diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893-h.zip | bin | 368692 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893-h/50893-h.htm | 1031 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 100379 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893-h/images/illus1.jpg | bin | 86210 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893-h/images/illus2.jpg | bin | 32610 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893-h/images/illus3.jpg | bin | 63953 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893-h/images/illus4.jpg | bin | 65954 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893.txt | 895 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50893.zip | bin | 18460 -> 0 bytes |
12 files changed, 17 insertions, 1926 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..885175e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50893 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50893) diff --git a/old/50893-h.zip b/old/50893-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4ca9e3a..0000000 --- a/old/50893-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50893-h/50893-h.htm b/old/50893-h/50893-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index bfd7907..0000000 --- a/old/50893-h/50893-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1031 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=us-ascii" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Great Nebraska Sea, by Allan Danzig. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.caption {font-weight: bold;} - -/* Images */ -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -div.titlepage { - text-align: center; - page-break-before: always; - page-break-after: always; -} - -div.titlepage p { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; - font-weight: bold; - line-height: 1.5; - margin-top: 3em; -} - -.ph1, .ph2, .ph3, .ph4 { text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; } -.ph1 { font-size: xx-large; margin: .67em auto; } -.ph2 { font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; } -.ph3 { font-size: large; margin: .83em auto; } -.ph4 { font-size: medium; margin: 1.12em auto; } - - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Nebraska Sea, by Allan Danzig - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - -Title: The Great Nebraska Sea - -Author: Allan Danzig - -Release Date: January 11, 2016 [EBook #50893] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT NEBRASKA SEA *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" width="392" height="500" alt=""/> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="titlepage"> -<h1>THE GREAT NEBRASKA SEA</h1> - -<p>By ALLAN DANZIG</p> - -<p>Illustrated by WOOD</p> - -<p>[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from<br /> -Galaxy Magazine August 1963.<br /> -Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that<br /> -the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="ph3"><i>It has happened a hundred times in the long history<br /> -of Earth—and, sooner or later, will happen again!</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p>Everyone—all the geologists, at any rate—had known about the Kiowa -Fault for years. That was before there was anything very interesting -to know about it. The first survey of Colorado traced its course north -and south in the narrow valley of Kiowa Creek about twenty miles east -of Denver; it extended south to the Arkansas River. And that was about -all even the professionals were interested in knowing. There was never -so much as a landslide to bring the Fault to the attention of the -general public.</p> - -<p>It was still a matter of academic interest when in the late '40s -geologists speculated on the relationship between the Kiowa Fault and -the Conchas Fault farther south, in New Mexico, and which followed the -Pecos as far south as Texas.</p> - -<p>Nor was there much in the papers a few years later when it was -suggested that the Niobrara Fault (just inside and roughly parallel to -the eastern border of Wyoming) was a northerly extension of the Kiowa. -By the mid sixties it was definitely established that the three Faults -were in fact a single line of fissure in the essential rock, stretching -almost from the Canadian border well south of the New Mexico-Texas line.</p> - -<p>It is not really surprising that it took so long to figure out the -connection. The population of the states affected was in places as -low as five people per square mile! The land was so dry it seemed -impossible that it could ever be used except for sheep-farming.</p> - -<p>It strikes us today as ironic that from the late '50s there was grave -concern about the level of the water table throughout the entire area.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The even more ironic solution to the problem began in the summer of -1973. It had been a particularly hot and dry August, and the Forestry -Service was keeping an anxious eye out for the fires it knew it could -expect. Dense smoke was reported rising above a virtually uninhabited -area along Black Squirrel Creek, and a plane was sent out for a report.</p> - -<p>The report was—no fire at all. The rising cloud was not smoke, but -dust. Thousands of cubic feet of dry earth rising lazily on the summer -air. Rock slides, they guessed; certainly no fire. The Forestry Service -had other worries at the moment, and filed the report.</p> - -<p>But after a week had gone by, the town of Edison, a good twenty miles -away from the slides, was still complaining of the dust. Springs was -going dry, too, apparently from underground disturbances. Not even in -the Rockies could anyone remember a series of rock slides as bad as -this.</p> - -<p>Newspapers in the mountain states gave it a few inches on the front -page; anything is news in late August. And the geologists became -interested. Seismologists were reporting unusual activity in the area, -tremors too severe to be rock slides. Volcanic activity? Specifically, -a dust volcano? Unusual, they knew, but right on the Kiowa Fault—could -be.</p> - -<p>Labor Day crowds read the scientific conjectures with late summer -lassitude. Sunday supplements ran four-color artists' conceptions of -the possible volcano. "Only Active Volcano in U. S.?" demanded the -headlines, and some papers even left off the question mark.</p> - -<p>It may seem odd that the simplest explanation was practically not -mentioned. Only Joseph Schwartzberg, head geographer of the Department -of the Interior, wondered if the disturbance might not be a settling -of the Kiowa Fault. His suggestion was mentioned on page nine or ten -of the Monday newspapers (page 27 of the New York <i>Times</i>). The idea -was not nearly so exciting as a volcano, even a lava-less one, and you -couldn't draw a very dramatic picture of it.</p> - -<p>To excuse the other geologists, it must be said that the Kiowa Fault -had never acted up before. It never sidestepped, never jiggled, -never, never produced the regular shows of its little sister out in -California, which almost daily bounced San Francisco or Los Angeles, or -some place in between. The dust volcano was on the face of it a more -plausible theory.</p> - -<p>Still, it was only a theory. It had to be proved. As the tremors grew -bigger, along with the affected area, as several towns including -Edison were shaken to pieces by incredible earthquakes, whole bus- and -plane-loads of geologists set out for Colorado, without even waiting -for their university and government department to approve budgets.</p> - -<p>They found, of course, that Schwartzberg had been perfectly correct.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>They found themselves on the scene of what was fast becoming the -most violent and widespread earthquake North America—probably the -world—has ever seen in historic times. To describe it in the simplest -terms, land east of the Fault was settling, and at a precipitous rate.</p> - -<p>Rock scraped rock with a whining roar. Shuddery as a squeaky piece of -chalk raked across a blackboard, the noise was deafening. The surfaces -of the land east and west of the Fault seemed no longer to have any -relation to each other. To the west, tortured rock reared into cliffs. -East, where sharp reports and muffled wheezes told of continued -buckling and dropping, the earth trembled downward. Atop the new -cliffs, which seemed to grow by sudden inches from heaving rubble, dry -earth fissured and trembled, sliding acres at a time to fall, smoking, -into the bucking, heaving bottom of the depression.</p> - -<p>There the devastation was even more thorough, if less spectacular. -Dry earth churned like mud, and rock shards weighing tons bumped and -rolled about like pebbles as they shivered and cracked into pebbles -themselves. "It looks like sand dancing in a child's sieve," said the -normally impassive Schwartzberg in a nationwide broadcast from the -scene of disaster. "No one here has ever seen anything like it." And -the landslip was growing, north and south along the Fault.</p> - -<p>"Get out while you can," Schwartzberg urged the population of the -affected area. "When it's over you can come back and pick up the -pieces." But the band of scientists who had rallied to his leadership -privately wondered if there would be any pieces.</p> - -<p>The Arkansas River, at Avondale and North Avondale, was sluggishly -backing north into the deepening trough. At the rate things were going, -there might be a new lake the entire length of El Paso and Pueblo -Counties. And, warned Schwartzberg, this might only be the beginning.</p> - -<p>By 16 September the landslip had crept down the Huerfano River past -Cedarwood. Avondale, North Avondale and Boone had totally disappeared. -Land west of the Fault was holding firm, though Denver had recorded -several small tremors; everywhere east of the Fault, to almost twenty -miles away, the now-familiar lurch and steady fall had already sent -several thousand Coloradans scurrying for safety.</p> - -<p>All mountain climbing was prohibited on the Eastern Slope because of -the danger of rock slides from minor quakes. The geologists went home -to wait.</p> - -<p>There wasn't much to wait for. The news got worse and worse. The Platte -River, now, was creating a vast mud puddle where the town of Orchard -had been. Just below Masters, Colorado, the river leaped 70-foot cliffs -to add to the heaving chaos below. And the cliffs were higher every day -as the land beneath them groaned downward in mile-square gulps.</p> - -<p>As the Fault moved north and south, new areas quivered into unwelcome -life. Fields and whole mountainsides moved with deceptive sloth down, -down. They danced "like sand in a sieve"; dry, they boiled into rubble. -Telephone lines, railroad tracks, roads snapped and simply disappeared. -Virtually all east-west land communication was suspended and the -President declared a national emergency.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>By 23 September the Fault was active well into Wyoming on the north, -and rapidly approaching the border of New Mexico to the south. -Trinchera and Branson were totally evacuated, but even so the over-all -death toll had risen above 1,000.</p> - -<p>Away to the east the situation was quiet but even more ominous. -Tremendous fissures opened up perpendicular to the Fault, and a general -subsidence of the land was noticeable well into Kansas and Nebraska. -The western borders of these states, and soon of the Dakotas and -Oklahoma as well, were slowly sinking.</p> - -<p>On the actual scene of the disaster (or the <i>scenes</i>; it is impossible -to speak of anything this size in the singular) there was a horrifying -confusion. Prairie and hill cracked open under intolerable strains as -the land shuddered downward in gasps and leaps. Springs burst to the -surface in hot geysers and explosions of steam.</p> - -<p>The downtown section of North Platte, Nebraska, dropped eight feet, -just like that, on the afternoon of 4 October. "We must remain calm," -declared the Governor of Nebraska. "We must sit this thing out. Be -assured that everything possible is being done." But what could be -done, with his state dropping straight down at a mean rate of a foot a -day?</p> - -<p>The Fault nicked off the south-east corner of Montana. It worked its -way north along the Little Missouri. South, it ripped past Roswell, New -Mexico, and tore down the Pecos toward Texas. All the upper reaches of -the Missouri were standing puddles by now, and the Red River west of -Paris, Texas, had begun to run backward.</p> - -<p>Soon the Missouri began slowly slipping away westward over the slowly -churning land. Abandoning its bed, the river spread uncertainly across -farmland and prairie, becoming a sea of mud beneath the sharp new -cliffs which rose in rending line, ever taller as the land continued to -sink, almost from Canada to the Mexican border. There were virtually no -floods, in the usual sense. The water moved too slowly, spread itself -with no real direction or force. But the vast sheets of sluggish water -and jelly-like mud formed death-traps for the countless refugees now -streaming east.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the North Platte disaster had been more than anyone could take. -193 people had died in that one cave-in. Certainly by 7 October it had -to be officially admitted that there was an exodus of epic proportion. -Nearly two million people were on the move, and the U. S. was faced -with a gigantic wave of refugees. Rails, roads and air-lanes were -jammed with terrified hordes who had left everything behind to crowd -eastward.</p> - -<p>All through October hollow-eyed motorists flocked into Tulsa, Topeka, -Omaha, Sioux Falls and Fargo. St. Louis was made distributing center -for emergency squads which flew everywhere with milk for babies and -dog food for evacuating pets. Gasoline trucks boomed west to meet the -demand for gas, but once inside the "zone of terror," as the newspapers -now called it, they found their route blocked by eastbound cars on the -wrong side of the road. Shops left by their fleeing owners were looted -by refugees from further west; an American Airlines plane was wrecked -by a mob of would-be passengers in Bismarck, North Dakota. Federal and -State troops were called out, but moving two million people was not to -be done in an orderly way.</p> - -<p>And still the landslip grew larger. The new cliffs gleamed in the -autumn sunshine, growing higher as the land beneath them continued its -inexorable descent.</p> - -<p>On 21 October, at Lubbock, Texas, there was a noise variously described -as a hollow roar, a shriek and a deep musical vibration like a church -bell. It was simply the tortured rock of the substrata giving way. The -second phase of the national disaster was beginning.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The noise traveled due east at better than 85 miles per hour. In its -wake the earth to the north "just seemed to collapse on itself like -a punctured balloon," read one newspaper report. "Like a cake that's -failed," said a Texarkana housewife who fortunately lived a block -<i>south</i> of Thayer Street, where the fissure raced through. There -was a sigh and a great cloud of dust, and Oklahoma subsided at the -astounding rate of about six feet per hour.</p> - -<p>At Biloxi, on the Gulf, there had been uneasy shufflings under foot all -day. "Not tremors, exactly," said the captain of a fishing boat which -was somehow to ride out the coming flood, "but like as if the land -wanted to be somewhere else."</p> - -<p>Everyone in doomed Biloxi would have done well to have been somewhere -else that evening. At approximately 8:30 p.m. the town shuddered, -seemed to rise a little like the edge of a hall carpet caught in a -draft, and sank. So did the entire Mississippi and Alabama coast, at -about the same moment. The tidal wave which was to gouge the center -from the U. S. marched on the land.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="600" height="348" alt=""/> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p>From the north shore of Lake Ponchartrain to the Appalachicola River -in Florida, the Gulf coast simply disappeared. Gulfport, Biloxi, -Mobile, Pensacola, Panama City: 200 miles of shoreline vanished, with -over two and a half million people. An hour later a wall of water -had swept over every town from Dothan, Alabama, to Bogalusa on the -Louisiana-Mississippi border.</p> - -<p>"We must keep panic from our minds," said the Governor of Alabama in a -radio message delivered from a hastily arranged all-station hookup. "We -of the gallant southland have faced and withstood invasion before." -Then, as ominous creakings and groanings of the earth announced the -approach of the tidal wave, he flew out of Montgomery half an hour -before the town disappeared forever.</p> - -<p>One head of the wave plunged north, eventually to spend itself in -the hills south of Birmingham. The main sweep followed the lowest -land. Reaching west, it swallowed Vicksburg and nicked the corner of -Louisiana. The whole of East Carroll Parish was scoured from the map.</p> - -<p>The Mississippi River now ended at about Eudora, Arkansas, and minute -by minute the advancing flood bit away miles of river bed, swelling -north. Chicot, Jennie, Lake Village, Arkansas City, Snow Lake, Elaine, -Helena and Memphis felt the tremors. The tormented city shuddered -through the night. The earth continued its descent, eventually tipping -2-1/2 degrees down to the west. The "Memphis Tilt" is today one of -the unique and charming characteristics of the gracious Old Town, but -during the night of panic Memphis residents were sure they were doomed.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>South and west the waters carved deeply into Arkansas and Oklahoma. -By morning it was plain that all of Arkansas was going under. Waves -advanced on Little Rock at almost 100 miles an hour, new crests -forming, overtopping the wave's leading edge as towns, hills and the -thirst of the soil temporarily broke the furious charge.</p> - -<p>Washington announced the official hope that the Ozarks would stop the -wild gallop of the unleashed Gulf, for in northwest Arkansas the land -rose to over 2,000 feet. But nothing could save Oklahoma. By noon the -water reached clutching fingers around Mt. Scott and Elk Mountain, -deluging Hobart and almost all of Greer County.</p> - -<p>Despite hopeful announcements that the wave was slowing, had virtually -stopped after inundating Oklahoma City, was being swallowed up in the -desert near Amarillo, the wall of water continued its advance. For the -land was still sinking, and the floods were constantly replenished from -the Gulf. Schwartzberg and his geologists advised the utmost haste in -evacuating the entire area between Colorado and Missouri, from Texas to -North Dakota.</p> - -<p>Lubbock, Texas, went under. On a curling reflex the tidal wave blotted -out Sweetwater and Big Spring. The Texas panhandle disappeared in one -great swirl.</p> - -<p>Whirlpools opened. A great welter of smashed wood and human debris was -sucked under, vomited up and pounded to pieces. Gulf-water crashed on -the cliffs of New Mexico and fell back on itself in foam. Would-be -rescuers on the cliffs along what had been the west bank of the Pecos -River afterwards recalled the hiss and scream like tearing silk as -the water broke furiously on the newly exposed rock. It was the most -terrible sound they had ever heard.</p> - -<p>"We couldn't hear any shouts, of course, not that far away and with all -the noise," said Dan Weaver, Mayor of Carlsbad. "But we knew there -were people down there. When the water hit the cliffs, it was like a -collision between two solid bodies. We couldn't see for over an hour, -because of the spray."</p> - -<p><i>Salt spray.</i> The ocean had come to New Mexico.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The cliffs proved to be the only effective barrier against the westward -march of the water, which turned north, gouging out lumps of rock and -tumbling down blocks of earth onto its own back. In places scoops of -granite came out like ice cream. The present fishing town of Rockport, -Colorado, is built on a harbor created in such a way.</p> - -<p>The water had found its farthest westering. But still it poured north -along the line of the original Fault. Irresistible fingers closed on -Sterling, Colorado, on Sidney, Nebraska, on Hot Springs, South Dakota. -The entire tier of states settled, from south to north, down to its -eventual place of stability one thousand feet below the level of the -new sea.</p> - -<p>Memphis was by now a seaport. The Ozarks, islands in a mad sea, formed -precarious havens for half-drowned humanity. Waves bit off a corner of -Missouri, flung themselves on Wichita. Topeka, Lawrence and Belleville -were the last Kansas towns to disappear. The Governor of Kansas went -down with his State.</p> - -<p>Daniel Bernd of Lincoln, Nebraska, was washed up half-drowned in a cove -of the Wyoming cliffs, having been sucked from one end of vanished -Nebraska to the other. Similar hair-breadth escapes were recounted on -radio and television.</p> - -<p>Virtually the only people saved out of the entire population of Pierre, -South Dakota were the six members of the Creeth family. Plucky Timothy -Creeth carried and dragged his aged parents to the loft of their barn -on the outskirts of town. His brother Geoffrey brought along the -younger children and what provisions they could find—"Mostly a ham -and about half a ton of vanilla cookies," he explained to his eventual -rescuers. The barn, luckily collapsing in the vibrations as the waves -bore down on them, became an ark in which they rode out the disaster.</p> - -<p>"We must of played cards for four days straight," recalled genial -Mrs. Creeth when she afterwards appeared on a popular television -spectacular. Her rural good-humor undamaged by an ordeal few women can -ever have been called on to face, she added, "We sure wondered why -flushes never came out right. Jimanettly, we'd left the king of hearts -behind, in the rush!"</p> - -<p>But such lightheartedness and such happy endings were by no means -typical. The world could only watch aghast as the water raced north -under the shadow of the cliffs which occasionally crumbled, roaring, -into the roaring waves. Day by day the relentless rush swallowed what -had been dusty farmland, cities and towns.</p> - -<p>Some people were saved by the helicopters which flew mercy missions -just ahead of the advancing waters. Some found safety in the peaks of -western Nebraska and the Dakotas. But when the waters came to rest -along what is roughly the present shoreline of our inland sea, it was -estimated that over fourteen million people had lost their lives.</p> - -<p>No one could even estimate the damage to property; almost the entirety -of eight states, and portions of twelve others, had simply vanished -from the heart of the North American continent forever.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>It was in such a cataclysmic birth that the now-peaceful Nebraska Sea -came to America.</p> - -<p>Today, nearly one hundred years after the unprecedented—and happily -unrepeated—disaster, it is hard to remember the terror and despair of -those weeks in October and November, 1973. It is inconceivable to think -of the United States without its beautiful and economically essential -curve of interior ocean. Two-thirds as long as the Mediterranean, -it graduates from the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico through the -equally blue waves of the Mississippi Bight, becoming cooler and -greener north and west of the pleasant fishing isles of the Ozark -Archipelago, finally shading into the gray-green chop of the Gulf of -Dakota.</p> - -<p>What would the United States have become without the 5600-mile -coastline of our inland sea? It is only within the last twenty years -that any but the topmost layer of water has cleared sufficiently -to permit a really extensive fishing industry. Mud still held in -suspension by the restless waves will not precipitate fully even in our -lifetimes. Even so, the commercial fisheries of Missouri and Wyoming -contribute no small part to the nation's economy.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="600" height="126" alt=""/> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p>Who can imagine what the middle west must have been like before the -amelioration of climate brought about by the proximity of a warm sea? -The now-temperate state of Minnesota (to say nothing of the submerged -Dakotas) must have been Siberian. From contemporary accounts Missouri, -our second California, was unbelievably muggy, almost uninhabitable -during the summer months. Our climate today, from Ohio and North -Carolina to the rich fields of New Mexico and the orchards of Montana, -is directly ameliorated by the marine heart of the continent.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="500" height="299" alt=""/> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p>Who today could imagine the United States without the majestic -sea-cliffs in stately parade from New Mexico to Montana? The beaches -of Wyoming, the American Riviera, where fruit trees grow almost to the -water's edge? Or incredible Colorado, where the morning skier is the -afternoon bather, thanks to the monorail connecting the highest peaks -with the glistening white beaches?</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="600" height="317" alt=""/> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p>Of course there have been losses to balance slightly these strong -gains. The Mississippi was, before 1973, one of the great rivers of -the world. Taken together with its main tributary, the Missouri, it -vied favorably with such giant systems as the Amazon and the Ganges. -Now, ending as it does at Memphis and drawing its water chiefly from -the Appalachian Mountains, it is only a slight remnant of what it was. -And though the Nebraska Sea today carries many times the tonnage of -shipping in its ceaseless traffic, we have lost the old romance of -river shipping. We may only guess what it was like when we look upon -the Ohio and the truncated Mississippi.</p> - -<p>And transcontinental shipping is somewhat more difficult, with trucks -and the freight-railroads obliged to take the sea-ferries across the -Nebraska Sea. We shall never know what the United States was like with -its numerous coast-to-coast highways busy with trucks and private -cars. Still, the ferry ride is certainly a welcome break after days of -driving, and for those who wish a glimpse of what it must have been -like, there is always the Cross-Canada Throughway and the magnificent -U. S. Highway 73 looping north through Minnesota and passing through -the giant port of Alexis, North Dakota, shipping center for the wheat -of Manitoba and crossroad of a nation.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The political situation has long been a thorny problem. Only tattered -remnants of the eight submerged states remained after the flood, but -none of them wanted to surrender its autonomy. The tiny fringe of -Kansas seemed, for a time, ready to merge with contiguous Missouri, -but following the lead of the Arkansas Forever faction, the remaining -population decided to retain political integrity. This has resulted -in the continuing anomaly of the seven "fringe States" represented -in Congress by the usual two Senators each, though the largest of -them is barely the size of Connecticut and all are economically -indistinguishable from their neighboring states.</p> - -<p>Fortunately it was decided some years ago that Oklahoma, only one of -the eight to have completely disappeared, could not in any sense be -considered to have a continuing political existence. So, though there -are still families who proudly call themselves Oklahomans, and the -Oklahoma Oil Company continues to pump oil from its submerged real -estate, the state has in fact disappeared from the American political -scene.</p> - -<p>But this is by now no more than a petty annoyance, to raise a smile -when the talk gets around to the question of State's Rights. Not even -the tremendous price the country paid for its new sea—fourteen million -dead, untold property destroyed—really offsets the asset we enjoy -today. The heart of the continent, now open to the shipping of the -world, was once dry and land-locked, cut off from the bustle of trade -and the ferment of world culture.</p> - -<p>It would indeed seem odd to an American of the '50s or '60s of the last -century to imagine sailors from the merchant fleets of every nation -walking the streets of Denver, fresh ashore at Newport, only fifteen -miles away. Or to imagine Lincoln, Fargo, Kansas City and Dallas as -world ports and great manufacturing centers. Utterly beyond their ken -would be Roswell, New Mexico; Benton, Wyoming; Westport, Missouri, -and the other new ports of over a million inhabitants each which have -developed on the new harbors of the inland sea.</p> - -<p>Unimaginable too would have been the general growth of population -in the states surrounding the new sea. As the water tables rose and -manufacturing and trade moved in to take advantage of the just-created -axis of world communication, a population explosion was touched off of -which we are only now seeing the diminution. This new westering is to -be ranked with the first surge of pioneers which created the American -west. But what a difference! Vacation paradises bloom, a new fishing -industry thrives; her water road is America's main artery of trade, and -fleets of all the world sail ... where once the prairie schooner made -its laborious and dusty way west!</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Nebraska Sea, by Allan Danzig - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT NEBRASKA SEA *** - -***** This file should be named 50893-h.htm or 50893-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/8/9/50893/ - -Produced by Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/50893-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/50893-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 50b9b25..0000000 --- a/old/50893-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50893-h/images/illus1.jpg b/old/50893-h/images/illus1.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4dd2cf9..0000000 --- a/old/50893-h/images/illus1.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50893-h/images/illus2.jpg b/old/50893-h/images/illus2.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 700a1b4..0000000 --- a/old/50893-h/images/illus2.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50893-h/images/illus3.jpg b/old/50893-h/images/illus3.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 669d006..0000000 --- a/old/50893-h/images/illus3.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50893-h/images/illus4.jpg b/old/50893-h/images/illus4.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f8479b0..0000000 --- a/old/50893-h/images/illus4.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50893.txt b/old/50893.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 46cd458..0000000 --- a/old/50893.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,895 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Nebraska Sea, by Allan Danzig - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Great Nebraska Sea - -Author: Allan Danzig - -Release Date: January 11, 2016 [EBook #50893] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT NEBRASKA SEA *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - THE GREAT NEBRASKA SEA - - By ALLAN DANZIG - - Illustrated by WOOD - - [Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from - Galaxy Magazine August 1963. - Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that - the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.] - - - - - It has happened a hundred times in the long history - of Earth--and, sooner or later, will happen again! - - -Everyone--all the geologists, at any rate--had known about the Kiowa -Fault for years. That was before there was anything very interesting -to know about it. The first survey of Colorado traced its course north -and south in the narrow valley of Kiowa Creek about twenty miles east -of Denver; it extended south to the Arkansas River. And that was about -all even the professionals were interested in knowing. There was never -so much as a landslide to bring the Fault to the attention of the -general public. - -It was still a matter of academic interest when in the late '40s -geologists speculated on the relationship between the Kiowa Fault and -the Conchas Fault farther south, in New Mexico, and which followed the -Pecos as far south as Texas. - -Nor was there much in the papers a few years later when it was -suggested that the Niobrara Fault (just inside and roughly parallel to -the eastern border of Wyoming) was a northerly extension of the Kiowa. -By the mid sixties it was definitely established that the three Faults -were in fact a single line of fissure in the essential rock, stretching -almost from the Canadian border well south of the New Mexico-Texas line. - -It is not really surprising that it took so long to figure out the -connection. The population of the states affected was in places as -low as five people per square mile! The land was so dry it seemed -impossible that it could ever be used except for sheep-farming. - -It strikes us today as ironic that from the late '50s there was grave -concern about the level of the water table throughout the entire area. - - * * * * * - -The even more ironic solution to the problem began in the summer of -1973. It had been a particularly hot and dry August, and the Forestry -Service was keeping an anxious eye out for the fires it knew it could -expect. Dense smoke was reported rising above a virtually uninhabited -area along Black Squirrel Creek, and a plane was sent out for a report. - -The report was--no fire at all. The rising cloud was not smoke, but -dust. Thousands of cubic feet of dry earth rising lazily on the summer -air. Rock slides, they guessed; certainly no fire. The Forestry Service -had other worries at the moment, and filed the report. - -But after a week had gone by, the town of Edison, a good twenty miles -away from the slides, was still complaining of the dust. Springs was -going dry, too, apparently from underground disturbances. Not even in -the Rockies could anyone remember a series of rock slides as bad as -this. - -Newspapers in the mountain states gave it a few inches on the front -page; anything is news in late August. And the geologists became -interested. Seismologists were reporting unusual activity in the area, -tremors too severe to be rock slides. Volcanic activity? Specifically, -a dust volcano? Unusual, they knew, but right on the Kiowa Fault--could -be. - -Labor Day crowds read the scientific conjectures with late summer -lassitude. Sunday supplements ran four-color artists' conceptions of -the possible volcano. "Only Active Volcano in U. S.?" demanded the -headlines, and some papers even left off the question mark. - -It may seem odd that the simplest explanation was practically not -mentioned. Only Joseph Schwartzberg, head geographer of the Department -of the Interior, wondered if the disturbance might not be a settling -of the Kiowa Fault. His suggestion was mentioned on page nine or ten -of the Monday newspapers (page 27 of the New York _Times_). The idea -was not nearly so exciting as a volcano, even a lava-less one, and you -couldn't draw a very dramatic picture of it. - -To excuse the other geologists, it must be said that the Kiowa Fault -had never acted up before. It never sidestepped, never jiggled, -never, never produced the regular shows of its little sister out in -California, which almost daily bounced San Francisco or Los Angeles, or -some place in between. The dust volcano was on the face of it a more -plausible theory. - -Still, it was only a theory. It had to be proved. As the tremors grew -bigger, along with the affected area, as several towns including -Edison were shaken to pieces by incredible earthquakes, whole bus- and -plane-loads of geologists set out for Colorado, without even waiting -for their university and government department to approve budgets. - -They found, of course, that Schwartzberg had been perfectly correct. - - * * * * * - -They found themselves on the scene of what was fast becoming the -most violent and widespread earthquake North America--probably the -world--has ever seen in historic times. To describe it in the simplest -terms, land east of the Fault was settling, and at a precipitous rate. - -Rock scraped rock with a whining roar. Shuddery as a squeaky piece of -chalk raked across a blackboard, the noise was deafening. The surfaces -of the land east and west of the Fault seemed no longer to have any -relation to each other. To the west, tortured rock reared into cliffs. -East, where sharp reports and muffled wheezes told of continued -buckling and dropping, the earth trembled downward. Atop the new -cliffs, which seemed to grow by sudden inches from heaving rubble, dry -earth fissured and trembled, sliding acres at a time to fall, smoking, -into the bucking, heaving bottom of the depression. - -There the devastation was even more thorough, if less spectacular. -Dry earth churned like mud, and rock shards weighing tons bumped and -rolled about like pebbles as they shivered and cracked into pebbles -themselves. "It looks like sand dancing in a child's sieve," said the -normally impassive Schwartzberg in a nationwide broadcast from the -scene of disaster. "No one here has ever seen anything like it." And -the landslip was growing, north and south along the Fault. - -"Get out while you can," Schwartzberg urged the population of the -affected area. "When it's over you can come back and pick up the -pieces." But the band of scientists who had rallied to his leadership -privately wondered if there would be any pieces. - -The Arkansas River, at Avondale and North Avondale, was sluggishly -backing north into the deepening trough. At the rate things were going, -there might be a new lake the entire length of El Paso and Pueblo -Counties. And, warned Schwartzberg, this might only be the beginning. - -By 16 September the landslip had crept down the Huerfano River past -Cedarwood. Avondale, North Avondale and Boone had totally disappeared. -Land west of the Fault was holding firm, though Denver had recorded -several small tremors; everywhere east of the Fault, to almost twenty -miles away, the now-familiar lurch and steady fall had already sent -several thousand Coloradans scurrying for safety. - -All mountain climbing was prohibited on the Eastern Slope because of -the danger of rock slides from minor quakes. The geologists went home -to wait. - -There wasn't much to wait for. The news got worse and worse. The Platte -River, now, was creating a vast mud puddle where the town of Orchard -had been. Just below Masters, Colorado, the river leaped 70-foot cliffs -to add to the heaving chaos below. And the cliffs were higher every day -as the land beneath them groaned downward in mile-square gulps. - -As the Fault moved north and south, new areas quivered into unwelcome -life. Fields and whole mountainsides moved with deceptive sloth down, -down. They danced "like sand in a sieve"; dry, they boiled into rubble. -Telephone lines, railroad tracks, roads snapped and simply disappeared. -Virtually all east-west land communication was suspended and the -President declared a national emergency. - - * * * * * - -By 23 September the Fault was active well into Wyoming on the north, -and rapidly approaching the border of New Mexico to the south. -Trinchera and Branson were totally evacuated, but even so the over-all -death toll had risen above 1,000. - -Away to the east the situation was quiet but even more ominous. -Tremendous fissures opened up perpendicular to the Fault, and a general -subsidence of the land was noticeable well into Kansas and Nebraska. -The western borders of these states, and soon of the Dakotas and -Oklahoma as well, were slowly sinking. - -On the actual scene of the disaster (or the _scenes_; it is impossible -to speak of anything this size in the singular) there was a horrifying -confusion. Prairie and hill cracked open under intolerable strains as -the land shuddered downward in gasps and leaps. Springs burst to the -surface in hot geysers and explosions of steam. - -The downtown section of North Platte, Nebraska, dropped eight feet, -just like that, on the afternoon of 4 October. "We must remain calm," -declared the Governor of Nebraska. "We must sit this thing out. Be -assured that everything possible is being done." But what could be -done, with his state dropping straight down at a mean rate of a foot a -day? - -The Fault nicked off the south-east corner of Montana. It worked its -way north along the Little Missouri. South, it ripped past Roswell, New -Mexico, and tore down the Pecos toward Texas. All the upper reaches of -the Missouri were standing puddles by now, and the Red River west of -Paris, Texas, had begun to run backward. - -Soon the Missouri began slowly slipping away westward over the slowly -churning land. Abandoning its bed, the river spread uncertainly across -farmland and prairie, becoming a sea of mud beneath the sharp new -cliffs which rose in rending line, ever taller as the land continued to -sink, almost from Canada to the Mexican border. There were virtually no -floods, in the usual sense. The water moved too slowly, spread itself -with no real direction or force. But the vast sheets of sluggish water -and jelly-like mud formed death-traps for the countless refugees now -streaming east. - -Perhaps the North Platte disaster had been more than anyone could take. -193 people had died in that one cave-in. Certainly by 7 October it had -to be officially admitted that there was an exodus of epic proportion. -Nearly two million people were on the move, and the U. S. was faced -with a gigantic wave of refugees. Rails, roads and air-lanes were -jammed with terrified hordes who had left everything behind to crowd -eastward. - -All through October hollow-eyed motorists flocked into Tulsa, Topeka, -Omaha, Sioux Falls and Fargo. St. Louis was made distributing center -for emergency squads which flew everywhere with milk for babies and -dog food for evacuating pets. Gasoline trucks boomed west to meet the -demand for gas, but once inside the "zone of terror," as the newspapers -now called it, they found their route blocked by eastbound cars on the -wrong side of the road. Shops left by their fleeing owners were looted -by refugees from further west; an American Airlines plane was wrecked -by a mob of would-be passengers in Bismarck, North Dakota. Federal and -State troops were called out, but moving two million people was not to -be done in an orderly way. - -And still the landslip grew larger. The new cliffs gleamed in the -autumn sunshine, growing higher as the land beneath them continued its -inexorable descent. - -On 21 October, at Lubbock, Texas, there was a noise variously described -as a hollow roar, a shriek and a deep musical vibration like a church -bell. It was simply the tortured rock of the substrata giving way. The -second phase of the national disaster was beginning. - - * * * * * - -The noise traveled due east at better than 85 miles per hour. In its -wake the earth to the north "just seemed to collapse on itself like -a punctured balloon," read one newspaper report. "Like a cake that's -failed," said a Texarkana housewife who fortunately lived a block -_south_ of Thayer Street, where the fissure raced through. There -was a sigh and a great cloud of dust, and Oklahoma subsided at the -astounding rate of about six feet per hour. - -At Biloxi, on the Gulf, there had been uneasy shufflings under foot all -day. "Not tremors, exactly," said the captain of a fishing boat which -was somehow to ride out the coming flood, "but like as if the land -wanted to be somewhere else." - -Everyone in doomed Biloxi would have done well to have been somewhere -else that evening. At approximately 8:30 p.m. the town shuddered, -seemed to rise a little like the edge of a hall carpet caught in a -draft, and sank. So did the entire Mississippi and Alabama coast, at -about the same moment. The tidal wave which was to gouge the center -from the U. S. marched on the land. - -From the north shore of Lake Ponchartrain to the Appalachicola River -in Florida, the Gulf coast simply disappeared. Gulfport, Biloxi, -Mobile, Pensacola, Panama City: 200 miles of shoreline vanished, with -over two and a half million people. An hour later a wall of water -had swept over every town from Dothan, Alabama, to Bogalusa on the -Louisiana-Mississippi border. - -"We must keep panic from our minds," said the Governor of Alabama in a -radio message delivered from a hastily arranged all-station hookup. "We -of the gallant southland have faced and withstood invasion before." -Then, as ominous creakings and groanings of the earth announced the -approach of the tidal wave, he flew out of Montgomery half an hour -before the town disappeared forever. - -One head of the wave plunged north, eventually to spend itself in -the hills south of Birmingham. The main sweep followed the lowest -land. Reaching west, it swallowed Vicksburg and nicked the corner of -Louisiana. The whole of East Carroll Parish was scoured from the map. - -The Mississippi River now ended at about Eudora, Arkansas, and minute -by minute the advancing flood bit away miles of river bed, swelling -north. Chicot, Jennie, Lake Village, Arkansas City, Snow Lake, Elaine, -Helena and Memphis felt the tremors. The tormented city shuddered -through the night. The earth continued its descent, eventually tipping -2-1/2 degrees down to the west. The "Memphis Tilt" is today one of -the unique and charming characteristics of the gracious Old Town, but -during the night of panic Memphis residents were sure they were doomed. - - * * * * * - -South and west the waters carved deeply into Arkansas and Oklahoma. -By morning it was plain that all of Arkansas was going under. Waves -advanced on Little Rock at almost 100 miles an hour, new crests -forming, overtopping the wave's leading edge as towns, hills and the -thirst of the soil temporarily broke the furious charge. - -Washington announced the official hope that the Ozarks would stop the -wild gallop of the unleashed Gulf, for in northwest Arkansas the land -rose to over 2,000 feet. But nothing could save Oklahoma. By noon the -water reached clutching fingers around Mt. Scott and Elk Mountain, -deluging Hobart and almost all of Greer County. - -Despite hopeful announcements that the wave was slowing, had virtually -stopped after inundating Oklahoma City, was being swallowed up in the -desert near Amarillo, the wall of water continued its advance. For the -land was still sinking, and the floods were constantly replenished from -the Gulf. Schwartzberg and his geologists advised the utmost haste in -evacuating the entire area between Colorado and Missouri, from Texas to -North Dakota. - -Lubbock, Texas, went under. On a curling reflex the tidal wave blotted -out Sweetwater and Big Spring. The Texas panhandle disappeared in one -great swirl. - -Whirlpools opened. A great welter of smashed wood and human debris was -sucked under, vomited up and pounded to pieces. Gulf-water crashed on -the cliffs of New Mexico and fell back on itself in foam. Would-be -rescuers on the cliffs along what had been the west bank of the Pecos -River afterwards recalled the hiss and scream like tearing silk as -the water broke furiously on the newly exposed rock. It was the most -terrible sound they had ever heard. - -"We couldn't hear any shouts, of course, not that far away and with all -the noise," said Dan Weaver, Mayor of Carlsbad. "But we knew there -were people down there. When the water hit the cliffs, it was like a -collision between two solid bodies. We couldn't see for over an hour, -because of the spray." - -_Salt spray._ The ocean had come to New Mexico. - - * * * * * - -The cliffs proved to be the only effective barrier against the westward -march of the water, which turned north, gouging out lumps of rock and -tumbling down blocks of earth onto its own back. In places scoops of -granite came out like ice cream. The present fishing town of Rockport, -Colorado, is built on a harbor created in such a way. - -The water had found its farthest westering. But still it poured north -along the line of the original Fault. Irresistible fingers closed on -Sterling, Colorado, on Sidney, Nebraska, on Hot Springs, South Dakota. -The entire tier of states settled, from south to north, down to its -eventual place of stability one thousand feet below the level of the -new sea. - -Memphis was by now a seaport. The Ozarks, islands in a mad sea, formed -precarious havens for half-drowned humanity. Waves bit off a corner of -Missouri, flung themselves on Wichita. Topeka, Lawrence and Belleville -were the last Kansas towns to disappear. The Governor of Kansas went -down with his State. - -Daniel Bernd of Lincoln, Nebraska, was washed up half-drowned in a cove -of the Wyoming cliffs, having been sucked from one end of vanished -Nebraska to the other. Similar hair-breadth escapes were recounted on -radio and television. - -Virtually the only people saved out of the entire population of Pierre, -South Dakota were the six members of the Creeth family. Plucky Timothy -Creeth carried and dragged his aged parents to the loft of their barn -on the outskirts of town. His brother Geoffrey brought along the -younger children and what provisions they could find--"Mostly a ham -and about half a ton of vanilla cookies," he explained to his eventual -rescuers. The barn, luckily collapsing in the vibrations as the waves -bore down on them, became an ark in which they rode out the disaster. - -"We must of played cards for four days straight," recalled genial -Mrs. Creeth when she afterwards appeared on a popular television -spectacular. Her rural good-humor undamaged by an ordeal few women can -ever have been called on to face, she added, "We sure wondered why -flushes never came out right. Jimanettly, we'd left the king of hearts -behind, in the rush!" - -But such lightheartedness and such happy endings were by no means -typical. The world could only watch aghast as the water raced north -under the shadow of the cliffs which occasionally crumbled, roaring, -into the roaring waves. Day by day the relentless rush swallowed what -had been dusty farmland, cities and towns. - -Some people were saved by the helicopters which flew mercy missions -just ahead of the advancing waters. Some found safety in the peaks of -western Nebraska and the Dakotas. But when the waters came to rest -along what is roughly the present shoreline of our inland sea, it was -estimated that over fourteen million people had lost their lives. - -No one could even estimate the damage to property; almost the entirety -of eight states, and portions of twelve others, had simply vanished -from the heart of the North American continent forever. - - * * * * * - -It was in such a cataclysmic birth that the now-peaceful Nebraska Sea -came to America. - -Today, nearly one hundred years after the unprecedented--and happily -unrepeated--disaster, it is hard to remember the terror and despair of -those weeks in October and November, 1973. It is inconceivable to think -of the United States without its beautiful and economically essential -curve of interior ocean. Two-thirds as long as the Mediterranean, -it graduates from the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico through the -equally blue waves of the Mississippi Bight, becoming cooler and -greener north and west of the pleasant fishing isles of the Ozark -Archipelago, finally shading into the gray-green chop of the Gulf of -Dakota. - -What would the United States have become without the 5600-mile -coastline of our inland sea? It is only within the last twenty years -that any but the topmost layer of water has cleared sufficiently -to permit a really extensive fishing industry. Mud still held in -suspension by the restless waves will not precipitate fully even in our -lifetimes. Even so, the commercial fisheries of Missouri and Wyoming -contribute no small part to the nation's economy. - -Who can imagine what the middle west must have been like before the -amelioration of climate brought about by the proximity of a warm sea? -The now-temperate state of Minnesota (to say nothing of the submerged -Dakotas) must have been Siberian. From contemporary accounts Missouri, -our second California, was unbelievably muggy, almost uninhabitable -during the summer months. Our climate today, from Ohio and North -Carolina to the rich fields of New Mexico and the orchards of Montana, -is directly ameliorated by the marine heart of the continent. - -Who today could imagine the United States without the majestic -sea-cliffs in stately parade from New Mexico to Montana? The beaches -of Wyoming, the American Riviera, where fruit trees grow almost to the -water's edge? Or incredible Colorado, where the morning skier is the -afternoon bather, thanks to the monorail connecting the highest peaks -with the glistening white beaches? - -Of course there have been losses to balance slightly these strong -gains. The Mississippi was, before 1973, one of the great rivers of -the world. Taken together with its main tributary, the Missouri, it -vied favorably with such giant systems as the Amazon and the Ganges. -Now, ending as it does at Memphis and drawing its water chiefly from -the Appalachian Mountains, it is only a slight remnant of what it was. -And though the Nebraska Sea today carries many times the tonnage of -shipping in its ceaseless traffic, we have lost the old romance of -river shipping. We may only guess what it was like when we look upon -the Ohio and the truncated Mississippi. - -And transcontinental shipping is somewhat more difficult, with trucks -and the freight-railroads obliged to take the sea-ferries across the -Nebraska Sea. We shall never know what the United States was like with -its numerous coast-to-coast highways busy with trucks and private -cars. Still, the ferry ride is certainly a welcome break after days of -driving, and for those who wish a glimpse of what it must have been -like, there is always the Cross-Canada Throughway and the magnificent -U. S. Highway 73 looping north through Minnesota and passing through -the giant port of Alexis, North Dakota, shipping center for the wheat -of Manitoba and crossroad of a nation. - - * * * * * - -The political situation has long been a thorny problem. Only tattered -remnants of the eight submerged states remained after the flood, but -none of them wanted to surrender its autonomy. The tiny fringe of -Kansas seemed, for a time, ready to merge with contiguous Missouri, -but following the lead of the Arkansas Forever faction, the remaining -population decided to retain political integrity. This has resulted -in the continuing anomaly of the seven "fringe States" represented -in Congress by the usual two Senators each, though the largest of -them is barely the size of Connecticut and all are economically -indistinguishable from their neighboring states. - -Fortunately it was decided some years ago that Oklahoma, only one of -the eight to have completely disappeared, could not in any sense be -considered to have a continuing political existence. So, though there -are still families who proudly call themselves Oklahomans, and the -Oklahoma Oil Company continues to pump oil from its submerged real -estate, the state has in fact disappeared from the American political -scene. - -But this is by now no more than a petty annoyance, to raise a smile -when the talk gets around to the question of State's Rights. Not even -the tremendous price the country paid for its new sea--fourteen million -dead, untold property destroyed--really offsets the asset we enjoy -today. The heart of the continent, now open to the shipping of the -world, was once dry and land-locked, cut off from the bustle of trade -and the ferment of world culture. - -It would indeed seem odd to an American of the '50s or '60s of the last -century to imagine sailors from the merchant fleets of every nation -walking the streets of Denver, fresh ashore at Newport, only fifteen -miles away. Or to imagine Lincoln, Fargo, Kansas City and Dallas as -world ports and great manufacturing centers. Utterly beyond their ken -would be Roswell, New Mexico; Benton, Wyoming; Westport, Missouri, -and the other new ports of over a million inhabitants each which have -developed on the new harbors of the inland sea. - -Unimaginable too would have been the general growth of population -in the states surrounding the new sea. As the water tables rose and -manufacturing and trade moved in to take advantage of the just-created -axis of world communication, a population explosion was touched off of -which we are only now seeing the diminution. This new westering is to -be ranked with the first surge of pioneers which created the American -west. But what a difference! Vacation paradises bloom, a new fishing -industry thrives; her water road is America's main artery of trade, and -fleets of all the world sail ... where once the prairie schooner made -its laborious and dusty way west! - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Nebraska Sea, by Allan Danzig - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT NEBRASKA SEA *** - -***** This file should be named 50893.txt or 50893.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/8/9/50893/ - -Produced by Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/50893.zip b/old/50893.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 825949e..0000000 --- a/old/50893.zip +++ /dev/null |
