; then hold flat right hand, -back to right, in front of right shoulder, elbow high; -and move the hand sinuously forward. Often omit -<i>Water</i>. Compare <i>Snake</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le poisson</i>; Ger. <i>der Fisch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fisher</b> or <b>Pekan</b>. Sign <i>Marten</i> and <i>Big</i> (suggested, -not established).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pékan</i>; Ger. <i>der kanadische Marder</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-79b.jpg" width="170" height="64" alt="Fix" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fix.</b> Lay low edge of flat right hand on upper edge of -flat left near thumb base. Push right forward and -down, turning left back up. (C) Or, sign <i>Work</i> and -<i>All right</i>. Compare <i>Mend</i>, <i>Council</i>, and <i>Law</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ajuster</i>, <i>arranger</i>; Ger. <i>herrichten</i>, <i>in Ordnung -machen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fix</b>, <b>In a Fix</b>. See <i>Quandary</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-79c.jpg" width="164" height="174" alt="Flag" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Flag.</b> Hold flat right well out, back to right. Lay left -G on wrist of right. Wave right sidewise.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le drapeau</i>; Ger. <i>die Flagge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Flat.</b> See <i>Prairie</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Flesh.</b> See <i>Meat</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-79d.jpg" width="167" height="64" alt="Float" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Float.</b> Flat left hand, back up; place flat right on it, -palm down, and move both to right as on waves. (C) -Understood by Cheyennes.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>flotter</i>; Ger. <i>oben auf schwimmen</i>, <i>auf dem Wasser -treiben</i>.</p> -<!--page-80--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-80a.jpg" width="169" height="141" alt="Flood" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Flood.</b> Indicate source of <i>Water</i>, then hold up both -flat hands, backs up, side by side, waist high; raise -them neck high and sign <i>Charge</i>. Omit <i>Charge</i> unless -needed.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’inondation</i>; Ger. <i>die Flut</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Flour.</b> Sign <i>Bread</i> and <i>Powder</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la farine</i>; Ger. <i>das Mehl</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-80b.jpg" width="172" height="122" alt="Flower" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Flower</b>, <b>Bloom</b>, or <b>Blossom</b>. Sign <i>Grass</i>, but higher; -then clasp right index and thumb over left ditto, others -closed; then turn the hands so the little fingers touch -and the thumbs point up. (C)</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-80c.jpg" width="164" height="218" alt="Flower" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Flower.</b> Sign <i>Grow</i>; hold both compressed hands together -in front, pointing up, backs out; spring them -out into 5 hands, forming a circle pointing up.</p> - -<p><b>Fly</b> (The insect). Sign <i>Bird</i>, <i>Small</i>; then point here and -there on the arm anywhere. Sometimes omit <i>Small</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la mouche</i>; Ger. <i>die Fliege</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fly</b> (To). With flat hands held near shoulders simulate -wings, beating exactly as in <i>Bird</i>, but move the hands -forward a foot or more horizontally. Compare <i>Bird</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>voler</i>; Ger. <i>fliegen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-80d.jpg" width="178" height="204" alt="Fog" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fog</b> (Water, peep through). Sign <i>Water</i> and hold the -5 hands, fingers crossed, in front of the eyes. (C) The -Cheyennes understand this, but prefer the next:</p> - -<p><b>Fog</b> (Mud in the sky). Sign <i>Turtle</i>, then raise both 5 -hands, palms forward, from the horizon up high; then -spread them out. This expresses “turtles in the sky”; -<!--page-81--> -probably because the sky is clouded as is the water -when the turtle moves in it.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le brouillard</i>; Ger. <i>der Nebel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-81a.jpg" width="130" height="128" alt="Follow" /> -</div> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-81b.jpg" width="169" height="74" alt="Follow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Follow</b> or <b>Chase</b>. Left G hand pointing nearly up, -moved ahead and variously pursued six inches behind -by right G hand. Sheeaka used his thumbs for this.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>suivre</i>; Ger. <i>folgen</i>, <i>nachlaufen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-81c.jpg" width="175" height="170" alt="Fond" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fond</b>, <b>Fondness</b>, <b>Love</b>, <b>Affection</b>, <b>Regard</b>, etc. (Pressed -to the heart). Cross wrists of A hands, backs out, over -the heart, right nearest body, few inches from it; draw -both against the body and bend the head over them. -With one hand it is <i>Like</i>; with two hands, <i>Love</i>. (Blackfoot.) -Compare <i>Blanket</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>affectueux</i>; Ger. <i>zärtlich</i>, <i>liebevoll</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Food.</b> See <i>Eat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fool, Do you take me for a.</b> With the right G index, -draw down the lower eyelid a little; as though to say, -“Can you see any green there?” (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sot, me croyez vous bête?</i> Ger. <i>der Narr, denken -Sie ich bin dumm?</i></p> - -<p><b>Foolish.</b> See <i>Crazy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Foolish</b> or <b>Unwise</b>. Sign <i>Crazy</i> and <i>Little of</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>imbécile</i>; Ger. <i>närrisch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Football signs.</b> See <a href="#appendix">page 233</a>.</p> - -<p><b>Footprints</b> (Visible walk). Sign for <i>Walk</i> and for <i>See</i> -with the fingers pointed down. This is <i>Human tracks</i>; -for <i>Horse tracks</i>, sign <i>Walk</i> with the index and thumb -of each hand in a three-quarter circle, other fingers -closed, and then add <i>See</i> as here.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les empreintes des pieds</i>; Ger. <i>die Fusztapfen</i>.</p> -<!--page-82--> - -<p><b>Footrace.</b> Sign <i>Walk</i> quickly, and <i>Race</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la course à pied</i>; Ger. <i>der Wettlauf</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-82a.jpg" width="179" height="126" alt="For" /> -</div> - -<p><b>For</b> (Giving to). Throw the flat right hand forward and -palm down, slowly toward the object. Compare <i>Stop</i>, -<i>Give</i>, and <i>Wait</i>.</p> - -<p><b>For.</b> Sometimes use <i>Belongs</i>. Hold out the two G -hands nearly back up, a foot apart; swing them together -till the G tips are about two inches apart. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-82b.jpg" width="173" height="63" alt="For" /> -</div> - -<p><b>For.</b> Lightly close the right as though it held some -object, push it forward and upward, back to right. -(Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pour</i>; Ger. <i>für</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Forbid.</b> See <i>Defend</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-82c.jpg" width="167" height="192" alt="Forest" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Forest</b>, <b>Timber</b>, or <b>Woods</b>. Hold both forearms upright, -with all the fingers much spread, meaning <i>Trees</i>, -the right hand nearest the body, its back against the -palm of left; then separate them, drawing right hand -toward the body, moving the left away and upward in a -curve. See <i>Tree</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la forêt</i>; Ger. <i>der Wald</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Forever.</b> See <i>Always</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Forgive.</b> See <i>Excuse</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-82d.jpg" width="165" height="192" alt="Forget" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Forget</b> or <b>Forgot</b> (Swept from my brain). Touch the -forehead with the right N finger. Shake the head and -motion as though to brush away an imaginary fly from -near the nose. (Sheeaka and Pop.) See <i>Remember not</i>.</p> -<!--page-83--> - -<p><b>Forget</b> or <b>Forgot</b>. Clap right hand down on left (for -surprise); lay right G, palm forward, on forehead, and -add <i>Hid</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>oublier</i>; Ger. <i>vergessen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Forward</b> (In space). See <i>Ahead</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Forward</b> (In time). See <i>Future</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Found it.</b> Sign <i>I Saw</i>, then reach forward and with -index and thumb pick up an imaginary object. Compare -<i>Choose</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-83a.jpg" width="171" height="259" alt="Found it" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Found it.</b> At a distance, hold both hands high above -the head, fingers closed, thumbs pointing toward each -other. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>je l’ai trouvé</i>; Ger. <i>ich habe es gefunden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Found out</b>, i.e., <b>You are found out</b>. Point forefinger at -the person. (Sheeaka.) Or sign <i>You</i>, <i>I</i>, <i>Understand</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>démasqué</i>; Ger. <i>ertappt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Four-foot.</b> See <i>Animal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Fox.</b> Indicate the size of animal and bushy tail.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le renard</i>; Ger. <i>der Fuchs</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-83b.jpg" width="184" height="106" alt="Free" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Free</b>, <b>Escape</b>, <b>Safe</b>, <b>Save</b>, <b>Relief</b>, <b>Permit</b>, <b>Turn loose</b> -(Unbinding). S hands crossed at wrists. With an -effort, break the imaginary bonds and throw the hands -apart, turning palm sides up. Sometimes add <i>Go</i>. See -<i>Pardon</i>.</p> -<!--page-84--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-84a.jpg" width="178" height="138" alt="Free" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Free</b>, <b>Wild</b>, or <b>Free of Incumbrance</b> (Cut loose). -Hold flat right hand in front of breast, fingers forward, -back down; move by wrist action sharply to left a few -inches; then jerk back to place two or three times as -though cutting something loose. Compare <i>Chop</i> and -<i>Wild Animal</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>libre</i>; Ger. <i>frei</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-84b.jpg" width="180" height="107" alt="Freeze over" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Freeze over</b>, <b>Form ice</b>. Sign for <i>Cold</i>, <i>Water</i>, then -raise and move till the flat hands are touching in front, -side by side, backs up and at arm’s length. (C) See -<i>Ice</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>geler</i>; Ger. <i>gefrieren</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-84c.jpg" width="179" height="224" alt="Friend" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Friend</b>, <b>Friendship</b>, or <b>Chum</b> (Brothers growing up -together). Hold right N hand in front of neck, palm -forward, pointing up; raise it head high, slightly advancing -it. <i>Alliance</i> is sometimes used, or even <i>Peace</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’ami</i>; Ger. <i>der Freund</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-84d.jpg" width="176" height="64" alt="Frog" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Frog</b> (Water hopper). <i>Water</i>; then with compressed -right hand make long hops forward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la grenouille</i>; Ger. <i>der Frosch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-84e.jpg" width="163" height="113" alt="From" /> -</div> - -<p><b>From.</b> Touch digit of right G hand to right shoulder, -then throw it in a long sweep up and forward. Sometimes -Indians use flat hand for this.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>de</i>; Ger. <i>von</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Frost.</b> Sign, <i>Cold</i>, <i>White</i>, and <i>Strong</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la gelée</i>; Ger. <i>der Frost</i>.</p> -<!--page-85--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-85a.jpg" width="170" height="130" alt="Fruit" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Fruit.</b> Sign <i>Tree</i>, then make a ring of right index and -thumb, others closed, and place it here and there in the -branches, and add <i>Eat</i>. Compare <i>Berry</i>, <i>Leaf</i>, and <i>Money</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le fruit</i>; Ger. <i>die Frucht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Full.</b> See <i>Enough</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Future</b> (Time ahead). Make the signs for <i>Time</i> and -<i>Far ahead</i>. See also <i>Will</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>futur</i>, <i>l’avenir</i>; Ger. <i>zukünftig</i>, <i>die Zukunft</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>G</h3> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-85b.jpg" width="169" height="49" alt="Gallop" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Gallop.</b> Sign <i>Ride</i>, then hold out flat hands, palm to -palm, right in advance; work them up and down together, -the tips describing vertical curves. Compare -<i>Fast</i> and <i>Work</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>galoper</i>; Ger. <i>galoppieren</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-85c.jpg" width="182" height="82" alt="Gamble" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Gamble.</b> Hold the hands out level, six inches apart; -swing to left and right simultaneously, in easy curves -down and up, keeping them near each other as though -swinging a tom tom. Compare <i>Drive</i> and <i>Herd</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>jouer</i>; Ger. <i>spielen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-85d.jpg" width="175" height="215" alt="Gap" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Gap</b>, <b>Gorge</b>, or <b>Mountain Pass</b>. Sign <i>Mountains</i>, -then hold out left L hand, thumb pointing to left and -upward, pass flat right between, touching at bottom.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le défilé</i>; Ger. <i>die Kluft</i>, <i>die Schlucht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Garden.</b> Strike down with right G as in <i>Here</i>, but in -several directions, then add <i>Plant</i> and <i>Eat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le jardin</i>; Ger. <i>der Garten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gather.</b> See <i>Together</i>.</p> -<!--page-86--> - -<p><b>Generous.</b> Sign <i>Heart</i> and <i>Big</i>; or, <i>Heart</i>, <i>Pities</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>généreux</i>; Ger. <i>groszmütig</i>, <i>freigiebig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gentle.</b> See <i>Kind</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gently.</b> See <i>Easy</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-86a.jpg" width="175" height="95" alt="Get" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Get</b> or <b>Obtain</b> (That is, he gets, or obtains). Reach -out left hand, back up; then with right hand, grasp -something on top of it; then close and draw back the -right. If it is the first person who <i>gets</i>, finish by drawing -the hand toward oneself. Sometimes omit left -hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>obtenir</i>; Ger. <i>erlangen</i>, <i>erhalten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Get well.</b> See <i>Recover</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-86b.jpg" width="178" height="168" alt="Ghost" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ghost</b>, <b>Soul</b>, or <b>Spirit.</b> Bring right G hand in front of -centre of body, pointing down; then draw it upward, -as though drawing the forefinger out of the mouth, -upward and to the front and at the same time exhale a -breath. (Scott.) The Cheyennes sign <i>Big eyes</i> (as in -Owl), and shaking the hands at the same time. See -<i>Spirit</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’esprit</i>; Ger. <i>der Geist</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gift.</b> Hold left hand, hollow up; with right hand pick -an imaginary object out of the left; carry it forward, at -the same time turning right hand flat, palm up, and fingers -pointing down and forward. Or, sign <i>Give</i> and -<i>Free</i> (2nd).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cadeau</i>; Ger. <i>das Geschenk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Girl</b> (Woman sprout). Sign <i>Female</i>, <i>Young</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la fille</i>; Ger. <i>das Mädchen</i>.</p> -<!--page-87--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-87a.jpg" width="169" height="104" alt="Give" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Give.</b> Hold out flat right, back to right, shoulder high; -swing it out and down.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>donner</i>; Ger. <i>geben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Give you.</b> Swing the hand from the person giving -toward you. This, with the sign below, shows the beginning -of a conjugation.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-87b.jpg" width="154" height="162" alt="Give me" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Give me.</b> Bring the flat right hand well out in front of -body, about height of neck, back of hand nearly to left, -lower edge nearest to body, pointing upward; draw the -hand in toward the body and a little down; at the same -time, bend the hand and the wrist so the fingers touch -the chest. Compare <i>Tell me</i> and <i>Half-Breed</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>donnez moi</i>; Ger. <i>geben Sie mir</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Give it up.</b> See <i>Abandon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Give up</b>, <b>Lose hope</b>, or <b>Discouraged</b>. See <i>Sorrow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Glad</b>, <b>Pleasant</b>, <b>Happy</b>, or <b>Merry</b> (Sunshine in the -heart). Sign <i>Heart</i> and <i>Day</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>heureux</i>; Ger. <i>froh</i>, <i>glücklich</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-87c.jpg" width="178" height="92" alt="Glitter" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Glitter</b> or <b>Shining</b> (The mirror signal). Hold out the L -hand with index pointing forward, back up. Rotate -with a flash, or jerk so the thumb is upright and back -to its original pose. Do this once or twice. See -<i>Courting</i> and <i>Sweetheart</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>étinceler</i>; Ger. <i>glitzern</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gloomy</b>, <b>Cross</b>, or <b>Sullen</b> (Clouds close). Sign <i>Clouds</i>, -then draw them down near head. (C) Or, sign -<i>Thinking</i> and <i>Bad</i>. Compare <i>Cross</i> and <i>Angry</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sombre</i>; Ger. <i>finster</i>, <i>trübe</i>.</p> -<!--page-88--> - -<p><b>Glory</b> or <b>Fame</b>. Sign <i>All</i>, <i>Good</i>, <i>Know</i>. See <i>Famous</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la gloire</i>; Ger. <i>der Ruhm</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-88a.jpg" width="191" height="243" alt="Glow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Glow</b>, <b>Splendor</b>, <b>Wonderful</b> (Spread in the sky). Hold -up both 5 hands, palms forward, pointing up, at arm’s -length, nearly level; raise up very high and at the same -time spread widely. A much-used and very plastic -sign. May sometimes mean <i>Weather</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la splendeur</i>; Ger. <i>das Glühen</i>, <i>die Pracht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-88b.jpg" width="188" height="85" alt="Go" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Go</b>, <b>Went</b>, or <b>Travel</b>. Hold flat right hand, back to -right, breast high, pointing to front and down; swing -it up and out till the fingers point forward and upward. -Often combined with <i>Arrive there</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aller</i>; Ger. <i>gehen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-88c.jpg" width="156" height="266" alt="Going" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Going.</b> Hold up right G, palm forward; move it forward -in short pushes.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>allant</i>; Ger. <i>gehend</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-88d.jpg" width="184" height="102" alt="Go away" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Go away</b>, <b>Go ahead</b>, <b>Go farther</b> (Imperative). Hold -flat right hand in front of body, palm forward, fingers -upright; move the hand to front in a slight curve to -right; repeat once or twice. See <i>Begin</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>allez!</i> Ger. <i>gehen Sie!</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-88e.jpg" width="172" height="246" alt="Goat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Goat.</b> Sign <i>Horns</i>, with the straight G fingers on each -side of head, and <i>Beard</i>. Sometimes omit <i>Horns</i>, -signing only <i>Beard</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la chèvre</i>; Ger. <i>die Ziege</i>.</p> - -<p><b>God</b> (The Great Mystery). Sign <i>Medicine</i> and <i>Great</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>Dieu</i>; Ger. <i>Gott</i>.</p> -<!--page-89--> - -<p><b>Gold.</b> Sign <i>Money</i> and <i>Yellow</i>, or <i>Hard</i> and <i>Yellow</i>.</p> - -<p>For <i>Gold coin</i> sign, <i>Chief</i>, <i>Money</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’or</i>; Ger. <i>das Gold</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gone.</b> See <i>Absent</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-89a.jpg" width="312" height="144" alt="Good" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Good</b>, <b>All right</b>, <b>Level</b>, <b>Fair</b>, <b>Just</b> (Level -with the heart). Hold the flat extended -right hand, back up, level, touching the -left breast; swing the hand briskly out -to front and slightly up in a curve.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>bon</i>; Ger. <i>gut</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Good-bye.</b> Hold right hand flat, palm down, pointing -forward horizontally at height of head and shake the -hand up and down by wrist action. A whiteman’s -sign recently adopted by Indians.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>adieu</i>, <i>au revoir</i>; Ger. <i>lebe wohl!</i></p> - -<p><b>Good-morning.</b> Sign <i>Day</i> and <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>bonjour</i>; Ger. <i>guten Morgen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Goose.</b> Sign <i>Bird</i>, moving the wing hands slowly; -hold both flat hands low, side by side, a little apart, -backs up; push them down sharply a few inches, for flat -feet. Sometimes also make the <i>honk</i> sound.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’oie</i>; Ger. <i>die Gans</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gorge.</b> See <i>Gap</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gossip.</b> See <i>Telltale</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Grain</b>, of any kind. Hold both hands hollow together, -as in <i>Bowl</i>; shake, then point to the hollow of the left -with right G. (Sheeaka.) The exact kind must be -<!--page-90--> -specified. In Cheyenne, <i>Wheat</i> is <i>Bread</i> and <i>Sow</i>; <i>Oats</i> -is <i>Horse</i>, <i>Eat</i>, <i>Sow</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le grain</i>; Ger. <i>das Getreide</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Grandchild.</b> With the flat right, pat one’s own back -where the baby is carried. Among the Cheyennes, only -the grandmother uses this.</p> - -<p><b>Grand Coup.</b> See <i>Count Coup</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Grandfather.</b> Sign <i>Old</i> and <i>Father</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-90a.jpg" width="175" height="111" alt="Grandfather" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Grandfather</b> (Father once removed). Sign <i>Father</i>, -then hold curved left hand in front of body, palm in; -and on outer side make the sign <i>Father</i> again. For -<i>Great grandfather</i>, repeat the sign for <i>Father</i> once more. -For <i>Ancestors</i>, many times. (Crow signs given me by -La Forge.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le grandpère</i>; Ger. <i>der Groszvater</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Grandmother.</b> As above, but use <i>Mother</i> sign. (LaF.)</p> - -<p><b>Grandmother.</b> Sign <i>Old</i>, <i>Mother</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la grand-mère</i>; Ger. <i>die Groszmutter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Grasp.</b> See <i>Keep</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-90b.jpg" width="181" height="130" alt="Grass" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Grass.</b> Hold both hands low, palms up; turn all fingers -upward straight and swing hands slightly apart. For -<i>Grass growing</i>, raise the hands a little. Compare <i>Children</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’herbe</i>, <i>le gazon</i>; Ger. <i>das Gras</i>, <i>der Rasen</i>.</p> -<!--page-91--> - -<p><b>Gratitude.</b> Use <i>Thank you</i> sign. Or else raise the flat -right hand, palm forward and face high; draw it downward -in a sweep several times as though stroking the -other person’s breast. For emphasis use both hands.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la reconnaissance</i>; Ger. <i>die Dankbarkeit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Grave.</b> Hold out both flat hands, thumbs up, six -inches apart, pointing level forward; draw them back -level to you, sign <i>Die</i>; then hold out left flat hand as -before and slap on it two or three times with the flat -right, for <i>cover up</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le tombeau</i>; Ger. <i>das Grab</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-91a.jpg" width="163" height="136" alt="Great" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Great.</b> Hold out the slightly curved 5 hands in front -of breast, few inches apart, palms toward each other, -pointing to front; separate hands the right to the right -and up a little and near the body; the left to the left -and down a little and farther away. Compare <i>Big</i> -and <i>Wide</i>. Sometimes use <i>Much</i> or <i>High</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>grand</i>; Ger. <i>grosz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Greater than.</b> Sign <i>Ahead</i>, <i>Great</i>. So also <i>Less than</i> -would be <i>Behind</i>, <i>Small</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plus grand que</i>; Ger. <i>gröszer als</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Grief.</b> See <i>Sorrow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Grieve.</b> Sign <i>Heart</i>, <i>Down</i>. See <i>Give up</i> and <i>Mourn</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>se chagriner</i>, <i>pleurer</i>; Ger. <i>trauern</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ground.</b> See <i>Land</i>.</p> -<!--page-92--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-92a.jpg" width="180" height="58" alt="Grouse" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Grouse</b> or <b>Prairie Chicken</b>. Sign <i>Bird</i> and show size; -then with right hand low, palm up, fingers closed except -first curved up like neck, imitate forward walking. -(Sioux.) Sign <i>Bird</i> then indicate fast wing beats and -whirring. (Blackfoot.) Sign <i>Bird</i> and <i>Tail cut off</i>. -(Cheyenne.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la gelinotte</i>; Ger. <i>das Waldhuhn</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-92b.jpg" width="173" height="170" alt="Grow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Grow</b>, <b>Become</b>, or <b>Turn into</b>. Hold right G hand low, -back down, index finger pointing upward, in front of -body; raise the hand by gentle jerks.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pousser</i>, <i>croître</i>, <i>devenir</i>; Ger. <i>wachsen</i>, <i>werden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Guide</b> (Verb). (Show trail and Lead.) Point with -right index forward and downward; then add <i>Lead</i>. -(Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>conduire</i>; Ger. <i>führen</i>, <i>leiten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-92c.jpg" width="175" height="135" alt="Guide" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Guide</b> (Noun). Hold up left 5 hand, little finger forward, -and ahead of the right G, all moved forward in -easy swings.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le guide</i>; Ger. <i>der Führer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gun.</b> Make the motion of holding and aiming a gun; -then add <i>Fire-off</i>. For <i>Rifle</i>, add the working of the -lever.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le fusil</i>, <i>la carabine</i>; Ger. <i>das Gewehr</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gun</b>, i.e., <i>Shot-gun</i>, sign <i>Gun</i>, then clasp the hands -twice and hold up two fingers. See <i>Revolver</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le fusil de chasse</i>; Ger. <i>die Flinte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gun-fire.</b> See <i>Fire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gun-powder.</b> Sign <i>Gun</i> and <i>Powder</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la poudre à canon</i>; Ger. <i>das Schiesspulver</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<!--page-93--> - -<h3>H</h3> - -<p><b>Habit</b> (Thought bound). With G forefinger draw a -small circle on forehead, then sign <i>Prisoner</i>. (D)</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-93a.jpg" width="164" height="109" alt="Habit" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Habit</b> (Road smoothed by repeated strokes). Sweep -the flat hands, palms down, back and forth; then strike -three times down with the right G. (Sheeaka.) Or -sign <i>Way</i> and <i>Keep</i>. (Seger.)</p> - -<p><b>Habit</b> (Long time the same). Hold out left G, draw -right G back from left knuckles to shoulder; add <i>Same</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’habitude</i>; Ger. <i>die Gewohnheit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hail.</b> Sign <i>Rain</i>, <i>Cold</i>, and with curved right index on -thumb indicate size of stones.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la grêle</i>; Ger. <i>der Hagel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-93b.jpg" width="170" height="72" alt="Hair" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hair</b> (Of animal). Hold out left forearm horizontally -in front of body and sweep the curved right 5 hand, -palm up, along it from elbow to wrist. For <i>Human -hair</i>, touch one’s own hair. Compare <i>Wing</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le poil</i>; Ger. <i>der Pelz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-93c.jpg" width="162" height="150" alt="Half" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Half.</b> Hold left flat hand in front of breast, back out. -Lay the lower edge of right flat hand on upper edge of -left index, in middle, and jerk it toward the tips of left. -Sometimes the right hand alone is used edge downward, -drawn back and down as though its under side were cutting -something. Compare <i>Part</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le demi</i>, <i>la moitié</i>; Ger. <i>die Hälfte</i>.</p> -<!--page-94--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-94a.jpg" width="176" height="163" alt="Half-breed" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Half-breed.</b> With flat right hand pointing up, little finger -next middle of the breast, palm to right, halve the body -down breast, swing it far to left, return to centre, then -swing far to right and give the tribal sign for each half. -Or, give the first sign only; that is, the hand cutting -in the middle.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le métis</i>; Ger. <i>der Mischling</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-94b.jpg" width="181" height="153" alt="Halt" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Halt</b> or <b>Stop</b>. Hold the right flat hand, palm outward -and downward, in front of the body, pointing upward -and to front, hand about height of shoulders; move the -hand sharply to front and downward, stopping it suddenly. -Sometimes merely raise the hand flat forward.</p> - -<p class="continue">This means also <i>Keep quiet</i>, <i>Wait a moment</i>, etc., -when made gently. “This sign is world wide. In a -journey around the world, I have used it in every country -visited and found it instantly recognized. I saw a -train stopped by it in the Himalayas, also jinrikishas -stopped in Java, Singapore, Saigon, Canton, Hong Kong, -Nagasaki, and Manila.” (Scott.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>Halte!</i> Ger. <i>Halt!</i></p> - -<p><b>Halve.</b> Same as <i>Half</i>; but jerk one part to right and -one to left. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>couper ou diviser en deux</i>; Ger. <i>halbieren</i>.</p> - -<p class="continue">For <i>One-Quarter</i>, lay the “knife hand” at last joint of -left index; for <i>Three-Quarters</i>, near base; see also -<i>Quarter</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le quart</i>; Ger. <i>das Viertel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Handsome.</b> See <i>Beautiful</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-94c.jpg" width="185" height="179" alt="Hang" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hang</b> (To be executed). Swing the right L hand over -the head down to the neck, palm in; close the thumb and -<!--page-95--> -index, then draw it up to height of head, index pointing -down. This is done in two graceful sweeps.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pendre</i>; Ger. <i>hängen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-95a.jpg" width="176" height="147" alt="Hang" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hang.</b> Hang right G index like a hook on straight left -G index.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>accrocher</i>; Ger. <i>aufhängen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hanker.</b> See <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Happen.</b> See <i>Luck</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Happy.</b> See <i>Glad</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Happy Hunting Ground.</b> Sign <i>Die</i>, <i>Beyond</i>, and <i>Dwell</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les Champs Elysées des Indiens</i>; Ger. <i>die seligen -Jagdgefilde</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-95b.jpg" width="170" height="118" alt="Hard" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hard</b> (Like rock). Hold out the left hand flat, edge -down, and strike the palm with the knuckles of the right -two or three times.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>dur</i>; Ger. <i>hart</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-95c.jpg" width="172" height="150" alt="Hat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hat</b> (Head cover). Bring the L right hand, back outward, -in front, close to, and a little above the head; -lower the hand until thumb and index are about opposite -the eyes; spread thumb and index, passing down -close to forehead.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chapeau</i>; Ger. <i>der Hut</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hatchet.</b> See <i>Axe</i>.</p> -<!--page-96--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-96a.jpg" width="177" height="116" alt="Hate" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hate.</b> Hold up both hands opposite left side of face -in pose for <i>Fire-off</i>, back of each to its side; spring both -out as in <i>Fire-off</i>, to left side, turning the left very little, -so that it shoots forward; the right shoots to the left. -Compare <i>Abandon</i> and <i>Scorn</i>; also <i>Defiance</i>. Sheeaka -used only <i>Defiance</i> sign.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>détester</i>; Ger. <i>hassen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Have</b> (To possess). See <i>Possession</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Have</b> to, <b>Bound</b> to, <b>Must</b>, <b>Obliged</b> to, <b>Compelled</b> to -(Bound down). Sign <i>Prisoner</i> and <i>Work</i>. Or, <i>That</i>, -<i>Work</i>, <i>Strong</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>être obligé</i>; Ger. <i>müssen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hawk.</b> First make <i>Bird</i> sign, then imitate the seizing -of the prey with both feet hawk-fashion, by means of -both hands placed in front of body opposite neck, palms -outward, make grasping motion forward. (Scott.) -Or sign <i>Bird</i> and with curved G indicate bill. See <i>Eagle</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le faucon</i>; Ger. <i>der Habicht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-96b.jpg" width="174" height="133" alt="He" /> -</div> - -<p><b>He.</b> Make the sign <i>Male</i>; or point with the thumb, -other fingers closed.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>il</i>; Ger. <i>er</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Headache.</b> Touch head; then hold curved flat hand -near and flirt the fingers from behind the thumb two or -three times to show the throbbing.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mal de tête</i>; Ger. <i>das Kopfweh</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Healthy.</b> See <i>Well</i>.</p> -<!--page-97--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-97a.jpg" width="176" height="102" alt="Heap" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Heap</b> or <b>Very Much</b>. With curved hands show shape, -beginning at the lowest points. Compare <i>Many</i>, -<i>Mound</i>, and <i>Much</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’amas</i>, <i>le tas</i>; Ger. <i>der Haufe(n)</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-97b.jpg" width="176" height="152" alt="Hear" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hear.</b> Move the right G hand (pointed forward) from -behind the right ear, past the ear and forward. Compare -<i>Listen</i> and <i>Indian Nez Percé</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>entendre</i>; Ger. <i>hören</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-97c.jpg" width="168" height="134" alt="Heart" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Heart.</b> Bring the compressed right hand against the -left breast, over heart and pointing downward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le coeur</i>; Ger. <i>das Herz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Heat.</b> See <i>Hot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Heaven.</b> Simply point up with right G, back to right -and head high. Compare <i>Heavens</i> and <i>Happy Hunting -Ground</i>; also, <i>Tall</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le paradis</i>; Ger. <i>der Himmel</i>, <i>das Paradies</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-97d.jpg" width="162" height="89" alt="Heavens" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Heavens</b>, <b>Skies</b>, or <b>Sky</b>. Hold both flat hands palms -down, tips touching, over and in front of the head; -sweep them down sidewise in outline of the dome. Compare -<i>Clouds</i>, <i>Carriage</i>, <i>Hot Weather</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le ciel</i>; Ger. <i>der Himmel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-97e.jpg" width="171" height="90" alt="Heavy" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Heavy</b> (Cannot hold up). Hold flat hands, a few -inches apart, at same level, backs down, in front of -body and pointing to front. Raise them slightly and -let them drop several inches, finishing low. Compare -<i>Light</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>lourd</i>; Ger. <i>schwer</i>.</p> -<!--page-98--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-98a.jpg" width="176" height="90" alt="Help" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Help.</b> Hold left forearm horizontally in front of body, -hand A, and place flat right hand under left forearm and -lift it slightly. (Sheeaka; borrowed from the Deaf.) -Or, sign <i>Work</i> and <i>With</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aider</i>; Ger. <i>helfen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Her.</b> See <i>Possession</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-98b.jpg" width="186" height="147" alt="Herd of Animals" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Herd of Animals.</b> Hold out left 5 fingers a little curved, -level, far advanced, shoulder high, backs up and out; -moved forward and a little down together. For <i>Herd grazing</i> -hold right 5 over left 5 wrist; draw right back toward -body in a slight arc up and down.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le troupeau</i>; Ger. <i>die Herde</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Herd</b> (Verb). See <i>Drive</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-98c.jpg" width="176" height="188" alt="Here" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Here</b> (This spot). Swing the right G, back up, from -pointing up, to forward and down; then stab toward the -ground two or three times. Compare <i>Down</i>, <i>Earth</i>, -<i>Place</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ici</i>; Ger. <i>hier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>He who.</b> See <i>Doer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-98d.jpg" width="175" height="91" alt="Hide" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hide</b>, <b>To Cache</b>, <b>Conceal</b>, or <b>Lose</b>. Swing the flat or -else compressed right hand, palm down, under the flat -left hand held in front, palm down; the left hand rests -on the right at end of sign. (Sheeaka.) Sometimes -add <i>Hush</i>. Compare <i>Enter</i> and <i>Night</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>cacher</i>; Ger. <i>verstecken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hide</b> (Skin). Hold extended left hand, back up, in -front of body, and with the right thumb and forefinger -<!--page-99--> -gather up, with a pinch, the loose skin on the -back of left hand. Sometimes sign <i>Robe</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la peau</i>; Ger. <i>das Fell</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-99a.jpg" width="181" height="197" alt="High" /> -</div> - -<p><b>High</b> or <b>Height</b>. Hold the flat right hand, back nearly -up, pointing to front, in front of right shoulder; raise -the hand according to the height intended. If it refers -to humans, hold the right hand (compressed or G) -vertically pointing upward. (C) To show height of -small objects or animals, hold the flat left, palm up, -under right. See <i>Tall</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>haut</i>; Ger. <i>hoch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Higher.</b> See <i>Superior</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-99b.jpg" width="174" height="182" alt="Hill" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hill</b>, <b>Bluff</b>, or <b>Butte</b>. Push right A fist, back out, -straight up, face high. For plural use both hands moved -alternately up and down at different places. Compare -<i>Ridge</i>, <i>Lump</i>, and <i>Mountain</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la colline</i>; Ger. <i>der Hügel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>His.</b> See <i>Possession</i>.</p> - -<p><b>History</b> or <b>Story</b> (Pictures of the past). Hold up flat -left, palm forward, and sketch on palm with right G; -then sign <i>Past</i>. (C) Or, Sign <i>Long</i>, <i>Past</i>, <i>Tell me</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’histoire</i>; Ger. <i>die Geschichte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hit</b> (To make a hit). See <i>Count Coup</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hoax</b> (To wolf or beguile). Sign <i>I</i>, <i>Make</i>, <i>Him</i>, <i>Wolf</i>. -(Seger.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mystifier</i>; Ger. <i>jemandem etwas aufbinden</i>.</p> -<!--page-100--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-100a.jpg" width="159" height="120" alt="Hog" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hog</b> or <b>Pig</b>. Indicate size, then with a circle of two -thumbs and two index fingers in front of mouth show -muzzle; last, with flat right hand, or flat fist back up, -make a snout and root. Usually give only the last sign.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cochon</i>; Ger. <i>das Schwein</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-100b.jpg" width="183" height="92" alt="Hold" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hold</b> (to hold a prisoner). Arms in a level circle, flat -right hand inside flat left and overlapping, both palms -toward you; swing to right and left. Compare <i>Defend</i>, -<i>Keep</i>, and <i>Corral</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tenir prisonnier</i>; Ger. <i>gefangen halten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-100c.jpg" width="172" height="122" alt="Hole" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hole.</b> Form a circle with thumbs and fingers of L -hands. If need be, for clearness, hold left hand in -position and pass the compressed right through the -imaginary hole. Compare <i>Cook</i> and <i>Boil</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le trou</i>; Ger. <i>das Loch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Holler.</b> See <i>Yell</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Home.</b> Sign <i>My</i>, <i>Teepee</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la demeure</i>, <i>le foyer</i>, <i>le chez-soi</i>; Ger. <i>das Heim</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Home-sickness.</b> Sign <i>Heart</i>, <i>Want</i>, and <i>Teepee</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mal du pays</i>; Ger. <i>das Heimweh</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-100d.jpg" width="183" height="96" alt="Honest" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Honest</b> (Straight walk). Point right G straight forward -from near throat; push it down and up in a slight curve -till it is upright, then push it forward in two or three -little jerks. See also <i>True</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>honnête</i>, <i>intègre</i>; Ger. <i>ehrlich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Honor</b> (Upon my honor). With right index draw a small -cross on the heart. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>parole d’ honneur!</i> Ger. <i>auf Ehre!</i> <i>bei meiner -Ehre!</i></p> -<!--page-101--> - -<p><b>Hope.</b> Sign <i>Heart</i>, <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’espoir</i>; Ger. <i>die Hoffnung</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-101a.jpg" width="182" height="158" alt="Horse" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Horse.</b> Hold the flat left hand, back to front, before -face, fingers level; move it to right; and then, for a -moment, place the first and second fingers of right -astride it, as in <i>Ride</i>. Some omit the last gesture. The -movements of the hand indicate the height, action, and -speed of the horse.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cheval</i>; Ger. <i>das Pferd</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-101b.jpg" width="99" height="110" alt="Horseman" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Horseman.</b> Sign <i>Man</i> and <i>Ride</i>. Or, place the V right -astride of the flat left and push both to right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le cavalier</i>; Ger. <i>der Reiter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hot</b> or <b>Heat</b> (As water or iron). Hold the hand as in -<i>Feel</i>; touch the middle right finger tip to tongue; reach -it forward and down, as though touching a hot iron, -quickly jerking it back. (A northern sign understood -by Cheyennes.) The use of the middle finger is general, -no doubt because it is longest.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>chaud</i>; Ger. <i>heisz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-101c.jpg" width="180" height="125" alt="Hot weather" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hot weather</b> (Rays of sun beating down). Hold the 5 -hands a few inches apart, backs up, above and in front -of head, pointing toward each other. Lower the hands -to level of face.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les grandes chaleurs</i>; Ger. <i>das heisze Wetter</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-101d.jpg" width="171" height="162" alt="Hot" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hot</b> or <b>Sweating</b> (Personally). Draw right index -crooked across the brow, left to right, as though to run -off the sweat, others and thumb closed.</p> - -<p><b>Hotel.</b> See <i>Restaurant</i>.</p> -<!--page-102--> - -<p><b>Hour.</b> See <i>Time</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-102a.jpg" width="175" height="126" alt="House" /> -</div> - -<p><b>House.</b> Indicate the double slope of the roof by flat -hands, pointing nearly up and joined together at the -tips. Some use only the next sign for <i>House</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la maison</i>; Ger. <i>das Haus</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-102b.jpg" width="172" height="56" alt="House of logs" /> -</div> - -<p><b>House of logs</b> (Corners of a log house). Bring the -hands in front of body and interlock the fingers near -tips, fingers at nearly right angles and horizontal. -Some add <i>Roof</i> by joining tips of flat hands as in <i>House</i>. -Compare <i>Basket</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la cabane en bois</i>, <i>la hutte</i>; Ger. <i>das Blockhaus</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-102c.jpg" width="183" height="113" alt="How!" /> -</div> - -<p><b>How!</b> or <b>Ho!</b> The Indian salutation is sometimes used -with hand salute; that is, all fingers closed except index -and middle, as in <i>Friend</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>Ho!</i> Ger. <i>Grüsz Gott!</i></p> - -<p><b>How?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<p><b>How many?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<p><b>How much?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-102d.jpg" width="183" height="96" alt="Hundred" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hundred</b> (Whole circle of tens). Hold up both 5 hands, -palms forward, opposite right shoulder; thumbs nearly -touching; swing to left and down. Precede this with -<i>one</i> for <i>one hundred</i>, <i>two</i> for <i>two hundred</i>, etc.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>cent</i>; Ger. <i>hundert</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-102e.jpg" width="176" height="119" alt="Hungry" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hungry</b> or <b>Hunger</b> (Cuts one in two). Draw the lower -edge of flat right hand, back down, across the stomach; -emphasize by drawing back and forth.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avoir faim</i>, <i>la faim</i>; Ger. <i>hungrig sein</i>, <i>der Hunger</i>.</p> -<!--page-103--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-103a.jpg" width="171" height="119" alt="Hunt or Searching for" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hunt or Searching for</b> (In the sense of seeking for). -The fingers of the right V hand brought near the eye, -but pointing forward; then swing horizontally from side -to side, the eye looking wherever they point. Compare -<i>Choose</i>, <i>Find</i>, and <i>Look</i>. Or, shade the right eye with -the right hand and swing the head. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>chercher</i>; Ger. <i>suchen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-103b.jpg" width="181" height="96" alt="Hunting" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hunting</b> (With gun or bow). Hold out both G hands, -one behind the other; swing in up-curves forward and -sidewise, but always one behind the other.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>chasser</i>; Ger. <i>jagen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hurry</b>, to <i>Come</i> or to <i>Go quickly</i>. Make the sign for -<i>Come</i> (or <i>Go</i>) three or four times, very quickly and -emphatically. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-103c.jpg" width="170" height="116" alt="Hurry" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Hurry</b> (Ride fast). Jump the flat hands up and down -before you, quickly, palms up. Compare <i>Light</i>, which -is similar, but slower.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>se dépêcher</i>; Ger. <i>eilen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Husband.</b> Make sign <i>Male</i> and <i>Marry</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mari</i>; Ger. <i>der Mann</i>; <i>der Gatte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hush.</b> See <i>Silence</i> and <i>Halt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hypocrite.</b> Sign <i>Wolf</i> and <i>Like</i>. Or <i>Face</i> and <i>Two</i>. -According to Ruggles, the Paiutes sometimes use this -second combination for <i>Liar</i>; the Cheyennes understand -it but do not use it.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le hypocrite</i>; Ger. <i>der Heuchler</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<!--page-104--> - -<h3>I</h3> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-104a.jpg" width="191" height="164" alt="I" /> -</div> - -<p><b>I</b>, <b>Me</b>, <b>Myself</b>, <b>Mine</b>. For <i>I</i> touch the centre of the -breast with the right thumb extended, other fingers -closed. This and the next are used indiscriminately -by the Cheyennes.</p> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p><i>Me</i> is touching the breast with point of compressed -fingers.</p> - -<p><i>My.</i> Lay the A hand on the forehead, palm to left, -thumb pointing up; swing it forward and down level; -that is, sign <i>Possession</i>, assuming the first person.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>je</i>, <i>moi</i>, <i>mien</i>; Ger. <i>Ich</i>, <i>mich</i>, <i>mein</i>.</p> -</div><!--/subentry--> - -<p><b>Ice.</b> Sign <i>Water</i> and <i>Hard</i>. Sometimes add <i>Cold</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la glace</i>; Ger. <i>das Eis</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Icicle.</b> Sign <i>Water</i> and <i>Cold</i>; then hold up right G, -pointing downward and dropped a little.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le glaçon</i>; Ger. <i>der Eiszapfen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-104b.jpg" width="170" height="122" alt="Idea" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Idea</b>, <b>Thought</b> (Thought expressed). Lay the right G -on the forehead, pointing up, palm to left; swing it -down to horizontal at mouth level, then push it straight -forward and up in a curve. Compare <i>So</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’idée</i>; <i>la pensée</i>; Ger. <i>die Idee</i>, <i>der Gedanke</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Idle.</b> Sign <i>Work</i> and <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>paresseux</i>; Ger. <i>müszig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-104c.jpg" width="181" height="139" alt="If" /> -</div> - -<p><b>If</b>, <b>Doubt</b>, <b>Undecided</b>, <b>Perhaps</b>, or <b>Maybe so</b> (Heart -looking two ways). Lay the right V hand on the heart, -pointed down and to left front; rotate the hand on the -wrist so the back is alternately up and out. When -<!--page-105--> -many emotions (i.e., <i>perplexity</i>) are to be expressed, -use all fingers extended. See <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>si</i>, <i>peut-être</i>; Ger. <i>wenn</i>, <i>ob</i>, <i>vielleicht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ignorance</b> (I don’t know). Shrug shoulders and raise -one flat hand. (Pop.) Or, sign <i>Know</i>, <i>Not</i>. Compare -<i>Forget</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’ignorance</i>; Ger. <i>die Unwissenheit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Imperative Mood.</b> Sign the verb in question, then -strike the flat right, palm down, onto the flat left, palm -up. Or add <i>Push</i>. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Impossible.</b> Sign <i>Can</i> and <i>Not</i>. See also <i>Cannot</i>. -The Cheyennes use <i>True</i>, <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>impossible</i>; Ger. <i>unmöglich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Imprison.</b> See <i>Arrest</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-105a.jpg" width="173" height="120" alt="In" /> -</div> - -<p><b>In</b>, <b>Inside</b>, or <b>Within</b> (To put into). Make a semicircle -of the left arm held out level; then drop the compressed -right hand downward between the left and the -body. <i>Outside</i> begins the same, but the right drops -outside the left.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-105b.jpg" width="136" height="231" alt="Inside" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Inside</b>, i.e., <b>in a Hole</b>. Make a horizontal ring of the -left index and thumb, then drop the right index down -into it. For a house, use <i>Enter</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>en</i>, <i>dedans</i>, <i>dans</i>; Ger. <i>in</i>, <i>drin</i>, <i>im Innern</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Incite.</b> Sign <i>Push</i>, <i>Talk</i>, and <i>Go</i>; that is, try to talk into -going.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>inciter</i>; Ger. <i>anreizen</i>.</p> -<!--page-106--> - -<p><b>Increase.</b> Hold out the flat hands, palm to palm, well -apart at same height; separate them more and more in -slight jerks; or, if it is more explicit, do it with the flat -hands one above the other. See <i>Add to</i>. Compare -<i>Decrease</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>augmenter</i>; Ger. <i>vermehren</i>, <i>vergröszern</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-106a.jpg" width="175" height="73" alt="Indian" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Indian.</b> With the tips of right flat fingers, rub the side -of the flat left held out back up, in short strokes; meaning -reddish, because all men’s hands out west are red -at this place. Compare <i>Smooth</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-106b.jpg" width="168" height="159" alt="Indian" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Indian.</b> Indicate the eagle feather at back of head. -(Sheeaka.) Or sign <i>Man</i> and <i>Red</i>. (Scott.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Indien</i>; Ger. <i>der Indianer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Indian Tribe</b> or <b>Nation</b>. Give the <i>Tribal</i> sign and add -<i>All</i> in each case.</p> - -<p><b>Indian</b> Tribal signs:</p> - -<div class="subentry"> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-106c.jpg" width="175" height="58" alt="Apache" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Apache.</b> (Probably using the notched-stick fiddle). -Draw the right G finger <i>up and down</i> along the left -G several times, from near the point to the base, a -foot long each stroke. Compare <i>Poor</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Arapahoe.</b> With all fingers of right hand compressed -so the points are together, tap the left breast, that is, -sign <i>Mother</i>. As Sherman Coolidge tells me, the -Arapahoes claim theirs to have been the mother of all -tribes. In the south, the sign is rub the side of the -nose with the right G, referring to their one-time -salutation of nose-rubbing.</p> -<!--page-107--> - -<p><b>Banak.</b> Sign for <i>Lodge</i> and <i>Bad</i>. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Blackfeet.</b> Sign for <i>Moccasin</i> and <i>Black</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Caddo.</b> Draw the right N over the left N from the -tips back to the knuckles (because they wore pants). -(Father Isadore.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-107a.jpg" width="170" height="64" alt="Cheyennes" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Cheyennes.</b> (Perhaps meaning “striped tail,” because -they used turkey feathers; or, more likely, “finger-choppers,” -because they chopped their fingers when -in mourning.)<!--TN: period printed outside parenthesis--> Hold out left G finger and cut it with -the edge of the right G finger drawn across it once or -twice, each time further up the hand. Compare -<i>Often</i> and <i>And all the time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Chippewa.</b> See <i>Ojibwa</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Comanche.</b> Sign for <i>Snake</i>, pushing the hand forward. -Compare <i>Shoshoni</i>. (Seger.)</p> - -<p><b>Cree.</b> Sign <i>Rabbit</i>, <i>People</i>; but usually omit <i>People</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Crow.</b> Sign <i>Bird</i> slowly. Sometimes only one hand. -Or hold S hand, palm forward, at brow for “Pompadour -Indians.”</p> - -<p><b>Dakota.</b> See <i>Sioux</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Flathead.</b> See <i>Koutenais</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Gros Ventre.</b> Sign <i>Big Belly</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Hopi.</b> Sign <i>Dance</i> and <i>Snake</i>.</p> -<!--page-108--> - -<p><b>Kiowa.</b> With the tips of the flat right, palm up, -back to left, describe an upright ellipse near the right -ear; because they used to cut their hair on that side -to show the ear ornaments or ear painted red.</p> - -<p><b>Koutenai.</b> Sign for <i>White-tailed Deer</i>. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Mandan</b> (Tattooed chin and cheek). With right hand -compressed so all tips touch, tap the chin and jaw. -(C)</p> - -<p><b>Navaho</b> (Makers of striped blankets). Sign for <i>Work</i>, -<i>Blanket</i>, and <i>Striped</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nez Percé</b> (Pierced nose). Pass index of right G -hand level under nose from right to left. Compare -<i>Hear</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ojibwa</b> or <b>Chippewa</b> (Living in the Woods). Sign -<i>Tree</i> and <i>People</i>; or sign <i>Paddle</i>, <i>People</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p><b>Osage</b> (Shaved heads). Rub the flat right hand, palm -out, over the side of the head and down, as though -shaving the head; the little finger being the sharp -edge.</p> - -<p><b>Paiute.</b> Sign <i>Rabbit</i>, <i>Robe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pawnee</b> (Wolf). Hold up the right V hand, palm -forward, near right ear; then swing finger-tips forward.</p> - -<p><b>Piegan.</b> Rotate half closed hand, palm in, near right -cheek.</p> -<!--page-109--> - -<p><b>Pueblo.</b> Sign <i>Two Quivers</i>; that is, <i>Arrow</i>, <i>Two</i>; then -drop compressed left once or twice into C right hand.</p> - -<p><b>Sac</b> (Shaved heads). Same as <i>Osage</i> sign.</p> - -<p><b>Shoshoni</b> or <b>Snake Indians</b>. Sign for <i>Snake</i> and -sometimes add <i>Bad</i>, <i>Lodge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sioux</b> (Cut throats). Draw the right G finger across -the throat.</p> - -<p><b>Uncapapa</b> (From their position in camp). Sign for -<i>Sioux</i> and <i>Encamp</i>, then make an incomplete circle -with index fingers and thumbs; then, holding left -in pose, strike last joint of index with tip of right G -and similarly right index with tip of left G. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Ute.</b> Sign <i>Black</i> and <i>Red</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wichita</b> (Tattooed rings). With right G finger tap -the forehead in a circle.</p> - -<p><b>Yankton.</b> Sign for <i>Sioux</i> and <i>Nez Percé</i>. (C)</p> -</div> - -<p><b>Indian Agent.</b> See <i>Agent</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Indifference</b> (<i>None of my business</i>). Both hands held -down by the thighs; at the same time a shrug of the -shoulders. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’indifférence</i>; Ger. <i>die Gleichgültigkeit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Infantry.</b> Sign <i>Soldiers</i> and <i>Walk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’infanterie</i>; Ger. <i>die Fusztruppen</i>, <i>die Infanterie</i>.</p> -<!--page-110--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-110a.jpg" width="81" height="89" alt="Inferior" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Inferior</b> (To one). Hold up both G fingers, the one -representing the inferior much lower.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-110b.jpg" width="86" height="88" alt="Inferior" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Inferior</b> (To many). For several inferiors use the 5 -hand to represent them, while the G of the other hand -up high represents the superior.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>inférieur</i>; Ger. <i>untergeordnet</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Inhabit.</b> See <i>Dwell</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Injure</b>, <b>Doing evil to</b>. If with reference to another person, -make sign for <i>Work</i> and <i>Bad</i>. If with reference to -one’s self, make signs <i>Do</i>, <i>to me</i>, <i>Bad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>faire du mal</i>; Ger. <i>beschädigen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Innocent.</b> See <i>Clean-handed</i>.</p> - -<p><b>In order that.</b> See <i>So that</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Inside.</b> See <i>In</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Interrogate.</b> See <i>Question</i> or <i>Query</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Intervene.</b> See <i>Come between</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Invalid.</b> See <i>Sick one</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Investigating.</b> See <i>Searching</i>; also <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Iron.</b> See <i>Metal</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-110c.jpg" width="176" height="108" alt="Island" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Island</b> (Round thing surrounded by water). Sign <i>Land</i>, -then with L hands make a horizontal circle; hold left -hand in pose, sign <i>Water</i> with right hand; then compress -<!--page-111--> -it and draw it point down around the circle just -made. Compare <i>Lake</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’île</i>; Ger. <i>die Insel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Itching.</b> Scratch the left palm with nail of the right G -index; or else the thigh.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la démangeaison</i>; Ger. <i>das Jucken</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>J</h3> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-111a.jpg" width="176" height="124" alt="Jealous" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Jealous</b> (Elbowing aside). Hold the fists near the -breast; alternately swing each elbow out and back a -little. (C)</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-111b.jpg" width="175" height="73" alt="Jealous" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Jealous</b> (Hide and stab). Hold out flat left, back up, -and with right G stab under it once or twice.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>jaloux</i>; Ger. <i>eifersüchtig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-111c.jpg" width="174" height="217" alt="Jesus" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Jesus</b> (The Cross above). The right G finger upright -and crossed on top with the left G; this cross then -placed above the eyes, the face looking upward; then -the cross pushed toward the sky to the full extent of the -arms. The real meaning being, “He who was crucified -and is now in heaven.” (Scott.) Or sign <i>Big</i>, <i>Medicine</i>, -<i>Child</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>Jésus</i>; Ger. <i>Jesus</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-111d.jpg" width="178" height="111" alt="Joke" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Joke</b> (Play talk). Sign <i>Play</i>; that is, hold the right -5 hand near the mouth, back down, fingers a little -curved; swing the hand forward and upward; then add -<i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la plaisanterie</i>; Ger. <i>der Scherz</i>.</p> -<!--page-112--> - -<p><b>Joyous.</b> Sign <i>Heart</i>, <i>Glad</i>, and <i>Sing</i>. (C) Sign -<i>Heart</i>, <i>Happy</i>, or <i>Playing</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>joyeux</i>; Ger. <i>fröhlich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Judge.</b> See <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Jump</b> (Human). Stand right V on left palm; assume -these to be legs and make them jump up and down. -(Sheeaka.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-112a.jpg" width="174" height="135" alt="Jump" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Jump</b> or <b>Spring</b> (Anything). Hold compressed right -hand, pointing to left, near right shoulder; swing it up -forward and down in a long curve. Also used for -<i>Animal</i>, in which case use several short jumps.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sauter</i>; Ger. <i>springen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Junior.</b> See <i>Younger</i>; also <i>Inferior</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Just</b> or <b>Fair</b>. From a position near each side, bring -the extended O hands, palms inward, together so the -tips of right thumb and index touch tips of left thumb -and index, like two balance pans side by side. (D) -Or, sign <i>True</i> and <i>Same</i>, or <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>juste</i>; Ger. <i>gerecht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Just so.</b> Make the sign <i>Yes</i> once or twice; or else, use -<i>True</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>justement</i>, <i>précisément cela</i>; Ger. <i>genau so</i>, <i>ganz -richtig</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>K</h3> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-112b.jpg" width="174" height="119" alt="Keep" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Keep</b>, <b>Grasp</b>, or <b>Remember</b>. Hold out flat right hand, -back to right, fingers level; hold up left G hand, back -to left; swing them together; grasp left index in closed -<!--page-113--> -right hand and move the hands slightly to right and -left. Compare <i>Hold</i> and <i>Remember</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tenir</i>, <i>retenir</i>; Ger. <i>halten</i>, <i>behalten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Keep close.</b> Sign <i>Good</i> and <i>Near</i>. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Keep quiet.</b> Sign <i>Stop</i> and <i>Sit down</i>, or simply <i>Stop</i>. -See <i>Hush</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>taisez vous</i>, <i>tenez vous tranquille!</i> Ger. <i>ruhig -sein!</i> <i>schweigen!</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-113a.jpg" width="176" height="102" alt="Kettle" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Kettle.</b> Indicate the shape of the mouth with both -L hands; then, holding left unchanged, pass the right -G into it; then, with right, lift as if by a handle. Some -omit the “handle.” Compare <i>Basket</i> and <i>Cook</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chaudron</i>, <i>la chaudière</i>; Ger. <i>der Kessel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Kidney.</b> Hold up the two compressed hands, then -swing them back against the kidneys.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le rein</i>, (<i>d’animal</i>) <i>le rognon</i>; Ger. <i>die Niere</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-113b.jpg" width="176" height="147" alt="Kill" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Kill</b>, <b>Overcome</b>, <b>Win</b>, or <b>Be victor</b> (Striking with a -club). Hold the right A hand, back nearly up, in front -of shoulder, back of hand making a slight angle with -wrist; strike to the front, downward and little to left, -stopping hand suddenly and giving it slight rebound. -For <i>Kill me</i> or <i>Beat me</i>, make the sign toward one’s self.<!--TN: was a comma--></p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tuer</i>, <i>vaincre</i>; Ger. <i>tot schlagen</i>, <i>siegen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Kin</b>, <b>Kinsman</b>, or <b>Kinship</b>. Sign <i>Brother</i> and <i>Distant</i> -or <i>Near</i>, as the case may be.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le parent</i>; Ger. <i>der Verwandte</i>.</p> -<!--page-114--> - -<p><b>Kind</b> or <b>Gentle</b>. Sign <i>Heart</i> and <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aimable</i>; Ger. <i>freundlich</i>, <i>sanft</i>.</p> - -<p><b>King’s X.</b> See <i>Fins</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-114a.jpg" width="165" height="202" alt="Knife" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Knife</b> (Penknife or Jack-knife). (Whittling a stick.) -With right A hand make motion of whittling the index -finger of the left G hand. (Blackfoot and Pop.) The -Cheyennes sign <i>Cut</i> and <i>Bend</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le canif</i>, <i>le couteau</i>; Ger. <i>das Messer</i>, <i>das Taschenmesser</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Knife</b> or <b>Dagger</b>. Thumb up straight, rest of fingers -closed, hand at side. (Pop.) Compare <i>He</i>, <i>Turn -down</i>, and <i>Opossum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Knife.</b> Hold left hand near mouth, then with lower -edge of flat right make as though cutting off a piece of -meat held between the left hand and the teeth. Understood -but not used by Cheyennes. They indicate -length with right G on flat left back and add <i>Cut</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le couteau</i>, <i>le poignard</i>; Ger. <i>das Messer</i>, <i>der Dolch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Know</b> or <b>Be acquainted with</b>. Sign <i>Know</i>, as below.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>connaître</i>; Ger. <i>kennen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-114b.jpg" width="169" height="126" alt="Know" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Know</b> or <b>Understand</b> (See, it is in my heart). Lay the -right L hand, back up, on heart; swing it out, up in a -slight curve, and down a little, palm up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>comprendre</i>, <i>savoir</i>; Ger. <i>wissen</i>, <i>verstehen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Know, I don’t.</b> Shrug the shoulders and shake the head -and raise the right hand open, palm up, to level of -shoulder, inclining the head to the side. (Pop.) Compare -<i>Don’t care</i>.</p> -<!--page-115--> - -<p><b>Know</b>, <b>I know what I’m doing</b> (Perhaps “I smell a rat” -is the verbal form of the sign). Lay the right index on -right side of nose. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>je ne suis pas aveugle</i>; Ger. <i>ich weiss was ich -mache</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Knowledge</b> or <b>Intelligence</b>. Tap the forehead and add -<i>Big</i>. Compare <i>Conceit</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le savoir</i>, <i>l’intelligence</i>; Ger. <i>die Kenntnis</i>, <i>das -Wissen</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>L</h3> - -<p><b>Labor.</b> See <i>Work</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-115a.jpg" width="176" height="132" alt="Lake" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lake.</b> Sign <i>Water</i> and with both L hands make an incomplete -horizontal circle, then bring wrists together -and swing finger tips apart. The last gesture is to -suggest <i>Wide</i>. Compare <i>Island</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lac</i>; Ger. <i>der See</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-115b.jpg" width="177" height="131" alt="Lame" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lame</b> (Bobbing of horse’s head). Right A hand out in -front, <i>back up</i>, moved forward a little and at the same -time jerked down by wrist action and to left; repeat. -Compare <i>Old</i> and <i>Kill</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>boiteux</i>; Ger. <i>lahm</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-115c.jpg" width="177" height="152" alt="Land" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Land</b>, <b>Country</b>, <b>Ground</b>, or <b>Earth</b> (Flat and extended). -Pat toward ground with one or both flat hands; then -swing them apart, flat, palms down, on a broad upward -sweep left and right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la campagne</i>, <i>la terre</i>; Ger. <i>das Land</i>, <i>die Erde</i>.</p> -<!--page-116--> - -<p><b>Lantern.</b> Sign <i>Enclosure</i>, but make it perpendicular; -then in the same space sign <i>Fire</i> twice.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la lanterne</i>; Ger. <i>die Laterne</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Large.</b> See <i>Big</i> and <i>High</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lasso.</b> Sign <i>Rope</i>, then hold right L hand over right -shoulder, back nearly to right, index pointing up; throw -it forward, upward, and down, close index and thumb -and jerk the hand back. Often omit <i>Rope</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lasso</i>; Ger. <i>die Wurfschlinge</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-116a.jpg" width="178" height="211" alt="Last" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Last.</b> Hold up the left 5 hand, thumb nearest you; -push it straight away, then tap the thumb with the G -of the other hand. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p><b>Last</b> (One, After). Hold up 5 left hand and, away behind -it, the G right. (Blackfoot.) Compare <i>First</i> and -<i>Guide</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le dernier</i>; Ger. <i>der Letzte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Last year.</b> Sign <i>Winter</i>, <i>Beyond</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’année passée</i>; Ger. <i>voriges Jahr</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Late.</b> See <i>After</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Laugh.</b> Hold both curved 5 hands, palms up, near the -sides, a foot apart; then shake them up and down. Compare -<i>Play</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>rire</i>; Ger. <i>lachen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Law</b> (Written road). Sign <i>Write</i>, then <i>Across</i> two or -three times. Compare <i>Council</i> (No. 2.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la loi</i>; Ger. <i>das Gesetz</i>.</p> -<!--page-117--> - -<p><b>Lawyer.</b> <i>Whiteman</i>, <i>Law</i>, and <i>Know</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’avocat</i>; Ger. <i>der Advokat</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-117a.jpg" width="128" height="243" alt="Lazy" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lazy</b> or <b>Tired</b>. Shake the head, throw it back, then -drop both nearly open, hands limply, one held out at -each side motionless. Compare <i>Weak</i> and <i>Tired</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>paresseux</i>, <i>fatigué</i>; Ger. <i>faul</i>, <i>träge</i>, <i>müde</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-117b.jpg" width="177" height="114" alt="Lead" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lead.</b> With right hand fingers grasp the flat left hand -and drag it forward. (Sheeaka; borrowed from the -Deaf.) Sometimes used also for <i>Teacher</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lead.</b> Hold right A hand high in front of right shoulder, -back to right; move it forward by gentle jerks, as though -leading a pony. See <i>Guide</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>conduire</i>; Ger. <i>führen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-117c.jpg" width="173" height="175" alt="Leaf" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Leaf.</b> Sign <i>Tree</i>, then shake right hand shoulder high, -with thumb and index pointed nearly up, forming an -incomplete circle, others closed. Compare <i>Money</i> and -<i>Fruit</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la feuille</i>; Ger. <i>das Blatt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Learn.</b> Sign <i>Book</i>, then follow the lines with the right -G finger and last draw it to <i>Me</i>. Or sign <i>Book</i>, <i>Look</i>, -<i>Know</i>, making the last sign once or twice toward the -<i>Book</i>. See <i>Lesson</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>apprendre</i>; Ger. <i>lernen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Leggings.</b> Draw the L hands, backs out, one on each -leg from well down to near hips.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les grandes guêtres</i>; Ger. <i>die ledernen Gamaschen</i>.</p> -<!--page-118--> - -<p><b>Lend</b>, <b>Loan</b>, or <b>Borrow</b>. Sign <i>Give you</i> (or me) and -<i>By and By</i>, <i>Give me</i> (or you). Or, <i>Give</i>, <i>Little while</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>prêter</i>, <i>emprunter</i>; Ger. <i>leihen</i>, <i>borgen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-118a.jpg" width="173" height="134" alt="Less" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Less</b> (Compressed). Hold the open flat hands a foot -or two apart, palm to palm, one above the other. -Hold the lower hand stationary and then draw the -upper in jerks down toward the lower. See <i>Decrease</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>moins</i>; Ger. <i>weniger</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Let it alone.</b> See <i>Abandon</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Letter</b> (Sticking on the stamp). Indicate size of letter, -then close right hand, thumb extended; wet thumb end -on lips and press on open left palm.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la lettre</i>; Ger. <i>der Brief</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Level</b>, <b>All right</b>. See <i>Good</i>, also <i>Prairie</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Liar.</b> Make sign for <i>Lie</i>; then indicate the person. -To add the intensive <i>Very much</i> makes it equivalent to -the strong and unprintable English expression that is -used in extreme cases.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le menteur</i>; Ger. <i>der Lügner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Liberal.</b> See <i>Generous</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Liberate.</b> Sign <i>Prisoner</i>, throw the hands up and apart, -then add <i>Go</i>. (C) See <i>Pardon</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>délivrer</i>; Ger. <i>befreien</i>.</p> -<!--page-119--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-119a.jpg" width="159" height="84" alt="Lie" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lie</b> or <b>False</b> (Two tongues or forked tongue). Hold the -right V hand, back out, a little in front and to the right -of mouth, and pointing to left; move the hand to left, -past mouth, and downward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mensonge</i>; Ger. <i>die Lüge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Life.</b> See <i>Alive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Light</b> (Not dark). See <i>Day</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Light</b> (Not heavy). Hold out both flat hands, palms -up; raise briskly together in one or two jerks. Compare -<i>Heavy</i>, which is the same in pose, but in which the -hands drop briskly. See <i>Hurry</i>, which is similar but -much faster and raised each time in one movement.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>léger</i>; Ger. <i>leicht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-119b.jpg" width="170" height="120" alt="Lightning" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lightning</b> or <b>Thunderbolt</b>. With right G index held -high, make a quick zigzag downward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’éclair</i>; Ger. <i>der Blitz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Like</b> (To be partial to). Sign <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Like</b> or <b>Alike</b>. See <i>Equal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Listen, I will not.</b> Cover both ears with the hands and -shake head. (Pop. and Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>je n’écouterai pas</i>; Ger. <i>ich will nicht zuhören</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Listen.</b> Hold right L hand back to right near and -around right ear; rotate the hand by wrist action (Cheyenne). -Or hold hollowed right hand behind the right ear. -(Popular sign understood by Cheyennes.) Compare -<i>Hear</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>écouter</i>; Ger. <i>horchen</i>.</p> -<!--page-120--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-120a.jpg" width="170" height="192" alt="Little of" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Little of</b>, <b>Small</b>, <b>Piece of</b>, <b>Part</b>. Hold right hand in -front of body, shoulder high, back to right, end of -thumb pressing against under side of index so that only -about half an inch of index is seen beyond the thumb, -other fingers closed. For emphasis, point at right with -left G.</p> - -<p><b>Little</b> or <b>Small of Stature</b>. For small animal, person, -etc., indicate the stature by holding out flat right, palm -down, above the ground or above the flat left, palm up. -See <i>Boy</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-120b.jpg" width="170" height="134" alt="Little" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Little</b> or <b>Small degree or matter</b>, <b>Weak</b>. Hold the -right fist above the left as though both were grasping a -thin stick, backs out. Twist the right hand and draw -it in a little to the breast, turning it so the palm is a -little upward instead of a little downward. Compare -<i>Few</i>. Note <i>Strong</i> is its analogue.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>petit</i>, <i>peu</i>; Ger. <i>klein</i>, <i>wenig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Live.</b> See <i>Alive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Live in.</b> See <i>Dwell</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Liver.</b> Compress the right hand, bend it much at the -wrist, hold it so the back is forward and down, fingers -level and pointing back; lay it on the right side under -the ribs, draw it to the middle of the body following -under side of ribs.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le foie</i>; Ger. <i>die Leber</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-120c.jpg" width="171" height="99" alt="Lock" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lock.</b> Against flat left palm turn thumb and index of -right as a key.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fermer à clef</i>, <i>la serrure</i>; Ger. <i>schlieszen</i>, <i>das -Schlosz</i>.</p> -<!--page-121--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-121a.jpg" width="180" height="113" alt="Long" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Long.</b> Fully extend the left arm forward and downward, -hand flat, palm down; lay right G finger on the -left wrist; then draw it up to the shoulder. Often use -<i>Big</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>long</i>; Ger. <i>lang</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Longing.</b> Sign <i>Heart</i> and <i>Want</i>; or <i>Heart</i>, <i>Want</i>, and <i>See</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le désir ardent</i>; Ger. <i>das Verlangen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-121b.jpg" width="181" height="58" alt="Long time" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Long time</b> (Drawn out). Slowly draw the hands very -far apart as though pulling out a piece of gum or elastic. -See <i>Time</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>longtemps</i>; Ger. <i>lange</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-121c.jpg" width="178" height="112" alt="Look" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Look.</b> Make V hand and point with fingers in line of -sight. Compare <i>Hunting</i> and <i>See</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>regarder</i>; Ger. <i>ansehen</i>, <i>hinsehen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Look at that.</b> Point with forefinger at object and add -<i>See</i>. Compare <i>There</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>regardez cela</i>, <i>voyez</i>; Ger. <i>sehen Sie das an</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Look out.</b> See <i>Warning</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Loose</b> or <b>Set Free</b>. See <i>Liberate</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-121d.jpg" width="192" height="124" alt="Lose" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lose</b>, <b>Lost</b>, or <b>Astray</b> (Hid, find, and not; apparently -referring to the game of hide in the hand). Hold out -both fists together, palms up, for <i>Hid</i>; then look about -and point with right G hand behind here and there and -to one side; add <i>Not</i>. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-121e.jpg" width="175" height="181" alt="Lose" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lose.</b> The Cheyennes use <i>Hide</i>, which see. Compare -<i>Night</i>.</p> -<!--page-122--> - -<p><b>Lost</b>, <b>I am lost</b>. Sign <i>Look</i>, <i>Way</i>, <i>See</i>, <i>Not</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>perdre</i>, <i>perdu</i>; Ger. <i>verlieren</i>, <i>verloren</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Love.</b> See <i>Fond</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-122a.jpg" width="176" height="262" alt="Low" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Low.</b> Hold flat right hand low, back up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>bas</i>; Ger. <i>niedrig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-122b.jpg" width="177" height="124" alt="Luck" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Luck</b>, <b>Happen</b>, <b>Chance</b>, or <b>Accident</b> (What turns up). -Extend both G hands in front, palm side up; turn them -in toward each other till the backs are up; forefingers -still extended. Then add <i>Good</i> or <i>Bad</i>. (D) This -suggests the gambling sticks in the Indian game. See <i>Of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Luck</b> (Whatever befalls me). Sign <i>Medicine</i>, or shake -the head and the flat hand in front of the neck, then -swing right G in a curve till it strikes the breast. -(Sheeaka. A doubtful Sioux sign.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la chance</i>, <i>l’accident</i>; Ger. <i>der Zufall</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-122c.jpg" width="181" height="182" alt="Lump" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lump</b> (Apparently “hill” that can be held in the hand). -Hold up the right A hand, waist high, palm to you, -thumb pointing up, wrist bent so arm is nearly level. -Compare <i>Hill</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la petite masse</i>; Ger. <i>der Klumpen</i>, <i>die kleine -Masse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lunch</b> or <b>Luncheon</b>. Sign <i>Noon</i> and <i>Eat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le déjeuner</i>; Ger. <i>das Mittagessen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lungs.</b> Hold the 5 hands on the breast, one at each -side, and indicate slow heaving. Compare <i>Sick</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les poumons</i>; Ger. <i>die Lungen</i>.</p> -<!--page-123--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-123a.jpg" width="178" height="251" alt="Lynx" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Lynx.</b> With the C hand at each side of the face indicate -ruffs; with rings of index fingers and thumbs, -show the eyes; then on the G right with the G left show -the bob tail. (Sheeaka.) This is a description rather -than a name.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lynx</i>; Ger. <i>der Luchs</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Lynx</b>, <b>Bay</b>, or <b>Bob-cat.</b> Sign <i>Cat</i> and <i>Short tail</i>. (Scott.) -The Cheyennes, who do not know the true Lynx, -sign <i>Animal</i> and <i>Short tail</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lynx rouge</i>; Ger. <i>der Rotluchs</i>, <i>die amerikanische -Wildkatze</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>M</h3> - -<p><b>Mad.</b> See <i>Angry</i> and <i>Crazy</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-123b.jpg" width="168" height="127" alt="Make" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Make</b> or <b>Manufacture</b>. Hammer the top of one fist -with the other two or three times, giving both hands a -twisting motion. (Sheeaka. Adopted from the Deaf.) -Compare <i>Work</i>, which is mostly used by <i>Indians</i> for -<i>Make</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fabriquer</i>; Ger. <i>anfertigen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Make up one’s mind.</b> See <i>Decide</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-123c.jpg" width="181" height="187" alt="Man" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Man</b> or <b>Male</b> (The one alone; the erect one). Right G -held up at height of chin, palm forward; many Cheyennes -make it back forward. For <i>Boy</i> sign <i>Man</i> then -drop the hand down to a level that indicates height, -and turn it palm to you.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’homme</i>; Ger. <i>der Mann</i>.</p> -<!--page-124--> - -<p><b>Mandan.</b> See <i>Indian Tribes</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Manitoba</b> (Red River Country). Give signs for <i>Country</i>, -<i>River</i>, <i>Red</i> (suggested).</p> - -<p><b>Manner.</b> See <i>Way</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Man who.</b> See <i>Doer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-124a.jpg" width="159" height="130" alt="Many" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Many</b> (Many tens). Hold up both hands, face high, -half closed, palms forward; throw them forward in 5 -shape. Repeat several times. See also <i>Heap</i> and -<i>Much</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plusieurs</i>; Ger. <i>viele</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-124b.jpg" width="169" height="84" alt="Many times" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Many times</b>, <b>Often</b>, or <b>All the time</b>. Hold out left arm -level, hand flat palm in; tap it a few times with right G -hand from near wrist, moving each time an inch or so -toward elbow. Compare <i>Cheyenne</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>souvent</i>; Ger. <i>oft</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-124c.jpg" width="175" height="96" alt="Married" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Married</b> or <b>Marry</b> (Side by side, united as one). Sign -<i>Trade</i>, that is, <i>Bargain</i>; then lay right G beside left G -touching, both pointing forward level, not moved. -(C) The Cheyennes omit <i>Trade</i>. Compare <i>Equal</i>, -<i>Parallel</i>, and <i>Mates</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>marié</i>, <i>épouser</i>; Ger. <i>verheiratet</i>, <i>heiraten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Marten</b> or <b>Sable</b>. Sign <i>Weasel</i>; that is, curve right G -and push it forward, back up, in bounds; indicate size, -yellow throat; then, running up a tree. This is a suggested -description, as I found no established sign.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la marte</i>, <i>la zibeline</i>; Ger. <i>der Marder</i>, <i>der Zobel</i>.</p> -<!--page-125--> - -<p><b>Match.</b> Strike an imaginary match on right thigh, or -left arm.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’allumette</i>; Ger. <i>das Streichholz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-125a.jpg" width="204" height="300" alt="Mate" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mate</b> or <b>Partner</b> (One teepee and side by side). The G -fingers in tent form, then up side by side, touching. -(Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p><b>Mate</b> or <b>Chum</b>. Sign <i>Friend</i>, <i>Same</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le camarade</i>, <i>le compagnon</i>; Ger. <i>der Kamerad</i>.</p> - -<p><b>May</b> or <b>Maybe</b>. See <i>Perhaps</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Me.</b> Touch one’s own chest with the tips of the compressed -fingers of the right hand. (Sheeaka.) Compare -<i>I</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>moi</i>; Ger. <i>mich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Meals.</b> For <i>Breakfast</i>, sign <i>Eat</i> and <i>Sunrise</i>; for <i>Lunch</i>, -sign <i>Eat</i> and <i>Noon</i>; for <i>Dinner</i>, sign <i>Eat</i> and <i>Sundown</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les repas</i>; Ger. <i>die Mahlzeiten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mean</b> or <b>Intend</b>. Sign <i>Want</i> and <i>Say</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avoir en vue</i>, <i>vouloir dire</i>; Ger. <i>beabsichtigen</i>, -<i>meinen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mean</b> or <b>Stingy</b>. Sign <i>Heart</i> and <i>Few</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avare</i>; Ger. <i>geizig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Meanwhile.</b> See <i>While</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-125b.jpg" width="166" height="113" alt="Meat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Meat</b> (<b>1</b>). Hold out the flat left, back up; then with -the flat right, palm up, slice pieces off the left palm. -This is generally used, but often with left palm up.</p> -<!--page-126--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-126a.jpg" width="171" height="107" alt="Meat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Meat</b> or <b>Flesh</b> (<b>2</b>). With right index finger and thumb, -grasp the flesh between left index finger and thumb. -(Sioux and Blackfoot.) Note, if this be done by putting -the right at the under side of the left, it is the same as -the next sign.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-126b.jpg" width="181" height="154" alt="Meat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Meat</b> (<b>3</b>). Lay the flat left hand, little finger down, -between the thumb and fingers of the flat right, as far -in as possible; then pat the back of the left by opening -and closing the right a little and add <i>Buffalo</i>. In -conversation, <i>Buffalo</i> without the first sign is often -used for <i>Meat</i>, just as we use <i>Beef</i>. The first part of -this is much like <i>Thick</i> and <i>Thin</i>, but the whole of the -left fingers are involved and the right hand is not slid -along.</p> - -<p class="continue">The right in this, it will be noted, shows the pose of -the hand when holding a thick piece of meat to be cut -up for drying.</p> - -<p class="continue">Clark says there is no sign for <i>Meat</i>; yet, obviously, -his sign for <i>Bacon</i> is compounded of <i>Meat</i>, <i>Thin</i>, and -<i>Greasy</i>; and the sign he gives for <i>Cutting up</i>, means -<i>Cutting up meat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Meat</b> (<b>4</b>). With right index and thumb, pinch the -flesh at the palmar base of the left thumb. (Father -Isadore says this is fixed and universal among the -Comanches.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la viande</i>; Ger. <i>das Fleisch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-126c.jpg" width="187" height="136" alt="Medal" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Medal.</b> Make a circle of right thumb and index (other -fingers closed); lay it little finger in, on the centre of the -breast. (C) Compare <i>Policeman</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la médaille</i>; Ger. <i>die Medaille</i>.</p> -<!--page-127--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-127a.jpg" width="181" height="187" alt="Medicine" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Medicine</b>, <b>Mystery</b>, <b>Holy</b>, <b>Sacred</b>, or <b>Wonderful</b> (In -the sense of Sacred Mystery). Hold V right hand close -to forehead, palm forward, pointing up, separated; -move the hand upward, twisting it so that the tips of the -extended fingers will describe a spiral curve. This is -hardly translatable.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mystère sacré</i>; Ger. <i>das heilige Geheimnis</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Medicine</b> (A curative drug or potion). Hold out left C -back to left and pour into it from a bottle in right C hand. -If a powder, pour on flat left palm. If a pill, pour on -palm and afterward pick up with index and thumb. -(Pop.) Sign <i>Medicine</i> and <i>Eat</i>. (Cheyenne, recent.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la médecine</i>, <i>le remède</i>; Ger. <i>die Arznei</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Medicine-Man</b> or <b>Shaman</b>. Make signs for <i>Man</i> and -<i>Medicine</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le magicien</i>, <i>le médecin</i>; Ger. <i>der Medizinmann</i>, -<i>der Schamane</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-127b.jpg" width="170" height="102" alt="Meet" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Meet.</b> Hold forefingers of both G hands a foot apart, -pointing up, left farthest off; move together till touching -at the tips. Compare <i>Trade</i>, <i>Mistake</i>, and -<i>Avoid</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>rencontrer</i>; Ger. <i>treffen</i>, <i>begegnen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Melancholy.</b> Incline the head slightly forward and rest -forehead on left hand, left forearm close to body. Understood -by Cheyennes, but they prefer <i>Heart on the -Ground</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>triste</i>; Ger. <i>schwermütig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-127c.jpg" width="183" height="121" alt="Melt" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Melt</b>, <b>Fade</b>, <b>Die out</b>, <b>Dissolve</b>. Hold up both “5” -hands six inches apart, fingers pointing up, palms toward -<!--page-128--> -you; let the hands drop and slide aside, gradually -assuming compressed position, backs up. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p><b>Melt.</b> Sign <i>Wipe out</i>, but slide the right palm over -the left toward the tips in small jerks, then over and -beyond.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fondre</i>; Ger. <i>schmelzen</i>, <i>vergehen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-128a.jpg" width="175" height="255" alt="Memories" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Memories.</b> Head hung forward; right A hand dropped -a foot under chin; then sign <i>Time</i>, <i>Back</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les souvenirs</i>; Ger. <i>die Erinnerungen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Memory</b> or <b>Remembering</b>. Sign <i>Heart</i> and <i>Know</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la mémoire</i>, <i>se rappeler</i>; Ger. <i>das Gedächtnis</i>, -<i>sich erinnern</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-128b.jpg" width="174" height="104" alt="Mend" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mend.</b> Lay the right G along to overlap the left G, -then hammer on the left with right fist. (Sheeaka.) -Note, this is mending iron or wood; to mend clothes, -lay one index on other as above, then with right sew -over edge of left. (Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes usually -sign <i>Make</i> and <i>Good</i>. Compare <i>Fix</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>raccommoder</i>; Ger. <i>ausbessern</i>, <i>reparieren</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mercy.</b> In the Roman Arena, the appeal for mercy -was made by stretching the hand with first and second -fingers raised and touching; others closed. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la clémence</i>, <i>la miséricorde</i>; Ger. <i>das Erbarmen</i>, -<i>die Gnade</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mercy on Another.</b> See <i>Pity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mercy on Me.</b> See <i>Pity</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Merry.</b> See <i>Glad</i>.</p> -<!--page-129--> - -<p><b>Message</b>, i.e., <b>Spoken</b>. See <i>Speech</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Metal.</b> Sign <i>Hard</i> and describe or point to a piece of -the metal in question. Or sign <i>Strong</i>, <i>Hard</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le métal</i>; Ger. <i>das Metall</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Meteor.</b> Sign <i>Star</i> and with hand up high sign <i>Fire</i> -and let it drop in a wavy line across the sky.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le météore</i>; Ger. <i>das Meteor</i>, <i>die Feuerkugel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Midday</b> or <b>Noon</b>. <i>Sun</i> and <i>Straight up</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le midi</i>; Ger. <i>der Mittag</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-129a.jpg" width="156" height="137" alt="Middle" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Middle</b> (The point dividing in half). Hold out the -left G hand, finger level. Drop the right G hand down -onto it at the middle joint. Compare <i>Half</i> and <i>Centre</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Middle.</b> Strike down with lower edge of flat right -between the fingers of left V held pointing up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le milieu</i>; Ger. <i>die Mitte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Middle one.</b> Hold up three fingers of left, tap the -two outer with right G, then bend the middle one down.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>celui au milieu</i>; Ger. <i>der Mittlere</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Midnight.</b> Sign <i>Night</i> and <i>Middle</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le minuit</i>; Ger. <i>die Mitternacht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-129b.jpg" width="176" height="84" alt="Mile" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mile</b> (Stake, measure, and stake). Hold out closed -left at arm’s length in front of shoulder, back up, index -and thumb joined at top; drop it six inches, point down; -then place index and thumb of similar right against it -and swing right out level to right for two or three feet -and drop it as before.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mille</i>; Ger. <i>die Meile</i>.</p> -<!--page-130--> - -<p><b>Milk.</b> With both S hands make motion of milking.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lait</i>; Ger. <i>die Milch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Milky Way</b> (Spirit’s Trail). <i>Die</i> and <i>Way</i>, and sweep -the right hand high across the sky to show where.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la voie lactée</i>; Ger. <i>die Milchstrasze</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mingle.</b> See <i>Mix</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mink.</b> Sign <i>Water</i>, <i>Creek</i>, and <i>Animal</i>. (Blackfoot.) -Sometimes indicate size.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le foutereau</i>, <i>le mink</i>; Ger. <i>der Mink</i>, <i>der Nerz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Minute</b> (Division of time). See <i>Time</i>. Hold left O -hand horizontal for <i>Watch</i>; tap around it with right G -finger for <i>hours</i>; then for minute add <i>One</i>, <i>Small</i>, and -<i>Time</i>. <i>Second</i> would be the same with added signs <i>Few</i> -or <i>Very</i>. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la minute</i>; Ger. <i>die Minute</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Minute</b> (Very small). Sign <i>Small</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>trés petit</i>; Ger. <i>winzig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mirage.</b> Hold right 5 hand high, opposite left shoulder, -back out, pointing to left; move it horizontally to right -with a tremulous motion. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mirage</i>; Ger. <i>die Luftspiegelung</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-130a.jpg" width="174" height="162" alt="Mirror" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mirror.</b> Flat right, points up, opposite face, shaken -a little forward and back as though adjusting the -distance. Sometimes sign <i>Look</i> first.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le miroir</i>; Ger. <i>der Spiegel</i>.</p> -<!--page-131--> - -<p><b>Mislead.</b> Sign <i>Way</i>, then thrust right G to right and to -left, but not straight. Or sign <i>Tell</i>, <i>Straight</i>, <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>égarer</i>; Ger. <i>verleiten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Miss.</b> See <i>Avoid</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mist.</b> See <i>Fog</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-131a.jpg" width="174" height="96" alt="Mistake" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mistake</b> (Mark missed). Hold up left G hand, then -pass it by with right G hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’erreur</i>; Ger. <i>der Irrtum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mix</b> or <b>Mingle.</b> Hold up the 5 hands, face high, points up, -palm to palm touching; rotate one against the other. If in -cookery, imitate the movement of stirring. Compare <i>Play</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mélanger</i>; Ger. <i>mischen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Moccasin.</b> Pass the open hands over feet from toe to -ankle. Usually but one hand is used, and it need not -touch the foot.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mocassin</i>; Ger. <i>der Mokassin</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-131b.jpg" width="170" height="127" alt="Mockery" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mockery</b> or <b>Insolent defiance</b>. Spread the right hand -with fingers straight, point of thumb to point of nose, -little finger toward the enemy. (Pop.) Not Indian -originally, but all understand it now.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la moquerie</i>, <i>la dérision</i>; Ger. <i>die Verspottung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Modesty.</b> Cover the eyes with one flat hand, its fingers -well apart. (Pop.) See <i>Ashamed</i> and <i>Fog</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la modestie</i>; Ger. <i>die Sittsamkeit</i>, <i>die Bescheidenheit</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-131c.jpg" width="177" height="97" alt="Money" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Money</b> (Coin). With right thumb and index, others -closed, make a horizontal circle. Compare <i>Sun</i>, <i>Fruit</i>, -and <i>Leaf</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’argent</i>; Ger. <i>das Geld</i>.</p> -<!--page-132--> - -<p><b>Money</b> (Paper). Sign <i>Writing</i> and <i>Money</i>.<!--TN: added period--></p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-132a.jpg" width="128" height="114" alt="Money" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Money</b> (Bills). Draw the flat left hand edgewise -between the thumb and fingers of the right; then on left -palm indicate shape. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>billets de banque</i>; Ger. <i>die Banknoten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Monkey</b> (Man’s face, dog’s run). Sign <i>Face</i>, <i>Man</i>, -<i>Dog</i>, <i>Goes</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le singe</i>; Ger. <i>der Affe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Month</b> (One Moon). Sign for <i>One</i> and <i>Moon</i> and <i>Die</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mois</i>; Ger. <i>der Monat</i>.</p> - -<p class="continue">Each tribe had, of course, its own names for the -months. I have selected the ones most likely to be -widely popular, without regard to their origin.</p> - -<div class="subentry"> - -<div class="moon"> - <img src="images/page-132b.jpg" width="101" height="85" alt="January" /> - <img src="images/page-132c.jpg" width="101" height="99" alt="February" /> - <img src="images/page-132d.jpg" width="117" height="107" alt="March" /> - <img src="images/page-132e.jpg" width="105" height="88" alt="April" /> -</div> - -<p><b>January</b> (Snow Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Snow</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le janvier</i>; Ger. <i>der Januar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>February</b> (Hunger Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Hunger</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le février</i>; Ger. <i>der Februar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>March</b> (Crow Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Crow</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mars</i>; Ger. <i>der März</i>.</p> - -<p><b>April</b> (Grass Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Short grass</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’avril</i>; Ger. <i>der April</i>.</p> - -<div class="moon"> - <img src="images/page-132f.jpg" width="100" height="103" alt="May" /> - <img src="images/page-132g.jpg" width="102" height="95" alt="June" /> - <img src="images/page-133a.jpg" width="102" height="95" alt="July" /> - <img src="images/page-133b.jpg" width="98" height="112" alt="August" /> -</div> - -<p><b>May</b> (Planting Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Planting</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mai</i>; Ger. <i>der Mai</i>.</p> - -<p><b>June</b> (Rose Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Rose</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le juin</i>; Ger. <i>der Juni</i>.</p> -<!--page-133--> - -<p><b>July</b> (Thunder Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Lightning</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le juillet</i>; Ger. <i>der Juli</i>.</p> - -<p><b>August</b> (Red Moon). Sign for <i>Moon</i> and <i>Red</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’août</i>; Ger. <i>der August</i>.</p> - -<div class="moon"> - <img src="images/page-133c.jpg" width="105" height="112" alt="September" /> - <img src="images/page-133d.jpg" width="113" height="107" alt="October" /> - <img src="images/page-133e.jpg" width="97" height="120" alt="November" /> - <img src="images/page-133f.jpg" width="120" height="87" alt="December" /> -</div> - -<p><b>September</b> (Hunting Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and then -draw a bow as in hunting.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le septembre</i>; Ger. <i>der September</i>.</p> - -<p><b>October</b> (Leaf-falling Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Leaf-falling</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’octobre</i>; Ger. <i>der Oktober</i>.</p> - -<p><b>November</b> (Mad Moon). Sign <i>Moon</i> and <i>Mad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le novembre</i>; Ger. <i>der November</i>.</p> - -<p><b>December</b> (Long Night). Sign <i>Moon</i>, <i>Night</i>, and -<i>Long</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le décembre</i>; Ger. <i>der Dezember</i>.</p> -</div><!--/subentry--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-133g.jpg" width="158" height="209" alt="Moon" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Moon</b> (Horns in the sky, or crescent). Close right -hand except thumb and first finger, which forms a half-circle -or crescent, held above the right ear, back of hand -forward. Sometimes expressed as <i>Night</i> and <i>Sun</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la lune</i>; Ger. <i>der Mond</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-133h.jpg" width="173" height="137" alt="Moose" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Moose</b> (Elk with flat horns). Hold up flat hands for -horns; but swing both backward and forward to indicate -width; then, with both “L” hands, indicate the -hanging muzzle. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’orignal</i>; Ger. <i>das Elentier</i>, <i>der Elch</i>.</p> -<!--page-134--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-134a.jpg" width="167" height="119" alt="More" /> -</div> - -<p><b>More.</b> Hold out the flat left hand, palm up; then with -right make as though throwing sand on it more and -more, three times. (Sheeaka.) Compare <i>Most</i>. See -<i>Repeat</i>, <i>Add to</i>, and <i>Ahead</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plus</i>; Ger. <i>mehr</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-134b.jpg" width="175" height="56" alt="Morning" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Morning</b> or <b>Day</b> (Opening up). Both hands palms -down, flat, near together. Sweep them up, out, and -apart; turning the palms up. The same as <i>Day</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-134c.jpg" width="171" height="109" alt="Morning" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Morning</b> or <b>Dawn</b>. Hold out both arms level, full -length, side by side, hands flat, backs forward, tips -touching; raise them slowly to half height.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le matin</i>; Ger. <i>der Morgen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mosquito.</b> With right index and thumb make as -though pricking right cheek with a thorn; then slap -the place with right palm.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le moustique</i>; Ger. <i>der Moskito</i>, <i>die Stechmücke</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-134d.jpg" width="187" height="232" alt="Most" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Most.</b> Sign <i>More</i>, then raise the right flat hand high -above it. (Sheeaka.) Or sign <i>Ahead</i>, <i>All</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le plus</i>; Ger. <i>meist</i>, <i>am Meisten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-134e.jpg" width="172" height="186" alt="Mother" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mother</b> (Nurse or parent, female). With the finger tips -of the right hand, make as though drawing milk from -the left breast; add the sign for <i>Female</i> if necessary. -(Scott.) Note the left breast for <i>Mother</i>, nearer the -heart; the right breast is for <i>Father</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la mère</i>; Ger. <i>die Mutter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mother-in-law.</b> Sign <i>Brother-in-law</i>, <i>Old</i>, <i>Woman</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la belle-mère</i>; Ger. <i>die Schwiegermutter</i>.</p> -<!--page-135--> - -<p><b>Motor car.</b> Make signs for <i>Wheels</i>, <i>Horse</i>, <i>Not</i>. Or -sign <i>Fire</i> twice then make as though holding and turning -steering wheel.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’automobile</i>; Ger. <i>das Automobil</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-135a.jpg" width="167" height="94" alt="Mound" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mound</b> or <b>Low Hill</b>. Flat hands together, backs up; -separated and swept down to show shape. Compare -<i>Heap</i>, which is just the reverse; also see <i>Box</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la petite éminence</i>; Ger. <i>der Erdhügel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mount</b> (A horse). Hold right V to right side pointing -up; swing it up to right, over and down, points down, -onto flat left, which is held thumb up. Or, omit left. -(Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>monter</i>; Ger. <i>steigen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mountain.</b> Hold up A hand as in <i>Hill</i>, but higher, and -add <i>Hard</i>. Use both hands alternately up and down -in various places for plural. Compare <i>Hill</i> and <i>Lump</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la montagne</i>; Ger. <i>der Berg</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mountain Lion</b>, <b>Cat</b>. Sign <i>Cat</i>, <i>Long tail</i>, and <i>Jump</i>. -(C) Or with both L hands indicate large round tracks; -then, with right G, pointed down, raised and down, each -time, indicate the zigzag trail. (Paiute sign, given me -by C. B. Ruggles.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le couguar</i>;<!--TN: was a period--> Ger. <i>der Kuguar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mountain Pass.</b> See <i>Gap</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mourn.</b> With the flat hands used like knives, backs up, -little fingers as though sharp edges, make as though -to cut off the hair at each side of the head, and add <i>Cry</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>s’affliger</i>; Ger. <i>trauern</i>.</p> -<!--page-136--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-136a.jpg" width="174" height="133" alt="Mouse" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mouse</b> (Night nibbler). Sign <i>Animal</i>, with very small -jumps, indicate size and <i>Night</i>; then, with right forefinger -and thumb, nibble at left G forefinger.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la souris</i>; Ger. <i>die Maus</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-136b.jpg" width="176" height="122" alt="Move" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Move</b>, <b>To move camp</b> (Teepee poles, travois). Both G -hands in front, backs out; lay right forefinger on left -at middle joint, crossing at an angle of 45 degrees, and -push both hands forward in slight jerks, each jerk a -day’s journey.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>changer de place</i>, <i>déménager</i>; Ger. <i>fortziehen</i>, <i>wegrücken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mowing machine.</b> Sign <i>Grass</i> and <i>Knife</i>; the last at -right lower than waist. Add <i>Wagon</i> if needed to indicate -horse mower.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la machine à faucher</i>; Ger. <i>die Mähmaschine</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-136c.jpg" width="177" height="168" alt="Much" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Much</b> or <b>Many</b>. Hold curved 5 hands, palm to palm, -a foot apart; swing down together and up face high, -closing them; swing a little apart at the finish.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-136d.jpg" width="180" height="124" alt="Much" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Much</b> (Heap.) Hold the flat hands so the palms are -toward each other, the left lower, and draw them apart, -the left downward, the right upward. The extent to -which they are drawn apart indicates the quantity. -Compare <i>Big</i>, <i>Great</i>, <i>Heap</i>, <i>Increase</i>, and <i>Decrease</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>beaucoup</i>; Ger. <i>viel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Much, Too.</b> See <i>Excessive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mud.</b> See <i>Soft</i>.</p> -<!--page-137--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-137a.jpg" width="178" height="117" alt="Mule" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Mule.</b> Hold extended hands alongside of ears, palms -to front, fingers pointing upward; by wrist action, -flop the hands to front and rear, representing motion of -mule’s ears.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mulet</i>; Ger. <i>das Maultier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Murder.</b> Sign <i>Kill</i> and <i>Free</i>. Meaning an unjustified -killing.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le meurtre</i>; Ger. <i>der Mord</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Must.</b> See <i>Have to</i>; also <i>Begin</i> or <i>Push</i>. See <i>Imperative</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Muskrat</b> or <b>Musquash</b>. Sign <i>Beaver</i> and <i>Small</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-137b.jpg" width="171" height="87" alt="Muskrat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Muskrat</b> (Tail, swimming and lump). Hold out right -G, back up, nearly level, pointing forward and to left; -shake it, draw it to right; then hold up compressed -right hand, back up, pointing forward, and grasp right -wrist on lower side with left hand. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le rat musqué du Canada</i>, <i>l’ondatra</i>; Ger. <i>die -Bisamratte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>My</b>, <b>Mine</b>, or <b>My own</b>. Sign <i>Possession</i>; that is, hold -out the A hand, thumb straight up; then swing it in -till it touches the breast; or sometimes lay the spread -flat hand on the breast. (Sheeaka.) See <i>I</i>.</p> - -<p><b>My</b>, <b>Mine</b>, or <b>My own</b>. Touch breast with point of -compressed right, then sign <i>Possession</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mon</i>; Ger. <i>mein</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mystery.</b> See <i>Medicine</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<!--page-138--> - -<h3>N</h3> - -<p><b>Name</b> (Of a man). Sign <i>Called</i>. “What is your name?” -would be <i>Question</i>, <i>You</i>, <i>Called</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-138a.jpg" width="171" height="142" alt="Name" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Name</b> (Of animal). With right forefinger and thumb, -others closed, make an incomplete circle and lay it -palm down against the palm of the flat left hand, held -forward, back to left. Compare <i>Brand</i> and <i>Called</i>. -Scott gives it as illustrated.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>nommer</i>, <i>le nom</i>; Ger. <i>(be) nennen</i>, <i>der Name</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Name, To sign one’s</b> (Thumb print). Press the thumb -tip of the A hand against the palm of the flat left. Compare -<i>Letter</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>signer son nom</i>; Ger. <i>seinen Namen unterschreiben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Named</b>. See <i>Called</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-138b.jpg" width="170" height="96" alt="Narrow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Narrow.</b> Hold flat hands out, palm to palm, about six -inches apart, fingers level and pointing forward; move -them toward each other until but one inch apart. Compare -<i>Fast</i>, <i>Between</i>, <i>Few</i>, and <i>Road</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>étroit</i>; Ger. <i>eng</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-138c.jpg" width="181" height="94" alt="Nation" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Nation</b> (People all). Hold up both 5 hands, swing -them toward each other and away in a great circle. -(Sheeaka.) Not well established.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la nation</i>, <i>le peuple</i>; Ger. <i>die Nation</i>, <i>das Volk</i>.</p> - -<h4>NATIONALITIES:</h4> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p><b>American.</b> Sign <i>Thirteen</i>, <i>Fires</i>. This was once used -on the Ohio, referring to the Council Fires of the -thirteen original colonies. Then add <i>Country</i> by -<!--page-139--> -patting the ground with both flat hands and swinging -them apart and up.</p> - -<p class="continue">According to Clark, sometimes called <i>Long Knives</i>. -Draw a long line east and west; then with flat hand, -point up, indicate all south of it. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Américain</i>; Ger. <i>der Amerikaner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>British</b> (Red coat). Touch the coat; then with -fingers brush the cheeks for <i>red</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les Anglais</i>, <i>les sujets anglais</i>; Ger. <i>die Briten</i>, -<i>das britische Volk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Canadian</b> (Shaking off the snow). Shake the coat -lapel with right hand. (D) The Blackfeet draw a -long line east and west then with flat hand point to -indicate all north of that line.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Canadien</i>; Ger. <i>der Kanadier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Chinaman.</b> Indicate long tail by signing <i>Rope</i> at -back of head.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Chinois</i>; Ger. <i>der Chinese</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Dutchman</b> (Long pipe). Place thumb of Y hand at -the mouth, draw it down and outward to indicate -the long pipe. (D)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Hollandais</i>; Ger. <i>der Holländer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Englishman.</b> Sign <i>White Man</i>, <i>Far</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Anglais</i>; Ger. <i>der Engländer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Frenchman.</b> Hold out the F hand well toward the -left, palm up; draw it across in front of self from left -to right, turning it palm down. (D) To sign -<i>Hairy Man</i> would translate the nickname “Poilu.”</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Français</i>; Ger. <i>der Franzose</i>.</p> -<!--page-140--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-140a.jpg" width="175" height="121" alt="German" /> -</div> - -<p><b>German</b> (The double eagle). Cross the wrists of -both 5 hands, thumb palm against thumb palm, and -work the fingers. (D)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Allemand</i>; Ger. <i>der Deutsche</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Great Britain</b> (Red-coat land). <i>Land</i>, <i>Coat</i>, and -<i>Red</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la Grande-Bretagne</i>; Ger. <i>das Groszbritannien</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Holland.</b> Same as <i>Dutchman</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Indian.</b> See <i>Indian</i> on p. 106.</p> - -<p><b>Irishman.</b> Hold out left S hand, back up; swing -right V around it and end with V resting on back of -left. (D) <i>Green Island Man</i> would be more acceptable.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Irlandais</i>; Ger. <i>der Irländer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Japanese.</b> Sign <i>Country</i> and <i>Rising Sun</i>. Or sign -<i>Man</i>, <i>Short</i>, <i>Eyes</i>, <i>Oblique</i>. The last by pushing up -the outer corners of the eyes with G fingers. (These -are suggested.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Japonais</i>; Ger. <i>der Japaner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Jew</b> (Long beard). Placing the fingers of the bent 5 -hand on the chin, draw them down and off, letting -the hand assume the flat position as it leaves the chin. -(D)</p> - -<p class="continue">(As a slang term.) Spread both hands open from -opposite each shoulder, palms forward, and rotate -them slightly on the wrist back and forth. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Juif</i>; Ger. <i>der Jude</i>.</p> -<!--page-141--> - -<p><b>Italian.</b> With the little finger of I hand trace a cross -in the centre of the forehead. (D)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Italien</i>; Ger. <i>der Italiener</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Mexican</b> (Bearded White Man). Sign for <i>White -Man</i> and <i>Beard</i>. In this case, <i>Beard</i> is made by -rotating and jerking the 5 hand before the chin, -points up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Mexicain</i>; Ger. <i>der Mexikaner</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Negro.</b> Sign <i>White Man</i>, <i>Black face</i>. (C) Sheeaka -also fumbled the open right over the knuckles of the -half closed left, to indicate kinky hair.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le nègre</i>; Ger. <i>der Neger</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ontario</b> (Land of Lakes). Make signs for <i>Country</i> -and <i>Lakes</i>. (Suggested.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Ontario</i>; Ger. <i>das Ontario</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Russian.</b> Arms akimbo, i.e., C hand on each side of -the waist. (D) The Cheyennes call them <i>Ride -Easy</i> from the Cossack circus performers; but it is not -an established sign. <i>Bear Man</i> is suggested.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Russe</i>; Ger. <i>der Russe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scotchman</b> (Plaid clothes). Cross the fingers of the -right 5 hand with those of the left 5 hand on the chest, -then let each drop to continue the lines. (D)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Écossais</i>; Ger. <i>der Schotte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Spaniard.</b> Sign <i>Old</i>, <i>Mexican</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’Espagnol</i>; Ger. <i>der Spanier</i>.</p> -<!--page-142--> - -<p><b>White Man</b> (Hat man). With G right hand draw -first finger across the brow. (C) For illustration -see <i>White Man</i> among W’s.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’homme blanc</i>; Ger. <i>der Weisze</i>.</p> - -<p class="continue">Other countries are indicated in the Deaf Code by -making the initial letter in the single-handed alphabet -and swinging them in a circle in front of the forehead; -but this mode contravenes the fundamental -principle of Signs. (See Introduction.)</p> - -<p class="continue">Therefore, it is better to wait till a true sign is -discovered.</p> -</div> - -<p><b>Near</b> or <b>Nearly</b>. Same as <i>Close</i>, which see.</p> - -<p><b>Near by.</b> See <i>By</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nearest.</b> See <i>Next</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Need</b> or <b>Need to</b>. See <i>Must</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Needle.</b> Make the sign for <i>Sew</i>. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’aiguille</i>; Ger. <i>die Nadel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Neighbor.</b> Sign <i>Close</i> and <i>Dwell</i>, or <i>Sit</i>, <i>Close</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le voisin</i>; Ger. <i>der Nachbar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nephew.</b> Sign <i>Brother’s</i> (or <i>Sister’s</i>) <i>Son</i>. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le neveu</i>; Ger. <i>der Neffe</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-142a.jpg" width="175" height="139" alt="Never" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Never</b> (<i>Ever</i> and <i>Not</i>). Right elbow fixed at side and -with right G hand out straight, describe a complete -upright circle, left to right; then throw the hand down -to right in <i>Not</i>. (Sheeaka; probably borrowed from -Deaf.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>jamais</i>; Ger. <i>niemals</i>.</p> -<!--page-143--> - -<p><b>Never mind.</b> See <i>Rub it out</i>.</p> - -<p><b>New.</b> Sign <i>Little time</i>, <i>Traded</i>. Or, <i>Little while</i>, -<i>Made</i>, <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>neuf</i>; Ger. <i>neu</i>.</p> - -<p><b>News.</b> With right G struck down to right and left -(for <i>this</i> and <i>that</i>) and <i>Hear</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les nouvelles</i>; Ger. <i>die Nachrichten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Newspaper.</b> Sign <i>Writing</i> and <i>Tell</i> (i.e., <i>Talk</i>) to -right and left.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le journal</i>; Ger. <i>die Zeitung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Next.</b> See <i>Neighbor</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-143a.jpg" width="167" height="69" alt="Next" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Next</b> or <b>Second</b>. Hold out the flat 4 left hand, palm -down; with right G draw the left index toward the right; -then tap the middle finger of left with right index. Or -sign <i>Close</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>prochain</i>; Ger. <i>nächst</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-143b.jpg" width="167" height="130" alt="Night" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Night</b> (Earth covered up). Bring the flat hands, backs -up, well apart, out in front of body, breast high; move -them together in outline of a dome, finally resting right -wrist on left. Compare <i>Hide</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la nuit</i>; Ger. <i>die Nacht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-143c.jpg" width="164" height="89" alt="No" /> -</div> - -<p><b>No.</b> Hold flat right hand, back up, in front of body, -fingers pointing level and nearly forward. Swing the -hand in a graceful curve to right and front, at the same -time turning it thumb up, finishing with the back of -hand to right and downward; the hand is swept into its -<!--page-144--> -position on a curve. Usually abbreviated into a short -jerk of the flat hand to right, its palm kept facing left. -Compare <i>Bad</i> and <i>Different</i>.</p> - -<p class="continue">For short range, shake the head; this is simple and -universal. It is so natural that babies and animals do -it when offered bitter medicine, for example. (Popular -and Indian generally.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>non</i>; Ger. <i>nein</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-144a.jpg" width="177" height="132" alt="No, I won’t listen" /> -</div> - -<p><b>No, I won’t listen</b>; or <b>Go away, the matter is ended</b>. -Right G hand upraised to level of face, palm out, index -upright; wave the finger hand from side to side by wrist -action. Chiefly used by Cheyennes when joking. It is -general in Latin countries. Compare <i>White-tailed -Deer</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>non, allez!</i> Ger. <i>Punktum!</i> <i>Schlusz!</i></p> - -<p><b>None</b>, <b>Nothing</b>, <b>I have no money</b>. Turn the flat palms -forward, one near each trouser pocket. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>il n’y a rien</i>; Ger. <i>nichts</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Noon.</b> See <i>Midday</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Notify.</b> See <i>Tell</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-144b.jpg" width="175" height="121" alt="Now" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Now</b> (Emphatic “right now”). Hold up right G, -back to right and pointing upward about eight inches in -front of the face; and, without stopping, carry it a little -to front; then stop and give a slight rebound. Sometimes -look up to make it clear that it relates to time of -day, that is, the sun’s course. Often it means <i>this</i> as in -<i>this day</i>; <i>this moment</i>; <i>this night</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>maintenant</i>; Ger. <i>jetzt</i>.</p> - -<div class="illustration"> - <img src="images/page-144_num1.jpg" width="62" height="134" alt="1" /> - <img src="images/page-144_num2.jpg" width="66" height="141" alt="2" /> - <img src="images/page-144_num3.jpg" width="64" height="133" alt="3" /> - <img src="images/page-144_num4.jpg" width="73" height="139" alt="4" /> - <img src="images/page-144_num5.jpg" width="96" height="146" alt="5" /> - <img src="images/page-144_num6.jpg" width="160" height="146" alt="6" /> - <img src="images/page-145_num7.jpg" width="170" height="138" alt="7" /> - <img src="images/page-145_num8.jpg" width="177" height="141" alt="8" /> - <img src="images/page-145_num9.jpg" width="190" height="141" alt="9" /> - <img src="images/page-145_num10.jpg" width="194" height="147" alt="10" /> -</div> -<!--page-145--> - -<p><b>Numbers</b> and <b>Counting</b>. Up to <i>ten</i> as shown on the -fingers at the foot of previous page and this.</p> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p>For 20—Sign 10, close the hands, then repeat it.</p> - -<p>For 25—Sign 20, then drop left, close right, and sign 5.</p> - -<p>For 30—Sign 10 three times; or else as below.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-145a.jpg" width="170" height="97" alt="20" /> -</div> - -<p>For 20, etc., sign 10, then hold out left 5 hand pointing -forward and draw right G along each finger from -base to tip; each finger so pointed stands for 10.</p> - -<p>If over 50, do same with right hand and left index -till enough tens are shown.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-145b.jpg" width="183" height="83" alt="100" /> -</div> - -<p>For 100—Both 5 hands held up, palm forward, thumb -tips touching, low, opposite right shoulder; swing in a -vertical arch to low opposite left shoulder. This mode -of multiplying by ten may be applied to other numbers.</p> - -<p>For 1,000—Sign 100 and on flat hands spread and -pointing forward, palm down, with index of other -hand show number of hundreds as above.</p> -</div> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-145c.jpg" width="116" height="173" alt="Numbers" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Numbers</b> or <b>Counting</b>. Or, with the thumb of the same -hand, touch each of the finger tips in succession. (Popular -and sometimes used by Cheyennes.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les nombres</i>, <i>les numéros</i>, <i>compter</i>; Ger. <i>die -Zahlen</i>, <i>zählen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-145d.jpg" width="93" height="160" alt="Numbers ordinal" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Numbers ordinal.</b> Point at or indicate the person or -thing; then turn down the first finger for 1st and the -second finger for 2d and so on. Also see <i>First</i>, <i>Next</i>, -and <i>Last</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Numeral Sign</b>, <b>Arithmetic</b>, or <b>Counting</b>. Hold the left -5 hand, palm up, fingers a little bent; with right G -turn one or two left fingers down on left palm.</p> -<!--page-146--> - -<p class="continue">The Deaf mode is the figure-sign, then, without changing -position of arm or hand, give the hand a twisting -jerk from the wrist, which swings it in a small circle.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les nombres ordinaux</i>; Ger. <i>die Ordinalzahlen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nun.</b> Sign <i>Woman</i>, <i>Black</i>, <i>Hat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la religieuse</i>; Ger. <i>die Nonne</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>O</h3><!--TN: added heading--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-146a.jpg" width="182" height="187" alt="Oath" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Oath</b> or <b>Swear</b>. Tap the chest with the tips of the flat -right hand, then hold it at head height, palm forward. -(Sheeaka.) Sometimes point to Heaven and Earth, -then hold up flat right hand. (C) Neither is Cheyenne, -but both are understood by them. See <i>Promise</i>. -With right G make a small cross over the heart. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le serment</i>, <i>jurer</i>; Ger. <i>der Eid</i>, <i>schwören</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Obey.</b> Make sign for <i>Listen</i>. For emphasis add <i>Yes</i>. -<i>Disobey</i> is putting the flat hands over the ears.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>obéir</i>; Ger. <i>gehorchen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Obliged to.</b> See <i>Have to</i>. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Ocean.</b> Sign <i>Water</i> and <i>Very broad</i>. Some add <i>Salt</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’océan</i>; Ger. <i>der Ozean</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-146b.jpg" width="165" height="102" alt="Of" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Of</b> (That from that). Hold right G hand out straight -from right side, palm up; rotate the hand so the index -tip describes a small half-circle inward and finally the -palm is down. (D) Compare <i>Luck</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>de</i>; Ger. <i>von</i>.</p> -<!--page-147--> - -<p><b>Offer</b> or <b>Propose</b>. Hold the flat hands, palms up, near -you, then move forward as though offering something. -(Blackfoot.) The Cheyennes sign <i>Want</i> and <i>Give</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>offrir</i>, <i>proposer</i>; Ger. <i>anbieten</i>, <i>vorschlagen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Office.</b> Sign <i>Writing House</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Officer.</b> Sign <i>Chief</i>; or, if military, sign <i>Chief</i>, <i>Soldier</i>. -Or indicate with the right index on the left shoulder -or arm the insignia of the particular rank.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’officier</i>; Ger. <i>der Beamte</i>, <i>der Offizier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Offspring.</b> See <i>Child</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Often.</b> See <i>Many times</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-147a.jpg" width="178" height="141" alt="Oil" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Oil</b> (Blowing oil off surface in pot). With both L hands -form a big level circle; then tilt it low on forward side -and blow across it. (Blackfoot, but understood by -Cheyennes.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’huile</i>; Ger. <i>das Öl</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-147b.jpg" width="164" height="156" alt="Oil" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Oil</b> or <b>Grease</b>. Hold out the flat left, thumb up; with -right thumb on palm and right index on back (others -closed); rub back and forth with short, quick jerks. -Compare <i>Thick</i>, <i>Thin</i>, <i>Bacon</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la graisse</i>; Ger. <i>das Fett</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-147c.jpg" width="176" height="98" alt="Old" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Old</b> (Walking with a stick). Hold right A hand, <i>back -to right</i>, about twelve inches in front of right shoulder, -about height of breast; move the hand a little upward, -to front, downward and back into its first position on -small curve, repeating motion. Compare <i>Lame</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vieux</i>; Ger. <i>alt</i>.</p> -<!--page-148--> - -<p><b>Old Man.</b> Hold up the right index finger as in <i>Man</i>, -then drop, crook, and swing it in <i>Old</i>. See <i>Decrepit</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le vieillard</i>; Ger. <i>der Greis</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Old</b>, <b>How old are you?</b> Sign <i>Question</i>, <i>Snows</i>, <i>You</i>; or -<i>Question</i>, <i>Counting</i>, <i>Colds</i>, <i>You</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quel âge avez-vous?</i> Ger. <i>wie alt sind Sie?</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-148a.jpg" width="170" height="113" alt="On" /> -</div> - -<p><b>On</b> or <b>Upon</b>. Lay the flat right hand, palm down, on -back of the flat horizontal left, palm down. Compare -<i>At</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sur</i>; Ger. <i>auf</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-148b.jpg" width="174" height="158" alt="Once" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Once.</b> Dip the finger ends of the right compressed hand -down against the palm of the flat left hand, bringing it -away quickly. For <i>Twice</i>, do it twice, etc. (Sheeaka.) -Compare <i>This</i> and <i>Repeat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Once</b> (One go). Sign <i>One</i> with right G index and push -it forward low down. (So, also, <i>Twice</i> is <i>Two</i> pushed -forward, etc.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>une fois</i>; Ger. <i>einmal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>One who</b>, or <b>The man that does</b>. See <i>Doer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Onion.</b> Sign <i>Potato</i> and <i>Bad</i>, <i>Smell</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’oignon</i>; Ger. <i>die Zwiebel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Only.</b> See <i>Alone</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-148c.jpg" width="177" height="172" alt="Open" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Open.</b> The flat hands together, palm to palm, opened -out flat as a book. The same as <i>Book</i> with <i>Writing</i> -omitted. Compare <i>Day</i>, <i>Book</i>, <i>Shell</i>, and <i>Shut</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ouvrir</i>, <i>ouvert</i>; Ger. <i>öffnen</i>, <i>offen</i>.</p> -<!--page-149--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-149a.jpg" width="171" height="161" alt="Opossum" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Opossum.</b> Hold out the flat right, fingers doubled on -palm, thumb straight up; move it forward level. The -thumb represents the tail. This is an Australian sign -given by E. C. Stirling. It is offered as a suggestion -and as a reminder that the Sign Language is world-wide. -The Cheyennes sign <i>Tree</i>, <i>Climb</i>, <i>Hang by tail</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’opossum</i>, <i>le (la) sarigue</i>; Ger. <i>das Opossum</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-149b.jpg" width="166" height="58" alt="Opposite" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Opposite</b> or <b>Against</b>. Hold the G fingers up opposite -each other, pointing at each other. Compare <b>Against</b>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>opposé</i>, <i>en face</i>; Ger. <i>gegenüber</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Or.</b> See <i>Either</i>. Sometimes use <i>Different</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Orderly</b> or <b>Put in order</b>. See <i>Ready</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ordinal Numbers.</b> See <i>Numbers Ordinal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Other.</b> See <i>Another</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Other side.</b> See <i>Beyond</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-149c.jpg" width="174" height="203" alt="Otter" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Otter</b> (Wrapping the hair plait). With right thumb, -index and middle fingers together, others closed, describe -a small spiral from near the right ear down. Because -the otter skin was the kind used in strips to wrap -the plaits of the Indians’ hair.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la loutre</i>; Ger. <i>der (die) Otter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Our.</b> Sign <i>All</i>, <i>My</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>notre</i>; Ger. <i>unser</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Out of.</b> See <i>Absent</i>.</p> -<!--page-150--> - -<p><b>Outside</b> or <b>Out of</b>. Make a semicircle of the left arm -out level; drop the compressed right hand without and -beyond the semicircle. Compare <i>In</i>, which it resembles, -except in the last movement.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>dehors</i>, <i>hors de</i>; Ger. <i>drauszen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Over</b> or <b>Above</b>. See <i>Above</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Overcome.</b> See <i>Kill</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-150a.jpg" width="181" height="103" alt="Overtake" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Overtake.</b> Hold out flat left hand at arm’s length, palm -forward, fingers pointing up; hold the right G hand near -the breast, palm out, pointing up; move it forward till -it strikes the left hand. Use the left G if only one is -pursued. Compare <i>Arrive there</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>atteindre</i>; Ger. <i>einholen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-150b.jpg" width="175" height="101" alt="Owe" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Owe</b> or <b>Debt</b> (Recorded and given). Write on the -left palm and swing it from <i>you</i> to <i>me</i> or otherwise, -according to the case. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p><b>Owe.</b> Sign <i>Trade</i>, <i>Time</i>, <i>Money</i>, <i>Give</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>devoir</i>; Ger. <i>schuldig sein</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-150c.jpg" width="170" height="143" alt="Owl" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Owl.</b> Sign <i>Bird</i> and <i>Big-eyes</i>; the latter by putting -around each eye a half-circle of thumb and index. -(For <i>Horned Owl</i> indicate the horns with G hands.) -For <i>Burrowing Owl</i>, sign <i>Owl</i>, <i>Hole</i>, and <i>Dancing</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la chouette</i>, <i>le hibou</i>; Ger. <i>die Eule</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Own.</b> See <i>Possession</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>P</h3> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-151a.jpg" width="107" height="134" alt="Pack" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Pack.</b> Hold out left flat hand, back to left (this is the -horse); bring right flat hand and place palm against -<!--page-151--> -left thumb, fingers pointing to front (this is the right -pack); raise the right hand and place palm against upper -part of left (this is the left pack); repeat these motions -quickly.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>emballer</i>; Ger. <i>packen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pain.</b> See <i>Ache</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Paint.</b> Use all the fingers of right hand as a brush -painting the left palm. Recent Cheyenne.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>peindre</i>; Ger. <i>anstreichen</i>, <i>malen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Paint the cheeks.</b> Sign <i>Red</i>, then rub the cheeks and -front of the face with palm of flat right hand moved in -small circles.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>se farder</i>; Ger. <i>schminken</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-151b.jpg" width="168" height="53" alt="Palsy" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Palsy.</b> Both flat hands, backs up, near breast, shaking.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la paralysie agitante</i>; Ger. <i>die Schüttellähmung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Panther.</b> See <i>Mountain Lion</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-151c.jpg" width="162" height="108" alt="Paper" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Paper</b> (Square to write on). With G fingers outline a -square, then make as though to write on it with right G.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le papier</i>; Ger. <i>das Papier</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-151d.jpg" width="165" height="91" alt="Parallel" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Parallel</b>, or <b>Side by Side</b>. The index fingers of G -hands laid side by side, <i>not</i> touching and <i>not</i> moving. -Some make right index point to left and left to right in -this. Compare <i>Equal</i>, <i>Race</i>, and <i>Marry</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>parallèle</i>; Ger. <i>parallel</i>, <i>gleichlaufend</i>.</p> -<!--page-152--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-152a.jpg" width="178" height="140" alt="Pardon" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Pardon</b>, <b>Liberate</b>, or <b>Turn Loose</b> (Removing a halter). -Hold both L hands, palms up, near the neck, one on -each side; sweep them up, over, forward and down, as -though removing a halter; at the finish the index fingers -are pointing forward and down. Sometimes add <i>Go</i>. -See <i>Excuse</i> and <i>Free</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pardonner</i>; Ger. <i>begnadigen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Part.</b> If <i>one-half</i>, indicate it as in the sign for that -word; if less, hold the right hand nearer end of index, -according to portion desired to be represented. See -<i>Half</i> and <i>Some</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la partie</i>; Ger. <i>der Teil</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Partner.</b> See <i>Mate</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Parturition.</b> See <i>Born</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pass by.</b> See <i>Avoid</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-152b.jpg" width="169" height="231" alt="Past" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Past</b> (Time back). Make the sign for <i>Time</i> and jerk -the thumb backward over the right shoulder, all fingers -closed. (Sheeaka.) Or throw the flat hand back over -shoulder. In general, sign <i>Time</i>, <i>Back</i>. See <i>Ago</i> and <i>Back</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le passé</i>; Ger. <i>die Vergangenheit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pasture.</b> See <i>Corral</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Patrol.</b> See <i>Band</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pawnee.</b> See <i>Indian Tribes</i>.</p> -<!--page-153--> - -<p><b>Pawnshop</b> (House of three balls). <i>House</i> and hold -left hand up with thumb, first and second fingers pointing -straight down; then make a hoop of right thumb and -index and apply it in succession to the three hanging -tips. (Pop. and acceptable to Indians.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le Mont-de-Piété</i>; Ger. <i>das Leihhaus</i>, <i>das Pfandhaus</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pax.</b> See <i>Fins</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-153a.jpg" width="181" height="93" alt="Pay" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Pay</b> (i.e., “Will you give me?” or “Will you pay?”). -Hold the right hand forward at level of waist, palm up, -fingers half closed, rubbing the tip of first finger and tip -of thumb together. (Popular and understood by -Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes sign <i>Money</i>, <i>Give me</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>payer</i>; Ger. <i>bezahlen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Peace.</b> Clasp the hands in front of body.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la paix</i>; Ger. <i>der Friede</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-153b.jpg" width="124" height="234" alt="Peak" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Peak.</b> Sign <i>Mountain</i>, <i>Part</i>; then hold up high all -fingers of right hand in a point, back under.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pic</i>; Ger. <i>die Spitze</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Peas.</b> Sign <i>Plant</i>, then with right index and thumb as -in <i>Little of</i> tap five or six times in a row along the side -of the left G.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les pois</i>; Ger. <i>die Erbsen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pekan.</b> See <i>Fisher</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Penny.</b> Sign <i>Red</i>, <i>Money</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-153c.jpg" width="167" height="134" alt="People" /> -</div> - -<p><b>People.</b> Hold up the 5 hands, points up, and add <i>All</i>. -Compare <i>Nation</i> and <i>Dance</i>.</p> -<!--page-154--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-154a.jpg" width="170" height="180" alt="People" /> -</div> - -<p><b>People.</b> Hold up both G hands at various heights, as in -<i>Man</i> sign. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le peuple</i>; Ger. <i>die Leute</i>, <i>das Volk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pepper</b> (Black sprinkler). Sign <i>Black</i>, then use right O -hand as tho it held a sprinkler. A Blackfoot sign -understood by Cheyennes.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le poivre</i>; Ger. <i>der Pfeffer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Perhaps.</b> See <i>If</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Permit.</b> See <i>Free</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Perplexed.</b> See <i>If</i> and <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Petrol.</b> See <i>Spirit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Period</b> or <b>Full stop</b>. Use <i>Done</i> both No. 1 and No. 2.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le point</i>; Ger. <i>der Punkt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Persevere</b>, <b>Persist</b>, or <b>Stick to it.</b> Hold both fists near -breast and firmly push them forward once or twice. -That is, sign <i>Push</i> repeatedly.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>persister</i>; Ger. <i>beharren</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Person</b> or <b>Individual</b>. Sign <i>Man</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la personne</i>; Ger. <i>die Person</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-154b.jpg" width="171" height="89" alt="Photograph" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Photograph.</b> Hold out the nearly flat left hand at arm’s -length, face high, palm to you, fingers level, pointing to -right; from near it, draw back right fist, palm to left -and up, thumb out straight, as though drawing something -to the eye; then near the face change the right -hand to flat, slightly curved, back forward, fingers -<!--page-155--> -pointing to left, and push it forward against palm of left, -as in Print.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la photographie</i>; Ger. <i>die Photographie</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Picture.</b> Indicate the subject, then hold up both L -hands to outline bottom and two sides of a square. With -imaginary pencil in right draw on this; left remaining -as it was. See <i>Portrait</i> and <i>Photograph</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le tableau</i>; Ger. <i>das Bild</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pie.</b> Sign <i>Bread</i>, <i>Round</i> (i.e., with right G, indicate a -horizontal circle of proper size), and <i>Sweet</i>. Then sidewise -slide the flat right exactly over the flat left, both -with palms up. A description, rather than a sign.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pâté</i>, <i>la tarte</i>; Ger. <i>die Pastete</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Piece.</b> See <i>Little of</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pig.</b> See <i>Hog</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-155a.jpg" width="177" height="62" alt="Pipe" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Pipe.</b> Hold out right G breast high, back down, with -index curled up, pointing forward; jerk it forward once -or twice.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pipe</i>; Ger. <i>die Pfeife</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pistol.</b> See <i>Gun</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-155b.jpg" width="175" height="159" alt="Pity" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Pity</b> or <b>Mercy</b> on another (Cry or shed tears for you). -Hold G hands, palms downward, index fingers up, in -front of and near heart, few inches apart, equally advance -and same height; move the hands outward and -slightly downward, or toward person. Compare <i>Cry</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avoir pitié de quelqu’ un</i>; Ger. <i>jemanden bemitleiden</i>.</p> -<!--page-156--> - -<p><b>Pity</b> or <b>Have mercy on me</b> (Cry for me). Hold G hands -well out in front of body, as described above, but with -backs out; bring them toward body, slightly raising -them.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plaignez-moi</i>, <i>ayez pitié de moi!</i> Ger. <i>haben Sie -Mitleid mit mir!</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-156a.jpg" width="177" height="123" alt="Place" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Place</b> or <b>Put</b> (Verb). Hold out flat left, back up; swing -compressed right over onto it, then open the right a -little. Sometimes omit flat left, or use instead compressed -left hand held points up. Compare <i>Bet</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mettre</i>; Ger. <i>stellen</i>, <i>legen</i>, <i>setzen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Place</b> (Noun). With right G pointing down, indicate a -large circle on the ground. (A Pai-ute sign given by -Mallery p. 500, also a popular sign.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la place</i>; Ger. <i>der Ort</i>, <i>die Stelle</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-156b.jpg" width="175" height="54" alt="Plant" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Plant</b> or <b>Planting</b>. With right fingers and thumb, open -as though to drop a seed, then closed and moved on to -drop another farther, and another, all in the same row. -Compare <i>Animal</i> and <i>Jump</i>. See <i>Sow</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>planter</i>; Ger. <i>pflanzen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Play</b> or <b>Recreation</b>. Hold up both slightly curved 5 -hands, points up and forward, palm to palm, about -eight inches apart. Swing them from side to side together, -rotating them so the palms are once to front, once -to back on each swing. Compare <i>Dance</i> and <i>Children</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le jeu</i>; Ger. <i>das Spiel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-156c.jpg" width="168" height="149" alt="Playing" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Playing</b> or <b>Fooling</b>. Hold out in front of shoulder the -slightly curved 5 hand, palm up; rotate slightly by wrist -action. See <i>Joke</i> and <i>Laugh</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>jouer</i>; Ger. <i>das Spielen</i>.</p> -<!--page-157--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-157a.jpg" width="166" height="183" alt="Plenty" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Plenty</b> (Many, piled up). Push forward with both 5 -hands, palms first, three times (i.e., sign <i>Many</i>); then -raise the hands very high, palms forward and down. -(Sheeaka.) Or sign <i>Heap</i> or <i>Full</i>. Compare <i>Many</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’abondance</i>; Ger. <i>die Fülle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ploughing.</b> Hold both fists forward as though holding -plough, elbows high; and push forward. Also used for -cultivation in general.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le labourage</i>, <i>labourer</i>; Ger. <i>das Pflügen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Poison-ivy</b> (Vine, nibbler). Sign <i>Vine</i>; that is, hold -left forearm upright, as in <i>Tree</i>, and with right G finger -trace a climbing <i>Vine</i> about it; then with thumb and -first two fingers of right hand, scratch on edge of flat -left, held out back up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le toxicodendron</i>; Ger. <i>der Giftefeu</i>, <i>der Giftsumach</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Polecat.</b> See <i>Skunk</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-157b.jpg" width="170" height="174" alt="Policeman" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Policeman</b> or <b>Constable</b>. Place the curved right index -and thumb, little finger out, against left coat lapel. -Compare <i>Medal</i>, <i>Brand</i>, and <i>Name</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sergent de ville</i>; Ger. <i>der Schutzmann</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Police-station.</b> Sign <i>Policeman</i> and <i>House</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le poste de police</i>; Ger. <i>das Polizeibureau</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ponder.</b> See <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-157c.jpg" width="171" height="168" alt="Poor in property" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Poor in property</b> (Scraped bare). With right G finger -scrape down the left G finger held up, from tip to base, -several times. Compare <i>Indian Apache</i>, and <i>Shame</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pauvre</i>; Ger. <i>arm</i>.</p> -<!--page-158--> - -<p><b>Poor in flesh.</b> See <i>Thin</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-158a.jpg" width="170" height="83" alt="Porcupine" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Porcupine</b> (Prickly hair). Sign <i>Hair</i>; then with tips -of right 5 hand strike or prick the left palm, held facing -the right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le porc-épic</i>; Ger. <i>das Stachelschwein</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Portrait.</b> Hold up the flat left hand, back forward, as -though it were a <i>Mirror</i>, then sketch on the same with -an imaginary pencil, add <i>Face</i> and indicate the person. -See <i>Photograph</i> and <i>Picture</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le portrait</i>; Ger. <i>das Bild(nis)</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Positive of adjectives.</b> See <i>Comparative</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-158b.jpg" width="172" height="137" alt="Possesses" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Possesses</b>, <b>Possession</b>, <b>Yours</b>, <b>His own</b>, <b>Belonging -to</b>, etc. (Held in the hand.) Hold right A hand, back -to right, in front of the neck, or even the forehead, and a -few inches from it. Swing it forward and down so the -thumb is pointing straight forward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>posséder</i>; Ger. <i>besitzen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Potato.</b> Curved 5 right hand held as low as possible, -back down.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la pomme de terre</i>; Ger. <i>die Kartoffel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pour.</b> Hold out the left O hand, back to left, and pour -into it with the right O hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>verser</i>; Ger. <i>gieszen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-158c.jpg" width="170" height="131" alt="Powder" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Powder.</b> Hold out left hand, palm up; just above it, -rub thumb and finger tips of right. Or commonly -omit left hand. Compare <i>Dust</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la poudre</i>; Ger. <i>das Pulver</i>, <i>der Puder</i>.</p> -<!--page-159--> - -<p><b>Power.</b> See <i>Can</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-159a.jpg" width="272" height="71" alt="Prairie" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Prairie</b>, <b>Smooth land</b>, <b>Flat</b>, or <b>Level</b> (Level -wide). Flat hands side by side, palms up; then -slowly wide spread on same plane. In conversation, -usually but one hand is used. -Compare <i>Free</i> and <i>Broad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la prairie</i>, <i>la plaine</i>; Ger. <i>die Prärie</i>, -<i>die grosze Ebene</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Prairie-chicken.</b> See <i>Grouse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Prairie-dog.</b> Sign <i>Mound</i>, <i>Hole</i>; then push right G up -through hole and add <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la marmotte de la prairie</i>; Ger. <i>der Präriehund</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Praise.</b> See <i>Applause</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-159b.jpg" width="170" height="252" alt="Pray" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Pray.</b> Lay the flat hands palm to palm, point them to -the sky, then draw down toward self; repeat. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p><b>Pray.</b> Look up, sign <i>Talk</i> (<i>No. 1.</i>) <i>straight</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>prier</i>; Ger. <i>beten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Present</b> (Time). Same as <i>Now</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pretty.</b> See <i>Beautiful</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-159c.jpg" width="173" height="175" alt="Pride" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Pride</b>, <b>Proud</b>, or <b>Vain</b>. Draw the flat hand, palm down, -over face to breast; throw back head, look up and add -<i>Good</i>. (Blackfoot.) This is their sign for <i>Beautiful</i> -with the addition of the head thrown back. Or sign -<i>He, Think</i>, <i>He, Big Chief</i>. See <i>Conceit</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la fierté</i>, <i>fier</i>; Ger. <i>der Stolz</i>, <i>stolz</i>.</p> -<!--page-160--> - -<p><b>Priest.</b> Sign <i>Robe</i> and <i>Black</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le prêtre</i>; Ger. <i>der Priester</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Print.</b> Push the back of right flat curved hand slowly -and firmly against the palm of the left curved ditto, -as in <i>Picture</i>, only several times. Compare <i>Quandary</i>, -<i>Approach</i>, <i>Photograph</i> etc.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-160a.jpg" width="175" height="174" alt="Prison" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Prison</b> (House of bars). Sign for <i>House</i>, then hold 4 -hands up, side by side for prison bars. Add <i>Man</i> and -<i>Look through</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Prison.</b> Sign <i>Prisoner</i> and <i>House</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la prison</i>; Ger. <i>das Gefängnis</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-160b.jpg" width="171" height="120" alt="Prisoner" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Prisoner</b> (Arrested). Clinch the fists and cross the -wrists as though bound, and press down a little.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le prisonnier</i>; Ger. <i>der Gefangene</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Private.</b> See <i>Secret</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Produce</b> and <b>Product</b>. See <i>Result</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-160c.jpg" width="127" height="261" alt="Prominent" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Prominent</b> or <b>Conspicuous</b> (Stands on a hill). Sign -<i>Hill</i> up high, then lay right G against it, pointing up, -palm to self, back of right against left hand. See <i>Famous</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>éminent</i>; Ger. <i>hervorragend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Promise</b> (Word bound). Place the forefinger of right G -perpendicularly against mouth; bring down fist and, -parallel with it, the other fist, thumbs up; strike both -down together twice. (Sheeaka.) Also see <i>Word of -Honor</i>, or <i>Cross my Heart</i>.</p> -<!--page-161--> - -<p><b>Promise.</b> Sign <i>Talk</i> (i.e., <i>Word</i>), <i>Give</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-161a.jpg" width="175" height="110" alt="Promise" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Promise</b>, <b>Sworn</b> (I swear). Tap the chest with tips of -flat right hand, then raise it, palm forward, and add -<i>Talk</i>. (Sheeaka.) Compare <i>Oath</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la promesse</i>, <i>promettre</i>; Ger. <i>das Versprechen</i>, -<i>versprechen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Proof</b> or <b>Prove</b>. See <i>Show</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Propose.</b> See <i>Offer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Protect.</b> See <i>Defend</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>protéger</i>; Ger. <i>beschützen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Push.</b> The same as <i>Begin</i>, which see.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pousser</i>; Ger. <i>schieben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Put.</b> See <i>Place</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>Q</h3> - -<p><b>Quality.</b> See <i>Rank</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-161b.jpg" width="192" height="85" alt="Quandary" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Quandary</b>, <b>In a fix</b>, <b>Run against</b>, or <b>Up against it</b>. Hold -out the curved left hand nearly at arm’s length, back -forward; push the ditto right from near the breast right -out briskly and hard against the left. Sometimes use -<i>Against</i>. Compare <i>Approach</i>, which is similar, but is -slow, and right does not touch; also, <i>Print</i>, which -pushes and is repeated.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’embarras</i>; Ger. <i>die Verlegenheit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Quarter</b> (But one of four). Hold up the left 4 hand, -back out; then with the right G turn the little finger -<!--page-162--> -down on the palm. Sometimes sign <i>Half</i>, then again -half of the tip portion.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le quart</i>; Ger. <i>das Viertel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-162a.jpg" width="176" height="170" alt="Quarrel" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Quarrel</b> (Two persons springing at each other). Hold -up both G hands and alternately jerk left at right and -right at left.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la querelle</i>; Ger. <i>der Streit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Quench.</b> <i>Fire</i> and <i>Wipe out</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>éteindre</i>; Ger. <i>löschen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-162b.jpg" width="163" height="138" alt="Question" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Question</b>, <b>Query</b>, <b>Interrogation</b>, <b>I am asking you a -question</b>, <b>I want to know</b>, usually equivalent to “Is -that you?” (Groping or uncertain.) Hold up the -right hand toward the person, palm down and forward, -fingers and thumb open, spread, but a little curved; by -wrist action, swing the hand in small vertical semicircles. -The diagram below the illustration indicates -the finger tips seen from in front. The motion shown -for the little finger is, of course, shared by all. This is a -very important and much-used sign; it appears before -all questions.</p> - -<p class="continue">If the person is quite distant, hold the hand higher, -more spread, and wave it several times to right and -left.</p> - -<p class="continue">When very near, merely raise the eyebrows. For -long distance, raise both arms like Y with hands flat -and waved a little. (Crow.) See <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’interrogation</i>; Ger. <i>die Frage</i>.</p> - -<p class="continue">The following are needed in asking questions:</p> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p><b>How?</b> Sign <i>Question</i> and <i>Work</i> and <i>Way</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>comment?</i>; Ger. <i>wie?</i></p> -<!--page-163--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-163a.jpg" width="91" height="180" alt="How many?" /> -</div> - -<p><b>How many?</b> or <b>How much?</b> Sign <i>Question</i>; next -hold the left hand open, curved, palm up, fingers -spread; then with right G digit, quickly tap each -finger on left in succession, closing it back toward the -left palm, beginning with the little finger.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>combien?</i>; Ger. <i>wie viele?</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-163b.jpg" width="173" height="136" alt="What?" /> -</div> - -<p><b>What?</b> (As in “What are you doing?” “What is it?”) -Sign <i>Question</i>; follow with the same sign much exaggerated; -that is, with the arm action, swing the right -5 hand, palm under, fingers slightly bent and separated -and pointing forward, in an arc of about a foot -from right over to left and back once or twice. The -Cheyennes in general use this, though they denied -it when questioned. But it seems a good logical sign, -the large arc being equivalent to “object.”</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quoi?</i> <i>que?</i>; Ger. <i>was?</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-163c.jpg" width="167" height="146" alt="When?" /> -</div> - -<p><b>When?</b> If seeking a definite answer as to length -of time, make signs for <i>Question</i>, <i>How many?</i> and -then specify time by sign for hours, days, etc. If -asking in general <i>When?</i> sign <i>Question</i> and <i>Time</i>.</p> - -<p><b>When?</b> If asking for an exact date or point hold -up the left G, make a circle around its tip with right -G, which always points at it. On reaching the starting -point, the right G stops, touches the tip of left G. -(Sioux, given by Sheeaka.) This probably represents -the shadow going around the tree. See <i>Time</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quand?</i>; Ger. <i>wann?</i></p> - -<p><b>Whence?</b> Strike to left with right G, back up, then -over to right a foot away, then back and again; point -<!--page-164--> -to the person and sign <i>Come</i>. Usually it needs no -<i>Question</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>d’où?</i>; Ger. <i>woher?</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-164a.jpg" width="168" height="102" alt="Where?" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Where?</b> or <b>Whither?</b> (What direction?). Sign <i>Question</i>; -then with forefinger sweep the horizon in a succession -of bounds, a slight pause at the bottom of -each, the head following the finger. (Sioux and -Arapahoe.) The actual line of the finger is illustrated -in the lower plan, the hand being gracefully rotated -on the wrist in doing it. Or sign <i>Question</i> and <i>Somewhere</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Where?</b> Sign <i>Question</i> and <i>Look</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Where?</b> (In an abstract sense). Extend the open -hands, palm up, from the sides out low to the front, -and swing them from side to side with a look of inquiry -on the face. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>où?</i>; Ger. <i>wo?</i> <i>wohin?</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-164b.jpg" width="171" height="163" alt="Which?" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Which?</b> (When the objects are in sight). Sign -<i>Question</i> and point with right G in three or four directions, -downward or toward the objects in question.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-164c.jpg" width="171" height="97" alt="Which?" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Which?</b> (When the objects are not in sight). Sign -<i>Question</i>; then hold left hand in front of you, with -palm toward you, fingers to right and held apart; -place the end of the right forefinger on that of the left -forefinger and then draw it down across the other -fingers.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quel</i>, <i>lequel?</i>; Ger. <i>welcher?</i></p> -<!--page-165--> - -<p><b>Whither?</b> Sign <i>Question</i> and <i>Go</i>, in two or three -directions.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>où?</i>; Ger. <i>wohin?</i></p> - -<p><b>Who?</b> Sign <i>Question</i> and <i>Man</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>qui?</i>; Ger. <i>wer?</i></p> - -<p><b>Why?</b> Sign <i>Question</i>, but do it very slowly. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Why?</b> Sign <i>Question</i> and <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pourquoi?</i>; Ger. <i>warum?</i></p> -</div><!--/subentry--> - -<p><b>Quick.</b> See <i>Fast</i> and <i>Hurry</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-165a.jpg" width="179" height="133" alt="Quiet, be" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Quiet, be</b>, <b>Be not alarmed</b>, <b>Have patience</b>. The palm -of the flat hand held toward the person and gently -depressed once or twice. See <i>Easy</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>soyez tranquille</i>; Ger. <i>beruhigen Sie sich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Quiet, be.</b> See <i>Silence</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Quit.</b> See <i>Give up</i>; also <i>Finish</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>R</h3> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-165b.jpg" width="172" height="64" alt="Rabbit" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rabbit.</b> Move the M hand straight to the front, back -up and undulating on the wrist, to imitate the rabbit -hopping forward; then make V right hand and turn it to -look back. (Scott.) The Cheyennes omit the second -part of this.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lapin</i>; Ger. <i>der Hase</i>.</p> -<!--page-166--> - -<p><b>Raccoon</b> or <b>Coon</b>. Draw the V hand horizontally across -the face and nose. If necessary, also indicate <i>Size</i> and -striped tail.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le raton</i>; Ger. <i>der Waschbär</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-166a.jpg" width="166" height="76" alt="Race" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Race.</b> Move the index fingers forward and up, side by -side, as in <i>Equal</i>; but keep them moving a long way -forward and upward. Compare <i>Parallel</i>, <i>Marry</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la course</i>, <i>le concours</i>; Ger. <i>das Wettrennen</i>, <i>der -Wettlauf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rags</b>, <b>In rags</b>. Touch <i>Coat</i>, add <i>Old</i>; then hold left 5 -slightly curved, back up and use ditto right as though -to comb out the fingers of left, once or twice.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les guenilles</i>, <i>en loques</i>; Ger. <i>die Lumpen</i>, -<i>zerlumpt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Railroad train</b> or <b>Cars</b>. Sign <i>Fire</i> twice upward for -puffs, then add <i>Fast</i>. Compare <i>Motor car</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le train</i> [<i>de chemin de fer</i>]; Ger. <i>der Eisenbahnzug</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-166b.jpg" width="173" height="79" alt="Railroad" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Railroad.</b> Indicate <i>Train</i> as above; then push the -right G finger quickly along the back of the left V hand -and on beyond. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p><b>Railroad.</b> Sign <i>Road</i>; then with the two G hands, -backs up, indicate rails as in <i>Parallel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Railroad.</b> Sign <i>Hard</i> (i.e., metal); then hold out two -G fingers, backs up, six inches apart, and push both -together far forward and a little up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chemin de fer</i>; Ger. <i>die Eisenbahn</i>.</p> -<!--page-167--> - -<p><b>Railroad Station.</b> Make the signs of <i>Railway</i> and -<i>House</i>; adding, if necessary, <i>Alight</i> and <i>Aboard</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la gare</i>; Ger. <i>der Bahnhof</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-167a.jpg" width="162" height="90" alt="Rain" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rain</b> (Falling from clouds). Hold A hands, backs up, -opposite forehead, near each other; lower them slightly, -mostly by wrist action; at the same time open and -separate fingers and thumb so they point downward; -repeat.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la pluie</i>; Ger. <i>der Regen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-167b.jpg" width="164" height="112" alt="Rainbow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rainbow.</b> Sign <i>Rain</i> then indicate the arch with a slow -sweep of the flat right hand, back up, high above head.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’arc-en-ciel</i>; Ger. <i>der Regenbogen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rank</b> or <b>Quality</b> (Of a soldier.) With the right G, indicate -stripes on left arm, or else touch each shoulder for -epaulets.</p> - -<p><b>Rank</b> or <b>Quality</b>. Sign <i>Chief</i>; then lay upright right -G, palm forward, against back of left ditto, as in <i>Rising -man</i>, sliding the right up and down to various heights.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le rang</i>; Ger. <i>der Rang</i>, <i>die Würde</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rank, What is his?</b> Sign <i>Chief, Big</i>; <i>Chief, Little</i>; -<i>Question</i>. Sometimes omit <i>Chief, Little</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quel rang-a-t-il?</i>; Ger. <i>Welchen Rang bekleidet er?</i></p> - -<p><b>Rapid.</b> See <i>Fast</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-167c.jpg" width="170" height="122" alt="Rapids" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rapids.</b> Sign <i>River</i>, <i>Rock</i>; and pass the right 5 hand, -back up, points first, swiftly forward and down, in an -up and down waved course.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le rapide</i>; Ger. <i>die Stromschnelle</i>.</p> -<!--page-168--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-168a.jpg" width="181" height="153" alt="Rash" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rash</b> (Going forward blind). Hold left hand on eyes -and point right G index forward, moving it to front.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>imprudent</i>; Ger. <i>unvorsichtig</i>, <i>verwegen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rattlesnake.</b> Sign <i>Snake</i>, then hold right G finger, -pointing up, near shoulder, and shake it.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le serpent à sonnettes</i>; Ger. <i>die Klapperschlange</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Reach.</b> <i>Arrive there.</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-168b.jpg" width="170" height="102" alt="Ready" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ready</b>, <b>Orderly</b>, or <b>Arranged</b>. Extend the open hands, -palm to palm, a few inches apart, pointing outward and -parallel to each other, over toward the left side; lift -them both together from the wrists, move toward the -right a little and let them come down again; repeat the -motion until by stages the hands have been moved -over to the right side. (D)</p> - -<p><b>Ready.</b> Sign <i>All</i>, <i>Good</i>; or use <i>Arranged</i>, or combine -them into <i>Arranged</i>, <i>All</i>, <i>Good</i>. See <i>Arranged</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>prêt</i>; Ger. <i>bereit</i>, <i>fertig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Recall to memory.</b> See <i>Bring back</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Receive.</b> Hold out hollow right hand, palm up, half -open; draw it back, slightly closing fingers. Compare -<i>Give to me</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>recevoir</i>; Ger. <i>erhalten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-168c.jpg" width="178" height="136" alt="Recover" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Recover</b>, <b>Get well</b>, <b>Get all right again</b>, <b>Revive</b>, or <b>Save</b>. -Hold right G hand, back up, in front of breast, pointing -to left and front; raise the hand with a graceful sweep, -at same time turn it back to front and index pointing -<!--page-169--> -upward. The actual course of the index tip, if seen -from above, is as in the dotted line under the hand.</p> - -<p class="continue">If one is near death by disease, this may be used to -denote recovery; if in great danger, this would mean -escaped.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>se porter mieux</i>, <i>se rétablir</i>; Ger. <i>sich erholen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Recreation.</b> See <i>Play</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Reduce.</b> See <i>Decrease</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Reflect.</b> See <i>Idea</i> and <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Refuse.</b> See <i>Won’t</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Religion.</b> Sign <i>Medicine</i> and <i>Way</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la religion</i>; Ger. <i>die Religion</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Remain.</b> See <i>Sit</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-169a.jpg" width="96" height="170" alt="Remember" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Remember.</b> Sign <i>Heart</i>, <i>Know</i>. Or, in popular code, -touch the forehead with right G, raise the brows and -nod.</p> - -<p><b>Remember, I</b>; or <b>Understand</b>. Hold right G index upright -and grasp it firmly with left hand, face high.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>je me souviens</i>; Ger. <i>ich erinnere mich</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-169b.jpg" width="95" height="243" alt="Remember not" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Remember not</b> (It slips from my grasp). As above, but -let the right G index slip down and out. See <i>Forget</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>je ne me souviens pas</i>; Ger. <i>ich erinnere mich nicht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Remembering.</b> See <i>Memories</i>.</p> -<!--page-170--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-170a.jpg" width="179" height="83" alt="Repeat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Repeat</b>, <b>Again</b>, or <b>Back.</b> Place the finger tips of the -compressed right hand on the left palm, as the latter -is held in front of the body, back down, and strike -once or twice. (Sheeaka. Probably borrowed from -Deaf.) Compare <i>Once</i>, <i>Twice</i>, <i>Often</i>, and <i>More</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Repeat.</b> Hold up right G, chin high, back up, pointing -to left and forward; lash down with it like a whip twice -or more as best fits in. Sometimes sign <i>Come back</i>. -Compare <i>All the time</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>répéter</i>; Ger. <i>wiederholen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Reply.</b> See <i>Answer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Request.</b> See <i>Beg</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Resemble.</b> See <i>Alike</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Respond.</b> See <i>Answer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Responsible.</b> Sign <i>I</i> (or whoever it is), <i>Do</i>, <i>That</i> -Or <i>My</i> (or <i>His</i>) <i>Way</i>. (Seger.) Sign <i>Carry</i> and <i>That</i> -(Suggested.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>responsable</i>; Ger. <i>verantwortlich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Restaurant</b> or <b>Hotel</b>. Sign for <i>House</i> and <i>Eat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le restaurant</i>, <i>l’hôtel</i>; Ger. <i>das Restaurant</i>, <i>das -Hotel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Restrain</b> or <b>Prevent</b>. Sign <i>Hold</i> and <i>Keep quiet</i>. -Sometimes use <i>Do not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>réprimer</i>, <i>empêcher</i>; Ger. <i>zurückhalten</i>, <i>verhindern</i>.</p> -<!--page-171--> - -<p><b>Result.</b> Sign <i>After, Work, See</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le résultat</i>; Ger. <i>das Ergebnis, die Folge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Retreat</b> (Of many). Sign <i>Charge</i>, then reverse and withdraw -the hands.</p> - -<p><b>Retreat</b> (Of one). Sign <i>Going</i>, then turn the G hand -palm toward you and draw it back with similar action. -(Understood; not established.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la retraite</i>; Ger. <i>der Rückzug</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Reverie.</b> Bow the head, resting the mouth on the A -fist. Compare <i>Memories</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la rêverie</i>; Ger. <i>die Träumerei</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Revile.</b> See <i>Blackguarding</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Revive.</b> See <i>Recover</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Revolver.</b> Sign for drawing from belt behind and -present the same, using right G hand, back to right. -Add <i>Fire-off</i>, if need be. See <i>Gun</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pistolet, le revolver</i>; Ger. <i>der Revolver</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rich.</b> Sign <i>Possesses, Heap, Money</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>riche</i>; Ger. <i>reich</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-171a.jpg" width="179" height="86" alt="Ride" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ride</b> (To ride an animal). Hold the hands as in <i>Horse</i>, -and then move the hands to the front on short vertical -curves.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aller à cheval</i>; Ger. <i>reiten</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-171b.jpg" width="176" height="83" alt="Ridge" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ridge</b> (Of hills). Hold the A hands touching, thumbs -toward face and upright; draw them apart a foot. -Compare <i>Soldiers</i> and <i>Hill</i>.</p> -<!--page-172--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-172a.jpg" width="179" height="113" alt="Ridge" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ridge.</b> Sign <i>Hill</i> with right, then hold 5 out at arm’s -length, face high, flat, and bent, so the fingers point to -the left; swing it slowly horizontally across to the right. -This last seems to mean “lying across the horizon” -and appears in several combinations. See <i>Mirage</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la crête</i>; Ger. <i>der Kamm</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rifle.</b> See <i>Gun</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Right.</b> See <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rill.</b> See <i>Creek</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ring</b> (For finger). Hold up left 5 hand; then with -right index and thumb make as though slipping a ring -on the ring finger.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la bague</i>; Ger. <i>der Ring</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-172b.jpg" width="159" height="282" alt="Rising man" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rising man</b>, or <b>Coming man</b> (Man rising to stand on a -hill). Hold up left as in <i>Hill</i>; lay right G behind or -beside it, against the thumb, palm forward, pointing up; -push right up until the base of the index is sitting on -top of the left; that is, becomes <i>Prominent</i>. See <i>Prominent</i> -and <i>Famous</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’homme qui arrivera</i>; Ger. <i>der Mann der Zukunft</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-172c.jpg" width="164" height="85" alt="River" /> -</div> - -<p><b>River</b>, <b>Big stream</b>, or <b>Running water</b>. Sign <i>Water</i> -then with tremulous movement draw flat right 4 hand, -palm down, from opposite left breast to opposite right; -fingers always level and pointing to left. Compare -<i>Creek</i> and <i>Rill</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la rivière</i>; Ger. <i>der Flusz</i>.</p> -<!--page-173--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-173a.jpg" width="166" height="63" alt="Road" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Road</b> (i.e., Highroad; especially between high banks, -hills, or fences). Holding the open hands, palm to palm -and pointing forward, carry them forward, as if they -represented the sides of a road; then add <i>Going</i> by pushing -the flat right hand forward in line between, palm to -left, fingers level. (Sheeaka.) Or sign <i>Way</i> and -<i>Wagon</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chemin</i>, <i>la route</i>; Ger. <i>der Weg</i>, <i>die Landstrasse</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Robe.</b> Sign <i>Coat</i>; but instead of ending at waist, sweep -the hands as low as possible.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la robe</i>; Ger. <i>das Kleid</i>, <i>die Robe</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rock</b> or <b>Stone.</b> Sign <i>Hard</i> and sometimes indicate -shape. For <i>Stone</i> add <i>Lump</i>. Compare <i>Metal</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la roche</i>, <i>la pierre</i>; Ger. <i>der Fels</i>, <i>der Stein</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Root.</b> First sign <i>Tree</i> or <i>Grass</i>, as may be; then point -down, place the 5 hands together at the wrists, backs -up and level; pointing left to front and left, right to -front and right; then move them out and apart.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la racine</i>; Ger. <i>die Wurzel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-173b.jpg" width="173" height="132" alt="Rope" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rope</b> (Trailing after the horse and twisted). Sign -<i>After</i>; then, as right is drawn to rear, make tip of index -describe a spiral curve. Commonly omit the left hand.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la corde</i>; Ger. <i>das Seil</i>, <i>der Strick</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-173c.jpg" width="176" height="113" alt="Rose" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rose</b> (Flower). Hold the fingers of the left hand -straight, little separated, arranged in a circle, back to -left and front; in front of body, index finger horizontal -and pointing to right and front; with right hand make as -though picking berries from the left finger tips. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la rose</i>; Ger. <i>die Rose</i>.</p> -<!--page-174--> - -<p><b>Rotten</b> (Meat). Indicate smell, etc.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pourri</i>; Ger. <i>faul</i>, <i>verfault</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Rub it out</b>, <b>Erase</b>, <b>Annul</b>, <b>Never mind</b>, <b>As you were</b>. -Put middle finger of right hand to tongue, then rub -left palm and wipe the palm with under side of right -forearm. (Sheeaka. A white man’s sign now understood -by Indians.)</p> - -<p class="continue">Or, if afar, simply shake the flat right hand quickly -and vigorously from side to side as it is held palm forward -in front of the face. (Pop.) Compare <i>Easy</i> and -<i>Erase</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>effacer</i>; Ger. <i>auswischen</i>, “<i>Schwamm drüber!</i>”</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-174a.jpg" width="174" height="105" alt="Rumor" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Rumor</b> (A little flying thing). With flat 5 right hand, -palm down, shoulder high, swing out level from throat -to right, working all the fingers as in playing piano. -(A Paiute sign, given me by Mary Austin.) A combination -of <i>Wind</i> and <i>Fly</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la rumeur</i>; Ger. <i>das Gerücht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Run.</b> Swing the fists at each side as in running.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>courir</i>; Ger. <i>laufen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Run against.</b> See <i>Quandary</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-174b.jpg" width="170" height="80" alt="Run away" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Run away</b>, <b>Slip away</b>, <b>Clear out</b>, <b>Sneak</b> (Run under -cover). Hold out flat left hand, palm down; push -right G hand under it quickly and sinuously. Sometimes -preface it by laying one hand over the eyes. Compare -<i>Jealous</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>filer</i>, <i>se sauver</i>; Ger. <i>ausreiszen</i>, <i>weglaufen</i>.</p> -<!--page-175--> - -<p><b>Running Water.</b> See <i>River</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>S</h3> - -<p><b>Sacred.</b> See <i>Medicine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sad.</b> See <i>Sorrow</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-175a.jpg" width="171" height="132" alt="Saddle" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Saddle.</b> Hold out both S hands, palms up, side by -side (sometimes inches apart), about height of shoulders, -forearms vertical, wrists bent so backs of hands are -nearly down.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la selle</i>; Ger. <i>der Sattel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Safe.</b> See <i>Recover</i> or <i>Alive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sage Brush</b> (Bunches). With all finger tips together -pointing up, swing the hand to various places in front -of right shoulder. (C) Compare <i>Peak</i> and <i>Canoe</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-175b.jpg" width="174" height="139" alt="Sage" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sage.</b> Sign <i>White</i>, <i>Good smell</i>, <i>Grass</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la plante aromatique de la prairie</i>; Ger. <i>der -Präriebusch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Salt.</b> Sign <i>Powder</i>, then the act of sprinkling with -finger and thumb. (Blackfoot.) Touch the tongue -cautiously with the right G. Compare <i>Sugar</i> and -<i>Pepper</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sel</i>; Ger. <i>das Salz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Same.</b> See <i>Equal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sanctuary, to claim.</b> See <i>Bar up</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Satisfied.</b> See <i>Contented</i>.</p> -<!--page-176--> - -<p><b>Save.</b> See <i>Recover</i>, also <i>Free</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Save</b> or <b>Except</b>. See <i>But</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Savey</b> or <b>Sabe</b>. This word universal in the west is the -same sign as <i>Know</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Saw.</b> With lower edge of right, thumb up, saw across -the upper edge of left wrist held out horizontally.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la scie</i>; Ger. <i>die Säge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Say.</b> See <i>Call</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scalp</b> (To). Point to scalp, make as though pulling it -forward and sign <i>Cutting</i> under. The last two gestures -being done out in front of the body.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>scalper</i>; Ger. <i>die Kopfhaut abziehen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scatter!</b> (A command to scouts). See <i>Go</i> and <i>Scatter</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-176a.jpg" width="175" height="81" alt="Scatter" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Scatter</b> or <b>Sow</b> (As seeds). Hold the closed hands, -backs up, near each other and close to breast; move -right hand well to front and right, left well to front and -left; that is, widely separate the hands, swinging each in -a half-circle out, so the palms are a little outward, at the -same time extending and separating fingers and thumbs. -(C) Compare <i>Bad</i> and <i>Scorn</i>; in these the hands -are not moved apart.</p> - -<p><b>Scatter.</b> Swing closed right to left, there opening to 5 -so palm is to left and forward; then same movement -with hand opened to right, each time in a graceful -sweep. The Cheyennes say the above is <i>Throw away</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>disperser</i>, <i>semer</i>; Ger. <i>ausstreuen</i>, <i>säen</i>.</p> -<!--page-177--> - -<p><b>Schoolhouse.</b> Sign <i>House</i> and <i>Writing</i>; usually preceded -by <i>Children</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’école</i>; Ger. <i>die Schule</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-177a.jpg" width="95" height="139" alt="Be Prepared" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Schoolteacher.</b> Sign <i>Book</i> and <i>Chief</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le maître d’ école</i>; Ger. <i>der Lehrer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scold.</b> See <i>Abuse</i>; also <i>Fault-finding</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scorn.</b> Turn the head away and with one hand throw -an imaginary handful of sand toward the feet of the -person. This is the same as <i>Bad</i>, except for the turn -of the head.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mépris</i>; Ger. <i>die Verachtung</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-177b.jpg" width="175" height="233" alt="Scout" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Scout.</b> Same as <i>Wolf</i>, but hold the hand near the right -ear. Sometimes use <i>Advance Guard</i>, which see. The -Cheyennes sometimes sign it as <i>Wolf</i>, <i>Soldier</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le coureur</i> (<i>d’ armée</i>); Ger. <i>der Späher</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scout, to.</b> Sign <i>Wolf</i> and <i>Look</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aller à la découverte</i>; Ger. <i>spähen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-177c.jpg" width="58" height="174" alt="Scout" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Scout</b>; that is, <i>Boy Scout</i>. Hold up the right hand with -finger and thumb forming a ring, other three fingers -straight up. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le petit éclaireur</i>; Ger. <i>der jugendliche Pfadfinder</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Scout</b>; of the <i>highest degree</i>. Add the sign <i>Wolf</i> to the -foregoing. (Suggested.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-177d.jpg" width="153" height="225" alt="Scout leader" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Scout leader</b> or <b>Patrol leader</b>. Sign <i>Boy Scout</i>; then -lay the 4 left hand on left side of head to indicate plume. -(Suggested.)</p> -<!--page-178--> - -<p><b>Scout, Tenderfoot.</b> Make signs <i>Boy Scout</i> and <i>Small</i>. -(Suggested.)</p> - -<p><b>Sculptor.</b> Right fist closed, thumb held up straight -and free, then used as a trowel on an imaginary wall. -(Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sculpteur</i>; Ger. <i>der Bildhauer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Search me.</b> With a hand grasping each lapel, spread -open the coat. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>examinez-moi</i>; Ger. <i>was weisz ich?</i> (Pop.)</p> - -<p><b>Seasons.</b> The four seasons are <i>Little Grass</i> (<i>Spring</i>); -<i>High Grass</i> (<i>Summer</i>); <i>Leaf Fall</i> (<i>Autumn</i>); and -<i>Cold</i> or <i>Snow</i> (<i>Winter</i>). Each is given in alphabetic -place.</p> - -<p><b>Secret</b> or <b>Private</b> (Talk under cover). Left hand flat, -horizontal, near left cheek; with right, sign <i>Talk</i> under -it. Usually sign <i>Talk</i> and <i>Hide</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le secret</i>; Ger. <i>das Geheimnis</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Seek.</b> See <i>Hunt</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-178a.jpg" width="171" height="101" alt="See" /> -</div> - -<p><b>See.</b> The fingers of V hand pointed forward (as in -<i>Look</i>) then advanced a little in the line of sight; sometimes -for extra point, it is changed into G hand and -pushed forward. Also compare <i>Hunt</i> and <i>Lie</i>, <i>Look</i> -and <i>Find</i>. The difference between <i>Look</i> and <i>See</i> is not -observed by most Indians; but it is well to maintain it.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>voir</i>; Ger. <i>sehen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>See me.</b> Point at one’s own chin with the right V -hand and touch breast.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>voyez-moi</i>; Ger. <i>sehen Sie mich</i>.</p> -<!--page-179--> - -<p><b>Seem.</b> See <i>Appear</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-179a.jpg" width="183" height="104" alt="Seize" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Seize.</b> Move the open hands forward; grasp and draw -back as though seizing some object.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>saisir</i>; Ger. <i>ergreifen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Select.</b> See <i>Choose</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sell.</b> See <i>Trade</i>. On the Stock Exchange, the clenched -fist thrown forward and down means <i>Sell</i>. Probably -in imitation of the auctioneer’s hammer. See <i>Kill</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sell</b>, <b>Sold</b> or <b>Bought</b> i.e., <b>Marketed</b>. On middle of side -of left G held out, tap two or three times with middle -side of right G. This is also used for <i>Buy</i>, which see for -illustration. It is supposed to have had origin in an old -gambling game. See <i>Trade</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vendre</i>; Ger. <i>verkaufen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-179b.jpg" width="184" height="94" alt="Send" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Send</b> (Command and Go). Hold the right A near the -breast; swing it out, up and down a foot; then swing the -right G higher and farther. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>envoyer</i>; Ger. <i>senden</i>, <i>schicken</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-179c.jpg" width="164" height="55" alt="Separate" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Separate</b> or <b>Apart</b>. Lay the G fingers side by side, -backs up; spring them apart, widest at tips, moving -them forward and out.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>séparer</i>; Ger. <i>trennen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Several.</b> Extend the fingers of the right A hand, one -at a time, beginning with the index. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plusieurs</i>; Ger. <i>mehrere</i>.</p> -<!--page-180--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-180a.jpg" width="177" height="116" alt="Sew" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sew.</b> Hold flat left hand index edge up, thumb level -with index; move right G hand index with extended -thumb, across left index once or twice as in sewing; -each time nearer the body and each time turning the -right index nail down, as it is moved forward. Compare -<i>Awl</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>coudre</i>; Ger. <i>nähen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shade.</b> Sign <i>Sun</i>, <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shadow</b> (Of a person). Indicate the person; then sign -<i>Going</i>, <i>There by me</i>, <i>Same</i>. <i>There by me</i> is indicated by -pointing to the ground on the left side with right G.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’ombre</i>; Ger. <i>der Schatten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shall.</b> See <i>Will</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shaman.</b> See <i>Medicine-man</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shame</b> (On you). (The finger of scorn made sharper.) -Point left index at person, all others closed; and with -right index similarly held, rub it on back of left index -from middle to tip and beyond. (Pop.) See <i>Ashamed</i>. -In France the idea is conveyed by the <i>Horns</i>. See -<i>Evil Eye</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fi! fi donc!</i> (Pop.); Ger. <i>Schäme dich!</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-180b.jpg" width="177" height="94" alt="Sharp" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sharp</b> or <b>Keen</b>. Hold out flat right hand, palm up; -touch little finger edge lightly with ball of left thumb -and add <i>Good</i>. For <i>Sharp points</i> see <i>Porcupine</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>affílé</i>; Ger. <i>scharf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shave.</b> Use the flat right hand as a razor, palm to -<!--page-181--> -right, points up, little finger next right cheek as the -edge; move it toward the right ear.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. (<i>se</i>) <i>raser</i>; Ger. (<i>sich</i>) <i>rasieren</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shawl.</b> Sign <i>Blanket</i> and <i>Fringe</i>. For <i>Fringe</i>, hold -out the left 5 hand points forward, level; then push the -similar right over it forward several times.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le châle</i>; Ger. <i>der Schal</i>.</p> - -<p><b>She.</b> Sign <i>Female</i> and point with G finger at the person.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>elle</i>; Ger. <i>sie</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-181a.jpg" width="168" height="154" alt="Sheep, Mountain" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sheep, Mountain</b>, or <b>Bighorn</b>. With compressed hands -above each eye, pointed backward, trace the sweep of -horns, ending below ears, with points turned forward.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mouton sauvage</i>; Ger. <i>das amerikanische -Groszhornschaf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sheep, Common.</b> Sign <i>Bighorn</i> and <i>White Man</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mouton</i>; Ger. <i>das Schaf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shell.</b> Hold the curved hands side by side, close and -open them on the under side, as though hinged on top. -Compare <i>Boat</i>, <i>Book</i>, <i>Bowl</i>, and <i>Open</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la coquille</i>; Ger. <i>die Muschelschale</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shield</b> (Noun). With both L hands a little apart, index -fingers pointed down, make a large incomplete circle -to left of left breast. See <i>Protect</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bouclier</i>; Ger. <i>der Schild</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-181b.jpg" width="174" height="139" alt="Shine" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Shine</b>, <b>Shimmer</b>, or <b>Glitter</b>. Hold out the curved right -5 hand, palm down; lower it slightly, shaking it quickly -sidewise. Compare <i>Snow</i>, <i>Glitter</i>, and <i>Easy</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>briller</i>, <i>étinceler</i>; Ger. <i>scheinen</i>, <i>glänzen</i>.</p> -<!--page-182--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-182a.jpg" width="175" height="98" alt="Ship" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ship.</b> Raise and spread thumb and two first fingers -to be masts, others closed; then push the hand forward -slowly in a rising and falling line. (Deaf sign for <i>Sailing -Ship</i>. For Indian sign see <i>Boat</i>, <i>Big</i>.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le navire</i>; Ger. <i>das Schiff</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shoe.</b> Sign <i>Moccasin</i>, <i>White Man</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le soulier</i>; Ger. <i>der Schuh</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shoot</b> (A gun). See <i>Fire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shoot</b> (An arrow). Sign <i>Bow</i>, then snap the index -fingers out straight. To add <i>Hit with an arrow</i>, hold -up the flat left and thrust the right G through it.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>lancer</i> (<i>une flèche</i>); Ger. <i>schieszen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shop.</b> See <i>Store</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Short.</b> For things which grow, hold the flat hand back -forward, fingers pointing up at desired height. For -things which do not grow, use the flat hand, palm down; -or else, both flat hands side by side, palm to palm. The -same as <i>Low</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>court</i>; Ger. <i>kurz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shot-gun.</b> See <i>Gun</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Shout.</b> See <i>Yell</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Show</b>, <b>Prove</b>, <b>Proof</b>, or <b>Behold</b>. Raise flat left hand, -palm forward. Lay index of right G on it and turn the -two about, pushing them forward as though to show -something. (Sheeaka. Borrowed from the Deaf.)</p> -<!--page-183--> - -<p><b>Show</b>, <b>Prove</b>, <b>Proof</b>, or <b>Behold</b>. Hold out the flat left, -palm up, pointing forward and down. Point to the -person in question with right G, then at left palm with -right V.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>montrer</i>; Ger. <i>zeigen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-183a.jpg" width="181" height="142" alt="Sick" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sick</b>, <b>Suffering</b>, <b>Sick one</b>, or <b>Invalid</b> (Throbbing). -Hold flat hands out near breast; move the hands quickly -outward and back several times. Compare <i>Lungs</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>malade</i>; Ger. <i>krank</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Side by Side.</b> See <i>Parallel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sign Language</b>, <b>To talk in Sign Language</b>. Touch the -back of left hand with tip of right, the back of right -with tip of left and add <i>Talk</i>. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le langage des signes</i>; Ger. <i>die Gebärdensprache</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-183b.jpg" width="172" height="249" alt="Silence" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Silence</b>, <b>Silent</b>, or <b>Hush</b>. Lay the extended index, -pointing upward, over the mouth. In the more vigorous -form of <i>Shut up</i>, lay the flat hand on the mouth -(recent).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>silence!</i> <i>taisez-vous!</i>; Ger. <i>schweigen!</i> <i>still!</i></p> - -<p><b>Silly.</b> See <i>Foolish</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Silver.</b> Sign <i>Money</i> and <i>White</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’argent</i>; Ger. <i>das Silbergeld</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sin</b> or <b>Badness</b>. Same as <i>Bad</i>. See <i>Evil</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Since.</b> See <i>After</i>.</p> -<!--page-184--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-184a.jpg" width="174" height="144" alt="Sing" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sing.</b> Hold right V hand, back to right, in front of -face; finger tips a little higher than and close to mouth, -pointing nearly up. Move the hand briskly so finger -tips describe a small horizontal circle. Compare <i>Lie</i> -and <i>Abuse</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>chanter</i>; Ger. <i>singen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sioux.</b> See <i>Indian</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sister.</b> Sign <i>Woman</i> and <i>Brother</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la soeur</i>; Ger. <i>die Schwester</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sister-in-law.</b> Sign <i>Brother-in-law</i> and <i>Woman</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la belle-soeur</i>; Ger. <i>die Schwägerin</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-184b.jpg" width="170" height="230" alt="Sit" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sit</b>, <b>Sit down</b>, or <b>Remain</b>. Hold the right A hand in -front of and a little lower than right shoulder, back to -right; move the hand emphatically downward a few -inches. Compare <i>Wait</i> and <i>Aboard</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>s’asseoir</i>; Ger. <i>sitzen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Skin.</b> See <i>Hide</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Skinny.</b> See <i>Lean</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-184c.jpg" width="124" height="150" alt="Skunk" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Skunk</b> or <b>Polecat</b>. Indicate <i>Size</i> and tail up; that is, -curving G up, palm forward; move in gentle jerks forward, -and then add <i>Smell</i>, <i>Bad</i>. Compare <i>Weasel</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la bête puante</i>, <i>la mouffette</i>; Ger. <i>das amerikanische</i> -<i>Stinktier</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sky.</b> See <i>Heavens</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sled</b> or <b>Sleigh</b> (The runners). Both G hands, backs -down, 4 inches apart; index fingers curved and pushed -forward. The idea is helped by <i>Snow</i> on <i>Ground</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le traineau</i>; Ger. <i>der Schlitten</i>.</p> -<!--page-185--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-185a.jpg" width="171" height="52" alt="Sleep" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sleep.</b> Hold both flat hands, backs up, in front of -breast, same level; swing both over to the left in an up -and down curve, in which the right (only) turns palm -up; the left continues back up; then lower the head a -little to right. Some finish with both palms up.</p> - -<p class="continue">Journeys are one sleep, two sleeps, etc., on the Plains.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sommeil</i>, <i>dormir</i>; Ger. <i>der Schlaf</i>, <i>schlafen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sleepy.</b> Rub the eyes with the fists. (Pop.) Or -yawn and lay the head on one side, closing the eyes. -(Sheeaka.) Both of these are understood by the Cheyennes, -but they use <i>Want</i>, <i>Sleep</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avoir sommeil</i>; Ger. <i>schläfrig</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-185b.jpg" width="175" height="50" alt="Slow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Slow.</b> Hold out the flat left hand, palm to right; ditto -right hand opposite, palm to left; in slow jerks, move the -left hand forward; at the same time, jerk the right, -making the latter fall behind. Compare <i>Fast</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>lent</i>; Ger. <i>langsam</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-185c.jpg" width="175" height="156" alt="Small" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Small</b>, <b>Few</b>, or <b>Crowded</b>. Compress both hands so the -fingers are straight, but at an angle with the back of the -hand; hold them about eight inches apart, backs out, -pointed up and forward, right higher; move them together -till the right is over the left. Sometimes the -Cheyennes made this sign with the closed fists to mean -<i>Few</i>. Compare <i>Little</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>peu</i>; Ger. <i>wenig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Smaller, to make.</b> See <i>Decrease</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Smart.</b> See <i>Cunning</i>.</p> -<!--page-186--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-186a.jpg" width="169" height="289" alt="Smell" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Smell.</b> Hold V hand, back up, fingers pointing to chin; -swing fingers up so the nose passes between them. Compare -<i>Blood</i> and <i>Brother</i>. Place the palm close before the -tip of the nose. (Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sentir</i>; Ger. <i>riechen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Smell</b>, <b>A bad smell</b>, or <b>Stink</b>. Sign <i>Smell</i> and hold the -nostrils, or sign <i>Bad</i>. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la mauvaise odeur</i>, <i>la puanteur</i>; Ger. <i>der üble</i> -<i>Geruch</i>, <i>der Gestank</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Smell</b>, <b>A good smell</b>. Sign <i>Smell</i> and <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la bonne odeur</i>; Ger. <i>der gute Geruch</i>, <i>der Duft</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Smoke.</b> For distant smoke, like a signal-fire smoke, -make sign for <i>Fire</i> and continue raising hand in a spiral -till higher than head.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la fumée</i>; Ger. <i>der Rauch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-186b.jpg" width="181" height="119" alt="Smoke a pipe" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Smoke a pipe</b> (Action of filling it). Hold up the left -A, thumb up, tap on top two or three times with flat right, -then add <i>Pipe</i>, jerking it forward two or three times.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fumer</i> (<i>une pipe</i>); Ger. <i>rauchen</i> (<i>eine Pfeife</i>).</p> - -<p><b>Smoke a cigarette.</b> Put index and thumb to mouth as -though holding a cigarette. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-186c.jpg" width="170" height="73" alt="Smooth" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Smooth</b> or <b>Level</b>. Rub the back of the flat left hand, -held palm down, with whole palm of the flat right, back -and forth, in long strokes. Sometimes use <i>Prairie</i>. -Compare <i>Indian</i> and <i>At</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>lisse</i>; Ger. <i>glatt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Smooth Ground.</b> See <i>Prairie</i>.</p> -<!--page-187--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-187a.jpg" width="178" height="78" alt="Snake" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Snake</b> (Its motion). Hold the right H (or sometimes -G) hand, back to right, waist high, fingers pointing to -front; move it several inches to front in a sinuous line -from side to side. Compare <i>Fish</i>, <i>Creek</i>, and <i>Rope</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le serpent</i>; Ger. <i>die Schlange</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sneak.</b> See <i>Run away</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-187b.jpg" width="175" height="75" alt="Snow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Snow.</b> Raise and spread both hands a foot apart, -backs up, fingers curved; then softly lower them in slow, -short zigzags. For <i>Rain</i>, the lines down are straight. -<i>Years</i> are commonly called <i>Snows</i> or <i>Winters</i>. Compare -<i>Shimmer</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la neige</i>; Ger. <i>der Schnee</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-187c.jpg" width="183" height="110" alt="So" /> -</div> - -<p><b>So</b>, <b>Just so</b> (That’s true). Swing the right G index from -45 degree angle down to level; then add <i>Straight</i>, swinging -index up slightly at finish. Sometimes sign <i>Yes</i>. -Compare <i>Idea</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>si</i>, <i>précisément cela</i>; Ger. <i>so</i>, <i>jawohl</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-187d.jpg" width="180" height="153" alt="So that" /> -</div> - -<p><b>So that</b>; <b>In order that</b> (So, that). Strike down a foot -with the right G in front of breast, then strike it on the -left flat hand held opposite left breast. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>de sorte que</i>, <i>pour</i>; Ger. <i>um</i>, <i>damit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Soap.</b> Rub the hands together as in washing them.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le savon</i>; Ger. <i>die Seife</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-187e.jpg" width="160" height="106" alt="Soft or Muddy Ground" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Soft or Muddy Ground</b> (Animal’s legs going down). -Form a horizontal half-circle of left index and thumb; -drop the right fist into it; reverse the hands and repeat.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la terre molle</i>, <i>la boue</i>; Ger. <i>die weiche Erde</i>, <i>der -Schlamm</i>.</p> -<!--page-188--> - -<p><b>Soft</b>, in general. Sign <i>Hard</i> and <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mou</i>; Ger. <i>weich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Soil.</b> See <i>Earth</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-188a.jpg" width="171" height="89" alt="Soldiers" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Soldiers</b> (In a row, spread out). Hold the flattened -fists out in front, side by side, backs up so basal joints -of the fingers are nearly level and the middle joints -form a row; then swing them apart.</p> - -<p class="continue">In many whose fingers are stiff the row is made with -the basal joints plumb, as in the upper cut; but the -correct way is as below.</p> - -<p class="continue">“This represents the line of the Indian soldiers that, -pending the order to charge, held back the people in the -buffalo hunt.” (Scott.) Compare <i>Ridge</i>, <i>Done</i>, and <i>Fat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les soldats</i>; Ger. <i>die Soldaten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Some</b> (Here and there one). Point with index finger -downward and at some near spot on the ground, then -change to another farther off, then to another. (Scott.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quelques</i>; Ger. <i>einige</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-188b.jpg" width="168" height="102" alt="Some" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Some</b>, <b>A part of</b>. Hold out level flat left, back forward -and out; lay flat right thumb up on left index near the -tip; then jerk it toward tip and beyond. This is much -like <i>Halve</i>; but the right is casually brushed along the -edge of the left and at no time precisely placed.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>du</i>; Ger. <i>etwas</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-188c.jpg" width="184" height="67" alt="Sometimes" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sometimes</b> (Different times). Sign <i>Time</i>, moving the -hands apart in short jerks. (Seger.) Compare <i>By -and by</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quelquefois</i>; Ger. <i>zuweilen</i>.</p> -<!--page-189--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-189a.jpg" width="172" height="165" alt="Somewhere" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Somewhere.</b> Hold right G up near right shoulder; -swing it in a curve up and down to opposite left shoulder -and back. Also used in the question <i>Where?</i></p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>quelque part</i>; Ger. <i>irgendwo(hin)</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Son.</b> Sign <i>Born</i> and <i>Male</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le fils</i>; Ger. <i>der Sohn</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Song</b> or <b>Poem</b> (Written singing). Sign for <i>Sing</i> and -<i>Write</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la chanson</i>; Ger. <i>das Lied</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-189b.jpg" width="170" height="91" alt="Soon" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Soon</b> or <b>Early</b>. Sign <i>Time</i>, then stop with the fingers -an inch apart. Compare <i>Sometimes</i>, <i>Time</i>, <i>By and by</i>, -<i>Close</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-189c.jpg" width="183" height="181" alt="Sorrow" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sorrow</b>, <b>Distress</b>, <b>Discouraged</b>, <b>Down-hearted</b>, <b>Sadness</b>, -or <b>Sad</b> (Heart on the ground). Lay the right -compressed hand on the heart, pointing down; then -throw it forward and down, ending the sign with the -flat hand very low, palm up, near the ground.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chagrin</i>, <i>la douleur</i>; Ger. <i>das Leid</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-189d.jpg" width="171" height="158" alt="Sorry" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sorry</b> (It grinds my heart). Rub the fist on heart in -circle two or three times. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="continue">This is less strong than <i>Sorrow</i> and is used as a polite -expression of interest, equivalent to “What a pity.” -(Eastman.) See also <i>Trouble</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>j’en suis fâché</i>; Ger. <i>leid tun</i>, <i>es thut mir leid</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Soul.</b> See <i>Spirit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sour.</b> See <i>Bitter</i>.</p> -<!--page-190--> - -<p><b>Sow.</b> See <i>Sew</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sow Seeds.</b> See <i>Scatter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Spark.</b> See <i>Fire</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Speak.</b> See <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Spear.</b> Make as though thrusting a spear with both -hands.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la lance</i>; Ger. <i>der Speer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-190a.jpg" width="174" height="113" alt="Speech" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Speech</b>, <b>Message</b>, or <b>Talk</b>. That is, a long talk, as at -council, by oneself. (Handing out words.) Hold the -flat right hand, back down, pointing to left, at lower -lip and swing it forward several times. Compare <i>Discussion</i> -and <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la harangue</i>; Ger. <i>die Rede</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Speech to me</b> or <b>Tell me</b>. Speech by another addressed -to oneself is the same as the preceding, but swing the -right hand in toward the chin instead of out. Compare -<i>Drink</i>, <i>Water</i>, <i>Discussion</i>, and <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Spell</b>, that is, <b>Spell it</b>. Make writing in the air, then -sign <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>écrivez le</i>; Ger. <i>buchstabieren Sie es</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-190b.jpg" width="166" height="99" alt="Spider" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Spider.</b> Hold the palm of the right hand about one and a -half inches from a flat surface; spread the fingers and -thumb and work them like legs; the hand represents the -body. (Scott.) Compare <i>Bunch</i> and <i>Herd</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’araignée</i>; Ger. <i>die Spinne</i>.</p> -<!--page-191--> - -<p><b>Spirit</b> or <b>Petrole</b> (Water of strong power). There is no -established sign; but Sheeaka understood this combination: -<i>Water</i> and <i>Strong</i>. A Cheyenne gave it <i>Lantern</i>, -<i>Different</i>, <i>Strong</i>, <i>Pour</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’essence</i>, <i>le pétrole</i>; Ger. <i>das Benzin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Splendor.</b> See <i>Glow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Spoon.</b> Use the cupped right hand as a spoon.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la cuiller</i>; Ger. <i>der Löffel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-191a.jpg" width="160" height="81" alt="Spotted" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Spotted.</b> Hold out the level left arm and with right -curved 5 hand finger tips tap the left arm at various -places on the inside, from the wrist up, as though flecking -it with the tip of a brush, at both up and down -strokes. Compare <i>Striped</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tacheté</i>; Ger. <i>getupfelt</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-191b.jpg" width="170" height="152" alt="Spring" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Spring</b> (Water coming up and spreading). Make the -sign for <i>Water</i>, then a large horizontal circle with L -hands (as in <i>Hole</i>); then push the right compressed -hand up through the left L hand and, as it comes up, -extend the fingers with a slight snap to represent the -bubbling water.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la source</i>; Ger. <i>die Quelle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Spring</b> (Little grass time). Sign <i>Grass</i> and <i>Short</i>. Add -<i>Time</i> if there is doubt.</p> - -<p class="continue">Show longer grass for June, etc.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le printemps</i>; Ger. <i>der Frühling</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Squeeze.</b> See <i>Few</i>.</p> -<!--page-192--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-192a.jpg" width="164" height="111" alt="Squirrel" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Squirrel.</b> Hold both compressed hands near the -mouth and give a quick motion of the lips. (Ruggles.) -Or sign <i>Tree</i> with left hand, then with compressed right -hand as in <i>Animal</i> indicate running up and around.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’écureuil</i>; Ger. <i>das Eichhörnchen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Squirrel, Flying.</b> Sign <i>Squirrel</i>, <i>Fly</i>; and then with -right hand flat, palm down, simulate flight down and -up in a long sweep. This is merely a description, not -an established sign.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’écureuil volant</i>; Ger. <i>das Flughörnchen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stand</b> (As a man). Make right V hand stand on left -palm, the fingers representing legs. For an animal, -use all four fingers of right. See <i>Alight</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>se tenir debout</i>; Ger. <i>stehen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-192b.jpg" width="154" height="290" alt="Stand up" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Stand up</b> (As a tree or pole). Hold G hand, back forward, -erect over shoulder. Compare <i>Tall</i> and <i>Up</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>être debout</i>; Ger. <i>aufrecht stehen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-192c.jpg" width="172" height="142" alt="Star" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Star.</b> Make the sign for <i>Night</i>, then cross the right G -with left G near the tips and hold up high. Some flirt -the index tip from behind the curved thumb in different -directions up high, to mean twinkling. This is nearly -like <i>Talk up high</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’étoile</i>; Ger. <i>der Stern</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stay.</b> Sign <i>Stop</i>, <i>Wait</i>, and <i>Sit down</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>rester</i>; Ger. <i>bleiben</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-192d.jpg" width="176" height="119" alt="Steal" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Steal</b> (To seize under cover). Hold out flat left hand -pointing out, back up; reach right G hand under -<!--page-193--> -wrist, then draw it back with a sweep, curving it into a -hook at the same time.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>voler</i>; Ger. <i>stehlen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Steamboat.</b> Sign <i>Boat</i>, <i>Big</i>, <i>Fire</i>, holding the hand -above the forehead for the last.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bateau à vapeur</i>; Ger. <i>das Dampfboot</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stingy.</b> See <i>Mean</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stink.</b> Sign <i>Bad Smell</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stir.</b> Hold left as in C, back out, and make as though -stirring its contents with a ladle held in right. Compare -<i>Tea</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>remuer</i>; Ger. <i>rühren</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stone.</b> Sign <i>Rock</i> and <i>Lump</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stop.</b> See <i>Halt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stop</b> or <b>Full Stop</b>. See <i>Period</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Store</b> or <b>Shop</b>. Sign <i>House</i> and <i>Trade</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le magasin</i>, <i>la boutique</i>; Ger. <i>der Laden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Storm.</b> Sign <i>Strong</i> then <i>Wind</i>, shaking the fingers -when opened and sometimes adding the sound of blowing.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’orage</i>, <i>la tempéte</i>; Ger. <i>der Sturm</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Story.</b> See <i>History</i>.</p> -<!--page-194--> - -<p><b>Straight.</b> See <i>Honest</i>; also <i>True</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stranger.</b> Sign, <i>My</i>, <i>People</i>, <i>Not</i>. Or <i>Man</i>, <i>Different</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’étranger</i>; Ger. <i>der Fremde</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Stream.</b> See <i>River</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-194a.jpg" width="175" height="183" alt="Strike" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Strike.</b> Hold out flat left, palm up; strike it with the -edge of flat right hand. Compare <i>Chop</i> and <i>Kill</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>frapper</i>; Ger. <i>schlagen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Strike, To make a.</b> See <i>Count Coup</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-194b.jpg" width="175" height="87" alt="Striped" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Striped.</b> Hold out flat left with forearm level and draw -the right flat palm across it at different points on the -upper side. Compare <i>Spotted</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>rayé</i>; Ger. <i>gestreift</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-194c.jpg" width="161" height="202" alt="Strong" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Strong.</b> With left fist, back out, grasp an imaginary -stick; then also grasp it four inches higher with right -fist, back in. Give a strong outward twist to the right, -finishing with the right fist below the left and back -downward. The left is not moved. This means -physically strong in most cases, and few Indians distinguish -this from <i>Very much</i>; which see. Compare <i>Little</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fort</i>; Ger. <i>stark</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-194d.jpg" width="170" height="62" alt="Subtract" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Subtract</b> or <b>Take from</b>. Holding out the flat left, palm -toward you, with all the right fingers and thumb make -as though seizing something on the left palm; draw the -right to you and down. (Sheeaka. Borrowed from the -Deaf.) Compare <i>Place</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>soustraire</i>; Ger. <i>abziehen</i>.</p> -<!--page-195--> - -<p><b>Succeed.</b> Sign <i>Push</i>, <i>Work</i>, and <i>Finish</i>. Compare -<i>Fail</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>réussir</i>; Ger. <i>Erfolg haben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Suffering.</b> See <i>Sick</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-195a.jpg" width="168" height="153" alt="Sugar" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sugar</b> or <b>Sweet.</b> Rub the tongue with tips of extended -index and second finger of right hand, then add <i>Good</i>. -Compare <i>Salt</i> and <i>Bitter</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sucre</i>; Ger. <i>der Zucker</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sullen</b> or <b>Sulky</b>. Sign <i>Heart</i>, <i>Angry</i>, <i>Hide</i>. (Blackfoot.) -See <i>Gloomy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Summer</b> (Time of high grass). Sign <i>High</i>, <i>Grass</i>. -Or sometimes sign <i>Hot</i> only.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’été</i>; Ger. <i>der Sommer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-195b.jpg" width="178" height="105" alt="Sun" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sun.</b> Form a circle with index and thumb of right -hand; hold hand toward east and swing it in a great -up-curve toward the west. In conversation, the circle -is often incomplete.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le soleil</i>; Ger. <i>die Sonne</i>.</p> - -<div class="subentry"> - <p><b>Sunday.</b> Sign <i>Day</i> and <i>Medicine</i>.</p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le dimanche</i>; Ger. <i>der Sonntag</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Monday</b> is <i>Day after Medicine Day</i>.</p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lundi</i>; Ger. <i>der Montag</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Tuesday</b> is <i>Two Days after Medicine Day</i>.</p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mardi</i>; Ger. <i>der Dienstag</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Wednesday</b> is <i>Three Days after Medicine Day</i>.</p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mercredi</i>; Ger. <i>der Mittwoch</i>.</p> -<!--page-196--> - - <p><b>Thursday</b> is <i>Four Days after Medicine Day</i>.</p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le jeudi</i>; Ger. <i>der Donnerstag</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Friday</b> is <i>Two Days before Medicine Day</i>.</p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le vendredi</i>; Ger. <i>der Freitag</i>.</p> - - <p><b>Saturday</b> is <i>Little Medicine Day</i>.</p> - <p class="translation">Fr. <i>le samedi</i> Ger. <i>der Sonnabend</i>.</p> - </div><!--/subentry--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-196a.jpg" width="178" height="166" alt="Sunrise" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sunrise.</b> Make a ring of the right index and thumb, -others closed, level, at full length toward the east; then -raise it, chiefly by wrist action, so the ring is nearly at -an angle of 45 degrees.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le lever du soleil</i>; Ger. <i>der Sonnenaufgang</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sunset.</b> The reverse of Sunrise; that is, hold the ring -to the west and swing it down from 45 degrees to level -or lower.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le coucher du soleil</i>; Ger. <i>der Sonnenuntergang</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-196b.jpg" width="171" height="226" alt="Superior" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Superior</b> or <b>Higher</b> (One above another). Hold both -G fingers side by side, upright, one of them higher to -represent the person or thing. When it is <i>One above -many</i> use the left “5” hand instead of left G. See -<i>Rising Man</i>, also <i>Chief</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>supérieur</i>; Ger. <i>höher</i> (<i>stehend</i>), <i>vorgesetzt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Superlative.</b> See <i>Comparative</i>; also <i>Very much</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Supper.</b> Sign <i>Night</i> and <i>Eat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le souper</i>; Ger. <i>das Abendessen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-196c.jpg" width="170" height="171" alt="Surprise" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Surprise</b>, <b>You surprise me</b>. Hold flat hand on the -mouth. This can be made stronger by using both -<!--page-197--> -hands. Sometimes also for emphasis precede this with -a slap down of the flat right on the flat left, palm to -palm. See <i>Astonishment</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>étonner</i>; Ger. <i>überraschen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-197a.jpg" width="165" height="109" alt="Surrender" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Surrender</b> or <b>Give up</b>. (No weapons.) Hold both -5 hands, palms forward, at height of head. Sometimes -one hand only.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>rendre, se rendre</i>; Ger. <i>sich ergeben</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-197b.jpg" width="160" height="41" alt="Surround" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Surround</b> or <b>Encircle</b>. Hold out both L hands at arm’s -length, then swing them together to form a level circle. -See <i>Enclosure</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>entourer</i>; Ger. <i>umgeben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Swap.</b> See <i>Trade</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Swear.</b> See <i>Oath</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-197c.jpg" width="163" height="119" alt="Sweat" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sweat.</b> Draw the hooked right index across the brow -as though wiping off sweat. See <i>Hot</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la sueur</i>; Ger. <i>der Schweisz</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sweat Lodge</b> or <b>Turkish Bath</b>. Sign <i>Medicine</i> and -<i>Wickey up</i>. (C) Or with 5 hands indicate the shape -beginning at top, then sign <i>Open</i>, <i>Enter</i>, <i>Sweat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le sudatorium</i>, <i>le bain turc</i>; Ger. <i>das Schwitzbad</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sweet.</b> See <i>Sugar</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Sweetheart</b> or <b>Lover</b>. Touch G to lips and add <i>Heart</i>. -(Modern, but now in general use among Cheyenne boys.)</p> -<!--page-198--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-198a.jpg" width="176" height="92" alt="Sweetheart" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Sweetheart</b> or <b>Lover</b>. Thrust the right L hand forward, -level, back up and to right, turning slowly by -wrist action so the thumb rises two or three inches up -and down on the axis of the index. Compare <i>Courting</i> -and <i>Glitter</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bien-aimé</i>; Ger. <i>der Geliebte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Swift.</b> See <i>Fast</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-198b.jpg" width="177" height="204" alt="Swim" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Swim</b> (Probably to suggest a fish tail in action). That -is, “Will you come in swimming?” Hold right hand -as high as the face, back forward, all fingers closed -except index and middle, these are spread like V and -pointed to left. Move the hand a little to right -(Pop.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>nager</i>; Ger. <i>schwimmen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Swimming</b>. Sign Water, then strike out with hands as -in swimming.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>nageant</i>; Ger. <i>schwimmend</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Swoop.</b> See <i>Dive</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>T</h3> - -<p><b>Table</b> (Flat top, square shape). Swing flat hands, -palms down, as in <i>Broad</i> turn sharply and draw both -toward you; with a V hand on each side, strike down -for legs, then sign <i>On</i> and <i>Eat</i>. A description, not an -established sign.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la table</i>; Ger. <i>der Tisch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-198c.jpg" width="177" height="182" alt="Tail" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tail.</b> Right G hand, back up, at left side, pointing -back and down.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la queue</i>; Ger. <i>der Schwanz</i>.</p> -<!--page-199--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-199a.jpg" width="168" height="68" alt="Take" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Take</b> or <b>Bring</b> (From some one else). Reach out the -G hand, hook the index and draw it toward you, in and -upward, as though pulling a string up and back. Compare -<i>Steal</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>prendre</i> (<i>de quelqu’un</i>); Ger. <i>nehmen</i> (<i>von -Jemandem</i>).</p> - -<p><b>Take</b> (From oneself). The same, but point index -toward body, hook it and draw away.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>prendre</i> (<i>de soi-même</i>); Ger. <i>nehmen</i> (<i>von sich -selber</i>).</p> - -<p><b>Take from.</b> See <i>Subtract</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-199b.jpg" width="170" height="232" alt="Talk" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Talk</b> or <b>Say</b> (A little talk). Hold right hand under -mouth, index and thumb tips together, pointing forward, -and move slightly forward, snapping the index -from behind the thumb two or three times. Compare -<i>Called</i>, <i>Telltale</i>, <i>Speech</i>, <i>Bark</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>parler</i>; Ger. <i>sprechen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-199c.jpg" width="170" height="128" alt="Talk, to me" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Talk, to me.</b> Make the same gesture as above, but -point and draw the hand toward the cheek.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-199d.jpg" width="144" height="248" alt="Tall" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tall</b> or <b>High</b>. Move the flat right straight up to arm’s -length, back out.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>grand</i>, <i>haut</i>; Ger. <i>hoch</i>, <i>grosz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-199e.jpg" width="160" height="240" alt="Tangle" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tangle</b> or <b>Tangled</b>. Revolve the 5 hands, in and out, -one about the other. Compare <i>Play</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>embrouiller</i>; Ger. <i>verwirren</i>.</p> -<!--page-200--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-200a.jpg" width="129" height="232" alt="Taste" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Taste.</b> Join the first finger and thumb, rest their -points on the lower lip and work the lips. Compare -<i>Salt</i>, <i>Sugar</i>, <i>Sour</i>, and <i>Bitter</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>goûter</i>; Ger. <i>schmecken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Taste bad</b> (To taste and throw away). Sign <i>Taste</i> -and <i>Bad</i>. (Seger.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avoir un goût mauvais</i>; Ger. <i>schlecht schmecken</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tattler.</b> See <i>Telltale</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-200b.jpg" width="153" height="249" alt="Tattoo" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tattoo.</b> Tap the place with all five finger tips in a -point.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tatouer</i>; Ger. <i>tätowieren</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-200c.jpg" width="179" height="102" alt="Tea" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tea</b> (Stirring it). Trace the rim of the left O hand -with the thumb and finger tip of the right O hand, other -fingers extended. (Sheeaka.) Compare <i>Stir</i>. Or sign -<i>Leaf</i>, <i>Drink</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le thé</i>; Ger. <i>der Tee</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Teacher.</b> Sign <i>Writing</i> and <i>Chief</i>. See also <i>Guide</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le professeur</i>; Ger. <i>der Lehrer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Team.</b> Sign <i>Horse</i>, <i>Two</i>; with L hand indicate -<i>Halter</i> and add <i>Coat</i> for <i>Harness</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’attelage</i>; Ger. <i>das Gespann</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-200d.jpg" width="169" height="152" alt="Teepee" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Teepee</b> or <b>Lodge</b>. Cross the tips of the G fingers held -high. In <i>Tent</i> they are not crossed.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la loge (la hutte) des Indiens</i>; Ger. <i>die Indianerhütte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Telegraph.</b> On forefinger of left G hand, palm up, -tap with crooked forefinger of right hand, as though -<!--page-201--> -telegraphing; then shoot it along left forefinger and on in -line. (Crow sign, La Forge.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-201a.jpg" width="173" height="113" alt="Telegraph" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Telegraph.</b> Sign <i>Wire</i>, then tap on it two or three -times with right G and add <i>Talk</i>, shooting it far ahead.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le télégraphe</i>; Ger. <i>der Telegraph</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Telephone.</b> Sign <i>Wire</i>; raise O hand to the ear like the -receiver, then add <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le téléphone</i>; Ger. <i>der Fernsprecher</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tell about.</b> See <i>Explain</i> and <i>Speech</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tell me.</b> See <i>Talk</i> and <i>Speech</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-201b.jpg" width="168" height="176" alt="Tell-tale" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tell-tale</b>, <b>Tattling</b>, or <b>Tattle</b> (Magpie or Chatterer). -Make a bill with forefinger and thumb; hold it at the -mouth, pointing forward; open and shut it, but do not -advance it. Note, it does not get anywhere; <i>Talk</i> does.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le rapporteur</i>; Ger. <i>der Ausplauderer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tenderfoot.</b> Make signs for <i>Scout</i> and <i>Little</i>. (Scott.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le novice</i>; Ger. <i>der Neuling</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tense</b>, of verbs, indicated by <i>Now</i>, <i>Time Back</i>, and -<i>Future</i>, that is <i>Time Ahead</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-201c.jpg" width="169" height="139" alt="Tent" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tent.</b> Like <i>Teepee</i>, but do not cross the fingers. -Sometimes add <i>White Man</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la tente</i>; Ger. <i>das Zelt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Than.</b> See <i>As</i>.</p> -<!--page-202--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-202a.jpg" width="177" height="170" alt="Thank you" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Thank you</b>, or <b>Gratitude</b>. Raise the open right hand -within a foot of the face, back down and to right; then -carry it outward and downward toward person, bowing at -same time (Pop). For this the Cheyennes use one hand -as in <i>Gratitude</i>, which see. Sign <i>Give</i>, <i>Good</i>. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>merci</i>, <i>je vous remercie</i>, <i>la gratitude</i>; Ger. <i>ich -danke dir</i> (or <i>Ihnen</i>), <i>die Dankbarkeit</i>.</p> - -<p><b>That.</b> Point with right G at the person or thing. -Compare <i>This</i>, <i>There</i>, and <i>Yonder</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ce ... là</i>; Ger. <i>der</i>, <i>jener</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-202b.jpg" width="171" height="78" alt="That" /> -</div> - -<p><b>That</b> or <b>Which</b>, relative pronoun (The one behind that). -Left L hand pointing to right. Lay right forefinger on -end of left, then turn it up and back to touch the thumb. -(D)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>qui</i>, <i>que</i>, <i>lequel</i>; Ger. <i>welcher</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-202c.jpg" width="166" height="73" alt="That place" /> -</div> - -<p><b>That place.</b> Hold out right G, back up, at arm’s -length, face high, pointing forward; strike it down three -or four times, chiefly by finger action. Compare <i>Then</i> -and <i>Here</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>là</i>; Ger. <i>da</i>, <i>dort</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Theatre</b>. Sign <i>House</i>, <i>Look</i>, <i>Big</i>, <i>Many</i>. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le théâtre</i>; Ger. <i>das Theater</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Their</b>. See <i>Possession</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-202d.jpg" width="178" height="65" alt="Then" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Then</b> (That time). Swing right G, point first, forward -and down in an 18-inch curve. Compare <i>Yonder</i> and -<i>That place</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>alors</i>; Ger. <i>damals</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-202e.jpg" width="171" height="93" alt="There" /> -</div> - -<p><b>There.</b> Simply point with middle finger, others closed, -hand held breast high. Compare <i>Challenge</i>.</p> -<!--page-203--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-203a.jpg" width="172" height="139" alt="Thick" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Thick.</b> Hold out flat left, back to left, place right -underneath palm up; clasp left with it, rub right fingers -and thumb tips back and forth on the middle of the left -hand in long, slow rubs. Compare <i>Meat</i>, <i>Thin</i>, <i>Oil</i>, and -<i>Bacon</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>épais</i>; Ger. <i>dick</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Thief.</b> Sign for the person and add <i>Steal</i>. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le voleur</i>; Ger. <i>der Dieb</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-203b.jpg" width="167" height="130" alt="Thin" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Thin</b> (Not thick). Like <i>Thick</i>, but rub lower edge and -little finger of left with tips of right thumb and index -finger united, others closed. Usually the little finger side -is the <i>Edge</i>. Compare <i>Bacon</i>, in which all of the fingers -are used; also, <i>Oil</i>, <i>Thick</i>, and <i>Meat</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mince</i>; Ger. <i>dünn</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-203c.jpg" width="175" height="117" alt="Thin" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Thin</b> or <b>Poor in flesh</b> (Flesh clawed off). Bring both 5 -hands, backs forward, in front of breast and touching it. -Move each to its side, curving the fingers more.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>maigre</i>; Ger. <i>mager</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-203d.jpg" width="170" height="82" alt="Things" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Things.</b> The 5 hands similarly pointing forward, backs -up, waist high, one at each side of the body; swing once or -twice in small circles nearly vertical, but a little forward -in the upper part.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les choses</i>; Ger. <i>die Dinge</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-203e.jpg" width="168" height="132" alt="Think" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Think</b> (Drawn from the heart). Lay right G on the -heart, back up, and swing it outward ten inches and a -little up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>penser</i>; Ger. <i>denken</i>.</p> -<!--page-204--> - -<p><b>Thinking.</b> See <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Thirst</b>, <b>Dry</b>, or <b>Drouth</b>. Sign <i>Want</i> and <i>Drink</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la soif</i>; Ger. <i>der Durst</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-204a.jpg" width="175" height="74" alt="This" /> -</div> - -<p><b>This.</b> Hold flat left palm up near body and thrust -right G down to it. For <i>These</i> repeat it several times.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ce ... ci</i>; Ger. <i>dieser</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Thought.</b> See <i>Idea</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Thousand.</b> Sign <i>Hundred</i> and then <i>Ten times</i>. See -<i>Numbers</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>mille</i>; Ger. <i>tausend</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-204b.jpg" width="176" height="151" alt="Thread" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Thread.</b> Rub thumb and index together, as though -twisting a thread, and sign <i>Sew</i>. Compare <i>Powder</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le fil</i>; Ger. <i>der Faden</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Threaten.</b> Shake clenched fist toward the person.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>menacer</i>; Ger. <i>drohen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-204c.jpg" width="171" height="166" alt="Through" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Through.</b> Push the right flat hand edgewise outward -between the middle and third fingers of the left, which -are held pointing upward. Compare <i>Between</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>par</i>, <i>au travers de</i>; Ger. <i>durch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Thunder.</b> Clap the hands loudly in front of face and -add a rapid zigzag with the right G finger for <i>Lightning</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le tonnerre</i>; Ger. <i>der Donner</i>, <i>das Gewitter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Thy</b> or <b>Thine</b>. Sign <i>You</i>. <i>Possess.</i></p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>ton</i>; Ger. <i>dein</i>.</p> -<!--page-205--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-205a.jpg" width="159" height="48" alt="Ticket" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Ticket</b>. Hold out H left, back up; lay the right G -across it at the middle knuckles; add <i>Writing</i> and -indicate <i>Railway</i>, <i>Theatre</i>, <i>Pawn</i>, etc., as needed.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le billet</i>; Ger. <i>das Billett</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Till.</b> See <i>To</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-205b.jpg" width="173" height="78" alt="Time" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Time</b> (Duration). Join the index finger and thumb of -each hand at tips, other fingers closed; hold back of -right hand to right, left to left, thumb tips touching; -draw the hands apart, slowly and level. A little apart -means <i>Little time</i>; a long way is <i>Long time</i>, etc. Sign -<i>After, Little time</i>, for <i>Bye and bye</i>. So leaving the hands -touching means <i>Now</i>; and <i>Time, Long, Behind</i> means -<i>Long time ago</i>. A much-used sign. See <i>Ago</i> and <i>Past</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le temps</i>; Ger. <i>die Zeit</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-205c.jpg" width="175" height="83" alt="Time afterward" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Time afterward</b>, <b>After a little time</b>, <b>Bye and Bye</b>. -Hold out the left G level, pointing forward, breast high; -lay the right G on the back of the left, draw it back -toward the wrist an inch. For <i>Time ahead</i>, sign <i>Time</i> -and <i>Ahead</i>, that is, hold up left G and swing right G -parallel and far ahead in the same line. Or sometimes -for <i>Time ahead</i> or <i>Future</i> give the <i>Time</i> sign first given, -but draw the right forefinger and thumb in an up and -over curve far ahead, instead of to the right.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plus tard</i>; Ger. <i>später</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-205d.jpg" width="168" height="224" alt="Time" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Time</b> (Shadow around tree). Hold up left G, point -right G at it and swing it around, finally touching it at -top. (Sioux, Sheeaka.) This is used for exact point or -date.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’époque</i>; Ger. <i>die Zeit</i>, <i>der Zeitpunkt</i>.</p> -<!--page-206--> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p><b>Hour.</b> Indicate in the sky the position of the sun at -that hour.</p> - -<p><b>Hour</b> (i.e., sixty minutes). Hold up the left hand -with back toward you, index and thumb joining in -a complete vertical circle; with right G on this as a -pointer, move an inch and add <i>One</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’heure</i>; Ger. <i>die Stunde</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Minute</b> or <b>Moment</b>. Hold the flat left hand pointed -forward, thumb up; lay the right G on it like a pointer -and move it the least bit. (Sheeaka.) The Cheyennes -sign <i>Hour</i> and <i>Small</i>. In giving <i>Time</i> it is -safest to do it in railway style; that is, 45 minutes -after 4 would be 4 hours and 45 minutes; not a quarter -before 5.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la minute</i>; Ger. <i>die Minute</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Second.</b> Make the signs <i>Minute</i> and <i>Very small</i>. -(Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la seconde</i>; Ger. <i>die Sekunde</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-206a.jpg" width="183" height="109" alt="Day" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Day</b> or <b>Light</b> (The opening up, as contrasted with -<i>Night</i>, the closing over). Hold out the level flat -hands in the same horizontal plane, backs up, pointing -to front, a few inches apart. Swing them upward -apart to right and left, and then downward on -a curve, turning the palms up; ending when the hands -are about opposite shoulders and a little higher than -at the start.</p> - -<p class="continue">For the days of the week, see under <i>Sun</i>.</p> - -<p class="continue">Sometimes “<i>one sun</i>” is “<i>one day</i>.”</p> - -<p class="continue">For <i>To-day</i> the sign for <i>Now</i> is first made.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le jour</i>; Ger. <i>der Tag</i>.</p> -</div><!--/subentry--> -<!--page-207--> - -<p><b>Time of Day</b>, as morning, forenoon, noon, afternoon, -etc. Point to the sun’s position in the sky at the time. -See <i>Midnight</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’heure du jour</i>; Ger. <i>die Tageszeit</i>.</p> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p><b>Week.</b> Sign <i>Suns</i>, <i>Seven</i> (Sheeaka) or <i>One Medicine -Day</i>. Compare <i>Sunday</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la semaine</i>; Ger. <i>die Woche</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Month.</b> Crescent or Horns in the sky. See illustration -in M.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mois</i>; Ger. <i>der Monat</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Seasons.</b> <i>Spring, Short grass</i>; <i>Summer, High grass</i>; -<i>Autumn, Falling leaf</i>; <i>Winter, Cold</i> or <i>Snow</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les saisons</i>; Ger. <i>die Jahreszeiten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Year.</b> Sign <i>One Cold</i> (Cheyenne). Or better perhaps, -though not general, sign <i>Snow</i>, then swing the -right G in a circle to left, down and up on right, then -again make <i>Snow</i>, meaning from snow around to snow. -(Sheeaka.) Sign <i>One Snow</i> (Blackfoot).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’an</i>, <i>l’année</i>; Ger. <i>das Jahr</i>.</p> -</div><!--/subentry--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-207a.jpg" width="178" height="90" alt="Tired" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tired</b> or <b>Weary</b>. Hold out G hands, backs up, six -inches apart, drop them and draw them to you a little. -Sometimes used for <i>Quit</i>. See <i>Lazy</i>. Compare <i>Afraid</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>fatigué</i>; Ger. <i>müde</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-207b.jpg" width="170" height="118" alt="To" /> -</div> - -<p><b>To</b>, <b>Till</b>, or <b>Until</b>. Hold the left G a little forward, -palm to you; swing the right G upward till the forefingers -meet at tip. (Sheeaka; probably borrowed from -the Deaf.) Compare <i>Meet</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>jusqu’à</i>; Ger. <i>bis</i>.</p> -<!--page-208--> - -<p><b>Tobacco</b> (Ground in the palm). Hold flat left hand, -back down, in front of body; grind on it the heel of -closed right in small circles.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le tabac</i>; Ger. <i>der Tabak</i>.</p> - -<p><b>To-day.</b> Sign <i>Day</i> and <i>Now</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aujourd’hui</i>; Ger. <i>heute</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-208a.jpg" width="173" height="120" alt="Together" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Together</b> or <b>Gather</b> (Gathered together). Press the -palms of the flat hands together two or three times, -swinging them apart and together once or twice, so the -tips describe six-inch vertical circles going down on the -outside and up on the inside of each. Note this also -means <i>Gather</i>. See also <i>With</i>, <i>Meet</i>, and <i>Heap</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-208b.jpg" width="175" height="94" alt="Tomahawk" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tomahawk.</b> Hold the flat right hand in the hollow of -the horizontal left arm (C). Compare <i>Baby</i>. Or -sign <i>Axe</i> and <i>Smoke</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le tomahawk</i>, <i>la hache de guerre des Indiens</i>; -Ger. <i>die Streitaxt der Indianer</i>.</p> - -<p><b>To-morrow.</b> Sign for <i>Another</i> and <i>Sunrise</i>. Compare -<i>Yesterday</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>demain</i>; Ger. <i>morgen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Too</b>, <b>Too much</b>. Sign <i>Enough</i>, but raise both hands at -arm’s length above the head. (Scott.) Sometimes use -<i>Heap</i>. See also <i>Excessive</i>, <i>Ahead</i>, and <i>Over</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>trop</i>; Ger. <i>zu viel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Too</b> or <b>Also</b>. Sign <i>Equal</i>, <i>With</i>, or <i>And</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>aussi</i>; Ger. <i>auch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Touch.</b> See <i>Feel</i>.</p> -<!--page-209--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-209a.jpg" width="176" height="68" alt="Town" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Town.</b> Sign <i>House</i>; then, keeping the flat hands at -same angle, swing them wide apart, keeping left near -body, right far away. Add <i>White Man</i> if needed.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la ville</i>; Ger. <i>die Stadt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Track</b> or <b>Trail</b>; i.e., to follow by <i>Trail</i>. Sign <i>Walk</i> -and point to the ground with right G; move it forward -in a sinuous course. Sometimes add <i>Look</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tracer</i>; Ger. <i>aufspüren</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-209b.jpg" width="171" height="97" alt="Trade" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Trade</b>, <b>Exchange</b>, <b>Swap</b>, <b>Bargain</b>, <b>Buy</b>, or <b>Sell</b>. Hold -G hands pointing up, one at each shoulder; move them -together in a down curve till wrists are crossed. See -<i>Avoid</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>trafiquer</i>, <i>troquer</i>, <i>faire le commerce</i>; Ger. <i>tauschen</i>, -<i>handeln</i>, <i>Handel treiben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Trail</b> (A road). See <i>Way</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Train.</b> See <i>Railroad</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-209c.jpg" width="181" height="187" alt="Trap" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Trap</b> or <b>To trap</b>. Make a large level circle of forefingers -and thumbs for the trap; then snap these up together, -index alongside index, thumb alongside thumb to indicate -the closing.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le piège</i>, <i>prendre au piège</i>; Ger. <i>die Falle</i>, <i>mit -der Falle fangen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-209d.jpg" width="170" height="103" alt="Travel" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Travel.</b> Hold out the 5 hands, palm to palm, but left -a foot advanced and six inches higher, both of them -vibrated up and down. This means <i>Keep on Going</i>. See -<i>Work</i>, <i>Go</i>, and <i>Walk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>voyager</i>; Ger. <i>reisen</i>.</p> -<!--page-210--> - -<p><b>Treaty.</b> Sign <i>Shake Hands</i> and <i>Write</i>; that is, write -with right index on flat left palm.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le traité</i>; Ger. <i>der Vertrag</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-210a.jpg" width="111" height="253" alt="Tree" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Tree.</b> Hold right forearm upright in front of shoulder, -fingers straight, spread upward. For plural use both -hands. For <i>Forest</i>, hold left outside and touching right; -draw right near body and push left far away. See <i>Forest</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’arbre</i>; Ger. <i>der Baum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Tribe</b> or <b>Troop</b>. See <i>Bunch</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-210b.jpg" width="180" height="226" alt="Triumph" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Triumph.</b> Wave one hand in circle above the head as -swinging a flag. At a distance, wave a hat, coat, or -blanket.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le triomphe</i>; Ger. <i>der Triumph</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Troop</b> or <b>Tribe</b>. See <i>Bunch</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Trot.</b> Indicate the kind of animal, then with S hands, -backs up, indicate movement of feet as in trotting. (C)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le trot</i>, <i>trotter</i>; Ger. <i>der Trott</i>, <i>traben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Trouble</b> or <b>Perplexity</b>. See <i>Consider</i>, <i>Doubt</i>, <i>Sorry</i>, and -<i>Sorrow</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le trouble</i>, <i>la perplexité</i>; Ger. <i>die Sorge</i>, <i>die -Bestürzung.</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-210c.jpg" width="179" height="145" alt="True" /> -</div> - -<p><b>True</b>, <b>Truth</b>, <b>Certain</b>, <b>Sure</b>, <b>Straight</b> (One straight -trail). The G forefinger pointing straight forward -under the chin, then moved forward with an upward -curve. Compare <i>Honest</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vrai</i>, <i>la vérité</i>; Ger. <i>wahr</i>, <i>die Wahrheit</i>.</p> -<!--page-211--> - -<p><b>Try</b> or <b>Attempt</b>. Sign <i>Work</i> and <i>Begin</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>essayer</i>; Ger. <i>versuchen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Turkey</b>. Sign <i>Bird</i>; then indicate <i>Beard</i> with compressed -right hand under the chin, pointed down and -shaken. (C)</p> - -<p><b>Turkey</b>. Sign <i>Bird</i>; then hold right G at forehead, back -up, curved, pointed down, and drop it past the nose -down below chin.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le dindon</i>; Ger. <i>der Truthahn</i>, <i>der Puter</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Turkish Bath.</b> See <i>Sweat Lodge</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-211a.jpg" width="173" height="150" alt="Turn him down" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Turn him down</b> or <b>Thumbs down</b>. This dates from the -Roman arena. Right arm at full length, fingers closed, -thumb extended and pointing downward; meaning -“Kill him” or “it.” See <i>Knife</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Turn into.</b> See <i>Grow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Turn loose.</b> See <i>Free</i> and <i>Pardon</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-211b.jpg" width="179" height="63" alt="Turtle" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Turtle</b> or <b>Tortoise</b>. Hold right hand low, back up, -flat, but fingers bent back on palm; push it forward, -giving it by wrist action a serpentine course. See <i>Fog</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la tortue</i>; Ger. <i>die Schildkröte</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Twice.</b> See <i>Once</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Twinkle.</b> Sign <i>Star</i> and <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>étinceler</i>; Ger. <i>funkeln</i>.</p> -<!--page-212--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-212a.jpg" width="181" height="122" alt="Twins" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Twins.</b> Lay V fingers, palm in, on abdomen and add -<i>Born</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les jumeaux</i>; Ger. <i>die Zwillinge</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Typewrite.</b> Sign <i>Write</i>; then with both hands strike -here and there at keys.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>écrire à la machine</i>, <i>dactylographier</i>; Ger. <i>mit der -Schreibmaschine schreiben</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>U</h3> - -<p><b>Ugly.</b> Sign <i>Face</i>; i.e., swing the right 5 hand in a circle -near the face, and add <i>Bad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>laid</i>; Ger. <i>häszlich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Unable.</b> See <i>Can’t</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Uncertain.</b> Sign <i>Perhaps</i>, <i>Know</i>, and <i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>incertain</i>; Ger. <i>unbestimmt</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Uncle.</b> Sign <i>Father</i> (or <i>Mother</i>) and <i>Brother</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’oncle</i>; Ger. <i>der Onkel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Undecided.</b> Bow the head forward, resting the right -G on the lips. See also <i>Thinking</i> and <i>If</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>en doute</i>; Ger. <i>unschlüssig</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Under.</b> See <i>Below</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Understand.</b> See <i>Know</i>; also, <i>Keep</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Unfair.</b> See <i>Excessive</i>.</p> - -<p><b>United.</b> Sign <i>Alliance</i> or <i>With</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>uni</i>; Ger. <i>vereinigt</i>.</p> -<!--page-213--> - -<p><b>United States of America.</b> There is no well-established -sign, but the Indian of a hundred years ago referred to -the United States as the “Thirteen Fires,” i.e., Council -Fires. So that <i>Thirteen</i> and <i>Fires</i> would answer. The -Blackfeet indicate the Boundary Line running east -and west, then all south of it.</p> - -<p class="continue">So, also, for the individual States, in the absence of -established signs, we may use their nicknames. These, -however, are mere suggestions.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>les États-Unis d’Amérique</i>; Ger. <i>die Vereinigten -Staaten von Nordamerika</i>.</p> - -<div class="subentry"> -<p><b>Alabama</b> (Cotton State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Cotton</i>. The -latter by pointing to something by cotton.</p> - -<p><b>Arizona</b> (Cactus State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Trees</i>, and <i>Sharp</i>, -as in <i>Porcupine</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Arkansas</b> (Bear State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Bear Black</i>, -to distinguish from <i>Russia</i>.</p> - -<p><b>California</b> (Golden State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Gold</i>; for -gold pinch the lobe of the ear, or point to any gold -or yellow thing in sight; if it is near, take an imaginary -pinch of it, to exclude the object that is made of -it.</p> - -<p><b>Colorado</b> (Centennial State). <i>Country</i> and <i>100 -Years</i> or <i>Snows</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Connecticut</b> (Nutmeg State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Fruit</i>, and -<i>Hard</i>.</p> -<!--page-214--> - -<p><b>Dakota, North</b> (Flickertail State). <i>Country</i> and -holding G hand, palm up, wag the index to express -the tail of the Flickertail gopher.</p> - -<p><b>Dakota, South</b> (Coyote State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Small -Wolf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Delaware</b> (Diamond State). <i>Country</i> and, for <i>Diamond</i>, -place the right thumb and index on an imaginary -stone on ring finger of left; then add <i>Twinkle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Florida</b> (Peninsular State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Water</i>. -The half into the left C hand, held level and facing -the right, lay the right N fingers, backs up.</p> - -<p><b>Georgia</b> (Cracker State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Corn</i>, and <i>Grind</i>, -as in <i>Coffee</i>. The Crackers were so called because of -their cracked corn diet.</p> - -<p><b>Idaho</b> (Land of the Shoshoni). <i>Country</i> and <i>Snake</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Illinois</b> (Prairie State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Prairie</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Indiana</b> (Hoosier State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Who is here?</i></p> - -<p><b>Iowa</b> (Hawkeye State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Hawk</i>, and <i>Eye</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Kansas</b> (Sunflower State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Flower</i>, and -<i>Sun</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Kentucky</b> (Blue Grass State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Grass</i>, and -<i>Blue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Louisiana</b> (Pelican State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Bird</i>, <i>Long -bill</i>; and with index show outline of the pouch.</p> -<!--page-215--> - -<p><b>Maine</b> (Pine Tree State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Tree</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Maryland</b> (Terrapin State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Turtle</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Massachusetts</b> (Bay State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Bay</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Michigan</b> (Wolverine State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Wolverine</i> -or <i>Bushy-tailed Bear</i>. Indicate <i>Bear</i>, then <i>Tail</i> and -<i>Bushy</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Minnesota</b> (Gopher State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Small -Striped Animal</i>. With compressed right hand, back -up, indicate a small animal; then draw the fingers of -left 4 hand along it for stripes.</p> - -<p><b>Mississippi</b> (Bayou State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Bay</i>, and <i>Trees</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Missouri</b> (Banner State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Flag</i>. Or -else, “<i>Show me State</i>,” thus, with flat right hand shade -right eye, knit brows, look here and there.</p> - -<p><b>Montana</b> (Land of the Blackfeet.) <i>Country</i> and -<i>Blackfeet</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Nebraska</b> (Shallow River). <i>Country</i>, <i>River</i>, <i>Broad</i>, -and <i>Low</i>. Or <i>Pawneeland</i>, <i>Country</i>, and <i>Wolf</i>, which -is the Pawnee sign.</p> - -<p><b>Nevada</b> (Silver State). Sign <i>Country</i>, <i>Metal</i>, and -<i>White</i>; bring right hand hollow under left and shake -as though jingling coins.</p> - -<p><b>New Hampshire</b> (Granite State). <i>Country</i> and signs -for <i>Hard</i> and <i>Very</i>.</p> -<!--page-216--> - -<p><b>New Jersey</b> (Blue State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Color</i>, and <i>Blue</i>.</p> - -<p><b>New Mexico</b> (Sunshine State). Make sign for -<i>Country</i> and <i>Sun</i>.</p> - -<p><b>New York</b> (Empire State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Crowned</i>, -which is indicated by placing both 5 hands on the -sides of the head like the feathers in a war-bonnet.<!--TN: added period--></p> - -<p><b>North Carolina</b> (Tar Heel State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Heel</i>, and -<i>Black</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Ohio</b> (Buckeye State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Deer</i>, and <i>Eye</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Oklahoma</b> (Sooners State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Soon</i>, or -else <i>Country</i> and <i>Kiowa</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Oregon</b> (Beaver State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Beaver</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Pennsylvania</b> (Keystone State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Keystone</i>, -thus: Hold up right hand, fingers out, pointing -up, a space between the ring and middle fingers only; -hold all fingers of left hand extended and join at tips -to form a wedge; put this wedge in the opening between -the fingers of the right hand.</p> - -<p><b>Rhode Island</b> (Little State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Very -Small</i>.</p> - -<p><b>South Carolina</b> (Palmetto State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Leaf</i>; -then indicate the shape of leaf with flat hand and -fingers spread to their utmost.</p> - -<p><b>Tennessee</b> (Long Rifles). <i>Country</i>, <i>Rifle</i>, and <i>Long</i>.</p> -<!--page-217--> - -<p><b>Texas</b> (Lone Star State). <i>Country</i>, and <i>Star</i>, <i>Alone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Utah</b> (<i>Mormon</i> or <i>Many Wives State</i>). <i>Country</i>, -<i>Mates</i>, <i>Many</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vermont</b> (Green Mountain State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Mountain</i>, -<i>Color</i>, and <i>Grass</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Virginia</b> (Tobacco State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Tobacco</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Washington</b> (Evergreen State). <i>Country</i>, <i>Green</i>, and -<i>Always</i>.</p> - -<p><b>West Virginia</b> (Panhandle State). <i>Country</i> and -<i>Cook by frying</i>; then hold out flat spread left hand, -palm up, and grasp the wrist with the right.</p> - -<p><b>Wisconsin</b> (Badger State). <i>Country</i> and <i>Badger</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wyoming</b> (Land of Cheyennes). <i>Country</i> and <i>Cheyennes</i> -or <i>Finger Choppers</i>.</p> -</div><!--/subentry--> - -<p><b>Unjust.</b> Sign <i>Honest</i> and <i>Not</i>. See <i>Excessive</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>injuste</i>; Ger. <i>ungerecht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Unless</b> or <b>Except</b>. See <i>But</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Unlucky.</b> Sign <i>Medicine</i> and <i>Bad</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>malheureux</i>; Ger. <i>unglücklich</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Until.</b> See <i>To</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Unwise.</b> See <i>Foolish</i>.</p> -<!--page-218--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-218a.jpg" width="145" height="182" alt="Up" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Up</b> or <b>Upward</b>. Point up with flat hand or else the -right G, raising the same about head high. The index -means specifically “that thing up there”; whereas the -flat hand means the abstract idea “up.” Compare -<i>Tall</i> and <i>Stand</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>en haut</i>, <i>haut</i>; Ger. <i>auf</i>, <i>hinauf</i>, <i>aufwärts</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-218b.jpg" width="34" height="171" alt="Us" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Us.</b> See <i>We</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>V</h3> - -<p><b>Vain.</b> Sign <i>Beautiful</i>; then draw head and body back -with an arrogant look. (Blackfoot.) Sign <i>Paint</i>, -<i>Dress</i>, <i>Good</i>, <i>Love</i>. (C) See <i>Pride</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vain</i>; Ger. <i>eitel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-218c.jpg" width="178" height="90" alt="Valise" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Valise.</b> Hold out both arms, level, low, parallel; hands -flat, but bent at right angles to arms; palms to you, -tips touching. Add <i>Clothes</i> and <i>Enter</i> twice or three -times.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la valise</i>; Ger. <i>der Handkoffer</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-218d.jpg" width="162" height="141" alt="Very Much" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Very Much</b>, <b>Heap Much</b>, <b>Strong</b>, <b>Brave</b>, <b>Superlative</b>. -Hold left S hand, back out, in front of body; forearm -horizontal and pointing to right and front; bring the -ditto right hand some six inches above and a little in -front of left hand; strike downward with right hand, -mostly by elbow action, the second joints of right hand -passing close to and about on a line with knuckles of -left hand. This is very like <i>Strong</i> and seems in some -renditions to be the same.</p> - -<p class="continue">It is also used for <i>Very</i>, <i>Very Much</i>, and for a certain -strong English adjective that is omitted from the -Sunday School readers. Compare <i>Strong</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>beaucoup</i>, <i>très</i>; Ger. <i>sehr</i>, <i>viel</i>.</p> -<!--page-219--> - -<p><b>Vessel.</b> See <i>Bowl</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Victor.</b> See <i>Kill</i> and <i>Triumph</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vigilant</b> or <b>Watchful</b>. Sign <i>Look</i>, in different directions, -and <i>All the time</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vigilant</i>; Ger. <i>wachsam</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Village</b> (Many Lodges). Sign <i>Lodges</i> or <i>Teepees</i> and -<i>Many</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le village</i>; Ger. <i>das Dorf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Vine.</b> Sign <i>Tree</i> with left; then with right G trace the -vine’s course about it.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la vigne</i>; Ger. <i>die Ranke</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Volley.</b> See <i>Fire</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-219a.jpg" width="176" height="186" alt="Vomit" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Vomit.</b> Hold compressed right hand back up below -chin, pointed to left and upward, move it upward forward -and down, point first, once or twice.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vomir</i>; Ger. (<i>sich</i>) <i>brechen</i>, <i>sich übergeben</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>W</h3> - -<p><b>Wager.</b> See <i>Bet</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-219b.jpg" width="175" height="73" alt="Wagon" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wagon.</b> With index and thumb of each hand make two -vertical circles, hands held backs up, a foot apart and -shoulder high; by wrist action rotate these circles and -move them forward a little.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la voiture</i>; Ger. <i>der Wagen</i>.</p> -<!--page-220--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-220a.jpg" width="175" height="160" alt="Wait" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wait</b> (Stop here). Flat hand up, palm forward; then -gently bent forward to nearly level, palm down. Compare -<i>Halt</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>attendez!</i>; Ger. <i>warten!</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-220b.jpg" width="182" height="135" alt="Waken" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Waken.</b> Sign <i>Sleep</i> and <i>Arise</i> (That is, lay the right -G horizontally on breast and swing it out upright a foot -away, back to right). Or sign <i>Sleep</i> and <i>Done</i>, i.e., -<i>Ended</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>réveiller</i>, <i>s’éveiller</i>; Ger. <i>wecken</i>, <i>erwachen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-220c.jpg" width="170" height="80" alt="Walk" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Walk</b> or <b>March</b>. (For a person.) (Shape and movement -of feet.) Hold out the flat hands, backs up, a few -inches apart, pointing to front; swing the right forward, -upward, and downward to same height as when starting; -then the left ditto; draw the right hand to rear. -Repeat these motions.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-220d.jpg" width="186" height="77" alt="Walk" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Walk</b> (For an animal). With the S hands, backs up, -go through the same as above.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>marcher</i>; Ger. <i>gehen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-220e.jpg" width="174" height="85" alt="Wall" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wall</b> or <b>Fence</b>. Push flat hands straight forward, -points up, palms in; then, when well out, turn palms -toward you and swing together. Compare <i>Valise</i> and <i>Box</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mur</i>; Ger. <i>die Mauer</i>, <i>das Gitter</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-220f.jpg" width="171" height="179" alt="Wandering" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wandering.</b> Hold up right G, palm forward; advance -it with excessive sweeping zigzags from side to side, -forming loops. These loops are 18 inches across; their -plan, seen from above, is in the lower scroll. Compare -<i>Alive</i> and <i>White-tail Deer</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>errant</i>; Ger. <i>wandernd</i>.</p> -<!--page-221--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-221a.jpg" width="171" height="252" alt="Want" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Want</b> (To), <b>Crave</b>, <b>Desire</b>, <b>Wish</b>, <b>Anxious for</b>, <b>Will</b> -(Thirsty for). Hold the right hand, back to right, in -front of and near chin; form a vertical incomplete circle -with G index and thumb. Swing the hand down past -the mouth, outward and upward, turning it at the -finish so that the little finger is as high as the index.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. désirer; Ger. wünschen.</p> - -<p><b>Wapiti.</b> See <i>Elk</i>.</p> - -<p><b>War.</b> See <i>Fight</i>.</p> - -<p><b>War-cry.</b> See <i>Battle-cry</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-221b.jpg" width="174" height="81" alt="Warm, To" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Warm, To</b> (One’s hands). Hold out both flat hands, -side by side, breast high, backs up, slightly curved as -though over a fire; then rub them together. (Blackfoot.)</p> - -<p><b>Warm</b>, <b>I am warm</b>. Draw the 5 hands down over -breast, then hold out together, palms down, pointing -forward. See also <i>Hot</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>chaud</i>; Ger. <i>warm</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-221c.jpg" width="129" height="196" alt="Warning" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Warning</b>, <b>Beware</b>, <b>Caution</b>, or <b>Look out</b>. Raise right -index, rest closed; turn hand so as to have right eye, -index, and the person in line; at the same time, shake -the head a little. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’avertissement</i>, <i>prenez garde!</i>; Ger. <i>die Warnung</i>, -<i>Vorsicht!</i></p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-221d.jpg" width="185" height="135" alt="Warpath, To go to War" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Warpath, To go to War</b> (The thumb chasing the index). -With its index at a right angle with the palm and pointing -toward the left, other fingers closed, its thumb extended -<!--page-222--> -and upright near base of the index, back of hand -outward; move the right hand forward with a long downward -then upward curve in front of the right shoulder.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chemin de guerre</i>; Ger. <i>der Kriegspfad</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Washing Clothes.</b> Rub with both fists as on a rubbing -board. Old gesture was to rub the right fist circularly, -palm down, on the left, palm up.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>laver</i>; Ger. <i>waschen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Washington.</b> Sign <i>White Man</i>, <i>All</i>, <i>Chief</i>, <i>High</i>. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-222a.jpg" width="176" height="111" alt="Watch" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Watch</b> (A timepiece). Form a horizontal circle with -thumb and index of left hand, others closed; tap around -on this with the tip of right G.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la montre</i>; Ger. <i>die Taschenuhr</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Watch.</b> See <i>Look</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Water, Running.</b> See <i>River</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-222b.jpg" width="187" height="141" alt="Water" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Water</b> (In general). Bring the slightly cupped right -palm from forward nearly level to near the chin. Compare -<i>Drink</i> and <i>Speech</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’eau</i>; Ger. <i>das Wasser</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Waterfall.</b> See <i>Fall of Water</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-222c.jpg" width="181" height="62" alt="Way" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Way</b>, <b>Manner</b>, <b>Road</b>, <b>Method</b>, <b>Custom</b>, <b>Plan</b>, <b>Trail</b>, -<b>Law</b>, etc. Both hands flat, palms up, but thumb sides -higher, side by side, pointing front, breast high, alternately -advanced and withdrawn. Much used among -<!--page-223--> -<i>Indians</i> and sometimes equivalent to <i>-ship</i> or <i>-ness</i>, -as in <i>Kingship</i> or <i>Goodness</i>. Compare <i>Walk</i> and <i>Road</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le chemin</i>, <i>la manière</i>; Ger. <i>der Weg</i>, <i>die Art und -Weise</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-223a.jpg" width="184" height="126" alt="We" /> -</div> - -<p><b>We</b>, <b>Us</b>, and <b>Our</b> (Me all). Touch one’s chest with -right thumb, fingers closed, then add <i>All</i>. (Sheeaka.) -The Cheyennes sign <i>Me</i>, <i>All</i>, and <i>Together</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>nous</i>, <i>notre</i>; Ger. <i>wir</i>, <i>unser</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-223b.jpg" width="169" height="179" alt="Weak" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Weak.</b> Swing the bent arms slowly from side to side -as in walking weakly. Or <i>Strong</i>, and <i>No</i>. See <i>Tired</i> -and <i>Lazy</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>faible</i>; Ger. <i>schwach</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Weary.</b> See <i>Tired</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-223c.jpg" width="163" height="62" alt="Weasel" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Weasel.</b> With right G curved, back up, imitate bounding; -then indicate <i>Tail</i> and <i>Half</i>, <i>Black</i>. (Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la belette</i>; Ger. <i>das Wiesel</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Week.</b> See <i>Time</i> and <i>Sun</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Weep.</b> See <i>Cry</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Weigh</b> (Metaphorically). See <i>Consider</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Welcome.</b> Sign <i>Come</i> and <i>Good</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>bienvenu</i>; Ger. <i>willkommen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-223d.jpg" width="183" height="127" alt="Well" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Well</b>, <b>Good Health</b> (Body strong). Flat hands one on -each side of the body; draw them away, clench them -and move them down with a jerk. (Sheeaka.) The -Cheyennes sign <i>All</i>, <i>Body</i> (<i>as above</i>), <i>Hard</i>. Compare -<i>Sick</i> and <i>Lungs</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>bien portant</i>, <i>la bonne sante</i>; Ger. <i>wohl</i>, <i>die Gesundheit</i>.</p> -<!--page-224--> - -<p><b>What?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<p><b>When?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Whence?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Where?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-224a.jpg" width="172" height="157" alt="Wherever" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wherever</b> (All places). Hold right G out, back up, -pointing toward horizon. Swing slowly in a half-circle -up and over to left, then back to right; repeat.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>en quelque lieu que ce soit</i>; Ger. <i>wo auch nur</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Whether.</b> See <i>If</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-224b.jpg" width="170" height="99" alt="Whetstone" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Whetstone.</b> Sign <i>Hard</i>, then hold out left N hand and -rub right N hand on it, with long, sweeping strokes.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la pierre à aiguiser</i>; <i>Ger. der Wetzstein</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Which?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Which.</b> See <i>Who</i>.</p> - -<p><b>While, After a.</b> See <i>Bye and bye</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-224c.jpg" width="169" height="90" alt="While" /> -</div> - -<p><b>While</b>, <b>Every Little While</b>. Hold out left G, pointing -to right; with left G tap on it several times, each time -moving the right nearer the base of left G. See, <i>All the -time</i>. Compare <i>Peas</i> and <i>Buy</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>à chaque moment</i>; Ger. <i>jeden Augenblick</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-224d.jpg" width="169" height="86" alt="While" /> -</div> - -<p><b>While</b>, <b>Meanwhile</b>, or <b>During</b>. Sign <i>Time</i>, slowly moving -hands until about six inches apart. Some shake the -right hand in drawing it back. Or sign <i>Time</i>, <i>Sit</i>. -Compare <i>Time</i>, <i>Sometimes</i>, <i>Soon</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>pendant</i>; Ger. <i>während</i>.</p> -<!--page-225--> - -<p><b>Whirlwind.</b> See <i>Cyclone</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Whiskey.</b> Sign <i>Fire</i> and <i>Water</i>, or <i>Crazy</i>, <i>Water</i>. Although -some Cheyennes call beer fire-water, because of -the explosion and froth.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le whiskey</i>, <i>l’eau-de-vie</i>; Ger. <i>der Whisky</i>, <i>der -Branntwein</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-225a.jpg" width="172" height="236" alt="Whisper" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Whisper</b>, or <b>Speak Privately</b>. Hold up flat right hand, -thumb at one side of the mouth, and incline the head. -Or sign <i>Hide</i> and <i>Talk</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>chuchoter</i>; Ger. <i>flüstern</i>.</p> - -<p><b>White</b> (Color). See <i>Colors</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-225b.jpg" width="173" height="185" alt="White" /> -</div> - -<p><b>White</b> or <b>White Man</b> (Hat or Cap wearers). Hold right -G hand, back up and to right, in front of, close to, and a -little to left of face, pointing to left; draw the hand to -right, index finger passing horizontally in front of eyes. -Sometimes add <i>Man</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’homme blanc</i>; Ger. <i>der Weisze</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Whither?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-225c.jpg" width="184" height="82" alt="Who" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Who</b> or <b>Which</b> (This equals that). Hold the two G -fingers side by side on left; then, keeping the relative -positions, swing them to the right. (W. C. Roe.) -Probably modern. This is the same as <i>As</i>; the context -alone shows which is meant.</p> - -<p><b>Why?</b> See <i>Question</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-225d.jpg" width="170" height="216" alt="Wicky-up" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wicky-up.</b> Swing the curved G fingers together in dome -shape, left tip resting on right tip; then change to curved -4 hands and swing down and apart on a curve. (C)</p> -<!--page-226--> - -<p><b>Wide.</b> See <i>Broad</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wife.</b> Make signs for <i>Female</i>, then <i>Marry</i>. Usually -sign <i>My</i> (or <i>His</i>) <i>Woman</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la femme</i>; Ger. <i>die Frau</i>, <i>die Gattin</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wild.</b> Sign <i>Bad</i>; then push both 5 hands forward, -thumbs up, six inches apart, switching them simultaneously -from side to side. Sometimes use <i>Crazy</i> -or <i>Free</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wild</b> (Wild animal). Sign <i>Look</i> backward, then add -<i>Go</i> quickly. Sometimes use <i>Free</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sauvage</i>; Ger. <i>wild</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Will.</b> See <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-226a.jpg" width="190" height="118" alt="Will" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Will</b> or <b>Shall</b> (Futurity). Hold the right open flat -hand, palm to left, pointing straight out and elevated -near ear. Push it straight forward and upward the -length of the arm. Sometimes sign <i>Time Ahead</i> or -<i>Far Ahead</i>. Compare <i>Past</i> and <i>Future</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le futur exprimé par l’inflexion du verbe</i>; Ger. -<i>werden</i>, <i>wollen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Win</b> or <b>Overcome</b>. Make sign for <i>Kill</i>; and indicate in -what way. Thus, a person winning at gambling -“Kills” the other in that way.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>gagner</i>, <i>vaincre</i>; Ger. <i>gewinnen</i>, <i>siegen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-226b.jpg" width="176" height="124" alt="Wind" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wind.</b> Hold up the 5 hands, shoulder high, backs up, -a few inches apart, pointed forward and hands moved -with a tremulous motion in direction of wind. If -<!--page-227--> -strong wind, preface this with <i>Fire-off</i> or <i>Charge</i>. Or -Sign <i>Forward</i>, using both hands. See <i>Rumor</i> and <i>Storm</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le vent</i>; Ger. <i>der Wind</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-227a.jpg" width="173" height="158" alt="Wing" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wing.</b> Hold out left arm level, bent; sweep flat right -5 hand over it from shoulder down. Or, sometimes -flap one hand as in <i>Bird</i>. Compare <i>Hair</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’aile</i>; Ger. <i>der Flügel</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-227b.jpg" width="172" height="166" alt="Winter" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Winter</b> (Cold time). Hold closed hands in front of -body, forearms about vertical, hands several inches -apart; give a shivering, tremulous motion to hands; -Sometimes, and particularly with Northern Indians,<!--TN: was a period--> -the sign for <i>Snow</i> is made. Add <i>Time</i>, if there is any -doubt.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>l’hiver</i>; Ger. <i>der Winter</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-227c.jpg" width="164" height="73" alt="Wipe Out" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wipe Out</b>, <b>Excuse</b>, or <b>Forgive</b> (To wipe it off). Hold -left hand flat, palm up; smartly brush it with finger -tips of right flat hand, from wrist to fingers and beyond. -Compare <i>Exterminate</i> and <i>Color</i>. For the stronger -idea, see <i>Pardon</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>excuser</i>; Ger. <i>verzeihen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-227d.jpg" width="173" height="166" alt="Wire" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wire.</b> Hold right G back nearly up, pointing to left, -about face high, near left shoulder; draw it across level -to right shoulder. Compare <i>Creek</i> and <i>Rope</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le fil de métal</i>; Ger. <i>der Draht</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wise</b>, <b>Wisdom</b> (Heart and head good). Sign <i>Heart</i>, -then touch forehead and sign <i>Good</i>. (C) Or, <i>Heap</i>, -<i>Understand</i>. Sometimes use <i>Cunning</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>sage</i>, <i>la sagesse</i>; Ger. <i>klug</i>, <i>die Weisheit</i>.</p> -<!--page-228--> - -<p><b>Wish.</b> See <i>Want</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-228a.jpg" width="174" height="219" alt="Witch" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Witch.</b> Cross the upright thumb of right hand on the -middle of the index, which is a little bent, other fingers -straight, held so one can sight over the thumb at the -person meant. (Ruggles.) Also used for <i>Distrust</i> and -<i>Discredited</i>. Widely established in the mountains.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la sorcière</i>; Ger. <i>die Hexe</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-228b.jpg" width="173" height="102" alt="With" /> -</div> - -<p><b>With</b> or <b>Together</b>. Hold out the flat left, fingers forward, -level, back to left; and lay the side of the right G -finger, pointed forward, against the centre of the left -palm. Sometimes means <i>Add</i>. See <i>Together</i> and <i>Beside</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>avec</i>, <i>ensemble</i>; Ger. <i>mit</i>, <i>zusammen</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Within</b> or <b>Inside</b>. See <i>In</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-228c.jpg" width="177" height="199" alt="Wolf" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wolf.</b> Hold the right V hand, palm forward, near right -shoulder, pointing straight upward; move it a little -forward and up. See <i>Scout</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le loup</i>; Ger. <i>der Wolf</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wolverine.</b> Sign <i>Bear</i>, <i>Small</i>, and indicate bushy tail. -This is merely a description, not an established sign.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le carcajou</i>, <i>le volverenne</i>; Ger. <i>der braune Vielfrasz</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-228d.jpg" width="175" height="171" alt="Woman" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Woman.</b> Make the sign for <i>Female</i>; sometimes also -indicate height. Compare <i>Comb</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la femme</i>; Ger. <i>die Frau</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wonderful.</b> See <i>Glow</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wood</b> or <b>Timber</b>. Sign <i>Tree</i>, then indicate size and -shape. Add <i>Chop</i> and throw forward (i.e., onto fire).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le bois</i>; Ger. <i>das Holz</i>.</p> -<!--page-229--> - -<p><b>Woodchuck</b> or <b>Groundhog</b>. With compressed right, -back up, pushed forward, rolling from side to side, -indicate the animal, its <i>Size</i>; then, with left H hand near -upper lip and right H hand near lower, show the action -of the front teeth, which differ from those of other -rodents its equal in size in being <i>White</i>. This is not an -established sign, but suggested as a description.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la grande marmotte d’Amérique</i>; Ger. <i>das virginische -Murmeltier</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-229a.jpg" width="82" height="103" alt="Woodcraft Boy" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Woodcraft Boy.</b> The Y hand; this denotes the Horned -Shield, the symbol of the Order. (Not Indian.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-229b.jpg" width="172" height="192" alt="Woodcraft Girl" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Woodcraft Girl.</b> Make the sign of <i>Sun</i> on the heart -and then raise it to the zenith. (Not Indian.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-229c.jpg" width="147" height="245" alt="Woodpecker" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Woodpecker.</b> Sign <i>Bird</i>, then hold left arm upright for -<i>Tree</i> and on this place the partly compressed right; -make it hop up and tap the left palm with curved right -G.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le pic</i>, <i>le pivert</i>, <i>l’èpeiche</i>; Ger. <i>der Specht</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-229d.jpg" width="187" height="140" alt="Word" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Word</b> (One piece of talk). Make C and lay it on the -mouth, then swing it forward and a little down. (A -very doubtful sign given by Sheeaka.)</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>le mot</i>; Ger. <i>das Wort</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Word of Honor.</b> See <i>Cross the heart</i>. (Pop.)</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-229e.jpg" width="177" height="107" alt="Work" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Work</b>, <b>Doing</b>, <b>Make</b>, or <b>Act</b>. Hold the flat hands four -inches apart, palm to palm, level, left a little ahead; -push them forward a little, simultaneously, and, at the -same time, swing the points upward and downward -briskly by wrist action, so that the finger points follow -<!--page-230--> -the lines shown in the cut. To complete the sign, -the action should be repeated at the left side with the -hands reversed with regard to each other; but usually -the first only is given. Possibly refers to fleshing a hide, -which was about the hardest work in an Indian camp. -For <i>Work hard</i>, use both A fists instead of flat hands.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>travailler</i>; Ger. <i>arbeiten</i>.</p> - -<p><b>World.</b> See <i>Earth</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-230a.jpg" width="178" height="125" alt="Wound" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wound</b> (The course of arrow or bullet). Swing the -right G hand toward the body, point first, back of hand -to left and front, so that the tip just grazes the surface -of the body and passes on, as though glancing off. -Compare <i>Ache</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la blessure</i>; Ger. <i>verwunden</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-230b.jpg" width="179" height="105" alt="Wrap" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wrap.</b> Bring the slightly compressed hands, backs -outward, in front of body, backs of fingers of right hand -resting against inner surface of left, index fingers about -horizontal; rotate the hands around each other.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>envelopper</i>; Ger. <i>einwickeln</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wrestle.</b> Cross the wrists about two feet in front of -the face, hands clenched as in <i>Prisoner</i>; then wriggle -them from side to side.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>lutter</i>; Ger. <i>ringen</i>, <i>kämpfen</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-230c.jpg" width="181" height="154" alt="Wring" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Wring.</b> Hold the left A hand palm up and the right A -hand back up, index of each touching thumb of the -other as though holding a rope; then twist by wrist action -till the position of each hand is reversed.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tordre</i>; Ger. <i>ringen</i>.</p> -<!--page-231--> - -<p><b>Wrinkle.</b> Wrinkle the skin of forehead and pinch -same; also draw lines on face with finger tip. Sometimes -omit last.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>la ride</i>, <i>le pli</i>; Ger. <i>die Runzel</i>, <i>die Falte</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-231a.jpg" width="174" height="98" alt="Write" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Write</b> or <b>Writing</b>. With an imaginary pencil in right -fingers, write on left palm; or in the air simply.</p> - -<p class="continue">This last preceded by <i>Come</i> is commonly used in -European hotels for “<i>Give me my bill</i>.”</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>écrire</i>; Ger. <i>schreiben</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Wrong.</b> Sign <i>Honest</i> and <i>Not</i>; or else <i>Bad</i>. Sometimes -use <i>Different</i> and <i>Bad</i>. See <i>Crooked</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>tort</i>; Ger. <i>unrecht</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h3>Y</h3> - -<p><b>Year.</b> See <i>Time</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-231b.jpg" width="173" height="261" alt="Yell" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Yell</b>, <b>Holla</b>, or <b>Cry Out</b>. Place the G hand on the -mouth, jerking it much upward and a little forward to -show the sound coming out of the mouth and going far. -Compare <i>Called</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>holá</i> <i>hé!</i> Ger. <i>holla!</i>; <i>hallo schreien</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-231c.jpg" width="175" height="150" alt="Yes" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Yes</b> (Bowing of the head and body). Hold right hand -upright near shoulder, index and thumb only extended, -others closed; move it slightly to the left and a foot -downward, at the same time closing the index over the -thumb. Or simply nod.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>oui</i>; Ger. <i>ja</i>.</p> -<!--page-232--> - -<div class="sign float-r"> - <img src="images/page-232a.jpg" width="183" height="80" alt="Yesterday" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Yesterday</b> (Beyond the night). Sign <i>Night</i>; then, -holding left in position, swing the right upward and -to right on a curve, finishing at height of left, palm up, -i.e., <i>Beyond</i>. Or, sign <i>Before</i> and <i>Day</i>. Or, <i>One</i>, -<i>Sleep</i>, <i>Behind</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>hier</i>; Ger. <i>gestern</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-232b.jpg" width="176" height="65" alt="Yonder" /> -</div> - -<p><b>Yonder</b>, <b>Over yonder</b>. Point as in <i>There</i>, or with G, -then swing the finger up over and down farther ahead. -Compare <i>Far</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>là-bas</i>; Ger. <i>drüben</i>, <i>dort</i>.</p> - -<div class="sign float-l"> - <img src="images/page-232c.jpg" width="168" height="43" alt="You" /> -</div> - -<p><b>You</b> or <b>Thou</b>. Singular, point at the person; for plural, -point, then add <i>All</i>; that is, swing the finger in a -horizontal circle (You, all).</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>vous</i>; Ger. <i>Sie</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Young</b> (A sprout). Hold the hand as in <i>Grow</i>; then -lower it emphatically a foot. Sometimes use <i>Old</i> and -<i>Not</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>jeune</i>; Ger. <i>jung</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Younger.</b> Sign <i>Born</i> and <i>After</i>.</p> - -<p class="translation">Fr. <i>plus jeune</i>, <i>cadet</i>; Ger. <i>jünger</i>.</p> - -<p><b>Your.</b> See <i>Possession</i>.</p> -</div><!--/chapter--> - -<!--page-233--> -<div class="backmatter"> -<h2 id="appendix">APPENDIX</h2> - -<h3>FOOTBALL SIGNALS</h3> - -<table summary=""> -<caption>Code of Signals Used to Indicate Various Fouls</caption> - <tr> - <th>Signals.</th> - <th>Fouls.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Grasping of wrist</td> - <td>Holding</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Shaking fists</td> - <td>Unnecessary Roughness</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Crossed legs</td> - <td>Tripping</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Sifting of hands</td> - <td>Illegally in motion</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Hands on Hips</td> - <td>Off-side</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arm aloft</td> - <td>Refusal of Penalty</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arms extended sidewise</td> - <td>Incompleted F. Pass</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arms folded</td> - <td>Interlocked interference</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Both arms aloft</td> - <td>Score</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Military Salute</td> - <td>Loose-ball foul</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>NOTE—These signals will be given to the press-stand by the -referee from behind the offensive team.</p> - -<p class="sig"> -FRANK BIRCH, Referee. -</p> -<!--page-235--> - -<h2>BOOKS BY ERNEST THOMPSON SETON</h2> - -<p class="title">WILD ANIMALS I HAVE KNOWN, 1898<br /> - -The stories of Lobo, Silverspot, Molly Cottontail, Bingo, Vixen, -The Pacing Mustang, Wully and Redruff. Price, $2.00. (Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE TRAIL OF THE SANDHILL STAG, 1899<br /> - -The story of a long hunt that ended without a tragedy. Price, -$1.50. (Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">BIOGRAPHY OF A GRIZZLY, 1900<br /> - -The story of old Wahb from cubhood to the scene in Death -Gulch. Price, $1.50. (Century Company.)</p> - -<p class="title">LOBO, RAG AND VIXEN, 1900<br /> - -This is a school edition of number one, with some of the stories -and many of the pictures left out. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE WILD ANIMAL PLAY, 1900<br /> - -A musical play in which the parts of Lobo, Wahb, Vixen, etc., are -taken by boys and girls. Price, 50c. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE LIVES OF THE HUNTED, 1901<br /> - -The stories of Krag, Randy, Johnny Bear, The Mother Teal, -Chink, The Kangaroo Rat, and Tito, the Coyote. Price, $1.75 net. -(Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">PICTURES OF WILD ANIMALS, 1901<br /> - -Twelve large pictures for framing (no text), viz., Krag, Lobo, Tito -Cub, Kangaroo Rat, Grizzly, Buffalo, Bear Family, Johnny Bear, -Sandhill Stag, Coon Family, Courtaut the Wolf, Tito and her -family. Price, $6.00. (Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">KRAG AND JOHNNY BEAR, 1902<br /> - -This is a school edition of Lives of the Hunted with some of the -stories and many of the pictures left out. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">TWO LITTLE SAVAGES, 1903<br /> - -A book of adventure and woodcraft and camping out for boys, telling -how to make bows, arrows, moccasins, costumes, teepee, war-bonnet, -etc., and how to make a fire with rubbing sticks, read Indian -signs, etc. Price, $1.75 net. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">MONARCH, THE BIG BEAR OF TALLAC, 1904<br /> - -The story of a big California grizzly that is living yet. Price, -$1.25 net. (Scribners.)</p> -<!--page-236--> - -<p class="title">ANIMAL HEROES, 1905<br /> - -The stories of a Slum Cat, a Homing Pigeon, The Wolf That Won, -A Lynx, A Jackrabbit, A Bull-terrier, The Winnipeg Wolf, and a -White Reindeer. Price, $1.75 net. (Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">BIRCH-BARK ROLL, 1906<br /> - -The Manual of the Woodcraft Indians, first edition, 1902. (Doubleday, -Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">WOODMYTH AND FABLE, 1905<br /> - -A collection of fables, woodland verses, and camp stories. Price, -$1.25 net. (Century Company.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TEN COMMANDMENTS, 1907<br /> - -Showing the Ten Commandments to be fundamental laws of all -creation. 78 pages. Price, 50c. net. (Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE BIOGRAPHY OF A SILVER FOX, 1909<br /> - -or Domino Reynard of Goldur Town, with 100 illustrations by the -author. 209 pages. Price, $1.50 net.</p> - -<p>A companion volume to the Biography of a Grizzly. (Century -Company.)</p> - -<p class="title">LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTHERN ANIMALS, 1909<br /> - -In two sumptuous quarto volumes with 68 maps and 560 drawings -by the author. Pages 1,267. Price, $18.00 net.</p> - -<p>Said by Roosevelt, Allen, Chapman, and Hornaday to be the best -work ever written on the Life Histories of American Animals. -(Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA, 1910<br /> - -A handbook of Woodcraft, Scouting, and Life Craft including the -Birch-Bark Roll. 192 pages. Price, 50c. Out of print. (Doubleday, -Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">ROLF IN THE WOODS, 1911<br /> - -The Adventures of a Boy Scout with Indian Quonab and little -dog Skookum. Over 200 drawings by the author. Price, $1.75 net. -(Doubleday, Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE ARCTIC PRAIRIES, 1911<br /> - -A canoe journey of 2,000 miles in search of the Caribou. 415 -pages with many maps, photographs, and illustrations by the -author. Price, $1.75 net. (Scribners.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE BOOK OF WOODCRAFT AND INDIAN LORE, 1912<br /> - -with over 500 drawings by the author. Price, $1.75 net. (Doubleday, -Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE FORESTER’S MANUAL, 1912<br /> - -One hundred of the best-known forest trees of eastern North -America, with 100 maps and more than 200 drawings. Price, $1.00 -in cloth, 50c. in paper. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)</p> -<!--page-237--> - -<p class="title">WILD ANIMALS AT HOME, 1913<br /> - -with over 150 sketches and photographs by the author. 226 pages. -Price, $1.75 net. In this Mr. Seton gives for the first time his -personal adventures in studying wild animals. (Doubleday, Page -& Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">MANUAL OF THE WOODCRAFT INDIANS, 1915<br /> - -The fourteenth Birch-Bark Roll. 100 pages. 25c. paper, 75c. -cloth. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">WILD ANIMAL WAYS, 1916<br /> - -More animal stories introducing a host of new four-footed friends, -with 200 illustrations by the author. Net, $1.50. (Doubleday, -Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">WOODCRAFT MANUAL FOR BOYS, 1917<br /> - -A handbook of Woodcraft and outdoor life for members of the -Woodcraft League. 440 pp. 700 ills. Price, 50c. (Doubleday -Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">WOODCRAFT MANUAL FOR GIRLS, 1917<br /> - -Like the foregoing but adapted for girls. 424 pp., Illus. Price, -50c. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">THE PREACHER OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN.<br /> - -A novel. A tale of the open country. Net, $1.35. (Doubleday, -Page & Co.)</p> - -<p class="title">SIGN TALK<br /> - -A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for use in the -Army, the Navy, Camping, Hunting, Daily Life and among the -Plains Indians. Net, $3.00. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)</p> - -<h3>BY MRS. ERNEST THOMPSON SETON</h3> - -<p class="center">(Published by DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.)</p> - -<p class="title">A WOMAN TENDERFOOT, 1901<br /> - -A book of outdoor adventures and camping for women and girls. -How to dress for it, where to go, and how to profit the most by -camp life. Price, $2.00.</p> - -<p class="title">NIMROD’S WIFE, 1907<br /> - -A companion volume, giving Mrs. Seton’s side of the many camp-fires -she and her husband lighted together in the Rockies from -Canada to Mexico. Price, $1.75 net.</p> - -<p class="center">THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS<br /> -GARDEN CITY, N. Y.</p> -</div><!--/backmatter--> - -<div class="transnote"> -<p><b>Transcriber’s Notes</b></p> - -<p>Variant spelling and hyphenation have been preserved as printed. Simple -typographical errors have been corrected.</p> - -<ul> - <li>page xlii<br /> - The hands are always held or moved so as to illustrate,[TN: changed hyphen to comma]</li> - - <li>page xliv<br /> - the single-hand alphabet as given in the cut on page li[TN: was "II"]</li> - - <li>page xlv<br /> - or, ‘I have nothing more to say,’[TN: added closing quote]</li> - - <li>footnote 2<br /> - This would manifest itself in a growing conformity[TN: was "comformity"]</li> - - <li>page 49<br /> - pointing to left, rotate a little back and forth. (Blackfoot.)[TN: moved period inside closing parenthesis.]</li> - - <li>page 60<br /> - Fr. <i>le dîner</i>; Ger.[TN: added period]</li> - - <li>page 61<br /> - Hold out both flat hands, palms[TN: removed comma] up, level,</li> - - <li>page 107<br /> - because they chopped their fingers when in mourning.)[TN: period printed outside parenthesis]</li> - - <li>page 113<br /> - For <i>Kill me</i> or <i>Beat me</i>, make the sign toward one’s self.[TN: was a comma]</li> - - <li>page 132<br /> - Money (Paper). Sign <i>Writing</i> and <i>Money</i>.[TN: added period]</li> - - <li>page 135<br /> - Fr. <i>le couguar</i>;[TN: was a period] Ger. <i>der Kuguar</i>.</li> - - <li>page 146<br /> - O[TN: added heading]</li> - - <li>page 216<br /> - sides of the head like the feathers in a war-bonnet.[TN: added period]</li> - - <li>page 227<br /> - Sometimes, and particularly with Northern Indians,[TN: was a period]</li> -</ul> - -<p>All changes are also commented into the source code; search TN:</p> -</div><!--/transnote--> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sign Talk, by Ernest Thompson Seaton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIGN TALK *** - -***** This file should be named 50938-h.htm or 50938-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/9/3/50938/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Jennifer Linklater, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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