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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e13af75 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50507 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50507) diff --git a/old/50507-0.txt b/old/50507-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d55080b..0000000 --- a/old/50507-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12798 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Eighteenth Century Waifs, by John Ashton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Eighteenth Century Waifs - -Author: John Ashton - -Release Date: November 20, 2015 [EBook #50507] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS. - - - - - EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS - - - BY - - JOHN ASHTON - - AUTHOR OF - “SOCIAL LIFE IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE,” - ETC., ETC. - - _IN ONE VOLUME._ - - - LONDON: - HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS, - 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. - - 1887. - - _All Rights Reserved._ - - - - -PREFACE. - - -It was probably Solomon, who, in Ecclesiastes, cap. 12, v. 12, said, -‘Of making many books there is no end.’ But, if this book had to have -been written by him, he might, probably, have modified his opinion. - -I have read some books in my life-time, _re_ the sixteenth, -seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, and therefore was not taken -aback when I was advised by a learned friend, whom I consulted as to -the subject of a new book, to try the ‘Musgrave Tracts,’ in the British -Museum. I thanked him, and wrote for them, when I was politely asked, -‘Did I want them all?’ ‘Of course,’ was my reply; when I was told, with -the courtesy that particularly distinguishes the establishment, that I -had better come into an inner room, and have them down shelf by shelf. - -The books came in a continuous stream, until I asked if there were -any more. ‘Oh, yes,’ was the reply; and, when I had finished my job, -I found I had gone through more than 1760 volumes. Add to this over -200 other books and newspapers used for reference, &c., and that will -represent some amount of the labour employed in writing a book. - -I have strung together a series of chapters of different phases of -social life and biography of the last century, none of which have (as -far as I am concerned) appeared in any magazine, but which have all -been specially written for this book. And this I have done so that the -book may be taken up at any time, and laid down again at the end of -an article; and perhaps the best reason for my publishing this book -is, that it gives the reader a brief _resumé_ of each subject treated, -taken from sources, thoroughly original, which are usually inaccessible -to the general public, and known but to few students. - -They are diverse, to suit all tastes; and if this, my venture, is -successful, I may bashfully hint that my store is not yet exhausted. - - JOHN ASHTON. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - A FORGOTTEN FANATIC 1 - - A FASHIONABLE LADY’S LIFE 17 - - GEORGE BARRINGTON 31 - - MILTON’S BONES 55 - - THE TRUE STORY OF EUGENE ARAM 83 - - REDEMPTIONERS 112 - - A TRIP TO RICHMOND IN SURREY 131 - - GEORGE ROBERT FITZGERALD 135 - - EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AMAZONS 177 - - ‘THE TIMES’ AND ITS FOUNDER 203 - - IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT 227 - - JONAS HANWAY 254 - - A HOLY VOYAGE TO RAMSGATE ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO 278 - - QUACKS OF THE CENTURY 287 - - CAGLIOSTRO IN LONDON 333 - - - - -EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS. - - - - -A FORGOTTEN FANATIC.[1] - - -One of the most curious phases of religious mania is that where the -patient is under the impression that he is divinely inspired, and has -a special mission to his fellow-men, which he is impelled to fulfil at -all costs and under all circumstances. - -From the earliest ages of Christianity _pseudo-Christoi_, or false -Christs, existed. Simon Magus, Dositheus, and the famous Barcochab were -among the first of them, and they were followed by Moses, in Crete, in -the fifth century; Julian, in Palestine, _circa_ A.D. 530; and Serenus, -in Spain, _circa_ A.D. 714. There were, in the twelfth century, some -seven or eight in France, Spain, and Persia; and, coming to more modern -times, there was Sabbatai Zewi, a native of Aleppo, or Smyrna, who -proclaimed himself to be the Messiah, in Jerusalem, _circa_ 1666. -The list of religious fanatics is a long one. Mahomet, Munzer, John -of Leyden, Brothers, Matthews, Joanna Southcott, ‘Courtenay,’ or -Thomas, and Joe Smith are among them, and are well-known; but there -are hundreds of others whose work has not been on so grand a scale, or -whose influence has not been of the national importance of the above; -and it is of one of these forgotten fanatics that I now treat. - -Well out in the Atlantic Ocean, far west, indeed, even of the Western -Isles, stands the lonely island of St. Kilda, or Hirta, as it used to -be called, from _h-Iar-tir_, the Gaelic for West land, or West country. -Its rocky sides are inaccessible, except at one landing-place, at a bay -on the south-east, and it is the home and breeding-place of millions of -sea-birds, whose flesh and eggs form the main supply of food for the -inhabitants, and whose feathers, together with a few sheep and cattle, -and what little barley can be grown, or butter can be made, pay the -trifling rent required, and help to provide the bare necessaries of -civilized existence. - -The inhabitants are not healthy, so many dying, as young children, of -a disease locally known as the ‘eight day sickness,’ a disease which -generally attacks them on the eighth or ninth day after birth, and -mostly proves fatal in the course of a day or two. From this and other -causes, including falls from cliffs, the population has remained nearly -stationary, as is evidenced by the fact that for the last hundred years -the inhabitants have averaged under a hundred. Indeed, at one time, in -1724, small-pox attacked the islanders, being imported by one of them -on his return from a visit to Harris, and all the adults died except -four, who were left to take care of twenty-six orphans, all that were -left of twenty-four families. - -Lying out of the ordinary track of boats, even of yachts, it is, even -now, seldom visited, and in the last century no one except the steward -of Macleod (whose family have been the possessors of St. Kilda for -hundreds of years), who made an annual pilgrimage to collect the rent, -ever came near the place. Its loneliness was proverbial, so much so -that it was an article of faith that the arrival of strangers brought -with them a kind of influenza called boat-cough, which was sometimes -fatal. This singular disease does not seem to be confined to St. Kilda, -for Bates, in ‘The Naturalist on the River Amazon,’ mentions certain -tribes near Ega who are gradually becoming extinct from a slow fever -and cold, which attacks them after they have been visited by civilised -people. And in the ‘Cruise of H.M.S. Galatea,’ in 1867-68, it says, -‘Tristran d’Acunha is a remarkably healthy island; but it is a singular -fact that any vessel touching there from St. Helena invariably brings -with it a disease resembling influenza.’ - -This belief is amusingly illustrated in Boswell’s ‘Journal of a Tour -to the Hebrides.’ ‘This evening he (Dr. Johnson) disputed the truth -of what is said as to the people of St. Kilda catching cold whenever -strangers come. “How can there,” said he, “be a physical effect without -a physical cause?” He added, laughing, “The arrival of a ship full of -strangers would kill them; for, if one stranger gives them one cold, -two strangers must give them two colds, and so on in proportion.” I -wondered to hear him ridicule this, as he had praised McAulay for -putting it in his book,[2] saying that it was manly in him to tell -a fact, however strange, if he himself believed it. They said it -was annually proved by Macleod’s steward, on whose arrival all the -inhabitants caught cold. He jocularly remarked, “The steward always -comes to demand something from them, and so they fall a-coughing. I -suppose the people in Skye all take a cold when----” (naming a certain -person) “comes.” They said he only came in summer. _Johnson_--“That is -out of tenderness to you. Bad weather and he at the same time would be -too much.”’ - -The first printed account of this poor lonely island is, probably, in a -little book by Donald Monro, High Dean of the Isles,[3] 1594. He there -says, ‘The inhabitants therof ar simple poor people, scarce learnit in -aney religion, but McCloyd of Herray,[4] his stewart, or he quhom he -deputs in sic office, sailes anes in the zeir ther at midsummer, with -some chaplaine to baptize bairns ther, and if they want[5] a chaplaine, -they baptize their bairns themselfes.’ - -At the end of the seventeenth century, when Roderick, the religious -impostor, or fanatic, lived, things spiritual were somewhat improved, -although they only had the annual clerical visit. There were three -chapels on the island, to serve a population of one hundred and -eighty. One was called Christ’s Chapel, hardly discernible from one of -their dwellings, being built and thatched in a similar manner; but it -contained one of their chief treasures, a brass crucifix, which lay -upon an altar therein. They paid no adoration or worship to this, but -it was their most precious possession, being used, as are the gospels -elsewhere, for the purpose of solemn asseveration, and it was also made -use of at marriages and the healing of strife. - -The people observed as Holy-days Christmas, Easter, Good Friday, St. -Columba’s Day, and All Saints. They ceased all work at midnight on -Saturday, and kept the Sabbath, in this respect, very strictly, only -resuming their ordinary avocations on Monday morning. They believed in -the Trinity, and in a future state of happiness and misery, and that -God ordains all things. They took great care with their churchyard, -which they fenced round with stone, so that no cattle should desecrate -God’s Acre, and they had a peculiar belief in the embodiment of -spirits, and fancied that they could, at will, incorporate themselves -with the rocks, hills, etc. - -Of the three chapels, one only seems to have been used, and this, not -being large enough to accommodate the islanders, the whole of the -inhabitants would assemble, on every Sunday morning, in the churchyard, -and there devoutly say the Lord’s Prayer, the Creed, and the Ten -Commandments. This form of worship was simple enough; but it seems to -have been of recent introduction--_i.e._, about the beginning of the -seventeenth century; when, somehow or other, there was a man upon the -island who passed for a Roman Catholic priest, but who was so ignorant -that he did not know the Lord’s Prayer, the Creed, or the Decalogue -correctly; and, consequently, he taught the poor people an incorrect -version, but to him they owed the crucifix, and the observance of the -Holy-days before mentioned, and with this teacher they were content -until the year 1641, when one Coll McDonald, or Ketoch, fled from -Ireland, and, with a few men, landed at St. Kilda, where he lived in -amity with the inhabitants for nearly a year. He rebuked the so-called -priest for his ignorance, and he taught the poor simple folk the -correct version of the text of their very primitive worship--in fine, -he was considered so far superior to the priest, that the natives would -fain have deposed the latter; but this McDonald would not suffer. - -Martin Martin,[6] writing in 1698, describes the happy condition of the -islanders at that date. ‘The Inhabitants of St. Kilda are much happier -than the generality of Mankind, as being almost the only People in -the World who feel the sweetness of true Liberty: What the Condition -of the People in the Golden Age is feign’d by the Poets to be, that -theirs really is; I mean, in Innocency and Simplicity, Purity, Mutual -Love, and Cordial Friendship, free from solicitous Cares and anxious -Covetousness; from Envy, Deceit, and Dissimulation; from Ambition and -Pride, and the Consequences that attend them. They are altogether -ignorant of the Vices of Foreigners, and governed by the Dictates of -Reason and Christianity, as it was first delivered to them by those -Heroick Souls whose Zeal moved them to undergo danger and trouble, to -plant Religion here in one of the remotest Corners of the World.’ - -This Eden, however, was doomed to have its Serpent, and these simple -folk were fated to be led into error by a man who seems to have been -physically above the average of the islanders, for he is described as -‘a Comely, well-proportioned fellow, Red-hair’d, and exceeding all -the Inhabitants of St. Kilda in Strength, Climbing, &c.’ Naturally he -was illiterate, for the means of culture were altogether lacking in -that lonely isle; but he was above his fellows, inasmuch as he was a -poet, and, moreover, he claimed to have the gift of ‘second sight,’ a -pretension which would naturally cause him to be looked up to by these -Gaelic islanders. These qualifications which Roderick (for such was his -name) claimed, naturally pointed to his becoming a leader of some sort; -and he seems to have entered upon his vocation early in life, for, when -we first hear of him in his public capacity, he was but eighteen years -of age. - -We have read how strictly the islands kept the Sabbath, and Roderick -seems to have been the first to break through their customs--by going -fishing on that day. As, according to all moral ethics, something -dreadful will surely overtake the Sabbath breaker, it is comforting -to know that Roderick formed no exception to the rule. One Sunday he -committed the heinous and, hitherto, unknown sin of fishing--and, on -his return, he declared that, as he was coming home, a ‘Man, dressed in -a Cloak and Hat,’ suddenly appeared in the road before him. Needless to -say, this apparition frightened him, and he fell upon his face before -the supernatural being, but the Man desired him not to be afraid, -for he was John the Baptist, who had come specially from Heaven, the -bearer of good tidings to the inhabitants of St. Kilda, and with a -divine commission to instruct Roderick in religious matters, which -instruction he was to impart to his neighbours for their spiritual -welfare. - -Roderick diffidently objected to thus being made a medium, and alleged -his incapacity to receive such revelations and act upon them; but the -pseudo-saint cheered him, and bade him be of good courage, declaring -that he would immediately make him fit for his predestined purpose, -and, according to the poor fanatic’s account, gave him the following -instructions: - -It was to be of primary importance, and as a visible sign of their -belief, that his followers should observe Friday as a strict fast--so -strict, indeed, that not a particle of food of any description must -pass their lips on that day, nor might they even indulge in a pinch of -snuff--a small luxury which they dearly loved. He next promulgated the -comforting assurance that many of the deceased islanders were Saints in -Heaven, and there interceded for those living; that everyone had his -own particular advocate, and, on the anniversary of the day peculiar -to each Saint, his _protégé_ on earth was to make a feast to his -neighbours of the very best of his substance, such as mutton, fowls, -&c., Roderick, of course, to be the chief and honoured guest on the -occasion. - -A sheep was to be sacrificed on the threshold of each house by every -family (presumably only once a year), and this was to be done in a -specially cruel manner, for no knife was to touch it, but its throat -was to be hacked with the crooked spades they used in husbandry, whose -edges were about half-an-inch thick. This was to be done at night, -but no one might partake of the mutton that night under penalty of -similarly slaughtering a sheep the next day for every person that -had eaten of it. It is difficult to see what was his object in these -ordinances--except to make sure of good living at the expense of -his poor dupes, who, if they turned refractory, and disobeyed his -injunctions, were threatened with the most awful Judgment to come. - -That he was keen enough in his own interests is exemplified in one of -his promulgations. He picked out a bush upon a rising ground, which he -christened ‘John the Baptist’s Bush,’ for there, he declared, the Saint -had appeared to him; and this he ordered should be holy ground, which -must never be defiled by the tread of sheep or cattle. He also built a -wall--certainly not a high one--round it: and should, by chance, any -unhappy sheep, in the lightsomeness of its heart, or succumbing to the -temptation of the herbage, overleap this wall, and dare to browse upon -the sacred soil, it was staightway to be slain--and Roderick and its -owner were to eat its carcase. But, as the Saint evidently foresaw that -some stiff-necked, and not properly-converted proselyte, might object -to this disposition of his personal property and might refuse to have -the sheep slaughtered, he commanded that such a recusant should be -ANATHEMA, cast out, and excluded from all fellowship, until such time -as he saw the error of his ways, recanted, and expiated his sin by -permitting the sacrifice. - -For discipline must be maintained in a religious body, as well as in -a purely secular society; and Roderick had no intention of having his -authority disputed. For minor offences he had a cheerful penance. No -matter what was the weather, the sinner must strip, and forthwith walk -or jump into the water, there to stand until the divinely-inspired -one chose to release him, and, if more than one were thus punished at -the same time, they were to beguile the moments, and somewhat increase -their penance, by pouring cold water upon each other’s heads. - -He was for no half-measures. This new Divine revelation must thoroughly -supersede and root out the old superstitions; so he forbade the use -of the Lord’s Prayer, the Creed, and the Ten Commandments--the whole -formulary of the islanders’ simple faith--and substituted forms of his -own. His prayers are described as rhapsodical productions, in which, in -spite of the abolition of the old form of worship, he introduced the -names of God, our Saviour, and the immaculate Virgin, together with -words unintelligible either to himself or his hearers, but which he -declared to have received direct from the Baptist, and delivered to his -hearers, as in duty bound. - -He kept up his connection with St. John, and used to assert that every -night, when the people were assembled, he heard a voice, saying, -‘Come you out, and then he lost all control over himself, and was -constrained to go. Then would the Baptist meet him, and instruct him -in what he was to say to the people. St. John evidently expected his -disciple to exercise all his intelligence, for he would only say his -message once, and never could be got to repeat it. On one occasion, -Roderick could not understand it, or hardly remember a sentence; so -he naturally inquired of the Saint how he was to behave. He got no -comfort, however, only a brusque, ‘Go, you have it,’ with which he was -fain to be content, and, wonderful to relate, on his return to his -flock, he remembered every word he had been told, and could retail it -fluently--but, as a rule, his discourses were discursive, and apt to -send his auditors to sleep. - -Naturally the women flocked to him, and he took them specially (some -said too specially) under his protection. To them he revealed that, if -they followed him faithfully, eternal bliss should be their portion, -and that they should go to heaven in glorious state, riding upon -milk-white steeds. For them he exercised his poetic talents (for he -composed long, rhapsodical rhymes, which he called psalms, and which -were sung by his flock), and he taught them a devout hymn, called the -‘Virgin Mary’s,’ which he declared she had sent specially to them, and -that it was of such wonderful efficacy, that whoever could repeat it -by heart would not die in child-bearing; but, of course, so valuable a -gift could not be imparted gratis, so every scholar was mulcted in a -sheep before she was instructed in the potent hymn. - -Yet, as with many another, a woman was the primary cause of his -downfall. It was his behaviour to a woman that first opened the eyes of -his deluded followers, and showed them that their idol was fallible, -and that his feet were ‘part of iron, and part of clay.’ The wife -of Macleod’s representative found favour in his sight; but, being a -virtuous woman, she told her husband of the Prophet’s wicked advances; -and these two laid a little trap, into which the unsuspecting, but -naughty, Roderick walked. - -It was very simple: the husband hid himself until he judged proper to -appear--confronted the guilty man--spoke burning words of reproof to -him--thoroughly disorganised him, and brought him very low--made him -beg his pardon, and promise he would never so sin again. But although -a hollow peace was patched up between them, and the injured husband -even gave the greatest sign of friendship possible, according to their -notions (_i.e._, taking Roderick’s place as sponsor at the baptism -of one of his own children), yet the story leaked out. The Prophet’s -father plainly and openly told him he was a deceiver, and would come -to a bad end; and the thinking portion of the community began to have -serious doubts of the Divine origin of his mission. - -These doubts were further confirmed by one or two little facts which -led the people to somewhat distrust his infallibility, especially in -one case in which his cousin-german Lewis was concerned. This man had -an ewe which had brought forth three lambs at one time, and these -wicked sheep actually browsed upon the sacred bush! Of course we -know the Baptist had decreed their slaughter, and Lewis was promptly -reminded of the fact--but he did not see it in that light. His heart -was hard, and his sheep were dear to him. He argued that, from his -point of view, it was unreasonable to kill so many animals, and inflict -such serious damage to their proprietor, for so trivial a fault--and, -besides, he would not. Of course there was nothing to be done with such -an hardened sinner but to carry out the law, and excommunicate him; -which was accordingly done--with the usual result. The poor simple -folk, in their faith, looked for a speedy and awful judgment to fall -upon Lewis and his sheep. - - ‘But what gave rise - To no little surprise, - Nobody seem’d one penny the worse!’ - -And then they bethought them that, if it were their own case, they -might as well treat the matter as Lewis had done--seeing he was none -the worse, and four sheep to the good; and so his authority over them -gradually grew laxer and laxer: and, when the steward paid his annual -visit in 1697, they denounced Roderick as an impostor, and expressed -contrition for their own back-slidings. - -The chaplain who accompanied the steward, and who was sent over from -Harris by Macleod, purposely to look into this matter, made the Prophet -publicly proclaim himself an impostor, compelled him to commence with -his own hands the destruction of the enclosure round the sacred bush, -and scatter the stones broadcast--and, finally, the steward, whose -word was absolute law to these poor people, took him away, never to -return. The poor credulous dupes, on being reproved for so easily -complying to this impostor, with one voice answered that what they did -was unaccountable; but, seeing one of their own number and stamp in all -respects endued, as they fancied, with a powerful faculty of preaching -so fluently and frequently, and pretending to converse with John the -Baptist, they were induced to believe in his mission from Heaven, and -therefore complied with his commands without dispute. - -Of his ultimate fate nothing is known, the last record of him being -that, after having been taken to Harris, he was brought before the -awful Macleod, to be judged, ‘who, being informed of this Fellow’s -Impostures, did forbid him from that time forward to Preach any -more on pain of Death. This was a great mortification, as well as -disappointment, to the Impostor, who was possessed with a fancy -that _Mack-Leod_ would hear him preach, and expected no less than -to persuade him to become one of his Proselytes, as he has since -confessed.’ He was sent to Skye, where he made public recantation of -his errors, and confessed in several churches that it was the Devil, -and not St. John, with whom he conversed--and, arguing from that fact, -he probably was docile, and lived the remainder of his life in Skye--a -harmless lunatic. - - * * * * * - -In October, 1885, public attention was particularly directed to St. -Kilda, and the story cannot be better told than by reproducing some -contemporary newspaper paragraphs. - -_Morning Post_, October 9, 1885.--‘A letter has been received by -Principal Rainy, Edinburgh, and has been forwarded to the Home -Secretary from St. Kilda. The letter was found on the shore of Harris, -having been floated from St. Kilda in a little boat made of a piece -of plank. The letter was written by the clergyman of St. Kilda, by -direction of the islanders, asking that the Government should be -informed that their corn, barley, and potatoes were destroyed by -a great storm, in the hope that Government would send a supply of -corn-seed, barley, and potatoes, as the crop was quite useless.’ - -_Ibid_, October 21, 1885.--‘The steamer from Glasgow, carrying supplies -to the starving people of St. Kilda, reached the island on Monday, -and safely landed the stores. The islanders were in good health, but -their crops have been swept away, and, but for the supplies sent by -the steamer, they would have been in very perilous straits for food. -Intelligence of the distress of St. Kilda was first made known by -bottles thrown into the sea.’ - -_Times_, April 8, 1886.--‘A Parliamentary paper has been issued -containing a report of Mr. Malcolm McNeill, inspecting officer of the -Board of Supervision, on the alleged destitution in the island of St. -Kilda, in October, 1885, with supplementary reports by Lieutenant -Osborne, R.N., commanding officer, and by the medical officer of H.M.S. -_Jackal_. The report shows that, news from St. Kilda having reached -Harris by means of letters enclosed in a small boat a yard long, found -on the shore, to the effect that the corn, barley, and potatoes of -the inhabitants had been destroyed by a great storm that had passed -over the island early in September, and that, in consequence, the -crofters of St. Kilda were suffering great privations, a steamer, the -_Hebridean_, was despatched from Glasgow to the island with stores on -the 13th of October, and, by arrangement with the Admiralty, H.M.S. -_Jackal_, conveying Mr. McNeill, left Rothesay Bay for St. Kilda on -Wednesday, October 21, 1885. Mr. McNeill reported that, so far from -being destitute, the inhabitants of the island were amply, indeed -luxuriously, supplied with food, and in possession of sums of money -said to average not less than £20 a family. Dr. Acheson, of H.M.S. -_Jackal_, reported that the inhabitants of St. Kilda were well-clad and -well-fed, being much better off in these respects than the peasants in -many other parts of Great Britain.’ - -Another newspaper paragraph not only confirms this, but adds to our -knowledge of the island and its inhabitants. ‘Mr. Malcolm McNeill -... reported on the 24th of October that the population of St. -Kilda--seventy-seven souls in all--were amply, “indeed, luxuriously,” -supplied with food for the winter. The supplies included sheep, fulmar, -solan geese, meal, potatoes, milk, fish, tea, and sugar; and a large -sum of money, said to average not less than £20 a family, was known to -be hoarded in the island--a large profit being derived from tourists. -Mr. McNeill states that a former emigrant, who returned from Australia -for a few months in 1884, spread discontent among the people, who now -showed a strong desire to emigrate, and in this he suggested that the -Government should assist them. Dr. Acheson of the _Jackal_, reporting -on visits paid both then and in 1884, notes that the people seemed -to be better clad and fed than the peasants of many other parts of -Great Britain. He was struck by the comparatively large number of -infirm persons--by the large number of women compared with men, and -by the comparatively small number of children. The food was abundant, -but lacked variety; was rather indigestible, and was nearly devoid -of vegetables for six months each year. He saw no signs of vinegar, -pepper, mustard, pickles, or other condiments, but there was a great -liking for tobacco and spirits. The diet he pronounces quite unfit for -children, aged persons, or invalids; and, to remedy this, he suggests -that an endeavour should be made to grow cabbages, turnips, carrots, -and other vegetables on the island; that fowls should be introduced, -and that pressed vegetables and lime juice might be issued when no -fresh vegetables are procurable. Judging from the amount of clothing -worn, the doctor thinks the people are more likely to suffer from -excess than from the other extreme, for, on September 14th, 1884, with -the thermometer sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit in the shade, he found a -healthy adult male wearing “a thick tweed waistcoat, with flannel back -and sleeves, two thick flannel undervests, tweed trousers, a flannel -shirt, flannel drawers, boots, and stockings, Tam o’ Shanter cap, and a -thick, scarlet worsted muffler around his neck.” The furniture he found -scanty, and very rough, and the houses very dirty. St. Kilda is not a -desirable retreat, for Dr. Acheson reports that at present there are -no games nor music in the island, and--strangest fact of all in this -official document--“whistling is strictly forbidden.”’ - - - - -A FASHIONABLE LADY’S LIFE. - - -There is a little poem by Dean Swift, published by him in Dublin, in -1728, and reprinted in London, in 1729. Its price was only fourpence, -and it is called, ‘The Journal of a Modern Lady, in a Letter to a -Person of Quality.’ It is so small, that it is absolutely lost in -the Dean’s voluminous works, yet it is very amusing, and, as far as -I can judge (having made an especial study of the Social Life of -the Eighteenth Century), it is not at all exaggerated; and for this -reason I have ventured to reproduce it. It is borne out in similar -descriptions both in the early and latter portions of the century; as, -for instance, in ‘The English Lady’s Catechism,’ 1703, of which the -following is a portion: - - -HOW DO YOU EMPLOY YOUR TIME NOW? - -‘I lie in Bed till Noon, dress all the Afternoon, Dine in the Evening, -and Play at Cards till Midnight.’ - -‘How do you spend the Sabbath?’ - -‘In Chit-Chat.’ - -‘What do you talk of?’ - -‘New Fashions and New Plays.’ - -‘How often do you go to Church?’ - -‘Twice a year or oftener, according as my Husband gives me new Cloaths.’ - -‘Why do you go to Church when you have new Cloaths?’ - -‘To see other People’s Finery, and to show my own, and to laugh at -those scurvy, out-of-fashion Creatures that come there for Devotion.’ - -‘Pray, Madam, what Books do you read?’ - -‘I read lewd Plays and winning Romances.’ - -‘Who is it you love?’ - -‘Myself.’ - -‘What! nobody else?’ - -‘My Page, my Monkey, and my Lap Dog.’ - -‘Why do you love them?’ - -‘Why, because I am an English lady, and they are Foreign Creatures: my -Page from Genoa, my Monkey from the East Indies, and my Lap Dog from -Vigo.’ - -‘Would they not have pleased you as well if they had been English?’ - -‘No, for I hate everything that Old England brings forth, except it be -the temper of an English Husband, and the liberty of an English Wife. I -love the French Bread, French Wines, French Sauces, and a French Cook; -in short, I have all about me French or Foreign, from my Waiting Woman -to my Parrot.’ - -‘How do you pay your debts?’ - -‘Some with money, and some with fair promises. I seldom pay anybody’s -bills, but run more into their debt. I give poor Tradesmen ill words, -and the rich I treat civilly, in hopes to get further in their debt.’ - -Addison, in the _Spectator_ (No. 323, March 11th, 1712), gives -Clarinda’s Journal for a week, from which I will only extract one day -as a sample. - -‘WEDNESDAY. _From Eight to Ten._ Drank two Dishes of Chocolate in Bed, -and fell asleep after ’em. - -‘_From Ten to Eleven._ Eat a Slice of Bread and Butter, drank a Dish of -Bohea, read the _Spectator_. - -‘_From Eleven to One._ At my Toilet, try’d a new Head.[7] Gave orders -for _Veney_[8] to be combed and washed. _Mem._ I look best in Blue. - -‘_From One till Half an Hour after Two._ Drove to the Change. Cheapened -a couple of Fans. - -‘_Till Four._ At Dinner. _Mem._ Mr. Frost passed by in his new Liveries. - -‘_From Four to Six._ Dressed, paid a visit to old Lady Blithe and her -Sister, having heard they were gone out of Town that Day. - -‘_From Six to Eleven._ At Basset.[9] _Mem._ Never sit again upon the -Ace of Diamond.’ - -Gambling was one of the curses of the Eighteenth Century. From Royalty -downwards, all played Cards--the men, perhaps, preferred dice, and -‘Casting a Main’--but the women were inveterate card-players, until, -in the latter part of the century, it became a national scandal, owing -to the number of ladies who, from their social position, should have -acted better, who kept Faro-tables, and to whom the nickname of _Faro’s -Daughters_ was applied. There were Ladies Buckinghamshire and Archer, -Mrs. Concannon, Mrs. Hobart, Mrs. Sturt, and others, whose houses -were neither more nor less than gaming-houses. The evil was so great, -that Lord Kenyon, in delivering judgment in a trial to recover £15 -won at card-playing, said that the higher classes set a bad example -in this matter to the lower, and, he added, ‘They think they are too -great for the law; I wish they could be punished. If any prosecutions -of this kind are fairly brought before me, and the parties are justly -convicted, whatever be their rank or station in the country--though -they be the first ladies in the land--they shall certainly exhibit -themselves in the pillory.’ - -The caricaturists got hold of his Lordship’s speech, and depicted -Lady Archer and others in the pillory, and Lady Buckinghamshire being -whipped at a cart’s-tail by Lord Kenyon. With the century this kind of -play died out; but some mention of it was necessary in order to show -that Swift’s description of ladies gambling was not exaggerated. - - -THE JOURNAL OF A MODERN LADY. - - SIR, - - It was a most unfriendly Part - In you who ought to know my Heart; - And well acquainted with my Zeal - For all the Females’ Common-weal. - How cou’d it come into your Mind - To pitch on me of all Mankind, - Against the Sex to write a Satire, - And brand me for a Woman-Hater? - On me, who think them all so fair, - They rival Venus to a Hair: - Their Virtues never ceas’d to sing, - Since first I learn’d to tune a String. - Methinks I hear the Ladies cry, - Will he his Character belye? - Must never our Misfortunes end? - And have we lost our only Friend? - Ah! lovely Nymph, remove your Fears, - No more let fall those precious Tears, - Sooner shall, etc. - -(_Here several verses are omitted._) - - The Hound be hunted by the Hare, - Than I turn Rebel to the Fair. - - * * * * * - - ’Twas you engaged me first to write, - Then gave the Subject out of Spite. - The Journal of a Modern Dame, - Is by my Promise what you claim; - My Word is past, I must submit, - And yet perhaps you may be bit. - I but transcribe, for not a Line - Of all the Satire shall be mine. - Compell’d by you to tag in Rhimes - The common Slanders of the Times, - Of modern Times, the Guilt is yours - And me my Innocence secures: - Unwilling Muse, begin thy Lay, - The Annals of a Female Day. - By Nature turn’d to play the Rake well, - As we shall shew you in the Sequel; - The modern Dame is wak’d by Noon, - Some authors say not quite so soon; - Because, though sore against her Will, - She sat all Night up at Quadrill.[10] - She stretches, gapes, unglues her Eyes, - And asks if it be time to rise. - Of Head-ach and the Spleen complains; - And then to cool her heated Brains, - Her Night-gown![11] and her Slippers brought her, - Takes a large Dram of Citron Water. - Then to her Glass; and, Betty, pray - Don’t I look frightfully to-Day? - But, was it not confounded hard? - Well, if I ever touch a Card; - Four Mattadores, and lose Codill; - Depend upon’t I never will! - But run to Tom, and bid him fix - The Ladies here to-Night by Six. - Madam, the Goldsmith waits below, - He says his Business is to know - If you’ll redeem the Silver Cup - You pawn’d to him. First, shew him up. - Your Dressing Plate he’ll be content - To take for Interest Cent. per Cent. - And, Madam, there’s my Lady Spade - Hath sent this Letter by her Maid. - Well, I remember what she won; - And hath she sent so soon to dun? - Here, carry down those ten Pistoles - My Husband left to pay for Coals: - I thank my Stars they are all light; - And I may have Revenge to-Night. - Now, loitering o’er her Tea and Cream, - She enters on her usual Theme; - Her last Night’s ill Success repeats, - Calls Lady Spade a hundred Cheats. - She slipt Spadillo in her Breast, - Then thought to turn it to a Jest. - There’s Mrs. Cut and she combine, - And to each other give the Sign. - Through ev’ry Game pursues her Tale, - Like Hunters o’er their Evening Ale. - Now to another Scene give Place, - Enter the Folks with Silks and Lace; - Fresh Matter for a World of Chat, - Right Indian this, right Macklin that; - Observe this Pattern; there’s a Stuff, - I can have Customers enough. - Dear Madam, you are grown so hard, - This Lace is worth twelve Pounds a Yard - Madam, if there be Truth in Man, - I never sold so cheap a Fan. - This Business of Importance o’er, - And Madam, almost dress’d by Four; - The Footman, in his usual Phrase, - Comes up with: Madam, Dinner stays; - She answers in her usual Style, - The Cook must keep it back a while; - I never can have time to Dress, - No Woman breathing takes up less; - I’m hurried so, it makes me sick, - I wish the dinner at Old Nick. - At Table now she acts her part, - Has all the Dinner Cant by Heart: - I thought we were to Dine alone, - My Dear, for sure if I had known - This Company would come to-Day, - But really ’tis my Spouse’s Way; - He’s so unkind, he never sends - To tell, when he invites his Friends: - I wish ye may but have enough; - And while, with all this paultry Stuff, - She sits tormenting every Guest, - Nor gives her Tongue one Moment’s Rest, - In Phrases batter’d stale and trite, - Which modern Ladies call polite; - You see the Booby Husband sit - In Admiration at her Wit. - But let me now a while Survey - Our Madam o’er her Ev’ning Tea; - Surrounded with her Noisy Clans - Of Prudes, Coquets, and Harridans; - When frighted at the clamorous Crew, - Away the God of Silence flew; - And fair Discretion left the Place, - And Modesty with blushing Face; - Now enters over-weening Pride, - And Scandal ever gaping wide, - Hypocrisy with Frown severe, - Scurrility with gibing Air; - Rude Laughter seeming like to burst, - And Malice always judging worst; - And Vanity with Pocket-Glass, - And Impudence, with Front of Brass; - And studied Affectation came, - Each Limb and Feature out of Frame; - While Ignorance, with Brain of Lead, - Flew hov’ring o’er each Female Head. - Why should I ask of thee, my Muse, - An Hundred Tongues, as Poets use, - When, to give ev’ry Dame her due, - An Hundred Thousand were too few! - Or how should I, alas! relate, - The Sum of all their Senseless Prate, - Their Inuendo’s, Hints, and Slanders, - Their Meanings lewd, and double Entanders.[12] - Now comes the general Scandal Charge, - What some invent, the rest enlarge; - And, Madam, if it he a Lye, - You have the tale as cheap as I: - I must conceal my Author’s Name, - But now ’tis known to common Fame. - Say, foolish Females, Old and Blind, - Say, by what fatal Turn of Mind, - Are you on Vices most severe, - Wherein yourselves have greatest Share? - Thus every Fool herself deludes, - The Prudes condemn the absent Prudes. - Mopsa who stinks her Spouse to Death, - Accuses Chloe’s tainted Breath: - Hircina, rank with Sweat, presumes - To censure Phillis for Perfumes: - While crooked Cynthia swearing, says, - That Florimel wears Iron Stays. - Chloe’s of ev’ry Coxcomb jealous, - Admires[13] how Girls can talk with Fellows, - And, full of Indignation, frets - That Women should be such Coquets. - Iris, for Scandal most notorious, - Cries, Lord, the world is so censorious; - And Rufa, with her Combs of Lead,[14] - Whispers that Sappho’s Hair is Red. - Aura, whose Tongue you hear a Mile hence, - Talks half a day in Praise of Silence: - And Silvia, full of inward Guilt, - Calls Amoret an arrant Jilt. - Now Voices over Voices rise; - While each to be the loudest vies, - They contradict, affirm, dispute, - No single Tongue one Moment mute; - All mad to speak, and none to hearken, - They set the very Lap-Dog barking; - Their Chattering makes a louder Din - Than Fish-Wives o’er a Cup of Gin; - Not School-boys at a Barring-out, - Raised ever such incessant Rout: - The Shumbling (_sic_) Particles of Matter - In Chaos make not such a Clatter; - Far less the Rabble roar and rail, - When Drunk with sour Election Ale. - Nor do they trust their Tongue alone, - To speak a Language of their own; - Can read a Nod, a Shrug, a Look; - Far better than a printed Book; - Convey a Libel in a Frown, - And wink a Reputation down; - Or, by the tossing of the Fan, - Describe the Lady and the Man. - But, see the Female Club disbands, - Each, twenty Visits on her Hands: - Now, all alone, poor Madam sits, - In Vapours and Hysterick Fits; - And was not Tom this Morning sent? - I’d lay my Life he never went: - Past Six, and not a living Soul! - I might by this have won a Vole. - A dreadful Interval of Spleen! - How shall we pass the Time between? - Here, Betty, let me take my Drops, - And feel my Pulse, I know it stops: - This Head of mine, Lord, how it Swims! - And such a Pain in all my Limbs! - Dear Madam, try to take a Nap: - But now they hear a Foot-Man’s Rap; - Go, run, and light the Ladies up; - It must be One before we Sup. - The Table, Cards, and Counters set, - And all the Gamester Ladies met, - Her Spleen and Fits recover’d quite, - Our Madam can sit up all Night; - Whoever comes, I’m not within, - Quadrill the Word, and so begin. - How can the Muse her Aid impart, - Unskill’d in all the Terms of Art? - Or, in harmonious Numbers, put - The Deal, the Shuffle, and the Cut? - The Superfluous Whims relate, - That fill a Female Gamester’s Pate: - What Agony of Soul she feels - To see a Knave’s inverted Heels; - She draws up Card by Card, to find - Good Fortune peeping from behind; - With panting Heart and earnest Eyes, - In hope to see Spadillo rise; - In vain, alas! her Hope is fed, - She draws an Ace, and sees it red. - In ready Counters never pays, - But pawns her Snuff-Box, Rings, and Keys. - Ever with some new Fancy struck, - Tries twenty Charms to mend her Luck. - This Morning when the Parson came, - I said I could not win a Game. - This odious Chair, how came I stuck in’t? - I think I’ve never had good Luck in’t. - I’m so uneasy in my Stays: - Your Fan, a Moment, if you please. - Stand further, Girl, or get you gone, - I always lose when you look on. - Lord! Madam, you have lost Codill; - I never saw you play so ill. - Nay, Madam, give me leave to say - ’Twas you that threw the game away; - When Lady Tricksy play’d a Four, - You took it with a Matadore; - I saw you touch your Wedding-Ring - Before my Lady call’d a King. - You spoke a Word began with H, - And I know whom you mean to teach, - Because you held the King of Hearts; - Fie, Madam, leave these little Arts. - That’s not so bad as one that rubs - Her Chair to call the King of Clubs, - And makes her Partner understand - A Matadore is in her Hand. - Madam, you have no Cause to flounce, - I swear I saw you twice renounce. - And truly, Madam, I know when - Instead of Five you scor’d me Ten. - Spadillo here has got a Mark, - A Child may know it in the Dark: - I Guess the Hand, it seldom fails, - I wish some Folks would pare their Nails. - While thus they rail, and scold, and storm, - It passes but for common Form; - Are conscious that they all speak true, - And give each other but their due; - It never interrupts the Game, - Or makes ’em sensible of Shame. - Time too precious now to waste, - The Supper gobbled up in haste: - Again a-fresh to Cards they run, - As if they had but just begun; - Yet shall I not again repeat - How oft they Squabble, Snarl, and Cheat: - At last they hear the Watchman Knock, - _A frosty Morn ... Past Four a-clock_. - The Chair-men are not to be found, - Come, let us play the t’other Round. - Now all in haste they huddle on - Their Hoods, their Cloaks, and get them gone; - But first, the Winner must invite - The Company to-morrow Night. - Unlucky Madam left in Tears, - Who now again Quadrill forswears, - With empty Purse and aching Head, - Steals to her sleeping Spouse to Bed. - - - - -GEORGE BARRINGTON. - - -There is much and curious food for reflection, in the tendency that -mankind has ever shown to sympathise with the daring and ingenious -depredators who relieve the rich of their superfluity, which may -possibly be owing to the romantic adventures and hair-breadth escapes -which the robbers, in their career, have undergone. But, be the cause -what it may, it is certain that the populace of all nations view with -admiration great and successful thieves: for instance, what greater -popular hero, and one that has been popular for centuries, could be -found than Robin Hood? - -Almost every country in Europe has its traditional thief, whose -exploits are recorded both in prose and poetry. In England, Claude -Duval, Captain Hind, Dick Turpin, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard have -each in their turn occupied a prominent place in the annals of crime; -whilst in France, amongst the light-fingered heroes that have, from -time to time, extorted respect from the multitude, Cartouche and Vidocq -take first rank. Germany is proud of its Schinderhannes, the Robber of -the Rhine, the stories of whose generosity and courage still render -his memory a favourite on the banks of that river, the travellers -on which he so long kept in awe. In Italy and Spain, those homes of -brigands and banditti, the inhabitants have ever-ready sympathy for the -men whose names and exploits are as familiar among them as ‘household -words.’ - -Cartouche, however, is the only rival to Barrington in their particular -line, and Barrington, certainly, was no mere common pick-pocket, only -fit to figure in the ‘Newgate Calendar,’ but he possessed talents -which, had they been properly directed on his first setting out in -life, might have enabled him to have played a distinguished part either -in literature or in business. But, unfortunately, very early in his -youth, poverty led him to adopt theft as his professed vocation; and, -by his ingenuity and constant practice, he contrived to render himself -so expert, as almost to have conducted his depredations on systematic -rules, and elevated his crime into a ‘high art.’ Barrington, too, by -his winning manners, gentlemanly address, and the fair education he -contrived to pick up, was a man eminently fitted (if such an expression -may be allowed) for his profession! his personal appearance was -almost sufficient to disarm suspicion, and this, in all probability, -contributed greatly to the success which he met with in his career. - -George Barrington, or Waldron (for it is not known which was his right -name), was born on the 14th of May, 1755, at the village of Maynooth, -county Kildare, in Ireland, now famous for the Royal College of St. -Patrick, which is there situated. His reputed father was Henry Waldron, -who was a working silversmith, and his mother, whose maiden name was -Naish, was a dressmaker, or mantua-maker, as it was then called (also -occasionally acting as midwife), in the same village; but, whether they -had ever been legally united, is a matter open to doubt. - -To have their parentage disputed is a fate which the great ones of the -earth have frequently to undergo, and George Barrington, or Waldron, is -an instance of this, for more than one of his historians assert that he -was the son of a Captain Barrington, an officer in a marching regiment -quartered at Rush, and the date of his birth is given as 1758; but the -most trustworthy evidence places it on record as above stated. - -His parents’ characters stood high among their neighbours for integrity -and industry, but they were, unfortunately, always behindhand with -the world, and never able to extricate themselves from the state of -abject poverty in which they were sunk, in consequence of unsuccessful -litigation with a wealthy relation. This want of means prevented them -from giving George any education until he was seven years of age, when -he was sent to the village school, and there was taught to read and -write. A benevolent surgeon in the neighbourhood afterwards instructed -him in arithmetic, geography, and grammar; but, if the anecdote related -of him is true, he repaid the kindness by the blackest ingratitude in -stealing some coins from his benefactor’s daughter. - -Young Waldron was lucky enough to attract the notice of the Rev. -Dr. Westropp, a dignitary of the Church of Ireland, who placed him, -when he was sixteen years of age, at a grammar-school in Dublin, and -this patron proposed that he should fit himself for the university. -But fate had decreed otherwise and he enjoyed the benefits of this -gentleman’s kindness but a short time, for, in a moment of passion, -when quarrelling with another boy, he stabbed his antagonist with a -pen-knife, wounding him severely. Instead of making the matter one -for legal investigation, the boy received a thorough good flogging, a -degradation he could by no means forgive, and he resolved to run away -from school, and leave family, friends, and all his fair prospects -behind him. But, previous to carrying his plan of escape into action, -he found means to appropriate ten or twelve guineas belonging to -the master of the school, and a gold repeating-watch, which was the -property of his master’s sister. Not content with this booty, he took a -few shirts and pairs of stockings, and safely effected his retreat, one -still night in 1771, starting off for Drogheda. - -There happened to be staying at the obscure inn at which he put up, -on his arrival at Drogheda, a set of strolling players, whose manager -was one John Price, who had once been a lawyer’s clerk, and had been -convicted of some fraud at the Old Bailey. He soon wormed the boy’s -whole story out of him, and persuaded him to join the theatrical -company, which he did, and he applied himself to study so diligently -that he was cast for the part, and played, four days after his -enrolment, Jaffier in Otway’s tragedy of ‘Venice Preserved,’ in a barn -in the suburbs of Drogheda. Both he and Price were of opinion that it -would be dangerous for him to remain so near the scene of his late -depredations, but were unable to move for want of money. To overcome -this difficulty, Waldron, who had assumed the name of Barrington, gave -Price the gold repeater he had stolen, which was sold for the benefit -of the company, and they set out for Londonderry. - -But it was found that the expenses of travelling for so numerous a -body, with their _impedimenta_, were too great to be balanced by the -receipts of rural audiences, and, on their arrival at Londonderry, -their finances were found to be at a very low ebb indeed. Under these -circumstances, Price insinuated that Barrington, with his good address -and appearance, could easily introduce himself to the chief places of -resort in the city, and, by picking pockets, might refill their empty -exchequer. This scheme he at once put into practice, with such success -that, at the close of the evening, he was the possessor of about forty -guineas in cash, and one hundred and fifty pounds in Irish bank-notes. - -The picking of pockets being a crime almost unknown in that part of -Ireland, the town took the alarm, and a great stir was made over the -matter; but it being fair-time, and many strangers in the city, neither -Barrington nor Price were suspected; still they thought it but prudent -to leave as soon as they could with propriety, and, after playing a few -more nights, they moved to Ballyshannon. For some time he continued -this vagabond life, travelling about the North of Ireland, acting every -Tuesday and Saturday, and picking pockets every day in the week, a -business which he found more lucrative and entertaining than that of -the theatre, where his fame was by no means equal to the expectation he -had raised. - -At Cork, Price and he came to the conclusion never to think any more -of the stage, a resolution which was the more easily executed, as -the company to which they originally belonged was now broken up and -dispersed. It was settled between them that Price should pass for -Barrington’s servant, and that Barrington should act the part of a -young gentleman of large fortune and of noble family, who was not yet -quite of age, travelling for his amusement. They carried out their -scheme well, purchasing horses and dressing up to their parts, and, -during the summer and autumn of 1772, they visited all the race-courses -in the South of Ireland, making a remarkably successful campaign. -Pocket-picking was a novel experience to the Irish gentry, and their -unsuspicious ways made them an easy prey to Barrington’s skill and -nimble fingers; so much so that when, at the setting-in of winter, they -returned to Cork, they found themselves in possession of a large sum -of money (over £1,000), having been fortunate enough to have escaped -detection or even suspicion. - -At length their partnership was rudely dissolved, as, at the close of -winter, Price was detected in the very act of picking a gentleman’s -pocket at Cork, and for this offence he was sentenced to be transported -to America (as was customary then) for seven years. Barrington -immediately converted all his moveable property into cash, and beat -a precipitate flight to Dublin, where, for a time, he lived a very -private and retired life, only stealing out occasionally of a dark -night to visit some gaming-house, where he might pick up a few guineas, -or a watch, etc., a mode of life which was by no means congenial to -his ambitious nature, and he again frequented the race-courses. He -met with his first check at Carlow, where he was detected in picking -a nobleman’s pocket. It was a clear case; the stolen property was -found on his person, and immediately restored to its owner, who did not -prosecute, preferring to let the rascal receive the treatment known as -‘the discipline of the course,’ a punishment very similar to that meted -out to ‘Welchers’ at the present day. But Ireland was getting too warm -for him, and, having realised his property, he set sail for London, -where he arrived in the summer of 1773, a remarkably precocious youth -of eighteen. - -On his voyage across the Channel, he became acquainted with several -persons of respectability, with one of whom he travelled post to -London, having gulled him with a specious tale about his family and -fortune; and, having gained his confidence, he procured by his means -introductions into the politest circles, from whom, for a long time, he -extracted abundant plunder. But, in order to do this, he had to dress -well, and live extravagantly, so that he very soon had to cast about -for the means wherewith to supply his needs. Among the earliest visits -he paid, after his arrival in London, and in his friend’s company, -was, of course, Ranelagh, where he found two of his acquaintance on -the Irish packet talking to the Duke of Leinster. Bowing to them, and -stationing himself near them, he soon eased the duke of above eighty -pounds, a baronet of five-and-thirty guineas, and one of the ladies of -her watch; and, with this plunder, he rejoined his party as if nothing -had happened out of the ordinary course of things. - -But his proceedings had been watched by another member of the thieving -fraternity, who was in the gardens, and who took a speedy opportunity -of letting Barrington know that he had witnessed his crime, and -threatened to denounce him to the plundered parties, unless a division -of the spoil was made between them. His manner being very impressive, -left Barrington no alternative but to comply; and the lady’s watch -and chain, with a ten-pound note, fell to his share. The two supped -together, and it ended with their entering into a mutual alliance, -which, for the time, suited Barrington well, as his companion knew -town much better than he did, and was especially well-informed in the -knowledge of those places where the plunder could be disposed of: but -this partnership only continued for a short time, in consequence of -their quarrels, there being nothing in common to bind these two rogues -together save their crime. - -In the course of his depredations, he visited Brighton, or, as it was -then called, Brighthelmstone, which was beginning to be the resort of -the wealthier classes, but, as yet, had not dreamed of the rise it was -to take under George the Magnificent--and no conception could have been -formed of the present ‘London-on-the-Sea.’ Here, thanks to his pleasant -manners and address, as well as to the company he frequented, he became -acquainted, and intimate, with the Duke of Ancaster, Lord Ferrers, -Lord Lyttleton, and many other noblemen, who all considered him as a -man of genius and ability (which he certainly was), and were under the -impression that he was a gentleman of fortune and family. - -His manners were good, and he had a pleasant wit--so that it is not -difficult to imagine that his society was welcome. As a specimen of -his wit, I may relate an anecdote told of him when on a visit to -Chichester from Brighton. In company of several noblemen, he was -shown the curiosities and notable things in the town and cathedral. -In the latter, their attention was directed to a family vault for the -interment of the Dukes of Richmond, which had been erected by the late -duke, and which was inscribed ‘Domus ultima’ (the last house). On this -inscription he is said to have written the following epigram: - - ‘Did he, who thus inscribed this wall, - Not _read_, or not _believe_, St. Paul? - Who says, “There is, where e’er it stands, - _Another_ house, not made with hands;” - Or shall we gather, from the words, - That _House_ is not a _House_ of Lords.’ - -After living at the expense of the pockets of his new-found friends -as long as he deemed it prudent, he returned to London, and began a -dissolute and profligate career; but, though his time was pretty well -employed between his infamous occupation and his amusements, he yet -found opportunity for intervals of study and literary pursuits, and -composed several odes and poems, which are said to have been not devoid -of merit. - -As before stated, he broke with his partner, who retired to a -monastery, where, in all probability, he ended his days in penitence -and peace. But, in the winter of 1775, Barrington became acquainted -with one Lowe, whom he first employed in the useful capacity of -receiver of stolen goods, and afterwards went into partnership -with. This Lowe was a singular character. Originally he had been a -livery-servant, and after that he kept a public-house for some time, -when, having saved some money, he turned usurer or money-lender, in -which business he accumulated a small fortune, when he assumed the -character of a gentleman, and lived in a genteel house near Bloomsbury -Square, then a fashionable neighbourhood. Here he passed for a very -charitable and benevolent person, and was appointed treasurer or -manager of a new hospital for the blind in Kentish Town, in which -capacity, it is said, he contrived to become possessed of some five -thousand pounds, when he set fire to the institution. Being suspected -thereof, he was apprehended at Liverpool, in 1779, when he committed -suicide by taking poison, and was buried at a cross-road, in the -neighbourhood of Prescott in Lancashire. - -On forming his partnership with Lowe, it was resolved on between -them that Barrington should repair to Court on the Queen’s birthday, -disguised as a clergyman, and there endeavour not only to pick the -pockets of the company, but, what was a far bolder and more novel -attempt, to cut off the diamond stars of the Knights of the Garter, -Bath, or Thistle, who on such days generally wore the ribands of their -respective orders over their coats. In this enterprise he succeeded -beyond the most sanguine expectations that could have been formed, -either by himself or his partner; for he managed to take a diamond star -from a nobleman, and to get away from St. James’s unsuspected. But this -prize was too valuable to dispose of in England, and it is said to have -been sold to a Dutch Jew, who came over from Holland twice a year on -purpose to buy stolen goods, for eight hundred pounds. This haul only -whetted his appetite for yet more profitable plunder, and a chance of -his skill shortly presented itself. - -In the course of the winter of 1775, Prince Orloff, a Russian nobleman -of the first rank and consequence, visited England. The splendour in -which he lived, and the stories of his immense wealth, were frequently -noticed and commented on in the public prints, and attention was -particularly drawn to a gold snuff-box, set with brilliants, which was -one of the many marks of favour showered upon him by Catherine, Empress -of Russia, and which was generally valued at the enormous sum of -between thirty and forty thousand pounds. This precious trinket excited -Barrington’s cupidity in an extraordinary degree, and he determined to -exert himself, in order, by some means or other, to get it into his -possession. - -A favourable opportunity occurred one night at Covent Garden Theatre, -where he contrived to get near the prince, and dexterously conveyed -the treasure from his excellency’s waistcoat pocket (in which, -according to Russian custom, it was usually carried) into his own. -This operation was not, however, performed with sufficient delicacy to -escape detection, for the prince felt the attack that was so impudently -made upon his property, and, having reason to entertain some suspicion -of Barrington, he immediately seized him by the collar. During the -confusion that naturally ensued upon such an unusual scene, Barrington -slipped the box into the hand of the prince, who, doubtless, was only -too rejoiced to recover it with so much ease. The thief, however, was -secured, and committed to Tothill Fields Bridewell.[15] - -When examined before Sir John Fielding, Barrington trumped up a story -that he was a native of Ireland, of an affluent and respectable family; -that he had been educated for the medical profession, and had come to -England to improve himself by means of his connections. This story, -which was told with extreme modesty and many tears, induced the prince -to think of him more as an unfortunate gentleman than a guilty culprit, -and he declined to proceed against him, so that he was dismissed, -with an admonition from Sir John to amend his future conduct; and he -must have left the court congratulating himself on his narrow, but -lucky, escape. The publicity which was given to this attempt lost him -the society of most of his friends, as he was held up to view in the -disgraceful light of an impostor; and it also was the means of giving -him a further taste of prison discipline. - -In the pursuit of his peculiar industry, he frequented both Houses of -Parliament, where he acquired considerable plunder. Some weeks after -the Covent Garden affair, he was in the House of Lords during an -interesting debate that attracted a great number of people, amongst -whom was a gentleman who recognised Barrington, and who informed the -Deputy Usher of the Black Rod of his probable business there. That -official promptly ejected him, though, perhaps, not with the gentleness -that he considered his due, and he uttered such threats of vengeance -against his accuser that the latter made application to a magistrate, -who granted a warrant to take Barrington into custody, and to bind him -over to keep the peace. But his credit was now sunk so low that none of -his former companions would come forward with the necessary sureties, -and Barrington, in default, was relegated to his former place of -detention, Tothill Fields Bridewell, where he remained a considerable -time before he was released. - -During his incarceration, the story of his misdeeds was industriously -circulated, and his character as _bon camarade_ was completely -destroyed, so that the entry to all decent company was absolutely shut -against him, and from this time forward he was obliged to abandon -the _rôle_ of a ‘gentleman’ pickpocket, and descend to all the mean -artifices of a common pilferer. Even in this humble branch of his -infamous industry, his good fortune seems to have deserted him, for he -was detected in picking the pocket of a low woman at Drury Lane Theatre -in December, 1776, and, though he made a remarkably clever speech in -his defence, he was sentenced to three years of ballast-heaving, or -hard labour in the hulks at Woolwich. Here, herded with the vilest -of the vile, he kept as much as possible from them, and, by his good -conduct, attracted the attention of the superintendents of convicts, -and by their intervention he was set free, after having sustained an -imprisonment of somewhat less than twelve months. - -On his liberation, he lost no time in re-commencing his vicious -occupation, under various disguises, sometimes as a quack doctor, or -as a clergyman; or he would assume the character of a grave commercial -traveller, only to appear, a few days later on, as the keeper of a -gambling-house, and he had many a narrow escape from capture. - -Justice, however, again laid her hands upon him, for, less than six -months after his liberation, he was detected in picking the pocket of -one, Elizabeth Ironmonger, of a watch, was convicted on the clearest -evidence, and, in spite of the very eloquent and skilful defence he -made, he was a second time sentenced to the hulks with hard labour, -this time for five years. His speeches to the court, which were -remarked in the public prints, as well as the letters that he wrote -seeking mitigation of his punishment, display such talent that it is a -matter of great regret that it was not turned to more honest account. -On one occasion, when tried for stealing Sir G. Webster’s purse at the -opera, in February, 1784, he was able, by his eloquence, to influence -the jury to return a verdict of not guilty; and a similar piece of good -fortune was vouchsafed to him a year after, when arraigned for the -robbery of a gentleman’s watch at Drury Lane Theatre, when his most -ingenious and well-chosen address to the jury resulted in his acquittal. - -He could not stand his second imprisonment on the hulks, and to end -it he attempted suicide by stabbing himself in the breast with a -pen-knife. Medical aid was at hand, and the wound slowly healed, but -he still continued to linger in a miserable state, until he came -under the notice of a gentleman of position, who used his influence -with the government so successfully that he obtained Barrington’s -release, subject to the condition that he should leave the country. -His benefactor also gave him money for that purpose, and he was -soon on the Chester coach, _en route_ for Ireland. When he arrived -in Dublin, he found his character had preceded him, and he was so -closely watched that it was not long before he was again arrested, -and acquitted only from want of evidence. The judge admonished him -most seriously, which gave Barrington an opportunity of airing his -eloquence, and he delivered an oration on the unaccountable force of -prejudice that existed against him; but, when once he got away, he came -to the conclusion that the Irish capital was not a desirable place of -residence for him, so he travelled northwards, and ultimately reached -Edinburgh. - -However, the police of that city knew all about him, and were more -vigilant than their _confrères_ in London and Dublin, so that -Barrington, finding himself both suspected and watched, came to the -conclusion that the air of Scotland was not good for him, and turned -his face southward. Unmindful of the terms of his liberation, or -careless as to the result of his return, he again sought London, -where, once more, he frequented the theatres, the opera-house, and the -Pantheon, for some little time, with tolerable success--but he was now -too notorious to be long secure; he was closely watched, and well-nigh -detected at the latter of these places; and, such strong suspicions of -his behaviour were entertained by the magistrates, he was committed to -Newgate, though on his trial he was acquitted. - -But he only escaped Scylla to be engulphed in Charybdis, for one of -the superintendents of convicts had him detained for violating the -conditions under which he was liberated, and the consequence was that -he was made what was called ‘a fine in Newgate,’ that is, he had to -serve out his unexpired term of imprisonment there. This punishment -he duly suffered, and when he was once more set free, he at once -re-commenced his old practices, and lived a life of shifts and roguery, -until, in January, 1787, he was detected in picking the pocket of a -Mrs. Le Mesurier, at Drury Lane Theatre, and was at once apprehended. -He was given in charge of a constable named Blandy, but by some means, -either by negligence of his custodian, or by bribing him, he made his -escape. - -For this he was outlawed, and, whilst the offended majesty of the law -was thus seeking to vindicate itself, he was making a progress of the -northern counties under various disguises, sometimes appearing as a -quack doctor, or a clergyman, then in connection with a gaming-table, -and occasionally playing the _rôle_ of a rider (as commercial -travellers were then called) for some manufacturing firm. Although -frequently meeting with people who knew him, he was never molested -by them, until he was recognised at Newcastle (whilst being examined -in the justice-room there, regarding a theft he had committed) by a -gentleman from London as being ‘wanted’ for the robbery at Drury Lane -Theatre, and he was promptly despatched to Bow Street once more. On -his arrival, he was committed to Newgate as an outlaw, and, miserable -and dejected, his spirits sank within him. His friends, however (for -even he had friends) made up a purse of a hundred guineas for his -defence. His trial took place in November, 1789, when he conducted his -own defence, as usual, with extraordinary ability, arguing the various -points of law with the judge with surprising acuteness and elegant -language, till, eventually, being aided by the absence of a material -witness, he made such an impression upon the court that a verdict of -acquittal was recorded. - -All these escapes, however, seem to have had no deterrent effect upon -him, and he again set off for Ireland, where he joined an accomplice -named Hubert, who was speedily apprehended, in the act of picking a -pocket, and sentenced to seven years transportation. Dublin after this -was far too hot for Barrington, so he adroitly made his escape to -England, where, after rambling about the country for some time, he -re-appeared in London. But he had not been in the metropolis very long -before he was apprehended, as his indictment says, for ‘stealing on -the 1st of September, 1780, in the parish of Enfield, in the county of -Middlesex, a gold watch, chain, seals, and a metal key, the property of -Henry Hare Townsend.’ The case was very clear, but Barrington defended -himself very ingeniously, and with a certain amount of oratory, of -which the following is a sample: - -‘I am well convinced of the noble nature of a British Court of Justice; -the dignified and benign principles of its judges, and the liberal and -candid spirit of its jurors. - -‘Gentlemen, life is the gift of God, and liberty its greatest blessing; -the power of disposing of both or either is the greatest man can -enjoy. It is also adventitious that, great as that power is, it cannot -be better placed than in the hands of an English jury; for they will -not exercise it like tyrants, who delight in blood, but like generous -and brave men, who delight to spare rather than destroy; and who, -forgetting they are men themselves, lean, when they can, to the side -of compassion. It may be thought, gentlemen of the jury, that I am -appealing to your passions, and, if I had the power to do it, I would -not fail to employ it. The passions animate the heart, and to the -passions we are indebted for the noblest actions, and to the passions -we owe our dearest and finest feelings; and, when it is considered, the -mighty power you now possess, whatever leads to a cautious and tender -discharge of it, must be thought of great consequence: as long as the -passions conduct us on the side of benevolence, they are our best, our -safest, and our most friendly guides.’ - -But all his eloquence was thrown away on a jury of practical men, and -they found him guilty. His trial took place on the 15th of September, -1790, and on the 22nd of September he received his sentence, which was -seven years’ transportation. He took his leave dramatically, and made a -speech lamenting his hard fate throughout life. - -‘The world, my Lord, has given me credit for abilities, indeed much -greater than I possess, and, therefore, much more than I deserved; but -I have never found any kind hand to foster those abilities. - -‘I might ask, where was the generous and powerful hand that was ever -stretched forth to rescue George Barrington from infamy? In an age -like this, which, in several respects, is so justly famed for liberal -sentiments, it was my severe lot that no nobleminded gentleman stepped -forward and said to me, “Barrington, you are possessed of talents which -may be useful to society. I feel for your situation, and, as long as -you act the part of a good citizen, I will be your protector; you will -then have time and opportunity to rescue yourself from the obloquy of -your former conduct.” - -‘Alas, my Lord, George Barrington had never the supreme felicity of -having such comfort administered to his wounded spirit. As matters -have unfortunately turned out, the die is cast; and, as it is, I bend, -resigned to my fate, without one murmur or complaint.’ - -Thus ended his life in England, which he was never to see again, and it -is with pleasure that we can turn to a brighter page in his history. - -In his account of his voyage to New South Wales, he says that it was -with unspeakable satisfaction that he received orders to embark, -agreeably to his sentence; and it is pleasing to observe that, under -his adverse circumstances, the friends he had made in his prosperity -did not forsake him in his adversity, for many of them came to bid him -adieu, and not one of them came empty-handed; in fact, their generosity -was so great, that he had difficulty in getting permission to take all -their gifts on board. - -His account of their embarkation gives us an extremely graphic -description not only of the treatment of convicts, but of the unhappy -wretches themselves. - -‘About a quarter before five, a general muster took place, and, -having bid farewell to my fellow-prisoners, we were escorted from the -prison to Blackfriars Bridge by the City Guard, where two lighters -were waiting to receive us. This procession, though early, and but -few spectators, made a deep impression on my mind, and the ignominy -of being thus mingled with felons of all descriptions, many scarce a -degree above the brute creation, intoxicated with liquor, and shocking -the ears of those they passed with blasphemy, oaths, and songs, the -most offensive to modesty, inflicted a punishment more severe than the -sentence of my country, and fully avenged that society I had so much -wronged.’ - -And there is little doubt but that the moral repugnance to his -miserable, and vicious companions was mainly the cause of the -reformation which took place in him. - -The condition of convicts at that day was not enviable. There were two -hundred and fifty of them in the ship with Barrington, all packed -in the hold, their hammocks being slung within seventeen inches of -each other: being encumbered with their irons, and deprived of fresh -air, their condition was soon rendered deplorable. To alleviate their -sufferings as much as possible, they were permitted to walk the deck -(as much as was consistent with the safety of the ship), ten at a time; -and the women, of whom there were six on board, had a snug berth to -themselves. But, in spite of this humane and considerate treatment, -thirty-six of them died on the voyage. - -Barrington, however, was not in such evil case, for a friend had -accompanied him on board, and, by his influence and exertions, had -not only procured stowage for his packages, but also liberty to walk -the deck unencumbered with irons. Nor did his help stop here, for -he prevailed upon the boatswain to admit him into his mess, which -consisted of the second mate, carpenter, and gunner, on condition that -he paid his proportion towards defraying the extra requisites for the -mess during the voyage. The boatswain, too, had his hammock slung next -to his own, so that his life was made as comfortable as it could be, -under the circumstances, and he had not to herd with the convicts. - -Soon after leaving the Bay of Biscay, these gentlemen began to give -trouble. The captain, very humanely, had released many of the weaker -convicts of their galling chains, and allowed them to walk on deck, ten -at a time. Two of them, who were Americans, and had some knowledge of -navigation, prevailed upon the majority of their comrades to attempt to -seize the ship, impressing upon them that it would be an easy task, -and that when captured, they would sail to America, where every man -would not only obtain his liberty, but receive a tract of land from -Congress, besides a share of the money arising from the sale of the -ship and cargo. - -The poor dupes swallowed the bait, and the mutineers determined that -on the first opportunity, whilst the officers were at dinner, those -convicts who were on deck should force the arm-chest, which was kept -on the quarter-deck, and, at the same time, would make a signal to -two of them to attack the sentinels, and obtain possession of their -arms, while word was passed for those below to come on deck. And, as -they planned, so they carried out the mutiny: when the captain and -officers were below examining the stowage of some wine--a cask, in the -spirit-room, being leaky--and the only persons on deck were Barrington -and the man at the helm. - -Barrington was going forward, but was stopped by one of the Americans, -followed by another convict, who struck at him with a sword, which -luckily hit against a pistol that the American had pointed at him. -Barrington snatched up a handspike, and felled one of them, and the -steersman left his wheel and called up the captain and crew. For a few -moments Barrington kept the mutineers at bay, when assistance came--and -a blunderbuss being fired amongst the convicts, wounding several, they -retreated, and were all driven into the hold. An attempt of this kind -required the most exemplary punishment; and two of the ring-leaders, -with very short shrift, were soon dangling at the yard-arm, whilst -others were tasting the cat-o’-nine-tails at the gangway. - -The mutiny having been thus quelled, and the convicts re-ironed, the -captain had leisure to thank Barrington, and to compliment him on his -gallant behaviour in the emergency. He assured Barrington that, when -they arrived at the Cape, he would reward him, and that, meanwhile, -he was to have every liberty; and orders were given to the steward to -supply him with anything he might have occasion for during the voyage. -As Barrington observes: - -‘I soon experienced the good effects of my late behaviour; as seldom -a day passed but some fresh meat or poultry was sent to me by the -captain, which considerably raised me in the estimation of my -messmates, who were no ways displeased at the substitution of a sea-pie -of fowl or fresh meat to a dish of lobscouse, or a piece of salt-junk.’ - -On the ship’s arrival at the Cape, the captain gave Barrington an order -on a merchant there for one hundred dollars, telling him he might at -any time avail himself of the ship’s boat going ashore, and visit the -town as often as he pleased, if he would only tell the officers when -he felt so inclined. It is needless to say he fully availed himself of -his privilege, and laid out his money in the purchase of goods most in -demand in New South Wales. - -On reaching Port Jackson, in consequence of the captain’s report, he -had a most gracious reception from the governor, who, finding him a -man of ability and intelligence, almost immediately appointed him -superintendent of the convicts at Paramatta: his business being chiefly -to report the progress made in the different works that were carried -on there. Here he had ample leisure and opportunities of studying -the natives and their habits and customs, and in his ‘History of New -South Wales,’ he gives an interesting account of the aborigines of -Australia, now so rapidly approaching extinction. The governor, Philip, -made unceasing efforts to win their friendship, and even went to the -extent of forcing his acquaintance on them, by the summary method -of capturing a few, and keeping them in friendly durance; hoping -thus to gain their good-will, so that, on their release, they might -report to their friends that the white man was not so bad as he was -represented. But it was all in vain; for, beyond a very few converts to -civilisation, the savage remained untameable. - -By the purchases which Barrington had made at the Cape, as well as the -presents he had brought from England, he was enabled to furnish his -house in a rather better style than his neighbours, and, moreover, -he managed to collect around him a few farm-yard animals, which, -together with his great love for horticulture, made his life far from -unendurable. His position, as peace-officer of the district, was no -sinecure; for the criminal population over whom he had jurisdiction -gave him very considerable trouble, more especially after the -introduction into the settlement, by some American vessels, of New -England rum, the baneful effects of which were very soon apparent: the -partiality of the convicts for it being incredible, for they preferred -receiving it as the price of their labour to any other article, either -of provisions or clothing. - -Barrington’s tact and good management in the numerous disturbances -that arose, as more convicts were poured into the station, were very -conspicuous, and his conduct was altogether such as compensated, in a -great measure, for his former misdeeds. His domestic matters improved -by degrees, so that his situation was equal, if not preferable, to -that of most of the settlers there, and, to crown all, in September, -1799, the Governor--Hunter--presented him with an absolute pardon, -complimenting him on his faithful discharge of the duties which had -been entrusted to him, and the integrity and uniform uprightness of -his conduct, and, furthermore, said that his general behaviour, during -his whole residence, perfectly obliterated every trace of his former -indiscretions. - -Barrington was further appointed a principal superintendent of the -district of Paramatta, with a permanent salary of £50 per annum (his -situation having been, hitherto, only provisional) and, eventually, -the confidence he inspired was such that he was raised to the office -of Chief of the constabulary force of the Colony, on the principle, it -may be presumed, of ‘setting a thief to catch a thief.’ In this post he -gave great satisfaction, and died, much respected by all who knew him, -at Botany Bay. - -He wrote ‘The History of New South Wales,’ &c. London, 1802; a most -valuable and interesting book. ‘An Account of a Voyage to New South -Wales,’ London, 1803. ‘The History of New Holland,’ London, 1808; and -a book was published with his name as author, ‘The London Spy,’ which -went through several editions. - - - - -MILTON’S BONES. - - -In the first series of _Notes and Queries_, vol. v. p. 369 (April 17, -1852), is a note from which the following is an extract: ‘In vol. v, -p. 275, mention is made of Cromwell’s skull; so it may not be out of -place to tell you that I have handled one of Milton’s ribs. Cowper -speaks indignantly of the desecration of our divine poet’s grave, -on which shameful occurrence some of the bones were clandestinely -distributed. One fell to the lot of an old and esteemed friend, and -between forty-five and fifty years ago, at his house, not many miles -from London, I have often examined the said rib-bone.’ - -The lines of Cowper’s to which he refers were written in August, 1790, -and are entitled - - -STANZAS - -_On the late indecent Liberties taken with the remains of the great -Milton. Anno 1790._ - - ‘Me too, perchance, in future days, - The sculptured stone shall show, - With Paphian myrtle or with bays - Parnassian on my brow. - - But I, or ere that season come, - Escaped from every care, - Shall reach my refuge in the tomb, - And sleep securely there.’[16] - - So sang, in Roman tone and style, - The youthful bard, ere long - Ordain’d to grace his native isle - With her sublimest song. - - Who then but must conceive disdain, - Hearing the deed unblest, - Of wretches who have dared profane - His dread sepulchral rest? - - Ill fare the hands that heaved the stones - Where Milton’s ashes lay, - That trembled not to grasp his bones - And steal his dust away! - - O ill-requited bard! neglect - Thy living worth repaid, - And blind idolatrous respect - As much affronts thee dead. - -Leigh Hunt possessed a lock of Milton’s hair which had been given to -him by a physician--and over which he went into such rhapsodies that he -composed no less than three sonnets addressed to the donor--which may -be found in his ‘Foliage,’ ed. 1818, pp. 131, 132, 133. The following -is the best:-- - - -TO ---- ---- MD., - -_On his giving me a lock of Milton’s hair_. - - It lies before me there, and my own breath - Stirs its thin outer threads, as though beside - The living head I stood in honoured pride, - Talking of lovely things that conquered death. - Perhaps he pressed it once, or underneath - Ran his fine fingers, when he leant, blank-eyed, - And saw, in fancy, Adam and his bride - With their heaped locks, or his own Delphic wreath. - There seems a love in hair, though it be dead. - It is the gentlest, yet the strongest thread - Of our frail plant--a blossom from the tree - Surviving the proud trunk;--as if it said, - Patience and Gentleness is Power. In me - Behold affectionate eternity. - -How were these personal relics obtained? By rifling his tomb. -Shakespeare solemnly cursed anyone who should dare to meddle with his -dead body, and his remains are believed to be intact. - - ‘Good friend, for Jesus’ sake, forbear - To dig the dust inclosed here: - Blest be the man who spares these stones, - And cursed be he who moves my bones.’ - -But Milton laid no such interdict upon his poor dead body--and it -was not very long after his burial, which took place in 1674, that -the stone which covered it, and indicated his resting-place, was -removed, as Aubrey tells us in his ‘Lives’ (vol. iii, p. 450). ‘His -stone is now removed. About two years since (1681) the two steppes to -the communion-table were raysed, Ighesse, Jo. Speed,[17] and he lie -together.’ And so it came to pass that, in the church of St. Giles’, -Cripplegate, where he was buried, there was no memorial of the place -where he was laid, nor, indeed, anything to mark the fact of his burial -in that church until, in 1793, Samuel Whitbread set up a fine marble -bust of the poet, by Bacon, with an inscription giving the dates of -his birth and death, and recording the fact that his father was also -interred there. - -It is probable that Mr. Whitbread was moved thereto by the alleged -desecration of Milton’s tomb in 1790, of which there is a good account -written by Philip Neve, of Furnival’s Inn, which is entitled, ‘A -NARRATIVE of the DISINTERMENT of MILTON’S coffin, in the Parish-Church -of ST. GILES, Cripplegate, on Wednesday, August 4th, 1790; and the -TREATMENT OF THE CORPSE during that and the following day.’ - -As this narrative is not long, I propose to give it in its entirety, -because to condense it would be to spoil it, and, by giving it _in -extenso_, the reader will be better able to judge whether it was really -Milton’s body which was exhumed. - - -A NARRATIVE, &c. - -Having read in the _Public Advertiser_, on Saturday, the 7th of August, -1790, that _Milton’s_ coffin had been dug up in the parish church of -St. Giles, Cripplegate, and was there to be seen, I went immediately -to the church, and found the latter part of the information to be -untrue; but, from conversations on that day, on Monday, the 9th, and on -Tuesday, the 10th of August, with Mr. Thomas _Strong_, Solicitor and -F.A.S., Red Cross Street, _Vestry-Clerk_; Mr. John _Cole_, Barbican, -Silversmith, _Churchwarden_; Mr. John _Laming_, Barbican, _Pawnbroker_; -and Mr. _Fountain_, Beech Lane, Publican, _Overseers_; Mr. _Taylor_, of -Stanton, Derbyshire, _Surgeon_; a friend of Mr. _Laming_, and a visitor -in his house; Mr. William _Ascough_, Coffin-maker, Fore Street, _Parish -Clerk_; Benjamin _Holmes_ and Thomas _Hawkesworth_, journeymen to Mr. -Ascough; Mrs. _Hoppey_, Fore Street, _Sexton_; Mr. _Ellis_, No. 9, -Lamb’s Chapel, comedian of the Royalty-theatre; and John _Poole_ (son -of Rowland Poole), Watch-spring maker, Jacob’s Passage, Barbican, the -following facts are established: - -It being in the contemplation of some persons to bestow a considerable -sum of money in erecting a monument, in the parish church of _St. -Giles_, Cripplegate, to the memory of _Milton_, and the particular -spot of his interment in that church having for many years past been -ascertained only by tradition, several of the principal parishioners -have, at their meetings, frequently expressed a wish that his coffin -should be dug for, that incontestable evidence of its exact situation -might be established, before the said monument should be erected. The -entry, among the burials, in the register-book, 12th of November, -1674, is ‘_John Milton_, Gentleman, consumption, _chancell_.’ The -church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, was built in 1030, was burnt down -(except the steeple) and rebuilt in 1545; was repaired in 1682; and -again in 1710. In the repair of 1782, an alteration took place in the -disposition of the inside of the church; the pulpit was removed from -the second pillar, against which it stood, north of the chancel, to -the south side of the present chancel, which was then formed, and -pews were built over the old chancel. The tradition has always been -that _Milton_ was buried in the chancel, under the clerk’s desk; but -the circumstance of the alteration in the church, not having, of late -years, been attended to, the clerk, sexton, and other officers of the -parish have misguided inquirers, by showing the spot under the clerk’s -desk, in the present chancel, as the place of _Milton’s_ interment. -I have twice, at different periods, been shown that spot as the place -where _Milton_ lay. Even Mr. _Baskerville_, who died a few years -ago, and who had requested, in his will, to be buried by _Milton_, -was deposited in the above-mentioned spot of the present chancel, in -pious intention of compliance with his request. The church is now, -August, 1790, under a general repair, by contract, for £1,350, and Mr. -_Strong_, Mr. _Cole_, and other parishioners, having very prudently -judged that the search would be made with much less inconvenience to -the parish at this time, when the church is under repair, than at any -period after the said repair should be completed, Mr. _Cole_, in the -last days of July, ordered the workmen to dig in search of the coffin. -Mr. _Ascough_, his father, and grandfather, have been parish clerks -of _St. Giles_ for upwards of ninety years past. His grandfather, -who died in February, 1759-60, aged eighty-four, used often to say -that _Milton_ had been buried under the clerk’s desk in the chancel. -John _Poole_, aged seventy, used to hear his father talk of Milton’s -person, from those who had seen him; and also, that he lay under the -common-councilmen’s pew. The common-councilmen’s pew is built over -that very part of the old chancel, where the former clerk’s desk -stood. These traditions in the parish reported to Mr. _Strong_ and -Mr. _Cole_ readily directed them to dig from the present chancel, -northwards, towards the pillar, against which the former pulpit and -desk had stood. On Tuesday afternoon, August 3rd, notice was brought -to Messrs. _Strong_ and _Cole_ that the coffin was discovered. They -went immediately to the church, and, by help of a candle, proceeded -under the common-councilmen’s pew to the place where the coffin lay. -It was in a chalky soil, and directly over a wooden coffin, supposed -to be that of _Milton’s_ father; tradition having always reported that -_Milton_ was buried next to his father. The registry of the father of -_Milton_, among the burials, in the parish-book, is ‘_John Melton_, -Gentleman, 15th of March, 1646-7.’ In digging through the whole space -from the present chancel, where the ground was opened, to the situation -of the former clerk’s desk, there was not found any other coffin, which -could raise the smallest doubt of this being _Milton’s_. The two oldest -found in the ground had inscriptions, which Mr. _Strong_ copied; they -were of as late dates as 1727 and 1739. When he and Mr. _Cole_ had -examined the coffin, they ordered water and a brush to be brought, that -they might wash it, in search of an inscription, or initials, or date; -but, upon its being carefully cleansed, none was found. - -The following particulars were given me in writing by Mr. _Strong_, and -they contain the admeasurement of the coffin, as taken by him, with a -rule. ‘A leaden coffin, found under the common-councilmen’s pew, on -the north side of the chancel, nearly under the place where the old -pulpit and clerk’s desk stood. The coffin appeared to be old, much -corroded, and without any inscription or plate upon it. It was, in -length, five feet ten inches, and in width, at the broadest part, over -the shoulders, one foot four inches.’ Conjecture naturally pointed out, -both to Mr. _Strong_ and Mr. _Cole_, that, by moving the leaden coffin, -there would be a great chance of finding some inscription on the wooden -one underneath; but, with a just and laudable piety, they disdained to -disturb the sacred ashes, after a requiem of one hundred and sixteen -years; and having satisfied their curiosity, and ascertained the fact, -which was the subject of it, Mr. _Cole_ ordered the ground to be -closed. This was on the afternoon of Tuesday, August the 3rd; and, when -I waited on Mr. _Strong_, on Saturday morning, the 7th, he informed -me that the coffin had been found on the Tuesday, had been examined, -washed, and measured by him and Mr. _Cole_; but that the ground had -been immediately closed, when they left the church;--not doubting that -Mr. _Cole’s_ order had been punctually obeyed. But the direct contrary -appears to have been the fact. - -On Tuesday evening, the 3rd, Mr. _Cole_, Messrs. _Laming_ and _Taylor_, -_Holmes_, &c., had a _merry meeting_, as Mr. _Cole_ expresses himself, -at Fountain’s house; the conversation there turned upon _Milton’s_ -coffin having been discovered; and, in the course of the evening, -several of those present expressing a desire to see it, Mr. _Cole_ -assented that, if the ground was not already closed, the closing of it -should be deferred until they should have satisfied their curiosity. -Between eight and nine on Wednesday morning, the 4th, the two overseers -(_Laming_ and _Fountain_) and Mr. _Taylor_, went to the house of -_Ascough_, the clerk, which leads into the church-yard, and asked for -_Holmes_; they then went with _Holmes_ into the church, and pulled the -coffin, which lay deep in the ground, from its original station to the -edge of the excavation, into day-light. Mr. _Laming_ told me that, to -assist in thus removing it, he put his hand into a corroded hole, which -he saw in the lead, at the coffin foot. When they had thus removed it, -the overseers asked _Holmes_ if he could open it, that they might see -the body. _Holmes_ immediately fetched a mallet and a chisel, and cut -open the top of the coffin, slantwise from the head, as low as the -breast; so that the top, being doubled backward, they could see the -corpse; he cut it open also at the foot. Upon first view of the body, -it appeared perfect, and completely enveloped in the shroud, which was -of many folds; the ribs standing up regularly. When they disturbed -the shroud, the ribs fell. Mr. _Fountain_ told me that he pulled hard -at the teeth, which resisted, until some one hit them a knock with a -stone, when they easily came out. There were but five in the upper -jaw, which were all perfectly sound and white, and all taken by Mr. -_Fountain_; he gave one of them to Mr. _Laming_; Mr. _Laming_ also took -one from the lower jaw; and Mr. _Taylor_ took two from it. Mr. _Laming_ -told me that he had, at one time, a mind to bring away the whole -under-jaw, with the teeth in it; he had it in his hand, but tossed it -back again. Also that he lifted up the head, and saw a great quantity -of hair, which lay straight and even behind the head, and in the state -of hair which had been combed and tied together before interment; but -it was wet, the coffin having considerable corroded holes, both at -the head and foot, and a great part of the water with which it had -been washed on the Tuesday afternoon having run into it. The overseers -and Mr. _Taylor_ went away soon afterwards, and Messrs. _Laming_ and -_Taylor_ went home to get scissors to cut off some of the hair: they -returned about ten, when Mr. _Laming_ poked his stick against the head, -and brought some of the hair over the forehead; but, as they saw the -scissors were not necessary, Mr. _Taylor_ took up the hair, as it lay -on the forehead, and carried it home. The water, which had got into -the coffin on the Tuesday afternoon, had made a sludge at the bottom -of it, emitting a nauseous smell, and which occasioned Mr. _Laming_ to -use his stick to procure the hair, and not to lift up the head a second -time. Mr. _Laming_ also took out one of the leg-bones, but threw it in -again. _Holmes_ went out of church, whilst Messrs. _Laming_, _Taylor_, -and _Fountain_ were there the first time, and he returned when the two -former were come the second time. When Messrs. _Laming_ and _Taylor_ -had finally quitted the church, the coffin was removed from the edge -of the excavation back to its original station; but was no otherwise -closed than by the lid, where it had been cut and reversed, being bent -down again. Mr. _Ascough_, the clerk, was from home the greater part of -that day, and Mrs. _Hoppey_, the sexton, was from home the whole day. -Elizabeth _Grant_, the grave-digger, who is servant to Mrs. _Hoppey_, -therefore now took possession of the coffin; and, as its situation -under the common-councilmen’s pew would not admit of its being seen -without the help of a candle, she kept a tinder-box in the excavation, -and, when any persons came, struck a light, and conducted them under -the pew, where, by reversing the part of the lid which had been cut, -she exhibited the body, at first for sixpence, and afterwards for -threepence and twopence each person. The workers in the church kept the -doors locked to all those who would not pay the price of a pot of beer -for entrance, and many, to avoid that payment, got in at a window at -the west end of the church, near to Mr. _Ascough’s_ counting-house. - -I went on Saturday, the 7th, to Mr. _Laming’s_ house, to request a -lock of the hair; but, not meeting with Mr. _Taylor_ at home, went -again on Monday, the 9th, when Mr. _Taylor_ gave me part of what hair -he had reserved for himself. _Hawkesworth_ having informed me, on the -Saturday, that Mr. _Ellis_, the player, had taken some hair, and that -he had seen him take a rib-bone, and carry it away in paper under his -coat, I went from Mr. _Laming’s_ on Monday to Mr. _Ellis_, who told me -that he had paid 6^d. to Elizabeth _Grant_ for seeing the body; and -that he had lifted up the head, and taken from the sludge under it a -small quantity of hair, with which was a piece of the shroud, and, -adhering to the hair, a bit of the skin of the skull, of about the size -of a shilling. He then put them all into my hands, with the rib-bone, -which appeared to be one of the upper ribs. The piece of the shroud was -of coarse linen. The hair which he had taken was short; a small part of -it he had washed, and the remainder was in the clotted state in which -he had taken it. He told me that he had tried to reach down as low as -the hands of the corpse, but had not been able to effect it. The washed -hair corresponded exactly with that in my possession, and which I had -just received from Mr. _Taylor_. _Ellis_ is a very ingenious worker -in hair, and he said that, thinking it would be of great advantage to -him to possess a quantity of Milton’s hair, he had returned to the -church on Thursday, and had made his endeavours to get access a second -time to the body; but had been refused admittance. _Hawkesworth_ took -a tooth, and broke a bit off the coffin; of which I was informed by -Mr. _Ascough_. I purchased them both of _Hawkesworth_, on Saturday the -7th, for 2^s.; and he told me that, when he took the tooth out, there -were but two more remaining; one of which was afterwards taken by -another of Mr. _Ascough’s_ men. And _Ellis_ informed me that, at the -time when he was there, on Wednesday, the teeth were all gone; but the -overseers say they think that all the teeth were not taken out of the -coffin, though displaced from the jaws, but that some of them must have -fallen among the other bones, as they very readily came out, after the -first were drawn. _Haslib_, son of William _Haslib_, of Jewin Street, -undertaker, took one of the small bones, which I purchased of him, on -Monday, the 9th, for 2^s. - -With respect to the identity of the person; anyone must be a skeptic -against violent presumptions to entertain a doubt of its being that -of _Milton_. The parish traditions of the spot; the age of the -coffin--none other found in the ground which can at all contest with -it, or render it suspicious--_Poole’s_ tradition that those who had -conversed with his father about _Milton’s_ person always described -him to have been thin, with long hair; the entry in the register-book -that _Milton_ died of consumption, are all strong confirmations, -with the size of the coffin, of the identity of the person. If it be -objected that, against the pillar where the pulpit formerly stood, and -immediately over the common-councilmen’s pew, is a monument to the -family of _Smith_, which shows that ‘near that place’ were buried, in -1653, _Richard Smith_, aged 17; in 1655, _John Smith_, aged 32; and in -1664, _Elizabeth Smith_, the mother, aged 64; and in 1675, _Richard -Smith_, the father, aged 85; it may be answered that, if the coffin -in question be one of these, the others should be there also. The -corpse is certainly not that of a man of 85; and, if it be supposed -one of the first named males of the _Smith_ family, certainly the -two later coffins should appear; but none such were found, nor could -that monument have been erected until many years after the death of -the last person mentioned in the inscription; and it was then placed -there, as it expresses, not by any of the family, but at the expense of -friends. The flatness of the pillar, after the pulpit had been removed, -offered an advantageous situation for it; and ‘_near this place_,’ -upon a mural monument, will always admit of a liberal construction. -_Holmes_, who is much respected in that parish, and very ingenious and -intelligent in his business, says that a leaden coffin, when the inner -wooden-case is perished, must, from pressure and its own weight, shrink -in breadth, and that, therefore, more than the present admeasurement of -this coffin across the shoulders must have been its original breadth. -There is evidence, also, that it was incurvated, both on the top and -at the sides, at the time when it was discovered. But the strongest of -all confirmations is the hair, both in its length and colour. Behold -_Faithorne’s_ quarto-print of _Milton_ taken _ad vivum_ in 1760, five -years before _Milton’s_ death. Observe the short locks growing towards -the forehead, and the long ones flowing from the same place down the -sides of the face. The whole quantity of hair which Mr. _Taylor_ took -was from the forehead, and all taken at one grasp. I measured on Monday -morning, the 9th, that lock of it which he had given to Mr. _Laming_, -six inches and a half by a rule; and the lock of it which he gave to -me, taken at the same time, and from the same place, measures only -two inches and a half. In the reign of _Charles_ II. how few, besides -_Milton_, wore their own hair! _Wood_ says _Milton_ had light-brown -hair, the very description of that which we possess; and, what may -seem extraordinary, it is yet so strong that Mr. _Laming_, to cleanse -it from its clotted state, let the cistern-cock run on it for near a -minute, and then rubbed it between his fingers without injury. - -_Milton’s_ coffin lay open from Wednesday morning, the 4th, at 9 -o’clock until 4 o’clock in the afternoon of the following day, when the -ground was closed. - -With respect to there being no inscriptions on the coffin, _Holmes_ -says that inscription-plates were not used, nor invented at the time -when _Milton_ was buried; that the practice then was to paint the -inscription on the outside wooden coffin, which in this case was -entirely perished. - -It has never been pretended that any hair was taken except by Mr. -_Taylor_, and by _Ellis_ the player; and all which the latter took -would, when cleansed, easily lie in a small locket. Mr. _Taylor_ -has divided his share into many small parcels; and the lock which I -saw in Mr. _Laming’s_ hands on Saturday morning, the 7th, and which -then measured six inches and a half, had been so cut and reduced by -divisions among Mr. _Laming’s_ friends, at noon, on Monday, the 9th, -that he thus possessed only a small bit, from two to three inches in -length. - -All the teeth are remarkably short, below the gums. The five which -were in the upper jaw, and the middle teeth of the lower, are perfect -and white. Mr. _Fountain_ took the five upper jaw teeth; Mr. _Laming_ -one from the lower jaw; Mr. _Taylor_ two from it; _Hawkesworth_ one; -and another of Mr. _Ascough’s_ men one; besides these, I have not been -able to trace any, nor have I heard that any more were taken. It is -not probable that more than ten should have been brought away, if the -conjecture of the overseers, that some dropped among the other bones, -be founded. - - * * * * * - -In recording a transaction which will strike every liberal mind with -horror and disgust, I cannot omit to declare that I have procured -those relics which I possess, only in hope of bearing part in a pious -and honourable restitution of all that has been taken; the sole -atonement which can now be made to the violated rights of the dead; to -the insulted parishioners at large; and to the feelings of all good -men. During the present repair of the church, the mode is obvious and -easy. Unless that be done, in vain will the parish hereafter boast a -sumptuous monument to the memory of _Milton_; it will but display their -shame in proportion to its magnificence. - -I collected this account from the mouths of those who were immediate -actors in this most sacrilegious scene; and before the voice of charity -had reproached them with their impiety. By it those are exculpated -whose just and liberal sentiments restrained their hands from an act of -violation, and the blood of the lamb is dashed against the door-posts -of the perpetrators, not to save, but to mark them to posterity. - - PHILIP NEVE. - - Furnival’s Inn, - 14th of August, 1790. - -This Mr. Neve, whose pious horror at the sacrilegious desecration of -the poet’s tomb seems only to have been awakened at the eleventh hour, -and whose restitution of the relics he obtained does not appear, was -probably the P.N. who was the author, in 1789, of ‘Cursory Remarks -on some of the Ancient English Poets, particularly Milton.’ It is a -work of some erudition, but the hero of the book, as its title plainly -shows, was Milton. Neve places him in the first rank, and can hardly -find words with which to extol his genius and intellect, so that, -probably, some hero-worship was interwoven in the foregoing relation -of the discovery of Milton’s body; and it may be as well if the other -side were heard, although the attempt at refutation is by no means as -well authenticated as Neve’s narrative. It is anonymous, and appeared -in the _St. James’s Chronicle_, September 4-7th, 1790, and in the -_European Magazine_, vol. xviii, pp. 206-7, for September, 1790, and is -as follows: - - -MILTON. - - _Reasons why it is impossible that the Coffin lately dug up in - the Parish Church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, should contain the - reliques of_ MILTON. - -_First._ BECAUSE _Milton_ was buried in 1674, and this coffin was found -in a situation previously allotted to a wealthy family, unconnected -with his own.--See the mural monument of the _Smiths_, dated 1653, &c., -immediately over the place of the supposed MILTON’S interment.--In -the time that the fragments of several other sarcophagi were found; -together with two skulls, many bones, and a leaden coffin, which was -left untouched because it lay further to the north, and (for some -reason, or no reason at all) was unsuspected of being the _Miltonic_ -reservoir. - -_Secondly._ The hair of MILTON is uniformly described and represented -as of a light hue; but far the greater part of the ornament of his -pretended skull is of the darkest brown, without any mixture of -gray.[18] This difference is irreconcilable to probability. Our hair, -after childhood, is rarely found to undergo a total change of colour, -and MILTON was 66 years old when he died, a period at which human -locks, in a greater or less degree, are interspersed with white. Why -did the Overseers, &c., bring away only such hair as corresponded with -the description of _Milton’s_? Of the light hair there was little; of -the dark a considerable quantity. But this circumstance would have been -wholly suppressed, had not a second scrutiny taken place. - -_Thirdly._ Because the skull in question is remarkably flat and small, -and with the lowest of all possible foreheads; whereas the head of -MILTON was large, and his brow conspicuously high. See his portrait so -often engraved by the accurate _Vertue_, who was completely satisfied -with the authenticity of his original. We are assured that the surgeon -who attended at the second disinterment of the corpse only remarked, -‘that the little forehead there was, was prominent.’ - -_Fourthly._ Because the hands of MILTON were full of chalk stones. -Now it chances that his substitute’s left hand had been undisturbed, -and therefore was in a condition to be properly examined. No vestige, -however, of cretaceous substances was visible in it, although they -are of a lasting nature, and have been found on the fingers of a dead -person almost coeval with MILTON. - -_Fifthly._ Because there is reason to believe that the aforesaid -remains are those of a young female (one of the three Miss _Smiths_); -for the bones are delicate, the teeth small, slightly inserted in the -jaw, and perfectly white, even, and sound. From the corroded state -of the pelvis, nothing could, with certainty, be inferred; nor would -the surgeon already mentioned pronounce _absolutely_ on the sex of the -deceased. Admitting, however, that the body was a male one, its very -situation points it out to be a male of the _Smith_ family; perhaps -the favourite son _John_, whom _Richard Smith_, Esq., his father, so -feelingly laments. (See Peck’s ‘_Desiderata Curiosa_,’ p. 536).[19] -To this darling child a receptacle of lead might have been allotted, -though many other relatives of the same house were left to putrefy in -wood. - -_Sixthly._ Because MILTON was not in affluence[20]--expired in an -emaciated state, in a cold month, and was interred by direction of his -widow. An expensive outward coffin of lead, therefore, was needless, -and unlikely to have been provided by a rapacious woman who oppressed -her husband’s children while he was living, and cheated them after he -was dead. - -_Seventhly._ Because it is improbable that the circumstance of MILTON’S -having been deposited under the desk should, if true, have been so -effectually concealed from the whole train of his biographers. It was, -nevertheless, produced as an ancient and well-known tradition, as soon -as the parishioners of Cripplegate were aware that such an incident -was gaped for by antiquarian appetence, and would be swallowed by -antiquarian credulity. How happened it that Bishop _Newton_, who urged -similar inquiries concerning MILTON above forty years ago in the same -parish, could obtain no such information?[21] - -_Eighthly._ Because Mr. _Laming_ (see Mr. _Neve’s_ pamphlet, second -edition, p. 19) observes that the ‘sludge’ at the bottom of the coffin -‘emitted a nauseous smell.’ But, had this corpse been as old as that -of MILTON, it must have been disarmed of its power to offend, nor -would have supplied the least effluvium to disgust the nostrils of -our delicate inquirer into the secrets of the grave. The last remark -will seem to militate against a foregoing one. The whole difficulty, -however, may be solved by a resolution not to believe a single word -said on such an occasion by any of those who invaded the presumptive -sepulchre of MILTON. The man who can handle pawned stays, breeches, -and petticoats without disgust may be supposed to have his organs of -smelling in no very high state of perfection. - -_Ninthly._ Because we have not been told by _Wood_, _Philips_, -_Richardson_, _Toland_, etc., that Nature, among her other partialities -to MILTON, had indulged him with an uncommon share of teeth. And yet -above a hundred have been sold as the furniture of his mouth by the -conscientious worthies who assisted in the plunder of his supposed -carcase, and finally submitted it to every insult that brutal vulgarity -could devise and express. Thanks to fortune, however, his corpse -has hitherto been violated but by proxy! May his genuine reliques -(if aught of him remains unmingled with common earth) continue to -elude research, at least while the present overseers of the poor of -Cripplegate are in office. Hard, indeed, would have been the fate of -the author of ‘Paradise Lost’ to have received shelter in a chancel, -that a hundred and sixteen years after his interment his _domus ultima_ -might be ransacked by two of the lowest human beings, a retailer of -spirituous liquors, and a man who lends sixpences to beggars on such -despicable securities as tattered bed-gowns, cankered porridge-pots, -and rusty gridirons.[22] _Cape saxa manu, cape robora, pastor!_ But an -Ecclesiastical Court may yet have cognisance of this more than savage -transaction. It will then be determined whether our tombs are our own, -or may be robbed with impunity by the little tyrants of a workhouse. - - ‘If charnel-houses, and our graves, must send - Those that we bury back, our monuments - Shall be the maws of kites.’ - -It should be added that our Pawnbroker, Gin-seller, and Company, by -deranging the contents of their ideal MILTON’S coffin, by carrying away -his lower jaw, ribs, and right hand--and by employing one bone as an -instrument to batter the rest--by tearing the shroud and winding-sheet -to pieces, &c., &c., had annihilated all such further evidence as might -have been collected from a skilful and complete examination of these -nameless fragments of mortality. So far, indeed, were they mutilated -that, had they been genuine, we could not have said with Horace, - - ‘Invenies etiam disjecti membra Poetæ.’ - -Who, after a perusal of the foregoing remarks (which are founded on -circumstantial truth), will congratulate the parishioners of St. Giles, -Cripplegate, on their discovery and treatment of the imaginary dust -of MILTON? His favourite, _Shakespeare_, most fortunately reposes at -a secure distance from the paws of Messieurs _Laming_ and _Fountain_, -who, otherwise, might have provoked the vengeance imprecated by our -great dramatic poet on the remover of his bones. - -From the preceding censures, however, Mr. _Cole_ (Churchwarden), and -Messrs. _Strong_ and _Ascough_ (Vestry and Parish Clerks), should, -in the most distinguished manner, be exempted. Throughout the whole -of this extraordinary business, they conducted themselves with the -strictest decency and propriety. It should also be confessed, by those -whom curiosity has since attracted to the place of MILTON’S supposed -disinterment, that the politeness of the same parish officers could -only be exceeded by their respect for our illustrious author’s memory, -and their concern at the complicated indignity which his nominal ashes -have sustained.’ - -Now it was hardly likely that Mr. Neve, with the extremely plausible -case that he had, would sit still and see his pet theory knocked on the -head, so he issued a second edition of his pamphlet with this - - -POSTSCRIPT. - -As some reports have been circulated, and some anonymous papers have -appeared, since the publication of this pamphlet, with intent to induce -a belief that the corpse mentioned in it is that of a woman, and as -the curiosity of the public now calls for a second impression of it, -an opportunity is offered of relating a few circumstances which have -happened since the 14th of August, and which, in some degree, may -confirm the opinion that the corpse is that of _Milton_. - -On Monday, the 16th, I called upon the overseer, Mr. _Fountain_, when -he told me that the parish officers had then seen a surgeon who, on -Wednesday the 4th, had got through a window into the church, and who -had, upon inspection, pronounced the corpse to be that of a woman. -I thought it very improbable that a surgeon should creep through a -window, who could go through a door for a few half-pence; but I no -otherwise expressed my doubts of the truth of the information than by -asking for the surgeon’s address. I was answered ‘that the gentleman -begged not to have it known, that he might not be interrupted by -enquiries.’ A trifling relic was, nevertheless, at the same time -withholden, which I had expected to receive through Mr. _Fountain’s_ -hands; by which it appeared that those in possession of them were, -still tenacious of the spoils of the coffin, although they affected to -be convinced they were not those of _Milton_. These contradictions, -however, I reserved for the test of an inquiry elsewhere. - -In the course of that week I was informed that some gentlemen had, on -Tuesday, the 17th, prevailed on the churchwardens to suffer a second -disinterment of the coffin, which had taken place on that day. On -Saturday, the 21st, I waited on Mr. _Strong_, who told me that he had -been present at such second disinterment, and that he had then sent -for an experienced surgeon of the neighbourhood, who, upon inspection -and examination of the corpse, had pronounced it to be that of a man. -I was also informed, on that day, the 21st, by a principal person of -the parish, whose information cannot be suspected, that the parish -officers had agreed among themselves that, from my frequent visits and -inquiries, I must have an intention of delivering some account of the -transaction to the world; and that, therefore, to stop the narrative -from going forth, they must invent some story of a surgeon’s inspection -on the 4th, and of his declaration that the corpse was that of a woman. -From this information it was easy to judge what would be the fate of -any personal application to the parish officers, with intent to obtain -a restitution of what had been taken from the coffin I, therefore, on -Wednesday, the 25th, addressed the following letter to Mr. _Strong_:-- - - * * * * * - -‘DEAR SIR, - -‘The reflection of a few moments, after I left you on Saturday, -clearly showed me that the probability of the coffin in question being -_Milton’s_ was not at all weakened, either by the dates, or the number -of persons on the _Smiths’_ monument; but that it was rather confirmed -by the latter circumstance. By the evidence which you told me was given -by the surgeon, called in on Tuesday, the 17th, the corpse is that of a -male; it is certainly not that of a man of eighty-five; if, therefore, -it be one of the earlier buried _Smiths_, all the later coffins of that -family should appear, but not one of them is found. I, then, suppose -the monument to have been put there because the flat pillar, after -the pulpit was removed, offered a convenient situation for it, and -“_near this place_” to be open, as it is in almost every case where it -appears, to very liberal interpretation. - -‘It is, therefore, to be believed that the unworthy treatment, on the -4th, was offered to the corpse of _Milton_. Knowing what I know, I must -not be silent. It is a very unpleasant story to relate; but, as it has -fallen to my task, I will not shrink from it. I respect nothing in -this world more than truth, and the memory of _Milton_; and to swerve -in a tittle from the first would offend the latter. I shall give the -plain and simple narrative, as delivered by the parties themselves. -If it sit heavy on any of their shoulders, it is a burthen of their -own taking up, and their own backs must bear it. They are all, as I -find, very fond of deriving honour to themselves from _Milton_, as -their parishioner; perhaps the mode, which I have hinted, is the only -one which they have now left themselves of proving an equal desire -to do honour to him. If I had thought that, in personally proposing -to the parish officers a general search for, and collection of, all -the spoils, and to put them, together with the mangled corpse and old -coffin, into a new leaden one, I should have been attended to, I would -have taken that method; but, when I found such impertinent inventions -as setting up a fabulous surgeon to creep in at a window practised, I -felt that so low an attempt at derision would ensure that, whatever I -should afterwards propose, would be equally derided, and I had then -left no other means than to call in the public opinion in aid of my -own, and to hope that we should, at length, see the bones of an honest -man, and the first scholar and poet our country can boast, restored to -their sepulchre. - -‘The narrative will appear, I believe, either to-morrow or on Friday; -whenever it does, your withers are unwrung, and Mr. _Cole_ has shown -himself an upright churchwarden. - -‘I cannot conclude without returning you many thanks for your great -civilities, and am, &c.’ - -The corpse was found entirely mutilated by those who disinterred it -on the 17th; almost all the ribs, the lower jaw, and one of the hands -gone. Of all those who saw the body on Wednesday, the 4th, and on -Thursday, the 5th, there is not one person who discovered a single hair -of any other colour than light brown, although both Mr. _Laming_ and -Mr. _Ellis_ lifted up the head, and although the considerable quantity -of hair which Mr. _Taylor_ took was from the top of the head, and that -which _Ellis_ took was from behind it; yet, from the accounts of those -who saw it on the 17th, it appears that the hair on the back of the -head was found of dark brown, nearly approaching to black, although all -the front hair remaining was of the same light brown as that taken on -the 4th. It does not belong to me either to account for or to prove the -fact. - -On Wednesday, September the 1st, I waited on Mr. _Dyson_, who was the -gentleman sent for on the 17th, to examine the corpse. I asked him -simply, whether, from what had then appeared before him, he judged it -to be male or female? His answer was that, having examined the pelvis -and the skull, he judged the corpse to be that of a man. I asked what -was the shape of the head? He said that the forehead was high and -erect, though the top of the head was flat; and added that the skull -was of that shape and flatness at the top which, differing from those -of blacks, is observed to be common and almost peculiar to persons -of very comprehensive intellects. I am a stranger to this sort of -knowledge, but the opinion is a strong confirmation that, from all the -premises before him, he judged the head to be that of _Milton_. On a -paper, which he showed me, enclosing a bit of the hair, he had written -‘_Milton’s hair_.’ - -Mr. _Dyson_ is a surgeon, who received his professional education under -the late Dr. _Hunter_, is in partnership with Mr. _Price_, in Fore -Street, where the church stands, is of easy access, and his affability -can be exceeded only by his skill in an extensive line of practice. - -Mr. _Taylor_, too, who is a surgeon of considerable practice and -eminence in his county, judged the corpse, on the 4th, to be that of a -male. - -A man, also, who has for many years acted as grave-digger in that -parish, and who was present on the 17th, decided, upon first sight of -the skull, that it was male; with as little hesitation, he pronounced -another, which had been thrown out of the ground in digging, to be that -of a woman. Decisions obviously the result of practical, rather than -of scientific knowledge; for, being asked his reasons, he could give -none, but that observation had taught him to distinguish such subjects. -Yet this latter sort of evidence is not to be too hastily rejected; it -may not be understood by everybody, but to anyone acquainted with those -who are eminently skilled in judging of the genuineness of ancient -coins, it will be perfectly intelligible. In that difficult and useful -art, the eye of a proficient decides at once; a novice, however, who -should inquire for the reasons of such decision, would seldom receive -a further answer than that the decision itself is the result of -experience and observation, and that the eye can be instructed only by -long familiarity with the subject; yet all numismatic knowledge rests -upon this sort of judgment. - -After these evidences, what proofs are there, or what probable -presumptions, that the corpse is that of a woman? - -It was necessary to relate these facts, not only as they belonged to -the subject, but lest, from the reports and papers above mentioned, I -might, otherwise, seem to have given either an unfaithful or a partial -statement of the evidences before me; whereas now it will clearly be -seen what facts appeared on the first disinterment, which preceded, and -what are to be attributed to the second, which succeeded the date of -the narrative. - -I have now added every circumstance which has hitherto come to my -knowledge relative to this extraordinary transaction, and conclude with -this declaration, that I should be very glad if any person would, from -facts, give me reason to believe that the corpse in question is rather -that of _Elizabeth Smith_, whose name I know only from her monument, -than that of _John Milton_. - - P. N.’ - - ‘8th of September, 1790.’ - - - - -THE TRUE STORY OF EUGENE ARAM. - - -The only knowledge which very many people possess of the life and crime -of Eugene Aram has been derived from the popular romance bearing his -name, written by the late Lord Lytton. And this nobleman, influenced -by his individual bias, has so woven fiction with a small modicum of -fact, as to render the story, as a history of a celebrated crime, -totally unreliable. Stripped of the gloss Lord Lytton has given it, -and revealed in its bare nakedness, it shows Eugene Aram in a very -different light from the solitary scholar, surrounded by books, with -high, romantic aspirations and noble thoughts, winning the love of a -pure and lovely girl; it shows us instead a poor country school-master, -clever, but self-taught, married to a common woman, whose very faith -he doubted, struggling with poverty, and heavily weighed down with -several children; it paints him as a man whose companions were sordid -and dishonest, whilst he himself was a liar, a thief, and a murderer, -a selfish man who scrupled not to leave wife and children to shift for -themselves, a man untrustworthy in his relations of life. - -Eugenius, or Eugene Aram was born in the year 1704,[23] at Ramsgill, a -little village in Netherdale, Yorkshire, and his father was a gardener, -as he says, of great abilities in botany, and an excellent draughtsman, -who served Dr. Compton, Bishop of London, and, afterwards, Sir Edward -Blackett, of Newby, and Sir John Ingilby, of Ripley. When he was five -or six years of age, the family removed to Bondgate, near Ripon, his -father having purchased a little property there. Here he was sent to -school, and was taught in a purely elementary manner to be capable of -reading the New Testament, and this was all the education his parents -gave him, with the exception of about a month’s schooling some long -time afterwards with the Rev. Mr. Alcock of Burnsal. - -When about thirteen or fourteen, he joined his father at Newby, till -the death of Sir Edward Blackett, and, his father having several -books on mathematics, and the boy being of a studious turn of mind, -he mastered their contents, and laid the foundation of his future -scholarship. When about sixteen years of age, he went to London to -be in the counting-house of Mr. Christopher Blackett as bookkeeper; -but he had not been there more than a year or two when he caught -the small-pox, and, on his recovery, went home into Yorkshire. His -native air soon restored him to health, and he studied hard at poetry, -history, and antiquities. He thus fitted himself for keeping a school, -which he opened in Netherdale, and continued there for many years -teaching and studying. There he married, as he says, ‘unfortunately -enough for me, for the misconduct of the wife which that place afforded -me has procured for me this place, this prosecution, this infamy, and -this sentence.’ - -During these years he read the Latin and Greek authors, and obtained -such a name for scholarship that he was invited to Knaresborough to -keep a school there. He removed thither in the year 1734, and continued -there until about six weeks after the murder of Daniel Clark. In the -meantime he had mastered Hebrew, and when he went to London he got a -situation to teach Latin, and writing, at a school in Piccadilly, kept -by a Monsieur Painblanc, who not only gave him a salary, but taught -him French. There he remained over two years, then went to Hays as a -writing-master, after which he wandered from situation to situation, at -one time earning his living by copying for a law-stationer. At last, -somehow, he found himself an usher at the Free School at Lynn, where he -lived until he was arrested for the murder of Daniel Clark. - -This man was a shoemaker at Knaresborough, and was an intimate visitor -at Aram’s house--too intimate, indeed, Aram thought, with his wife, -hence the reference to his wife previously quoted. He was a man of -bad character, and was more than suspected of having, in company of -another vagabond named Houseman, murdered a Jew boy, who travelled the -country for one Levi as a pedlar, carrying a box containing watches and -jewellery. The poor lad was decoyed to a place called Thistle Hill, -where he was robbed, murdered, and buried. This was about the year -1744, and his bones were not found until 1758. - -Richard Houseman, who was born the same year as Aram, was a near -neighbour of the latter’s--in fact, he lived next door, and his -occupation was that of a heckler of flax, when he gave out to the women -of the village to spin for him. But, according to his own statement, he -was a most unscrupulous black-guard. - -Another intimate of Aram’s was a publican, named Terry, but he only -played a subsidiary part in the drama, and nothing was ever brought -home to him. - -In January, 1745, Clark married a woman with a small fortune of about -two hundred pounds, and, immediately afterwards, this little nest of -rogues contrived and carried out the following swindle. Clark, as he -was known to have married a woman of some little money, was to obtain -goods of any description from whomsoever would part with them on -credit; these goods were to be deposited with, and hidden by, Aram and -Houseman, and, after plundering all that was possible, Clark was to -decamp, and leave his young wife to do the best she could. This was the -scheme in which the noble and refined Eugene Aram of Lord Lytton was -to, and did, bear his full part. - -Velvet from one man, leather from another, whips from a third, table -and bed linen from a fourth, money lent by a fifth--all was fish that -came to their net; and, when obtained, they were hidden on the premises -either of Aram or Houseman, or else in a place called St. Robert’s -Cave, which was situated in a field adjoining the Nid, a river near -Knaresborough. When this source was thoroughly exploited, a new scheme -was hit on by this ‘long firm.’ Clark should pretend to be about to -give a great wedding-feast, and he went about gaily, borrowing silver -tankards, salvers, salts, spoons, &c., from whoever would lend them. -Indeed, so multifarious were his perquisitions, that, according to one -contemporary account, he got, among other goods, the following: ‘three -silver tankards, four silver pints, one silver milk-pot, one ring set -with an emerald, and two brilliant diamonds, another with three rose -diamonds, a third with an amethyst in the shape of a heart, and six -plain rings, eight watches, two snuff-boxes, Chambers’ Dictionary, two -vols. folio, Pope’s “Homer,” six vols., bound.’ - -Having got all that could be got, it was now high time that Clark -should disappear. He was last seen on the early morning of the 8th -February, 1745, and from that time until August 1, 1758, nothing -was heard of him. He was supposed to have gone away with all his -booty--and yet not all of it, for suspicion was aroused that both Aram -and Houseman, from their intimacy with Clark, were accomplices in his -frauds. And so it clearly proved, for, on Aram’s house being searched, -several articles were found the produce of their joint roguery, and -in his garden were found buried, cambric and other goods, wrapped -in coarse canvas. Still, neither he, nor Houseman, nor Terry were -prosecuted,[24] but Aram thought it prudent to change his residence; -so one fine day he left his wife and family, and wandered forth. We -have seen the roving life he led, restless, and always changing his -abode; yet, during those thirteen years of shifting exile, it must be -said, to his credit, that no breath of scandal attached to him; he was -studious, somewhat morose, yet he was so liked by the boys at the -grammar-school at Lynn, that, when he was taken thence by the officers -of justice, they cried at losing him. - -Whilst at Lynn, he was recognised in June, 1758, by a horse-dealer, -and this recognition eventually led to his apprehension; for, during -that summer, a labourer, digging for stone or gravel at a place -called Thistle Hill, near Knaresborough, found, at the depth of two -feet, a skeleton, which appeared to have been buried doubled up. The -remembrance of Clark’s disappearance was at once awakened, and the body -was set down as being his. - -A country town has a keen recollection of anything which has occurred -disturbing its equal pace, and the connection of Aram and Houseman -with Clark was duly remembered. Aram was away, but Houseman still -lived among them, and he was ordered by the coroner to attend the -inquest. The principal witness was Anna Aram, Eugene’s wife, and she -had frequently, since her husband’s departure, dropped hints of her -suspicion that Clark had been murdered. Her evidence is clear. She -said that Daniel Clark was an intimate acquaintance of her husband’s, -and that they had frequent transactions together before the 8th of -February, 1744-5, and that Richard Houseman was often with them; -particularly that, on the 7th of February, 1744-5, about six o’clock -in the evening, Aram came home when she was washing in the kitchen, -upon which he directed her to put out the fire, and make one above -stairs; she accordingly did so. About two o’clock in the morning of the -8th of February, Aram, Clark, and Houseman came to Aram’s house, and -went upstairs to the room where she was. They stayed about an hour. -Her husband asked her for a handkerchief for Dickey (meaning Richard -Houseman) to tie about his head; she accordingly lent him one. Then -Clark said, ‘It will soon be morning, and we must get off.’ After which -Aram, Houseman, and Clark all went out together; that, upon Clark’s -going out, she observed him take a sack or wallet upon his back, which -he carried along with him; whither they went she could not tell. That -about five o’clock the same morning her husband and Houseman returned, -but Clark did not come with them. Her husband came upstairs, and -desired to have a candle that he might make a fire below. To which she -objected, and said, ‘There was no occasion for two fires, as there was -a good one in the room above, where she then was.’ To which Aram, her -husband, answered, ‘Dickey’ (meaning Richard Houseman) ‘was below, -and did not choose to come upstairs.’ Upon which she asked (Clark not -returning with them), ‘What had they done with Daniel?’ To this her -husband gave her no answer, but desired her to go to bed, which she -refused to do, and told him, ‘They had been doing something bad.’ Then -Aram went down with the candle. - -She, being desirous to know what her husband and Houseman were doing, -and being about to go downstairs, she heard Houseman say to Aram, - -‘She is coming.’ - -Her husband replied, ‘We’ll not let her.’ - -Houseman then said, ‘If she does, she’ll tell.’ - -‘What can she tell?’ replied Aram. ‘Poor simple thing! she knows -nothing.’ - -To which Houseman said, ‘If she tells that I am here, ‘twill be -enough.’ - -Her husband then said, ‘I will hold the door to prevent her from -coming.’ - -Whereupon Houseman said, ‘Something must be done to prevent her -telling,’ and pressed him to it very much, and said, ‘If she does not -tell now, she may at some other time.’ - -‘No,’ said her husband, ‘we will coax her a little until her passion be -off, and then take an opportunity to shoot her.’ - -Upon which Houseman appeared satisfied and said, ‘What must be done -with her clothes?’ Whereupon they both agreed that they would let her -lie where she was shot in her clothes. - -She, hearing this discourse, was much terrified, but remained quiet, -until near seven o’clock in the same morning, when Aram and Houseman -went out of the house. Upon which Mrs. Aram, coming down-stairs, and -seeing there had been a fire below and all the ashes taken out of the -grate, she went and examined the dung-hill; and, perceiving ashes of -a different kind to lie upon it, she searched amongst them, and found -several pieces of linen and woollen cloth, very near burnt, which had -the appearance of belonging to wearing apparel. When she returned into -the house from the dung-hill, she found the handkerchief she had lent -Houseman the night before; and, looking at it, she found some blood -upon it, about the size of a shilling. Upon which she immediately went -to Houseman, and showed him the pieces of cloth she had found, and said -‘she was afraid they had done something bad to Clark.’ But Houseman -then pretended he was a stranger to her accusation, and said ‘he knew -nothing what she meant.’ - -From the above circumstances she believed Daniel Clark to have been -murdered by Richard Houseman and Eugene Aram, on the 8th of February, -1744-5. - -Several witnesses gave evidence that the last persons seen with Clark -were Aram and Houseman, and two surgeons gave it as their opinion that -the body might have lain in the ground about thirteen or fourteen years. - -During the inquiry Houseman seemed very uneasy: he trembled, turned -pale, and faltered in his speech; and when, at the instigation of the -coroner, in accordance with the superstitious practice of the time, -he went to touch the bones, he was very averse so to do. At last he -mustered up courage enough to take up one of the bones in his hand; -but, immediately throwing it down again, he exclaimed: ‘This is no more -Dan Clark’s bone than it is mine!’ He further said he could produce a -witness who had seen Clark after the 8th of February; and he called on -Parkinson, who deposed that, personally, he had not seen Clark after -that time, but a friend of his (Parkinson’s) had told him that he had -met a person like Daniel Clark, but as it was a snowy day, and the -person had the cape of his great-coat up, he could not say with the -least degree of certainty who he was. - -Of course, this witness did not help Houseman a bit, and then the -suspicion increased that he was either the principal, or an accomplice -in Clark’s murder. Application was made to a magistrate, who granted a -warrant for his apprehension. At his examination he made a statement, -which he would not sign, saying, ‘He chose to waive it for the present; -for he might have something to add, and therefore desired to have time -to consider of it.’ This confirmed former suspicions, and he was -committed to York Castle. - -On his way thither he was very uneasy, and, hearing that the magistrate -who committed him was at that time in York, he asked him to be sent -for, and he made the following statement: - - -_The examination of Richard Houseman, of Knaresbrough, flax-dresser._ - -‘This examinant saies that true it is that Daniel Clark was murdered by -Eugene Aram, late of Knaresbrough, schoolmaster, and, as he believes, -it was on Friday morning, the 8th of February, 1744, as set forth by -other informations, as to matter of time; for that he, and Eugene Aram -and Daniel Clark were together at Aram’s house early in the morning, -when there was snow on the ground, and moonlight, and went out of -Aram’s house a little before them, and went up the street a little -before them, and they called to him to go a little way with them; and -he accordingly went with them to a place called St. Robert’s Cave, near -Grimble Bridge, where Aram and Clark stopt a little; and then he saw -Aram strike him several times over the breast and head, and saw him -fall, as if he was dead, and he, the examinant, came away and left them -together, but whether Aram used any weapon or not to kill him with, he -can’t tell, nor does he know what he did with the body afterwards, but -believes Aram left it at the Cave’s mouth; for this examinant, seeing -Aram do this, to which, he declares, he was no way abetting, or privy -to, nor knew of his design to kill him at all. This made the examinant -make the best of his way from him, lest he might share the same fate; -and got to the bridge-end, and then lookt back, and saw him coming from -the Caveside, which is in a private rock adjoining the river; and he -could discern some bundle in his hand, but does not know what it was. -On which he, this informant, made the best of his way to the town, -without joining Aram again, or seeing him again till the next day, and -from that time to this, he has never had any private discourse with -him.’ - -After signing this statement, Houseman said that Clark’s body would be -found in St. Robert’s Cave, in the turn at the entrance of the cave, -its head lying to the right; and, sure enough, in the spot described, -and in that position, was a skeleton found, with two holes in its -skull, made apparently with a pickaxe or hammer. - -A warrant was at once issued for the apprehension of Aram, and duly -executed at Lynn. When first questioned, he denied ever having been at -Knaresborough, or that he had ever known Daniel Clark; but when he was -confronted with the constable from Knaresborough, he was obliged to -retract his words. On the journey to York, Aram was restless, inquiring -after his old neighbours, and what they said of him. He was told -that they were much enraged against him for the loss of their goods. -Whereupon he asked if it would not be possible to make up the matter? -and the answer was, perhaps it might be, if he restored what they had -lost. He then said that was impossible, but he might, perhaps, find -them an equivalent. - -On his arrival at York, he was taken before a magistrate, to whom he -made a statement, which was a parcel of lies. He was committed to York -Castle, but had not gone more than a mile on his way thither when he -wished to return and make a second statement, which was as follows: - -‘That he was at his own house on the 7th of February, 1744-5, at night, -when Richard Houseman and Daniel Clark came to him with some plate; -and both of them went for more, several times, and came back with -several pieces of plate, of which Clark was endeavouring to defraud his -neighbours; that he could not but observe that Houseman was all night -very diligent to assist him to the utmost of his power, and insisted -that this was Houseman’s business that night, and not the signing any -note or instrument, as is pretended by Houseman; that Henry Terry, -then of Knaresborough, ale-keeper, was as much concerned in abetting -the said frauds as either Houseman or Clark; but was not now at Aram’s -house, because as it was market-day--his absence from his guests might -have occasioned some suspicion; that Terry, notwithstanding, brought -two silver tankards that night, upon Clark’s account, which had been -fraudulently obtained; and that Clark, so far from having borrowed -twenty pounds of Houseman, to his knowledge never borrowed more than -nine pounds, which he paid again before that night. - -‘That all the leather Clark had--which amounted to a considerable -value--he well knows was concealed under flax in Houseman’s house, with -intent to be disposed of by little and little, in order to prevent -suspicion of his being concerned in Clark’s fraudulent practices. - -‘That Terry took the plate in a bag, as Clark and Houseman did the -watches, rings, and several small things of value, and carried them -into the flat, where they and he’ (Aram) ‘went together to St. Robert’s -Cave, and beat most of the plate flat. It was thought too late in the -morning, being about four o’clock, on the 8th of February, 1744-5, for -Clark to go off, so as to get to any distance; it was therefore agreed -he should stay there till the night following, and Clark, accordingly, -stayed there all that day, as he believes, they having agreed to send -him victuals, which were carried to him by Henry Terry, he being judged -the most likely person to do it without suspicion; for, as he was a -shooter, he might go thither under the pretence of sporting; that the -next night, in order to give Clark more time to get off, Henry Terry, -Richard Houseman, and himself went down to the cave very early; but he’ -(Aram) ‘did not go in, or see Clark at all; that Richard Houseman and -Henry Terry only went into the cave, he staying to watch at a little -distance on the outside, lest anybody should surprise them. - -‘That he believes they were beating some plate, for he heard them make -a noise. They stayed there about an hour, and then came out of the -cave, and told him that Clark was gone off. Observing a bag they had -along with them, he took it in his hand, and saw that it contained -plate. On asking why Daniel did not take the plate along with him, -Terry and Houseman replied that they had bought it of him, as well as -the watches, and had given him money for it, that being more convenient -for him to go off with, as less cumbersome and dangerous. After which -they all three went into Houseman’s warehouse, and concealed the -watches, with the small plate, there; but that Terry carried away with -him the great plate; that, afterwards, Terry told him he carried it to -How Hill, and hid it there, and then went into Scotland and disposed of -it; but as to Clark, he could not tell whether he was murdered or not, -he knew nothing of him, only they told him he was gone off.’ - -Terry, being thus implicated, was arrested and committed to gaol; but -the prosecutors for the crown, after the bills of indictment were -preferred against all three, finding their proof insufficient to obtain -a conviction at the coming assizes, prevailed on the judge to hold -the case over until the Lammas Assizes. There was not enough outside -evidence to convict them all; evidence, if any, could only be furnished -by the criminals themselves. There was sufficient to convict either -Aram or Houseman singly, if one or other would tell the truth, and all -he knew; so after many consultations as to the person whom it was most -advisable and just to punish, it was unanimously agreed that Aram, -who from his education and position was the worst of the lot, should -be punished, and in order to do so it was necessary to try to acquit -Houseman, who would then be available as evidence against Aram. The -case against Terry was so slight, that he was, perforce, let go. - -On Friday, 3rd of August, 1759, the trials took place, and Houseman -was first arraigned, but there being no evidence against him he was -acquitted, to the great surprise and regret of everyone who was not -behind the scenes. - -Then Aram was put in the dock to stand his trial, and deep, indeed, -must have been his disgust, when he found his accomplice, Houseman, -step into the witness-box and tell his version (undoubtedly perjured) -of the murder. His evidence was, except in a few minor particulars, -similar to his previous statement. Sweet innocent! When he saw Aram -strike Clark, he made haste home, and knew nothing of the disposal of -the body until the next morning, when Aram called on him, and told him -he had left it in the cave, and dire were his threats of vengeance -should Houseman ever disclose the dread secret of that eventful night. - -After this sensational evidence the other witnesses must have seemed -very tame. Clark’s servant proved that his master had just received -his wife’s little portion, and that Aram was perfectly cognizant -thereof. Another witness deposed to seeing Houseman come out of Aram’s -house about one o’clock in the morning of the 8th of February. A -third deposed to the recovery of some of his own goods of which Clark -had defrauded him, and which were found buried in Aram’s garden. The -constable who arrested him had a few words to say, and the skull was -produced in Court, when a surgical expert declared that the fractures -must have been produced by blows from some blunt instrument, and could -not possibly proceed from natural decay. - -Aram was then called upon for his defence, and he produced a manuscript -of which the following is a copy. It is, as will be perceived, a -laboured and casuistical defence, not having a true ring about it, and -not at all like the utterance of a perfectly innocent man. - - * * * * * - -‘MY LORD, - -I know not whether it is of right or through some indulgence of your -Lordship that I am allowed the liberty at this Bar and at this time to -attempt a defence, incapable, and uninstructed as I am to speak. Since, -while I see so many eyes upon me, so numerous and awful a concourse, -fixed with attention, and filled with I know not what expectancy, I -labour, not with guilt, my Lord, but with perplexity. For having never -seen a Court but this, being wholly unacquainted with law, the customs -of the Bar, and all judiciary proceedings, I fear I shall be so little -capable of speaking with propriety in this place, that it exceeds my -hope, if I shall be able to speak at all. - -I have heard, my Lord, the indictment read, wherein I find myself -charged with the highest crime, with an enormity I am altogether -incapable of, a fact to the commission of which there goes far more -insensibility of heart, more profligacy of morals, than ever fell to my -lot. And nothing, possibly, could have admitted a presumption of this -nature, but a depravity not inferior to that imputed to me. However, as -I stand indicted at your Lordship’s Bar, and have heard what is called -evidence induced in support of such a charge, I very humbly solicit -your Lordship’s patience, and beg the hearing of this respectable -audience, while I, single and unskilful, destitute of friends, and -unassisted by counsel, say something, perhaps like an argument, in my -defence. I shall consume but little of your Lordship’s time; what I -have to say will be short, and this brevity, probably, will be the best -part of it. However, it is offered with all possible regard, and the -greatest submission to your Lordship’s consideration, and that of this -honourable Court. - -_First._ My Lord, the whole tenor of my conduct in life contradicts -every particular of this indictment. Yet I had never said this, did -not my present circumstances extort it from me, and seem to make it -necessary. Permit me here, my Lord, to call upon malignity itself, -so long and cruelly busied in this prosecution, to charge upon me -any immorality, of which prejudice was not the author. No, my Lord, -I concerted not schemes of fraud, projected no violence, injured no -man’s person or property. My days were honestly laborious, my nights -intensely studious. And I humbly conceive my notice of this, especially -at this time, will not be thought impertinent or unreasonable, but, at -least, deserving some attention. Because, my Lord, that any person, -after a temperate use of life, a series of thinking and acting -regularly, and without one single deviation from sobriety, should -plunge into the very depth of profligacy, precipitately, and at once, -is altogether improbable and unprecedented, and absolutely inconsistent -with the course of things. Mankind is never corrupted at once; villainy -is always progressive, and declines from right, step after step, till -every regard of probity is lost, and all moral obligation totally -perishes. - -Again, my Lord, a suspicion of this kind, which nothing but malevolence -could entertain, and ignorance propagate, is violently opposed by my -very situation at that time, with respect to health. For, but a little -space before, I had been confined to my bed, and suffered under a very -long and severe disorder, and was not able, for half a year together, -so much as to walk. The distemper left me, indeed, yet slowly, and in -part; but so macerated, so enfeebled, that I was reduced to crutches, -and was so far from being well about the time I am charged with this -fact, that I never to this day perfectly recovered. Could, then, a -person in this condition take anything into his head so unlikely, so -extravagant? I, past the vigour of my age, feeble and valetudinary, -with no inducement to engage, no ability to accomplish, no weapon -wherewith to perpetrate such a fact; without interest, without power, -without motive, without means. - -Besides, it must needs occur to everyone that an action of this -atrocious nature is never heard of, but, when its springs are laid -open, it appears that it was to support some indolence or supply some -luxury, to satisfy some avarice or oblige some malice, to prevent some -real, or some imaginary want; yet I lay not under the influence of any -one of these. Surely, my Lord, I may, consistent with both truth and -modesty, affirm thus much; and none who have any veracity, and knew me, -will ever question this. - -In the second plea, the disappearance of Clark is suggested as an -argument of his being dead; but the uncertainty of such an inference -from that, and the fallibility of all conclusions of such a sort, from -such a circumstance, are too obvious and too notorious to require -instances; yet, superseding many, permit me to produce a very recent -one, and that afforded by this castle. - -In June, 1757, William Thompson, for all the vigilance of this -place, in open daylight, and double-ironed, made his escape, and, -notwithstanding an immediate inquiry set on foot, the strictest search, -and all advertisements, was never seen or heard of since. If, then, -Thompson got off unseen, through all these difficulties, how very -easy was it for Clark, when none of them opposed him? But what would -be thought of a prosecution commenced against any one seen last with -Thompson? - -Permit me next, my Lord, to observe a little upon the bones which have -been discovered. It is said, which, perhaps, is saying very far, that -these are the skeleton of a man. It is possible, indeed it may; but is -there any certain known criterion which incontestably distinguishes -the sex in human bones? Let it be considered, my Lord, whether the -ascertaining of this point ought not to precede any attempt to identify -them. - -The place of their deposition, too, claims much more attention than is -commonly bestowed upon it. For, of all places in the world, none could -have mentioned anyone wherein there was greater certainty of finding -human bones than an hermitage, except he should point out a churchyard. -Hermitages, in times past, being not only places of religious -retirement, but of burial, too, and it has scarce or never been heard -of, but that every cell now known, contains, or contained, these relics -of humanity, some mutilated and some entire. I do not inform, but give -me leave to remind, your Lordship, that here sat solitary sanctity, and -here the hermit, or the anchoress, hoped that repose for their bones, -when dead, they here enjoyed when living. - -All this while, my Lord, I am sensible this is known to your Lordship, -and many in this Court, better than I. But it seems necessary to my -case, that others, who have not at all, perhaps, adverted to things -of this nature, and may have concern in my trial, should be made -acquainted with it. Suffer me, then, my Lord, to produce a few of many -evidences that these cells were used as repositories of the dead, -and to enumerate a few, in which human bones have been found, as it -happened in this in question, lest, to some, that accident might seem -extraordinary, and, consequently, occasion prejudice. - -1. The bones, as was supposed, of the Saxon, St. Dubritius, were -discovered buried in his cell at Guy’s Cliff near Warwick, as appears -from the authority of Sir William Dugdale. - -2. The bones, thought to be those of the anchoress Rosia, were but -lately discovered in a cell at Royston, entire, fair, and undecayed, -though they must have lain interred for several centuries, as is proved -by Dr. Stukeley. - -3. But our own country, nay, almost this neighbourhood, supplies -another instance; for in January, 1747, was found by Mr. Stovin, -accompanied by a reverend gentleman, the bones in part of some recluse, -in the cell at Lindholm, near Hatfield. They were believed to be those -of William of Lindholm, a hermit, who had long made this cave his -habitation. - -4. In February, 1744, part of Woburn Abbey being pulled down, a large -portion of a corpse appeared, even with the flesh on, and which bore -cutting with a knife, though it is certain this had lain above two -hundred years, and how much longer is doubtful, for this abbey was -founded in 1145, and dissolved in 1558 or 1559. - -What would have been said, what believed, if this had been an accident -to the bones in question? - -Further, my Lord, it is not yet out of living memory that a little -distance from Knaresborough, in a field, part of the manor of the -worthy and patriotic baronet who does that borough the honour to -represent it in Parliament, were found, in digging for gravel, not one -human skeleton alone, but five or six, deposited side by side, with -each an urn placed at its head, as your Lordship knows was usual in -ancient interments. - -About the same time, and in another field, almost close to this -borough, was discovered also, in searching for gravel, another human -skeleton; but the piety of the same worthy gentleman ordered both pits -to be filled up again, commendably unwilling to disturb the dead. - -Is the invention[25] of these bones forgotten, then, or industriously -concealed, that the discovery of those in question may appear the -more singular and extraordinary? whereas, in fact, there is nothing -extraordinary in it. My Lord, almost every place conceals such remains. -In fields, in hills, in highway sides, and in commons lie frequent -and unsuspected bones. And our present allotments for rest for the -departed, is but of some centuries. - -Another particular seems not to claim a little of your Lordship’s -notice, and that of the gentlemen of the jury; which is, that perhaps -no example occurs of more than _one_ skeleton being found in _one_ -cell, and in the cell in question was found but _one_; agreeable, in -this, to the peculiarity of every other known cell in Britain. Not -the invention of one skeleton, then, but of two, would have appeared -suspicious and uncommon. - -But then, my Lord, to attempt to identify these, when even to identify -living men sometimes has proved so difficult--as in the case of Perkin -Warbeck and Lambert Symnel at home, and of Don Sebastian abroad--will -be looked upon, perhaps, as an attempt to determine what is -indeterminable. And I hope, too, it will not pass unconsidered here, -where gentlemen believe with caution, think with reason, and decide -with humanity, what interest the endeavour to do this is calculated to -serve, in assigning proper personality to those bones, whose particular -appropriation can only appear to eternal omniscience. - -Permit me, my Lord, also, very humbly to remonstrate that, as human -bones appear to have been the inseparable adjuncts of every cell, even -any person’s naming such a place at random as containing them, in this -case, shows him rather unfortunate, than conscious prescient, and that -these attendants on every hermitage only accidentally concurred with -this conjecture. A mere casual coincidence of _words_ and _things_. - -But it seems another skeleton has been discovered by some labourer, -which was full as confidently averred to be Clark’s as this. My -Lord, must some of the living, if it promotes some interest, be made -answerable for all the bones that earth has concealed, and chance -exposed! and might not a place where bones lay, be mentioned by a -person by chance, as well as found by a labourer by chance? Or, is it -more criminal accidentally to _name_ where bones lie, than accidentally -to _find_ where they lie? - -Here, too, is a human skull produced, which is fractured; but was -this the _cause_ or was it the consequence of death--was it owing to -violence, or was it the effect of natural decay? If it was violence, -was that violence before or after death? My Lord, in May, 1732, the -remains of William, Lord Archbishop of this province, were taken up by -permission, in this cathedral, and the bones of the skull were found -broken; yet certainly he died by no violence offered to him alive, that -could occasion that fracture there. - -Let it be considered, my Lord, that upon the dissolution of religious -houses, and the commencement of the Reformation, the ravages of those -times affected the living and the dead. In search after imaginary -treasures, coffins were broken up, graves and vaults broken open, -monuments ransacked, and shrines demolished; your Lordship knows -that these violations proceeded so far, as to occasion parliamentary -authority to restrain them; and it did, about the beginning of the -reign of Queen Elizabeth. I entreat your Lordship, suffer not the -violence, the depredations, and the iniquities of these times to be -imputed to this. - -Moreover, what gentleman here is ignorant that Knaresborough had a -castle, which, though How a ruin, was once considerable, both for its -strength and garrison. All know it was vigorously besieged by the arms -of the Parliament. At which siege, in sallies, conflicts, flights, -pursuits, many fell in all the places around it; and where they fell -were buried. For every place, my Lord, is burial-earth in war; and -many, questionless, of these yet rest unknown, whose bones futurity -shall discover. - -I hope, with all imaginable submission, that what has been said will -not be thought impertinent to this indictment, and that it will be -far from the wisdom, the learning, and the integrity of this place to -impute to the living what zeal, in its fury, may have done; what nature -may have taken off, and piety interred; or what war alone may have -destroyed, alone deposited. - -As to the circumstances that have been raked together, I have nothing -to observe; but that all circumstances whatsoever are precarious, -and have been but too frequently found lamentably fallible; even -the strongest have failed. They may rise to the utmost degree of -probability, yet they are but probability still. Why should I name -to your Lordship the two Harrisons, recorded in Dr. Howel, who both -suffered upon circumstances, because of the sudden disappearance of -their lodger, who was in credit, had contracted debts, borrowed money, -and went off unseen, and returned again a great many years after their -execution. Why name the intricate affair of Jaques du Moulin under King -Charles II., related by a gentleman who was counsel for the Crown. -And why the unhappy Coleman, who suffered innocent, though convicted -upon positive evidence, and whose children perished for want, because -the world uncharitably believed the father guilty. Why mention the -perjury of Smith, incautiously admitted king’s evidence; who, to screen -himself, equally accused Fainlotte and Loveday of the murder of Dunn; -the first of whom, in 1749, was executed at Winchester; and Loveday was -about to suffer at Reading, had not Smith been proved perjured, to the -satisfaction of the court, by the surgeon of Gosport Hospital. - -Now, my Lord, having endeavoured to show that the whole of this -process is altogether repugnant to every part of my life; that it is -inconsistent with my condition of health about that time; that no -rational inference can be drawn that a person is dead who suddenly -disappears; that hermitages were the constant repositories of the bones -of the recluse; that the proofs of this are well authenticated; that -the revolution in religion, or the fortunes of war, has mangled, or -buried, the dead; the conclusion remains, perhaps no less reasonably, -than impatiently, wished for. I, last, after a year’s confinement, -equal to either fortune, put myself upon the candour, the justice, and -the humanity of your Lordship, and upon yours, my countrymen, gentlemen -of the jury.’ - -It will be seen from this elaborate defence that it must have been -written long before his trial, and before his hopes of acquittal were -crushed by the appearance of Houseman in the witness-box to give -evidence against him; for he did not attempt to discredit his evidence, -nor did he attempt to shake his testimony by cross-examination, and -he must have anticipated the result. The judge summed up carefully; -he recapitulated the evidence, and showed how Houseman’s testimony -was confirmed by the other witnesses; and, taking Aram’s defence, he -pointed out that he had alleged nothing that could invalidate the -positive evidence against him. The jury, without leaving the court, -returned a verdict of ‘Guilty,’ and the judge pronounced the awful -sentence of the law. Aram had behaved with great firmness and dignity -during the whole of his trial, and he heard his conviction, and his -doom, with profound composure, leaving the bar with a smile upon his -countenance. - -In those days the law allowed but little time for appeal. Aram was -tried, convicted, and sentenced on Friday, the 3rd of August, 1759, -and he had to die on the following Monday--only two whole days of -life being allowed him. Those days must have been days of exquisite -torture to him, when he thought of the upturned faces of the mob, all -fixing their gaze upon him, yelling at, and execrating him, and we can -scarcely wonder at his attempting to commit suicide. On the Monday -morning, when the clergyman came to visit him, and at his request -to administer the Sacrament to him, he was astonished to find Aram -stretched on the floor of his cell in a pool of blood. He had managed -to secrete a razor, and had cut the veins of his arms in two places. -Surgeons were sent for, and they brought him back to life, when he was -put into the cart and led to execution. Arrived at the gallows, he was -asked if he had any speech to make, and he replied in the negative. He -was then hanged, and, when dead, his body was cut down, put in a cart, -taken to Knaresborough, and there suspended in chains, on a gibbet -which was erected on Knaresborough forest, south or south-east of the -Low Bridge, on the right hand side going thence to Plumpton. It was -taken down in 1778, when the forest was enclosed. - -He left his latest thoughts in writing, for, on the table in his cell, -was found a paper on which was written, - -‘What am I better than my fathers? To die is natural and necessary. -Perfectly sensible of this, I fear no more to die than I did to be -born. But the manner of it is something which should, in my opinion, be -decent and manly. I think I have regarded both these points. Certainly -nobody has a better right to dispose of man’s life than himself; and -he, not others, should determine how. As for any indignities offered to -anybody, or silly reflections on my faith and morals, they are (as they -were) things indifferent to me. I think, though, contrary to the common -way of thinking; I wrong no man by this, and I hope it is not offensive -to that eternal being who formed me and the world; and as by this I -injure no man, no man can be reasonably offended. I solicitously -recommend myself to the eternal and almighty Being, the God of Nature, -if I have done amiss. But perhaps I have not, and I hope this thing -will never be imputed to me. Though I am now stained by malevolence, -and suffer by prejudice, I hope to rise fair and unblemished. My life -was not polluted, my morals irreproachable, and my opinions orthodox. - -‘I slept soundly till three o’clock, awak’d, and then writ these lines. - - ‘“Come, pleasing Rest, eternal Slumber fall; - Seal mine, that once must seal the eyes of all; - Calm and compos’d my soul her journey takes, - No guilt that troubles, and no heart that aches. - Adieu! thou sun, all bright like her arise; - Adieu! fair friends, and all that’s good and wise.”’ - -Aram never made any regular confession of his guilt--but in a -letter he wrote to the vicar of Knaresborough, in which he gives -his autobiography, he says, ‘Something is expected as to the affair -upon which I was committed, to which I say, as I mentioned in my -examination, that all the plate of Knaresborough, except the watches -and rings, were in Houseman’s possession; as for me, I had nothing at -all. My wife knows that Terry had the large plate, and that Houseman -himself took both that and the watches, at my house, from Clark’s own -hands; and, if she will not give this in evidence for the town, she -wrongs both that and her own conscience; and, if it is not done soon, -Houseman will prevent her. She likewise knows that Terry’s wife had -some velvet, and, if she will, can testify it. She deserves not the -regard of the town, if she will not. That part of Houseman’s evidence, -wherein he said I threatened him, was absolutely false; for what -hindered him, when I was so long absent and far distant? I must need -observe another thing to be perjury in Houseman’s evidence, in which he -said he went home from Clark; whereas he went straight to my house, as -my wife can also testify, if I be not believed.’ - -The contemporary accounts of his trial, whether published in York or -London, have the following: - -‘Aram’s sentence was a just one, and he submitted to it with that -stoicism he so much affected; and the morning after he was condemned, -he confessed the justness of it to two clergymen (who had a licence -from the judge to attend him), by declaring that he murdered Clark. -Being asked by one of them what his motive was for doing that -abominable action, he told them, ‘he suspected Clark of having an -unlawful commerce with his wife; that he was persuaded at the time, -when he committed the murder, he did right, but, since, he had thought -it wrong.’ - -‘After this, pray,’ said Aram, ‘what became of Clark’s body, if -Houseman went home (as he said upon my trial) immediately on seeing him -fall?’ - -One of the clergymen replied, ‘I’ll tell you what became of it. You -and Houseman dragged it into the cave, stripped and buried it there; -brought away his clothes, and burnt them at your own house.’ - -To which he assented. He was asked whether Houseman did not earnestly -press him to murder his wife, for fear she should discover the business -they had been about. He hastily replied, - -‘He did, and pressed me several times to do it.’ - -Aram’s wife lived some years after his execution; indeed, she did not -die until 1774. She lived in a small house near Low Bridge, within -sight of her husband’s gibbet; and here she sold pies, sausages, &c. -It is said that she used to search under the gibbet for any of her -husband’s bones that might have fallen, and then bury them. - -Aram, by his wife, had six children, who survived their -childhood--three sons and three daughters. All these children, save -one, Sally, took after their mother; but Sally resembled her father, -both physically and mentally. She was well read in the classics, and -Aram would sometimes put his scholars to the blush, by having Sally in -their class. Her father was very fond of her, and she was living with -him at Lynn when he was arrested, and she clung to him when in prison -at York. On his death, she went to London, and, after a time, she -married, and, with her husband, kept a public-house on the Surrey side -of Westminster Bridge. - -Houseman went back to Knaresborough, where he abode until his death. -He was naturally mobbed, and never dared stir out in the day time, but -sometimes slunk out at night. Despised and detested by all, his life -must have been a burden to him, and his punishment in this world far -heavier than Aram was called upon to bear. - - - - -REDEMPTIONERS. - - -Slavery, properly so called, appears to have been from the earliest -ages, and in almost every country, the condition of a large portion -of the human race; the weakest had ever to serve the strong--whether -the slave was a captive in battle, or an impecunious debtor unable to -satisfy the claims of his creditor, save with his body. Climate made -no difference. Slavery existed in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in our -own ‘right little, tight little island,’ our early annals show that -a large proportion of the Anglo-Saxon population was in a state of -slavery. These unfortunate bondsmen, who were called theows, thrœls, -and esnes,[26] were bought and sold with land, and were classed in the -inventory of their lord’s wealth, with his sheep, swine, and oxen, and -were bequeathed by will, precisely as we now dispose of our money, or -furniture. - -The condition of the Anglo-Saxon slaves was very degraded indeed; -their master might put them in bonds, might whip them, nay, might even -brand them, like cattle, with his own distinguishing mark, a state of -things which existed until Alfred the Great enacted some laws, whereby -the time of the servitude of these unhappy people was limited to six -years, and the institution of slavery received such a blow, that it -speedily became a thing of the past. They were no longer slaves, but -redemptioners, _i.e._, they had the hope of redemption from servitude, -and the law gave them the power to enforce their freedom. - -We have only to turn to the pages of holy writ to find slavery -flourishing in rank luxuriance in the time of the patriarchs, and -before the birth of Moses. Euphemistically described in Scripture -history as servants, they were mostly unconditional and perpetual -slaves. They were strangers, either taken prisoners in war or purchased -from the neighbouring nations; but the Jews also had a class of -servants who only were in compulsory bondage for a limited time, and -they were men of their own nation. - -These were men who, by reason of their poverty, were obliged to -give their bodies in exchange for the wherewithal to support them, -or they were insolvent debtors, and thus sought to liquidate their -indebtedness, or men who had committed a theft, and had not the means -of making the double, or fourfold, restitution that the law required. -Their thraldom was not perpetual, they might be redeemed, and, if not -redeemed, they became free on the completion of their seventh year of -servitude. - -Exodus, chap. 21, vv. 2-6. ‘If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years -shall he serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing. If -he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself; if he were married, -then his wife shall go out with him. If his master have given him a -wife, and she have borne him sons or daughters, the wife and her -children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself. And -if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my -children: I will not go out free: then his master shall bring him unto -the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door-post; -and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall -serve for ever.’ - -Here, then, we have a redemptioner, one whose servitude was not a -hopeless one, and we find this limited bondage again referred to in -Leviticus, chap. 25, vv. 39, 40, 41. - -‘And if thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and be sold -unto thee, thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond servant: but as -an hired servant, and as a sojourner, he shall be with thee, and shall -serve thee unto the year of jubilee. And then shall he depart from -thee, both he and his children with him, and shall return unto his own -family, and unto the possession of his fathers shall he return.’ - -Here in England we are accustomed to look upon the slave from one point -of view only, as an unhappy being of a different race and colour to -ourselves, few of us knowing that there has been a time (and that not -so very long ago) when members of our own nation, so utterly forlorn -and miserable from the rude buffetings Fortune had given them in their -way through the world, have been glad to sell their bodies for a time, -to enable them to commence afresh the struggle for existence, in -another land, and, perchance, under more favourable circumstances. - -In ‘his Majesty’s plantations’ of Virginia, Maryland, and New England, -and in the West Indies, these unfortunates were first called servants, -and as such are officially described; but in America in later times -they received the appellation of redemptioners, a name by which they -were certainly called in the middle of this century, for in Dorsey’s -‘Laws of Maryland,’ published in 1840, we find an Act[27] (cap. 226) -was passed in 1817 to alleviate the condition of these poor people. -The preamble sets forth, ‘Whereas it has been found that German and -Swiss emigrants, who for the discharge of the debt contracted for their -passage to this country are often obliged to subject themselves to -temporary servitude, are frequently exposed to cruel and oppressive -impositions by the masters of the vessels in which they arrive, and -likewise by those to whom they become servants,’ &c. - -It is impossible to fix any date when this iniquitous traffic -first began. It arose, probably, from the want of labourers in the -plantations of our colonies in their early days, and the employment -of unscrupulous agents on this side to supply their needs in this -respect. A man in pecuniary difficulties in the seventeenth and -eighteen centuries was indeed in woeful plight: a gaol was his certain -destination, and there he might rot his life away, cut off from all -hope of release, unless death came mercifully to his relief. All -knew of the horrors of a debtor’s prison, and, to escape them, an -able-bodied man had recourse to the dreadful expedient of selling -himself into bondage, for a term of years, in one of the plantations, -either in America or the West Indies, or he would believe the specious -tales of the ‘kidnappers,’ as they were called, who would promise -anything, a free passage, and a glorious life of ease and prosperity in -a new land. - -Thoroughly broken down, wretched, and miserable, his thoughts would -naturally turn towards a new country, wherein he might rehabilitate -himself, and, in an evil hour, he would apply to some (as we should -term it) emigration agent, who would even kindly advance him a trifle -for an outfit. The voyage out would be an unhappy experience, as -the emigrants would be huddled together, with scant food, and, on -his arrival at his destination, he would early discover the further -miseries in store for him; for, immediately on landing, or even before -he left the ship, his body would be seized as security for passage -money, which had, in all probability, been promised him free, and for -money lent for his outfit; and, having no means of paying either, -utterly friendless, and in a strange country, he would be sold to -slavery for a term of years to some planter who would pay the debt for -him. - -Having obtained his flesh and blood at such a cheap rate, his owner -would not part with him lightly, and it was an easy thing to arrange -matters so that he was always kept in debt for clothes and tobacco, -&c., in order that he never should free himself. It was a far cry to -England, and with no one to help him, or to draw public attention to -his case, the poor wretch had to linger until death mercifully released -him from his bondage; his condition being truly deplorable, as he would -be under the same regulations as the convicts, and one may be very sure -that _their_ lot was not enviable in those harsh and merciless times. -It was not for many years, until the beginning of this century, that -the American laws took a beneficial turn in favour of these unhappy -people; and it was then too late, for the institution of redemptioners -died a speedy death, owing to the influx of free emigration. - -One of the earliest notices of these unfortunates is in a collection -of Old Black letter ballads, in the British Museum, where there is one -entitled, ‘The Trappan’d Maiden, or the Distressed Damsel,’ (c. 22, e. -2)/186 in which are depicted some of the sorrows which were undergone -by these unwilling emigrants, at that time. The date, as nearly as can -be assigned to it, is about 1670. - - The Girl was cunningly trapan’d, - Sent to Virginny from England; - Where she doth Hardship undergo, - There is no cure, it must be so; - But if she lives to cross the main, - She vows she’ll ne’er go there again. - - Give ear unto a Maid - That lately was betray’d, - And sent into Virginny, O: - In brief I shall declare, - What I have suffered there, - When that I was weary, O. - - When that first I came - To this Land of Fame, - Which is called Virginny, O: - The Axe and the Hoe - Have wrought my overthrow, - When that I was weary, O. - - Five years served I - Under Master Guy, - In the land of Virginny, O: - Which made me for to know - Sorrow, Grief, and Woe, - When that I was weary, O. - - When my Dame says, Go, - Then must I do so, - In the land of Virginny, O: - When she sits at meat - Then I have none to eat, - When that I was weary, O. - - The cloathes that I brought in, - They are worn very thin, - In the land of Virginny, O: - Which makes me for to say - Alas! and well-a-day, - When that I was weary, O. - - Instead of Beds of Ease, - To lye down when I please, - In the land of Virginny, O: - Upon a bed of straw, - I lay down full of woe, - When that I was weary, O. - - Then the Spider, she - Daily waits on me, - In the land of Virginny, O: - Round about my bed - She spins her tender web, - When that I was weary, O. - - So soon as it is day, - To work I must away, - In the land of Virginny, O: - Then my Dame she knocks - With her tinder-box, - When that I was weary, O. - - I have played my part - Both at Plow and Cart, - In the land of Virginny, O; - Billats from the Wood, - Upon my back they load, - When that I was weary, O. - - Instead of drinking Beer, - I drink the waters clear, - In the land of Virginny, O; - Which makes me pale and wan, - Do all that e’er I can, - When that I was weary, O. - - If my Dame says, Go, - I dare not say no, - In the land of Virginny, O; - The water from the spring - Upon my head I bring, - When that I was weary, O. - - When the Mill doth stand, - I’m ready at command, - In the land of Virginny, O; - The Morter for to make, - Which made my heart to ake, - When that I was weary, O. - - When the child doth cry, - I must sing, By-a-by, - In the land of Virginny, O; - No rest that I can have - Whilst I am here a slave, - When that I was weary, O. - - A thousand Woes beside, - That I do here abide, - In the land of Virginny, O; - In misery I spend - My time that hath no end, - When that I was weary, O. - - Then let Maids beware, - All by my ill-fare, - In the land of Virginny, O: - Be sure thou stay at home, - For if you do here come, - You will all be weary, O. - - But if it be my chance, - Homeward to advance, - From the land of Virginny, O: - If that I once more - Land on English shore, - I’ll no more be weary, O. - -Some of these complaints would seem to us to be rather of the ‘crumpled -rose-leaf’ order, but probably there was enough humanity left in their -owners to treat their female ‘servants’ more tenderly than the male, -whose sorrows were genuine enough. - -Ned Ward, in his ‘London Spy,’ 1703, gives a most graphic account of -the sort of men who enticed these human chattels to the plantations. He -was pursuing his perambulations about the City, exercising those sharp -eyes of his, which saw everything, and was in the neighbourhood of the -Custom-house, when he turned down a place called Pig Hill (so called, -he says, from its resembling the steep descent down which the Devil -drove his Hogs to a Bad Market). - -‘As we walked up the Hill, as Lazily as an Artillery Captain before -his Company upon a Lord Mayor’s Day, or a Paul’s Labourer up a Ladder, -with a Hod of Mortar, we peeped in at a Gateway, where we saw two or -three Blades, well drest, but with Hawkes’ Countenances, attended with -half-a-dozen Ragamuffingly Fellows, showing Poverty in their Rags and -Despair in their Faces, mixt with a parcel of young, wild striplings, -like runaway ‘Prentices. I could not forbear enquiring of my Friend -about the ill-favoured multitude, patched up of such awkward Figures, -that it would have puzzled a Moor-Fields Artist,[28] well-read in -physiognomy, to have discovered their Dispositions by their Looks. - -‘“That House,” says my Friend, “which they there are entering is -an Office where Servants for the Plantations bind themselves to be -miserable as long as they live, without a special Providence prevents -it. Those fine Fellows, who look like Footmen upon a Holy day, crept -into cast suits of their Masters, that want Gentility in their -Deportments answerable to their Apparel, are Kidnappers, who walk the -‘Change and other parts of the Town, in order to seduce People who -want services and young Fools crost in Love, and under an uneasiness -of mind, to go beyond the seas, getting so much a head of Masters -of Ships and Merchants who go over, for every Wretch they trepan -into this Misery. These young Rakes and Tatterdemallions you see so -lovingly hearded are drawn by their fair promises to sell themselves -into Slavery, and the Kidnappers are the Rogues that run away with the -Money.”’ - -And again, when he goes on ‘Change, he further attacks these villains. - -‘“Now,” says my Friend, “we are got amongst the Plantation Traders. -This may be call’d Kidnapper’s Walk; for a great many of these -Jamaicans and Barbadians, with their Kitchen-stuff Countenances, are -looking as sharp for servants as a Gang of Pick-pockets for Booty.... -Within that Entry is an Office of Intelligence, pretending to help -Servants to Places, and Masters to Servants. They have a knack of -Bubbling silly wenches out of their Money; who loiter hereabouts upon -the expectancy, till they are pick’d up by the Plantation Kidnappers, -and spirited away into a state of misery.”’ - -And yet once more Ward, in his ‘Trip to America,’ says, - -‘We had on board an Irishman going over as Servant, who, I suppose, was -Kidnapped. I asked him whose Servant he was, “By my Fait,” said he, “I -cannot tell. I was upon ’Change, looking for a good Master, and a brave -Gentleman came to me, and asked me who I was, and I told him I was myn -own self; and he gave me some good Wine and good Ale, and brought me on -Board, and I have not seen him since.”’ - -Then, as since, the emigration from Great Britain was mostly fed by the -poorer classes of Ireland; and, in the latter part of William III.‘s -reign, such was the numbers that were sent over to the plantations as -‘servants,’ or in other words, slaves, that it was found necessary to -enact special laws, in Maryland, to check the excessive importation, -it being considered a source of danger to the State, as tending to -introduce Popery. Accordingly, several acts were passed, placing a -duty of twenty shillings per head on each Irish person landed; which, -proving insufficient for the purpose, was further increased to forty -shillings a few years afterwards. - -In 1743, there was a _cause célèbre_, in which James Annesley, Esq., -appeared as the plaintiff, and claimed the earldom of Anglesey from his -uncle Richard, who, he maintained (and he got a verdict in his favour), -had caused him to be kidnapped when a lad of thirteen years of age, and -sent to America, there to be sold as a slave. That this was absolutely -the fact, no one who has read the evidence can possibly doubt, and -the hardships endured by the ‘servants’ at that time are plaintively -alluded to in a little book, called, ‘The Adventure of an Unfortunate -Young Nobleman,’ published 1743. ‘Here the Captain repeating his former -Assurances, he was sold to a rich Planter in Newcastle County called -Drummond, who immediately took him home, and entered him in the Number -of his Slaves. - -‘A new World now opened to him, and, being set to the felling of -Timber, a Work no way proportioned to his Strength, he did it so -awkwardly, that he was severely corrected. Drummond was a hard, -inexorable Master, who, like too many of the Planters, consider their -Slaves, or Servants, as a different Species, and use them accordingly. -Our American Planters are not famous for Humanity, being often Persons -of no Education, and, having been formerly Slaves themselves, they -revenge the ill-usage they received on those who fall into their Hands. -The Condition of European Servants in that Climate is very wretched; -their Work is hard, and for the most part abroad, exposed to an -unwholesome Air, their Diet coarse, being either Poul or bread made of -Indian Corn, or Homine or Mush, which is Meal made of the same kind, -moistened with the Fat of Bacon, and their Drink Water sweetened with a -little Ginger and Molasses.’ - -Although, as before stated, Mr. Annesley won his case with regard -to his legitimacy and property, for some reason or other he never -contested the title with his usurping uncle, who continued to be -recognized as Earl of Anglesey until his death. - -Defoe, writing in 1738 in his ‘History of Colonel Jack,’ makes his -hero to be kidnapped by the master of a vessel at Leith, and carried -to Virginia, where he was consigned to a merchant, and disposed of -as he saw fit--in fact, treated with the same _nonchalance_ us an -ordinary bale of goods would be. He was sold to a planter for five -years, and had three hard things to endure, viz., hard work, hard -fare, and hard lodging. He describes the arrival of a ship from -London with several ‘servants,’ and amongst the rest were seventeen -transported felons, some burnt in the hand, and some not, eight of whom -his master purchased for the time specified in the warrant for their -transportation, so that the unfortunate men were in no better position -than, and were under the same severe laws as, the convict. Their ranks -were recruited by many gentlemen concerned in the Rebellion, and taken -prisoners at Preston, who were spared from execution and sold into -slavery at the plantations, a condition which must often have made them -dissatisfied with the clemency extended to them. In many cases, with -kind masters, their lot was not so hard, and when their time of bondage -was expired they had encouragement given them to plant for themselves, -a certain number of acres being allotted to them by the State; and, if -they could get the necessary credit for clothes, tools, &c., they were -in time enabled to put by money, and, in some rare instances, became -men of renown in the colony. - -The usage these poor people endured on their passage to the plantations -was frequently abominable, and a writer in 1796 describes the arrival, -at Baltimore, of a vessel containing three hundred Irish ‘passengers’ -who had been nearly starved by the captain, the ship’s water being sold -by him at so much a pint, and this treatment, combined with other -cruelties too shocking to relate, caused a contagious disorder to break -out on board, which carried off great numbers, whilst most of these -unhappy folk who were spared at that time, subsequently died whilst -performing quarantine in the Delaware. - -The redemptioners mainly sailed from the northern ports of Ireland, -Belfast or Londonderry, though this country by no means enjoyed the -unenviable monopoly of this traffic: Holland and Germany sending -their wretched quota of white slaves. The particular class of vessels -employed in this iniquitous trade were known by the name of ‘White -Guineamen,’ and belonged to the ‘free and enlightened’ citizens of the -sea-ports in America, who had their kidnappers stationed at certain -parts of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and also in Holland, to provide -them with human cargoes. Seduced by the glowing descriptions of a -trans-Atlantic paradise, with bright and alluring visions of American -happiness and liberty, the miserable, the idle, and the unwary among -the lower classes of Europe were entrapped into the voyage, the offer -of gratuitous conveyance being an additional bait, which was eagerly -accepted; but we have seen how, on their arrival at the promised land, -they were speedily disillusioned. The difficulty of hiring tolerable -servants was so great, that many persons were obliged to deal with -their fellow-creatures in this way, who would otherwise have utterly -abhorred the thought of being slave-dealers. - -Some of the laws for their regulation in the colonies are curious. For -instance, in Virginia, after they had served their time, they were -obliged to have a certificate from their master to say that they had -done so, and if any person should entertain any hired servant running -away without such a certificate, he had to pay the master of such -servant thirty pounds weight of tobacco for every day and night he -should so harbour him. - -Pursuit after runaway servants was made at the public expense, and, if -caught, they had to serve for the time of their absence, and the charge -disbursed. In case the master refused to pay the charge, the servant -was sold, or hired out, until by their services they had reimbursed -the amount expended in capturing them, after which they were returned -to their master to serve out their time. Whoever apprehended them was -to have as reward two hundred pounds weight of tobacco, if the capture -took place about ten miles from the master’s house, or one hundred -pounds weight if above five miles, and under ten. This reward was to be -paid by the public, and the servant had to serve some one four months -for every two hundred pounds weight of tobacco paid for him. - -‘Every Master that hath a Servant that hath run away twice, shall keep -his Hair close cut, and not so doing, shall be fined one hundred pounds -weight of Tobacco for every time the said Fugitive shall, after the -second time, be taken up.’ - -If they ran away in company with any negro, then they had to serve the -master of that negro as long as the negro was at large. If any servant -laid violent hands on his master, mistress, or overseer, and was -convicted of the same in any court, he had to serve one year longer at -the expiration of his term. - -‘A Woman-servant got with Child by her Master, shall, after her time of -indenture or custom is expired, be, by the Church-wardens of the Parish -where she lived, sold for two Years, and the Tobacco employed for the -use of the Parish.’ - -‘No Minister shall publish the Banns, or celebrate the Contract of -Marriage between any Servants, unless he hath a Certificate from both -their Masters that it is with their consent, under the Penalty of -10,000 lbs. of Tobacco. And the Servants that procure themselves to be -married without their Masters’ consent, shall each of them serve their -respective Master a year longer than their time; and if any person, -being free, shall marry with a Servant without the Master’s Licence, he -or she so marrying shall pay the Master 1500 lbs. of Tobacco, or one -year’s service.’ - -In Maryland, the laws respecting servants were somewhat milder, but, if -they ran away, they had to serve ten days for every one day’s absence. -In this colony, however, ‘Every Man-Servant shall have given him at -the time of the expiration of his Service, one new Hat, a good Cloath -Suit, a new Shift of White Linnen, a pair of new French full Shooes -and Stockings, two Hoes, and one Axe, and one gun of 20s. price, not -above four foot Barrel, nor less than three and a half. And every -Woman-Servant shall have given her, at the expiration of her Servitude, -the like Provision of Cloaths, and three Barrels of Indian Corn.’ - -In New England they dealt still more tenderly and fairly by their -servants. If a servant fled from the cruelty of his or her master, he -or she was to be protected and harboured, provided that they fled to -the house of some free man of the same town, and ‘If any Man or Woman -Hurt, Maim, or Disfigure a Servant, unless it be by mere Casualty, -the Servant shall go free, and the Master or Mistress shall make -such recompense as the Court shall award. Servants that have serv’d -diligently, and faithfully, to the end of their Times, shall not be -sent away empty; and such as have been unfaithful, negligent, or -unprofitable shall not be sent away unpunished, but shall make such -satisfaction as Authority shall direct.’ - -In Jamaica the laws were pretty fair, and in Barbadoes there was a very -just enactment. ‘Whatever Master or Mistress shall turn off a Sick -Servant, or not use, or endeavour, all lawful means for the recovery -of such servant, during the time of Servitude, he or she shall forfeit -2,200 lbs of Sugar. To be levyed by Warrant of a Justice of Peace, and -disposed towards the maintenance of such Servant, and the said Servant -so neglected, or turned off, shall be Free.’ - -In the last few years of the eighteenth century, it was no uncommon -thing to meet with advertisements in the American papers, couched in -the following strain: ‘To be disposed of, the indentures of a strong, -healthy Irishwoman; who has two years to serve, and is fit for all -kinds of house work. Enquire of the Printer.’ - - -‘STOP THE VILLAIN! - -‘Ran away this morning, an Irish Servant, named Michael Day, by trade -a Tailor, about five feet eight inches high, fair complexion, has a -down look when spoken to, light bushy hair, speaks much in the Irish -dialect, &c. Whoever secures the above-described in any gaol, shall -receive thirty dollars reward, and all reasonable charges paid. -N.B.--All masters of Vessels are forbid harbouring or carrying off the -said Servant at their peril.’ - - * * * * * - -The laws which regulated them were originally framed for the English -convicts before the Revolution, and were not repealed. They were, -of necessity, harsh and severe, so much so that, towards the end of -the eighteenth century, several societies sprang up, both Irish and -German, whose members did all in their power to mitigate the severity -of these laws, and render their countrymen, during their servitude, as -comfortable as circumstances would permit. These societies were in all -the large towns south of Connecticut. - -When the yellow fever was raging in Baltimore in the year 1793, but -few vessels would venture near the city, and every one that could do -so fled from the doomed place. But a ‘White Guinea-man,’ from Germany, -arrived in the river, and, hearing that such was the fatal nature of -the infection that for no sum of money could a sufficient number of -nurses be procured to attend the sick, conceived the philanthropic -idea of supplying this deficiency from his redemption passengers, and, -sailing boldly up to the city, he advertised his cargo for sale thus: -‘A few healthy Servants, generally between seventeen and twenty-one -years of age; their times will be disposed of by applying on board the -brig.’ It was a truly generous thought to thus nobly sacrifice his own -countrywomen _pro bono publico_! - -As the eighteenth century drew to a close a more humane state of things -came into existence; and in Maryland, in 1817, as before stated, a law -was passed for the relief of the German and Swiss redemptioners. It -was enacted that there should be, in every port, a person to register -the apprenticeship, or servitude, of these emigrants, and, unless -drawn up or approved by him, no agreement to service was binding. -Minors, under twenty-one, were not allowed to be sold, unless by their -parents or next-of-kin, and the indentures covenanted that at least two -months schooling must be given, annually, to them by their masters. No -emigrant was bound to serve more than four years, except males under -seventeen, and females under fourteen, who were to serve, respectively, -till twenty-one and eighteen. There were many other clauses that -related both to their better treatment on board the vessels and on -land, and, if this law had been strictly acted up to, the condition of -these poor people would have been much ameliorated. - -But, happily, in course of years, as the prosperity of the United -States of America grew by ‘leaps and bounds,’ attracting labour in -abundance from all parts of Europe, there was no longer any need for -the traffic in human flesh and blood, and the redemptioner became a -thing of the past. - - - - -A TRIP TO RICHMOND IN SURREY. - - -The following _morceau_ gives so quaint an account of a day’s outing in -the last century that I have thought it a pity to let it remain buried. -It is by J. West, and was published in 1787: - - From London to Richmond I took an excursion, - For the sake of my health and in hopes of diversion: - Thus, walking without any cumbersome load, - I mark’d ev’ry singular sight on the road. - - In Hyde Park I met a hump-back’d macarony - Who was pleased I should see how he manag’d his pony. - The Cockney was dresst in true blue and in buff, - In buckskin elastic, but all in the rough; - He wore patent spurs on his boots, with light soles, - And buttons as big as some halfpenny rolls; - His hair out of curls, with a tail like a rat, - And sideways he clapt on his head a round hat; - His cravat was tied up in a monstrous large bunch, - No wonder the ladies should smile at his hunch. - - The next figure I saw, ’twas a milliner’s maid, - A high cap and pink ribbons adorning her head, - Which was made to sit well, but a little fantastic, - With a hundred black pins and a cushion elastic. - She stalked like a peacock when waving her fan, - And us’d an umbrella upon a new plan; - Her elbows she lean’d on her hoop as on crutches, - And wagg’d her silk gown with the air of a duchess. - Now forward I stept to behold her sweet face; - She ogled and smil’d with a seeming good grace; - However, there was no dependence upon it, - Although her eyes sparkled from under her bonnet, - I question’d her love, so I wished her farewel; - But something more clever I’m ready to tell. - - From yon spot in the Park, just where the Parade is, - Approach’d a grand sportsman, attended by ladies - On bay horses mounted; they swift tore the ground, - Escorted by servants and terriers around; - I guess’d that my Lord went to sport with his Graces - To Windsor’s wide forest or Maidenhead races. - - Through Kensington passing I saw a fine show - Of chaises, gigs, coaches, there all in a row! - When I came to a well where a girl stood close by, - Who ask’d to what place do these folk go? and why? - I, smiling, replied, ‘They, my dear, go to Windsor, - To see king and queen,’--but could not convince her. - On tiptoe the titt’ring girl ran off the stand, - And broke half the pitcher she had in her hand. - - In Hammersmith’s parish I stopp’d for a minute; - A stage-coach here halted--I saw who was in it, - A grave-looking man with a long nose and chin, - Two sparks and three damsels were laughing within; - The outside was crowded, good Lord! what a rabble! - Some Cits from Fleet Market, some Jews from Whitechapel, - Some sailors from Wapping, and other such crew; - But now in the basket[29] I took a short view, - Two wenches, one jolly, the other but lean, - With barrels of oysters and shrimp-sacks between. - The spirited coachman, o’ercharg’d with stout ale, - When he started, drove faster than Palmer’s[30] new mail; - He smack’d his long whip--and zounds! what a flight! - His six horses running were soon out of sight; - A lad standing by, cried (as if in a swoon), - ‘By Jove! they fly up like Lunardi’s[31] balloon.’ - - Much pleas’d with my path when I march’d on apace, - I reach’d Turnham Green; on that sweet rural place - I stopp’d at an inn near a lane down to Chiswick, - I call’d for some ale, but it tasted like physick. - As good luck would have it, I could not drink more, - When, seeing Jack Tar and his wife at the door, - Join’d close arm-in-arm like a hook on a link, - I reach’d him my mug and invited to drink; - Jack, pleased with the draught, gave me thanks with an echo, - And cramm’d in his jaw a large quid of tobacco. - - Again I set off on my way to Kew Bridge, - Some boys and some girls came from under a hedge; - They jump’d and they tumbled headforemost around, - Each vied with the other to measure the ground; - For halfpence they begg’d, and I gave ’em a penny, - When I found that I’d left myself without any - To pay toll at the bridge and to buy a few plumbs; - My silver I chang’d for a handful of Brums.[32] - - But, my sight being struck with the beauty of Kew, - I forgot my expenses, when, having in view - The new Royal Bridge[33] and its elegant Arches - There o’er the bright Thames, where the people in barges - And pleasure-boats sail!--how delightful the scene! - ‘Twixt the shades of Old Brentford and smiling Kew Green. - - Now forward for Richmond, and happy my lot! - I soon reach’d that lofty and beautiful spot - Which is called Richmond Hill--what a prospect amazing! - Extensive and pleasant; I could not help gazing - On yonder fine landscape of Twick’nam’s sweet plains, - Where kind Nature its thousandfold beauty maintains. - To trace all its pleasures too short was the day; - The dinner-bell ringing, I hasten’d away - To a cheerful repast at a Gentleman’s seat, - Whose friendship vouchsaf’d me a happy retreat. - - - - -GEORGE ROBERT FITZGERALD, - -COMMONLY CALLED ‘FIGHTING FITZGERALD.’ - - -Should anyone wish for a graphic account of Irish life in the -later portion of the eighteenth century, he should read Sir Jonah -Barrington’s ‘Personal Sketches of Ireland,’ and he will find -afterwards that Lever’s novels afford but a faint reflection of -the manners and customs existing in the west and south of Ireland. -Ignorance, idleness, and dissipation were the characteristic of -the wealthier classes, and a meeting of the ‘gentry’ could seldom -take place without quarrelling and bloodshed. At races, fairs, and -elections, the lower class enjoyed themselves likewise, after their -kind, in breaking of heads and drunkenness. It was a singular state -of things, but it must be borne in mind, whilst reading the following -memoirs, as, otherwise, the facts therein related would scarcely be -credited.[34] - -The Fitzgeralds of County Mayo come of an ancient stock, from no -less than the great Geraldine family, through the Desmond branch, -and George, the father of George Robert Fitzgerald, had a very good -property at Turlough, near Castlebar. It probably had some influence -in his future career that ‘Fighting Fitzgerald’ should have had for -his mother Lady Mary Hervey, who had been maid-of-honour to the -Princess Amelia, and who was the daughter of one, and the sister of -two, Earls of Bristol. The family from which she sprang was noted for -eccentricity, so much so, that it passed into a saying that ‘God made -Men, Women, and Herveys.’ She did not live long with her husband, his -lax morality and dissipated manners could not be borne, and she left -him to his own devices and returned to England. By him she had two -sons, George Robert (born 1749), and Charles Lionel. The elder, in due -time, was sent to Eton, where he seems to have learnt as much Latin -and Greek as was requisite for a gentleman of those days, and he used -occasionally in after life to write a little poetry now and again, of -which one piece, ‘The Riddle,’ was printed after his execution. - -From Eton he, in 1766, being then in his seventeenth year, was -gazetted to a lieutenancy in the 69th regiment, and was quartered at -Galway, a nice place for a newly-emancipated schoolboy, and a red-hot, -wild Irishman to boot. Here he soon got into a scrape, owing to his -conduct with a shop-girl, which ended in a duel, in which neither -the combatants were hurt. He next managed to pick a quarrel with a -young officer of his own regiment, named Thompson, who was a quiet -and inoffensive man, and they met. The first round was fired by -both without injury, but Lieutenant Thompson’s second bullet struck -Fitzgerald’s forehead, and he fell. The surgeons, after examination, -came to the conclusion that the only way to save his life was by -performing upon him the operation of trepanning, or cutting a round -piece out of the skull in order to relieve the pressure on the brain. -It was an operation that was very risky, but in this case it was -successful. Still, one cannot help thinking, judging by his after -career, that his brain then received some permanent injury which -deprived him of the power of reasoning, and of control over his actions. - -He now left the army, and went home to live with his father. Here he -lived the regular Irishman’s life of the period: hunting, shooting, -cock-fighting, &c., until he fell in love with a lady of good family, a -Miss Conolly of Castletown; but even here he could not act as other men -do. He could not be married quietly, but ran away with his bride, and -an incident in their elopement is amusingly told, it being put in the -mouth of his servant. - -‘But hoo did the Captain mak’ it up again wi’ the Square? Ye omadhaun, -it was with the young misthress he med it up; and she took Frinch lave -with him, wan fine moonlight night soon afther. It was mysel’ that -had the chaise an’ four waitin’ for them; an’ a divilish good thing -happened at the first inn we stopt at. The Captain in coorse ordhered -the best dhrawin’-room for the misthress; an’ sure, if it was goold, -she was worthy ov it. But the beggarly-lookin’ waither sed it was taken -up with some grand Englishmen. - -‘“Request thim,” sis the Captain, “to accommodate a lady that’s -fatigued, with the apartment.” - -‘Well an’ good, the waither delivered the message, when one of the -Englishers roars out, “Damn the fellow’s cursed insolence, we shan’t -give up the room to any rascal.” - -‘“Here,” sis one of thim, “show Paddy this watch, an’ ax him to tell -what o’clock it is.” - -‘So the waither brings the watch with the message in to where the -Captain and mysel’ was--the misthress had gone with her maid to another -room to change her dhress. - -‘“Very well,” sis the Captain, “I think I can show them what o’clock -it is.” So he dhraws his soord, and puts the point through his chain; -“Channor,” thin says he to me, “attend me.” - -‘With that we went in among them, an’ the Captain sthretched over the -watch at the sword’s point to ache of them, beggin’, with a polite bow, -to know to which o’ thim it belonged. But little notions, ye may swair, -they had ov ownin’ it _theirs_. Every wan o’ the cowardly rascals swore -it did not belong to himsel’! - -‘“Oh, I was thinkin’, jintlemen, it was all a bit ov a mistake,” sis -the Captain, “so I think you must have it, Channor, for want of a -betther owner.” So with that he hands it over to mysel’. It was a fine -goold watch, an’ here I have it still.’ - -Not only was young Mrs. Fitzgerald reconciled to her relations, but an -arrangement was made with old Fitzgerald that, on payment of a certain -sum of money down, he would give his son a rent charge of £1,000 a -year on his estate, and he had a very handsome fortune with his wife -besides. - -The young couple thereupon went to France, and, having introductions -to the best society in Paris, enjoyed themselves immensely. He dressed -splendidly, and he astonished the Parisians, who asked each other, -‘Qui est ce seigneur? d’où vient il? Il n’est pas Français,--Quelle -magnificence! Quelle politesse! Est-il possible qu’il soit étranger?’ -In his hat he wore diamonds, and the same precious stones adorned -his buckles and his sword-knot; indeed, all through his life he was -fond of such gewgaws, and when his house at Turlough was wrecked by -the mob--no one preventing--he estimated his loss in jewellery, &c., -at £20,000. They must have been costly, for he enumerates among the -stolen collection: ‘A casquet containing a complete set of diamond -vest buttons, two large emeralds, a hat-band with five or six rows -of Oriental pearls, worth £1,500, a large engraved amethyst, a gold -watch and chain studded with diamonds, several other gold watches and -seals, a great number of antique and modern rings, gold shoe and knee -buckles, silver shaving apparatus, several pairs of silver shoe and -knee buckles, with £6,300 worth of other jewels.’ - -He joined eagerly in the dissipations of the gay French capital, -especially in gaming, and the twenty thousand pounds he had with his -wife soon came to an end; and among other people to whom he was in -debt was the Comte d’Artois, afterwards Charles X., to whom he owed -three thousand pounds. One evening afterwards he offered a bet of one -thousand pounds on the prince’s hand of cards, which the Comte d’Artois -overhearing, he asked Fitzgerald for payment, and, being told that -it was not then convenient, the prince took the Irishman by the arm, -led him to the top of the stairs, and then, giving him one kick, left -him to get downstairs as quickly as he could. This indignity was one -which it was very hard on the hot-blooded Irishman to be obliged to -endure, for he might not challenge with impunity a prince of the blood, -and from the public nature of the insult he naturally lost his place -in society. It was certain he must leave France; but before he left -he must somehow distinguish himself. And he did it in this wise. The -king was hunting at Fontainebleau, and Fitzgerald, regardless of the -etiquette which always allowed the foremost place to the king and royal -family, took the hunting of the pack upon himself, riding close to the -hounds, cheering and encouraging them. But for some time the stag kept -well in the open, and gave Fitzgerald no opportunity of showing off his -horsemanship, until it suddenly turned off towards the river Seine, on -the banks of which a wall had been built. This it leaped, and, to use a -hunting phrase, ‘took soil’ in the river. Over streamed the hounds, and -over flew Fitzgerald, reckless of a drop of fourteen feet on the other -side, going plump into the river. The hunt stopped at that wall, none -daring to take it, and watched with amazement Fitzgerald emerge, his -feet still in the stirrups, and, swimming the river, climb the opposite -bank and ride away. - -He went to London, where he was well received in society, -notwithstanding that his fame as a duellist was well known, he having -fought eleven duels by the time he was twenty-four years of age. -Whether it was then that he forced his way into Brookes’ Club I know -not, but it is certain that he did, and as I cannot tell the story as -well as it is told in that most amusing but anonymously written book, -‘The Clubs of London,’ I extract it. - -‘Fitzgerald having once applied to Admiral Keith Stewart to propose -him as a candidate for “Brookes’s,” the worthy admiral, well knowing -that he must either fight or comply with his request, chose the -latter alternative. Accordingly, on the night in which the balloting -was to take place (which was only a mere form in this case, for even -Keith Stewart himself had resolved to _black-ball_ him), the duellist -accompanied the gallant admiral to St. James’s Street, and waited in -the room below, whilst the suffrages were taken, in order to know the -issue. - -‘The ballot was soon over, for without hesitation every member threw -in a _black ball_, and, when the scrutiny took place, the company were -not a little amazed to find not even _one_ white one among the number. -However, the point of rejection being carried _nem. con._, the grand -affair now was as to which of the members had the hardihood to announce -the same to the expectant candidate. No one would undertake the office, -for the announcement was sure to produce a challenge, and a duel -with Fighting Fitzgerald had in almost every case been fatal to his -opponent. The general opinion, however, was that the proposer, Admiral -Stewart, should convey the intelligence, and that in as polite terms as -possible; but the admiral, who was certainly on all proper occasions a -very gallant officer, was not inclined to go on any such embassy. - -‘“No, gentlemen,” said he; “I proposed the fellow because I knew you -would not admit him; but, by G--d, I have no inclination to risk my -life against that of a madman.” - -‘“But, admiral,” replied the Duke of Devonshire, “there being no _white -ball_ in the box, he must know that _you_ have black-balled him as well -as the rest, and he is sure to call you out, at all events.” - -‘This was a poser for the poor admiral, who sat silent for a few -seconds amidst the half-suppressed titter of the members. At length, -joining in the laugh against himself, he exclaimed, - -‘“Upon my soul, a pleasant job I’ve got into! D----n the fellow! No -matter! I won’t go. Let the waiter tell him that there was _one_ black -ball, and that his name must be put up again if he wishes it.” - -‘This plan appeared so judicious that all concurred in its propriety. -Accordingly the waiter was a few minutes after despatched on the -mission. - -‘In the meantime Mr. Fitzgerald showed evident symptoms of impatience -at being kept so long from his “dear friends” above stairs, and -frequently rang the bell to know _the state of the poll_. On the first -occasion he thus addressed the waiter who answered his summons: - -‘“Come here, my tight little fellow. Do you know if I am _chose_ yet?” - -‘“I really can’t say, sir,” replied the young man, “but I’ll see.” - -‘“There’s a nice little man; be quick, d’ye see, and I’ll give ye -sixpence when ye come with the good news.” - -‘Away went the _little man_; but he was in no hurry to come back, -for he as well as his fellows was sufficiently aware of Fitzgerald’s -violent temper, and wished to come in contact with him as seldom as -possible. - -‘The bell rang again, and to another waiter the impatient candidate put -the same question: - -‘“Am I chose yet, waither?” - -‘“The balloting is not over yet, sir,” replied the man. - -‘“Not over yet!” exclaimed Fitzgerald. “But, sure, there is no use of -balloting at all when my dear friends are all unanimous for me to come -in. Run, my man, and let me know how they are getting on.” - -‘After the lapse of another quarter-of-an-hour, the bell was rung so -violently as to produce a contest among the poor servants, as to whose -turn it was to visit the lion in his den! and Mr. Brookes, seeing no -alternative but resolution, took the message from the waiter, who was -descending the staircase, and boldly entered the room with a coffee -equipage in his hand. - -‘“Did you call for coffee, sir?” - -‘“D--n your coffee, sur! and you too,” answered Mr. Fitzgerald, in a -voice which made the host’s blood curdle in his veins--“I want to know, -sur, and that without a moment’s delay, sur, if I am _chose_ yet.” - -‘“Oh, sir!” replied Mr. Brookes, who trembled from head to foot, but -attempted to smile away the appearance of fear, “I beg your pardon, -sir; but I was just coming to announce to you, sir, with Admiral -Stewart’s compliments, sir, that unfortunately there was one black ball -in the box, sir; and, consequently, by the rules of the club, sir, no -candidate can be admitted without a new election, sir; which cannot -take place, by the standing regulations of the club, sir, until one -month from this time, sir!” - -‘During this address Fitzgerald’s irascibility appeared to undergo -considerable mollification; and, at its conclusion, the terrified -landlord was not a little surprised and pleased to find his guest -shake him by the hand, which he squeezed heartily between his own two, -saying, - -‘“My dear Mr. Brookes, _I’m chose_; and I give ye much joy: for I’ll -warrant ye’ll find me the best customer in your house! But there -must be a small matter of mistake in my election; and, as I should -not wish to be so ungenteel as to take my sate among my dear friends -above-stairs, until that mistake is duly rectified, you’ll just step -up and make my compliments to the gentlemen, and say, as it is only -a mistake of _one_ black ball, they will be so good as to waive all -ceremony on my account, and proceed to re-elect their humble servant -without any more delay at all; so now, my dear Mr. Brookes, you may put -down the coffee, and I’ll be drinking it whilst the new election is -going on!” - -‘Away went Mr. Brookes, glad enough to escape with whole bones, for -this time at least. On announcing the purport of his errand to the -assembly above-stairs, many of the members were panic-struck, for they -clearly foresaw that some disagreeable circumstance was likely to be -the finale of the farce they had been playing. Mr. Brookes stood silent -for some minutes, waiting for an answer, whilst several of the members -whispered, and laughed, in groups, at the ludicrous figure which they -all cut. At length the Earl of March (afterwards Duke of Queensbury) -said aloud, - -‘“Try the effect of _two_ black balls; d----n his Irish impudence; if -two balls don’t take effect upon him, I don’t know what will.” This -proposition met with unanimous approbation, and Mr. Brookes was ordered -to communicate accordingly. - -‘On re-entering the waiting-room, Mr. Fitzgerald rose hastily from his -chair, and, seizing him by the hand, eagerly inquired, - -‘“Have they elected me right now, Mr. Brookes?” - -‘“I hope no offence, Mr. Fitzgerald,” said the landlord, “but I am -sorry to inform you that the result of the second balloting is--that -_two_ black balls were dropped in, sir.” - -‘“By J----s, then,” exclaimed Fitzgerald, “there’s now _two_ mistakes -instead of one. Go back, my dear friend, and tell the honourable -members that it is a very uncivil thing to keep a gentleman waiting -below-stairs, with no one to keep him company but himself, whilst -they are enjoying themselves with their champagne, and their cards, -and their Tokay, up above. Tell them to try again, and I hope they -will have better luck this time, and make no more mistakes, because -it’s getting late, and I won’t be chose to-night at all. So now, Mr. -Brookes, be off with yourself, and lave the door open till I see what -despatch you make.”’ - -Away went Mr. Brookes for the last time. On announcing his unwelcome -errand, everyone saw that palliative measures only prolonged the -dilemma: and General Fitzpatrick proposed that Brookes should tell him: -“His cause was hopeless, for that he was _black-balled all over_ from -head to foot, and it was hoped by all the members that Mr. Fitzgerald -would not persist in thrusting himself into society where his company -was declined.” - -‘This message, it was generally believed, would prove a sickener, as -it certainly would have done to any other candidate under similar -circumstances. Not so, however, to Fitzgerald, who no sooner heard the -purport of it, than he exclaimed, - -‘“Oh, I perceive it is _a mistake altogether_, Mr. Brookes, and I must -see to the rectifying of it myself; there’s nothing like dealing with -principals, and so I’ll step up at once, and put the thing to rights, -without any more unnecessary delay.” - -‘In spite of Mr. Brookes’s remonstrance that his entrance into the -club-room was against all rule and etiquette, Fitzgerald found his -way up-stairs, threatening to throw the landlord over the bannisters -for endeavouring to stop him. He entered the room without any further -ceremony than a bow, saying to the members, who indignantly rose up at -this most unexpected intrusion, - -‘“Your servant, gentlemen! I beg ye will be sated.” Walking up to the -fire-place, he thus addressed Admiral Stewart: “So, my dear admiral, -Mr. Brookes informs me that I have been _elected_ three times.” - -‘“You have been balloted for, Mr. Fitzgerald, but I am sorry to say you -have not been chosen,” said Stewart. - -‘“Well, then,” replied the duellist, “did you black-ball me?” - -‘“My good sir,” answered the admiral, “how could you suppose such a -thing?” - -‘“Oh, I _supposed_ no such thing, my dear fellow, I only want to know -who it was dropped the black balls in by accident, as it were.” - -‘Fitzgerald now went up to each individual member, and put the same -question _seriatim_, “Did you black-ball me, sir?” until he made the -round of the whole club; and it may well be supposed that in every -case he obtained similar answers to that of the admiral. When he -had finished his inquisition, he thus addressed the whole body, who -preserved as dread and dead a silence as the urchins at a parish school -do on a Saturday when the pedagogue orders half-a-score of them to be -_horsed_ for neglecting their catechism, which they have to repeat to -the parson on Sunday: - -‘“You see, gentlemen, that as none of ye have black-balled me, _I -must be chose_; and it is Misthur Brookes that has made the mistake. -But I was convinced of it from the beginning, and I am only sorry -that so much time has been lost as to prevent honourable gentlemen -from enjoying each other’s good company sooner. Waither! Come here, -you rascal, and bring me a bottle of champagne, till I drink long -life to the club, and wish them joy of their unanimous election of a -raal gentleman by father and mother, and--” this part of Fitzgerald’s -address excited the risible muscles of everyone present; but he soon -restored them to their former lugubrious position by casting around -him a ferocious look, and saying, in a voice of thunder--“_and who -never missed his man_! Go for the champagne, waithur; and, d’ye hear, -sur, tell your masthur--Misthur Brookes, that is--not to make any more -mistakes about black balls, for, though it is below a gentleman to -call him out, I will find other means of giving him a bagful of broken -bones.” - -‘The members now saw that there was nothing for it but to send the -intruder to Coventry, which they appeared to do by tacit agreement; for -when Admiral Stewart departed, which he did almost immediately, Mr. -Fitzgerald found himself completely cut by all “his dear friends.” The -gentlemen now found themselves in groups at the several whist-tables, -and no one chose to reply to his observations, nor to return even -a nod to the toasts and healths which he drank whilst discussing -three bottles of the sparkling liquor which the terrified waiter -placed before him in succession. At length, finding that no one would -communicate with him in either kind, either for drinking or for -fighting, he arose, and, making a low bow, took his leave as follows: - -‘“Gentlemen, I bid you all good night; I am glad to find ye so -_sociable_. I’ll take care to come earlier next night, and we’ll have a -little more of it, please G--d.” - -‘The departure of this bully was a great relief to everyone present, -for the restraint caused by his vapouring and insolent behaviour was -intolerable. The conversation immediately became general, and it was -unanimously agreed that half-a-dozen stout constables should be in -waiting the next evening to lay him by the heels and bear him off -to the watch-house if he attempted again to intrude. Of some such -measure Fitzgerald seemed to be aware, for he never showed himself -at “Brookes’s” again, though he boasted everywhere that he had been -unanimously chosen a member of the club.’ - -He lived the life of a man about town, and not a very reputable one, -either a bully whom everyone feared and no one liked, until the summer -of 1773, when he appeared before the public in a dispute of which -there is a long account in a contemporary pamphlet, ‘The Vauxhall -Affray, or Macaronies defeated.’ The Rev. Henry Bate (afterwards Sir -H. B. Dudley), the proprietor and editor of the _Morning Post_, was -at Vauxhall in company with Mrs. Hartley, the actress, her husband, -Mr. Colman, and a friend, when Fitzgerald, accompanied by the Hon. -Thomas Lyttleton, Captain Croftes, and some others, all more or less -intoxicated, behaved so rudely to Mrs. Hartley that she could stand it -no longer, and complained. Parson Bate was a notable ‘bruiser,’ and he -took her part, and struck Croftes a blow. Cards were exchanged, and -next morning an interview was arranged, at which the clergyman and -officer were reconciled, when in bounced Fitzgerald, and declared, in a -most insolent manner, that Mr. Bate should give immediate satisfaction -to his friend, Captain Miles, whom, he said, the former had grossly -insulted the evening before. Miles was introduced, and declared that -he had been affronted by the clergyman, and if he did not immediately -strip and fight with him, he (Miles) would post him as a coward, and -cane him wherever he met him. - -Mindful of his cloth, Mr. Bate hesitated; but Miles, saying something -about cowardice, the parson threw all consideration of his calling to -the winds, a ring was formed, and Captain Miles received the handsomest -thrashing he ever had. Soon afterwards it transpired that Captain Miles -was Fitzgerald’s own servant, who had been compelled by his master so -to behave. Mr. Bate very properly exposed the affair in the _Morning -Post_. - -We next hear of him engaged in a duel with Captain Scawen of the -Guards, which was fought at Lille, and twice he fired before his -adversary. Luckily he missed him, and the second time the captain, -having fired in the air, the affair ended. - -He was concerned in another duel, which made some stir at the time -(1775). There was a young fellow named Walker, the son of a plumber -and painter, whose father left him a large fortune, and Daisy Walker, -as he was called, became a cornet in Burgoyne’s Light Dragoons. His -fortune soon went in gambling, and he had to retire from the service, -whilst his guardians looked into his affairs. At that time Fitzgerald -held a bill of his for three thousand pounds, and pressed for payment. -It was ultimately compromised, and, on receipt of five hundred pounds, -he gave up the bill. Subsequently Daisy Walker made some lucky bets, -and Fitzgerald at once became clamourous for payment of two thousand -five hundred pounds. Walker denied his liability, saying the matter was -settled by the payment of five hundred pounds and the return of the -bill; but this was not Fitzgerald’s view of the matter, and he dunned -young Walker whenever he met him, and at last, at Ascot races, he cut -him across the face with his cane. - -Of course, in those days, there could be but one course to be taken, -and a challenge was sent, and accepted. Walker, as being the insulted -party, should fire first. They duly met, and the distance was fixed -at ten paces, but the second who measured the ground took such -strides that it was virtually twelve paces. Walker fired, and his -antagonist was unhurt. Fitzgerald, who had the whole etiquette of the -duello at his finger’s ends, then stepped forward and apologised for -having struck Walker--which apology was accepted. But, as soon as -this ceremony was finished, Fitzgerald again began dunning for his -£2,500, and, when he was told that it was not owing, he prepared to -take his shot, offering to bet £1,000 that he hit his adversary. The -pistol missed fire, and he calmly chipped the flint, reiterating his -offer to bet. He fired, and the ball grazed Walker in the arm just -below the shoulder, but did not wound him, and they left the field. -Subsequently, however, Fitzgerald declared that Walker was ‘papered,’ -_i.e._, protected in some way, and published an account of the duel in -a pamphlet, addressed to the Jockey Club. To this Walker replied, and -Fitzgerald followed up with another pamphlet, in which he says:-- - -‘I should most certainly have fixed it at _six_ instead of _ten_ paces. -My predilection for that admeasurement of ground is founded upon the -strictest principles of humanity. For I know, from trials successively -repeated, twenty times one after the other, I can, at that distance, -hit any part of the human body to a _line_, which, possibly you may -know, is only the _twelfth part of an inch_.’ - -And he again refers to his pistol-practice. ‘So, then, you had one -Surtout on; are you certain you had not half-a-dozen? If no more than -one Surtout, pray how many coats and waistcoats? You give us no account -of your under-garments. I ask these questions, Sir, because, after -reading your pamphlet, I took the same pistol, charged it with the same -quantity of powder, used a bullet cast in the same mould, measured out -twelve good paces with a yard wand, and then fired at a thick stick, -which I had previously covered over with two waistcoats lined, one coat -lined, and one double-milled drab Surtout. What think you, Sir, was the -result? Why, Sir, the ball penetrated through the Surtout, the coat, -two waistcoats, and lodged itself an inch deep in the stick. There -is nothing like experimental philosophy for a fair proof, it beats -your _ipse dixits_ all halloo. You see how ingeniously I pass away my -private hours--I am always hard at study.’ - -This affair made London too hot for him, and he went over to France -with an old brother officer named Baggs, and they picked up a living -by horse-racing and gambling--which led to a duel between the two, for -Baggs had fleeced a young Englishman named Sandford, and there was a -quarrel as to the division of the spoil, which ended in Fitzgerald -drawing his gloves across Baggs’ face, and Baggs returning the -compliment by dashing his hat in his partner’s face. Of course the -outcome of this was a duel, which is graphically described by Hamilton -Rowan in his ‘Autobiography.’ - -‘They fired together, and were in the act of levelling their second -pistols, when Baggs fell on his side, saying, - -‘“Sir, I am wounded.” - -‘“But you are not dead!” said Fitzgerald. - -‘At the same moment he discharged his second pistol at his fallen -antagonist. - -‘Baggs immediately started on his legs and advanced on Fitzgerald, -who, throwing the empty pistol at him, quitted his station, and kept a -zig-zag course across the field, Baggs following. I saw the flash of -Bagg’s second pistol, and, at the same moment, Fitzgerald lay stretched -on the ground. I was just in time to catch Baggs as he fell, after -firing his second shot. He swooned from intense pain, the small bone of -his leg being broken. Mr. Fitzgerald now came up, saying, - -‘“We are both wounded; let us go back to our ground.”’ - -But this could not be allowed, and the wounded were carried home. -Fitzgerald’s wound was in the thigh, and rendered him slightly lame -ever after. - -When he got well, he returned to Ireland, and, thanks to his uncle, -the Earl of Bristol and Bishop of Derry, he lived in very fair style, -either in Merrion Street, Dublin, or at Rockfield, near Turlough. While -living in Dublin he fought a duel with John Toler (afterwards Lord -Norbury), fired a pistol at Denis Browne, Lord Altamont’s brother, -in Sackville Street, in broad daylight, and insulted and struck John -Fitzgibbon, afterwards Lord Chancellor Clare. - -Death now took away his guardian-angel, his amiable and patient wife, -leaving him a little daughter. His grief for her loss was extravagant, -and amounted to little short of frenzy. After the funeral he behaved -more than ever like a madman. He took to hunting by night, and hunted -anything that was about after dark. In this wild chase he was always -accompanied by a band of mounted servants, carrying torches, and, when -the peasants were roused from their slumbers by the noise of hounds, -and the cries of men, they knew that Mad Fitzgerald was abroad. - -When he hunted by day, he would peremptorily order home anyone to whom -he had even a fancied dislike. He would tell one man to go home for he -was more fitted to follow the plough than the hounds; another would be -bidden to go and mind his sheep, and a third would be told to quit the -field, as he was too fat for the sport. And they had to go, for their -monitor would not have scrupled to have used his whip, and, if that had -been objected to, there was always the _ultima ratio_ of a duel, and -men were rather shy of meeting ‘Fighting Fitzgerald.’ - -He had a particular dislike to the family of Lord Altamont, and -behaved in a most high-handed and outrageous manner towards them. For -instance, he heard that a relation of my lord’s, a Mr. Browne, was out -shooting on a bog near Westport, so he got together his men and dogs, -and went in quest of him. When Mr. Browne saw him enter on the scene, -he retired; Fitzgerald pursued, Mr. Browne increased his pace, so did -Fitzgerald, until he literally hunted the offending sportsman home. -Another time he rode over to Lord Altamont’s house, and asked to see -the wolf-dog, which, for its size and fierceness, was the admiration -and terror of the neighbourhood. No sooner was he shown the dog than -he shot it, charging the servants to tell their master that, until he -became more charitable to the poor, who only came to his door to be -barked at and bitten, he should not allow such a beast to be kept, but -that he had no objection to the three ladies of the family each keeping -a lap-dog. - -After a time, his grief at the loss of his wife subsided, and he -fell in love with the only child and heiress of a Mr. Vaughan, of -Carrowmore, County Mayo, and singularly, although she well knew his -reckless character, she returned his affection. We know how he ran away -with his first wife; the story of his wedding with his second is yet -more romantic. - -Mr. Vaughan was, not unnaturally, averse to Fitzgerald marrying his -daughter, but, at the same time, he did not forbid him the house. So -one night Fitzgerald was suddenly attacked by a very acute illness, -writhing about in great agony, and at last begged to be allowed to -remain there that night. In the morning he was much worse, and at -death’s door, lamenting the iniquity of his past life, and begging -that a priest should be sent for. Of course one soon came, but, in the -midst of his spiritual exercises, Fitzgerald sprang out of bed, and, -presenting a pistol to the head of the priest, swore he would blow out -his brains if he did not instantly marry him to Miss Vaughan, and the -terror-stricken priest had no option but to comply. Mr. Vaughan had to -bow to the inevitable, and the new Mrs. Fitzgerald never had reason to -complain of her husband’s treatment of her, as he was uniformly kind -and affectionate to her. - -When Fitzgerald returned to Ireland, he found his father, a weak, -false, vicious old man, almost in his dotage, and entirely under the -control of his younger son Lionel, a low woman whom he had taken as -his mistress, and an unscrupulous pettifogger named Patrick Randal -MacDonnell. Charles Lionel, the younger son, was his brother’s enemy, -because he saw nothing but poverty before him if his father paid -George Robert the £1,000 a year to which he was entitled, for the old -spendthrift was always in debt. The mistress had every reason to keep -things as they were, and MacDonnell did not like to see his pickings -done away with. It is questionable whether Fitzgerald had ever received -any portion of his settlement--at all events, it was £12,000 in arrear. -He saw the estate that was ultimately to come to him being wasted, his -father getting more hopelessly into debt, and spending his substance -on an immoral and greedy woman, and he was determined to put a stop to -it. He had a difficulty to get a solicitor in Dublin to undertake his -case, but at last he found one, and arranged with him to accompany him -in his carriage to Mayo. The story of that ride is told by Sir Jonah -Barrington (vol. iii, p. 170, ed. 1832) as follows: - -‘Mr. Fitzgerald sent for the attorney, and told him that, if his -going down was previously known, there would be several of the -tenants and others, under the adverse influence of his father and -brother, who would probably abscond, and that, therefore, since spies -were watching him perpetually, to give notice in the county of his -every movement, it was expedient that he should set out two or three -hours before daybreak, so as to have the start of them. That his own -travelling-carriage should be ready near the gate of the Phœnix Park to -take up Mr. T----, who might bring his trunk of papers with him in a -hack-carriage, so that there should be no suspicion. - -‘All this was reasonable and proper, and accordingly done. Mr. -Fitzgerald’s carriage was on the spot named, near the wall of the -Phœnix Park. The attorney was punctual, the night pitch dark, and the -trunk of papers put into the boot; the windows were all drawn up. Mr. -T---- stepped into the carriage with as great satisfaction as ever he -had felt in his whole lifetime, and away they drove cheerily, at a good -round pace, for the county of Galway. - -‘Mr. T---- had no idea that anybody else was coming with them, Mr. -Fitzgerald not having mentioned such a thing. He found, however, a -third gentleman in a travelling-cloak sitting between himself and -his client, who was dozing in the far corner. The stranger, too, he -found not over-courteous; for, though the carriage was not very roomy, -and the gentleman was bulky, he showed no disposition whatever to -accommodate the attorney, who begged him, with great suavity and -politeness, to “move a little.” To this he received no reply, but -a snoring both from the strange traveller and Mr. Fitzgerald. Mr. -T---- now felt himself much crowded and pressed, and again earnestly -requested “the gentleman” to allow him, if possible, a little more -room; but he only received a snore in return. He now concluded that his -companion was a low, vulgar fellow. His nerves became rather lax; he -got alarmed, without well knowing why; he began to twitter--the twitter -turned into a shake, and, as is generally the case, the shake ended -with a cold sweat, and Mr. T---- found himself in a state of mind and -body far more disagreeable than he had ever before experienced. - -‘The closeness and pressure had elicited a hot perspiration on the -one side, while his fears produced a cold perspiration on the other, -so that (quite unlike the ague he had not long recovered from) he -had hot and cold fits at the same moment. All his apprehensions -were now awakened; his memory opened her stores, and he began to -recollect dreadful anecdotes of Mr. Fitzgerald, which he never before -had credited, or indeed had any occasion to remember. The ruffians -of Turlow passed as the ghosts in “Macbeth” before his imagination. -Mr. Fitzgerald, he supposed, was in a fox’s sleep, and his bravo in -another, who, instead of receding at all, on the contrary, squeezed the -attorney closer and closer. His respiration now grew impeded, and every -fresh idea exaggerated his horror; his untaxed costs, he anticipated, -would prove his certain death, and that a cruel one. Neither of his -companions would answer him a single question, the one replying only by -a rude snore, and the other by a still ruder. - -‘“Now,” thought Mr. T----, “my fate is consummated. I have often -heard how Mr. Fitzgerald cut a Jew’s throat in Italy, and slaughtered -numerous creditors while on the grand tour of Europe. God help me! -unfortunate solicitor that I am, my last day, or rather night, has -come!” - -‘He thought to let down the window and admit a little fresh air, but it -was quite fast. The whole situation was insupportable, and at length he -addressed Mr. Fitzgerald, most pathetically, thus: - -‘“Mr. Fitzgerald, I’ll date the receipt the moment you choose, and -whenever it’s your convenience I have no doubt you’ll pay it most -honourably--no doubt, no doubt, Mr. Fitzgerald--but not necessary at -all till perfectly convenient, or never, if more agreeable to you and -this other gentleman.” - -‘Fitzgerald could now contain himself no longer, but said, quite in -good humour, - -‘“Oh, very well, Mr. T----, very well, quite time enough; make yourself -easy on that head.” - -‘The carriage now arrived at Maynooth, where the horses were instantly -changed, and they proceeded rapidly on their journey, Mr. Fitzgerald -declaring he would not alight till he reached Turlow, for fear of -pursuit. - -‘The attorney now took courage, and, very truly surmising that the -other gentleman was a foreigner, ventured to beg of Mr. Fitzgerald to -ask “his friend” to sit over a little, as he was quite crushed. - -‘Mr. Fitzgerald replied, “That the party in question did not speak -English, but when they arrived at Killcock the matter should be better -arranged.” - -‘The attorney was now compelled for some time longer to suffer the hot -press, inflicted with as little compunction as if he were only a sheet -of paper; but, on arriving at the inn at Killcock, dawn just appeared, -and Mr. Fitzgerald, letting down a window, desired his servant, who -was riding with a pair of large horse-pistols before him, to rouse -the people at the inn, and get some cold provisions and a bottle of -wine brought to the carriage. “And, Thomas,” said he, “get five or -six pounds of raw meat, if you can--no matter of what kind--for this -foreign gentleman.” - -‘The attorney was now petrified; a little twilight glanced into the -carriage, and nearly turned him into stone. The stranger was wrapped -up in a blue travelling cloak with a scarlet cape, and had a great -white cloth tied round his head and under his chin; but when Mr. -Solicitor saw the face of his companion he uttered a piteous cry, and -involuntarily ejaculated, “Murder! murder!” On hearing this cry, the -servant rode back to the carriage window and pointed to his pistols. -Mr. T---- now offered up his soul to God, the stranger grumbled, and -Mr. Fitzgerald, leaning across, put his hand to the attorney’s mouth, -and said he should direct his servant to give him reason for that cry, -if he attempted to alarm the people of the house. Thomas went into the -inn, and immediately returned with a bottle of wine and some bread, but -reported that there was no raw meat to be had; on hearing which, Mr. -Fitzgerald ordered him to seek some at another house. - -‘The attorney now exclaimed again, “God protect me!” Streaming -with perspiration, his eye every now and then glancing towards his -mysterious companion, and then, starting aside with horror, he at -length shook as if he were relapsing into his old ague; and the -stranger, finding so much unusual motion beside him, turned his -countenance upon the attorney. Their cheeks came in contact, and -the reader must imagine--because it is impossible adequately to -describe--the scene that followed. The stranger’s profile was of -uncommon prominence; his mouth stretched from ear to ear, he had -enormous grinders, with a small twinkling eye, and his visage was all -be-whiskered and mustachioed--more, even, than Count Platoff’s of the -Cossacks. - -‘Mr. T----’s optic nerves were paralysed as he gazed instinctively at -his horrid companion, in whom, when he recovered his sense of vision -sufficiently to scrutinize him, he could trace no similitude to any -being on earth save a bear! - -‘And the attorney was quite correct in this comparison. It was actually -a Russian bear, which Mr. Fitzgerald had educated from a cub, and which -generally accompanied his master on his travels. He now gave Bruin a -rap upon the nose with a stick which he carried, and desired him to -hold up his head. The brute obeyed. Fitzgerald then ordered him to -“kiss his neighbour,” and the bear did as he was told, but accompanied -his salute with such a tremendous roar as roused the attorney (then -almost swooning) to a full sense of his danger. Self-preservation -is the first law of Nature, and at once gives courage, and suggests -devices. On this occasion, every other kind of law--civil, criminal, -or equitable--was set aside by the attorney. All his ideas, if any he -had, were centred in one word--“escape”; and as a weasel, it is said, -will attack a man if driven to desperation, so did the attorney spurn -the menaces of Mr. Fitzgerald, who endeavoured to hold and detain him. - -‘The struggle was violent, but brief; Bruin roared loud, but -interfered not. Horror strengthened the solicitor. Dashing against the -carriage-door, he burst it open, and, tumbling out, reeled into the -public-house--then rushing through a back-door, and up a narrow lane -that led to the village of Summer Hill (Mr. Roly’s demesne), about -two miles distant, he stumbled over hillocks, tore through hedges and -ditches, and never stopped till he came, breathless, to the little -alehouse, completely covered with mud, and his clothes in rags. He -there told so incoherent a story, that the people all took him for -a man either bitten by a mad dog, or broken loose from his keepers, -and considered it their duty to tie him, to prevent his biting, or -other mischief. In that manner they led him to Squire Roly’s, at the -great house, where the hapless attorney was pinioned and confined in a -stable for some hours, till the squire got up. They put plenty of milk, -bread, butter, and cheese into the manger, from the cock-loft above, to -prevent accidents, as they said.’ - -Fitzgerald, finding the estate going to the dogs--for his father was -letting the lands at absurdly low prices to his favourites; as, for -instance, he let his son Charles Lionel a valuable tract of land worth -fifteen shillings an acre at one shilling and sixpence, and the deer -park at the same price--took the necessary legal proceedings to protect -himself; and, whilst they were pending, his father was arrested for -a debt of £8,000, and taken to a Dublin sponging-house. Although his -father had been trying to injure him by all the means in his power, yet -Fitzgerald paid the debt, and became responsible for the other debts of -his father, who, in return, ratified the settlement which had been in -abeyance so long. - -Fitzgerald then applied to the Lord Chancellor for possession of the -estate, on the grounds that, under its present management, the property -was deteriorating, and as security for the money his father owed him, -which amounted to £20,000--£12,000 of which were arrears of his income -of £1,000 per annum, and £8,000 lent to obtain his release; and, in -1780, the Chancellor made the order as prayed. Had Fitzgerald gone with -bailiffs, and demanded possession, there would have been bloodshed, -in all probability; for the King’s writs did not run easily in that -part of Ireland. So he waited until one day, when his father went over -to Turlough, and he then made a forcible entry into Rockfield, with a -troop of armed dependants, and dislodged the servants then in the house. - -Naturally his father did not take this quietly, and possession was -not held peacefully. There were many collisions; and old Fitzgerald -indicted his son for having headed a riotous mob, one of whom, he -alleged, had, at his son’s instigation, attempted to take away his -life, by firing a loaded musket at him. The charge could not be -sufficiently proved, and Fitzgerald was acquitted. - -He now turned his attention towards improving his estate, and imported -some Scotch Presbyterians, a sober and industrious set of men, to whom -he gave five hundred pounds towards building a meeting-house, and -settled fifty pounds per annum on their minister; but his father’s -party were always annoying him, and, in consequence, he refused to -give maintenance to his father, who, thereupon, had recourse to the -law-courts in Dublin to compel him so to do; and a writ was issued -empowering the father to secure the body of his son until a maintenance -was granted him. It would have been perfectly useless to have served -the writ upon him at Turlough: it is probable no man could have been -found bold enough to attempt it. So they waited until the next assizes -at Balinrobe; and then, when they thought they had him safe in the -grand jury room, they made application to the judge to arrest him -there. Leave was granted, but Fitzgerald got wind of it, and when they -went to capture him, lo! he was not to be found. - -He evidently thought two could play at that game, and he determined to -get the old man into his power. In those days, in that part of Ireland, -law was not much regarded, especially by men of Fighting Fitzgerald’s -stamp; and he speedily put his plan into execution. As his father was -going from Balinrobe to Dublin, he was waylaid by his son and a party -of armed men, and carried off _vi et armis_ to George Robert’s house at -Turlough. - -This open violation of the law could not be submitted to tamely, and -his younger brother went to Dublin, and stated his case before the -judges, who granted him a writ of _habeas corpus_. But no one would -serve that at Turlough, so they waited, as of aforetime, until he was -at the grand jury room, and, leave having been given, his brother, who -was bigger and stronger than he, went in, and, literally collaring -him, dragged him out, spite of all his protests that he was a grand -jury man, and could not be touched while in the exercise of his -functions. He was at once put on his trial, and the grand jury found a -true bill against him, unanimously: nay, more, they publicly addressed -the judge in court, expressing their abhorrence of the charge made -against Fitzgerald. After the finding of a true bill, his trial at -once took place, in despite of all efforts to postpone it to the next -assizes, and it lasted from nine in the morning until nearly twelve at -night, when, the judge having summed up, the jury found him guilty, and -he was fined £1,000, to be imprisoned for three years, and until he -should pay the fine. - -What happens next in this man’s extraordinary career is almost -difficult to believe, and shows the lawless state of the country. -Fitzgerald was committed to Castlebar prison, but he seems to have been -at large therein, for, four days after his committal, he calmly walked -out of gaol, armed with a brace of pistols, and scattering a bag of -silver to be scrambled for by the gaolers. The doors were all open, a -horse was in readiness, and off he went, tantivy, for Turlough, where -he was welcomed by his people with volleys of small arms and discharge -of cannon. These latter Fitzgerald had procured from a ship, under -the pretext that they would be useful for his volunteers, of which he -was the colonel. These he mounted as a regular battery, and it was -garrisoned in a perfectly military manner by his volunteers. - -But an escape from prison was, by the law of Ireland, deemed a capital -felony, and the sheriff of the county issued proclamations and rewards -for his apprehension, at which Fitzgerald only laughed, for he could -rely on his men, and he had his father still in his custody, as the old -man did not go away when his son was, as he thought, safely imprisoned. -He was some fifteen months at large before the majesty of the law -asserted itself. Then a little army, consisting of three companies of -foot, a troop of horse, and a battery of artillery, under the command -of Major Longford, was sent to reduce this rebel. But, when they got -to Rockfield, they found the cannon spiked, and the birds flown to -Killala, whither they were followed by Charles Lionel, at the head of -the Castlebar volunteers. But many people gathered round Fitzgerald, -and he soon had a party which was too strong for them to attack. But, -a large reinforcement arriving, he had to flee, and, with his father, -and two or three attendants, he put to sea in an open boat, landing on -a small island in the bay of Sligo. - -Here his father offered him terms, that if he would give him £3,000 to -clear off his debts, and pay him a small annuity, he would give him up -the estate, and completely exonerate him of all blame in his capture -and detention. To these terms Fitzgerald assented, and set off with his -father through bye, and unfrequented roads to Dublin. But no sooner had -the old man got into his old lodging, than he refused to ratify his -bargain, and set his son at defiance. - -Fitzgerald, although there was a reward out of £300 for his -apprehension, took no pains to conceal himself, and, consequently, -had not been long in Dublin, before Town-Major Hall heard of his -whereabouts, and, taking twelve soldiers of the Castle guard with him, -arrested Fitzgerald, and safely lodged him in the Castle, where he was -confined in the officer’s room; and there he abode till the general -election, when, through the influence of his powerful friends, he was -released. During his incarceration he wrote an appeal to the public on -his case, although some say the author was one Timothy Brecknock, a -somewhat unscrupulous lawyer whom Fitzgerald employed. - -The first use he made of his newly-acquired liberty was to revenge -himself on a man who he fancied had done him some grievous injury, a -somewhat eccentric gentleman named Dick Martin, and he determined to -insult him in the most public manner. He met him at the theatre, struck -him with his cane, calling him the bully of the Altamonts, and walked -away. Of course, in those days a gentleman so insulted could but do one -thing, and that was to send a challenge--and Martin did send Fitzgerald -one by the hand of a cousin of the latter, a Mr. Lyster. While he was -explaining the object of his visit, Fitzgerald rang the bell, and -requested his footman to bring him his cudgel ‘with the green ribbon.’ -This being brought, he walked up to his cousin, and ferociously asked -how _he_ dared to deliver such a message to _him_: then, not waiting -for a reply, he belaboured him most unmercifully, with such violence -indeed, as to break a diamond ring from off his finger. When he -considered him sufficiently punished, he made him pick up his ring and -present it to him--but he did not keep it, he wrapped it up in paper, -and returned it, telling his cousin not to go about swearing that he -had robbed him of it. - -Martin could get no satisfaction out of Fitzgerald in Dublin, the -object of the latter being to let his adversary have the reputation of -being an insulted man. But, afterwards, they met at Castlebar, and a -meeting was arranged. Martin was hit, and his bullet struck Fitzgerald, -but glanced off: according to some it hit a button; according to -others, Fitzgerald was _plastroné_, or armoured. - -His behaviour was more like that of a lunatic than of a sane man. Take -the following example, for instance. He had a house and grounds near -Dublin, and his neighbours all fought shy of him--nay, one of them, a -retired officer, Captain Boulton, would neither accept his invitations -nor invite him to his mansion. This conduct galled Fitzgerald, and he -devised a novel method of avenging himself of the insult. He would -shoot on the captain’s grounds without leave. So he went down with -his man and dogs and began killing the game in fine style. This soon -brought out the steward, who began to remonstrate with the trespasser. -Fitzgerald’s answer was a bullet, which whizzed close to the head of -the poor steward, who turned, and ran for his life, Fitzgerald after -him with a second gun, with the certain determination of shooting him. -Luckily the man got safely into the mansion. Baffled of his victim, -Fitzgerald began abusing Captain Boulton, calling on him to come out, -and give him satisfaction for his man’s behaviour. But the captain, not -seeing the force of the argument, refrained, and Fitzgerald fired his -gun at the dining-room window. As this, however, did not bring out the -captain, he fired at the windows as fast as his man could load, and -only left off when he had smashed every one of them. - -Another time he waged war against all the dogs in Castlebar, shooting -them whenever he got a chance; but the people did not stand it tamely; -they rose, visited his kennels, and shot his dogs. - -His father died; but his brother, his father’s mistress, and -MacDonnell, took advantage of every circumstance in their power to -maliciously vex him. Law-suits were stirred up against him, and had to -be met with the assistance of Timothy Brecknock, who was Fitzgerald’s -legal adviser, and the followers of both parties were not particular in -exchanging a shot or two, one with the other. - -At length MacDonnell kidnapped one of Fitzgerald’s servants, and kept -him prisoner for twenty days. Then the man escaped, and Fitzgerald -applied for, and obtained warrants against, MacDonnell and two other -men, named Hipson and Gallagher. To execute these warrants personally -must have been a congenial task to Fitzgerald, and he set out for that -purpose, followed by a large body of men. On their approach, MacDonnell -fled to the neighbouring village of Ballivary, and his friends did the -best they could to defend themselves, firing on his party and wounding -six or seven of them. They then went after MacDonnell, and, after more -firing, succeeded in apprehending MacDonnell, Hipson, and Gallagher. -These unfortunate men begged to be taken before the nearest magistrate; -but Fitzgerald had them bound, and taken to his house, where they -remained all night. - -Early the next morning they were sent, guarded by a man of his, one -Andrew Craig, and about eighteen or twenty more, all well armed, to be -examined by the magistrates. Before their departure Fitzgerald gave the -guard strict instructions to kill the prisoners should they attempt to -escape. When they had gone about three-quarters of a mile a shot was -fired, and one of the escort was laid low. But very little was wanted -to rouse their wild blood, and it was at once considered that a rescue -was intended. Remembering the instructions given them by Fitzgerald, -they fired on their prisoners, killing Hipson, who fell into a ditch, -dragging Gallagher with him, wounded with three bullets in his arm. -MacDonnell, by the same volley, had both his arms broken, but he was -soon afterwards despatched. Gallagher was then discovered, and they -were about to kill him, only Fitzgerald ordered him to be taken to his -house. - -News was sent to Castlebar of what had taken place, and Fitzgerald -calmly awaited the result. Fully aware of the dangerous character they -had to deal with, the authorities sent a large body, both of regular -troops, and volunteers, to Turlough, and these were accompanied by an -immense mob of people. What happened is best related in the following -graphic account: - -‘Brecknock was for remaining, as with the calmness of conscious -innocence, and boldly demanding a warrant against Gallagher and -others. This opinion, however, did not agree with Fitzgerald’s own, -who justly dreaded the fury of the volunteers and the populace, with -whom MacDonnell had been so popular. Neither did it coincide with that -of the Rev. Mr. Henry, the Presbyterian clergyman of Turlough, who had -been latterly a resident in the house, and was now wringing his hands -in wild alarm for what had occurred. This gentleman’s horse was at the -door, and he strongly urged George Robert to mount, and ride for his -life out of the country altogether, till the powerful intercession he -could command might be made for him. In compliance with this advice, -which entirely coincided with his own opinion, it is stated that he -made several attempts to mount; but that, splendid horseman as he was, -whether through nervous excitement, guilty terror, or the restiveness -of the animal, he was unable to attain the saddle, and, in consequence, -obliged to fly into the house again, as the military were announced to -be approaching near. It is also generally asserted that the Rev. Mr. -Ellison, who headed the soldiers, sent them on to Gurth-na-fullagh, -without halting them at Turlough, where he himself stopped. - -‘Were this circumstance even true, however, Fitzgerald gained but a -short respite by it, as the volunteers, with many of the populace, came -furiously up immediately after; and, some of them being placed about -the house, the remainder entered to search and pillage it. Brecknock -and Fulton were immediately captured, but, after ransacking every -corner and crevice more than once without finding him, the volunteers -were beginning to think that Fitzgerald must have effected his escape -before their arrival, when one of them, forcing open a clothes-chest in -a lower apartment, discovered him among a heap of bed-clothes in his -place of concealment. - -‘“What do you want, you ruffian?” he said, on finding himself detected. - -‘“To dhrag ye, like a dog’s head, to a bonfire,” replied another -volunteer, named Morran, a powerful man, who seized him at the same -time by the breast, and drew him forth by main force. - -‘A pistol was now presented at him by a third to take summary -vengeance; but a comrade snapped it from his hands, asking if there was -not murder enough already. - -‘“What mercy did himself or his murdherers show to those every way -their betthers?” - -‘“Well, let them pay for that on the gallows, but let us be no -murdherers; let us give him up to the law.” - -‘He was, accordingly, hauled out to the front of the house, where, -perceiving Mr. Ellison, he exclaimed, - -‘“Ellison, will you allow me to be handled thus by such rabble?” - -‘Mr. Ellison’s response to this saved him from further molestation for -a time, and exertions were then made to withdraw the pillagers from the -wholesale plundering they were practising within. One fellow had girded -his loins with linen almost as fine as Holland--so fine that he made -some hundred yards fit round his body without being much observable. -Another, among other valuables, made himself master of the duellist’s -diamond-buttoned coat; while a third contrived to appropriate to -himself all the jewels, valued at a very high amount. In short, so -entire were the spoliation and destruction that, before sunset, not a -single pane of glass was left in the windows. - -‘The remainder of those implicated in the murders were speedily -apprehended, except Craig, who escaped for the time, but was taken soon -after near Dublin. - -‘We must now pause to sustain our character as an accurate chronicler -to relate an act as unprecedented, as lawless, and as terrible as the -most terrible of Fitzgerald’s own. He was alone, on the night of his -capture, in the room assigned to him in the gaol. It was not a felon’s -apartment, but was guarded on the outside by two armed soldiers, lest -he should make any desperate attempt to escape. It was some hours after -nightfall that Clarke, the then sub-sheriff, removed one of those -sentinels to another portion of the prison, where he stated he required -his presence. They had scarcely disappeared, when the remaining -soldier, McBeth (according to his own account), was knocked down, and -his musket taken from him, while the door was burst open, and a number -of men, all armed with pistols, sword-canes, and the sentinel’s musket, -commenced a furious and deadly attack on Fitzgerald, who, though -totally unarmed, made a most extraordinary defence. Several shots were -discharged rapidly at him, one of which lodged in his thigh, while -another broke a ring on the finger of one of his hands, which he put up -to change the direction of the ball. - -He was then secured by John Gallagher, one of the assailants, and -a powerful man, and, whilst struggling in his grip, thrust at -with blades and bayonets, one of the former of which broke in the -fleshy part of his arm. The latter, too, in forcing out two of his -teeth, had its point broken, and was thereby prevented from passing -through his throat. After having freed himself, by great exertions, -from Gallagher’s grasp, he was next assaulted with musket-stock, -pistol-butts, and the candlestick, which had been seized by one of the -assailants, who gave the candle to a boy to hold. By one of the blows -inflicted by these weapons he was prostrated under the table, and, -while lying there, defending himself with unimpaired powers against -other deadly-aimed blows, he exclaimed, - -‘Cowardly rascals, you may now desist; you have done for me, which was, -of course, your object.’ - -The candle had by this time been quenched in the struggling, and the -gaol and streets thoroughly alarmed, so that the assailants, fearing to -injure one another, and deeming that their intended victim was really -dispatched, retreated from the prison, leaving Fitzgerald, though -wounded, once more in security. - -In consequence of this outrage, his trial was postponed for two -months, and the government ordered his assailants to be prosecuted, -but on trial they were acquitted. Fitzgerald himself was tried the -same day (June 8, 1786), the chief witnesses against him being his own -man, Andrew Craig, and Andrew Gallagher, the latter of whom deposed -that when he, Hipson, and MacDonnell, were confined in Fitzgerald’s -house, there was a pane broken in the window, and ‘At day he saw a -number of men regularly drawn up, to the number of twenty or thirty. -He saw Andrew Craig and James Foy settling them. Mr. Fitzgerald and -Mr. Brecknock came to the flag of the hall-door; through the broken -pane he heard them conversing; they spoke in French for some time, and -afterwards in English, but he could not hear what they said, but the -names of himself, MacDonnell, and Hipson were severally mentioned. He -heard at that time nothing more than their names. Mr. Fitzgerald called -over James Foy and Andrew Craig, who were settling the guard, and -ordered them to move a little higher, about ten or twelve yards above -the house. There was some other conversation which he did not hear. -As soon as the guard were settled, Mr. Fitzgerald gave them--Foy and -Craig--orders “If they saw any rescue, or colour of a rescue, be sure -they shot the prisoners, and take care of them.” - -‘When these orders were given, Mr. Fitzgerald said to Mr. Brecknock, - -‘“Ha! we shall soon get rid of them now.” - -‘Mr. Brecknock replied: “Oh, then we shall be easy indeed.” - -‘After the guard was settled, Mr. Fitzgerald called back Andrew Craig, -and when Craig came within ten yards of him, he, Mr. Fitzgerald, said, - -‘“Andrew, be sure you kill them. Do not let one of the villains escape.” - -‘Andrew answered: “Oh, never fear, please your honour.”’ - -At his trial he had a bitter enemy both in the judge, Yelverton, and -the prosecuting counsel, Fitzgibbon. Nor could he reckon the high -sheriff, Denis Browne, among his friends, so that it was scarcely -possible that it should have but one issue, and the jury returned -a verdict of guilty against both him and Brecknock, and the judge -sentenced them to immediate execution. Fitzgerald begged for a little -delay, so that he might settle his worldly affairs; it was denied him, -and, at six in the evening, he walked forth to his doom. Brecknock had -already suffered. Fitzgerald dreaded the scene of the scaffold and the -journey thither along the high road, in a cart, and asked, as a last -favour from the sheriff, to be allowed to walk and go by a by-way. It -was granted, and he went to his doom preceded by the hangman, who wore -a large mask. He walked very fast, and was dressed in a ragged coat of -the Castletown hunt, a dirty flannel waistcoat and drawers, both of -which were without buttons, brown worsted or yarn stockings, a pair of -coarse shoes without buckles, and an old round hat, tied round with a -pack-thread band. - -When he jumped off the ladder the rope broke, although he was but -a slightly-built man and a light weight, and he had to wait until -another, and a stronger, one was procured. After forty minutes’ hanging -his body was cut down, and was waked by the light of a few candles in -a barn at Turlough; it was interred, the next morning, in the family -tomb, situated in a ruined chapel adjoining a round tower, but his -remains were disturbed some years afterwards at the burial of his -brother in the same tomb. He was thirty-eight years of age. - -His daughter had a portion of £10,000 left her by him, and she was a -very gentle and interesting girl. She mostly resided with her uncle at -Castletown, and was unaware, for a long time, of her father’s fate. But -it so happened that, being one day alone in the library, and looking -over the upper shelves, she lit upon a copy of his trial. She read it, -and from that time never lifted up her head, nor smiled--she could not -bear her position as the daughter of a felon, and she gradually pined -away, and died at an early age. - - - - -EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY AMAZONS. - - -Pugnacity is not confined to the male sex, as everyone well knows, and -none better than the police-force, but in these latter and, presumably, -degenerate days, the efforts, in this direction, of the softer sex -are confined to social exhibitions, there being, as far as is known, -no woman serving in Her Majesty’s force either by land or by sea. -Indeed, with the present medical examination, it would be impossible; -and so it would have been in the old days, only then all was fish that -came to the net. His, or Her Majesty, as the case might be, never had -enough men, and ‘food for powder’ was ever acceptable, and its quality -never closely scrutinised. It is incredible, were it not true, that -these women, whose stories I am about to relate, were not discovered -to be such--they were wounded, they were flogged, and yet there was no -suspicion as to their sex. - -We get the particulars of the life of the first of that century’s -Amazons in a book of one hundred and eighty-one pages, published -(second edition) in 1744, entitled, ‘The British Heroine: or, an -Abridgment of the Life and Adventures of Mrs. Christian Davis, commonly -called Mother Ross.’ She was born in Dublin, A.D. 1667, and was the -daughter of a maltster and brewer, named Cavanagh, who occupied a -small farm about two miles from Dublin. Here Miss Christian resided -with her mother, and, although her education was not neglected, for -she learned to read and sew, yet the charms of physical exertion were -more attractive, and she took greater delight in using the flail, or -following the plough, than in sedentary occupations. She was a regular -tomboy, bestriding bare-backed horses and, without saddle or bridle, -scampering about, taking hedges and ditches whenever they came in her -way. - -After the abdication of James II. her father sold all his standing -corn, &c., and with the produce, and the money he had by him, he raised -a troop of horse and joined the king’s army. He was wounded at the -battle of Aghrim, and soon afterwards died of fever. His wife had very -prudently negotiated a pardon for him, but, as soon as he was dead, the -government confiscated all his goods; yet still the mother and daughter -managed to get along somehow or other. - -She grew up to be a buxom and sprightly lass, when it was her -misfortune to meet with her cousin, the Reverend Thomas Howell, a -Fellow of Dublin University, who first seduced and then abandoned -her. Her grief at this told upon her health, and her mother sent her -for a change of air to Dublin, there to stop with an aunt, who kept a -public-house. With her she lived for four years, when her aunt died and -left her all she had, including the business. She afterwards married -a servant of her aunt’s, one Richard Welch, and lived very happily -with him for four years, when her husband one day went out, with fifty -pounds in his pocket, to pay his brewer, and never returned. - -For nearly twelve months she heard no tidings of him, but one day came -a letter, in which he told her he had met a friend, and with him had -too much drink, went on board ship, and had more drink; and when he -recovered from the effects of his debauch, found himself classed as a -recruit for his Majesty’s army, sailing for Helvoetsluys. The receipt -of this letter completely upset his wife, but only for a short time, -when she took the extraordinary resolution of entering the army as a -recruit, in order that she might be sent to Flanders, and there might -possibly meet with her husband. She let her house, left her furniture -in charge of her neighbours, sent one child to her mother’s, and put -the other out to nurse. She then cut her hair short, put on a suit of -her husband’s clothes, hat and wig, and buckled on a silver-hilted -sword. There was a law then in existence by which it was an offence to -carry out of the kingdom any sum exceeding five pounds, but this she -evaded by quilting fifty guineas in the waistband of her breeches. - -She then enlisted in a foot regiment under the name of Christopher -Welch, and was soon shipped, with other recruits, and sent to Holland. -She was, with the others, put through some sort of drill, but much -time could not then be wasted on drill, and then they were sent to the -grand army, and incorporated in different regiments. Almost directly -after joining, she was wounded by a musket-ball in the leg, at the -battle of Landen, and had to quit the field. This wound laid her up for -two months, and when she rejoined her regiment they were ordered into -winter quarters. Here she, in common with the other British soldiers, -helped the Dutch to repair their dykes. - -In the following campaign she had the ill-luck to be taken prisoner by -the French, and was sent to St. Germains en Laye, where Mary of Modena, -the wife of James II. paid particular attention to the wants of the -English prisoners, having them separated from the Dutch, and allowing -each man five farthings for tobacco, a pound of bread, and a pint of -wine daily. She was imprisoned for nine days, when an exchange of -prisoners took place, and she was released. - -Once more the troops went into winter quarters, and Mrs. Welch must -needs ape the gallantry of her comrades. She made fierce love to -the daughter of a rich burgher, and succeeded so well that the girl -would fain have married her. Now it so happened that a sergeant of -the same regiment loved the same girl, but with other than honourable -intentions, and one day he endeavoured to gain her compliance by force. -The girl resisted and in the scuffle got nearly all the clothes torn -off her back. When Mrs. Welch heard of this affair she ‘went for’ that -sergeant, and the result was a duel with swords. Mrs. Welch received -two wounds in her right arm, but she nearly killed the sergeant, and -afterwards, dreading his animosity when he should have recovered, she -exchanged into a dragoon regiment (Lord John Hayes) and was present at -the taking of Namur. - -When the troops again went into winter quarters a curious adventure -befell her, which goes to prove how completely masculine was her -appearance. She resisted the advances of a woman, who thereby was so -angered that she swore she would be revenged, and accordingly, when a -child was born to her, she swore that the trooper, Christopher Welch, -was its father. This, of course, could have been easily disproved, -but then good-bye to her hopes of meeting with her husband; so, after -mature deliberation, she accepted the paternity of the child, who, -however, did not trouble her for long, as it died in a month. - -After the peace of Ryswick in 1697, the army was partially disbanded, -and Mrs. Welch returned home to Dublin. She found her mother, children, -and friends all well, but finding that she was unrecognized, owing to -her dress and the hardships of campaigning, she did not make herself -known, but re-enlisted in 1701 in her old regiment of dragoons, on the -breaking out of the War of Succession. She went through the campaigns -of 1702 and 1703, and was present at many of the engagements therein, -receiving a wound in the hip, at Donawert, and, although attended -by three surgeons, her sex was not discovered. She never forgot her -quest, but all her inquiries after her husband were in vain. Yet -she unexpectedly came upon him, after the battle of Hochstadt in -1704, caressing and toying with a Dutch camp-follower. A little time -afterwards she discovered herself to him. Having seen what she had, she -would not return to her husband as his wife, but passed as a long-lost -brother, and they met frequently. - -At the battle of Ramilies, in 1705, a piece of a shell struck the back -of her head, and fractured her skull, for which she underwent the -operation of trepanning, and then it was, whilst unconscious, that her -sex was discovered, and her husband came forward and claimed her as his -wife. Her pay went on until she was cured, when the officers of the -regiment, who, naturally, were interested in this very romantic affair, -made up a new wardrobe for her, and she was re-married to her husband -with great solemnity, and many and valuable were her marriage-presents. -She could not be idle, so she turned sutler, and, by the indulgence of -the officers, she was allowed to pitch her tent in the front, whilst -all the others were sent to the rear, but she was virtually unsexed by -the rough ways of the camp, although a child was born to her amongst -the din and confusion of the campaign. - -Her husband was killed at the battle of Malplaquet, in 1709, and then -this rough woman could not help showing that she possessed some of the -softer feelings of her sex. Her grief was overpowering. She bit a great -piece out of her arm, tore her hair, and then threw herself upon the -corpse in an ecstasy of passion, and, had any weapon been handy, she -would, undoubtedly, have killed herself. With her own hands she dug his -grave, and with her own hands would she have scraped the earth away, -in order to get one more glimpse of her husband’s face, had she not -been prevented. She refused food; she became absolutely ill from grief, -and yet, within eleven weeks from her husband’s death, she married a -grenadier named Hugh Jones! Her second married life was brief--for her -husband was mortally wounded at the siege of St. Venant. - -After her husband’s death, she got a living by cooking for the -officers, and went through the whole campaign, till 1712, when she -applied to the Duke of Ormond for a pass to England--which he not only -gave her, but also money enough to defray her expenses on the way. On -her arrival in England, she called on the Duke of Marlborough, to see -whether he could not get some provision made for her; but he was not -in power, and, however good his will towards her might have been, he -had not the means. She then tried the Duke of Argyle, who advised her -to have a petition to the Queen drawn up, and take it to the Duke of -Hamilton, and he himself would back it up. - -She did so, and took it to the duke, who, when he was assured she was -no impostor, advised her to get a new petition drawn up, and present -herself to the Queen. So, the next day, she dressed herself in her -best, and went to Court, waiting patiently at the foot of the great -staircase, and when Queen Anne, supported by the Duke of Argyle, came -down, she dropped on one knee, and presented her petition to the Queen, -who received it with a smile, and bade her rise and be of good cheer, -for that she would provide for her; and, perceiving her to be with -child, she added, ‘If you are delivered of a boy, I will give him a -commission as soon as he is born.’ Her Majesty also ordered her fifty -pounds, to defray the expenses of her lying-in. She lived some little -time in London, being helped very materially by the officers to whom -she was known; and it was during this time, on Saturday morning, the -15th of November, 1712, she was going through Hyde Park, and was an -eye-witness of the historical duel between Lord Mohun and the Duke of -Hamilton. - -A natural longing came upon her to see her mother and her children, and -she wrote to her to say she would be in Dublin by a certain date. The -old woman, although over a hundred years of age, trudged the whole ten -miles to Dublin, to see this daughter whom she had so long given up as -dead; and the meeting was very affecting. When she came to inquire -after her children, she found one had died at the age of eighteen, and -the other was in the workhouse, where it had very speedily been placed -by the nurse in whose charge it had been left. She went to look after -the furniture and goods which she had housed with her neighbours; but -there was only one who would give any account of them. A man had taken -possession of her freehold house, and refused to give it up; and, -having lost the title-deeds, she could not force him, besides which she -had no money to carry on a lawsuit. - -These misfortunes did not dishearten her; she always had been used to -victualling. So she took a public-house, and stocked it, and made pies, -and altogether was doing very well, when she must needs go and marry -a soldier named Davies, whose discharge she bought, but he afterwards -enlisted in the Guards. - -Queen Anne, besides her gift of fifty pounds, ordered Mrs. Davies a -shilling a day for life, which Harley, Earl of Oxford, for some reason -or other, cut down to fivepence, with which she was fain to be content -until a change of ministry took place. Then she applied to Mr. Craggs, -and she got her original pension restored. - -She did not do very well in her business, but she found plenty of -friends in the officers of the Army who knew her. She once more bought -her husband’s discharge, and got him into Chelsea Hospital, with the -rank of sergeant. She also was received into that institution; and -there she died on the 7th of July, 1739, and was interred in the -burying-ground attached to Chelsea Hospital, with military honours. - -HANNAH SNELL’S grandfather entered the Army in the reign of William -III. as a volunteer, and, by his personal bravery, he earned a -commission as lieutenant, with the rank of captain. He was wounded at -Blenheim, and mortally wounded at Malplaquet. Her brother was also a -soldier, and was killed at Fontenoy; so that she may be said to have -come of a martial race. Her father was a hosier and dyer, and she was -born at Worcester on St. George’s Day, 23rd of April, 1723. - -According to a contemporary biography of her,[35] ‘Hannah, when -she was scarce Ten Years of Age, had the seeds of Heroinism, as it -were, implanted in her nature, and she used often to declare to -her Companions that she would be a Soldier, if she lived; and, as -a preceding Testimony of the Truth, she formed a Company of young -Soldiers among her Playfellows, and of which she was chief Commander, -at the Head of whom she often appeared, and was used to parade the -whole City of Worcester. This Body of young Volunteers were admired all -over the Town, and they were styled young “Amazon Snell’s Company”; and -this Martial Spirit grew up with her, until it carried her through the -many Scenes and Vicissitudes she encountered for nigh five Years.’ - -Her father and mother being dead, she, in 1740, moved to London, where -she arrived on Christmas Day, and took up her abode with one of her -sisters, who had married a carpenter named Gray, and was living at -Wapping. Two years afterwards she was married, at the Fleet, to a -German or Dutch sailor named James Summs, on the 6th of January, 1743; -but he was a worthless fellow, and as soon as he found she was with -child by him, having spent all her money, he deserted her. She heard of -his death subsequently; he was at Genoa, and, in a quarrel, he killed a -Genoese. For this he was condemned to death, sewn up in a sack with a -quantity of stones, and sunk in the sea. Her child survived its birth -but seven months, and she was left a free woman. - -Up to this time her story presents nothing of particular interest; -but, like ‘Long Meg of Westminster,’ she was a _virago_, more man -than woman, and, with the hope of some day meeting with her husband, -she donned male attire, and set forth on her quest. She soon fell in -with a recruiting party at Coventry, whither she had walked, and where -she found her funds exhausted. A little drink, the acceptance of a -shilling, a visit to a magistrate, were the slight preliminaries to her -military career, and the 27th of November, 1743, found her a private -in the army of King George II. The guinea, and five shillings, her -little ‘bounty money,’ had to follow the fate of all similar sums, in -treating her comrades. There was scant time for drills, and she was, -after about three weeks’ preparation, drafted off to Carlisle to join -her regiment. There were no railway passes in those days, so the weary -march northward took twenty-two days. - -She had not been long in Carlisle before her sergeant, named Davis, -requested her aid in an intrigue he was endeavouring to establish with -a young woman of that town; but, instead of helping him, she warned the -young person of his intentions, and absolutely won the girl’s heart. -Davis’s jealousy was excited, and to punish Jemmy Gray (which was the -name under which Hannah Snell had enlisted), he reported her for some -neglect of duty, and, as commanding officers then were rather severe -than lenient in their punishments, she was sentenced to receive six -hundred lashes, five hundred of which she absolutely received, and -would have taken the whole had not some officers interfered. It seems -marvellous that her sex, when she was tied up and partially stripped, -was not discovered, and in a romance it would be a weak spot; but, as a -matter-of-fact, no one suspected she was a woman, and when her back was -healed she returned to her duty. Flogging was common enough in those -days. - -But a worse danger of exposure threatened her, for a fellow-townsman -from Worcester enlisted in the same regiment, and so she determined to -desert. The female friend on whose account she had suffered such severe -punishment, found some money, and Hannah Snell fled towards Portsmouth, -surreptitiously changing coats in a field by the way. She stopped but -little time in Portsmouth, and then she enlisted in the Marines, in -which corps she was certain to be sent abroad on service, and might -have greater opportunities of meeting with her husband. - -Scarce three weeks after her enlistment had elapsed when a draft was -made to join Admiral Boscawen’s fleet for the East Indies, and she was -sent on board the sloop of war, the _Swallow_. Here she soon became -very popular with her mess-mates, her skill in cooking, washing, and -mending their shirts made her a general favourite, and she did her -duty with the best of her comrades, being especially noted for her -smartness, so much so, indeed, that she was made an officer’s servant. - -Those old ships were not very good sailors in a gale. The French beat -us hollow at ship-building, and we much improved by studying the make -of the prizes we were constantly taking, so it is not to be wondered -at if that rolling old tub, the _Swallow_, came to grief. The marvel -would have been had it not occurred. Twice, before the Cape was made, -they had to repair and refit. They were then ordered to the Mauritius, -and eventually they went to the Coromandel coast, where they landed and -laid siege to and took Areacopong. They then besieged Pondicherry (in -September, 1748); but that town was not fated to fall into the hands of -the British until 1760. In all the hardships of the siege Hannah Snell -bore her full part, fording rivers breast high, sleeping in and working -at the trenches, &c., until at last she was desperately wounded, -receiving six shots in her right leg, five in her left, and a bullet in -her groin. Anyone would think that thus wounded, and in hospital, her -sex would have been discovered; but it was not. She managed to extract -the ball from her groin, and with the connivance of an old black nurse, -she always dressed the wound herself, so that the surgeons did not know -of its existence. - -Three months she lay in hospital, going back to her duty as a Marine on -her discharge. But her comrades bantered her on her somewhat feminine -appearance, her smooth cheeks not being in accordance with her age. -Besides, she was somewhat quiet, and different from the rollicking -Jack Tars by whom she was surrounded, and so she earned the name of -Miss Molly Gray. A continuance of this quiet _rôle_ might have led to -discovery, so when they came to Lisbon, and the ‘liberty men’ went on -shore, she was as racketty as any of them, and ‘Miss Molly’ was soon -lost, and in her place was ‘Hearty Jemmy.’ From Lisbon they sailed for -home, and on her arrival at Spithead, she was either discharged, or -sent on furlough; at all events, there ended her military and naval -career, for she went straight to her sister at Wapping, and was at once -recognized. - -Campaigning had made her restless, and, although many of the officers -who had known her assisted her pecuniarily, it was light come, light -go, and the money was soon spent. So her friends advised her to -petition the Duke of Cumberland, pointing out her services, and also -dilating upon her wounds. On the 16th of June, 1750, she found a very -favourable opportunity of presenting her memorandum to the duke, and, -after full inquiry, she was awarded a pension of a shilling a day. -This, however, would not keep her, and finding that, as an Amazon, she -had a market value, she engaged with the proprietor of the New Wells in -Goodman’s Fields (the Royalty Theatre, Wellclose Square) to appear on -the stage as a soldier. In this character she sang several songs, and -‘She appears regularly dress’d in her Regimentals from Top to Toe, with -all the Accoutrements requisite for the due Performance of her Military -Exercises. Here she and her Attendants fill up the Stage in a very -agreeable Manner. The tabor and Drum give Life to her March, and she -traverses the stage two or three times over, Step by Step, in the same -Manner as our Soldiers march on the Parade in St. James’s Park. - -‘After the Spectators have been sufficiently amused with this formal -Procession, she begins her Military exercises, and goes through the -whole Catechism (if I may be allowed the Expression) with so much -Dexterity and Address, and with so little Hesitation or Default, that -great Numbers even of Veteran Soldiers, who have resorted to the Wells -out of mere curiosity only, have frankly acknowledged that she executes -what she undertakes to Admiration, and that the universal Applause -which she meets with is by no means the Result of Partiality to her -in Consideration of her Sex, but is due to her, without Favour or -Affection, as the Effect of her extraordinary Merit. - -‘As our Readers may be desirous of being informed in what Dress she -now appears, we think it proper to inform them that she wears Men’s -Cloaths, being, as she says, determined so to do, and having bought new -Cloathing for that Purpose.’ - -This theatrical performance, of course, could not last long; so, with -her savings, she took a public-house at Wapping, which she christened -‘The Widow in Masquerade,’ and on one side of the sign she was -delineated in her full regimentals, on the other in plain clothes. - -She afterwards married, for in the _Universal Chronicle_ (November -3/10, 1759, p. 359, col. 3) may be read: ‘Marriages. At Newbury, in the -county of Berks, the famous Hannah Snell, who served as a marine in the -last war, and was wounded at the siege of Pondicherry, to a carpenter -of that place.’ His name was Eyles. In 1789 she became insane, and was -taken to Bethlehem, where she died on the 8th of February, 1792, aged -sixty-nine. - -The examples quoted of women joining the army are by no means singular, -for in 1761 a lynx-eyed sergeant detected a woman who wished to enlist -under the name of Paul Daniel, in the hope that she might be sent to -Germany, where her husband was then serving in the army. And in the -same year a woman named Hannah Witney was masquerading at Plymouth -in man’s attire, and was laid hold of by a press-gang and lodged in -Plymouth gaol. She was so disgusted at the treatment she received -that she disclosed her sex, at the same time telling the astonished -authorities that she had served as a marine for five years. - -There is a curious little chap-book, now very rare, of the ‘Life and -Adventures of Maria Knowles ... by William Fairbank, Sergeant-major of -the 66th Regiment of Foot,’ and, as it is very short, it may be as well -to give its _ipsissima verba_. - -‘The heroine of the following story is the only daughter of Mr. John -Knowles, a reputed farmer,[36] of the parish of Bridworth, in the -county of Cheshire, where Maria was born, and was her father’s only -daughter. At an early age she lost her mother, and was brought up under -the care of a mother-in-law, who treated her with more kindness than is -usually done to motherless children. Her father having no other child, -his house might have proved a comfortable home for one of a more sober -disposition. At the age of nineteen she was so very tall that she was -styled the ‘Tall Girl.’ She had a very handsome face, which gained her -plenty of sweethearts. Many young men felt the weight of her fists for -giving her offences. She refused many offers of marriage, and that from -persons of fortune. - -‘Being one day at the market in Warrington, she saw one Cliff, a -sergeant of the Guards on the recruiting service, with whom she fell -deeply in love; he in a short time was called to join the regiment, -and she, not being able to bear her love-sick passion, eloped from -her father’s house, immediately went up to London, disguised in man’s -apparel, and enlisted in the same regiment with her sweetheart, in -which she made a most martial appearance in her regimentals; her height -covered the deception. As a red coat captivates the fair sex, our -female soldier made great advances, being a lover of mirth and a smart -girl.... - -‘A part of the Guards were ordered to Holland, with whom sailed Maria -and her sweetheart. The British troops were stationed at Dort, and a -party was sent in gunboats to annoy the French, who were then besieging -Williamstadt. From Holland they were ordered to French Flanders, where -Maria was at several desperate battles and sieges. At Dunkirk she was -wounded in three different parts, in her right shoulder, in her right -arm, and thigh, which discovered her sex, and, of course, her secret. - -‘After being recovered from her wounds, and questioned by her -commanding officer, she related to him the particulars of her life, and -the reason of her being disguised, and entering for a soldier, which -was to seek her fortune, and share the fate of the man on whom she had -irrevocably fixed her affection. - -‘The news soon reached her lover, who flew to the arms of so faithful -a girl, whom he embraced with the most ardent zeal, vowing an eternal -constancy to her; and, in order to reward such faithful love, the -officers raised a handsome subscription for them, after which they -were married by the chaplain of the regiment, to their great joy.... - -‘But this was not all, for the adjutant of the 66th Regiment of Foot -dying of his wounds, Sergeant Cliff was promoted to that berth, and -Sergeant Fairbank to sergeant-major, as Cliff and him were always -comrades together. In a little time the regiment was sent to Gibraltar, -where they stayed most part of the year, during which Mrs. Cliff was -delivered of a fine son, after which the regiment was sent to the West -Indies, and, after a passage of twenty-eight days, landed safely on the -island of St. Vincent, where they remained some time; but, the yellow -fever raging among the troops, Mr. Cliff died, to the great grief of -his disconsolate wife and her young son. She was still afraid of the -raging distemper, but, happily for her and her son, neither of them -took it. - -‘Great indulgence was given her, and also provisions allowed them -both; but this did not suffice, for Mrs. Cliff, losing the man she -had ventured her life so many times for, was now very unhappy, and -made application to the commanding officer for her passage to England; -and a great many men, unfit for duty, coming home, she was admitted -a passenger. I, being unfit to act as sergeant-major, on account of -a wound that I received in my left leg, the same day Mrs. Cliff was -wounded, and although it was cured, as soon as I came into a hot -country it broke out again, and I, being unfit for duty, was sent -home, and recommended.[37] So I came home in the same ship, with this -difference, that she was in the cabin, and I among the men. We sailed -in the _Eleanor_ on the 25th of January, 1798, and, after forty days’ -sail, we reached Spithead, and, after performing a short quarantine, we -landed at Portsmouth on the 16th of March, where I left Mrs. Cliff to -pursue her journey to her father’s, and I came to London.’ - -I have been unable to trace the fate of this heroine any further. - -There is yet another woman of the eighteenth century, who acted the -part both of soldier and sailor; and we read of her in the _Times_, 4th -of November, 1799. - -‘There is at present in the Middlesex Hospital a young and delicate -female, who calls herself Miss T--lb--t, and who is said to be related -to some families of distinction; her story is very singular:--At an -early period of her life, having been deprived, by the villainy of a -trustee, of a sum of money bequeathed to her by a deceased relation -of high rank, she followed the fortunes of a young naval officer to -whom she was attached, and personated a common sailor before the mast, -during a cruise in the north seas. In consequence of a lover’s quarrel -she quitted the ship, and assumed, for a time, the military character; -but her passion for the sea prevailing, she returned to her favourite -element, did good service, and received a severe wound on board Earl -St. Vincent’s ship, on the glorious 14th of February,[38] and again -bled in the cause of her country in the engagement off Camperdown. On -this last occasion her knee was shattered, and an amputation is likely -to ensue. This spirited female, we understand, receives a pension of -£20 from an illustrious lady, which is about to be doubled.’ - -_Voilà comment on écrit l’histoire!_ This newspaper report is about -as truthful as nine-tenths of the paragraphs now-a-days; there is a -substratum of truth, but not ‘the whole truth and nothing but the -truth.’ But this can be read in a little tractate entitled, ‘The Life -and Surprising Adventures of Mary Ann Talbot, in the name of John -Taylor. Related by herself.’ London, 1809. This pamphlet is extracted -from ‘Kirby’s Wonderful Museum of Remarkable Characters, &c.,’ and -professes to be an autobiography. It is highly probable that it is so, -as she was a domestic servant in Mr. Kirby’s house for three years -before her death. - -According to this relation she was the youngest of sixteen natural -children whom her mother had by Lord William Talbot, Baron of Hensol, -steward of his Majesty’s household, and colonel of the Glamorganshire -Militia. She was born the 2nd of February, 1778, and her mother died -on giving her birth. She was put out to nurse in the country, until -she was five years of age, when she was placed in a boarding-school at -Chester, where she remained nine years, being looked after by a married -sister who lived at Trevalyn, county Denbigh. At her death a man named -Sucker, living at Newport, county Salop, became her guardian, and he -behaved to her with such severity that she cordially hated him. He -introduced her to a Captain Bowen, of the 82nd Regiment of Foot, who -took her to London in January, 1792, where, friendless and alone, she -soon became his victim. - -His regiment was ordered to embark for Santo Domingo, and he had -so thoroughly subjugated her to his will, and she was so utterly -helpless, that she accompanied him on board as his ‘little foot page.’ -Captain Bowen made John Taylor (for such was the name Miss Talbot then -took) thoroughly act up to her assumed character, and she had to live -and mess with the lowest of the ship’s company, and, what was more, had -to do her turn of duty with the ship’s crew. - -After a stormy voyage, with short provisions, they arrived at -Port-au-Prince, but stayed there a very short time, as orders came for -them to return to Europe, and join the troops on the Continent, under -the command of His Royal Highness the Duke of York. Then it was that -Captain Bowen made her enrol herself as a drummer in his regiment, -threatening her unless she did so he would sell her up-country for -a slave. There was nothing for her but to comply, so she put on the -clothes and learned the business of a drummer-boy, having, besides, -still to be the drudge of her paramour. - -At the siege of Valenciennes she received two wounds, neither of them -severe enough to incapacitate her from serving, and she cured them, -without going into hospital, with a little basilicon, lint, and Dutch -drops. In this siege Captain Bowen was killed, and she, finding the key -of his desk in his pocket, searched the desk and found several letters -relating to her, from her quondam guardian, Sucker. - -Being now released from her servitude, she began to think of quitting -the service, and, having changed her military dress for one she had -worn on ship-board, she deserted, and, after some wandering, reached -Luxembourg, but, it being in the occupation of the French, she was not -permitted to go further. Being thus foiled in her design of reaching -England, and destitute of every necessary of life, she was compelled -to engage on board a French lugger, a cruiser. In the course of their -voyage, they fell in with the British fleet under the command of Lord -Howe. The French vessel made a show of fighting, and John Taylor -refused to fight against her countrymen, for which she received a -severe thrashing from the French captain. - -After a very faint resistance the lugger was captured, and she, -as being English, was taken on board the _Queen Charlotte_ to be -interrogated by Lord Howe. Her story, being backed up by the French -captain, gained her release, and she was allowed to join the navy, a -berth being found for her on board the _Brunswick_ as powder-monkey, -her duty being to hand powder, &c., for the guns when in action. -Captain Harvey, of the _Brunswick_, noticed the pseudo lad, and -straightly examined her as to whether she had not run away from school, -or if she had any friends; but she disarmed his suspicions by telling -him her father and mother were dead, and she had not a friend in the -world; yet the kindly captain took such a friendly interest in her that -he made her principal cabin-boy. - -In the memorable fight off Brest, on the ‘Glorious First of June,’ -Captain Harvey was killed, and our heroine severely wounded both in the -ankle by a grape-shot and in the thigh a little above the knee. She -was, of course, taken to the cockpit; but the surgeon could not extract -the ball in the ankle, and would not venture to cut it out; nor, when -they arrived home, and she was taken to Haslar Hospital, could they -extract the ball. Partially cured, she was discharged, and shipped on -board the _Vesuvius_ bomb, belonging to Sir Sydney Smith’s squadron, -where she acted as midshipman, although she did not receive the pay -which should have accompanied the position; and, while thus serving, -a little anecdote she tells give us a fair idea of what stuff she was -made. - -‘It was necessary for some one on board to go to the jib-boom to catch -the jib-sheet, which in the gale had got loose. The continual lungeing -of the ship rendered this duty particularly hazardous, and there was -not a seaman on board but rejected this office. I was acting in the -capacity of midshipman, though I never received pay for my service in -this ship but as a common man. The circumstance I mention only to show -that it was not my particular duty to undertake the task, which, on the -refusal of several who were asked, I voluntarily undertook. Indeed, -the preservation of us all depended on this exertion. On reaching the -jib-boom I was under the necessity of lashing myself fast to it, for -the ship every minute making a fresh lunge, without such a precaution -I should inevitably have been washed away. The surges continually -breaking over me, I suffered an uninterrupted wash and fatigue for six -hours before I could quit the post I occupied. When danger is over, a -sailor has little thought or reflection, and my mess-mates, who had -witnessed the perilous situation in which I was placed, passed it off -with a joke observing, “that I had only been sipping sea broth”; but it -was a broth of a quality that, though most seamen relish, yet few, I -imagine, would like to take it in the quantity I was compelled to do.’ - -By the fortune of war the _Vesuvius_ was captured, and the crew were -conveyed to Dunkirk, where they were lodged in the prison of St. -Clair, and the rigour of their captivity seems to have been extreme, -especially in the case of Mary Anne Talbot, who perhaps partially -deserved it, as she attempted, in company with a mess-mate, to escape. -‘We were both confined in separate dungeons, where it was so dark that -I never saw daylight during the space of eleven weeks, and the only -allowance I received was bread and water, let down to me from the top -of the cell. My bed consisted only of a little straw, not more than -half a truss, which was never changed. For two days I was so ill in -this dreadful place that I was unable to stir from my wretched couch -to reach the miserable pittance, which, in consequence, was drawn up -in the same state. The next morning, a person--who, I suppose, was the -keeper of the place--came into the dungeon without a light (which way -he came I know not, but I suppose through a private door through which -I afterwards passed to be released), and called to me, “Are you dead?” -To this question I was only able to reply by requesting a little water, -being parched almost to death by thirst, resulting from the fever which -preyed on me. He told me he had none, and left me in a brutal manner, -without offering the least relief. Nature quickly restored me to -health, and I sought the bread and water with as eager an inclination -as a glutton would seek a feast. About five weeks after my illness, an -exchange of prisoners taking place, I obtained my liberty.’ - -She then shipped to America as steward, and from thence to England, and -was going on a voyage to the Mediterranean, when she was seized by a -press-gang, and sent on board a tender. But she had no wish to serve -His Majesty at sea any more, and, discovering her sex, she was examined -by a surgeon, and of course at once discharged. - -Her little stock of money getting low, she applied at the Navy -pay-office, in Somerset House, for the cash due to her whilst serving -in the _Brunswick_ and _Vesuvius_, as well as her share of prize-money, -arising from her being present on the ‘glorious 1st of June.’ She was -referred to a prize-agent, who directed her to call again; this not -being to her taste, she returned to Somerset House, and indulged in -very rough language, for which she was taken off to Bow Street. She -told her story, and was ordered to appear again, when a subscription -was got up in her behalf; and she was paid twelve shillings a week, -until she received her money from the Government. - -Her old wound in the leg became bad again, and she went into St. -Bartholomew’s Hospital, and on her discharge, partially cured, she -petitioned the King and the Duke of York for relief. The latter gave -her five pounds. Then she cast about for the means of earning a -livelihood, and bethought her that, when she was a prisoner at Dunkirk, -she had watched a German make little ornaments out of gold-wire, which -he sold at a good profit; and she did the same, working at the shop -of a jeweller in St. Giles’s, and so expert was she that she made the -chains for a gold bracelet worn by Queen Charlotte. But the old wound -still broke out, and she went into St. George’s Hospital for seven -months. When she came out, she led a shiftless, loafing existence, -always begging for money--of Mr. Dundas, of the Duke of York, or -anyone else that might possibly be generous. - -At last these kind friends got her case introduced in the very highest -quarters, and she kissed the Queen’s hand at Buckingham House, as it -was then called; and soon afterwards she was directed to apply at the -War Office, in her sailor’s dress, to receive a half-year’s payment of -a pension the Queen had granted her, in the name of John Taylor. Still -her wound kept breaking out, and twice she had to go into Middlesex -Hospital. She had some idea of going on the stage, and performed -several parts at the Thespian Society in Tottenham Court Road, but she -gave it up, finding begging a more profitable business; but even then -she had to go to Newgate for a small debt. She took in washing, but the -people did not pay her, and misfortune pursued her everywhere. - -One night, in September, 1804, she was thrown from a coach into a hole -left by the carelessness of some firemen, in Church Lane, Whitechapel, -and she broke her arm, besides bruising herself badly. The fire office -would give her no compensation, but many people were interested in -her case, among them a Mr. Kirby, a publisher in Paternoster Row, who -employed her as a domestic servant. In 1807, she fell into a decline, -doubtless induced by the very free life she had led; and she died on -the 4th of February, 1808, having just completed her thirtieth year. - -It is not to be thought that England enjoyed the monopoly of these -viragos--the country of Jeanne d’Arc was quite equal to the occasion, -and Renée Bordereau affords an illustration for the last century. She -was born, of peasant parents, in 1770, at the village of Soulaine, near -Angers; and at the time of the insurrection in La Vendée, when the -royalists were so cruelly punished, she lost forty-two relations in the -struggle, her father being murdered before her eyes. - -This crushed out of her any soft and feminine feelings she might -have possessed, and she vowed vengeance on the hated Republicans. -She obtained a musket, taught herself how to use it, learned some -elementary drill, and then, donning man’s attire, joined the royalists. -Among them she was known by the name of Langevin, and where the -fight was fiercest, there she would be, and none suspected that the -daring trooper was a woman. On horseback, and on foot, she fought in -above two hundred battles and skirmishes, frequently wounded, but -seldom much hurt. Such was the terror with which she inspired the -Bonapartists, that, when the rebellion was put down, Napoleon specially -exempted Langevin from pardon, and she languished in prison until the -Restoration. She died in 1828. - - - - -THE ‘TIMES’ AND ITS FOUNDER. - - -A discursive book anent the eighteenth century, as this is, would be -incomplete without a mention of one of the greatest powers which it -produced. This marvellous newspaper, whose utterances, at one time, -exercised a sensible influence over the whole of the civilised world, -and which, even now, is the most potent of all the English press, was -founded by Mr. John Walter, on January 1, 1788. - -This gentleman was born either in 1738 or 1739, and his father followed -the business of a ‘coal buyer,’ which meant that he bought coals at -the pit’s mouth, and then shipped them to any desired port, or market. -In those days almost all coals came, by sea, from Newcastle, and its -district, because of the facility of carriage; the great inland beds -being practically unworked, and in many cases utterly unknown: it -being reserved for the giant age of steam to develop their marvellous -resources. - -His father died in 1755, John Walter then being seventeen and, boy -though he was, he at once succeeded to his father’s business. In it -he was diligent and throve well, and he so won the confidence and -respect of his brother ‘coal buyers’ that when a larger Coal Exchange -was found necessary, in order to accommodate, and keep pace with -its increasing business, the whole of the arrangements, plans, and -directions were left in his hands. When the building was completed, he -was rewarded by his brethren in trade with the position of manager, and -afterwards he became Chairman to the Body of Coal Buyers. - -He married, and, in 1771, things had gone so prosperously with him -that he bought a house with some ground at Battersea Rise, and here he -lived, and reared his family of six children, until his bankruptcy, -when it was sold. He also took unto himself partners, and was the head -of the firm of Walter, Bradley, and Sage. For some time all went well, -but competition arose, and the old-fashioned way of doing business -could not hold its own against the keenness, and cutting, of the new -style. Let us hear him tell his own story.[39] - -‘I shall forbear relating the various scenes of business I was engaged -in prior to my embarking in Lloyd’s Rooms; sufficient it is to remark -that a very extensive trade I entered into at the early age of -seventeen, when my father died, rewarded a strong spirit of industry, -and, for the first ten or twelve years, with a satisfactory increase -of fortune; but a number of inconsiderable dealers, by undermining the -fair trader, and other dishonourable practices, reduced the profits, -and made them inadequate to the risque and capital employed. It -happened unfortunately for me, about that time, some policy brokers, -who had large orders for insurances on foreign Indiamen and other -adventures, found their way to the Coal Market, a building of which I -was the principal planner and manager. - -‘I was accustomed, with a few others, to underwrite the vessels -particularly employed in that trade, and success attended the step, -because the risque was fair, and the premiums adequate. This was my -temptation for inclining to their solicitations of frequenting Lloyd’s -Rooms.[40] With great reluctance I complain that I quitted a trade -where low art and cunning combated the fair principles of commerce, -which my mind resisted as my fortune increased; but from the change I -had to encounter deception and fraud, in a more dangerous but subtle -degree. - -‘The misfortunes of the war were of great magnitude to the -Underwriters, but they were considerably multiplied by the villainy and -depravity of Mankind. In the year 1776, at a time when they received -only peace premiums, American privateers swarmed on the seas, drove -to desperation by the Boston port act passing at the close of the -preceding year, to prohibit their fisheries, and our trade fell a -rapid prey before government had notice to apply the least protection. -Flushed with success, it increased the number of their armed vessels, -and proved such a source of riches as enabled them to open a trade with -France, who had, hitherto, been only a silent spectator, and produced -the sinews of a war which then unhappily commenced.’ - -He then details the causes which led to his bankruptcy--how the -wars with the French, Spaniards, and Dutch, all of whom had their -men-of-war and privateers, which preyed upon our commerce, ruined the -underwriters, and continues, - -‘In two years only of the war I lost, on a balance, thirty-one thousand -pounds, which obliged me, in 1781, to quit the Coal Trade, after -carrying it on so many years, when I had returned’ (? turned over) -‘above a Million of money, the profits of which have been sunk as an -Underwriter, that I might have the use of my capital employed in it, -to pay my unfortunate losses.... Last year, I was obliged to make a -sacrifice of my desirable habitation at Battersea Rise, where I had -resided ten years, and expended a considerable sum of money, the fruits -of many years of industry, before I became acquainted with Lloyd’s -Rooms. - -‘These reserves, however, proved ineffectual, and I found it necessary, -on examining the state of my accounts early in January last, to call -my Creditors together; for, though some months preceding I found my -fortune rapidly on the decline, I never suspected my being insolvent -till that view of my affairs, when I found a balance in my favour of -only nine thousand pounds, from which was to be deducted a fourth part -owing me by brokers, who, unfortunately for me as well as themselves, -were become bankrupts. This surplus, it was clear, would not bear me -through known, though unsettled, losses, besides what might arise on -unexpired risques. I therefore, without attempting to borrow a shilling -from a friend, resorting to false Credit, or using any subterfuge -whatever, after depositing what money remained in my hands, the -property of others, laid the state of my affairs before my Creditors. - -‘This upright conduct made them my friends; they immediately invested -me with full power to settle my own affairs, and have acted with -liberality and kindness. They were indebted for the early knowledge I -gave them of my affairs to the regularity of my accounts; for, had I -rested my inquiry till after the broker’s yearly accounts were chequed, -in all probability a very trifling dividend would have ensued. Had the -merchant been obliged to stand his own risque during the late war, few -concerned on the seas would have been able to withstand the magnitude -of their losses. - -‘The only alleviation to comfort me in this affliction has arose from -the consideration that I have acted honourably by all men; that, -neither in prosperity nor adversity, have I ever been influenced -by mean or mercenary motives in my connections with the world, of -which I can give the most satisfactory proofs; that, when in my -power, benevolence ever attended my steps; the deserving and needy -never resorted to me in vain, nor has gratitude ever been wanting to -express any obligations or kindnesses received from those I have had -transactions with by every return in my power. I have the further -consolation of declaring that, in winding up my affairs, I have acted -with the strictest impartiality in every demand both for and against my -estate; that I have (unsolicited) attended every meeting at Guildhall -to protect it against plunder. A dividend was made as soon as the -bankrupt laws would permit, and the surplus laid out in interest for -the benefit of the estate, till a fair time is allowed to know what -demands may come against it. I am fully convinced that it will not be -£15,000 deficient; above double that sum I have left in Lloyd’s Rooms -as a profit among the brokers. - -‘No prospect opening of embarking again in business for want of -Capital to carry it on, I was advised to make my case known to the -administration, which has been done both by public and private -application of my friends, who kindly interceded in my behalf for some -respectable post under Government, and met with that kind reception -from the Minister which gave me every prospect of success, which I -flatter myself I have some natural claim to, from the consideration -that, as trade is the support of the nation, it could not be carried on -without Underwriters. - -‘And as the want of protection to the trade of the Country, from -the host of enemies we had to combat, occasioned by misfortunes, -whom could I fly to with more propriety than to Government? as, by -endeavouring to protect commerce, I fell a martyr on the conclusion -of an unfortunate war. I was flattered with hopes that my pretensions -to an appointment were not visionary, and that I was not wanting in -ability to discharge the duties of any place I might have the honour to -fill. The change of administration[41] which happened soon after was -death to my hopes, and, as I had little expectation of making equal -interest with the Minister who succeeded, I have turned my thoughts to -a matter which appeared capable of being a most essential improvement -in the conduct of the Press;[42] and, by great attention and assiduity -for a year past, it is now reduced from a very voluminous state and -great incorrectness to a system which, I hope, will meet the public -approbation and countenance. - -‘Such is the brief state of a Case which I trust humanity will consider -deserving a better fate. Judge what must be my sensations on this -trying occasion: twenty-six years in the prime of life passed away, -all the fortune I had acquired by a studious attention to business -sunk by hasty strides, and the world to begin afresh, with the daily -introduction to my view of a wife and six children unprovided for, -and dependent on me for support. Feeling hearts may sympathise at the -relation, none but parents can conceive the anxiety of my mind in such -a state of uncertainty and suspense.’ - -From an unprejudiced perusal of this ‘case,’ the reader can but come -to the conclusion that Mr. John Walter was not overburdened with that -inconvenient commodity--modesty; and that his logic--judged by ordinary -rules--is decidedly faulty. But that he did try to help himself, is -evidenced by the following advertisement in the _Morning Post_ of July -21, 1784: - - _‘To the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and - Common-councilmen of the City of London._ - -‘MY LORD AND GENTLEMEN, - -‘The Office of Principal Land Coal Meter of this City being at present -vacant by the death of Mr. John Evans, permit me to solicit the honour -of succeeding him. My pretensions to your countenance on this occasion -are the misfortunes in which (in common with many other respectable -Citizens) I have been involved by the calamities of the late war, and -an unblemished reputation, which has survived the wreck of my fortune. -Having been a Liveryman twenty-four years, during which time I carried -on an extensive branch of the coal trade, my fellow-citizens cannot -well be unacquainted with my character; and my having been greatly -instrumental in establishing the very office which I solicit your -interest to fill, will, I hope, be deemed an additional recommendation -to your patronage. - -‘If my pretensions should meet your approbation, and be crowned with -success, I shall ever retain a lively sense of so signal an obligation -on, - - ‘My Lord and Gentlemen, - ‘Your most obedient, devoted, humble servant, - - ‘JOHN WALTER. - - ‘Printing House Square, Blackfriars.’ - -We hear of him again in connection with this situation, which he did -not succeed in obtaining, in an advertisement in the _Morning Post_, -30th of July, 1784. - - - ‘_To the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, &c._ - -‘The Report, which a few days ago was credited by few, is now confirmed -by many, and believed by all men, that a Coalition has been formed for -the purpose of forcing you to bestow the emoluments of the Principal -Land Coal Meter Office on two Aldermen, and it has been agreed that, -on the day of the Election, one of them shall decline the Contest, -and make a transfer to the other of the votes which some of you were -pleased to engage to him.... - -‘My pretensions I submit to the Corporation at large, and I strongly -solicit the assistance of the merchants and traders of the Metropolis -to join their efforts, and endeavour to wrest the power of appointment -from the hands of a Junto, and restore the freedom of Election. Assert -your independence, and consequence, in time; with your breath you can -blast the Coalition in its infancy; but, if you suffer it to conquer -you in its present state, it will become a Hydra that will swallow up -your Franchises, and leave you, like a Cathedral Chapter, the liberty -of obeying a _congé d’èlire_ sent to you by a self-constituted faction. - - ‘I am, &c., &c., - - ‘JOHN WALTER. - - ‘Printing House Square, Blackfriars.’ - -How did he come to this (to us) familiar address? It was by a chance -which came in his way, and he seized it. In 1782 he, somehow, became -acquainted with a compositor named Henry Johnson, who pointed out the -trouble and loss of time occasioned by setting up words with types of -a single letter, and proposed that at all events those words mostly -in use should be cast in one. These were called ‘Logotypes’ (or word -types), and printing, therefore, was called ‘Logography.’ Caslon at -first made the types--but there is evidence that they quarrelled, for -in a letter of August 12, 1785, in the _Daily Universal Register_ of -that date, which he reprinted in broadside form, he says, ‘Mr. Caslon, -the founder (whom I at first employed to cast my types), calumniated my -plan, he censured what he did not understand, wantonly disappointed me -in the work he engaged to execute, and would meanly have sacrificed me, -to establish the fallacious opinion he had promulgated.’ - -People had their little jokes about the ‘Logotypes,’ and Mr. Knight -Hunt, in his ‘Fourth Estate,’ writes, ‘It was said that the orders to -the type-founder ran after this fashion, “Send me a hundred-weight -of heat, cold, wet, dry, murder, fire, dreadful robbery, atrocious -outrage, fearful calamity, and alarming explosion.”’ That he obtained -not only literary, but royal recognition of his pet type, is shown by a -foot-note to the letter above quoted (respecting Mr. Caslon), - -‘Any gentleman who chuses may inspect the Logographic Founts and Types, -at the Printing-office, or at the British Museum, to which place they -have been removed from the Queen’s Palace.’ - -Where he got his money from he does not say, but on the 17th of May, -1784, he advertised that ‘Mr. Walter begs to inform the public that -he has purchased the printing-house formerly occupied by Mr. Basket -near Apothecaries Hall, which will be opened on the first day of next -month for printing words entire, under his Majesty’s Patent;’ and he -commenced business June 1, 1784. - -Printing House Square stands on the site of the old Monastery of -Blackfriars. After the dissolution of the monasteries, in Henry the -Eighth’s time, it passed through several hands, until it became the -workshop of the royal printer. Here was printed, in 1666, the _London -Gazette_, the oldest surviving paper in England; and, the same year, -the all-devouring Great Fire completely destroyed it. Phœnix-like, it -arose from its ashes, more beautiful than before--for the writer of ‘A -New View of London,’ published in 1708, thus describes it: _Printing -House Lane_, on the E side of Blackfryars: a passage to the _Queen’s -Printing House_ (which is a stately building).’ - -‘Formerly occupied by Mr. Basket,’ a printer, under the royal -patent, of Bibles and Prayer-books. To him succeeded other royal and -privileged printers. Eyre and Strahan, afterwards Eyre, Strahan, and -Spottiswoode, now Spottiswoode and Co., who, in 1770, left Printing -House Square, and moved to New Street, Fleet Street, a neighbourhood of -which, now, that firm have a virtual monopoly. - -John Walter could not have dreamed of the palace now built at Bearwood; -for, like most mercantile men of his day, he was quite content to -‘live over the shop’; and there, in Printing House Square, his son, -and successor, John (who lived to build Bearwood), was born, and there -James Carden, Esq., received his bride, John Walter’s eldest daughter, -who was the mother of the present venerable alderman, Sir Robert -Carden. There, too, died his wife, the partner of his successes and his -failures, in the year 1798. - -The first work printed at this logographic printing establishment -was a little story called, ‘Gabriel, the Outcast.’ Many other slight -works followed; but these were not enough to satisfy the ambitions -of John Walter, who, six months after he commenced business, started -a newspaper, the _Daily Universal Register_, on the 1st of January, -1785.[43] Even at that date there was no lack of newspapers, although -our grandfathers were lucky to have escaped the infliction of the -plague of periodicals under which we groan; for there were the _Morning -Post_, the _Morning Chronicle_, the _General Advertiser_, _London -Gazette_, _London Chronicle_, _Gazetteer_, _Morning Herald_, _St. -James’s Chronicle_, _London Recorder_, _General Evening Post_, _Public -Advertiser_, _Lounger_, _Parker’s General Advertiser_, &c. So we must -conclude that John Walter’s far-seeing intelligence foretold that a -good daily paper, ably edited, would pay. It was logographically -printed, and was made the vehicle of puffs of the proprietor’s hobby. -The _Times_ was also so printed for a short period, but, eventually, -it proved so cumbersome in practice, as absolutely to hinder the -compositors, instead of aiding them. - -On the 1st of January, 1788, was born a baby that has since grown into -a mighty giant. On that day was published the first number of THE -TIMES, _or Daily Universal Register_, for it had a dual surname, and -the reasons for the alteration are given in the following ‘editorial.’ - - -‘THE TIMES. - -‘Why change the head? - -‘This question will naturally come from the Public--and _we_, the -_Times_, being the PUBLIC’S most humble and obedient Servants, think -ourselves bound to answer:-- - -‘All things have _heads_--and all _heads_ are liable to _change_. - -‘Every sentence and opinion advanced by Mr. _Shandy_ on the influence -and utility of a well-chosen surname may be properly applied in showing -the recommendations and advantages which result from placing a striking -title-page before a book, or an inviting HEAD on the front page of a -_Newspaper_. - -‘A HEAD so placed, like those _heads_ which once ornamented _Temple -Bar_, or those of the _great Attorney_, or _great Contractor_, -which, not long since, were conspicuously elevated for their _great -actions_, and were exhibited, in wooden frames, at the _East_ and -_West_ Ends of this Metropolis, never fails of attracting the eyes of -passengers--though, indeed, we do not expect to experience the lenity -shown to these _great exhibitors_, for probably the TIMES will be -pelted without mercy. - -‘But then, a _head_ with a _good face_ is a harbinger, a -gentleman-usher, that often strongly recommends even DULNESS, FOLLY, -IMMORALITY, or VICE. The immortal Locke gives evidence to the truth -of this observation. That great philosopher has declared that, though -repeatedly taken in, he never could withstand the solicitations of -a well-drawn title-page--authority sufficient to justify _us_ in -assuming a _new head_ and a _new set of features_, but not with a -design to impose; for we flatter ourselves the HEAD of the TIMES will -not be found deficient in _intellect_, but, by putting a _new face_ on -affairs, will be admired for the _light of its countenance_, whenever -it appears. - -‘To advert to our first position. - -‘The UNIVERSAL REGISTER has been a name as injurious to the -_Logographic Newspaper_, as TRISTRAM was to MR. SHANDY’S SON. But OLD -SHANDY forgot he might have rectified by _confirmation_ the mistakes of -the _parson_ at _baptism_--with the touch of a _Bishop_ have changed -TRISTRAM to Trismegistus. - -‘The UNIVERSAL REGISTER, from the day of its first appearance to the -day of its _confirmation_, has, like TRISTRAM, suffered from unusual -casualties, both laughable and serious, arising from its name, which, -on its introduction, was immediately curtailed of its fair proportion -by all who called for it--the word _Universal_ being _Universally_ -omitted, and the word _Register_ being only retained. - -‘“Boy, bring me the _Register_.” - -‘The waiter answers: “Sir, we have not a library, but you may see it at -the _New Exchange Coffee House_.” - -‘“Then I’ll see it there,” answers the disappointed politician; and he -goes to the _New Exchange_, and calls for the _Register_; upon which -the waiter tells him he cannot have it, as he is not a subscriber, -and presents him with the _Court and City Register_, the _Old Annual -Register_, or, if the Coffee-house be within the Purlieus of Covent -Garden, or the hundreds of Drury, slips into the politician’s hand -_Harris’s Register_ of Ladies. - -‘For these and other reasons the parents of the UNIVERSAL REGISTER have -added to its original name that of the - - -TIMES, - -Which, being a _monosyllable_, bids defiance to _corrupters_ and -_mutilaters_ of the language. - -‘THE TIMES! What a monstrous name! Granted, for THE TIMES _is_ a -many-headed monster, that speaks with an hundred tongues, and displays -a thousand characters, and, in the course of _its_ transformations in -life, assumes innumerable shapes and humours. - -‘The critical reader will observe we personify our _new name_; but as -we give it no distinction of sex, and though _it_ will be _active_ in -_its_ vocations, yet we apply to _it_ the _neuter gender_. - -‘THE TIMES, being formed of materials, and possessing qualities of -opposite and heterogeneous natures, cannot be classed either in the -animal or vegetable _genus_; but, like the _Polypus_, is doubtful, -and in the discussion, description, dissection, and illustration will -employ the pens of the most celebrated among the _Literati_. - -‘The HEADS OF THE TIMES, as has been said, are many; they will, -however, not always appear at the same time, but casually, as public -or private affairs may call them forth. - -‘The principal, or leading heads are-- - - The Literary; - Political; - Commercial; - Philosophical; - Critical; - Theatrical; - Fashionable; - Humorous; - Witty, &c. - -‘Each of which are supplied with a competent share of intellects for -the pursuit of their several functions; an endowment which is not in -_all times_ to be found even in the HEADS of the _State_, the _heads_ -of the _Church_, the _heads_ of the _Law_, the _heads_ of the _Navy_, -the _heads_ of the _Army_, and though _last_, not least, the great -_heads_ of the _Universities_. - -‘The _Political Head_ of THE TIMES, like that of _Janus_, the Roman -Deity, is doubly faced; with one countenance it will smile continually -on the friends of _Old England_, and with the other will frown -incessantly on her _enemies_. - -‘The alteration we have made in our _head_ is not without precedents. -The WORLD has parted with half its CAPUT MORTUUM, and a moiety of -its brains. The HERALD has cut off half its head, and has lost its -original humour. The POST, it is true, retains its whole head and -its old features; and, as to the other public prints, they appear as -having neither _heads_ nor _tails_. On the PARLIAMENTARY HEAD every -communication that ability and industry can produce may be expected. -To this great _National object_, THE TIMES will be most sedulously -attentive, most accurately correct, and strictly impartial in its -_reports_.’ - -The early career of the _Times_ was not all prosperity, and Mr. -Walter was soon taught a practical lesson in keeping his pen within -due bounds, for, on July 11th, 1788, he was tried for two libellous -paragraphs published in the _Times_, reflecting on the characters -of the Duke of York, Gloucester, and Cumberland, stating them to be -‘insincere’ in their profession of joy at his Majesty’s recovery. It -might have been an absolute fact, but it was impolitic to print it, and -so he found it, for a jury found him guilty. - -He came up for judgment at the King’s Bench on the 23rd of November -next, when he was sentenced by the Court to pay a fine of fifty pounds, -to be imprisoned twelve months in Newgate, to stand in the pillory at -Charing Cross, when his punishment should have come to an end, and to -find security for his good behaviour. - -He seems to have ridden a-tilt at all the royal princes, for we next -hear of him under date of 3rd of February, 1790, being brought from -Newgate to the Court of King’s Bench to receive sentence for the -following libels: - -For charging their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales and Duke of -York with having demeaned themselves so as to incur the displeasure -of his Majesty. This, doubtless, was strictly true, but it cost the -luckless Walter one hundred pounds as a fine, and another twelve -months’ imprisonment in Newgate. - -This, however, was not all; he was arraigned on another indictment -for asserting that His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence returned -from his station without leave of the Admiralty, or of his commanding -officer, and for this he was found guilty, and sentenced to pay another -hundred pounds. - -Whether he made due submission, or had powerful friends to assist him, -I know not,--but it is said that it was at the request of the Prince of -Wales--at all events, he received the king’s pardon, and was released -from confinement on 7th of March, 1791, after which time he never wrote -about the king’s sons in a way likely to bring him within the grip of -the Law. - -From time to time we get little _avisos_ as to the progress of the -paper, for John Walter was not one of those who hide their light -under a bushel. Contrast the printing power then with the magnificent -‘Walter’ machines of the present day, which, in their turn, will -assuredly be superseded by some greater improvement. - -The _Times_, 7th of February, 1794. ‘The Proprietors have for some -time past been engaged in making alterations which they trust will be -adequate to remedy the inconvenience of the late delivery complained -of; and after Monday next the TIMES will be worked off with three -Presses, and occasionally with four, instead of TWO, as is done in -all other Printing-offices, by which mode two hours will be saved -in printing the Paper, which, notwithstanding the lateness of the -delivery, is now upwards of FOUR THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED in sale, daily.’ - -The following statement is curious, as showing us some of the interior -economy of the newspaper in its early days. From the _Times_, April 19, -1794: - - -‘TO THE PUBLIC. - -‘It is with very great regret that the Proprietors of this Paper, -in Common with those of other Newspapers, find themselves obliged to -increase the daily price of it ONE HALFPENNY, a measure which they have -been forced to adopt in consequence of the Tax laid by the _Minister_ -on _Paper_, during the present Session of Parliament, and which took -place on the 5th instant. - -‘While the Bill was still pending, we not only stated in our Newspaper, -but the Minister was himself informed by a Committee of Proprietors, -that the new Duty would be so extremely oppressive as to amount to a -necessity of raising the price, which it was not only their earnest -Wish, but also their Interest, to avoid. The Bill, however, passed, -after a long consideration and delay occasioned by the great doubts -that were entertained of its efficacy. We wish a still longer time -had been taken to consider it; for we entertain the same opinion as -formerly, that the late Duty on Paper will not be productive to the -Revenue, while it is extremely injurious to a particular class of -Individuals, whose property was very heavily taxed before. - -‘In fact, it amounts either to a Prohibition of printing a Newspaper at -the present price, or obliges the Proprietors to advance it. There is -no option left; the price of Paper is now so high that the Proprietors -have no longer an interest to render their sale extensive, as far as -regards the profits of a large circulation. The more they sell at the -present price, the more they will lose; to us alone the _Advance_ on -Paper will make a difference of £1,200 sterling per Annum more than it -formerly cost us--a sum which the Public must be convinced neither can, -nor ought to be afforded by any Property of the limited nature of a -Newspaper, the profits on the sale of which are precisely as follows: - - -‘SALE. - - 2,000 Newspapers sold to the Newshawkers at 3½d., with a - further deduction of allowing them a Paper in every Quire - of 24 £26 18 6. - - - ‘COST OF 2,000 PAPERS. - - - A Bundle of Paper containing 2,000 Half-sheets, or 2,000 Newspapers - at Four Guineas per Bundle, which is the price it will - be sold at under the new Duty is £4 4 0. - - £4 4 0 £26 18 6 - 2,000 Stamps at 2d., deducting discount 16 0 0 20 4 0 - ------- - Profits £6 14 6 - ======= - -‘This is the whole Profit on the sale of two thousand Newspapers, out -of which is to be deducted the charges of printing a Newspaper (which, -on account of the Rise in Printers’ Wages last year, is £100 a year -more than it ever was before), the charges of Rent, Taxes, Coals, -Candles (which are very high in every Printing-office), Clerks, general -Superintendance, Editing, Parliamentary and Law Reports, and, above -all, the Expenses of FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE, which, under the present -difficulties of obtaining it, and the different Channels which must -be employed to secure a regular and uninterrupted Communication, is -immense. If this Paper is in high estimation, surely the Proprietors -ought to receive the advantage of their success, and not the Revenue, -which already monopolises such an immense income from this property, no -less than to the amount of £14,000 sterling during last year only. We -trust that these reasons will have sufficient weight with the Public -to excuse us when we announce, though with very great regret, that on -Monday next the price of this Paper will be _Fourpence Halfpenny_.’ - -Occasionally, the proprietor fell foul of his neighbours; vide the -_Times_, November 16, 1795: - -‘All the abuse so lavishly bestowed on this Paper by other Public -Prints, seems as if designed to betray, that in proportion as our sale -is _good_, it is _bad_ TIMES with them.’ - -In the early part of 1797, Pitt proposed, among other methods of -augmenting the revenue, an additional stamp of three halfpence on every -newspaper. The _Times_, April 28, 1797, groaned over it thus: - -‘The present daily sale of the TIMES is known to be between four and -five thousand Newspapers. For the sake of perspicuity, we will make our -calculation on four thousand only, and it will hold good in proportion -to every other Paper. - -‘The Newsvendors are now allowed by the Proprietors of every Newspaper -two sheets in every quire, viz., twenty-six for every twenty-four -Papers sold. The stamp duty on two Papers in every quire in four -thousand Papers daily at the old Duty of 2d., amounts to £780 a year, -besides the value of the Paper. An additional Duty of 1½d. will -occasion a further loss of £585 in this one instance only, for which -there is not, according to Mr. PITT’S view of the subject, to be the -smallest remuneration to the Proprietors. Is it possible that anything -can be so unjust? If the Minister persists in his proposed plan, it -will be impossible for Newspapers to be sold at a lower rate than -sixpence halfpenny per Paper.’ - -Pitt, of course, carried out his financial plan, and the newspapers had -to grin, and bear it as best they could--the weaker going to the wall, -as may be seen by the following notices which appeared in the _Times_, -July 5: - - -‘TO THE PUBLIC. - -‘We think it proper to remind our Readers and the Public at large that, -in consequence of the heavy additional Duty of Three Half-pence imposed -on every Newspaper, by a late Act of Parliament, which begins to have -effect from and after this day, the Proprietors are placed in the very -unpleasant position of being compelled to raise the price of their -Newspapers to the amount of the said Duty. To the Proprietors of this -Paper it will prove a very considerable diminution of the fair profits -of the Trade; they will not, however, withdraw in the smallest degree -any part of the Expenses which they employ in rendering the TIMES an -Intelligent and Entertaining source of Information: and they trust with -confidence that the Public will bestow on it the same liberal and kind -Patronage which they have shown for many years past; and for which the -Proprietors have to offer sentiments of sincere gratitude. From this -day, the price of every Newspaper will be Sixpence.’ - -July 19, 1797. ‘Some of the COUNTRY NEWSPAPERS have actually given up -the Trade, rather than stand the risk of the late enormous heavy Duty: -many others have advertised them for Sale: some of those printed in -Town must soon do the like, for the fair profits of Trade have been so -curtailed, that no Paper can stand the loss without having a very large -proportion of Advertisements. We have very little doubt but that, so -far from Mr. Pitt’s calculation of a profit of £114,000 sterling by the -New Tax on Newspapers, the Duty, the same as on WINE, will fall very -short of the original Revenue.’ - -July 13, 1797. ‘As a proof of the diminution in the general sale of -Newspapers since the last impolitic Tax laid on them, we have to -observe, as one instance, that the number of Newspapers sent through -the General Post Office on Monday the 3rd instant, was 24,700, and on -Monday last, only 16,800, a falling off of nearly _one-third_.’ - -Once again we find John Walter falling foul of a contemporary--and -indulging in editorial amenities. - -July 2, 1798. ‘The _Morning Herald_ has, no doubt, acted from _very -prudent motives_ in declining to state any circumstances respecting -its sale. All that we hope and expect, in future, is--that it will not -attempt to injure this Paper by insinuating that it was in a declining -state; an assertion which it knows to be false, and which will be taken -notice of in a different way if repeated. The _Morning Herald_ is at -liberty to make any other comments it pleases.’ - -Have the _Daily Telegraph_ and the _Standard_ copied from John Walter, -when they give public notice that their circulation is so-and-so, as -is vouched for by a respectable accountant? It would seem so, for this -notice appeared in the _Times_: - - * * * * * - -‘We have subjoined an Affidavit sworn yesterday before a Magistrate of -the City, as to the present sale of the TIMES. - -‘“We, C. Bentley and G. Burroughs, Pressmen of the _Times_, do make -Oath, and declare, That the number printed of the _Times_ Paper for the -last two months, has never been, on any one day, below 3 thousand, and -has fluctuated from that number to three thousand three hundred and -fifty.” - -‘And, in order to avoid every subterfuge, I moreover attest, That the -above Papers of the TIMES were paid for to me, previous to their being -taken by the Newsmen from the Office, with the exception of about a -dozen Papers each morning which are spoiled in Printing. - - ‘J. BONSOR, Publisher. - - ‘Sworn before me December 31, 1798. - - ‘W. CURTIS.’ - -From this time the career of the _Times_ seems to have been prosperous, -for we read, January 1, 1799, - - -‘THE NEW YEAR. - -‘The New Year finds the TIMES in the same situation which it has -invariably enjoyed during a long period of public approbation. It -still continues to maintain its character among the Morning Papers, as -the most considerable in point of sale, as of general dependence with -respect to information, and as proceeding on the general principles of -the British Constitution. While we thus proudly declare our possession -of the public favour, we beg leave to express our grateful sense of the -unexampled patronage we have derived from it.’ - -Mr. John Walter was never conspicuous for his modesty, and its absence -is fully shown in the preceding and succeeding examples (January 1, -1800): - -‘It is always with satisfaction that we avail ourselves of the return -of the present Season to acknowledge our sense of the obligation we lay -under to the Public, for the very liberal Patronage with which they -have honoured the TIMES, during many years; a constancy of favour, -which, we believe, has never before distinguished any Newspaper, and -for which the Proprietors cannot sufficiently express their most -grateful thanks. - -‘This Favour is too valuable and too honourable to excite no envy in -contemporary Prints, whose frequent habit it is to express it by the -grossest calumnies and abuse. The Public, we believe, has done them -ample justice, and applauded the contempt with which it is our practice -to receive them.’ - -As this self-gratulatory notice brings us down to the last year of -the eighteenth century, I close this notice of ‘The _Times_ and its -Founder.’ John Walter died at Teddington, Middlesex, on the 26th of -January, 1812. - - - - -IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT. - - -Imprisonment for debt has long ceased to exist in England; debtors now -only suffering incarceration for contempt of Court: that is to say, -that the judge has satisfied himself that the debtor has the means to -pay, and will not. But, in the eighteenth century, it was a fearful -fact, and many languished in prison for life, for most trifling sums. -Of course, there were debtors _and_ debtors. If a man had money or -friends, much might be done to mitigate his position; he might even -live outside the prison, in the Rules, as they were called, a limited -district surrounding the prison; but for this advantage he must find -substantial bail--enough to cover his debt and fees. But the friendless -poor debtor had a very hard lot, subsisting on charity, going, in turn, -to beg of passers-by for a coin, however small, rattling a box to call -attention, and dolorously repeating, ‘Remember the poor prisoners.’ - -There were many debtors’ prisons, and one of the principal, the Fleet, -was over-crowded; in fact, they all were full. Newgate, the Marshalsea, -the Gate House, Westminster, the Queen’s Bench, the Fleet, Ludgate, -Whitecross Street, Whitechapel, and a peculiar one belonging to St. -Katharine’s (where are now the docks). - -Arrest for debt was very prompt; a writ was taken out, and no poor -debtor dare stir out without walking ‘beard on shoulder,’ dreading -a bailiff in every passer-by. The profession of bailiff was not an -honoured one, and, probably, the best men did not enter it; but they -had to be men of keen wit and ready resource, for they had equally -keen wits, sharpened by the dread of capture, pitted against them. -Some rose to eminence in their profession, and as, occasionally, there -is a humorous side even to misery, I will tell a few stories of their -exploits. As I am not inventing them, and am too honest to pass off -another man’s work as my own, I prefer telling the stories in the -quaint language in which I find them. - -‘_Abram Wood_ had a Writ against an _Engraver_, who kept a House -opposite to _Long Acre_ in _Drury Lane_, and having been several times -to serve it, but could never light on the Man, because he work’d at -his business above Stairs, as not daring to shew his Head for fear of -being arrested, for he owed a great deal of Money, Mr. _Bum_ was in -a Resolution of spending no more Time over him; till, shortly after, -hearing that one _Tom Sharp_, a House-breaker, was to be hang’d at -the end of _Long Acre_, for murdering a Watchman, he and his Follower -dress’d themselves like Carpenters, having Leather Aprons on, and Rules -tuck’d in at the Apron Strings: then going early the morning or two -before the Malefactor was to be executed, to the place appointed for -Execution, they there began to pull out their Rules, and were very -busie in marking out the Ground where they thought best for erecting -the Gibbet. This drew several of the Housekeepers about ’em presently, -and among the rest the _Engraver_, who, out of a selfish humour of -thinking he might make somewhat the more by People standing in his -House to see the Execution, in Case this Gibbet was near it, gave -_Abram_ a Crown, saying, - -‘“_I’ll give you a Crown more if you’ll put the Gibbet hereabouts_;” at -the same time pointing where he would have it. - -‘Quoth _Abram_: “_We must put it fronting exactly up_ Long Acre; -_besides, could I put it nearer your door, I should require more Money -than you propose, even as much as this_” (at the same time pulling it -out of his pocket) “_Writ requires, which is twenty-five Pounds._” So, -taking his prisoner away, who could not give in Bail to the Action, he -was carried to Jayl, without seeing _Tom Sharp_ executed.’ - - * * * * * - -‘_William Browne_ had an Action given him against one _Mark Blowen_, -a Butcher, who, being much in debt, was never at his Stall, except on -_Saturdays_, and then not properly neither, for the opposite side of -the way to his Shop being in the Duchy Liberty[44] (with the Bailiff -whereof he kept in Fee) a Bailiff of the Marshal’s Court could not -arrest him. From hence he could call to his Wife and Customers as there -was occasion; and there could _Browne_ once a week see his Prey, but -durst not meddle with him. Many a Saturday his Mouth watered at him; -but one Saturday above the rest, _Browne_, stooping for a Purse, as if -he found it, just by his Stall, and pulling five or six guineas out of -it, the Butcher’s Wife cry’d “Halves;” his Follower, who was at some -little distance behind him, cry’d out, “Halves” too. - -‘_Browne_ refused Halves to either, whereupon they both took hold of -him, the Woman swearing it was found by her Stall, therefore she would -have half; and the Follower saying, As he saw it as soon t’other, he -would have a Share of it too, or he would acquaint the Lord of the -Mannor with it. _Mark Blowen_, in the meantime, seeing his Wife and -another pulling and haling the Man about, whom he did not suspect to be -a Bailiff, asked, “What’s the Matter?” His wife telling him the Man had -found a Purse with Gold in it by her Stall, and therefore she thought -it nothing but Justice but she ought to have some of it. - -“‘_Ay ay_,” (quoth the Butcher), “_and nothing but Reason, Wife_.” - -‘So, coming from his privileged side of the Way, he takes hold of -_Browne_ too, bidding his Wife look after the Shop, for he would take -care of him before they parted. - -‘_Browne_, being thus hemm’d in by his Follower and the Butcher, quoth -he: - -‘“_Look’ee here, Gentlemen, I have Six Guineas here, ’tis true, but, -if I should give you one half of it, why, then there is but a quarter -Share of the other two._” - -‘“_No, no_”, (replyed they), “_we’ll have Man and Man alike, which is -Two Guineas apiece_.” - -‘“_Well_,” (quoth Browne), “_if it must be so, I’m contented; but, -then, I’ll tell you what, I’ll have the odd Eighteen Pence spent_.” - -‘“_With all my heart_,” said Blowen. “_We’ll never make a dry Bargain -on’t._” - -‘They are all agreed, and _Browne_ leads them up to the _Blackmore’s -Head_ Alehouse, in _Exeter Street_, where a couple of Fowls are -ordered to be laid down, and Stout and Ale is called for by wholesale. -At last they went to Dinner, and, afterwards, _Browne_, changing his -Six Guineas for Silver, gave his Follower (to carry on the jest) Forty -Shillings, and put the rest in his pocket. _Mark Blowen_, seeing that, -began to look surly, and asked for his Share. - -‘Said _Browne_: “_What Share, friend?_” - -‘Quoth _Mark Blowen_: “_Forty Shillings, as you gave this Man here._” - -‘_Browne_ reply’d: “_Why, truly, Sir, I shall have an urgent Occasion -to Night for what Sum I have about me, and if you’ll be pleas’d to lend -me your Share but till_ Monday _Morning, I’ll come and pay you then at -this House without fail, and return you, with infinite thanks, for the -Favour._” - -‘Quoth _Mark_ (who was a blundering, rustical sort of a Fellow): -“_D---- me, Sir, don’t think to Tongue-Pad me out of my Due. I’ll have -my Share now, or else he that’s the best Man here of us three shall -have it all, win it, and wear it._” - -‘“_Pray, Sir_,” (said _Browne_), “_don’t be in this Passion. I’ll leave -you a sufficient Pledge for it till_ Monday.” - -‘Quoth _Mark_: “_Let’s see it._” - -‘Hereupon _Browne_ pulls out his Tip-Staff, and lays it on the Table; -but the Butcher, not liking the Complexion of it, began to be moving, -when the Follower, laying Hands on him, they arrested him in an Action -of Eighteen Pounds, and carried him to the _Marshalsea_, where, after a -Confinement of Nine Months, he ended his Days.’ - -There is another famous bailiff on record, named Jacob Broad; and -of him it is narrated that, ‘being employed to arrest a Justice of -the Peace living near _Uxbridge_, he went down there very often, -and had us’d several Stratagems to take him, but, his Worship being -very cautious in conversing with any of _Jacob’s_ Fraternity, his -Contrivances to nap him prov’d always abortive. However, a great deal -of Money was proffer’d by the Creditor to take the worshipful Debtor; -so one Day _Jacob_, with a couple of his Followers, took a Journey in -the Country, and, being near the end of their Journey, _Jacob_ alights, -and flings his Bridle, Saddle, and Boots into a Thick Hedge, and then -puts a Fetlock[45] on his Horse. The Followers tramp’d it a-foot, to -one of whom giving the Horse, he leads it to a Smith at _Uxbridge_, -and, telling him he had lost the Key of the Fetlock, he desir’d him -to unlock it, whilst he went to a neighbouring Alehouse, where he -would give him a Pot or two of Drink for his Pains. Accordingly the -Smith unlockt it, and carried the Horse to the Alehouse; and, after he -had drank Part of half-a-dozen of Drink, return’d to his Work again. -Shortly after, came the other Follower to the Smith, inquiring if he -did not see such a Horse come by that way, describing at the same time -the Colour and Marks of it, and how his Master had lost him out of his -Grounds that Morning. The Smith reply’d, that such a Horse was brought -to him but a little before, to have a Fetlock taken off, and that he -did imagine the Fellow to be a Rogue that had him; but, however, he -believ’d he was still at such an Alehouse hard by, and might be there -apprehended. Hereupon the Smith and Follower went to the Alehouse, -where they found the Horse standing at the Door, and the other Follower -in the House, whom they call’d a thousand Rogues, and charg’d with a -Constable for a Thief. In the meantime, came _Jacob Broad_, who own’d -the Horse to be his, and the Town-People, being all in a hurly-burly, -they carried him before the Justice whom _Jacob_ wanted; but no sooner -were _Jacob_, the supposed Thief, and the other Follower entered the -House, but charging the Constable to keep the Peace, they arrested his -Worship, and brought him forthwith to _London_, where he was forc’d -to pay the Debt of two hundred and thirty-four Pounds before he could -reach home again.’ - -Another story is related of Jacob Broad. - -‘A certain Gentleman who liv’d at _Hackney_, and had been a Collector -of the late Queen’s Duties, but cheated her of several thousands of -Pounds, goes home, and pretends himself sick. Upon this he keeps his -Bed, and, after a Fortnight’s pretended Illness, it was given out that -he was Dead. Great preparations were then made for his Funeral. His -Coffin, which was filled with Bricks and Saw-Dust, was covered with -black Velvet, and his Wife, and Six Sons and Daughters, all in deep -Mourning, follow’d it to the Grave, which was made in St. _John’s_ -Church, at _Hackney_. This sham Funeral was so well carried on, that -all the People of the Town would have sworn the Collector was really -Dead. About a Week after his supposed Interment, _Jacob Broad_ had -an Action of one hundred and fifty Pounds against him. He went to -_Hackney_ to serve the Writ, but, enquiring after the Person he was to -arrest, and being told that he was dead and buried, he return’d home -again. - -‘About Seven Years afterwards, the Creditor being certainly inform’d -that the Collector was alive and well in his own House, he employed -_Jacob_ again to arrest him, and accordingly he and another went to -execute the Writ. _Jacob_ planted himself in an Alehouse adjacent to -the long-supposed Deceased’s Habitation, and, while his Aid-de-Camp, -or Follower, was doing something else, he told a Woman, coming by with -a great Load of Turnips on her Head, that the People of such a House -wanted some, which was the House where the Seven Years dead Man dwelt. -She went forthwith and knockt at the Door, which was open’d to let -her in, and the Follower, who was close at her Heels, rush’d in after -her, and ran into a Back Parlour, where he saw the Person (according -to the Description of him) whom he wanted sitting by the Fire Side. -It happening then to be a festival Day, for the Entertainment of the -Collector’s Children, and Grand Children, the Table was spread with -Variety of Dainties; the Follower leapt over the Table, overthrowing -the Viands on it, and laying hold of the Prisoner, all their Mirth was -spoilt at once. In the mean Time came _Jacob Broad_, and, taking out -the supposed dead Man, he seem’d to be overjoy’d at his Resurrection -from a Seven Years’ Confinement and for tasting the fresh Air. _Jacob_ -brings him to _London_, whence he remov’d himself by a Writ of _Habeas -Corpus_ to the King’s Bench Prison in _Southwark_, where he died again -in a Week’s time, for he was never heard of till he was seen about -Three Years after in _Denmark_. - -‘_Jacob Broad_ was always very happy in having Followers as acute -as himself in any sort of Roguery, especially one _Andrew Vaughan_, -afterwards a Bailiff himself on Saffron Hill, and one _Volly Vance_, -otherwise call’d _Glym Jack_ from his having been a Moon Curser,[46] -or Link Boy ... From a Link Boy _Glym Jack_ came to be _Jacob Broad’s_ -Follower, who, together with _Andrew Vaughan_, he once took into the -Country along with him to arrest a Justice of Peace, who was one of the -shyest cocks that ever _Jacob_ had to take by Stratagem. In order to -accomplish this Undertaking, _Jacob_, _Andrew_, and _Glym Jack_ were -very well drest in Apparel, and mounted on good Geldings, having fine -Hangers on their Sides, and Pistols in their Holsters, beside Pocket -Pops sticking in their Bosoms. Being thus accoutred they rid into an -Inn in the Town where the Justice of Peace they wanted dwelt, and, -putting up their Horses, they ask’d the Landlord for a private Room, -which, being accommodated with, they refresh’d themselves with a good -Dinner, and afterwards set to play. - -‘Whilst they were shaking their Elbows at 7 or 11 nick it, a great -deal of Money and three or four Watches lying on the Table, when at -last one of ’em cry’d, this Watch is my Snack, for I’m sure I first -attackt the Gentleman from whom we took it; another swore such a Purse -of Gold was his, which they had taken that Morning from a Gentlewoman, -and, in short, everyone of ’em was swearing such a Prize was his, all -which the Landlord (who listened at the Door) overhearing, thought to -himself they were all Highwaymen. Hereupon he goes and acquaints the -shy Justice of Peace with the matter, who ask’d _If he were sure they -were Rogues_. - -‘“_Nothing,_” (quoth the Innkeeper), “_is more certain, for they are -all arm’d with more Pistols than ordinary,_ _swearing, damning, -cursing, and sinking every Word they speak, and falling out about -dividing their Booty.”_ - -‘“_Ay, ay_,” (reply’d the Justice), “_they are then certainly -Highwaymen_,” and so order’d him to secure them. - -‘The Innholder went for a Constable, who, with a great many Rusticks, -arm’d with Pitch Forks, long Poles, and other Country Weapons, went -with the Landlord to the Inn, suddenly rush’d into the Room, and -surpriz’d _Jacob_ and his Followers, with Money and Watches lying -before them. - -‘“_So_,” (says the Constable), “_pretty Gentlemen, are not ye, that -honest people can’t travel the Country without being robb’d by such -villains as you are?--Well_,” (quoth the Constable to _Jacob_), -“_what’s your Name?_” - -‘His answer was _Sice-Ace_.[47] - -‘“_A fine Rogue, indeed!_” said the Constable, at the same time asking -_Andrew_ his Name, whose answer was, - -‘“_Cinque-Duce_.” - -‘“_Another Rogue in Grain!_” quoth the Constable; and then ask’d _Glym -Jack_ what his Name was, who reply’d, - -‘“_Quater-Tray_.” - -‘“_Rogues! Rogues all!_” said the Constable; “_ay, worse than all, they -are mear Infidels, Heathens, for I never heard such names before in a -Christian Country. Come, Neighbours, bring ’em away before Mr. Justice, -his Worship will soon make them change their Notes._” - -‘Accordingly the Rusticks haled them along the Town to his Worship’s -House, into which they were no sooner enter’d but he began to revile -_Jacob_ and his Brethren for Highwaymen, and asking them their Names, -they still were in the same Tone of _Sice-Ace_, _Cinque-Duce_, and -_Quater-Tray_, at which the Justice, lifting up his Hands and Eyes to -the Ceiling, cry’d out, _Such audacious Rogues as these were never seen -before_. - -‘“_Here, Tom,_” (quoth his Worship to his Clerk), “_write their_ -Mittimus, _for I will send them everyone to_ Newgate.” - -‘Whilst their Commitment was writing, _Jacob_ pulls a Bit of Parchment -out of his Pocket, and, asking the Constable if he could read it, he -put on his Spectacles, and posing and mumbling over it a Minute or two, -said, - -‘“_I cannot tell what to make of it. It is Latin, I think._” - -‘“_Well, then,_” (quoth Jacob), “_I’ll tell you what it is, it is the -King’s Process against this Gentleman that is going to commit us to_ -Newgate; _therefore, in my Execution of it, I require you, as you are a -Constable, to keep the Peace._” - -‘This turn of the Dice made the Magistrate, the Peace Officer, and all -the Rusticks stare at one another as if they were out of their Senses. -However, _Jacob_ brought his Prisoner to _London_, and oblig’d him to -make Satisfaction before he got out of his Clutches.’ - -The above anecdotes illustrate the humorous side of a bailiff’s life, -but sometimes they met with very rough treatment, nay, were even -killed. On the 4th of August, 1722, a bailiff named Boyce was killed -by a blacksmith, who ran a red-hot iron into him; and the book I have -quoted from thus speaks of bailiffs as ‘such Villains, whose Clan is -suppos’d to descend from the cursed Seed of _Ham_, and therefore -stinks in the Nostrils of all honest Men. Some of them have been paid -in their own Coyn, for Captain _Bew_ kill’d a Sergeant of one of the -Compters. Shortly after, a Bailiff was kill’d in _Grays-Inn_ Walks; -another Bailiff had his Hand chopt off by a Butcher in _Hungerford_ -Market, in the _Strand_, of which Wound he dyed the next Day, and -another Man kill’d two Bailiffs at once with a couple of Pistols in -_Houghton Street_, by _Clare Market_, for which he was touch’d with a -cold iron[48] at the Sessions House at the _Old Baily_, besides several -others of that detestable Tribe have deservedly suffer’d the same -fate.... - -‘But, by the way, we must take Notice that a Bailiff is Universally -hated by Man, Woman, or Child, who dearly love to see them duckt -(Pick-pocket like) in the _Muse_ Pond,[49] or the cleanly Pond of -the Horse Guards, at _Whitehall_, and sometimes well rinsed at the -_Temple_, or _Grays-Inn_ Pump; and if any of these napping Scoundrels -is taken within the Liberty of the _Mint_, the enraged Inhabitants -of this Place tye him fast with Ropes in a Wheelbarrow; then they -trundle him about the Streets, with great Shouts and Huzzas.... After -he is convey’d in the like Order to a stinking Ditch, near _St. -George’s_ Fields, where he is plunged over Head and Ears, _à la mode -de Pickpocket_; and then, to finish the Procession, he is solemnly -convey’d to a Pump, according to the antient Custom of the Place, -where he is sufficiently drench’d for all his dirty Doings.’ - -This, as I have said, shows the humorous side of imprisonment for -debt. An unimpeachable and veracious authority, one who only gave dry -statistics, and did not draw upon his imagination for his facts, was -John Howard, the philanthropist, who published, in 1777, ‘The State of -the Prisons in England and Wales.’ From his report we learn that the -allowance to debtors was a penny loaf a day--and when we consider that, -during the French war, bread at one time rose to a price equivalent -to our half-crown per quartern loaf, it could hardly be called a -sufficient diet. But the City of London, generous then, as ever, -supplemented this with a daily (? weekly) supply of sixteen stone, or -one hundred and twenty-eight pounds, of beef, which, as Howard gives -the average of debtors in two years (1775-6) at thirty-eight, would -be more than ample for their needs--and there were other charities -amounting to fifty or sixty pounds a year--but, before they were -discharged, they were compelled to pay the keeper a fee of eight -shillings and tenpence. - -In the Fleet Prison they had no allowance, but, if they made an -affidavit that they were not worth five pounds, and could not subsist -without charity, they had divided amongst them the proceeds of the -begging-box and grate, and the donations which were sent to the prison. -Of these, Howard says, at the time of his visit, there were seventeen. -But the other prisoners who had any money had every facility afforded -them to spend it. There was a tap, at which they could purchase -whatever liquor they required; there was a billiard-table, and, in the -yard, they could play at skittles, Mississippi, fives, tennis, &c. -On Monday nights there was a wine club, and on Thursday nights a beer -club, both of which usually lasted until one or two in the morning; and -pretty scenes of riot and drunkenness took place. The prisoners were -allowed to have their wives and children to live with them. - -Ludgate had ceased to exist, and the debtors were transferred to New -Ludgate, in Bishopsgate Street. It was a comparatively aristocratic -debtors’ prison, for it was only for debtors who were free of the City, -for clergymen, proctors, and attorneys. Here, again, the generosity -of the City stepped in; and, for an average number of prisoners of -twenty-five, ten stone, or eighty pounds of beef, were given weekly, -together with a daily penny loaf for each prisoner. The lord mayor and -sheriffs sent them coals, and Messrs. Calvert, the brewers, sent weekly -two barrels of small beer, besides which, there were some bequests. - -The Poultry Compter was in the hands of a keeper who had bought the -place for life, and was so crowded that some of the prisoners had to -sleep on shelves over the others, and neither straw nor bedding was -allowed them. The City gave a penny loaf daily to the prisoners, and -remitted for their benefit the rent of thirty pounds annually; the -Calverts also sent them beer. At Howard’s visits, eight men had their -wives and children with them. - -Wood Street Compter was not a pleasant abode, for Howard says the place -swarmed with bugs. There were thirty-nine debtors, and their allowance -was a daily penny loaf from the City, two barrels of beer weekly from -the Calverts; the sheriffs gave them thirty-two pounds of beef on -Saturdays, and for some years a benevolent baker sent them, weekly, a -large leg and shin of beef. - -At Whitechapel was a prison for debtors, in the liberty and manor of -Stepney and Hackney, but it was only for very small debtors, those -owing above two pounds, and under five. Howard’s story of this prison -is a very sad one, the occupants being so very poor: - -‘The Master’s-side Prisoners have four sizeable chambers fronting the -road--_i.e._, two on each storey. They pay two shillings and sixpence a -week, and lie two in a bed; two beds in a room. The Common-side Debtors -are in two long rooms in the Court Yard, near the Tap-room. Men in one -room, women in the other: the Court Yard in common. They hang out a -begging-box from a little closet in the front of the House, and attend -it in turn. It brings them only a few pence a day, and of this pittance -none partake but those who, at entrance, have paid the keeper two -shillings and sixpence, and treated the Prisoners with half a gallon of -beer. The last time I was there, no more than three had purchased this -privilege.... - -‘At my first visit there were, on the Common-side, two Prisoners in -Hammocks, sick and very poor. No chaplain. A compassionate Man, who -is not a regular Clergyman, sometimes preaches to them on Sunday, and -gives them some small relief. Lady Townsend sends a Guinea twice a -year, which her Servant distributes equally among the Prisoners. - -‘As Debtors here are generally very poor, I was surprised to see, -once, ten or twelve noisy men at skittles; but the Turnkey said they -were only visitants. I found they were admitted here as at another -public-house. No Prisoners were at play with them.’ - -At St. Catherine’s, without the Tower, was another small debtors’ -prison. This parish was a ‘_peculiar_,’ the Bishop of London having no -jurisdiction over it, and the place was under the especial patronage -of the Queens of England ever since the time of Matilda, the wife -of Stephen, who founded a hospital there, now removed to Regent’s -Park. It was a wonderful little parish, for there people could take -sanctuary--and there also were tried civil and ecclesiastical cases. -Howard says that the prison for debtors had been rebuilt seven years -before he wrote. It was a small house of two storeys; two rooms on -a floor. In April, 1774, there was a keeper, but no prisoners. ‘I -have since called two or three times, and always found the House -uninhabited.’ - -No notice of debtors’ prisons would be complete without mention of the -King’s Bench, which was in Southwark. Howard reports: - -‘The Prisoners are numerous. At more than one of my visits, some had -the Small Pox. It was so crowded this last summer, that a Prisoner paid -five shillings a week for half a bed, and many lay in the chapel. In -May, 1766, the number of Prisoners within the Walls was three hundred -and ninety-five, and, by an accurate list which I procured, their wives -(including a few only called so) were two hundred and seventy-nine, -children seven hundred and twenty-five--total, one thousand and four; -about two-thirds of these were in the Prison.’ - -The prisoners had, as in the Fleet, their weekly wine and beer clubs, -and they also indulged in similar outdoor sports. The Marshalsea and -Horsemonger Lane gaol complete the list of London debtors’ prisons. - -Howard’s description of the county prisons is something appalling. -Gaol-fever, distemper, or small-pox being recorded against most of -them. At Chelmsford there had been no divine service for above a year -past, except to condemned criminals. At Warwick the debtors’ common -day-room was the hall, which was also used as a chapel. At Derby a -person went about the country, at Christmas-time, to gentlemen’s -houses, and begged for the benefit of the debtors. The donations were -entered in a book, and signed by each donor. About fourteen pounds were -generally collected in this manner. - -Chesterfield gaol was the property of the Duke of Portland, and Howard -describes it thus: - -‘Only one room, with a cellar under it, to which the Prisoners -occasionally descend through a hole in the floor. The cellar had not -been cleaned for many months. The Prison door had not been opened for -several weeks, when I was there first. There were four Prisoners, who -told me they were almost starved; one of them said, with tears in his -eyes, “he had not eaten a morsel that day,”--it was afternoon. They -had borrowed a book of Dr. Manton’s; one of them was reading it to the -rest. Each of them had a wife, and they had, in the whole, thirteen -children, cast on their respective parishes. Two had their groats from -the Creditors, and out of that pittance they relieved the other two. -No allowance: no straw: no firing: water a halfpenny for about three -gallons, put in (as other things are) at the window. Gaoler lives -distant.’ - -At Salisbury gaol, just outside the prison gate, a round staple was -fixed in the wall, through which was passed a chain, at each end of -which was a debtor padlocked by the leg, who offered for sale to -the passers-by, nets, laces, purses, etc., made in the prison. At -Knaresborough the debtors’ prison is thus described: - -‘Of difficult access; the door about four feet from the ground. Only -one room, about fourteen feet by twelve. Earth floor: no fireplace: -very offensive: a common sewer from the town running through it -uncovered. I was informed that an Officer confined here some years -since, for only a few days, took in with him a dog to defend him from -vermin; but the dog was soon destroyed, and the Prisoner’s face much -disfigured by them.’ - -The gaolers were not always the most gentle of men, as may be seen by -the trial of one Acton, deputy-keeper and turnkey of the Marshalsea, -for the murder of a prisoner named Thomas Bliss. The indictment will -briefly tell the story: - -‘That the said _William Acton_, being Deputy Keeper, under _John -Darby_, of the said prison, being a person of inhuman and cruel -disposition, did, on the 21st of October, in the Year of our Lord, -1726, cruelly, barbarously, and feloniously Beat, Assault, and Wound -the said _Thomas Bliss_ in the said Prison, _viz._, in the Parish of -Saint George’s-in-the-Fields, in the Borough of _Southwark_, in the -County of _Surrey_, and did put Irons and Fetters of great and immense -weight upon his legs, and an Iron Instrument, and Engine of Torture, -upon the Head of the said _Thomas Bliss_, called the Scull-cap, and -also Thumb-screws upon his Thumbs; and the said _Thomas Bliss_ was -so wounded, fettered, tortured and tormented in the Strong Room of -the said Prison (which is a dangerous, damp, noisome, filthy, and -unwholesome place) did put, and him did there detain several days; by -means of which excruciating Tortures, close Confinement, Duress, and -cruel Abuses, the said _Thomas Bliss_ got so ill an Habit of Body, that -he continued in a languishing Condition till the 25th Day of _March_ -following, and then died.’ - -Although the facts of the indictment were fully borne out by the -evidence, the jury acquitted Acton. I should mention that Bliss had -twice attempted to escape from the prison. - -Let us pass to a pleasanter theme, and see what was the inner life of a -debtor’s prison about 1750, the story of which is told in a little book -undated.[50] The foot-notes are taken from the book. - - * * * * * - - Close by the Borders of a slimy Flood, - Which now in secret rumbles through the Mud; - (Tho’ heretofore it roll’d expos’d to light, - Obnoxious to th’ offended City’s Sight).[51] - - Twin Arches now the sable Stream enclose, - Upon whose Basis late a Fabrick rose; - In whose extended oblong Boundaries, } - Are Shops and Sheds, and Stalls of all Degrees, } - For Fruit, Meat, Herbage, Trinkets, Pork and Peas. } - A prudent City Scheme, and kindly meant; - The Town’s oblig’d, their Worships touch the Rent. - Near this commodious Market’s miry Verge, - The Prince of Prisons stands, compact and large; - Where by the Jigger’s[52] more than magick Charm, - Kept from the Power of doing Good--or Harm, - Relenting Captives inly ruminate - Misconduct past, and curse their present State; - Tho’ sorely griev’d, few are so void of Grace, - As not to wear a seeming cheerful face: - In Drink or Sports ungrateful Thoughts must die, - For who can bear Heart-wounding Calumny? - Therefore Cabals engage of various Sorts, - To walk, to drink, or play at different Sports, - Here oblong Table’s verdant Plain, - The ivory Ball bounds and rebounds again[53]; - There at Backgammon two sit _tête-à-tête_, - And curse alternately their adverse fate; - These are at Cribbage, those at Whist engag’d, - And, as they lose, by turns become enrag’d; - Some of more sedentary Temper, read - Chance-medley Books, which duller Dulness breeds; - Or Politick in Coffee-room, some pore - The Papers and Advertisements thrice o’er; - Warm’d with the Alderman,[54] some sit up late, - To fix th’ Insolvent Bill, and Nation’s fate: - Hence, Knotty Points at different Tables rise, - And either Party’s wond’rous, wond’rous wise; - Some of low Taste, ring Hand-Bells, direful Noise! - And interrupt their Fellows’ harmless Joys; - Disputes more noisy now a Quarrel breeds, - And Fools on both Sides fall to Loggerheads; - Till, wearied with persuasive Thumps and Blows, - They drink, are Friends, as tho’ they ne’er were Foes. - Without distinction, intermixed is seen, - A ‘Squire dirty, and Mechanick clean: - The Spendthrift Heir, who in his Chariot roll’d, - All his Possessions gone, Reversions sold, - Now mean, as one profuse, the stupid Sot - Sits by a Runner’s Side,[55] and shules[56] a Pot. - - Some Sots, ill-mannered, drunk, a harmless Flight! - Rant noisy thro’ the Galleries all Night; - For which, if Justice had been done of late, - The Pump[57] had been three pretty Masters’ Fate, - With Stomach’s empty, and Heads full of Care, - Some Wretches swill the Pump, and walk the Bare.[58] - Within whose ample Oval is a Court, } - Where the more Active and Robust resort, } - And glowing, exercise a manly Sport. } - (Strong Exercise with mod’rate Food is good, - It drives in sprightful Streams the circling Blood;) - While these, with Rackets strike the flying Ball, - Some play at Nine-pins, Wrestlers take a Fall; - Beneath a Tent some drink, and some above - Are slily in their Chambers making Love; - Venus and Bacchus each keeps here a Shrine, - And many Vot’ries have to Love and Wine. - - Such the Amusements of this merry Jail, - Which you’ll not reach, if Friends or Money fail; - For e’er it’s threefold Gates it will unfold, - The destin’d Captive must produce some Gold; - Four Guineas at the least for diff’rent Fees, - Compleats your _Habeas_, and commands the Keys; - Which done, and safely in, no more you’re led, - If you have Cash, you’ll find a Friend and Bed; - But, that deficient, you’ll but ill betide, - Lie in the Hall,[59] perhaps on Common Side.[60] - - But now around you gazing Jiggers swarm,[61] - To draw your Picture, that’s their usual Term; - Your Form and Features strictly they survey, - Then leave you (if you can) to run away. - - To them succeeds the Chamberlain, to see } - If you and he are likely to agree; } - Whether you’ll tip,[62] and pay you’re Master’s Fee.[63] } - Ask him how much? ‘Tis one Pound, six, and eight; - And, if you want, he’ll not the Twopence bate; - When paid, he puts on an important Face, - And shows Mount-scoundrel[64] for a charming Place; - You stand astonish’d at the darken’d Hole, - Sighing, the Lord have Mercy on my Soul! - And ask, Have you no other Rooms, Sir, pray? - Perhaps inquire what Rent, too, you’re to pay: - Entreating that he would a better seek; - The Rent (cries gruffly) ‘s Half-a-Crown a Week. - The Rooms have all a Price, some good, some bad, - But pleasant ones, at present, can’t be had; - This Room, in my Opinion’s not amiss; } - Then cross his venal Palm with Half a Piece,[65] } - He strait accosts you with another face. } - - How your Affairs may stand, I do not know; - But here, Sir, Cash does frequently run low. - I’ll serve you--don’t be lavish--only mum! - Take my Advice, I’ll help you to a Chum.[66] - A Gentleman, Sir, see--and hear him speak, - With him you’ll pay but fifteen Pence a Week,[67] - Yet his Apartments on the Upper Floor,[68] - Well-furnished, clean and nice; who’d wish for more? - A Gentleman of Wit and Judgement too! - Who knows the Place,[69] what’s what, and who is who; - My Praise, alas! can’t equal his Deserts; - In brief--you’ll find him, Sir, a Man of Parts. - - Thus, while his fav’rite Friend he recommends, - He compasses at once their several Ends; - The new-come Guest is pleas’d that he shou’d meet - So kind a Chamberlain, a Chum so neat; - But, as conversing thus, they nearer come, - Behold before his Door the destin’d Chum. - Why he stood there, himself you’d scarcely tell, - But there he had not stood had Things gone well; - Had one poor Half-penny but blest his Fob, } - Or if in prospect he had seen a Job, } - H’ had strain’d his Credit for a Dram of Bob.[70] } - But now, in pensive Mood, with Head downcast, - His Eyes transfix’d as tho’ they look’d their last; - One Hand his open Bosom lightly held, - And one an empty Breeches Pocket fill’d; - His Dowlas Shirt no Stock, nor Cravat, bore, - And on his Head, no Hat, nor Wig he wore, - But a once black shag Cap, surcharg’d with Sweat; - His Collar, here a Hole, and there a Pleat, - Both grown alike in Colour, that--alack! - This neither now was White, nor was that Black, - But matched his dirty yellow Beard so true, - They form’d a threefold Cast of Brickdust Hue. - Meagre his Look, and in his nether Jaw - Was stuff’d an eleemosynary Chaw.[71] - (Whose Juice serves present Hunger to asswage, - Which yet returns again with tenfold Rage.) - His Coat, which catch’d the Droppings from his Chin, - Was clos’d, at Bottom, with a Corking Pin; - - * * * * * - - Loose were his Knee-bands, and unty’d his Hose, - Coax’d[72] in the Heel, in pulling o’er his Toes; - Which, spite of all his circumspective Care, - Did thro’ his broken, dirty Shoes appear. - - Just in this hapless Trim, and pensive Plight, - The old Collegian[73] stood confess’d to Sight; - Whom, when our new-come Guest at first beheld, - He started back, with great Amazement fill’d; - Turns to the Chamberlain, says, Bless my Eyes! } - Is this the Man you told me was so nice? } - I meant, his Room was so, Sir, he replies; } - The Man is now in Dishabille and Dirt, - He shaves To-morrow, tho’, and turns his Shirt; - Stand not at Distance, I’ll present you--Come, - My Friend, how is’t? I’ve brought you here a Chum; - One that’s a Gentleman; a worthy Man, - And you’ll oblige me, serve him all you can. - - The Chums salute, the old Collegian first, - Bending his Body almost to the Dust; - Upon his Face unusual Smiles appear, - And long-abandon’d Hope his Spirits cheer; - Thought he, Relief’s at hand, and I shall eat; } - Will you walk in, good Sir, and take a seat? } - We have what’s decent here, though not compleat. } - As for myself, I scandalize the Room, - But you’ll consider, Sir, that I’m at Home; - Tho’ had I thought a Stranger to have seen, - I should have ordered Matters to’ve been clean; - But here, amongst ourselves, we never mind, - Borrow or lend--reciprocally kind; - Regard not Dress, tho’, Sir, I have a Friend - Has Shirts enough, and, if you please, I’ll send. - No Ceremony, Sir,--You give me Pain, - I have a clean Shirt, Sir, but have you twain? - Oh yes, and twain to boot, and those twice told, - Besides, I thank my Stars, a Piece of Gold. - Why then, I’ll be so free, Sir, as to borrow, - I mean a Shirt, Sir--only till To-morrow. - You’re welcome, Sir;--I’m glad you are so free; - Then turns the old Collegian round with Glee, - Whispers the Chamberlain with secret Joy, - We live To-night!--I’m sure he’ll pay his Foy; - Turns to his Chum again with Eagerness, - And thus bespeaks him with his best Address: - - See, Sir, how pleasant, what a Prospect’s there; - Below you see them sporting on the Bare; - Above, the Sun, Moon, Stars, engage the Eye, - And those Abroad can’t see beyond the Sky; - These Rooms are better far than those beneath, - A clearer Light, a sweeter Air we breathe; - A decent Garden does our Window grace - With Plants untainted, undisturb’d the Glass; - In short, Sir, nothing can be well more sweet; - But I forgot--perhaps you chuse to eat, - Tho’, for my Part, I’ve nothing of my own, - To-day I scraped my Yesterday’s Blade-bone; - But we can send--Ay, Sir, with all my Heart, - (Then, very opportunely, enters Smart[74]) - Oh, here’s our Cook, he dresses all Things well; - Will you sup here, or do you chuse the Cell? - There’s mighty good Accommodations there, - Rooms plenty, or a Box in Bartholm’[75] Fair; - There, too, we can divert you, and may show - Some Characters are worth your while to know. - Replies the new Collegian, Nothing more } - I wish to see, be pleas’d to go before; } - And, Smart, provide a handsome Dish for Four. } - - * * * * * - - But I forget; the Stranger and his Chum, - With t’other two, to Barth’lomew Fair are come; - Where, being seated, and the supper past, - They drink so deep, and put about so fast, - That, e’re the warning Watchman walks about, - With dismal tone Repeating, Who goes out?[76] - Ere St. Paul’s Clock no longer will withold - From striking Ten, and the voice cries--All told;[77] - Ere this, our new Companions, everyone - In roaring Mirth and Wine so far were gone, - That ev’ry Sense from ev’ry Part was fled, - And were with Difficulty got to Bed; - Where, in the Morn, recover’d from his Drink, - The new Collegian may have Time to think; - And recollecting how he spent the Night, - Explore his Pockets, and not find a Doit. - - Too thoughtless Man! to lavish thus away - A Week’s support in less than half a Day, - But ’tis a Curse attends this wretched Place, - To pay for dear-bought Wit in little Space, - Till Time shall come when this new Tenant here, - Will in his turn shule for a Pot of Beer, - Repent the melting of his Cash too fast, - And Snap at Strangers for a Night’s Repast. - - - - -JONAS HANWAY. - - -If Jonas Hanway had lived before Fuller, he certainly would have been -enshrined among his ‘Worthies;’ and it is astonishing to find how -comparatively ignorant of him and his works are even well-read men. -Ask one about him, and he will reply that he was a philanthropist, -but he will hardly be able to say in what way he was philanthropic: -ask another, and the reply will be that he was the man who introduced -umbrellas into England--but it is very questionable if he could tell -whence he got the umbrella to introduce. But in his time he was a -man of mark, and his memory deserves more than a short notice in -‘Chalmers,’ the ‘Biographie Universelle,’ or any other biographical -dictionary. - -He was born at Portsmouth on the 12th of August, 1712, in the reign -of ‘good Queen Anne.’ History is silent as to his pedigree, save and -except that his father was connected with the navy, and was for some -years store-keeper to the dockyard at Portsmouth, and his uncle by -the father’s side was a Major John Hanway, who translated some odes -of Horace, &c. His father died whilst Jonas was still a boy, and Mrs. -Hanway had much trouble to bring up her young family, who all turned -out well, and were prosperous in after life: one son, Thomas, filling -the post of commander-in-chief of his Majesty’s ships at Plymouth, and -afterwards commissioner of the dockyard at Chatham. - -On his father’s death, his mother removed to London, where, somehow -or other, she brought up her children by her own exertions, and with -such care and affection that Jonas never spoke, or wrote, of his mother -but in terms of the highest reverence and gratitude. He was sent to -school, where he was not only educated commercially, but classically. -Still, he had his bread to win, and, when he was seventeen years of -age, he was sent to Lisbon, which he reached June, 1729, and was -bound apprentice to a merchant, under whose auspices he developed the -business qualities which afterwards stood him in good stead. At the end -of his apprenticeship he set up in business for himself in Lisbon, but -soon removed to the wider field of London. What pursuit he followed -there, neither he, nor any biographer of his, has told us, but in 1743 -he accepted the offer of a partnership in Mr. Dingley’s house at St. -Petersburg. - -What a difference in the voyage from London to St. Petersburg, then and -now! Now, overland: it only takes two days and a half. - -Then, in April, 1743, he embarked on the Thames in a crazy old tub, -bound for Riga, and got to Elsinore in May. As everything then was -done in a leisurely manner, they stopped there for some days, arriving -at Riga by the end of May, having taken twenty-six days to go from -Elsinore to Riga, now done by steam, under fair conditions, in two days. - -Here he found, as most people do, the Russian spring as hot as he ever -remembered summer in Portugal, and was most hospitably entertained by -the British factors. But Russia was at war with Sweden, and, although -he had plenty of letters of recommendation, the Governor of Riga would -not allow him to proceed on his journey, until he had communicated with -the authorities at St. Petersburg, thus causing a delay of a fortnight, -and he did not leave until the 7th of June. His sojourn at Riga, -however, was not lost, for he kept his eyes open, and looked about him. - -Travelling by post in Russia, even now, is not a luxury; it must -have been ten times worse then, when he started on his journey in -his sleeping-wagon, which was ‘made of leather, resembling a cradle, -and hung upon braces,’ and his report of his journey was that ‘the -post-horses are exceedingly bad, but as the stages are short, and the -houses clean, the inconvenience is supportable.’ He made the journey in -four days. - -On his arrival, he soon set to work on the business that he came out -to execute, namely, the opening of trade through the Caspian Sea to -Persia, a journey which involved crossing Russia in Europe from the -north-west to the south-east. This route had already been trodden -by a sailor named Elton, who had spent some years among the nomadic -Tartar tribes, and had, in 1739, descended the Volga with a cargo of -goods, intending to go to Mesched; but he sold them before he reached -there, at Resched, for a good price, and obtained leave to trade for -the future. He returned to St. Petersburg, went again to Persia, and -remained there in the service of Nadir Shah. It was to supply his -defection that Jonas Hanway went out to Russia. - -On the 10th of September, 1743, he set out on his veritably perilous -journey, and it is really worth while to describe the despatch of -goods in Russia at that day. ‘In Russia carriages for merchandize are -drawn only by one horse. These vehicles are nine or ten feet long, and -two or three broad, and are principally composed of two strong poles, -supported by four wheels, of near an equal size, and about as high as -the fore wheels of our ordinary coaches, but made very slight, many of -the rounds of the wheels are of a single piece of wood, and open, in -one part, for near an inch, and some of them are not shod with iron. - -‘The first care is to lay the bales as high as the cart will admit on a -bed of mats of the thickest sort. Besides the original package, which -is calculated to stand the weather, the bales are usually covered with -very thick mats, and over these other mats are laid to prevent the -friction of the ropes; lastly, there is another covering of mats, in -the want of raw cowhides, which are always best to defend goods from -rain, or from the snow, which, when it melts, is yet more penetrating. -Each bale is sealed up with a leaden seal, to prevent its being opened -on the road, or any of the goods vended in the Country, that is, when -they are intended for Persia.... - -‘The Caravans generally set out about twelve, both in the night -and day, except in the heat of summer. In the winter, between St. -Petersburg and Moscow, they usually travel seventy wersts[78] (about -forty-seven English miles) in twenty-four hours, but from Moscow -to Zaritzen only forty or fifty wersts: in summer their stages are -shorter. Great part of the last-mentioned road being through an -uninhabited country, makes the Carriers cautious not to jade their -horses. Every time they set out, the conductors ought to count the -loads. When necessity requires that the Caravan should be drawn within -fences, or into yards, the heads of the waggons ought to stand towards -the door in regular order, and a guard, who will keep a better watch -than an ordinary carrier, should be set over it: for want of this -precaution, whole Caravans in Russia have been sometimes consumed by -fire. It is most eligible to stop in the field, where the usual method -is to form the Carriages into a ring, and bring the horses, as well as -the men, within it, always observing to keep in such a position as best -to prevent an attack, or repulse an enemy. - -‘The Khalmucks on the banks of the Volga are ever ready to embrace -an opportunity of plundering and destroying passengers; therefore, -when there is any occasion to travel on those banks, which should be -avoided as much as possible, an advance guard of at least four Cossacks -is of great use, especially to patrole in the night; it is not often -practised, but I found it indispensably necessary when I travelled on -those banks.... - -‘A hundred carriages take up two-thirds of a mile in length, so that, -when no horseman is at hand to spread the alarm, the rear might be -easily carried off. They have not even a trumpet, horn, or other -instrument for this purpose; they trust in providence, and think any -care of this kind unnecessary, though the neglect has sometimes proved -of fatal consequence.’ - -In this primitive style he set forth on his trading venture to Persia, -taking with him a clerk, a Russian, as menial servant, a Tartar boy, -and a soldier, by way of guard. He had ‘a convenient sleeping-waggon’ -for himself, and another for his clerk--the Russ, the Tartar, and the -soldier evidently having to shift as the drivers of the twenty loads of -goods (consisting of thirty-seven bales of English cloth) did. It is -interesting to follow out this little venture. The caravan started on -the 1st of September, 1743, and ten days afterwards he set out to join -it, which he did at Tver, arriving at Moscow on the 20th of September. - -Here he looked about him, saw the Great Bell, &c. received no little -hospitality, and repaired the defects of his caravan, starting again -on the 24th of September, and his instructions to his limited suite -were to avoid all occasion of dispute, and, should such unfortunately -arise, he should be informed of it, in order that he might deal with it -according to the best of his judgment. But he went among the Tartars -without any misadventure, noting some very curious facts, until he -came to Tzaritzin, on the Volga, whence he proposed to commence his -somewhat perilous journey by water, to the Caspian Sea. He arrived -at Tzaritzin on the 9th of October, but, as there was not the same -pushing and driving in business then as now, he stopped there for a -month to recruit, and hire a vessel. He succeeded in getting one, such -a thing as it was, but then he only paid a nominal sum for it. As he -justly observes: ‘The reader will imagine that forty roubles[79] cannot -purchase a good vessel; however, this price produced the best I could -find. Their decks were only loose pieces of the barks of trees; they -have no knees, and but few beams: hardly any pitch or tar is used, in -place of it are long slips of bark, which they nail over the gaping -seams, to prevent the loose and bad corking (caulking) from falling -out. Instead of iron bolts, they have spikes of deal with round heads. -The method of keeping them clear of water is by a large scoop, which -is suspended by the beam over the well-way, and through a scuttle at a -proper height they scoop out the water with great facility.’ - -He bought two of these A.1. vessels, and put a crew of five fishermen -on board each, besides his own suite, and, because of the pirates who -infested those waters, he hired a guard of six soldiers. By-the-way, -they had a rough and ready way of dealing with these pirates when -they did catch them. ‘As their cruelties are very great, so is the -punishment inflicted on them when they are taken. A float is built, in -size according to the number of delinquents, and a gallows erected on -it, to contain a sufficient number of iron hooks, on which they are -hung alive, by the ribs. The float is launched into the stream, with -labels over their heads, signifying their crimes; and orders are given -to all towns and villages on the borders of the river, upon pain of -death, not only to afford no relief to any of these wretches, but to -push off the float, should it land near them. Sometimes their partners -in wickedness meet them, and, if there are any signs of life, take -him down, otherwise they shoot them dead; but, if they are catched in -these acts of illegal mercy, they are hung up without the ceremony of a -trial, as happened about eight years ago. They tell me of one of these -miscreants who had the fortune to disengage himself from the hook, -and though naked, and trembling with pain and loss of blood, he got -ashore. The first object he saw who could afford him any relief was -a poor shepherd, whose brains he beat out with a stone, and took his -clothes. These malefactors sometimes hang thus three, four, and five -days alive. The pain generally produces a raging fever, in which they -utter the most horrid imprecations, and implore the relief of water, or -other small liquors.’ - -He was observant, and, on his journey down the Volga, he noted many -things which throw much light on the social life in Russia of these -days. Take for instance the following: ‘The 14th of October I sent -letters to my friends, by messengers who are appointed to attend a box -of grapes, which is sent from Astrachan to the Empress’s Court every -three days during the season. It is carried by two horses, supported -in the manner of a litter. The grapes are preserved in sand, but, at -best, are ill worth the expense of the conveyance for one thousand two -hundred English miles.’ - -He sailed from Tzaritzin on the 14th of October, and on the 19th of -the same month he reached Astrachan, where he was kindly received by -Mr. George Thompson, agent to the British merchants trading to Persia; -and also by the Russian governor (a quondam page to Peter the Great) -who gave him many assurances that every help should be afforded him -in his trade with Persia--but candidly informed him what rogues the -Armenian traders were: ‘They are the most crafty people in all Asia, -and delight in fraud. Let them get fifty per Cent. in a fair way, they -are not contented without cheating five, and the five is sweeter than -the fifty.’ - -Lapow, even then, was a recognized institution in Russia, for Hanway -observes, ‘The Officers of the the Admiralty and Custom-House of -Astrachan have very small salaries, which is the case in all other -places in Russia: so that, instead of doing their duty to despatch -business, they often seek pretences to protract it, in order to obtain -the more considerable presents. Upon these occasions French Brandy, -white wine, hats, stockings, ribbons, and such like are acceptable.’ -Now-a-days, things are managed in a less cumbrous form. Rouble Notes -take the place of gross material--but the Russian Official is unchanged. - -Again, ‘Whilst I was busied in getting what informations were -necessary, the governor invited me to a feast, at which there were -nearly a hundred dishes; here I saw a singular specimen of Russian -intemperance, for there were above thirty people who drank to excess, -in goblets, a kind of cherry brandy. This feast was made for the -birth of his granddaughter, on which occasion the guests presented an -offering each according to his rank. This is a civil way of levying a -heavy tax on the merchants, and a custom, tho’ not elegant, less absurd -than that of some politer countries; for here, without disguise or -ceremony, you leave one or two ducats, or some richer present on the -lady’s bed, who sits up with great formality to be saluted.’ - -From Astrachan he went to Yerkie, at the mouth of the Volga, and -virtually on the Caspian Sea, whence he set sail on the 22nd of -November, arriving at Astrabad Bay on the 18th of December, where his -vessel was taken for a pirate, and signal fires were, in consequence, -lit on the hill-tops, etc. So he lay at anchor for a few days, -employing his men in packing his goods so that they might be easily -carried on land; and he gives us a curious insight into the life of -sailors of that period. - -‘The 25th being Christmas Day, I excused the seamen from the package -of cloth, and prevailed on them to hear prayers, and a sermon. English -seamen, of all mankind, seem the most indifferent with regard to -religious duties; but their indifference is more the effect of want -of reflection than the irreligious carelessness of their leaders. It -is not to be imagined they would fight less if they prayed more; at -least we find the praying warriors in Cromwell’s days fought as if -they were sure of becoming saints in heaven. Certain it is our seamen -do not entertain the same impressions of religion as the common run of -labouring people.’ - -Hanway had been warned that he must take care of himself at Astrabad; -that, probably, he would be robbed, and most certainly cheated; but -never having received such treatment, and with his conscious faith of -being an honest Englishman, he gave but little heed to the caution, but -spent many days on ship-board, making up his merchandize into suitable -packages for land carriage, and when he did land, he went in state, -on horseback, to visit the governor, taking with him the invariable -Oriental present, which, in his case, consisted of fine cloth, and -loaves of sugar. He was kindly received by the governor, but soon -having experienced the deceit and duplicity of the people, he hurried -forward his departure for Mesched, sending ten camel loads of goods in -advance. Luckily he did so, for the next day the town was besieged by -Turcomans, who wanted to get possession of the Shah’s treasure, then -in Astrabad, as well as the English goods, which presented an almost -irresistible temptation to them. - -Hanway was advised to disguise himself and fly, but he was an -Englishman, and had the pluck of his race; so he concluded to stay, in -spite of the objurgations and maledictions of some of the inhabitants, -who cursed him as being the cause of their misfortunes. The town made -but a feeble resistance, and, soon after its fall, Hanway received a -visit from the captors, the story of which he thus tells: - -‘I had collected my servants in one room, from whence I sent a little -boy, a servant, who understood the Turkish language, which is most -known to the Khajars, to conduct these hostile visitors to us, and to -tell them that, as we were at their mercy, we hoped they would treat -us with humanity. They immediately entered, and assured us they did -not mean to hurt us; on the contrary, that as soon as their government -was established, they would pay me for my goods. They demanded, at -the same time, where they were lodged; and informed me that the forty -bales which I had sent out of the town some days before, were already -in their possession. Mahommed Khan Beg then demanded my purse, which I -had prepared with about thirty crowns in gold and silver; he contented -himself for the present with counting it, and then returned it to me, -demanding if I had any more, for that it would be the worse for me if -I concealed any. I thought it warrantable, however, to make an evasive -answer, though it was a true one as to the fact; _viz._, that all the -town knew very well that I had been searching for money in exchange -for my bill on Mr. Elton, not having sufficient to convey my Caravan -to Mesched. As gold can purchase anything except virtue and health, -understanding and beauty, I thought it might now administer to our -safety. I therefore reserved a purse of one hundred and sixty crowns -in gold, apprehending that the skilful application of it might ward -off the danger which threatened us; but I afterwards found that our -security was in our supposed poverty, for in near three weeks distress, -I durst not show a single piece of gold, much less acknowledge that I -had saved any money.’ - -He made up his mind to leave Astrabad as soon as possible, and, having -obtained an acknowledgment of the value of his goods, at last set out -with an escort of about two dozen armed men, under the command of a -Hadji, or a holy man, who had made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Needless to -say his escort were a pack of rogues, and it was by sheer good luck, -and at some risk, that, at last, he fell in with some officers of the -Shah, who were recruiting for forces wherewith to re-conquer Astrabad. -They helped him to horses, although he complained of their quality. -He got along somehow, although he lost his servants, and at last he -reached Langarood, where the renegade Captain Elton lived, seven weeks -after he had left Astrabad, and was received by Elton with open arms. -Here he stayed some days to recruit, and then pushed on to Reshd. - -A few days more of journeying, and he fell in with the Shah’s camp, -but failed to have an interview with that exalted potentate. Still his -case was brought before Nadir Shah, and, the bill Hanway had received -from Mohammed Hassan being produced as evidence, a decree was issued -‘that I should give the particulars of the loss to Behbud Khan, the -Shah’s general at Astrabad, who had orders to deliver to me whatever -part of the goods might possibly be found, and to restore them in kind, -and the deficiency to be paid out of the sequestered estates of the -rebels to the last denier. This was not quite the thing which I wished -for, because it laid me under a necessity of returning to that wretched -place, Astrabad; however, I could not but acknowledge the highest -obligation for so signal a mark of justice and clemency.’ - -This act of justice was somewhat unusual with Nadir Shah, of whose -cruelty Hanway gives several examples. As, however, one perhaps -outstrips its companions in brutality, I venture to give it in his -words. ‘I will give another example of Nadir’s avarice and barbarity, -which happened a little before I was in camp. The Shah, having -appointed a certain general as governor of a province, imposed an -exorbitant tax on it, to be levied in six months: at the expiration of -the time the governor was sent for to the camp, and ordered to produce -the account. He did so, but it amounted to only half the sum demanded. -The Shah called him a rascal; and, telling him he had stolen the other -half of the money, ordered the executioner to bastonade him to death: -his estates also being confiscated, all his effects fell very short of -the demands. The servants of the deceased were then ordered to come -into the Shah’s presence, and he inquired of them if there was anything -left belonging to their master; to which they answered, _Only a dog_. -He then commanded the dog to be brought before him; and observed that -he appeared to be much honester than his master had been; however, -that he should be led through the camp from tent to tent, and beaten -with sticks, and wherever he expired, the master of such tent should -pay the sum deficient. Accordingly the dog was carried to the tents of -the ministers, successively, who, hearing the case, immediately gave -sums of money, according to their abilities, to procure the removal of -the dog: by which the whole sum the Shah demanded was raised in a few -hours’ time.’ - -On the 27th of March they set out on their return journey, accompanied -by a small escort; they were detained for some time at Langarood, -where Hanway had hoped to find a vessel, as the way by land was -insecure. But, although a ship was sighted, she never put in; and -the land journey was therefore, perforce, undertaken, and Astrabad -was reached on the 16th of May. He saw the Shah’s general, who said -‘the decree must be obeyed.’ Those who had insulted Hanway were most -brutally punished--some of his cloth was recovered and given back to -him, but there was a difficulty in raising the money for the missing -portions, and he was pressed to take payment in women slaves. On his -refusal, they begged of him to give them a receipt as if he had been -paid, assuring him the money should be forthcoming in a very few days; -but the British merchant was too wary to be caught in such a palpable -trap. Eventually he got the greater part of it, and with it returned -to Langarood, where he waited for some little while, and, at last, he -recovered eighty-five per cent. of the value of his goods, according to -his own valuation, so that, probably, he made a good sale. - -At Langarood he fell ill of a low fever, but was cured by a French -missionary, who administered Jesuit’s bark (quinine) to him, and he -then set out on his return journey, having invested all his cash in -raw silk. He met with no particular adventures, and arrived safely at -St. Petersburg on the 1st of January, 1745, ‘having been absent a year -and sixteen weeks, in which time I had travelled about four thousand -English miles by land.’ - -In noticing this trip of Hanway’s to the Caspian, it would be a pity -if attention were not called to his description of Baku, now coming -so much to the front (thanks to the industry and intelligence of the -Messrs. Nobel) in providing the world with petroleum. This was the -chief shrine of the followers of Zoroaster, who considered light, -which was typified by fire, (which is bright both by day and night) as -emblematical of all good, and they therefore worshipped Ormuzd, or the -good god, whilst they regarded Ahriman, or darkness, as the evil god. -Here, near Baku, the soil is so soaked and saturated with petroleum -that a fire, natural and never-ceasing, could easily be obtained, and -consequently, being perfectly unartificial, was looked upon as the -personification of Ormuzd. Hanway writes, ‘The earth round this place, -for above two miles, has this surprizing property, that by taking up -two or three inches of the surface and applying a live coal, the part -which is so uncovered immediately takes fire, almost before the coal -touches the earth.... If a cane, or tube even of paper, be set about -two inches in the ground, confined and closed with earth below, and -the top of it touched with a live coal, and blown upon, immediately a -flame issues without hurting either the cane or the paper, provided the -edges be covered with clay, and this method they use for light in their -houses, which have only the earth for the floor; three or four of -these lighted canes will boil water in a pot; and thus they dress their -victuals.’ - -Baku, the seat of this natural symbol of Ormuzd, was then a place -of pilgrimage for the Parsees--and it is not so long since that -fire-worship there has been discontinued. Mr. Charles Marvin (writing -in 1884) commences his most interesting book, ‘The Region of the -Eternal Fire,’ thus: ‘A few years ago a solitary figure might have -been daily seen on the shore of the Caspian Sea, worshipping a fire -springing naturally from the petroleum gases in the ground. The devotee -was a Parsee from India, the last of a series of priests who for more -than two thousand five hundred years had tended the sacred flame upon -the spot. Round about his crumbling temple was rising greasy derricks, -and dingy distilleries--symbols of a fresh cult, the worship of -mammon--but, absorbed in his devotions, the Parsee took no heed of the -intruders. And so time passed on, and the last of the Fire-Worshippers -died, and with him perished the flame that was older than history.’ - -He stayed some time in Russia, but undertook no more arduous journeys. -Even when he did leave St. Petersburg, on the 9th of July, 1750, he -travelled very leisurely overland, reaching Harwich on the 28th of -October, 1750, after an absence from England of nearly eight years. -He lived in London in a modest fashion, for his fortune was but -modest--yet it was sufficient for him to keep a _solo_ carriage, -_i.e._, only carrying one person, and on its panels was painted a -device allusive to his dangers in Persia, especially of a somewhat -perilous voyage on the Caspian. It consisted of ‘a man dressed in the -Persian habit, just landed in a storm on a rude coast, and leaning on -his sword, his countenance calm and resigned. In the background was -depicted a boat tossed about by the billows; in front, a shield charged -with his arms leaning against a tree, and underneath the motto, in -English, _Never Despair_.’ - -As a result of his eastern experiences,[80] on his return to England -he used an umbrella, which at that time for a man to carry was -considered somewhat effeminate. He is often credited with having -introduced that useful article into England; but it had been -generally used by women for fifty years previously--nay, there is in -the British Museum (Harl. 630 fol. 15b,) an Anglo-Saxon MS. of the -eleventh century--unmistakeably English in its drawing--wherein is -an illustration of an umbrella being held (by an attendant) over the -head of a king, or nobleman. It is a veritable ‘Sangster,’ and, as -far as form goes, it would pass muster now. From this time the use of -the umbrella became familiar, and in general use among men--probably -because he introduced them of pure silk, whereas hitherto they had been -cumbrous and heavy, being made of oiled paper, muslin, or silk. - -He had enough to live on, and, as in those days no one cared about -making a colossal fortune, he lived contentedly on his competence, -and wrote a long description of his travels, which was very well -illustrated, and which cost him £700 to produce his first edition -of one thousand two hundred copies, after which he disposed of the -copyright, and second, third, and fourth editions were published. -Still, the climate of Russia had not agreed with him, and he had to go -to the then fashionable Spa, Tunbridge Wells, and afterwards to Paris, -thence to Brussels, Antwerp, and Amsterdam. - -He returned to Tunbridge Wells, where he wrote (in 1753) a treatise -against the Naturalisation of the Jews,[81] which was a question then -being agitated. One can scarcely imagine a man with large sympathies, -as was Jonas Hanway, a travelled man, also, of great experience of -men, taking the narrow view of such a question of social polity. -After a severe fight the Bill was carried (26 Geo. 2) and his Majesty -gave his consent on the 7th of June, 1753,[82] but the opposition -to it was so great that when Parliament next met (15th of November, -1753) the very first business after the address (which only occupied -half-an-hour or so--a valuable hint to present M.P.’s) was to bring in -a bill repealing the privilege of Naturalization to the Jews. Popular -clamour on its behalf was senseless, as it usually is, but it was too -strong to resist, and in the debate thereon, on the 27th of November, -1753, William Pitt (all honour to him) said, ‘Thus, sir, though we -repeal this law, out of complaisance to the people, yet we ought to -let them know that we do not altogether approve of what they ask.’[83] -The Bill was carried on the 28th of November, and received the Royal -Assent on the 20th of December, the same year, and consequently an -injustice was for some time done to some of the loyalest, quietest, -and most law-abiding citizens we have. Hanway, however, thought so -strongly on the subject that he wrote four tractates upon it, which, as -the question is now happily settled, may be dismissed with this brief -notice. - -He was naturally of a busy turn of mind, and could not sit still. He -wrote about anything--it did not much matter what--of the paving, etc. -of Westminster and its adjacent parishes; he even wrote a big book, -beautifully illustrated, on a little trip he took, when travelling -was not so common as now, ‘A Journal of Eight days’ Journey from -Portsmouth to Kingston-on-Thames,’ (1756) a second edition of which -was published in two volumes in 1757, with the addition of ‘An Essay -on Tea, considered as pernicious to Health, obstructing Industry, and -impoverishing the Nation.’ So we see he took strong views on things in -general, which have since, by experience, been modified. - -His scribbling propensities probably did some good, for in 1757 we -find him taking up the cause of that very meritorious charity, the -Marine Society, to which he was a subscriber to the extent of fifteen -guineas. This society, whose house is in Bishopsgate Street, is still -alive, and, what is more, flourishing. About this he wrote four or five -pamphlets and books. This seems only to have served as a whet to his -appetite for philanthropy, for in 1758 he paid £50 to qualify himself -as a Life-Governor of the Foundling Hospital. This, naturally, led him -to think upon the source whence the foundlings principally came: and he -turned his attention towards the foundation of a Magdalen (?) Hospital, -which was, with the cooperation of several gentlemen, established in -London in 1758, in Great Prescott Street, Goodman’s Fields (the site of -which is now, or used to be, called Magdalen Row). - -Many more books and pamphlets on the above subjects, the Foundling -Hospital, the Marine and Stepney Societies, the Encouragement of -British Troops, etc., occupied his leisure until 1760, when he took -in hand the social question of giving fees, or _vails_, to servants, -and wrote two pamphlets on the subject. In one of them are some very -humorous stories of this absurd custom, one, especially, which from its -raciness has become somewhat hackneyed.[84] ‘It is a more _humorous_ -Story they tell of ---- after he had dined with ----. The Servants with -assiduous duty had taken the best care of his friend’s _Hat_, _Sword_, -_Cane_, _Cloak_, and among the rest his _Gloves_ also. When he came to -demand them, every Servant, with the most submissive respect, brought -his part of the Old Gentleman’s _personal furniture_, and so many -_Shillings_ were distributed with his usual liberality; but, as he was -going away without his _Gloves_, one of the Servants reminded him of -it, to which he answered, “_No matter, friend, you may keep the Gloves, -they are not worth a Shilling._”’ - -Hanway tried to do away with this social tax, which, however, remains -to this day. But a very good story is told of Robert Hamilton of -Kilbrachmont.[85] ‘After a party at Kellie Castle the guests were -passing through the Hall where the servants were drawn up to receive -their vails, in those days a customary exaction at great houses. The -gifts of those who preceded “Robbie” (as the Laird was commonly called) -drew forth no expression of gratitude, not even a smile, but when his -turn came for performing the ceremony their features were at once -lighted up with something even approaching to a laugh. - -‘“What did you give the fellows, Robbie?” said his friends, when they -got outside; “they looked as sour as vinegar till your turn came.” - -‘“Deil a bawbee they got frae me,” said Robbie, “I just kittled their -loof.”’[86] - -This system of feeing servants received a crushing blow on the -production (in 1759) of the Rev. James Townley’s farce of ‘High Life -below Stairs,’ which probably led to Hanway’s writing his two pamphlets -on the subject. - -He used occasionally to go to Court--but never solicited any place for -himself; still it was thought that his philanthropic exertions should -be rewarded, more especially as he had by no means a large fortune. So -a deputation of five prominent citizens of London, amongst whom was -Hoare the banker, waited on Lord Bute (who was then Prime Minister), -and asked that some substantial recognition of his services should -made. Their representations had weight, and, in July, 1762, he was -appointed one of the commissioners for victualling the Navy. - -He was now in easy circumstances, and his official duties could not -have been very heavy, for in that year he wrote four pamphlets on -‘Meditations on Life, &c.,’ ‘Registration of the Parish Poor, and -Ventilation,’ his pet Magdalens, and a ‘Disquisition on Peace and -War’ themes so diverse that they show the variety of subjects that -occupied his serious attention. In fact, he scribbled on an infinity -of things--all having for their aim the benefit of mankind. He had -a financial scheme ‘for saving from Seventy Thousand Pounds to One -Hundred and Fifty Thousand Pounds to the Public;’ he wrote on the ‘Uses -and Advantages of Music;’ the ‘Case of the Canadians at Montreal;’ ‘The -Soldier’s Faithful Friend, being Moral and Religious Advice to private -Men in the Army and Militia;’ the ‘Registration of the Children of -the Poor;’ another pamphlet on the rising generation of the labouring -poor; and, not content with addressing the private soldier, he must -needs write ‘The Christian Officer, addressed to the Officers of his -Majesty’s forces, &c.’ - -About this time he was evidently most _goody-goody_. He wrote ‘Moral -and Religious Instruction to young Persons;’ ‘Moral and Religious -Instructions, intended for Apprentices among the lower Classes of the -People;’ ‘Letters to the Guardians of the Infant Poor;’ ‘Rules and -Regulations of the Magdalene Hospital, with Prayers, &c.;’ ‘Advice to -a Daughter, on her going to Service, &c.;’ ‘Advice from a Farmer to -his Daughter;’ ‘Observations on the Causes of the Dissoluteness which -reigns among the lower Classes of the People.’ - -He could not even leave to Mrs. Elizabeth Montague of the -‘Blue-Stocking Club’ notoriety, her championship and patronage of the -poor little climbing boys--and he fired off a pamphlet on ‘The State of -Chimney-Sweepers’ young Apprentices, &c.’ These poor little friendless -mortals excited his pity, and his first efforts in their behalf were -to get them regularly bound apprentices, so as to bring them under -the cognizance of the magistracy; he advocated and inaugurated a -subscription to defray the expense, and supply them with clothes. And -this movement was attended with considerable success, for many boys -were bound apprentices, and some of the masters were prosecuted for -cruelty to their boys. - -Then, to show the diversity of his talents, he wrote two pamphlets on -bread, and a book in two volumes on ‘Virtue in humble life, &c.’ In -1775 he published a large quarto volume on ‘The Defects of Police, the -Causes of Immorality, &c.,’ and in the copy which I have before me, is -written, ‘TO THE KING, _with the Author’s most humble Duty_.’ In this -book, among other things, he advocated solitary, or rather isolated -confinement--permitting the prisoners to work, and giving them an -increased dietary according to their labour, This was followed in 1776 -by a pamphlet on ‘Solitude in Imprisonment, with proper labour, &c.’ - -He was now sixty-four years of age, but he was as bodily active as -he was mentally, and in February, 1776, he had to go over to Hamburg -in connection with his duties as one of the commissioners of the -Victualling Board. In 1777, 1778, and 1782, he wrote three books on -the Lord’s Supper--and from that time he wrote, until he died in 1786, -on all sorts of subjects, religious, social, and political, a list of -which would only be wearisome. In the summer of 1786 his health gave -way, and he was evidently sinking, but he lingered until the 5th of -September, when he calmly passed away--perfectly prepared for the great -change, putting on a fine ruffled shirt, giving up his keys, disposing -of some trinkets, and having his will read to him. Death came easily to -him, and he expired with the word ‘Christ’ upon his lips. - -Such was the life, and such was the death, of Jonas Hanway, whose -biography is not half well enough known. - - - - -A HOLY VOYAGE TO RAMSGATE A HUNDRED YEARS AGO. - - -This little story, which I very much condense, is most amusing, and is -the work of ‘Henry Blaine, Minister of the Gospel at Tring, Herts.’ -I only give it as showing the dread with which any country-bred man, -at that time, put his precious body at the mercy of Father Neptune. -Steam has changed all our habits, but then there were no ‘Globe -Trotters,’--few, if any, climbed the Alps for amusement; the Dolomites -were unknown; people had no steam-yachts and went in pursuit of -perpetual summer; a cruise to the Pacific Islands and Japan was never -dreamt of; there was no Mudie’s library to scatter broadcast holiday -tours, for they never existed--so that we must look upon this relation -of an inland-bred ‘Minister of the Gospel’ (whose long and extremely -pious, but wearisome, exordia I omit) with very different eyes, to a -similar one published in the present day. - -It is a tract of fifty-four pages, and commences, ‘In hopes of -recovering that invaluable blessing, health, on Friday, August 10, -1787, I embarked on board the ship FRIENDS bound for RAMSGATE, in -KENT. I had heard there was such a place; and many had raised my -expectations by their reports of the efficacy of sea-bathing; and -others encouraged my hopes by repeating their own experience of benefit -received. By these means I was induced to determine on this little -voyage. It reminded me of the never-to-be-forgotten season, when, urged -by some motives, and impelled by a power unseen, but not unfelt, I -entered on board that stately vessel which the Lord’s prophet saw in a -storm. _Isaiah 54.--11._’ - -This is a sample of the tract. He then goes on to say: ‘While we waited -for the time of sailing (for different purposes, I suppose), many came -on board, and appeared, to me at least, as if they intended to embark -with us: but they left not the harbour, but, urged by other occasions -and inducements, they took leave of their friends and departed; while -we, who were bound for a distant place, kept steady to our purpose, -turned our backs upon home and waited patiently for the gentle breeze -and driving tide to convey us to the desired port.’ - -We can well imagine the good man, when he got back to Tring, giving, -for a long time, his soul-harrowing experiences of that memorable -voyage. He should have lived in our days and have been ‘Our Special -Correspondent’ on whom the editor of the newspaper relies to fill so -many columns--for every detail is taken, evidently note-book in hand. -Witness this: ‘When our sails were displayed, and our cable unloosed, -assisted by a gentle gale, we began by degrees to view the lofty -towers, the aspiring churches, and all the grandeurs of London at a -distance behind us: in hopes of finding something we could not find in -town, we turned our attention from the pleasures, and riches, and pomps -of London; we bid farewel, for a time, to our dearest friends; we laid -aside our daily and domestic cares, and cheerfully forsook the dear -delights of home.’ - -At length they were fairly started on their voyage, which from the -crowded state of the river, and the excessive timidity of the writer, -must have been vastly perilous. ‘Our vessel, though it set sail with -a fair wind, and gently fell down the river towards her destined -port, yet once or twice was nearly striking against other vessels in -the river, to her own injury; but, by the care of the steersman and -sailors, she was timely prevented.... There was no spectacle more -affecting, in all the little voyage, than the bodies of those unhappy -malefactors which were hung up, _in terrorem_, on the margin of the -river Thames. Surely these was some of the execrable characters whom -Justice pursued, who, though “they escaped the sea, yet vengeance -suffered not to live. _Acts 28.--4._” ... Having passed these -spectacles of horror, a fair wind and flowing tide smoothly carried us -towards the boundless ocean.... - -‘When we drew towards the conflux of the river Thames there were two -objects that attracted our notice: the one, the King’s guardship, -placed there for the purposes of good œconomy, the other a large -painted vessel which floated on the surface of the water, and is called -a buoy. While we were passing the king’s ship, I heard the report -of a cannon, and saw the flash of the charge at some distance; and, -on inquiring the reason of such a circumstance, was informed it was -customary for every ship which passed, by way of obedience, to lower -her topsail; but the firing of the gun made them hasten to show their -obedience, for fear of a more unfavourable salute; for, though a flash -of powder might give us some alarm, the discharge of a ball might make -us _feel_ the effects of disobedience.... Hitherto the generality of -our company appeared to carry jollity and mirth in their countenances; -but now we began to see the blushing rose die in the sickly cheek, -and several of our passengers began to feel the sickening effects -of the rolling sea; they withdrew from their mirth, and in pleasure -crept into a corner, and silently mourned their lost pleasures in -solitude.... Thrice happy the souls who are by divine grace made sick -of unsatisfying delights, and compelled to withdraw from unsatisfying -objects, and seek and find permanent bliss in the friendship of -Immanuel! - -‘There had been the appearance of affability and good-humour kept -up among the passengers of our vessel, and a reciprocal exchange of -civilities had passed between them; our bad tempers were for awhile -laid aside, and we seemed mutually agreed to make each other as -innocently happy as our present. If the same mode of conduct was -observed through the whole of our department, how would the ills of -life be softened, and the ties of society sweetened!... - -‘The eyelid of the day was now nearly closed upon us, and the gloom -of darkness began to surround us, which, together with the hollow -bellowing of the wind, and dashing waves, had a tendency to create very -solemn ideas in the mind; and I, being a stranger to such scenes, had -my mind exercised upon things of greater importance.... - -‘About ten o’clock on Friday night we were brought safely into the -harbour of Margate, and then cast anchor in order to set a great -number of our passengers on shore, who were bound for that place of -rendezvous. How great are the advantages of navigation! By the skill -and care of three men and a boy, a number of persons were in safety -conveyed from one part to another of the kingdom.... - -‘When we had safely landed our passengers at Margate, we weighed anchor -at eleven o’clock at night, in order to sail round the North Foreland -for Ramsgate. The North Foreland is a point of land which stretches out -some way into the sea, and is the extreme part of our country on the -right hand, when we sail down the river Thames; and sailing round the -point into the British Channel is esteemed by sailors rather dangerous. -However, there was danger enough to awaken the apprehensions of a -freshwater sailor. Yet here with some degree of confidence in Him who -exercises His power over the sea and dry land, I laid me down and slept -in quietness, while the rattling waves drove against the sides of our -vessel, and the rustling winds shook our sails, and made our yielding -masts to speak. I was led to reflect that now there was but a feeble -plank between me and the bottomless deep, yet, by a reliance on the -divine goodness, my fears were hushed, and a divine calm prevailed -within. “Thou will keep him in perfect peace whose mind is staid on -thee.” _Isaiah 26.--3._ - -‘On Saturday morning I awoke and heard a peaceful sound from shore, -which informed me it was two o’clock; and, inquiring where we were, I -found we were safe anchored within the commodious harbour of Ramsgate. -Being so early an hour, we again composed ourselves to sleep, and lay -till five o’clock; then leaving our sleeping apartment, and mounting -the peaceful deck--not like the frighted sailor, who leaves the horrid -hulk to view a thousand deaths from winds, and waves, and rocks, -without a friendly shore in view--but to see one of the finest retreats -from all these dangers, which Providence has provided for the safety of -those who are exposed to the violence and rage of angry elements. The -commodious Pier of Ramsgate seems admirably calculated to shelter and -protect vessels which are threatened with destruction from winds and -waves. This beautiful piece of architecture is built in the form of a -Crescent, or half-moon, the points of which join to the land.... The -whole of this building of utility appeared to bear a clear resemblance -to the glorious Mediator in his offices, who is appointed for a refuge -from the storm.... - -‘By six in the morning we went on shore, and joyfully met our friends, -who were brought down the day before; but in their passage were -overtaken by a violent storm of thunder and lightning, whilst our -voyage was smooth and prosperous; but, in the morning, we all met -in peace and safety. Thus we sat down to a friendly breakfast, and -cheerfully talked over the adventures of the little voyage. Something -like this, I think, may take place in the state of blessedness.... -While we were thus employed, we consulted how to dispose of ourselves -while we continued at Ramsgate; we mutually agreed to form ourselves -into a little family, and though we could not all lodge, yet we wished -to board together in the same house.’ This is a pleasing instance -of _bonne camaraderie_ engendered, in a short time, among agreeable -companions. - -‘In order to pursue the design of our coming, some of our company -mixed among the bathers at the seaside. The convenience of bathing, -the coolness of a fine summer’s morning, the agreeable appearance of -company so early, and the novelty of the scene, had a very pleasing -effect.... We began to look around us; and though we were not presented -with objects of taste and elegance, yet the town and environs afforded -us some rural prospects, which yielded both instruction and pleasure. -Upon our left hand, as we ascended from the sea-side, stands the seat -of observation, erected on a point of land, and commanding an extensive -prospect over that part of the sea called the Downs, where you behold -a number of ships lying at anchor, or on their passage to different -parts of the world. From thence you may likewise see the lofty cliffs -of France, and reverberating the light of the sun; while, at the same -time, you may, by way of amusement, watch the motions of every boat -coming in and going out of the harbour; and, as the sea is always -varying, its appearance altogether affords an agreeable amusement. Here -the Company frequently stop to rest themselves after a morning’s or an -evening’s walk, and are sweetly regaled by the cool refreshing breezes -of the sea.... - -‘It might be thought strange was I to say nothing of Margate, that -being the chief resort for bathers, and of growing repute. The town -of Margate is in a very increasing state, and its principal ornaments -consist of its late additions. The chief concern of the publick seems -to render it as much a place for pleasure as utility, as, under colour -of utility, persons can pursue pleasure without censure. A mother, -for instance, might be highly blamed by her acquaintance for leaving -her family for a month, and going to spend her husband’s money; but -who can blame her when her health requires it? They are modelling -it according to the taste of the times. They have, indeed, built one -place of worship, but a playhouse nearly four times as large. Thus, -when ill-health does not interrupt the company’s pursuit of amusement, -they are likely soon to be accommodated to their minds. Such is the -provision already made, that the consumptive cough of a delicate -lady may be furnished with the relief of the fumes of a smoking hot -assembly-room, and the embarrassed citizen may drown his anxiety in the -amusements of the Card-table.... - -‘The libraries are decently furnished, and may serve as a kind of -lounging Exchange, where persons overburdened with money and time may -ease themselves with great facility. The most healthful amusement, and -best suited to invalids, that is pursued at Margate, is that of the -bowling-green, where, upon the top of a hill, and in full prospect of -the sea, in a free open air, gentlemen may exercise their bodies, and -unbend their minds; this, if pursued for the benefit of health and -innocent recreation, with a serious friend, appears to have no more -criminality in it than Peter’s going a fishing.... - -‘Having staid as long at Ramsgate as our affairs at home would, with -prudence, admit; we went on board the same ship, and re-embarked for -London. In order, I suppose, to take the better advantage, we sailed -some leagues right out to sea; but, it being a dead calm, we hardly -experienced any other motion than was occasioned by the tide and swell -of the sea for that night. The cry of the sailors, Blow! Blow! reminded -me of that pathetick exclamation of the ancient Church! The next day -proved equally calm, so that we had little else to divert us but walk -about the deck, and watch the rolling of the porpoises in the sea. -We had an old sailor on board, whose patience being tired, declared -he preferred being at sea in a storm to being becalmed on the ocean, -which struck me with the propriety of the observation, when applied to -Christian experience; for a storm, under Divine direction, is often -made the means of hastening the Christian’s progress, while a dead calm -is useless and unsafe.’ - -It took them two days to get to Margate, and another day to reach -Gravesend. On their way they passed a vessel cast on shore, which ‘cut -a dismal figure, such as they make, to an enlightened eye, who make -shipwreck of faith, whom Christians see, as they pursue their course, -run aground, and dash to pieces.’ - -By the time they came to Gravesend some of the passengers had had -enough of the Hoy--so they hired a boat and four men to row them to -London, but the wind getting up, the river became rough, and the -boat being over-loaded, the boatmen begged them to get on board a -fishing-smack, which they did, and arrived at Billingsgate safely. -We can hardly imagine, in these days of steam, that a journey from -Ramsgate to London would last from Monday morning to Wednesday night, -but people did not hurry themselves too much in those days. - - - - -QUACKS OF THE CENTURY. - - -In all ages there have been pretenders to medical science, and it has -been reserved to the present century to elevate the healing art into -a real science, based on proper physiological facts, aided by the -searching analyses of modern chemistry. The old alchemists had died -out, yet they had some pretensions to learning, but the pharmacopœia -at the commencement of the eighteenth century was in a deplorable -condition. Surgery, for rough purposes, had existed since the earliest -ages, because accidents would happen, then as now; and, moreover, -there were wars, which necessitated the amputation of limbs, etc., but -medicine, except in the knowledge of the virtue of herbs and simples, -was in more than a primitive state. Anyone who chose, could dub himself -Doctor, and, naturally, the privilege was largely taken advantage of. - -The name of quack, or quacksalver, does not seem to have been much -used before the seventeenth century, and its derivation has not been -distinctly settled. In the ‘Antiquities of Egypt,’ etc., by William -Osburn, junior, London, 1847, p. 94, he says: ‘The idea of a physician -is frequently represented by a species of duck, the name of which is -CHIN: the Egyptian word for physician was also CHINI.’ But neither -Pierret, in his ‘Vocabulaire Hieroglyphique,’ nor Bunsen, in ‘Egypt’s -Place in Universal History,’ endorse this statement. Still the Egyptian -equivalent for cackling, or the noise of a goose, was _Ka ka_, and in -Coptic _Ouok_, pronounced very much like quack. - -The Germans also use the word _Quacksalber_, and the Dutch -_Kwaksalver_, a term which Bilderdijk, in his ‘Geslachtlijst der -Naamwoorden,’ (derivation or gender of men’s names) says, ought more -properly to be _Kwabsalver_, from _Kwab_, a wen, and _Salver_, to -anoint. Be this as it may, the English word quack certainly means an -illegitimate medical practitioner, a pretender to medical science, -whose pretensions are not warranted by his knowledge. - -The seventeenth century was prolific in quacks--a notable example being -John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester. Both Bishop Burnet and De Gramont agree -that, during one of his banishments from Court, he lived in Tower -Street (next door to the sign of the ‘Black Swan,’ at a goldsmith’s -house), and there practised as a quack doctor, as one Alexander Bendo, -newly arrived from Germany. There is a famous mountebank speech of his -extant, copies of which exist not only in broad sheets, but in some of -the jest-books of the seventeenth century, which, genuine or not, is -very amusing. It is far too long to transcribe here, but perhaps I may -be pardoned if I give a short extract. - -‘The knowledge of these secrets I gathered in my travels abroad (where -I have spent my time ever since I was fifteen years old to this, my -nine and twentieth year) in France and Italy. Those that have travelled -in Italy will tell you what a miracle of art does there assist -nature in the preservation of beauty: how women of forty bear the -same countenance with them of fifteen: ages are no way distinguished -by faces; whereas, here in England, look a horse in the mouth and a -woman in the face, you presently know both their ages to a year. I -will, therefore, give you such remedies that, without destroying your -complexion (as most of your paints and daubings do) shall render them -perfectly fair; clearing and preserving them from all spots, freckles, -heats, pimples, and marks of the small-pox, or any other accidental -ones, so that the face be not seamed or scarred. - -‘I will also cleanse and preserve your _teeth_ white and round as -pearls, fastening them that are loose: your gums shall be kept entire, -as red as coral; your lips of the same colour, and soft as you could -wish your lawful kisses. - -‘I will likewise administer that which shall cure the worst of breaths, -provided the lungs be not totally perished and imposthumated; as -also certain and infallible remedies for those whose breaths are yet -untainted; so that nothing but either a very long sickness, or old age -itself, shall ever be able to spoil them. - -‘I will, besides, (if it be desired) _take away_ from their fatness -who have over much, and _add_ flesh to those that want it, without the -least detriment to their constitutions.’ - -By his plausible manners and good address, he soon gathered round him -a large _clientèle_ of servants, etc., for he told fortunes as well -as cured diseases. These told their mistresses, and they too came to -consult the wise man. Even the Court ladies came _incognito_ to see -him, and _la belle_ Jennings, sister to the famous Sarah, first Duchess -of Marlborough, went, with the beautiful Miss Price, to have their -fortunes told, disguised as orange-wenches, and in all probability -their visit would never have been heard of, had they not met with -a disagreeable adventure with a somewhat dissolute gentleman named -Brounker, who was gentleman of the chamber to the Duke of York, and -brother to Viscount Brounker, President of the Royal Society. - -John Cotgrave[87] thus describes the quack of his time: - - ‘My name is Pulse-feel, a poor Doctor of Physick, - That does wear three pile Velvet in his Hat, - Has paid a quarter’s Rent of his house before-hand, - And (simple as he stands here) was made Doctor beyond sea. - I vow, as I am Right worshipful, the taking - Of my Degree cost me twelve French Crowns, and - Thirty-five pounds of Butter in upper _Germany_. - I can make your beauty and preserve it, - Rectifie your body and maintaine it, - Clarifie your blood, surfle[88] your cheeks, perfume - Your skin, tinct your hair, enliven your eye, - Heighten your Appetite; and, as for Jellies, - Dentifrizes, Dyets, Minerals, Fucusses,[89] - Pomatums, Fumes, Italia Masks to sleep in, - Either to moisten or dry the superficies, _Paugh_, _Galen_ - Was a Goose, and _Paracelsus_ a patch - To Doctor _Pulse-feel_.’ - -Then there was that arch quack and empiric, Sir Kenelm Digby, with his -‘sympathetic powder,’ etc., and Dr. Saffold, originally a weaver, who -distributed his handbills broadcast, advertising his ability to cure -every disease under the sun. - -Also in this century is a poem called ‘The Dispensary,’[90] by Sir -Samuel Garth, who lived in Queen Anne’s time, which gives the following -account of a quack and his surroundings: - - ‘So truly _Horoscope_ its Virtues knows, - To this bright Idol[91] ’tis, alone, he bows; - And fancies that a Thousand Pound supplies - The want of twenty Thousand Qualities. - Long has he been of that amphibious Fry, - Bold to prescribe, and busie to apply. - His Shop the gazing Vulgar’s Eyes employs - With foreign Trinkets, and domestick Toys. - Here _Mummies_ lay, most reverently stale, - And there, the _Tortois_ hung her Coat o’ Mail; - Not far from some huge _Shark’s_ devouring Head, - The flying Fish their finny Pinions spread. - Aloft in rows large Poppy Heads were strung, - And near, a scaly Alligator hung. - In this place, Drugs in Musty heaps decay’d, - In that, dry’d Bladders, and drawn Teeth were laid. - An inner Room receives the numerous Shoals - Of such as pay to be reputed Fools. - Globes stand by Globes, Volumns on Volumns lie, - And Planitary Schemes amuse the eye - The Sage, in Velvet Chair, here lolls at ease, - To promise future Health for present Fees. - Then, as from _Tripod_, solemn shams reveals, - And what the Stars know nothing of, reveals.’ - -Medicine in the last century was very crude. Bleeding and purging were -matters of course; but some of the remedies in the pharmacopœia were -very curious. Happy the patient who knew not the composition of his -dose. Take the following:[92] - -‘Or sometimes a quarter of a pint of the following decoction may be -drank alone four times a day: - -‘Take a fresh viper, freed from the head, skin, and intestines, cut in -pieces; candied eryngo root, sliced, two ounces. Boil them gently in -three pints of water, to a pint and three-quarters, and to the strained -liquor add simple and spiritous cinnamon waters, of each two ounces. -Mix them together, to be taken as above directed. - -‘The following viper broth (taken from the London Dispensatory) is a -very nutritious and proper restorative food in this case, and seems to -be one of the best preparations of the viper: for all the benefit that -can be expected from that animal is by this means obtained: - -‘Take a middle-sized viper, freed from head, skin, and intestines; and -two pints of water. Boil them to a pint and a half; then remove the -vessel from the fire; and when the liquor is grown cold, let the fat, -which congeals upon the surface, if the viper was fresh, be taken off. -Into this broth, whilst warm, put a pullet of a moderate size, drawn -and freed from the skin, and all the fat, but with the flesh intire. -Set the vessel on the fire again, that the liquor may boil; then -remove it from the fire, take out the chicken, and immediately chop -its flesh into little pieces: put these into the liquor again, set it -over the fire, and as soon as it boils up, pour out the broth, first -carefully taking off the scum. - -‘Of this broth let the patient take half a pint every morning, at two -of the clock in the afternoon, and at supper-time.’ - -In the same book, also (p. 97), we find the following remedy for cancer: - -‘Dr. Heister, professor of physic and surgery in the university of -_Helmstadt_ in _Germany_, with many others, greatly extols the virtue -of millepedes, or wood-lice, in this case; and, perhaps, the best way -of administering them is as follows: - -‘Take of live wood-lice, one ounce; fine sugar, two drams; a little -powder of nutmeg; and half a pint of alexeterial water. Let the -wood-lice and sugar, with the nutmeg, be ground together in a marble -mortar, then gradually add the water, which being well mixed, strain it -with hard pressing. Two ounces of this expression are to be taken twice -a day, shaking the vessel, so that no part of it may be lost.’ - -And it also seems that much virtue was attached to the great number -of component parts in a medicine, as may be seen in the recipe for -_Arquebusade Water_[93] (from the same book, p. 101). - -‘Take of comfrey leaves and root, sage, mugwort, bugloss, each four -handfulls; betony, sanicle, ox-eye daisy, common daisy, greater -figwort, plantane, agrimony, vervain, wormwood, fennel, each two -handfulls; St. John’s wort, long birthwort, orpine, veronica, lesser -centaury, milfoil, tobacco, mouse-ear, mint, hyssop, each one handfull; -wine twenty-four pounds. Having cut and bruised the herbs, pour on them -the wine, and let them stand together, in digestion, in horse dung, or -any other equivalent heat, for three days: afterwards distill in an -alembic with a moderate fire. - -‘This celebrated water has for some time been held in great esteem, in -contusions, for resolving coagulated blood, discussing the tumors that -arise on fractures and dislocations, for preventing the progress of -gangrenes, and cleansing and healing ulcers and wounds, particularly -gunshot wounds....’ - -Amongst the empyrical medicines, the following is much cried up by many -people, as an infallible remedy: - -‘Take two ounces of the worts that grow dangling to the hinder heels -of a stone horse,[94] wash them in common water, then infuse them in -white wine all night, and afterwards let them be dried, and reduced to -powder. The dose is half a dram twice a day, in any proper vehicle. A -dram of Venice soap given twice a day, either in pills, or dissolved in -some proper liquor, is likewise said to cure a Cancer.’ - -In the early part of the eighteenth century, the regular physicians -were very ignorant. Ward[95] thus describes them, and, although his -language was coarse, he was a keen observer. - -‘They rail mightily in their Writings against the ignorance of _Quacks_ -and _Mountebanks_, yet, for the sake of _Lucre_, they Licence all the -Cozening Pretenders about Town, or they could not Practise; which -shows it is by their Toleration that the People are Cheated out of -their Lives and Money; and yet they think themselves so Honest, as to -be no ways answerable for this Publick Injury; as if they could not -kill People fast enough themselves, but must depute all the Knaves -in the Town to be Death’s Journeymen. Thus do they License what they -ought carefully to Suppress; and Practise themselves what they Blame -and Condemn in others; And that the Town may not be deceived by -_Apothecaries_, they have made themselves _Medicine-Mongers_,[96] under -a pretence of serving the Publick with more faithful preparations; in -order to perswade the World to a belief of which, they have publish’d -Bills, where, in the true _Quack’s_ Dialect, they tell you the Poor -shall be supply’d for nothing; but whoever is so Needy as to make a -Challenge of their promise empty-handed, will find, according to the -_Mountebank’s_ saying, _No Money, No Cure_. The disposal of their -Medicines they leave to a Boy’s management, who scarce knows _Mercurius -Dulcis_ from _White Sugar_, or _Mint Water_ from _Aqua Fortis_: So that -People are likely to be well serv’d, or Prescriptions truly observed by -such an Agent.’ - -If this was a faithful portrait of a physician in the commencement -of the century, what must a charlatan have been? They sowed their -hand-bills broadcast. Gay, in his ‘Trivia,’ book ii., says, - - ‘If the pale Walker pants with weak’ning Ills, - His sickly Hand is stor’d with Friendly Bills: - From hence he learns the seventh born[97] Doctor’s Fame, - From hence he learns the cheapest Tailor’s name.’ - -So universal was this practice of advertising that, to quote Ward[98] -once more, when talking of the Royal Exchange, he says, - -‘The Wainscote was adorn’d with Quacks’ Bills, instead of Pictures; -never an Emperick in the Town, but had his Name in a Lacquered Frame, -containing a fair Invitation for a Fool and his Money to be soon -parted.’ - -The newspapers teemed with quack advertisements. These, of course, we -have; but we also have preserved to us a quantity of the ephemeral -hand-bills, which, presumably, were kept on account of the intrinsic -merits they possessed. They are a curious study. There was the ‘Oxford -Doctor at the Fleet Prison, near Fleet Bridge, London,’ who would sell -ten pills in a box for sixpence, warranted a cure for the ‘_Scurvy_, -_Dropsie_, and _Colt-evil_,’ would provide a remedy for ‘_Headach_, -_Sore Eyes_, _Toothach_, _Stomachach_, _Bleeding_, _Scorbutick Gums_, -_Black_, _Yellow_, _foul Teeth_, _Cramp_, _Worms_, _Itch_, _Kibes_, -_and Chilblains_; the Price of each proper Specifick, Twopence. Teeth -or stumps of Teeth, Drawn with Ease and Safety, Let Blood neatly, -Issues or Setons Curiously made; _For Two Pence each, and welcome_. -By the Doctor that puts forth this paper, you may be Taught Writing, -Arithmetick, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, at reasonable Rates by the -great, _Or Two Pence each of them by the Week_.’ Presumably, as he does -not advertise it, he could not teach manners at the same traditional -price. - -There was another who sold the _Elixir Stomachum_ which was sold at the -various coffee-houses about town, and he complains thus: ‘☞ Garrowaye, -the Apple-man at the Exchange, who had it of me, to sell, for five or -six years, I have lately found out, is Counterfeiting it, and have -removed mine from him; and what he now sells is a Counterfeit sort, and -not the Right, as was formerly Sold there.’ - -There was a man, living in Blackfriars, who was so modest that he -veiled his identity under the initials R.C., who, from two in the -afternoon till night, ‘will give to all People a Secret how they may -utterly destroy _Buggs_ without injury to their Goods, at reasonable -rates; do as you are Taught, and if any be doubtful of the truth of it, -they may have full satisfaction of them that have Experienced it.’ - -Here is a gentleman who gives a minute address. ‘_In Petty France, -Westminster, at a house with a black dore_, and a Red Knocker, between -the Sign of the _Rose and Crown_ and _Jacob’s Well_, is a _German_ who -hath a Powder which, with the blessing of God upon it, certainly cures -the Stone, &c.... If any person of known Integrity will affirm that -upon following their directions the cure is not perfected, they shall -have their Money returned. Therefore be not unwilling to come for help, -but suspend your Judgment till you have try’d, and then speak as you -find.’ - -There is another, which may belong to the previous century--but it is -so hard to tell, either by means of type or wood blocks--put forth -by ‘_Salvator Winter_, an _Italian_ of the City of _Naples_, Aged 98 -years, Yet, by the Blessing of God, finds himself in health, and as -strong as anyone of Fifty, as to the Sensitive part; Which first he -attributes to God, and then to his _Elixir Vitæ_, which he always -carries in his pocket adayes, and at Night under his pillow; And when -he finds himself distemper’d, he taketh a Spoonful or two, according -as need requireth.‘ It is needless to say that the _Elixir_ was -warranted to cure every evil under the sun, including such diverse -maladies as catarrhs, sore eyes, hardness of hearing, toothache, sore -throat, consumption, obstructions in the stomach, and worms. The net -was arranged to catch every kind of fish. In fact, his business was so -profitable that he had a successor, ‘_Salvator Winter, Junior_,’ who -says thus: ‘My father, aged 98 years, yet enjoys his perfect health, -which, next to the blessing of God, he attributes to the _Elixir Vitæ_ -having alway a bottle of it in his pocket, drinking a spoonful thereof -four or five times a day; snuffing it very strongly up his Nostrils, -and bathing his Temples; thus by prevention, he fortifies his vital -Spirits.’ - -Nor did the sterner sex monopolise the profession of quackdom, for -‘At the _Blew-Ball_ in _Grays-Inn Lane_, near _Holborn Barrs_, next -Door to a _Tallow-Chandler_, where you may see my Name upon a Board -over the Door, _liveth_ Elizabeth Maris, _the True German Gentlewoman_ -lately arrived.’ It seems that we were much indebted to Germany for -our quacks, for ‘At the _Boot_ and _Spatter dash_,[99] next Door but -One to the _Vine Tavern_, in _Long-Acre_, near _Drury Lane_, Liveth -a German D^r. and Surgeon, Who by the blessing of GOD on his great -Pains, Travels and Experience, hath had wonderful Success in the Cure -of the Diseases following,’ &c. There was also ‘_Cornelius à Tilbourg_, -Sworn Chirurgeon in _Ordinary_ to K. _Charles_ the II., to our late -Sovereign K. _William_, as also to Her present Majesty Queen _Ann_.’ - -A certain _John Choke_, whose motto was ‘NOTHING WITHOUT GOD,’ and -was ‘an approved Physician; and farther, Priviledged by his Majesty,’ -advertised ‘an Arcane which I had in _Germany_, from the Famous and -most Learned _Baptista Van Helmont_, of worthy Memory (whose Daughter I -Wedded), and whose Prœscripts most Physicians follow.’ - -Curative and magical powers seem to have extended from seventh sons -of seventh sons to women--for I find an advertisement, ‘At the Sign -of the _Blew-Ball_, at the upper end of _Labour in vain-Street_, next -_Shadwell-New-Market_, Liveth a Seventh Daughter, who learn’d her -Skill by one of the ablest Physicians in _England_ (her uncle was -one of K. Charles’s and K. James’s twelve Doctors), who resolves all -manner of Questions, and interprets Dreams to admiration, and hath -never fail’d (with God’s Blessing) what she took in hand.’ Also there -was a book published late in the seventeenth century, called ‘The -WOMAN’S PROPHECY, or the Rare and Wonderful DOCTRESS, foretelling a -Thousand strange monstrous things that shall come to pass before New -Year’s day next, or afterwards--. She likewise undertakes to cure -the most desperate Diseases of the Female Sex, as the _Glim’ring of -the Gizzard_, the _Quavering of the Kidneys_, the _Wambling Trot_, -&c.’ A man who lived at the ‘Three Compasses’ in Maiden Lane, also -issued a hand bill that he would infallibly cure ‘several strange -diseases, which (though as yet not known to the world) he will plainly -demonstrate to any Ingenious Artist to be the greatest Causes of the -most common Distempers incident to the Body of Man. The Names of which -take as follow: The _Strong Fives_, the _Marthambles_, the _Moon-Pall_, -the _Hockogrocle_.’ - -Then there was a medicine which was administered to children even -in my young days, ‘DAFFY’S _famous_ ELIXIR SALUTIS, prepared by -_Katharine Daffy_. The finest now exposed to Sale, prepar’d from the -best Druggs, according to Art, and the Original Receipt, which my -Father, Mr. _Thomas Daffy_, late Rector of _Redmile_, in the Valley -of _Belvoir_, having experienc’d the Virtues of it, imparted to his -Kinsman, Mr. _Anthony Daffy_, who publish’d the same to the Benefit of -the Community, and his own great Advantage. This very Original Receipt -is now in my possession, left to me by my father aforesaid, under his -own Hand. My own Brother, Mr. _Daniel Daffy_, formerly Apothecary in -_Nottingham_, made this ELIXIR from the same Receipt, and Sold it there -during his Life. Those, who know me, will believe what I Declare; -and those who do not, may be convinc’d that I am no Countefeit, by -the Colour, Tast, Smell, and just Operation of my ELIXIR.’ This was, -however, disputed by one John Harrison--and the rivals of nearly two -centuries ago, remind us forcibly of the claimants to the original -recipe of Bond’s Marking Ink. - -A man sold a useful medicine. ‘A most excellent Eye Water, which cures -in a very short time all Distempers relating to the Eyes, from whatever -Cause soever they proceed, even tho’ they have been of seven, eight, -nine, or ten Years’ continuance.... This excellent Water effectually -takes away all Rabies or Pimples in the face, or any Part of the Body; -it also dissolves any small, or new-come Wens or Bunches under the -Skin, so easily that it can hardly be perceived.’ - -One quack blossomed forth in verse, and thus describes himself: ‘_In_ -Cripplegate Parish, _in_ Whitecross Street, _almost at the farther End, -near_ Old Street _(turning in by the sign of the_ Black Croe, _in_ Goat -Alley, _straightforward down three steps, at the sign of the_ Blew -Ball), _liveth one of above Forty Years’ Experience, who with God’s -Blessing performeth these cures following_: - - ‘To all that please to come, he will and can - Cure most Diseases incident to Man. - The Leprosie, the Cholic, and the Spleen, - And most Diseases common to be seen. - Although not cured by Quack Doctors’ proud, - And yet their Name doth ring and range aloud, - With Riches, and for Cures which others do, - Which they could not perform, and this is true. - This Doctor he performeth without doubt, } - The Ileak Passion, Scurvy, and the gout, } - Even to those the Hospitals turn out.’ } - -Such ground as one did not cover, another did. Take, for instance, the -following: ‘In _Surry-Street_, in the _Strand_, at the Corner House -with a White-Balcony and Blue-Flower pots, liveth a Gentlewoman, who - -‘Hath a most excellent Wash to beautifie the Face, which cures all -Redness, Flushings, or Pimples. Takes off any Yellowness, Morpheu, -Sunburn, or Spots on the Skin, and takes away Wrinckles and Driness, -caused too often by Mercurial Poysonous Washes, rendring the worst of -Faces fair and tender, and preserves ’em so. You may have from half a -Crown to five Pound a Bottle. You may also have Night Masks, Forehead -Pieces, incomparable whitepots, and Red Pomatum for the lips, which -keeps them all the Year plump and smooth, and of a delicate natural -colour. She has an admirable Paste to smooth and whiten the Hands, with -a very good Tooth powder, which cleanses and whitens the Teeth. And -a Water to wash the Mouth, which prevents the Scurvy in the Gums and -cures where ’tis already come. - -‘You may have a Plaster and Water which takes off Hair from any part -of the Body, so that it shall never come again. She has also a most -excellent Secret to prevent the Hair from falling, causing it to grow -where it is wanting in any part of the Head. She also shapes the -Eye-brows, making them perfectly beautiful, without any pain, and -raises low Foreheads as high as you please. And colours Grey or Red -Hair to a lovely Brown, which never decays, changes, or smoots the -Linnen. She has excellent Cosmeticks to anoint the Face after the -_Small Pox_, which wears out any Scars, Marks, or Redness; and has -great skill in all manner of sore Eyes. - -‘She has a most excellent Dyet Drink which cures the worst of -Consumptions, or any Impurity of the Blood: And an Antiscorbutick -spirit, which, being taken one spoonful in the Morning, and another -at Night, with moderate Exercise, cures the _Scurvy_, tho’ never so -far gone, and all broke out in Blotches: with many other Secrets in -Physick, which you may be satisfied in when you speak with her.... She -has an approved Remedy for Barrenness in Women.’ - -Very late in the preceding century (he died May 12, 1691), there was a -most famous quack, Dr. Thomas Saffold, one of whose handbills I give as -a curiosity: - - ‘Dear Friends, let your Disease be what God will, - Pray to Him for a Cure--try _Saffold’s_ Skill, - Who may be such a healing Instrument - As will Cure you to your own Heart’s Content. - His Medicines are Cheap, and truly Good, - Being full as safe as your daily Food. - Saffold he can do what may be done, by - Either Physick or true Astrology: - His Best Pills, Rare Elixirs, and Powder, - Do each Day Praise him Lowder and Lowder. - Dear Country-men, I pray be you so Wise, } - When Men Back-bite him, believe not their Lyes, } - But go see him and believe your own Eyes; } - Then he will say you are Honest and Kind, - Try before you Judge, and Speak as you Find. - -‘By _Thomas Saffold_, an Approved and Licensed Physician and Student -in Astrology, who (through God’s Mercy), to do good, still liveth at -the _Black Ball_ and Old _Lilly’s Head_, next Door to the Feather-Shops -that are within _Black-fryers_ Gate-way, which is over against -_Ludgate_ Church, just by _Ludgate_ in _London_. Of him the Poor, -Sore, Sick, and Lame may have Advice for nothing, and proper Medicines -for every particular Distemper, at reasonable Rates ready prepared, -with plain Directions how to use them, to cure either Men, Women, or -Children of any Disease or Diseases afflicting any Body, whether inward -or outward, of what Name or Nature soever (if Curable); Also of this -you may be sure, he hath Medicines to prevent as well as Cure. - -‘Lastly, He doth with great certainty and privacy: Resolve all manner -of Lawful Questions, according to the Rules of Christian Astrology, and -more than Twenty One Years’ Experience.’ - -Talk of modern quacks--they are but second-rate to Saffold! His -_Pillulæ Londinenses_, or London pills, were advertised that ‘not only -the meaner sort of all Ages and each Sex, but people of Eminence, both -for their Rank in the World and their parts, have found admirable -success in taking these Pills.’ - -This _panacea_ was warranted to cure ‘Gout, Dropsy, Coma, Lethargy, -Caries, Apoplexy, Palsy, Convulsions, Falling Sickness, Vertigo, -Madness, Catarrhs, Headache, Scald, and Sore Heads, sore Eyes, -Deafness, Toothache, sore Mouth, sore and swollen Throat, foul Stomach, -bad Digestion, Vomiting, Pain at the Stomach, sour Belching, Colic, -Twisting of the Guts, Looseness, Worms, all Obstructions of the -Pancreas, of the Mesaraic Veins, of the passages of the Chyle, and of -the Liver and Spleen, the Jaundice, Cachexy, Hypochondriac Melancholy, -Agues, Itch, Boils, Rheumatism, Pains and Aches, Surfeits by Eating and -Hard Drinking, or by Heats and Colds (as some call them).’ - -Then there comes a charming bit of candour almost sufficient to disarm -the unwary: ‘They are also good in taking the Waters. I would not -advise them by any means in the Bloody Flux, nor in continual Fevers, -but they are good to purge after either of those Diseases is over, or -to carry off the Humor aforehand. They must also be foreborn by Women -with Child. Otherwise they are good for any Constitution, and in any -Clime. They are Durable many years, and good at Sea as well as on Land.’ - -Thomas Saffold knew well the value of advertising, and scattered his -very varied handbills broadcast. Presumably, like modern quacks, he -made money. Of course he died, and his epitaph is as follows (he -originally was a weaver): - - ‘Here lies the Corpse of Thomas Saffold, - By Death, in spite of Physick, baffled; - Who, leaving off his working loom, - Did learned doctor soon become. - To poetry he made pretence, - Too plain to any man’s own sense; - But he when living thought it sin - To hide his talent in napkin; - Now Death does Doctor (poet) crowd - Within the limits of a shroud.’ - -There was a harmless remedy advertised, even though it was a fraud--and -this was the loan, or sale, of necklaces to be worn by children in -teething. - - THE FAMOUS AND VIRTUOUS NECKLACES. - -‘One of them being of no greater weight than a small _Nutmeg_, -absolutely easing Children in Breeding _Teeth_ without _Pain_; thereby -preventing _Feavers_, _Ruptures_, _Convulsions_, _Rickets_, and such -attendant Distempers, to the Admiration of thousands of the City of -_London_, and Counties adjoining, who have experienced the same, to -their great comfort and satisfaction of the Parents of the Children -who have used them. Besides the Decrease in the _Bills of Mortality_, -apparent (within this Year and a half) of above one half of what -formerly Dyed; and are now Exposed to sale for the Publick good, at -_five shillings_ each _Necklace_, &c.’ - -Then there was a far higher-priced necklace, but, as it also operated -on adults, it was perhaps stronger and more efficacious. ‘A necklace -that cures all sorts of fits in children, occasioned by Teeth or -any other Cause; as also Fits in Men and Women. To be had at Mr. -Larance’s in Somerset Court, near Northumberland House in the Strand; -price ten shillings for eight days, though the cure will be performed -immediately.’ And there was the famous ‘_Anodyne Necklace_.’ - -In the preceding century there were some famous quacks, notably Sir -Kenelm Digby, who, with his sympathetic powder, worked wonders, -especially one instance, an account of which he read to a learned -society at Montpellier. He recounted how a certain learned gentleman, -named Howell, found two of his friends engaged in a duel with swords, -how he rushed to part them, and catching hold of one of their blades, -his hand was severely cut, the other antagonist cutting him severely -on the back of his hand. Seeing the mischief they had done, they bound -up his hand with his garter, and took him home. Mr. Howell was of such -note that the King sent his own physician to him, but without avail; -and there was expectation that the hand would mortify and have to -be amputated. Here Sir Kenelm, who knew him, stepped in, and, being -applied to by his friend to try his remedies, consented. Let him tell -his own tale. - -‘I asked him then for anything that had blood upon it; so he presently -sent for his garter, wherewith his hand was first bound, and as I -called for a basin of water, as if I would wash my hands, I took a -handful of powder of vitriol, which I had in my study, and presently -dissolved it. As soon as the bloody garter was brought me, I put it in -the basin, observing, in the interim, what Mr. Howell did, who stood -talking with a gentleman in a corner of my chamber, not regarding at -all what I was doing. He started suddenly, as if he had found some -strange alteration in himself. I asked him what he ailed. - -‘“I know not what ails me; but I feel no more pain. Methinks that a -pleasing kind of freshness, as it were a wet cold napkin, did spread -over my hand, which hath taken away the inflammation that tormented me -before.” - -‘I replied, “Since, then, you feel already so much good of my -medicament, I advise you to cast away all your plasters; only keep the -wound clean, and in a moderate temper, betwixt heat and cold.” - -‘This was presently reported to the Duke of Buckingham, and, a -little after, to the King, who were both very curious to know the -circumstances of the business; which was, that after dinner, I took -the garter out of the water, and put it to dry before a great fire. It -was scarce dry before Mr. Howell’s servant came running, and saying -that his master felt as much burning as ever he had done, if not more; -for the heat was such as if his hand were betwixt coals of fire. I -answered that although that had happened at present, yet he should -find ease in a short time; for I knew the reason of this new accident, -and would provide accordingly; for his master should be free from that -inflammation, it might be, before he could possibly return to him; but, -in case he found no ease, I wished him to come presently back again; if -not, he might forbear coming. Thereupon he went; and, at the instant, -I did put the garter again into the water; thereupon he found his -master without any pain at all. To be brief, there was no sense of pain -afterwards; but within five or six days the wounds were cicatrized, and -entirely healed.’ - -Faith worked wonders, and a credulous imagination formed an excellent -foundation for healing. Take another instance in the same century--the -case of Valentine Greatraks (who cured by the imposition of hands), -who was nearly contemporary with Sir Kenelm. It would serve no good -purpose to go minutely into his history: suffice it to say that he was -an Irishman of good family, and, as a young man, served under Cromwell. -After the disbandment of the army he was made Clerk of the Peace for -the County of Cork, Registrar for Transplantation (ejection of Papists -who would not go to church) and Justice of the Peace, so that we see he -occupied a respectable position in society. - -After Greatraks settled down in his civil capacity, he seems to have -been a blameless member of society; but his religious convictions -were extremely rabid, and strong on the Protestant side. Writing in -1668, he says: ‘About four years since I had an Impulse, or a strange -perswasion, in my own mind (of which I am not able to give any rational -account to another) which did very frequently suggest to me that there -was bestowed on me the gift of curing the King’s Evil: which, for the -extraordinariness of it, I thought fit to conceal for some time, but at -length I communicated this to my Wife, and told her, That I did verily -believe that God had given me the blessing of curing the King’s Evil; -for, whether I were in private or publick, sleeping or waking, still -I had the same Impulse; but her reply was to me, That she conceived -this was a strange imagination: but, to prove the contrary, a few daies -after there was one _William Maher_ of _Salterbridge_, in the Parish of -_Lissmore_, that brought his Son _William Maher_ to my house, desiring -my Wife to cure him, who was a person ready to afford her Charity to -her Neighbours, according to her small skill in Chirurgery; on which my -Wife told me there was one that had the King’s Evil very grievously in -the Eyes, Cheek, and Throat; whereupon I told her that she should now -see whether this were a bare fancy, or imagination, as she thought it, -or the Dictates of God’s Spirit on my heart; and thereupon I laid my -hands on the places affected, and prayed to God for Jesus’ sake to heal -him, and then I bid the Parent two or three days afterwards to bring -the Child to me again, which accordingly he did, and then I saw the -Eye was almost quite whole, and the Node, which was almost as big as a -Pullet’s Egg, was suppurated, and the throat strangely amended, and, to -be brief (to God’s glory I speak it), within a month discharged itself -quite, and was perfectly healed, and so continues, God be praised.’ - -This may be taken as a sample of his cures, albeit his first; and, -although he excited the enmity of the licensed medical profession, he -seems to have cured the Countess of Conway of an inveterate head-ache, -which greatly enhanced his reputation. He died no one knows when, but -some time early in the century. - -And in our time, too, have been the quacks, the Zouave Jacob and Dr. -Newton, who pretended to have the miraculous gift of healing by the -imposition of hands, so that we can scarcely wonder that, in an age -when the dissemination of accurate and scientific knowledge as the -present is (imperfect though it be), a man like Valentine Greatraks -was believed in as of almost divine authority at the period at which -he lived. But it is a very curious thing that some men either imagine -that they have, or feign to have a miraculous gift of healing. Witness -in our own day the ‘Peculiar People,’ who base their peculiar gift of -healing on a text from the Epistle of St. James, chap. 5, v. 14--‘Is -any sick among you? let him call upon the elders of the Church; and let -them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord.’ - -So also the _Catholic and Apostolic Church_ (Irvingites) teach this -practice as a dogma, vide their catechism,[100] ‘What are the benefits -to be derived from this rite?’ ‘St. James teaches us again that the -prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the Lord shall raise him up; -and, if he have committed sins, they shall be forgiven him.’ After -this, who can say that the age of faith is passed away? - -With them, also, is a great function for the benediction of oil for -anointing the sick; the rubric for which is as follows:[101] ‘In the -Celebration of the Holy Eucharist on a Week-day, immediately before the -elements are brought up and placed on the Altar, the Elder or Elders -present shall bring the vessel containing the oil to the Angel, who -shall present it uncovered upon the Altar; and then kneeling down at -the Altar, and the Elders kneeling down at the access to the Sanctuary, -the Angel shall say this PRAYER OF BENEDICTION.’ - -Here follows a not very long prayer, in which the Almighty is intreated -to impart to the oil the virtue which is dogmatically asserted that it -possesses, in the catechism. The rubric then continues, ‘The oil which -has been blessed shall remain on the Altar until after the Service, -and shall then be delivered by the Angel to the senior Elder, that it -may be reverently carried to the Sacristy, and there deposited in the -proper place by the Angel.’ - -In the ‘Order for anointing the Sick’ (p. 602), the rubric says: ‘This -rite shall be administered only to such as have, in time past, received -the Holy Communion, or to whom it is intended presently to administer -the Communion; also, only in such cases of sickness as are of a -serious or dangerous character. In order to the receiving of the rite, -opportunity should, if possible, be previously given to the sick person -to make confession of his sins. - -‘A table should be provided in the sick person’s room, with a clean -cloth thereon, upon which may be placed the vessel of holy oil.... -The Elder in charge shall be accompanied, when possible, by the other -Elders, the Pastor, and the Deacon.’ - -A somewhat lengthy service follows, and in the middle is this rubric: -‘Then the Elders present shall anoint the sick person with the oil on -the head or forehead, and, if the sick person request it, also on any -part affected.’ And it winds up with the subjoined direction, ‘All -the holy oil that shall remain after the anointing shall be forthwith -consumed by Fire.’ - -I had intended to confine my subject entirely to English quacks, but -the name of Mesmer is so allied to quackery in England that I must -needs refer to him. He was born at Merseburg in Germany on May 23, -1733, and died at the same place March 5, 1815. He studied medicine, -and took a doctor’s degree in 1766. He started his extraordinary theory -in 1772 by publishing a tract entitled, ‘_De Planetarium_ _Influxu_,’ -in which he upheld that tides exist in the air as in the sea, and were -similarly produced. He maintained that the sun and the moon acted -upon an etherial fluid which penetrated everything, and this force he -termed _Animal Magnetism_. But there is every reason to believe that -he was indebted for his discovery to a Jesuit father named Hel, who -was professor of astronomy at Vienna. Hel used peculiarly made steel -plates, which he applied to different portions of his patient’s body. -Hel and Mesmer subsequently quarrelling about the prior discovery of -each, the latter discontinued the use of the plates, and substituted -his fingers. Then he found it was unnecessary to touch his patient, but -that the same magnetic influence could be induced by waving his hands, -and making what are called _mesmeric passes_ at a distance. - -But the Viennese are a practical race, and his failures to cure, -notably in one case, that of Mademoiselle Paradis (a singer), who was -blind, caused charges of deceit to be brought against him, and he was -told to leave Vienna at a day’s notice. He obeyed, and went to Paris, -where he set up a superb establishment, fitted up most luxuriously. The -novelty-loving Parisians soon visited him, and here, in a dimly lit -room, with pseudo-scientific apparatus to excite the imagination, and -a great deal of corporal manipulation, tending to the same purpose, to -the accompaniment of soft music or singing, hysterical women went into -convulsive fits, and laughed, sobbed, and shrieked, according to their -different temperaments. - -Having reached this stage, Mesmer made his appearance, clad in a gold -embroidered robe of violet silk, holding in his hand a magnetic rod of -wondrous power. With slow and solemn steps he approached his patients, -and the exceeding gravity of his deportment, added to their ignorance -of what might be coming next, generally calmed and subdued those who -were not insensible. Those who had lost their senses he awoke by -stroking them, and tracing figures upon their bodies with his magnetic -wand, and, on their recovery, they used to testify to the great good -his treatment had done them. - -A commission of scientific and medical men sat to make inquiry into -‘Animal Magnetism,’ and they reported adversely. He then endeavoured to -get a pecuniary recognition of his services from the French Government, -but this being declined, he retired to Spa, where, the bubble having -been pricked, he lived for some time in comparative obscurity. - -Mesmerism was introduced into England in the year 1788, by a Dr. De -Mainauduc, who, on his arrival at Bristol, delivered lectures on -‘Animal Magnetism’; and, as his somewhat cautious biographer, Dr. -George Winter, observes, he ‘was reported to have cured diseased -persons, _even_ without the aid of medicines, and of his having -the power of treating and curing diseased persons at a distance.’ -He found many dupes, for the said authority remarks, ‘On looking -over the lists of Students that had been, or then were under the -Doctor’s tuition, it appeared that there was 1 Duke--1 Duchess--1 -Marchioness--2 Countesses--1 Earl--1 Lord--3 Ladies--1 Bishop--5 Right -Honourable Gentlemen and Ladies--2 Baronets--7 Members of Parliament--1 -Clergyman--2 Physicians--7 Surgeons--exclusive of 92 Gentlemen and -Ladies of respectability, in the whole 127. - -‘Naturally fond of study, and my thirst after knowledge being -insatiable, I also was allured to do myself the honour of adding my -name to the list; and to investigate this very extraordinary Science: -and, according to the general terms, I paid 25 Guineas to the Doctor, -and 5 Guineas for the use of the Room; I also signed a bond for -£10,000, and took an affidavit that I would not discover the secrets of -the Science _during the Doctor’s natural life_.’ - -So we see that this wonderful power had a market value of no mean -consideration, and, indeed, an anonymous authority, who wrote on -‘Animal Magnetism,’ states that Dr. Mainauduc realised £100,000. So -lucrative was its practice, that many pretenders sprung up, notable -one Holloway who gave lectures at the rate of five guineas the course, -besides Miss Prescott, Mrs. Pratt, Monsieur de Loutherbourg the -painter, Mr. Parker, and Dr. Yeldal; but the chief of these quacks was -Dr. Loutherbourg, who was assisted in his operations by his wife. A -book about his wonderful cures was written by one of his believers, -Mary Pratt, ‘A lover of the Lamb of God,’ in which he is described as -‘A Gentleman of superior abilities, well known in the scientific and -polite Assemblies for his brilliancy of talents as a Philosopher, and -Painter: this Gentleman is no other than Mr. De Loutherbourg, who with -his Lady, Mrs. De Loutherbourg, have been made by the Almighty power -of the Lord Jehovah, proper Recipients to receive divine Manuductions, -which heavenly and divine Influx coming from the Radix _God_, his -divine Majesty has most graciously condescended to bestow on them (_his -blessing_) to diffuse healing to _all_ who have faith in the Lord as -mediator, be they Deaf, Dumb, Lame, Halt, or Blind.’ - -That thousands flocked to these charlatans is undoubted, for Dr. -George Winter (above quoted) says, ‘It was credibly reported that -3,000 persons have attended at one time, to get admission at Mr. -Loutherbourg’s, at Hammersmith; and that some persons sold their -tickets for from One, to Three Guineas each.’ And this is corroborated -by crazy Mary Pratt. ‘Report says three Thousand People have waited -for Tickets at a time. For my own part, the Croud was so immense that -I could with difficulty gain the Door on Healing Days, and I suppose, -upon conviction, Report spoke Truth.’ De Loutherbourg charged nothing -for his cures, and Mary Pratt is extremely scandalized at those who, -having received a ticket gratis, sold them from two to five guineas. - -Many cases are given in her book of the cures effected by this -benevolent couple; how the blind were made to see, the deaf to hear, -the lame to walk, or the dumb to speak--nay, could even cast out -devils--as the following testimonial will show. - -‘The second case I shall mention is that of a woman possessed with Evil -Spirits, her name Pennier, lives at No. 33 Ogle Street, Mary-le-bone, -near Portland-Chapel; her husband lives with the French Ambassador: -her case was too terrific to describe; her eyes and mouth distorted, -she was like a Lunatic in every sense of the word; she used to say -that it was not her voice that spoke, but the devil in her. In short, -her case was most truly distressing, not only to her family, but the -neighbourhood; she used to invite people in with apparent civility, -then bite them, and scratch like a cat; nay, she would beg a pin of -women, and then scratch them with it, &c., &c., &c.’ - -‘Mrs. De Loutherbourg, a lady of most exquisite sensibility and -tenderness, administered to this Mrs. Pennier; she daily amended, and -is now in her right mind, praising God, who has through his servant -performed such an amazing cure, to the astonishment of hundreds who saw -her and heard her.’ - -Mrs. De Loutherbourg’s system of cure was extremely simple, as this -example will show: ‘Mrs. Hook, Stable Yard, St. James’s, has two -daughters, born Deaf and Dumb. She waited on the Lady above mentioned, -who looked on them with an eye of benignity, and healed them. (I heard -both of them speak.)’ - -Her husband’s plan was rather more clumsy. He imposed hands. ‘A -News-Carrier at Chelsea cured of an Abscess in his Side. Mr. De -Loutherbourg held his hand on the Abscess half a minute, and it broke -immediately.’ - -Perhaps these cures were not permanent, for ‘Mr. De Loutherbourg told -me he had cured by the blessing of God, two Thousand since Christmas. -But, as our Lord said, of the ten healed, one only returned to thank -him; so many hundreds have acted, that have never returned to Mr. De -Loutherbourg.’ - -One of the most impudent of these quacks was named Benjamin Douglas -Perkins, whose father claimed to be the inventor of the metallic -tractors, which were rods made either of a combination of copper, -zinc, and gold, or of iron, silver, and platinum, and he explains, in -the specification to his patent, that ‘the point of the instrument -thus formed, I apply to those parts of the body which are affected -with diseases, and draw them off on the skin, to a distance from the -complaint, and usually towards the extremities.’ - -He charged the moderate sum of five guineas a set for these precious -instruments, and made a good thing out of them. He was a member of the -Society of Friends, and, as a proof that his charlatanism was believed -in, this benevolent society subscribed largely, and built for him the -_Perkinean Institution_, an hospital where the poor could be treated on -his system, free of cost. - -He was an adept in the art of puffing, and his ‘Testimonials’ are -quite equal to those of modern times. I will only cite two. ‘My little -infant child was _scalded_ with hot tea on the forehead, about three -and a half inches in length, and three-fourths of an inch in breadth, -which raised a vesicle before I had time to apply anything to it. The -_Tractors_ were solely used, and the whole redness disappeared. The -Blister broke, &c.’ - -‘A lady fell from her horse, and _dislocated_ her ancle, which remained -several hours before it was reduced, by which it became very much -_swelled_, _inflamed_, and _painful_. Two or three applications of the -_Tractor_ relieved the pain, and in a day or two she walked the house, -and had no further complaint.’ - -Then also was Dominicetti, who, in 1765, established a house in -Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, for medicated baths, but he hardly belongs to -the magnetisers. Then there was Katterfelto, but he, too, hovers on -the borderland of quackism--vide the following one of hundreds of -advertisements.[102] - - ‘By particular Desire of many of the First Nobility. - This PRESENT EVENING and TO-MORROW, - At late COX’S MUSEUM, Spring Gardens, - -A SON of the late Colonel KATTERFELTO of the Death’s Head Hussars, -belonging to the King of Prussia, is to exhibit the same variety of -Performances as he did exhibit on Wednesday the 13th of March, before -many Foreign Ministers, with great applause. - - -MR. KATTERFELTO - -Has had the honour in his travels to exhibit before the Empress of -Russia, the Queen of Hungary, the Kings of Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, -and Poland. - - -MR. KATTERFELTO’S - -Lectures are Philosophical, Mathematical, Optical, Magnetical, -Electrical, Physical, Chymical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Hydrostatic, -Styangraphic, Palenchic, and Caprimantic Art. - - -MR. KATTERFELTO - -Will deliver a different Lecture every night in the week, and show -various uncommon experiments, and his apparatus are very numerous, and -elegantly finished: all are on the newest construction, many of which -are not to be equalled in Europe. - - -MR. KATTERFELTO - -Will, after his Philosophical Lecture, discover various arts by which -many persons lose their fortunes by Dice, Cards, Billiards, and E.O. -Tables, &c.’ - -He was a charlatan _pur et simple_, and to his other attractions he -added a performing black cat,[103] ‘but Colonel Katterfelto is very -sorry that many persons will have it that he and his famous BLACK -CAT were DEVILS but such suspicion only arises through his various -wonderful and uncommon performances: he only professes to be a moral -and divine Philosopher, and he says, that all persons on earth live -in darkness, if they are able, but won’t see that most enterprizing, -extraordinary, astonishing, wonderful, and uncommon exhibition on the -Solar Microscope. He will this day, and every day this week, show, from -eight in the morning till five in the afternoon, his various new Occult -Secrets, which have surprized the King and the whole Royal Family: and -his evening lecture begins this, and every night, precisely at eight -o’clock; but no person will be admitted after eight; and after his -lecture he will exhibit many new deceptions. His Black Cat will also -make her appearance this evening at No. 24, Piccadilly. His exhibition -of the Solar Microscope has caused him lately very grand houses; also -his wonderful Black Cat at night; many thousands could not receive -admission lately for want of room, and Katterfelto expects to clear at -least above £30,000, in a year’s time, through his Solar Microscope and -surprizing Black Cat.’ - -He also invented a sort of lucifer-match.[104] ‘Dr. Katterfelto will -also, for 2/6_d._ sell such a quantity of his new invented _Alarum_, -which is better than £20 worth of Phosphorus matches, and is better in -a house or ship than £20,000, as many lives may be saved by it, and -is more useful to the Nation than 30,000 Air Balloons. It will light -900 candles, pistols or cannons, and never misses. He also sells the -very best Solid, Liquid, and Powder Phosphorus, Phosphorus Matches, -Diamond Beetles, &c.’ Katterfelto died at Bedale, in Yorkshire, 25th of -November, 1799. - -There also lived Dr. Graham, who was not heard of before 1780, and -he was an arch quack. About that year he took a mansion in the Royal -Terrace, Adelphi, which he fitted up sumptuously. It was inscribed -‘Templum Æsculapio Sacrum,’ and was called both the ‘Temple of -Health,’ and the ‘Hymeneal Temple.’ Here, in air heavy with incense, -he lectured on electricity and magnetism. He was a past master in -the art of puffing, and published several books in glorification -of himself. In one, called ‘MEDICAL TRANSACTIONS at the Temple of -Health in London, in the course of the years 1781 & 1782,’ he gives -a wonderful list of cures worked by his ‘Electrical Æther, Nervous -Æthereal Balsam, Imperial Pills, Liquid Amber, British Pills,’ and his -‘Bracing, or Restorative Balsam,’ which, in order to bring within the -reach of ordinary people, he kindly consented to sell at half-price, -namely, ‘that the bottles marked, and formerly sold at one guinea, may -_now_ be had at only half-a-guinea; the half-guinea bottles at five -shillings and threepence; the five shilling at half-a-crown, and the -two-and-sixpenny vials at _only one shilling and threepence_.’ - -In this book, too, are some choice specimens of poetry, all laudatory -of Dr. Graham, one of which is worth repeating, as a specimen-- - - -‘_An_ ACROSTIC, _by a_ LADY. - - D EIGN, to accept the tribute which I owe, - O ne grateful, joyful tear, permit to flow; - C an I be silent when good health is given? - T hat first--that best--that richest gift of heaven! - O Muse! descend, in most exalted lays, - R eplete with softest notes, attune his praise. - - G en’rous by nature, matchless in thy skill! - R ich in the God-like art--to ease--to heal; - A ll bless thy gifts! the sick--the lame--the blind, - H ail thee with rapture for the cure they find! - A rm’d by the DEITY with power divine, - M ortals revere HIS attributes in thine.’ - -In this temple of ‘Health and Hymen’ he had a wonderful ‘Celestial -Bed,’ which he pretended cost sixty thousand pounds. He guaranteed -that the sleepers therein, although hitherto childless, should -become prolific; but it was somewhat costly, for the fee for its -use for a single night was one hundred pounds. Still, he had some -magneto-electric beds, which, probably, were as efficacious, at a lower -rate, only fifty pounds nightly. The title-page of a pamphlet on his -establishment is noteworthy. - - ‘IL CONVITO AMOROSO, - Or a Serio--comico--philosophical - LECTURE - on the - _Causes, Nature, and Effects of Love and Beauty_, - At the Different Periods of Human Life, in Persons, and - Personages, Male, Female, and Demi-Charactêre; - And in Praise of the Genial and Prolific Influences of the - - CELESTIAL BED! - - As Delivered by HEBE VESTINA, - The Rosy Goddess of Youth and of Health! - from the - _Electrical Throne! in the Great Apollo-Chamber_, - - At the TEMPLE of HYMEN, in LONDON, - -Before a glowing and brilliant Audience of near Three Hundred Ladies -and Gentlemen, who were commanded by VENUS, CUPID, and HYMEN! to -assist, in joyous Assembly, at the Grand Feast of very FAT THINGS, -which was held at their Temple, on Monday Evening, the 25th of -November, 1782; but which was interrupted by the rude and unexpected -Arrival of his Worship MIDAS NEUTERSEX, Esq^{re.} ... just as the -Dessert was about to be served up. - - Published at the earnest Desire of many of the Company, and to - gratify the impatient and very intense longings of Thousands of - Adepts, Hibernian and British;--of the Cognoscenti;--et de les - Amateur ardens des _delices exquise_ de Venus! - - To which is subjoined, a description of the Stupendous Nature - and Effects of the Celebrated - - -CELESTIAL BED!’ - -The ‘VESTINA, or Goddess of Health,’ was no mean person. She began -life as a domestic servant, and was named Emma Lyons. She was a -good-looking, florid, buxom wench, and, after having played her part as -priestess at the ‘Temple of Health and Hymen,’ became the wife of the -dilletante Sir William Hamilton, English Minister at Naples, and was -afterwards notorious for her connection with Lord Nelson. - -Graham wrote in 1790, ‘A short Treatise on the All cleansing--all -healing--and all invigorating Qualities of the SIMPLE EARTH, when long -and repeatedly applied to the naked Human Body and Lungs, for the safe, -speedy, and radical Cure of all Diseases, internal as well as external, -which are, in their Nature or Stage, susceptible of being cured;--for -the preservation of the Health, Vigour, Bloom, and Beauty of Body and -of Mind; for rejuvenating the aged and decaying Human Body;--and for -prolonging Life to the very longest possible Period, &c.’ - -For the benefit of those who would try the doctor’s earth-cure, I -extract the following: ‘I generally, or always, prefer the sides or -tops of hills or mountains, as the air and the earth are the more -pure and salubrious; but the air and earth of ordinary pasture -or corn-fields, especially those that are called upland, and even -good clean garden-ground, or the higher commons, especially fallow -corn-fields, are all salutary and good. - -‘As to the colour and nature of the earth or soil, I prefer a good -brown or reddish blooming mould, and light, sandy, crumbly, mellow and -marrowy earth; or that which feels when I am in it, and crumbling with -my hands and fingers, like bits of marrow among fine Flour; and that -which has a strong, sweet, earthly smell----’ - -So that my readers now know exactly what to do. - -He had a fairly comprehensive idea of modern hygiene, as will be seen -from the following extract from ‘General Instructions to the persons -who consult Dr. Graham as a Physician’: - -‘It will be unreasonable for Dr. Graham’s Patients to expect a complete -and a lasting cure, or even great alleviation of their peculiar -maladies, unless they keep the body and limbs most perfectly clean with -very frequent washings,--breathe fresh, open air day and night,--be -simple in the quality and moderate in the quantity of their food and -drink,--and totally give up using the deadly poisons and weakeners -of both body and soul, and the cankerworm of estates called foreign -Tea and Coffee, Red Port Wine, Spirituous Liquors, Tobacco and Snuff, -gaming and late hours, and all sinful, unnatural, and excessive -indulgence of the animal appetites, and of the diabolical and degrading -mental passions. On practising the above rules--on a widely open window -day and night--and on washing with cold water, and going to bed every -night by eight or nine, and rising by four or five, depends the very -perfection of bodily and mental health, strength and happiness.’ - -He wrote many pamphlets, some of them on religious matters, and the -fools who patronised him paid him large fees; yet his expenses were -very heavy, and his manner of living luxurious, so that we experience -but little wonder when we find the ‘Temple of Health’ sold up, and that -Graham himself died poor--either in, or near, Glasgow. - -Early in the century there were (in surgery) two noted quacks, namely, -Dr. (afterwards Sir William) Read, and Roger, or, as he called himself, -Doctor, Grant--both oculists. Read originally was a tailor, and Grant -had been a tinker and Anabaptist preacher. The list of cures of both -are marvellous--Grant even advertising in the _Daily Courant_, of July -20, 1709, that he had cured, in five minutes, a young man that had been -born blind. But at that time, when people believed in their sovereign -being able to cure scrofula by touching the patient with a gold coin, a -little faith went a long way. - -But quackery was not confined to the masculine gender--the ladies -competed with them in the field. Notably Mrs. Map, the bone-setter of -Epsom, of whom Mr. Pulteney writes so amusingly to Swift on December -21, 1736: ‘I must tell you a ridiculous incident; perhaps you have -not heard it. One Mrs. Mapp, a famous she bone-setter and mountebank, -coming to town with a coach and six horses, on the Kentish road, was -met by a rabble of people, who, seeing her very oddly and tawdrily -dressed, took her for a foreigner, and concluded she must be a certain -great person’s mistress. Upon this they followed the coach, bawling -out, “No Hanover w----! No Hanover w----!” The lady within the coach -was much offended, let down the glass, and screamed louder than any of -them, “She was no Hanover w----! she was an English one!” Upon which -they cried out, “God bless your ladyship!” quitted the pursuit, and -wished her a good journey.’ - -This woman sprang into notoriety all at once. The first authentic -account of her is on page 457 of the _London Magazine_ for 1836, under -the date of August 2: ‘The Town has been surprized lately with the fame -of a young woman at _Epsom_, who, tho’ not very regular, it is said, -in her Conduct, has wrought such Cures that seem miraculous in the -Bone-setting way. The Concourse of People to _Epsom_ on this occasion -is incredible, and ’tis reckon’d she gets near 20 Guineas a Day, she -executing what she does in a very quick Manner: She has strength enough -to put in any Man’s Shoulder without any assistance; and this her -strength makes the following Story the more credible. A Man came to -her, sent, as ’tis supposed, by some Surgeons, on purpose to try her -Skill, with his Hand bound up, and pretended his Wrist was put out, -which upon Examination she found to be false; but, to be even with him -for his Imposition, she gave it a Wrench, and really put it out, and -bad him _go to the Fools who sent him, and get it set again_, or, if he -would come to her that day month, she would do it herself. - -‘This remarkable person is Daughter to one _Wallin_, a Bone-setter of -_Hindon, Wilts_. Upon some family Quarrel, she left her Father, and -Wander’d up and down the Country in a very miserable Manner, calling -herself _Crazy Salley_. Since she became thus famous, she married one -Mr. _Hill Mapp_, late servant to a Mercer on _Ludgate Hill_, who, ’tis -said, soon left her, and carried off £100 of her Money.’ - -She was not long making her way in the world, for we read in the same -magazine, under date, September 19, 1736: ‘Mrs. _Mapp_, the famous -Bone-setter at _Epsom_, continues making extraordinary Cures. She has -now set up an Equipage, and this Day came to _Kensington_ and waited on -her Majesty.’ - -The _Gentleman’s Magazine_, under date of August 31, 1736, gives a -similar account of her private life, adding that her husband did not -stay with her above a fortnight, but adds that she was wonderfully -clever in her calling, having ‘cured Persons who have been above 20 -years disabled, and has given incredible Relief in most difficult -cases.’ - -‘Mrs. _Mapp_ the Bone-setter, with Dr. Taylor the Oculist, being -present at the Playhouse in _Lincoln’s Inns Fields_, to see a Comedy -call’d the Husband’s Relief, with the Female Bone-setter, and Worm -Doctor; it occasioned a full House, and the following - -EPIGRAM. - - ‘While _Mapp_ to th’ Actors shew’d a kind regard, - On one side _Taylor_ sat, on t’other _Ward_: - When their mock Persons of the Drama came, - Both _Ward_ and _Taylor_ thought it hurt their _fame_; - Wonder’d how _Mapp_ cou’d in good Humour be-- - _Zoons_, crys the Manly Dame, it hurts not _me_; - Quacks without Arts may either blind or kill, - But _Demonstration_ shews that mine is _Skill_. - -And the following was sung upon y^e Stage: - - You Surgeons of _London_ who puzzle your Pates, - To ride in your Coaches, and purchase Estates, - Give over, for Shame, for your Pride has a Fall, - And y^e Doctress of _Epsom_ has outdone you all. - - What signifies Learning, or going to school, - When a Woman can do without Reason or Rule, - What puts you to Non-plus, and baffles your Art, - For Petticoat-Practice has now got the Start. - - In Physick, as well as in Fashions, we find - The newest has always its Run with Mankind; - Forgot is the bustle ‘bout Taylor and Ward, - Now _Mapp’s_ all y^e Cry, and her Fame’s on Record. - - Dame Nature has giv’n her a Doctor’s Degree, - She gets all y^e Patients, and pockets the Fee; - So if you don’t instantly prove her a Cheat, - She’ll loll in her Chariot while you walk y^e Street.’[105] - -At this time she was at her acme--but if an anonymous writer in the -_Cornhill Magazine_ for March, 1873, p. 82, is to be believed, she died -December, 1837, ‘at her lodgings near Seven Dials, so miserably poor, -that the parish was obliged to bury her.’ - -In No. 572 of the _Spectator_, July 26, 1714,[106] is a very amusing -article on the quacks of Queen Anne’s time: - -‘There is scarce a city in Great Britain but has one of this tribe, -who takes it into his protection, and on the market-day harangues -the good people of the place with aphorisms and receipts. You may -depend upon it he comes not there for his own private interest, but -out of a particular affection to the town. I remember one of these -public-spirited artists at Hammersmith, who told his audience that -he had been born and bred there, and that, having a special regard -for the place of his nativity, he was determined to make a present of -five shillings to as many as would accept of it. The whole crowd stood -agape and ready to take the doctor at his word; when, putting his hand -into a long bag, as everyone was expecting his crown piece, he drew out -a handful of little packets, each of which, he informed the spectators, -was constantly sold at five shillings and sixpence, but that he would -bate the odd five shillings to every inhabitant of that place; the -whole assembly immediately closed with this generous offer, and took -off all his physick, after the doctor had made them vouch for one -another, that there were no foreigners among them, but that they were -all Hammersmith men. - -‘There is another branch of pretenders to this art, who, without -either horse or pickle herring,[107] lie snug in a garret, and send -down notice to the world of their extraordinary parts and abilities -by printed bills and advertisements. These seem to have derived their -custom from an eastern nation which Herodotus speaks of, among whom it -was a law that whenever any cure was to be performed, both the method -of the cure, and an account of the distemper, should be fixed in some -public place; but, as customs will corrupt, these, our moderns, provide -themselves with persons to attest the cure before they publish or make -an experiment of the prescription. I have heard of a porter, who serves -as a Knight of the post[108] under one of these operators, and, though -he was never sick in his life, has been cured of all the diseases in -the Dispensary. These are the men whose sagacity has invented elixirs -of all sorts, pills and lozenges, and take it as an affront if you -come to them before you have been given over by everybody else. Their -medicines are infallible, and never fail of success; that is, of -enriching the doctor, and setting the patient effectually at rest. - -‘I lately dropt into a coffee-house at Westminster, where I found the -room hung round with ornaments of this nature. There were Elixirs, -Tinctures, the Anodyne Fotus, English Pills, Electuaries, and, in -short, more remedies than I believe there are diseases. At the sight -of so many inventions, I could not but imagine myself in a kind of -arsenal or magazine, where a store of arms was deposited against any -sudden invasion. Should you be attacked by the enemy sideways, here -was an infallible piece of defensive armour to cure the pleurisy; -should a distemper beat up your head-quarters, here you might purchase -an impenetrable helmet, or, in the language of the artist, a cephalic -tincture; if your main body be assaulted, here are various kinds of -armour in case of various onsets. I began to congratulate the present -age upon the happiness man might reasonably hope for in life, when -death was thus in a manner defeated, and when pain itself would be of -so short a duration, that it would just serve to enhance the value of -pleasure. - -‘While I was in these thoughts, I unluckily called to mind a story of -an ingenious gentleman of the last age, who, lying violently afflicted -with the gout, a person came and offered his services to cure him by a -method which, he assured him, was infallible; the servant who received -the message carried it up to his master, who, inquiring whether the -person came on foot or in a chariot, and being informed that he was -on foot: “Go,” says he, “send the knave about his business; was his -method infallible as he pretends, he would, long before now, have been -in his coach and six.” In like manner I concluded that, had all these -advertisers arrived to that skill they pretend to, they would have -no need, for so many years successively, to publish to the world the -place of their abode, and the virtues of their medicines. One of these -gentlemen, indeed, pretends to an effectual cure for leanness: what -effects it may have had upon those who have tried it, I cannot tell; -but I am credibly informed that the call for it has been so great, -that it has effectually cured the doctor himself of that distemper. -Could each of them produce so good an instance of the success of his -medicines, they might soon persuade the world into an opinion of them. - -‘I observe that most of the bills agree in one expression, viz., -that, “with God’s blessing,” they perform such and such cures: this -expression is certainly very proper and emphatical, for that is all -they have for it. And, if ever a cure is performed on a patient where -they are concerned, they can claim a greater share than Virgil’s IAPIS -in the curing of ÆNEAS; he tried his skill, was very assiduous about -the wound, and, indeed, was the only visible means that relieved the -hero, but the poet assures us it was the particular assistance of a -deity that speeded the whole operation.’ - -There was another female quack in 1738, one Mrs. Stephens, and in -the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for that year, p. 218, we read that ‘Mrs. -_Stephens_ has proposed to make her Medicines for the Stone publick, on -Consideration of the sum of £5,000 to be rais’d by Contribution, and -lodged with Mr. _Drummond_, _Banker_. He has receiv’d since the 11th -of this month (April) about £500 on that Account.’ She advertised her -cures very fully, and she obtained and acknowledged, as subscriptions -from April 11 to the end of December, 1738, the receipt of £1,356 3s. -(_Gentleman’s Magazine_, 1739, p. 49). And the subscribers were of no -mean quality; they included five bishops, three dukes, two duchesses, -four earls, two countesses, five lords, and of smaller fry a vast -quantity. But this did not satisfy her; she had influence enough to get -a short Act of Parliament passed in her favour (Cap. 23, 12, Geo. II., -1739), entitled: - -‘_An Act for providing a reward_ to Joanna Stephens _upon a proper -discovery to be made by her for the use of the publick, of the -medicines prepared by her for the cure of the stone._ - -‘WHEREAS _Joanna Stevens_ (sic) of the City of _Westminster_, spinster, -hath acquired the knowledge of medicines, and the skill of preparing -them, which by a dissolving power seem capable of removing the cause -of the painful distemper of the stone, and may be improved, and more -successfully applied when the same shall be discovered to persons -learned in the science of physick; now, for encouraging the said -_Joanna Stephens_ to make discovery thereof, and for providing her -a recompence in case the said medicines shall be submitted to the -examination of proper judges, and by them be found worthy of the reward -hereby provided; may it please your Majesty, that it be enacted, etc. - -‘£5,000 granted out of the supplies for the discovery of Mrs. -Stephens’s medicines. Treasury to issue the said sum on a proper -certificate.’ - -A committee of twenty scientists investigated her medicines, and -reported favourably on them. They were trifold. A powder, a draught, -and a pill--and what think you they were made of? The powder was made -of egg-shells and snails, both burnt; the draught was made of Alicante -soap, swine’s cresses burnt, and honey. This was made into a ball, -which was afterwards sliced and dissolved in a broth composed of green -camomile, or camomile flowers, sweet fennel, parsley, and burdock -leaves, boiled in water and sweetened with honey; whilst the pill was -compounded of snails, wild carrot seeds, burdock seeds, ashen keys, -hips and haws, all burnt to blackness, and then mixed with Alicante -soap! These were the famous remedies for which a grateful nation paid -such a large sum!!! - - - - -CAGLIOSTRO IN LONDON. - - -Carlyle, in a very diffuse essay on this adventurer, thus introduces -him: ‘The Count Alessandro di Cagliostro, Pupil of the sage Althotas, -Foster-child of the Scherif of Mecca, probable Son of the last King -of Trebisond; named also Acharat, and unfortunate child of Nature; by -profession healer of diseases, abolisher of wrinkles, friend of the -poor and impotent, grand-master of the Egyptian Mason Lodge of High -Science, Spirit Summoner, Gold Cook, Grand Cophta, Prophet, Priest, -and thaumaturgic moralist and swindler; really a Liar of the first -magnitude, thorough-paced in all provinces of Lying, what one may call -the King of Liars. - -‘Mendez Pinto, Baron Munchaüsen, and others are celebrated in this art, -and not without some colour of justice; yet must it in candour remain -doubtful whether any of these comparatively were much more than liars -from the teeth onwards: a perfect character of the species in question, -who lied not in word only, but continually in thought, word, and -act; and, so to speak, lived wholly in an element of lying, and from -birth to death did nothing but lie--was still a desideratum. Of which -desideratum Count Alessandro offers, we say, if not the fulfilment, -perhaps as near an approach to it as the limited human faculties -permit.’ - -And yet this man made a name, and was famous in his time, and even -afterwards. Lives, novels, and romances, notably being immortalized by -Alexandre Dumas in his ‘Memoires d’un Médecin,’ nay, even plays, have -been written about this clever rogue, who rose from a poor man’s son -to be the talk of Europe, and his connection with the famous diamond -necklace, made him of almost political importance, sufficient to -warrant his incarceration in the Bastille. - -I do not propose to write the life of Cagliostro--enough and to spare -has been written on this subject,[109] but simply to treat of him in -London; yet at the same time it is necessary to say when and where he -was born--the more especially because he always professed ignorance of -his birth, and, when examined in a French court of justice in relation -to the famous diamond necklace on January 30, 1786, the question was -put to him, ‘How old are you?’ _Answer_--‘Thirty-seven or thirty-eight -years.’ _Question_--‘Your name?’ _Answer_--‘Alessandro Cagliostro.’ -_Question_--‘Where born?’ _Answer_--‘I cannot say for certain, whether -it was at Malta or at Medina; I have lived under the tuition of a -governor, who told me that I was of noble birth, that I was left an -orphan when only three months old,’ etc. - -But in a French book,[110] of which an English translation was made -in 1786, Cagliostro is made to say, ‘I cannot speak positively as to -the place of my nativity, nor to the parents who gave me birth. From -various circumstances of my life I have conceived some doubts, in which -the reader perhaps will join with me. But I repeat it: all my inquiries -have ended only in giving me some great notions, it is true, but -altogether vague and uncertain concerning my family. - -‘I spent the years of my childhood in the city of Medina, in Arabia. -There I was brought up under the name of Acharat, which I preserved -during my progress through Africa and Asia. I had apartments in the -palace of the Muphti Salahaym. It is needless to add that the Muphti is -the chief of the Mahometan Religion, and that his constant residence is -at Medina. - -‘I recollect perfectly that I had then four persons in my service; a -governor, between 55 and 60 years of age, whose name was Althotas, and -three servants, a white one, who attended me as valet-de-Chambre, and -two blacks, one of whom was constantly about me night and day. - -‘My Governor always told me that I had been left an orphan when only -three months old; that my parents were Christians, and nobly born; but -he left me absolutely in the dark about their names, and the place of -my nativity: a few words which he dropped by chance have induced me to -suspect that I was born at Malta; but this circumstance I have never -been able to ascertain.’ - -Althotas was a great sage, and imparted to his young pupil all the -scientific knowledge he possessed, and that awful person, the Grand -Muphti himself, would deign to converse with the boy on the lore -and history of ancient Egypt. At this time he says he dressed as a -Mussulman, and conformed to their rites; but was all the time at heart -a true Christian. - -At the mature age of twelve, he felt a strong desire to travel, and -Althotas indulged him by joining a caravan going to Mecca, and here -comes an attempt to fasten his paternity upon the Cherif of that place. - -‘On our arrival at Mecca, we alighted at the palace of the Cherif, who -is the sovereign of Mecca, and of all Arabia, and always chosen from -amongst the descendants of Mahomet. I here altered my dress, from a -simple one, which I had worn hitherto, to one more splendid. On the -third day after our arrival, I was, by my Governor, presented to the -Cherif, who honoured me with the most endearing caresses. At sight of -this prince, my senses experienced a sudden emotion, which it is not in -the power of words to express; my eyes dropped the most delicious tears -I ever shed in my life. His, I perceived, he could hardly restrain.... - -‘I remained at Mecca for the space of three years; not one day passed -without my being admitted to the Sovereign’s presence, and every -hour increased his attachment and added to my gratitude. I sometimes -surprized his eyes rivetted upon me, and then looking up to heaven, -with every expression of pity and commiseration. Thoughtful, I would go -from him, a prey to an ever fruitless curiosity. I dared not ask any -question of my Governor, who always rebuked me with great severity, as -if it had been a crime in me to wish for some information concerning my -parents, and the place where I was born.... - -‘One day as I was alone, the prince entered my apartment; so great a -favour struck me with amazement; he strained me to his bosom with -more than usual tenderness, bade me never cease to adore the Almighty, -telling me that, as long as I should persist in serving God faithfully, -I should at last be happy, and come to the knowledge of my real -destiny; then he added, bedewing my cheeks with tears, “Adieu, thou -nature’s unfortunate child.” ...’ - -This is one side of the question--his own. It is romantic, and in all -probability a lie. There is another side; but the evidence, although -far more within the bounds of reason, is unsupported by corroboration. -The authority is from an Italian book of one hundred and eighty-nine -pages, entitled: ‘Compendio della Vita, et delle Gesta di GIUSEPPE -BALSAMO, denominato Il CONTE CAGLIOSTRO. _Che si è estratto dal -Processo contro di lui formato in Roma l’Anno, 1790. E che può servire -di scorta per conoscere l’indole della Setta de_ LIBERI MURATORI.In -Roma 1791.’ This book purports to be printed in the Vatican, ‘from the -Printing press of the Reverend Apostolic Chamber.’[111] - -In the preface of this book is the following sentence, which is -intended to vouch for the facts it contains: ‘Thence comes the justice -of that observation, that these Charlatans especially acquire credit, -renown, and riches, in those countries where the least religion is -found, where philosophy is most fashionable. Rome is not a place that -agrees with them, because error cannot throw out its roots, in the -centre, the capital, of the true faith. The life of Count Cagliostro is -a shining proof of this truth. It is for this reason that it has been -thought proper to compose this compendium, faithfully extracted from -the proceedings taken against him, a short while since, at Rome; this -is evidence which the critic cannot attack. In order to effect this, -the Sovereign Pontifical Authority has deigned to dispense with the law -of inviolable secrecy, which always accompanies, with as much justice -as prudence, the proceedings of the Holy Inquisition.’ - -And the account of his life opens thus: ‘Joseph Balsamo was born at -Palermo on the 8th of June, 1743. His parents were Pietro Balsamo and -Felice Braconieri, both of mean extraction. His father, who was a -shopkeeper, dying when he was still a baby, his maternal uncles took -care of him,’ &c. - -In another book, ‘The Life of the Count Cagliostro,’ &c., London, -1787, there is a foot-note to the first page: ‘Some authors are of -opinion that he is the offspring of the grand Master of Malta, by a -Turkish lady, made captive by a Maltese galley. Others that he is -the only surviving son of that prince who, about thirty-five years -ago, swayed the precarious sceptre of Trebisond, at which period, a -revolution taking place, the reigning prince was massacred by his -seditious subjects, and his infant son, the Count Cagliostro, conveyed -by a trusty friend to Medina, where the Cherif had the unprejudiced -generosity to have him educated in the faith of his Christian parents.’ - -I do not follow his career, but the most marvellous stories were -current about him, _vide_ the following extract from a book already -quoted (see foot-note page 334): ‘The Comtesse de la Motte dares to -assert that one of my men makes a boast of having been 150 years in my -service. That I sometimes acknowledge myself to be only 300 years old; -at others that I brag of having been present at the nuptials in Cana, -and that it was to burlesque the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist, the -transubstantiation, that I had imagined to multiply the necklace, taken -to pieces, into a hundred different manners, and yet it was delivered, -as it is said, in its full complement to the august Queen. - -‘That I am by turns a Portuguese Jew, a Greek, an Egyptian of -Alexandria, from whence I have imported into France hyeroglyphics and -sorcery. - -‘That I am one of those infatuated Rosicrucians, who have the power -of making the dead converse with the living; that I attend the poor -gratis, but that I sell for _something_, to the rich, the gifts of -immortality.’ - -But it is not of these things I wish to treat; it is of the facts -connected with his residence in London. Two or three accounts say that -he visited London in 1772, where he swindled a Doctor Benemore, who had -rescued him from prison, under pretence of painting his country house, -and his enemy, De Morande, of the _Courier de l’Europe_, who, in No.’s -16, 17, and 18 of that journal, made frightful accusations against -Cagliostro, reiterates the story of his being here in 1772. In page -xiv. of the preface to ‘The Life of the Count Cagliostro,’ 1787, there -occurs the following passage: ‘M. de Morande is at infinite pains to -persuade us that the Count resided in London in 1772, under the name of -Balsamo, in extreme poverty, from which he was relieved by Sir Edward -Hales. That Baronet professes, indeed, to recollect an _Italian_ of -that name; but, as M. de Morande positively assures us that the Count -is a _Calabrois_, a _Neapolitan_, or a _Sicilian_, we can desire no -better argument to prove the fallacy of his information.’ - -In a pamphlet entitled, ‘Lettre du Comte Cagliostro au Peuple Anglois -pour servir de suite à ses Memoires,’ 1786, p. 7, he says distinctly: -‘Nous sommes arrivés, ma femme et moi, en Angleterre, pour la première -fois de ma vie, au mois de Juillet, 1776,’ and on p. 70 of the same -work is the following (translated): - -‘The greatest part of the long diatribe of M. Morande is used to prove -that I came to London in 1772, under the name of _Balsamo_. In view of -the efforts which M. Morande makes, in order to arrive at such proof, -an attempt is made to show that the _Balsamo_ with whom they attempt -to identify me ought to have been hung, or, at all events, he rendered -himself guilty of some dishonourable actions. Nothing of the sort. -This _Balsamo_, if the _Courier de l’Europe_ can be believed, was a -mediocre painter, who lived by his brush. A man named _Benamore_, -either agent, or interpreter, or chargé d’affaires to the King of -Morocco, had commissioned him to paint some pictures, and had not paid -for them. _Balsamo_ issued a writ against him for £47 sterling, which -he said was due to him, admitting that he had received two guineas -on account. Besides, this _Balsamo_ was so poor that his wife was -obliged to go into town herself, in order to sell the pictures which -her husband painted. Such is the portrait which M. de Morande draws -of the _Balsamo_ of London, a portrait which no one will accuse him -of having flattered, and from which the sensible reader will draw the -conclusion that the _Balsamo_ of London was an honest artist who gained -a livelihood by hard work. - -‘I might then admit without blushing that I had lived in London in 1772 -under the name of _Balsamo_, on the product of my feeble talents in -painting; that the course of events and circumstances had reduced me to -this extremity, etc.... - -‘I am ignorant whether the law-suit between _Balsamo_ and _Benamore_ -is real or supposed: one thing is certain, that in London exists a -regular physician of irreproachable probity, named Benamore. He is -versed in oriental languages: he was formerly attached, as interpreter, -to the Moroccan Embassy, and he is, at this date, employed, in the same -capacity, by the ambassador of Tripoli. He will bear witness to all -who wish to know that, during the 30 years he has been established in -London, he has never known another Benamore than himself, and that he -has never had a law-suit with anyone bearing the name of _Balsamo_.’ - -Now take Carlyle, with whom dogmatism stood in stead of research, and -judge for yourselves. ‘There is one briefest but authentic-looking -glimpse of him presents itself in England, in the year 1772: no Count -is he here, but mere Signor Balsamo again, engaged in house-painting, -for which he has a peculiar talent. Was it true that he painted the -country house of a “Doctor Benemore;” and, not having painted, but -only smeared it, was refused payment, and got a lawsuit with expenses -instead? If Doctor Benemore have left any representatives in the Earth, -they are desired to speak out. We add only, that if young Beppo had -one of the prettiest of wives, old Benemore had one of the ugliest -daughters; and so, putting one thing to another, matters might not be -so bad.’ - -Who set this story afloat, about Cagliostro being in London in 1772? -Why, Monsieur de Morande, the editor of the _Courier de l’Europe_, and -of his veracity we may judge by an advertisement in the _London Evening -Post_ of November 27 to 30, 1773, p. 4, col. 4, (translated). - -‘Monsieur Le Comte de Lauraguais has kindly consented, after the humble -apologies I have made to him, to forego the action commenced against me -for having defamed him in some verses full of untruths, injurious both -to his honour and his reputation, of which I was the author, and which -I caused to be inserted in the _Morning Chronicle_ of 24 and 25 June -last, entitled: “Answer of the Gazetteer Cuirassé.” I therefore beg -you, Mr. Woodfall,[112] to publish through the same channel by which I -made my verses public,--my sincere repentance for having so injuriously -libelled Monsieur le Comte, and my very humble thanks for his having -accepted my apologies, and stopping all action in the matter. - - ‘DE MORANDE. - - ‘Nov. 26, 1773.’ - -This is what in law would be called _a tainted witness_, as, about that -time he was, on his own confession, given to lying. - -According to his own account he came to London in July, 1776, possessed -of a capital of about three thousand pounds in plate, jewels, and -specie, and hired apartments in Whitcomb Street, Pall Mall East, and -here he fell into evil company. The story is not very lucid--but it -seems that his wife’s companion, a Portuguese woman named Blavary, and -his secretary and interpreter, Vitellini, introduced to him a certain -Lord Scot. They were a lot of sharpers all round. Scot introduced a -woman as his wife--Lady Scot, if you please--(in reality Miss Fry), who -got money and clothes from the countess, and Cagliostro lent my lord -two hundred pounds on his simple note of hand. - -He declares that he gave them lucky numbers for the lottery, and that -they gained much money thereby--on one occasion, when he gave Miss Fry -the number eight, she won the sum of fifteen hundred guineas; but she -was requested by Cagliostro not to visit, or bother himself, or his -wife again. He moved into Suffolk Street in January, 1777, but the -persevering Miss Fry took lodgings in the same house. She attempted to -borrow money, and to get lucky numbers, but, failing in both, she had -him arrested on the 7th of February for a pretended debt of one hundred -and ninety pounds. He recovered his liberty the next day, by depositing -in the hands of the sheriff’s officer, jewels worth double the amount. - -Then a warrant was taken out against him and his wife, signed by one -Justice Miller--on the charge of practising witchcraft. This does not, -however, seem to have been acted on, but he was frequently harassed by -actions for debt brought against him by Miss Fry, and he became well -acquainted with the inside of a spunging-house. On the 24th of May he -was taken into custody for a debt of two hundred pounds, at the suit of -Miss Fry, but he managed to find bail. The case was tried before Lord -Mansfield, in the Court of Queen’s Bench, on the 27th of June, but his -lordship suggested that it was a case for arbitration, which was agreed -to. - -The arbitration took place on the 4th of July, when Cagliostro’s -lawyer deserted him, and the decision was that the count had lost -his case, and must pay all costs. As if this was not bad enough, as -he was leaving the court he was arrested at the suit of one Aylett, -who had lodged a detainer against him for a debt of ten pounds and -upwards, by the name of Melisa Cagliostro, otherwise Joseph Balsamo, -which debt he said was due to him from Balsamo, who had employed him -in 1772 to recover a debt from Dr. Benamore. He got bail, but, as his -money was getting scarce, it was at the cost of ‘two soup-ladles, -two candlesticks, two salt-cellars, two pepper-castors, six forks, -six table spoons, nine knife handles with blades, a pair of snuffers -and stand, all of silver.’ He had, however, suffered six weeks’ -imprisonment, as he was not liberated from the King’s Bench till the -24th of September, 1777. - -In vain his friends endeavoured to stir him up to commence actions for -fraud and perjury against all concerned, but either his cause was not -just, or he had had enough law to last him some time--and he refused. -He paid up his debts and left England, with only fifty guineas and a -few jewels in his possession. - -Rightly or wrongly, he was connected with the ‘Diamond Necklace’ -affair, and suffered incarceration in the Bastile. If he can be at -all believed, the police plundered him and his wife right royally. He -says he lost fifteen rouleaux, each containing fifty double louis, -sealed with his seal; one thousand two hundred and thirty-three sequins -(Venetian and Roman): one rouleau of twenty-four Spanish quadruples, -sealed also; and forty-seven billets of one thousand livres each on -the Caisse d’Escompte. They also took papers which were to him of -inestimable value; and, as to diamonds and jewellery, he knew not -what was taken, besides plate, porcelain, and linen, etc. After an -examination, he was acquitted, but he had to leave France, and came to -London, where he lived in Sloane Street. Here he became acquainted with -Lord George Gordon, and this acquaintance afterwards cost him dearly, -when he was arrested at Rome. To show the intimacy between the two, I -will quote from the _Public Advertiser_ of the 22nd of August, 1786, p. -2, col. 3. - -‘M. Barthelemy, who conducts the affairs of France in the absence -of Comte Dazimer, having sent M. Daragon with a message to Comte de -Cagliostro, in Sloane Street, intimating that he had received orders -from the Court of Versailles to communicate to Comte de Cagliostro -that he now had permission to return to France; yesterday morning, the -Comte, accompanied by Lord George Gordon and M. Bergeret de Frouville, -waited upon M. Barthelemy at the “Hotel of France,” in Piccadilly, for -an eclaireissement upon the subject of this message from the Court of -France, delivered by M. Barthelemy, relative to the permission granted -to the Comte de Cagliostro to return to Paris. M. Barthelemy, the -Comte de Cambise, and M. Daragon seemed much surprised to see Comte de -Cagliostro arrive in Lord George Gordon’s coach, with his Lordship, -and M. Frouville, and, having expressed their desire that the Comte de -Cagliostro _alone_ should speak with M. Barthelemy, they were informed -that Lord Gordon and M. Bergeret de Frouville were there on purpose to -attend their friend, and that Comte de Cagliostro would not dispense -with Lord George Gordon’s absence from the Conference. Will any friend -to liberty blame Comte de Cagliostro, after ten months’ imprisonment -in a dungeon, for having his friends near him, when insidious proposals -are made to him by the faction of Breteuil and the supporters of the -Bastile Men who have already sought his destruction, and, after his -innocence was declared by the judgment of the Parliament of Paris, -embezzled a great part of his fortune, and exiled him from France? -M. Barthelemy (seeing the determination of the Comte’s friends) then -read the letter from M. Breteuil; but, upon the Comte de Cagliostro -desiring a copy, M. Barthelemy refused it. A great deal of conversation -then ensued upon the subject, which in all probability will give rise -to a full representation to the King of France, who is certainly very -much imposed on. The Queen’s party is still violent against Comte -de Cagliostro, the friend of mankind; and De Breteuil--le Sieur De -Launey--Titon--De Brunières--Maître Chesnon--Barthelemy and Dazimer are -mere instruments of that faction. The honour of the King of France, the -justice and judgment of the Parliament of Paris, the good faith of the -Citizens, and the good name of the nation, are all attainted by the -pillage and detention of the property of Comte de Cagliostro.’ - -And again, in the same paper, 24th of August, 1786, p. 2, col. 3, is -another paragraph respecting him: - -‘Comte de Cagliostro has declared he will hold no intercourse with any -of Le Sieur Breteuil’s messengers from France, except in the presence -of Lord George Gordon. The gang of French spies in London, who are -linked in with M. de Morande, and the Sieurs Barthelemy, Dazimer, -Cambise, and the Queen’s Bastile party at Paris, are trying the -most insiduous arts to entrap the Comte and Comtesse, and have the -effrontery and audaciousness to persecute them publicly, and vilify -them even in this free country, where these noble Strangers are come to -seek protection in the arms of a generous people. The friendship and -benevolence of Comte de Cagliostro, in advising the poor Prince Louis -de Rohan to be upon his guard against the Comtesse de Valois, and the -intrigues of the Queen’s faction, (who still seek the destruction of -that noble Prince) has brought upon the Comte and his amiable Comtesse -the hateful revenge of a tyrannical Government. The story of the -Diamonds has never been properly explained to the Public in France. It -would discover too much of the base arts practised to destroy Prince -Louis, and involve in guilt persons not safe to name in an arbitrary -kingdom.’ - -This airing of private grief in public extorted some strictures in a -letter in the _Morning Post_, of 29th of August, 1786, in which it -was suggested, generally, that foreigners should wash their dirty -linen at home. But Monsieur de Morande, editor of the _Courier de -l’Europe_, published many assertions, be they facts, or fiction, -relative to Cagliostro, and he once more blossomed out into print in -his old champion, the _Public Advertiser_ (vide that newspaper, 5th -of September, 1786, p. 2. col. 1), translated in the number of 7th -September. In this curious letter, he adverts to his adversaries’ -slanders, and the following singular passages occur: - -‘Of all the very good stories which you relate at my expense, the -best, without comparison, is that of the pig fed with arsenic, which -poisoned the lions, tygers, and leopards of the forests of Medina. I -am going, Mr. Railer, to give you an opportunity of being witty on -a perfect comprehension of the fact. You know that, in physics and -chymistry, reasoning proves but little, ridicule nothing, and that -experiment is all. Permit me, then, to propose a small experiment to -you, of which the issue will divert the public, either at your expense, -or mine. I invite you to breakfast with me on the 9th of November next, -at nine o’clock in the morning. You shall furnish the wine, and the -appendages. For myself, I shall only furnish a single dish, after my -own fashion--it shall be a sucking pig, fattened after my method. Two -hours before breakfast, I shall present you the pig alive, fat and -healthy. You shall order it to be killed as you please, and prepared, -and I shall not approach until it is served at the table. You shall -cut it into four equal parts, you shall chuse that which most flatters -your appetite, and I shall take that which you please. The day after -that of our breakfast, one or more of four things will happen. Either -both of us shall die, or we neither of us shall die, or you shall die -and I survive, or I shall die and you survive. Of these four chances -I give you three, and I bet you 5000 guineas, that, on the day after -our breakfast, you shall die, and I be perfectly well. You must either -accept of this Challenge, or acknowledge that you are an ignorant -fellow, and that you have foolishly ridiculed a thing which is totally -out of your knowledge. - -‘If you accept of this Challenge, I shall instantly deposit the 5000 -guineas with any banker that you please. You shall do the same in five -days, during which time you shall have leave to make your supporters -Contribute,’ &c. - -Monsieur de Morande’s reply was published immediately following the -above letter. It is, like Cagliostro’s, too long for insertion; but its -gist is, that he intends to unmask the pretender, and that he utterly -declines to attend a poisoning match. He writes: - -‘I solemnly defy you to contradict them’ (_i.e._, his assertions as -to Cagliostro’s quackeries and adventures); ‘and that I even offer, -without croupiers or supporters, to make you another wager of five -thousand guineas that I shall compleatly unmask you. - -‘But, _Monsieur le Comte_, I shall not put my foot in your house, and -shall not breakfast with you myself. I am neither abject enough to keep -you company, nor will let it be suspected for a single moment. - -‘You clearly conceive that such an interview ought not, nor can be, -within your doors; you would be liable to be found guilty of criminal -practises, in case of accident. This your _Council_ had not foreseen. - -‘As no tavern would permit such infamous scenes to pass under its roof -as those you propose, you must, _Monsieur le Comte_, return once more -to the _booth_; and worthy disciple of LOCUSTA,[113] choose in London a -public place to make an open-air exhibition of your talents.’ - -And like the scorpion, which carries its sting in its tail, he adds a -foot-note, which refers to the heading of his letter: - -‘_M. de Morande’s Answer to Don Joseph Balsamo,_ _self-created Count -of Cagliostro, Colonel in the Service of all the Sovereign Powers in -Europe._’ - -‘If it was not the case, it would be very singular to have seen, in -the year 1777, M. Cagliostro calling himself in England Colonel of the -Third Regiment of Brandenbourg, and, afterwards, in Russia, Colonel -in the Spanish Service; for which, however, he was reprimanded by -the magistrates of Petersburgh. Having forgot to take his Commission -with him, he could not exhibit proofs, and was obliged to put down -his regimentals. This check on his conduct made him abscond from -Petersburgh. Every Russian nobleman in London knows this anecdote, and, -without presuming to mention names, we trust that this will be found to -be the case upon enquiry.’ - -To this letter Cagliostro replied with another in the _Public -Advertiser_ (p. 2, col. 1) of September 9, 1786, in which he repeats -his challenge, and declines to sit down to breakfast with a carnivorous -animal. - -De Morande, of course, could not be silent, and replied in the _Public -Advertiser_ (p. 2, col. 1) of September 12, 1786. He reiterated the -charges he made against Cagliostro in the _Courier de l’Europe_, -saying, among other things, ‘I have said that you were in England in -the year 1771, under the name of _Balsamo_, and that you were then a -needy, as well as a _very indifferent_ painter; that twenty persons, -at least, are ready to prove it. You take no notice of this second -assertion, which becomes serious, _by the oath you have taken under -that name_, of which I have a legal copy in my possession. - -‘I have said that you have made your appearance under another name, -THAT OF CAGLIOSTRO, in the year 1777. I have several _affidavits_, -amongst which there are some of your own, which authenticate very -curious anecdotes concerning you; to this you have replied nothing. - -‘I have said that you falsely pretended then to be a _Colonel of the -third regiment_ of Brandenbourg; that you had, at that time, a law-suit -in the Court of Queen’s Bench, _about a certain necklace, and a gold -snuff-box_, which you asserted to have been given MADAME LA COMTESSE, -but which you were obliged to return, and pay all Costs, on the Clear -proofs given by your adverse party, that you obtained them _under false -pretences_. No reply has been made to this. - -‘I have added that, were you curious to try the same experiment now, -a new Act of Parliament, which you and your fellow-adventurers have -rendered _very necessary_, would certainly have caused you to be sent -to the Thames.[114] To that direct and very clear observation you have -not replied a single word. - -‘I have said that you were ordered by the Police in Russia, not to -presume to take the name of a Colonel in the Spanish service, and to -strip off your Spanish regimentals. I have given you an opportunity -to vindicate yourself, by giving to understand, that there is not -a Russian nobleman in London who would not certify this fact. I -might have added that I have in my possession _the most respectable -authority_ to say so. What have you said in reply to this? - -‘I have roundly asserted that I am in possession of proofs, that you -are an impostor under every possible denomination; that you have -not only no pretension to any title, but not even to the rank of a -sergeant. Shall this remain likewise unanswered? - - * * * * * - -‘I am sorry to be obliged once more to name Mess^{rs.} B. & C. Bankers, -to prove that your pretensions to lay a wager of 5000 guineas, are -as well grounded as your pretensions to the title of a COUNT, or an -_Alchemist_. It is a fact, that you _humbly_ offered to pledge in -their hands the watch, of which the too long, and too much, deluded -Cardinal de Rohan made you a present. It is likewise a fact _that -they disdainfully refused it_. Your proposing, after this, a wager -of 5000 guineas is probably no more than a new pretence to obtain -credit, as you have formerly (in pretending to make great quantities of -gold) obtained small sums, and little diamonds to make larger, which -you afterwards declared had been given to MADAME LA COMTESSE. Those -proofs, I repeat to you, _are in my possession_; they are all fully -authenticated, and I will make good every one of my assertions.’ And he -winds up his letter with expressing ‘the satisfaction I feel in having -furnished the world with sufficient proofs to convince them that you -are THE GREATEST IMPOSTOR OF THIS OR ANY OTHER AGE.’ - -This ended the correspondence, for the general public were beginning to -meddle in it, and the editor of the _Public Advertiser_ would only open -his pages to the principals in this duel. This finished Cagliostro’s -career in England. He had tried to sell his quack medicines, his -Egyptian pills, but the charm was broken, and he quitted England for -the Continent in May, 1787, leaving his wife behind, with sufficient -means, under the guardianship of the De Loutherbourgs. She afterwards -sold all up, and joined him in June. - -By this time his good genius had forsaken him, and for teaching -freemasonry, then even more repugnant to the Roman Catholic hierarchy -than at present, he was arrested, and imprisoned in the Castle of -St. Angelo, November 27, 1789. He never again enjoyed freedom, but -was found dead in his cell at St. Leo. Even the date of his death is -uncertain, most authorities giving 1795; but some say 1794 and 1797. -His wife, too, shared his fate; she was convicted of sorcery and -witchcraft, and was shut up in a convent, where she died in 1794. - -His portraits represent him as by no means bad-looking, although the -full eye, the puffed cheeks, and weak mouth betray a sensuality of -feeling. - - -THE END. - -LONDON: PRINTED BY DUNCAN MACDONALD, BLENHEIM HOUSE. - - - - - HURST & BLACKETT’S - - LIST OF NEW WORKS. - - [Illustration] - - - LONDON: - - 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, W. - - - - - 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, LONDON. - -MESSRS. HURST AND BLACKETT’S - -LIST OF NEW WORKS. - - - EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS. By JOHN ASHTON, Author of ‘Social - Life in the Reign of Queen Anne,’ &c. 1 vol. imperial 8vo. 12s. - - CONTENTS: A Forgotten Fanatic--A Fashionable Lady’s - Life--George Barrington--Milton’s Bones--The True Story - of Eugene Aram--Redemptioners--A Trip to Richmond in - Surrey--George Robert Fitzgerald--Eighteenth Century - Amazons--‘The Times’ and its Founder--Imprisonment for - Debt--Jonas Hanway--A Holy Voyage to Ramsgate One Hundred Years - Ago--Quacks of the Century--Cagliostro in London. - - - SHIKAR SKETCHES: WITH NOTES ON INDIAN FIELD SPORTS. By J. MORAY - BROWN, late 79th Cameron Highlanders. With Eight Illustrations, - by J. C. DOLLMAN, R.I. 1 vol. imperial 8vo. 12s. - - - CHAPTERS FROM FAMILY CHESTS. By EDWARD WALFORD, M.A., Author of - ‘The County Families,’ &c. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 21s. - -“There is a mine of wealth in the ‘Family Chests’ which no one has yet -brought to the surface, and from this Mr. Walford has contrived to -excavate a mass of acceptable matter--a treasury of narrative curious -and romantic.”--_Globe._ - -“The reader will find much curious information in Mr. Walford’s -chapters of agreeable narrative.”--_Scotsman._ - - - REMINISCENCES OF THE COURT AND TIMES OF KING ERNEST OF HANOVER. - By the Rev. C. A. WILKINSON, M.A., His Majesty’s Resident - Domestic Chaplain. 2 vols. With portrait of the King. 21s. - -“An interesting book, entitled ‘Reminiscences of the Court and Times -of King Ernest of Hanover,’ has just been published by Messrs. Hurst -and Blackett. The two volumes in which these reminiscences of a -septuagenarian are comprised abound in characteristic stories of the -old king, in anecdotes of many celebrities English and foreign, of the -early part of this century, and, indeed, of all kinds and conditions -of men and women with whom the author was brought in contact by his -courtly or pastorial office.”--_St. James’s Gazette._ - - - THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGNS, 1882 TO 1885, AND THE EVENTS WHICH LED - TO THEM. By CHARLES ROYLE, Barrister-at-Law, of ALEXANDRIA. 2 - vols. demy 8vo. Illustrated by Maps and Plans. 30s. - -“Mr. Royle has done well in the interests of historical completeness -to describe not only the entire military drama, but also the political -events connected with it, and whoever reads the book with care has -gone a considerable way towards mastering the difficult Egyptian -question.”--_Athenæum._ - -“The Egyptian fiasco has found in Mr. Royle a most painstaking, -accurate, and judicious historian. From a literary point of view his -volumes may be thought to contain too many unimportant incidents, yet -their presence was necessary perhaps, in a complete record, and the -most fastidious reader will unhesitatingly acquit Mr. Royle of filling -his pages with anything that can be called padding.”--_St. James’s -Gazette._ - - - THE PALACE AND THE HOSPITAL; or, CHRONICLES OF GREENWICH. By - the REV. A. G. L’ESTRANGE, Author of ‘The Village of Palaces,’ - ‘The Friendships of Mary Russell Mitford,’ &c. 2 vols. crown - 8vo. With Illustrations. 21s. - -“Mr. L’Estrange has provided for those who have a taste for topography, -or rather for the historical and biographical annals of a locality -famous in history, two volumes which are rich in romantic interest, -and his pages abound in curious and interesting glimpses of old -manners.”--_Daily News._ - - - THE REAL SHELLEY: NEW VIEWS OF THE POET’S LIFE. By JOHN CORDY - JEAFFRESON, Author of “The Real Lord Byron,” “A Book about - Doctors,” “A Book about Lawyers,” &c. 2 vols. demy 8vo. 30s. - -“Those who have read Mr. Jeaffreson’s account of Byron will be -prepared to find that impartiality is the distinguishing feature of -his endeavour to clear away the fancies and misconceptions which have -been given to the world in some of the biographies of Shelley, and they -will not be disappointed. The author has striven to ascertain, fairly -and fully, the truth concerning a poet whose influence, while it has -been greatly exaggerated by his most enthusiastic admirers, is still a -living factor in the life of many.”--_Morning Post._ - - - THE FRIENDSHIPS OF MARY RUSSELL MITFORD: AS RECORDED IN LETTERS - FROM HER LITERARY CORRESPONDENTS. Edited by the REV. A. G. - L’ESTRANGE, Editor of “The Life of Mary Russell Mitford,” &c. 2 - vols. 21s. - -“These letters are all written as to one whom the writers love and -revere. Miss Barrett is one of Miss Mitford’s correspondents, all of -whom seem to be inspired with a sense of excellence in the mind they -are invoking. Their letters are extremely interesting, and they strike -out recollections, opinions, criticisms, which will hold the reader’s -delighted and serious attention.”--_Daily Telegraph._ - - - THE BRONTË FAMILY, With Special Reference to PATRICK BRANWELL - BRONTE. By FRANCIS A. LEYLAND. 2 vols. 21s. - -“This book is so full of interesting information that as a contribution -to literary biography it may be considered a real success.”--_Academy._ - -“Mr. Leyland’s book is earnest and accurate, and he has spared no -pains to master his subject and present it with clearness; the book is -valuable, and should be read by all who are familiar with the previous -works on the family.”--_Graphic._ - - - MEMOIRS OF A CAMBRIDGE CHORISTER. By WILLIAM GLOVER. 2 vols. - crown 8vo. 21s. - -“In these amusing volumes Mr. Glover provides us with the means of -spending a pleasant hour or two in his company.”--_Times._ - -“These volumes contain a miscellaneous set of reminiscences, comments, -and anecdotes, written in a light and jocular style. Mr. Glover is -always cheerful and never didactic.”--_Athenæum._ - - - WITHOUT GOD: NEGATIVE SCIENCE AND NATURAL ETHICS. By PERCY - GREG, Author of “The Devil’s Advocate,” “Across the Zodiac,” - &c. 1 vol. demy 8vo. 12s. - -“Mr. Greg has condensed much profound thought into his book, and -has fully succeeded in maintaining the interest of the discussion -throughout.”--_Morning Post._ - -“This work is ably written; there are in it many passages of no -ordinary power and brilliancy. It is eminently suggestive and -stimulating.”--_Scotsman._ - - - FOOTSTEPS OF JEANNE D’ARC. A Pilgrimage. By Mrs. FLORENCE - CADDY. 1 vol. demy 8vo. With Map of Route. 15s. - -“The reader, whatever his preconceived notions of the maid may have -been, will soon find himself in sympathy with a writer who, by the -charm of her descriptive style, at once arrests his attention and -sustains the interest of her subject.”--_Morning Post._ - - THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PEG WOFFINGTON: WITH PICTURES OF THE - PERIOD IN WHICH SHE LIVED. By J. FITZGERALD MOLLOY, Author of - “Court Life Below Stairs,” &c. _Second Edition._ 2 vols. crown - 8vo. With Portrait. 21s. - -“Peg Woffington makes a most interesting central figure, round which -Mr. Molloy has made to revolve a varied and picturesque panorama of -London life in the middle of the eighteenth century. He sees things in -the past so clearly, grasps them so tenaciously, and reproduces them -so vividly, that they come to us without any of the dust and rust of -time.”--G. A. S. _in Illustrated London News_. - - WOMEN OF EUROPE IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES. By - Mrs. NAPIER HIGGINS. Vols. 1 and 2 demy 8vo. 30s. - -“The work is likely to be of permanent value to the students of -history.”--_Morning Post._ - - ON THE TRACK OF THE CRESCENT: ERRATIC NOTES FROM THE PIRÆUS TO - PESTH. By MAJOR E. C. JOHNSON, M.A.I., F. R. Hist. S., etc. - With Map and Upwards of 50 Illustrations by the Author. 1 vol. - demy 8vo. 15s. - -“The author of this bright, pleasant volume possesses keen power -of observation and vivid appreciation of animate and inanimate -beauty. It will brighten hours for many readers who will only -follow the track of the Crescent through its pages and its numerous -illustrations.”--_Morning Post._ - - MEMOIRS OF MARSHAL BUGEAUD, FROM HIS PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE - AND ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS, 1784-1849. By the COUNT H. D’IDEVILLE. - Edited, from the French, by CHARLOTTE M. YONGE. 2 vols. demy - 8vo. 30s. - -“This is a work of great value to the student of French history. A -perusal of the book will convince any reader of Bugeaud’s energy, -his patriotism, his unselfishness, and his philanthropy and -humanity.”--_Athenæum._ - - GLIMPSES OF GREEK LIFE AND SCENERY. By AGNES SMITH, Author of - “Eastern Pilgrims,” &c. Demy 8vo. With Illustrations and Map of - the Author’s Route. 15s. - -“A truthful picture of the country through which the author travelled. -It is naturally and simply told, in an agreeable and animated style. -Miss Smith displays an ample acquaintance and sympathy with all the -scenes of historic interest.”--_St. James’s Gazette._ - - MONSIEUR GUIZOT IN PRIVATE LIFE (1787-1874). By His Daughter, - Madame DE WITT. Translated by Mrs. SIMPSON. 1 vol. demy 8vo. - 15s. - -“Madame de Witt has done justice to her father’s memory in an admirable -record of his life. Mrs. Simpson’s translation of this singularly -interesting book is in accuracy and grace worthy of the original and of -the subject.”--_Saturday Review._ - - PLAIN SPEAKING. By Author of “John Halifax, Gentleman.” 1 vol. - crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. - -“We recommend ‘Plain Speaking’ to all who like amusing, wholesome, and -instructive reading. The contents of Mrs. Craik’s volume are of the -most multifarious kind, but all the papers are good and readable, and -one at least of them of real importance.”--_St. James’s Gazette._ - - WORDS OF HOPE AND COMFORT TO THOSE IN SORROW. Dedicated by - Permission to THE QUEEN. _Fourth Edition._ 1 vol. small 4to. 5s. - - - - -Under the Especial Patronage of Her Majesty. - -_Published annually, in One Vol., royal 8vo, with the Arms beautifully -engraved, handsomely bound, with gilt edges, price 31s. 6d._ - -LODGE’S PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE, CORRECTED BY THE NOBILITY. - -FIFTY-SIXTH EDITION FOR 1887. - - - LODGE’S PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE is acknowledged to be the most - complete, as well as the most elegant, work of the kind. As an - established and authentic authority on all questions respecting - the family histories, honours, and connections of the titled - aristocracy, no work has ever stood so high. It is published - under the especial patronage of Her Majesty, and is annually - corrected throughout, from the personal communications of the - Nobility. It is the only work of its class in which, _the type - being kept constantly standing_, every correction is made in - its proper place to the date of publication, an advantage which - gives it supremacy over all its competitors. Independently of - its full and authentic information respecting the existing - Peers and Baronets of the realm, the most sedulous attention is - given in its pages to the collateral branches of the various - noble families, and the names of many thousand individuals - are introduced, which do not appear in other records of the - titled classes. For its authority, correctness, and facility of - arrangement, and the beauty of its typography and binding, the - work is justly entitled to the place it occupies on the tables - of Her Majesty and the Nobility. - - -LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. - - Historical View of the Peerage. - - Parliamentary Roll of the House of Lords. - - English, Scotch, and Irish Peers, in their - orders of Precedence. - - Alphabetical List of Peers of Great Britain - and the United Kingdom, holding superior - rank in the Scotch or Irish Peerage. - - Alphabetical list of Scotch and Irish Peers, - holding superior titles in the Peerage of - Great Britain and the United Kingdom. - - A Collective list of Peers, in their order of - Precedence. - - Table of Precedency among Men. - - Table of Precedency among Women. - - The Queen and the Royal Family. - - Peers of the Blood Royal. - - The Peerage, alphabetically arranged. - - Families of such Extinct Peers as have left - Widows or Issue. - - Alphabetical List of the Surnames of all the - Peers. - - The Archbishops and Bishops of England - and Ireland. - - The Baronetage alphabetically arranged. - - Alphabetical List of Surnames assumed by - members of Noble Families. - - Alphabetical List of the Second Titles of - Peers, usually borne by their Eldest - Sons. - - Alphabetical Index to the Daughters of - Dukes, Marquises, and Earls, who, having - married Commoners, retain the title - of Lady before their own Christian and - their Husband’s Surnames. - - Alphabetical Index to the Daughters of - Viscounts and Barons, who, having - married Commoners, are styled Honourable - Mrs.; and, in case of the husband - being a Baronet or Knight, Hon. Lady. - - A List of the Orders of Knighthood. - - Mottoes alphabetically arranged and translated. - - -“This work is the most perfect and elaborate record of the living and -recently deceased members of the Peerage of the Three Kingdoms as it -stands at this day. It is a most useful publication. We are happy to -bear testimony to the fact that scrupulous accuracy is a distinguishing -feature of this book.”--_Times._ - -“Lodge’s Peerage must supersede all other works of the kind, for two -reasons: first, it is on a better plan; and secondly, it is better -executed. We can safely pronounce it to be the readiest, the most -useful, and exactest of modern works on the subject.”--_Spectator_. - -“A work of great value. It is the most faithful record we possess of -the aristocracy of the day.”--_Post._ - - - - -EDNA LYALL’S NOVELS - -EACH IN ONE VOLUME CROWN 8vo, 6s. - - -DONOVAN: - -A MODERN ENGLISHMAN. - -“This is a very admirable work. The reader is from the first carried -away by the gallant unconventionality of its author. ‘Donovan’ is a -very excellent novel; but it is something more and better. It should do -as much good as the best sermon ever written or delivered extempore. -The story is told with a grand simplicity, an unconscious poetry of -eloquence which stirs the very depths of the heart. One of the main -excellencies of this novel is the delicacy of touch with which the -author shows her most delightful characters to be after all human -beings, and not angels before their time.”--_Standard._ - -“‘Donovan’ is told with the power of truth, experience, and moral -insight. The tone of the novel is excellent and very high.”--_Daily -News._ - - -WE TWO. - -“This book is well written and full of interest. The story abounds -with a good many light touches, and is certainly far from lacking in -incident.”--_Times._ - -“‘We Two’ contains many very exciting passages and a great deal -of information. Miss Lyall is a capable writer and a clear-headed -thinker.”--_Athenæum._ - -“A work of deep thought and much power. Serious as it is, it is now and -then brightened by rays of genuine humour. Altogether this story is -more and better than a novel.”--_Morning Post._ - -“There is artistic realism both in the conception and the delineation -of the personages; the action and interest are unflaggingly sustained -from first to last, and the book is pervaded by an atmosphere of -elevated, earnest thought.”--_Scotsman._ - - -IN THE GOLDEN DAYS. - -“Miss Lyall has given us a vigorous study of such life and character -as are really worth reading about. The central figure of her story is -Algernon Sydney; and this figure she invests with a singular dignity -and power. He always appears with effect, but no liberties are taken -with the facts of his life. The plot is adapted with great felicity to -them. His part in it, absolutely consistent as it is with historical -truth, gives it reality as well as dignity. Some of the scenes are -remarkably vivid. The escape is an admirable narrative, which almost -makes one hold one’s breath as one reads.”--_Spectator._ - -“‘In the Golden Days’ is an excellent novel of a kind we are always -particularly glad to recommend. It has a good foundation of plot and -incident, a thoroughly noble and wholesome motive, a hero who really -acts and suffers heroically, and two very nice heroines. The historical -background is very carefully indicated, but is never allowed to become -more than background.”--_Guardian._ - - -WON BY WAITING. - -“The Dean’s daughters are perfectly real characters--the learned -Cornelia especially;--the little impulsive French heroine, who endures -their cold hospitality and at last wins their affection, is thoroughly -charming; while throughout the book there runs a golden thread of pure -brotherly and sisterly love, which pleasantly reminds us that the -making and marring of marriage is not, after all, the sum total of real -life.”--_Academy._ - -“‘Won by Waiting’ is a very pleasing and well-written tale; full of -graphic descriptions of French and English life, with incidents and -characters well sustained. A book with such pleasant reading, and with -such a healthy tone and influence, is a great boon to the young people -in our families.”--_Freeman._ - - - - -SIX-SHILLING NOVELS - -EACH IN ONE VOLUME CROWN 8vo. - - -HIS LITTLE MOTHER. By the Author of “John Halifax, Gentleman.” - -“‘His Little Mother’ is one of those pathetic stories which the author -tells better than anybody else.”--_John Bull._ - -“This book is written with all Mrs. Craik’s grace of style, the chief -charm of which, after all, is its simplicity.”--_Glasgow Herald._ - - -MY LORD AND MY LADY. By MRS. FORRESTER. - -“A very capital novel. The great charm about it is that Mrs. Forrester -is quite at home in the society which she describes. It is a book to -read.”--_Standard._ - -“Mrs. Forrester’s style is so fresh and graphic that the reader is kept -under its spell from first to last.”--_Morning Post._ - - -SOPHY. By VIOLET FANE. - -“‘Sophy’ is the clever and original work of a clever woman. Its merits -are of a strikingly unusual kind. It is charged throughout with the -strongest human interest. It is, in a word, a novel that will make its -mark.”--_World._ - - -A HOUSE PARTY. By OUIDA. - -“‘A House Party’ will be read, firstly, because it is Ouida’s, -and, secondly, because of the brightness of the conversations and -descriptions. It is indeed more like a comedy than any other of the -writer’s books.”--_Globe._ - - -OMNIA VANITAS. By MRS. FORRESTER. - -“This book is pleasant and well meant. Here and there are some good -touches. Sir Ralph is a man worth reading about.”--_Academy._ - -“This tale is well and cleverly written; the characters are drawn and -sustained with considerable power, and the conversation is always -bright and lively.”--_Glasgow Herald._ - - -BETRAYAL OF REUBEN HOLT. By BARBARA LAKE. - -“This novel shows considerable power of writing. There are some -striking scenes and incidents.”--_Scotsman._ - -“This tale displays elevation of thought and feeling, united to no -little grace of expression.”--_Post._ - - -THE BRANDRETHS. By the Right Hon. A. J. B. BERESFORD HOPE, M.P. - -“The great attraction of this novel is the easy, conversational, -knowledgeable tone of it; the sketching from the life, and yet -not so close to the life as to be malicious, men, women, periods, -and events, to all of which intelligent readers can fit a name. -The political and social sketches will naturally excite the chief -interest among readers who will be attracted by the author’s name and -experience.”--_Spectator._ - - - - -THE NEW AND POPULAR NOVELS. PUBLISHED BY HURST & BLACKETT. - - -ST. BRIAVELS. By MARY DEANE, Author of “Quatrefoil,” &c. 3 vols. - -“The authoress throughout writes with moderation and consistency, and -her three ample volumes well repay perusal.”--_Daily Telegraph._ - -“‘St. Briavels’ is a story replete with variety, and in all -developments of her plot the author skilfully maintains an unabated -interest.”--_Morning Post._ - - -A LILY MAID. By WILLIAM GEORGE WATERS. 3 vols. - -“A story of the keenest interest. Mr. Waters’ plot is neat, and his -style is bright and pleasing.”--_Daily Telegraph._ - -“‘A Lily Maid’ is throughout exceedingly pleasant reading.”--_Morning -Post._ - - -LIKE LUCIFER. By DENZIL VANE. 3 vols. - -“There is some pleasant writing in ‘Like Lucifer,’ and the plot is -workmanlike.”--_Academy._ - -“Denzil Vane has a talent for lively, fluent writing, and a power of -tracing character.”--_Whitehall Review._ - - -A DAUGHTER OF THE GODS. By JANE STANLEY. 2 vols. - -“‘A Daughter of the Gods’ is very pretty. That is a description which -specially suits the easy-flowing, love-making story.”--_Athenæum._ - - -LUCIA. By Mrs. AUGUSTUS CRAVEN, Author of “A Sister’s Story.” -Translated by LADY HERBERT OF LEA. 2 vols. - -“This is a very pretty, touching, and consoling story. The tale is as -much above the ordinary romance as the fresh air of the seaside is -better than the stifling atmosphere of the fashionable quarter of the -gayest city.”--_St. James’s Gazette._ - -“‘Lucia’ is as good a novel as has been published for a long -time.”--_Academy._ - - -LOVE, THE PILGRIM. By MAY CROMMELIN, Author of “Queenie,” “A Jewel of a -Girl,” &c. 3 vols. - -“‘Love, the Pilgrim’ is a pretty story, which, beginning quietly, -develops into one of very sensational incident indeed.”--_Graphic._ - -“A tale of thrilling interest.”--_Scotsman._ - - -THE KING CAN DO NO WRONG. By PAMELA SNEYD, Author of “Jack Urquhart’s -Daughter.” 2 vols. - -“This novel gives evidence of imagination, insight into character, and -power of delineation.”--_Athenæum._ - -“Shows command of exceptional narrative and descriptive power--the -story is told with cleverness and force.”--_Scotsman._ - - -THE COURTING OF MARY SMITH. By F. W. ROBINSON, Author of “Grandmother’s -Money,” “No Church,” &c. 3 vols. - -“One of the finest studies that any of our novelists has produced of -late years. To read such a book is to strengthen the soul with a moral -tonic.”--_Athenæum._ - -“The book is full of the truths and experiences of actual life, woven -into a romance by an undoubtedly clever novelist.”--_Morning Post._ - - -THRO’ LOVE AND WAR. By VIOLET FANE, Author of “Sophy: or the Adventures -of a Savage,” &c. 3 vols. - -“‘Thro’ Love and War’ has a succinct and intelligible plot, and -is written with a quaint combination of acute perception, veiled -sarcasm, and broad fun, which is certain to ensure for it a wide -popularity.”--_The World._ - - -PASSAGES IN THE LIFE OF A LADY in 1814, 1815, 1816. By HAMILTON AIDÉ, -Author of “Rita,” “Penruddocke,” “Poet and Peer,” &c. 3 vols. - - -TILL MY WEDDING DAY. By a French Lady. 2 vols. - - -THE GREEN HILLS BY THE SEA: A MANX STORY. By HUGH COLEMAN DAVIDSON. 3 -vols. - - -VICTIMS. By THEO GIFT, Author of “Pretty Miss Bellew,” “Lil Lorimer,” -&c. 3 vols. - - -THE BROKEN SEAL. By DORA RUSSELL, Author of “Footprints in the Snow,” -&c. 3 vols. - - -“Miss Dora Russell writes easily and well, and she has the gift of -making her characters describe themselves by their dialogue, which is -bright and natural.”--_Athenæum._ - - -MURIEL’S MARRIAGE. By ESME STUART, Author of “A Faire Damzell,” &c. 3 -vols. - -“Much of the interest and charm of the story, and both are -considerable, are due to the delineations, not merely of the two -principal personages, but of the minor characters.”--_Scotsman._ - - -ONCE AGAIN. By Mrs. FORRESTEr, Author of “Viva,” “Mignon,” “My Lord and -My Lady,” &c. (_Second Edition_) 3 vols. - -“A really fascinating story. Bright and often original as is Mrs. -Forrester, her peculiar gifts have never been seen to better -advantage than in ‘Once Again.’ An undercurrent of tragedy runs -through this startling tale, and this, together with its graphically -drawn characters, sets it completely apart from the ordinary society -story.”--_Morning Post._ - - -A WILFUL YOUNG WOMAN. By A. PRICE, Author of “A Rustic Maid,” “Who is -Sylvia?” &c. 3 vols. - -“A very readable story. Mrs. Price has drawn her _dramatis personæ_ -with some power and vigour.”--_Academy._ - -“The story is throughout both sound and high-principled.”--_Literary -World._ - - -THE SURVIVORS. By HENRY CRESSWELL, Author of “A Modern Greek Heroine,” -“Incognita,” &c. 3 vols. - -“There is cleverness in this book, and occasional brilliancy and -wit.”--_Academy._ - -“An amusing comedy of modern life; there are some good situations and -striking episodes in the book.”--_Athenæum._ - - -A WICKED GIRL. By MARY CECIL HAY, Author of “Old Myddelton’s Money,” -&c. 3 vols. - -“The author of ‘Old Myddelton’s Money’ always manages to write -interesting stories.”--_Academy._ - -“The story ‘A Wicked Girl’ has an ingeniously carried out plot. Miss -Hay is a graceful writer, and her pathos is genuine.”--_Post._ - - -THE WOOING OF CATHERINE. By E. FRANCES POYNTER, Author of “My Little -Lady,” &c. 2 vols. - -“The figures are drawn with clear, bold strokes, each individual -standing before us with marked personality, while the backgrounds are -effective and striking.”--_Literary World._ - - - - - HURST & BLACKETT’S - - STANDARD LIBRARY. - - - [Illustration] - - - LONDON: - - 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, W. - - - - -HURST & BLACKETT’S STANDARD LIBRARY - -OF CHEAP EDITIONS OF - -POPULAR MODERN WORKS. - -ILLUSTRATED BY - -SIR J. E. MILLAIS, SIR J. GILBERT, HOLMAN HUNT, BIRKET FOSTER, JOHN -LEECH, JOHN TENNIEL, J. LASLETT POTT, ETC. - -Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s. - - -I.--SAM SLICK’S NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE. - -“The first volume of Messrs. Hurst and Blackett’s Standard Library -of Cheap Editions forms a very good beginning to what will doubtless -be a very successful undertaking. ‘Nature and Human Nature’ is one -of the best of Sam Slick’s witty and humorous productions, and well -entitled to the large circulation which it cannot fail to obtain in -its present convenient and cheap shape. The volume combines with -the great recommendations of a clear, bold type and good paper, the -lesser, but attractive merits of being well illustrated and elegantly -bound.”--_Morning Post._ - - -II.--JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN. - -“The new and cheaper edition of this interesting work will doubtless -meet with great success. John Halifax, the hero of this most beautiful -story, is no ordinary hero, and this his history is no ordinary book. -It is a full-length portrait of a true gentleman, one of nature’s own -nobility. It is also the history of a home, and a thoroughly English -one. The work abounds in incident, and many of the scenes are full of -graphic power and true pathos. It is a book that few will read without -becoming wiser and better.”--_Scotsman._ - -“This story is very interesting. The attachment between John Halifax -and his wife is beautifully painted, as are the pictures of their -domestic life, and the growing up of their children; and the conclusion -of the book is beautiful and touching.”--_Athenæum._ - - -III.--THE CRESCENT AND THE CROSS. - -BY ELIOT WARBURTON. - -“Independent of its value as an original narrative, and its useful and -interesting information, this work is remarkable for the colouring -power and play of fancy with which its descriptions are enlivened. -Among its greatest and most lasting charms is its reverent and serious -spirit.”--_Quarterly Review._ - -“Mr. Warburton has fulfilled the promise of his title-page. The -‘Realities of Eastern Travel’ are described with a vividness which -invests them with deep and abiding interest; while the ‘Romantic’ -adventures which the enterprising tourist met with in his course are -narrated with a spirit which shows how much he enjoyed these reliefs -from the ennui of every-day life.”--_Globe._ - - -IV.--NATHALIE. - -BY JULIA KAVANAGH. - -“‘Nathalie’ is Miss Kavanagh’s best imaginative effort. Its manner is -gracious and attractive. Its matter is good. A sentiment, a tenderness, -are commanded by her which are as individual as they are elegant. We -should not soon come to an end were we to specify all the delicate -touches and attractive pictures which place ‘Nathalie’ high among books -of its class.”--_Athenæum._ - - -V.--A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“These thoughts are good and humane. They are thoughts we would wish -women to think: they are much more to the purpose than the treatises -upon the women and daughters of England, which were fashionable some -years ago, and these thoughts mark the progress of opinion, and -indicate a higher tone of character, and a juster estimate of woman’s -position.”--_Athenæum._ - -“This excellent book is characterised by good sense, good taste, and -feeling, and is written in an earnest, philanthropic, as well as -practical spirit.”--_Morning Post._ - - -VI.--ADAM GRAEME OF MOSSGRAY. - -BY MRS. OLIPHANT. - -“‘Adam Graeme’ is a story awakening genuine emotions of interest and -delight by its admirable pictures of Scottish life and scenery. The -plot is cleverly complicated, and there is great vitality in the -dialogue, and remarkable brilliancy in the descriptive passages, as -who that has read ‘Margaret Maitland’ would not be prepared to expect? -But the story has a ‘mightier magnet still,’ in the healthy tone which -pervades it, in its feminine delicacy of thought and diction, and in -the truly womanly tenderness of its sentiments. The eloquent author -sets before us the essential attributes of Christian virtue, their deep -and silent workings in the heart, and their beautiful manifestations -in the life, with a delicacy, a power, and a truth which can hardly be -surpassed.”--_Morning Post._ - - -VII.--SAM SLICK’S WISE SAWS AND MODERN INSTANCES. - -“We have not the slightest intention to criticise this book. Its -reputation is made, and will stand as long as that of Scott’s or -Bulwer’s novels. The remarkable originality of its purpose, and the -happy description it affords of American life and manners, still -continue the subject of universal admiration. To say thus much is to -say enough, though we must just mention that the new edition forms a -part of the Publishers’ Cheap Standard Library, which has included some -of the very best specimens of light literature that ever have been -written.”--_Messenger._ - - -VIII.--CARDINAL WISEMAN’S RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LAST FOUR POPES. - -“A picturesque book on Rome and its ecclesiastical sovereigns, by an -eloquent Roman Catholic. Cardinal Wiseman has here treated a special -subject with so much generality and geniality that his recollections -will excite no ill-feeling in those who are most conscientiously -opposed to every idea of human infallibility represented in Papal -domination.”--_Athenæum._ - - -IX.--A LIFE FOR A LIFE. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“We are always glad to welcome Mrs. Craik. She writes from her own -convictions, and she has the power not only to conceive clearly what -it is that she wishes to say, but to express it in language effective -and vigorous. In ‘A Life for a Life’ she is fortunate in a good -subject, and she has produced a work of strong effect. The reader, -having read the book through for the story, will be apt (if he be of -our persuasion) to return and read again many pages and passages with -greater pleasure than on a first perusal. The whole book is replete -with a graceful, tender delicacy; and, in addition to its other merits, -it is written in good careful English.”--_Athenæum._ - -“‘A Life for a Life’ is a book of a high class. The characters are -depicted with a masterly hand; the events are dramatically set forth; -the descriptions of scenery and sketches of society are admirably -penned; moreover, the work has an object--a clearly defined moral--most -poetically, most beautifully drawn, and through all there is that -strong, reflective mind visible which lays bare the human heart and -human mind to the very core.”--_Morning Post._ - - -X.--THE OLD COURT SUBURB. - -BY LEIGH HUNT. - -“A book which has afforded us no slight gratification.”--_Athenæum._ - -“From the mixture of description, anecdote, biography, and criticism, -this book is very pleasant reading.”--_Spectator._ - -“A more agreeable and entertaining book has not been published since -Boswell produced his reminiscences of Johnson.”--_Observer._ - - -XI.--MARGARET AND HER BRIDESMAIDS. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “THE VALLEY OF A HUNDRED FIRES.” - -“We recommend all who are in search of a fascinating novel to read this -work for themselves. They will find it well worth their while. There -are a freshness and originality about it quite charming, and there is a -certain nobleness in the treatment both of sentiment and incident which -is not often found.”--_Athenæum._ - - -XII.--THE OLD JUDGE; OR, LIFE IN A COLONY. - -BY SAM SLICK. - -“A peculiar interest attaches to sketches of colonial life, and readers -could not have a safer guide than the talented author of this work, -who, by a residence of half a century, has practically grasped the -habits, manners, and social conditions of the colonists he describes. -All who wish to form a fair idea of the difficulties and pleasures of -life in a new country, unlike England in some respects, yet like it in -many, should read this book.”-- _John Bull._ - - -XIII.--DARIEN; OR, THE MERCHANT PRINCE. - -BY ELIOT WARBURTON. - -“This last production of the author of ‘The Crescent and the Cross’ -has the same elements of a very wide popularity. It will please its -thousands.”--_Globe._ - -“Eliot Warburton’s active and productive genius is amply exemplified -in the present book. We have seldom met with any work in which the -realities of history and the poetry of fiction were more happily -interwoven.”--_Illustrated News._ - - -XIV.--FAMILY ROMANCE; OR, DOMESTIC ANNALS OF THE ARISTOCRACY. - -BY SIR BERNARD BURKE, ULSTER KING OF ARMS. - -“It were impossible to praise too highly this most interesting book, -whether we should have regard to its excellent plan or its not less -excellent execution. It ought to be found on every drawing-room table. -Here you have nearly fifty captivating romances with the pith of all -their interest preserved in undiminished poignancy, and any one may -be read in half an hour. It is not the least of their merits that the -romances are founded on fact--or what, at least, has been handed down -for truth by long tradition--and the romance of reality far exceeds the -romance of fiction.”--_Standard._ - - -XV.--THE LAIRD OF NORLAW. - -BY MRS. OLIPHANT. - -“We have had frequent opportunities of commending Messrs. Hurst and -Blackett’s Standard Library. For neatness, elegance, and distinctness -the volumes in this series surpass anything with which we are familiar. -‘The Laird of Norlaw’ will fully sustain the author’s high reputation. -The reader is carried on from first to last with an energy of sympathy -that never flags.”--_Sunday Times._ - -“‘The Laird of Norlaw’ is worthy of the author’s reputation. It is one -of the most exquisite of modern novels.”--_Observer._ - - -XVI.--THE ENGLISHWOMAN IN ITALY. - -BY MRS. G. GRETTON. - -“Mrs. Gretton had opportunities which rarely fall to the lot of -strangers of becoming acquainted with the inner life and habits of a -part of the Italian peninsula which is the very centre of the national -crisis. We can praise her performance as interesting, unexaggerated, -and full of opportune instruction.”--_The Times._ - -“Mrs. Gretton’s book is timely, life-like, and for every reason to -be recommended. It is impossible to close the book without liking -the writer as well as the subject. The work is engaging, because -real.”--_Athenæum._ - - -XVII.--NOTHING NEW. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“‘Nothing New’ displays all those superior merits which have made ‘John -Halifax’ one of the most popular works of the day. There is a force and -truthfulness about these tales which mark them as the production of no -ordinary mind, and we cordially recommend them to the perusal of all -lovers of fiction.”--_Morning Post._ - - -XVIII.--LIFE OF JEANNE D’ALBRET, QUEEN OF NAVARRE. - -BY MISS FREER. - -“We have read this book with great pleasure, and have no hesitation in -recommending it to general perusal. It reflects the highest credit on -the industry and ability of Miss Freer. Nothing can be more interesting -than her story of the life of Jeanne D’Albret, and the narrative is as -trustworthy as it is attractive.”--_Morning Post._ - - -XIX.--THE VALLEY OF A HUNDRED FIRES. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “MARGARET AND HER BRIDESMAIDS.” - -“If asked to classify this work, we should give it a place between -‘John Halifax’ and ‘The Caxtons.’”--_Standard._ - -“The spirit in which the whole book is written is refined and -good.”--_Athenæum._ - -“This is in every sense a charming novel.”--_Messenger._ - - -XX.--THE ROMANCE OF THE FORUM; OR, NARRATIVES, SCENES, AND ANECDOTES -FROM COURTS OF JUSTICE. - -BY PETER BURKE, SERJEANT AT LAW. - -“This attractive book will be perused with much interest. It contains a -great variety of singular and highly romantic stories.”--_John Bull._ - -“A work of singular interest, which can never fail to charm and absorb -the reader’s attention. The present cheap and elegant edition includes -the true story of the Colleen Bawn.”--_Illustrated News._ - - -XXI.--ADÈLE. - -BY JULIA KAVANAGH. - -“‘Adèle’ is the best work we have read by Miss Kavanagh; it is a -charming story, full of delicate character-painting. The interest -kindled in the first chapter burns brightly to the close.”--_Athenæum._ - -“‘Adèle’ will fully sustain the reputation of Miss Kavanagh, high as it -already ranks.”--_John Bull._ - -“‘Adèle’ is a love-story of very considerable pathos and power. It is a -very clever novel.”--_Daily News._ - - -XXII.--STUDIES FROM LIFE. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“These ‘Studies’ are truthful and vivid pictures of life, often -earnest, always full of right feeling, and occasionally lightened by -touches of quiet, genial humour. The volume is remarkable for thought, -sound sense, shrewd observation, and kind and sympathetic feeling for -all things good and beautiful.”--_Morning Post._ - -“These ‘Studies from Life’ are remarkable for graphic power and -observation. The book will not diminish the reputation of the -accomplished author.”--_Saturday Review._ - - -XXIII.--GRANDMOTHER’S MONEY. - -BY F. W. ROBINSON. - -“We commend ‘Grandmother’s Money’ to readers in search of a good -novel. The characters are true to human nature, and the story is -interesting.”--_Athenæum._ - - -XXIV.--A BOOK ABOUT DOCTORS. - -BY JOHN CORDY JEAFFRESON. - -“A book to be read and re-read; fit for the study as well as the -drawing-room table and the circulating library.”--_Lancet._ - -“This is a pleasant book for the fireside season, and for the seaside -season. Mr. Jeaffreson has, out of hundreds of volumes, collected -thousands of good things, adding thereto much that appears in print for -the first time, and which, of course, gives increased value to this -very readable book.”--_Athenæum._ - - -XXV.--NO CHURCH. - -BY F. W. ROBINSON. - -“We advise all who have the opportunity to read this book. It is well -worth the study.”--_Athenæum._ - -“A work of great originality, merit, and power.”--_Standard._ - - -XXVI.--MISTRESS AND MAID. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“A good wholesome book, gracefully written, and as pleasant to read as -it is instructive.”--_Athenæum._ - -“A charming tale, charmingly told.”--_Standard._ - -“All lovers of a good novel will hail with delight another of Mrs. -Craik’s charming stories.”--_John Bull._ - - -XXVII.--LOST AND SAVED. - -BY THE HON. MRS. NORTON. - -“‘Lost and Saved’ will be read with eager interest by those who love a -touching story. It is a vigorous novel.”--_Times._ - -“This story is animated, full of exciting situations and stirring -incidents. The characters are delineated with great power. Above and -beyond these elements of a good novel, there is that indefinable charm -with which true genius invests all it touches.”--_Daily News._ - - -XXVIII.--LES MISERABLES. - -BY VICTOR HUGO. - -_Authorised Copyright English Translation._ - -“The merits of ‘Les Miserables’ do not merely consist in the -conception of it as a whole; it abounds with details of unequalled -beauty. M. Victor Hugo has stamped upon every page the hall-mark of -genius.”--_Quarterly Review._ - - -XXIX.--BARBARA’S HISTORY. - -BY AMELIA B. EDWARDS. - -“It is not often that we light upon a novel of so much merit and -interest as ‘Barbara’s History.’ It is a work conspicuous for taste -and literary culture. It is a very graceful and charming book, with a -well-managed story, clearly-cut characters, and sentiments expressed -with an exquisite elocution. The dialogues especially sparkle with -repartee. It is a book which the world will like. This is high praise -of a work of art and so we intend it.”--_The Times._ - - -XXX.--LIFE OF THE REV. EDWARD IRVING. - -BY MRS. OLIPHANT. - -“A good book on a most interesting theme.”--_Times._ - -“A truly interesting and most affecting memoir. ‘Irving’s Life’ -ought to have a niche in every gallery of religious biography. There -are few lives that will be fuller of instruction, interest, and -consolation.”--_Saturday Review._ - - -XXXI.--ST. OLAVE’S. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JANITA’S CROSS.” - -“This novel is the work of one who possesses a great talent for -writing, as well as experience and knowledge of the world. The whole -book is worth reading.”--_Athenæum._ - -“‘St Olave’s’ belongs to a lofty order of fiction. It is a good novel, -but it is something more. It is written with unflagging ability, and -it is as even as it is clever. The author has determined to do nothing -short of the best, and has succeeded.”--_Morning Post._ - - -XXXII.--SAM SLICK’S TRAITS OF AMERICAN HUMOUR. - -“Dip where you will into this lottery of fun, you are sure to draw out -a prize. These ‘Traits’ exhibit most successfully the broad national -features of American humour.”--_Post._ - - -XXXIII.--CHRISTIAN’S MISTAKE. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“A more charming story has rarely been written. It is a choice gift to -be able thus to render human nature so truly, to penetrate its depths -with such a searching sagacity, and to illuminate them with a radiance -so eminently the writer’s own.”--_Times._ - - -XXXIV.--ALEC FORBES OF HOWGLEN. - -BY GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D. - -“No account of this story would give any idea of the profound interest -that pervades the work from the first page to the last.”--_Athenæum._ - -“A novel of uncommon merit. Sir Walter Scott said he would advise no -man to try to read ‘Clarissa Harlowe’ out loud in company if he wished -to keep his character for manly superiority to tears. We fancy a good -many hardened old novel-readers will feel a rising in the throat as -they follow the fortunes of Alec and Annie.”--_Pall Mall Gazette._ - - -XXXV.--AGNES. - -BY MRS. OLIPHANT. - -“‘Agnes’ is a novel superior to any of Mrs. Oliphant’s former -works.”--_Athenæum._ - -“Mrs. Oliphant is one of the most admirable of our novelists. In her -works there are always to be found high principle, good taste, sense, -and refinement. ‘Agnes’ is a story whose pathetic beauty will appeal -irresistibly to all readers.”--_Morning Post._ - - -XXXVI.--A NOBLE LIFE. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“Few men and no women will read ‘A Noble Life’ without feeling -themselves the better for the effort.”--_Spectator._ - -“A beautifully written and touching tale. It is a noble -book.”--_Morning Post._ - -“‘A Noble Life’ is remarkable for the high types of character it -presents, and the skill with which they are made to work out a story of -powerful and pathetic interest.”--_Daily News._ - - -XXXVII.--NEW AMERICA. - -BY W. HEPWORTH DIXON. - -“A very interesting book. Mr. Dixon has written thoughtfully and -well.”--_Times._ - -“We recommend everyone who feels any interest in human nature to read -Mr. Dixon’s very interesting book.”--_Saturday Review._ - - -XXXVIII.--ROBERT FALCONER. - -BY GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D. - -“‘Robert Falconer’ is a work brimful of life and humour and of the -deepest human interest. It is a book to be returned to again and again -for the deep and searching knowledge it evinces of human thoughts and -feelings.”--_Athenæum._ - - -XXXIX.--THE WOMAN’S KINGDOM. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“‘The Woman’s Kingdom’ sustains the author’s reputation as a writer of -the purest and noblest kind of domestic stories.”--_Athenæum._ - -“‘The Woman’s Kingdom’ is remarkable for its romantic interest. The -characters are masterpieces. Edna is worthy of the hand that drew John -Halifax.”--_Morning Post._ - - -XL.--ANNALS OF AN EVENTFUL LIFE. - -BY GEORGE WEBBE DASENT, D.C.L. - -“A racy, well-written, and original novel. The interest never flags. -The whole work sparkles with wit and humour.”--_Quarterly Review._ - - -XLI.--DAVID ELGINBROD. - -BY GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D. - -“A novel which is the work of a man of genius. It will attract the -highest class of readers.”--_Times._ - - -XLII.--A BRAVE LADY. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“We earnestly recommend this novel. It is a special and worthy specimen -of the author’s remarkable powers. The reader’s attention never for a -moment flags.”--_Post._ - -“‘A Brave Lady’ thoroughly rivets the unmingled sympathy of the -reader, and her history deserves to stand foremost among the author’s -works.”--_Daily Telegraph._ - - -XLIII.--HANNAH. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“A very pleasant, healthy story, well and artistically told. The book -is sure of a wide circle of readers. The character of Hannah is one of -rare beauty.”--_Standard._ - -“A powerful novel of social and domestic life. One of the most -successful efforts of a successful novelist.”--_Daily News._ - - -XLIV.--SAM SLICK’S AMERICANS AT HOME. - -“This is one of the most amusing books that we ever read.”--_Standard._ - -“‘The Americans at Home’ will not be less popular than any of Judge -Halliburton’s previous works.”--_Morning Post._ - - -XLV.--THE UNKIND WORD. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“These stories are gems of narrative. Indeed, some of them, in their -touching grace and simplicity, seem to us to possess a charm even -beyond the authoress’s most popular novels. Of none of them can this be -said more emphatically than of that which opens the series, ‘The Unkind -Word.’ It is wonderful to see the imaginative power displayed in the -few delicate touches by which this successful love-story is sketched -out.”--_The Echo._ - - -XLVI.--A ROSE IN JUNE. - -BY MRS. OLIPHANT. - -“‘A Rose in June’ is as pretty as its title. The story is one of -the best and most touching which we owe to the industry and talent -of Mrs. Oliphant, and may hold its own with even ‘The Chronicles of -Carlingford.’”--_Times._ - - -XLVII.--MY LITTLE LADY. - -BY E. FRANCES POYNTER. - -“This story presents a number of vivid and very charming pictures. -Indeed, the whole book is charming. It is interesting in both character -and story, and thoroughly good of its kind.”--_Saturday Review._ - - -XLVIII.--PHŒBE, JUNIOR. - -BY MRS. OLIPHANT. - -“This last ‘Chronicle of Carlingford’ not merely takes rank fairly -beside the first which introduced us to ‘Salem Chapel,’ but surpasses -all the intermediate records. Phœbe, Junior, herself is admirably -drawn.”--_Academy._ - - -XLIX.--LIFE OF MARIE ANTOINETTE. - -BY PROFESSOR CHARLES DUKE YONGE. - -“A work of remarkable merit and interest, which will, we -doubt not, become the most popular English history of Marie -Antoinette.”--_Spectator._ - - -L.--SIR GIBBIE. - -BY GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D. - -“‘Sir Gibbie’ is a book of genius.”--_Pall Mall Gazette._ - -“This book has power, pathos, and humour.”--_Athenæum._ - - -LI.--YOUNG MRS. JARDINE. - -BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.” - -“‘Young Mrs. Jardine’ is a pretty story, written in pure -English.”--_The Times._ - -“There is much good feeling in this book. It is pleasant and -wholesome.”--_Athenæum._ - - -LII.--LORD BRACKENBURY. - -BY AMELIA B. EDWARDS. - -“A very readable story. The author has well conceived the purpose -of high-class novel-writing, and succeeded in no small measure in -attaining it. There is plenty of variety, cheerful dialogue, and -general ‘verve’ in the book.”--_Athenæum._ - - -LIII.--IT WAS A LOVER AND HIS LASS. - -BY MRS. OLIPHANT. - -“In ‘It was a Lover and his Lass,’ we admire Mrs. Oliphant exceedingly. -It would be worth reading a second time, were it only for the sake of -one ancient Scottish spinster, who is nearly the counterpart of the -admirable Mrs. Margaret Maitland.”--_Times._ - - -LIV.--THE REAL LORD BYRON--THE STORY OF THE POET’S LIFE. - -BY JOHN CORDY JEAFFRESON. - -“Mr. Jeaffreson comes forward with a narrative which must take a -very important place in Byronic literature; and it may reasonably be -anticipated that this book will be regarded with deep interest by all -who are concerned in the works and the fame of this great English -poet.”--_The Times._ - - - - -WORKS BY THE AUTHOR OF ‘SAM SLICK, THE CLOCKMAKER.’ - -_Each in One Volume, Frontispiece, and Uniformly Bound, Price 5s._ - - -NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE. - -“We enjoy our old friend’s company with unabated relish. This work is -a rattling miscellany of sharp sayings, stories, and hard hits. It is -full of fun and fancy.”--_Athenæum._ - -“Since Sam’s first work he has written nothing so fresh, racy, and -genuinely humorous as this. Every line of it tells in some way or -other--instructively, satirically, jocosely, or wittily. Admiration -of Sam’s mature talents, and laughter at his droll yarns, constantly -alternate as with unhalting avidity we peruse the work. The Clockmaker -proves himself the fastest time-killer a-going.”--_Observer._ - - -WISE SAWS AND MODERN INSTANCES. - -“This delightful book will be the most popular, as beyond doubt it is -the best, of all the author’s admirable works.”--_Standard._ - -“The book before us will be read and laughed over. Its quaint and -racy dialect will please some readers--its abundance of yarns -will amuse others. There is something to suit readers of every -humour.”--_Athenæum._ - -“The humour of Sam Slick is inexhaustible. He is ever and everywhere -a welcome visitor; smiles greet his approach, and wit and wisdom hang -upon his tongue. We promise our readers a great treat from the perusal -of these ‘Wise Saws,’ which contain a world of practical wisdom, and a -treasury of the richest fun.”--_Morning Post._ - - -THE OLD JUDGE; OR, LIFE IN A COLONY. - -“By common consent this work is regarded as one of the raciest, truest -to life, most humorous, and most interesting works which have proceeded -from the prolific pen of its author. We all know what shrewdness of -observation, what power of graphic description, what natural resources -of drollery, and what a happy method of hitting off the broader -characteristics of the life he reviews, belong to Judge Haliburton. -We have all those qualities here; but they are balanced by a serious -literary purpose, and are employed in the communication of information -respecting certain phases of colonial experience which impart to the -work an element of sober utility.”--_Sunday Times._ - - -TRAITS OF AMERICAN HUMOUR. - -“No man has done more than the facetious Judge Haliburton, through the -mouth of the inimitable ‘Sam,’ to make the old parent country recognise -and appreciate her queer transatlantic progeny. His present collection -of comic stories and laughable traits is a budget of fun, full of rich -specimens of American humour.”--_Globe._ - -“Yankeeism, portrayed in its raciest aspect, constitutes the contents -of these superlatively entertaining sketches. The work embraces the -most varied topics--political parties, religious eccentricities, the -flights of literature, and the absurdities of pretenders to learning, -all come in for their share of satire; while we have specimens of -genuine American exaggerations and graphic pictures of social and -domestic life as it is. The work will have a wide circulation.”--_John -Bull._ - - -THE AMERICANS AT HOME. - -“In this highly entertaining work we are treated to another cargo of -capital stories from the inexhaustible store of our Yankee friend. -In the volume before us he dishes up, with his accustomed humour and -terseness of style, a vast number of tales, none more entertaining -than another, and all of them graphically illustrative of the ways -and manners of brother Jonathan. The anomalies of American law, the -extraordinary adventures incident to life in the backwoods, and, above -all, the peculiarities of American society, are variously, powerfully, -and, for the most part, amusingly exemplified.”--_John Bull._ - -“In the picturesque delineation of character, and the felicitous -portraiture of national features, no writer equals Judge Haliburton, -and the subjects embraced in the present delightful book call forth, in -new and vigorous exercise, his peculiar powers. ‘The Americans at Home’ -will not be less popular than any of his previous works.”--_Post._ - - -LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS. - - - - -WORKS BY THE AUTHOR OF - -JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN. - -_Each in One Volume, Frontispiece, and Uniformly Bound, price 5s._ - - -JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN. - -“This is a very good and a very interesting work. It is designed to -trace the career from boyhood to age of a perfect man--a Christian -gentleman, and it abounds in incident both well and highly wrought. -Throughout it is conceived in a high spirit, and written with great -ability. This cheap and handsome new edition is worthy to pass freely -from hand to hand as a gift-book in many households.”--_Examiner._ - -“The story is very interesting. The attachment between John Halifax and -his wife is beautifully painted, as are the pictures of their domestic -life, and the growing up of their children, and the conclusion of the -book is beautiful and touching.”--_Athenæum._ - -“The new and cheaper edition of this interesting work will doubtless -meet with great success. John Halifax, the hero of this most beautiful -story, is no ordinary hero, and this his history is no ordinary book. -It is a full-length portrait of a true gentleman, one of nature’s own -nobility. It is also the history of a home, and a thoroughly English -one. The work abounds in incident, and is full of graphic power and -true pathos. It is a book that few will read without becoming wiser and -better.”--_Scotsman._ - - -A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN. - -“A book of sound counsel. It is one of the most sensible works of its -kind, well written, true-hearted, and altogether practical. Whoever -wishes to give advice to a young lady may thank the author for means of -doing so.”--_Examiner._ - -“These thoughts are worthy of the earnest and enlightened mind, the -all-embracing charity, and the well-earned reputation of the author of -‘John Halifax.’”--_Standard._ - -“This excellent book is characterised by good sense, good taste, and -feeling, and is written in an earnest, philanthropic, as well as -practical spirit.”--_Post._ - - -A LIFE FOR A LIFE. - -“We are always glad to welcome this author. She writes from her own -convictions, and she has the power not only to conceive clearly what -it is that she wishes to say, but to express it in language effective -and vigorous. In ‘A Life for a Life’ she is fortunate in a good -subject, and she has produced a work of strong effect. The reader, -having read the book through for the story, will be apt (if he be of -our persuasion) to return and read again many pages and passages with -greater pleasure than on a first perusal. The whole book is replete -with a graceful, tender delicacy; and, in addition to its other merits, -it is written in good careful English.”--_Athenæum._ - - -NOTHING NEW. - -“‘Nothing New’ displays all those superior merits which have made ‘John -Halifax’ one of the most popular works of the day.”--_Post._ - -“The reader will find these narratives calculated to remind him of that -truth and energy of human portraiture, that spell over human affections -and emotions, which have stamped this author as one of the first -novelists of our day.”--_John Bull._ - - -THE WOMAN’S KINGDOM. - -“‘The Woman’s Kingdom’ sustains the author’s reputation as a writer of -the purest and noblest kind of domestic stories. The novelist’s lesson -is given with admirable force and sweetness.”--_Athenæum._ - -“‘The Woman’s Kingdom’ is remarkable for its romantic interest. The -characters are masterpieces. Edna is worthy of the hand that drew John -Halifax.”--_Post._ - - -STUDIES FROM LIFE. - -“These studies are truthful and vivid pictures of life, often earnest, -always full of right feeling, and occasionally lightened by touches of -quiet genial humour. The volume is remarkable for thought, sound sense, -shrewd observation, and kind and sympathetic feeling for all things -good and beautiful.”--_Post._ - - -CHRISTIAN’S MISTAKE. - -“A more charming story, to our taste, has rarely been written. Within -the compass of a single volume the writer has hit off a circle of -varied characters, all true to nature--some true to the highest -nature--and she has entangled them in a story which keeps us in -suspense till the knot is happily and gracefully resolved; while, at -the same time, a pathetic interest is sustained by an art of which it -would be difficult to analyse the secret. It is a choice gift to be -able thus to render human nature so truly, to penetrate its depths -with such a searching sagacity, and to illuminate them with a radiance -so eminently the writer’s own. Even if tried by the standard of the -Archbishop of York, we should expect that even he would pronounce -‘Christian’s Mistake’ a novel without a fault.”--_The Times._ - -“This is a story good to have from the circulating library, but better -to have from one’s bookseller, for it deserves a place in that little -collection of clever and wholesome stories which forms one of the -comforts of a well-appointed home.”--_Examiner._ - - -MISTRESS AND MAID. - -“A good, wholesome book, as pleasant to read as it is -instructive.”--_Athenæum._ - -“This book is written with the same true-hearted earnestness as ‘John -Halifax.’ The spirit of the whole work is excellent.”--_Examiner._ - -“A charming tale charmingly told.”--_Standard._ - - -A NOBLE LIFE. - -“This is one of those pleasant tales in which the author of ‘John -Halifax’ speaks out of a generous heart the purest truths of -life.”--_Examiner._ - -“Few men, and no women, will read ‘A Noble Life’ without finding -themselves the better.”--_Spectator._ - -“A story of powerful and pathetic interest.”--_Daily News._ - - -A BRAVE LADY. - -“A very good novel, showing a tender sympathy with human nature, and -permeated by a pure and noble spirit.”--_Examiner._ - -“A most charming story.”--_Standard._ - -“We earnestly recommend this novel. It is a special and worthy specimen -of the author’s remarkable powers. The reader’s attention never for a -moment flags.”--_Post._ - - -HANNAH. - -“A powerful novel of social and domestic life. One of the most -successful efforts of a successful novelist.”--_Daily News._ - -“A very pleasant, healthy story, well and artistically told. The book -is sure of a wide circle of readers. The character of Hannah is one of -rare beauty.”--_Standard._ - - -THE UNKIND WORD. - -“The author of ‘John Halifax’ has written many fascinating stories, but -we can call to mind nothing from her pen that has a more enduring charm -than the graceful sketches in this work. Such a character as Jessie -stands out from a crowd of heroines as the type of all that is truly -noble, pure, and womanly.”--_United Service Magazine._ - - -YOUNG MRS. JARDINE. - -“‘Young Mrs. Jardine’ is a pretty story, written in pure -English.”--_The Times._ - -“There is much good feeling in this book. It is pleasant and -wholesome.”--_Athenæum._ - -“A book that all should read. Whilst it is quite the equal of any of -its predecessors in elevation of thought and style, it is perhaps their -superior in interest of plot and dramatic intensity. The characters are -admirably delineated, and the dialogue is natural and clear.”--_Morning -Post._ - - - - -WORKS BY - -MRS. OLIPHANT. - -_Each in One Volume, Frontispiece, and Uniformly Bound, Price 5s._ - - -ADAM GRAEME OF MOSSGRAY. - -“‘Adam Graeme’ is a story awakening genuine emotions of interest and -delight by its admirable pictures of Scottish life and scenery. The -plot is cleverly complicated, and there is great vitality in the -dialogue, and remarkable brilliancy in the descriptive passages, as -who that has read ‘Margaret Maitland’ would not be prepared to expect? -But the story has a ‘mightier magnet still,’ in the healthy tone which -pervades it, in its feminine delicacy of thought and diction, and in -the truly womanly tenderness of its sentiments. The eloquent author -sets before us the essential attributes of Christian virtue, their deep -and silent workings in the heart, and their beautiful manifestations -in the life, with a delicacy, a power, and a truth which can hardly be -surpassed.”--_Morning Post._ - - -THE LAIRD OF NORLAW. - -“We have had frequent opportunities of commending Messrs. Hurst and -Blackett’s Standard Library. For neatness, elegance, and distinctness -the volumes in this series surpass anything with which we are familiar. -‘The Laird of Norlaw’ will fully sustain the author’s high reputation. -The reader is carried on from first to last with an energy of sympathy -that never flags.”--_Sunday Times._ - -“‘The Laird of Norlaw’ is worthy of the author’s reputation. It is one -of the most exquisite of modern novels.”--_Observer._ - - -IT WAS A LOVER AND HIS LASS. - -“In ‘It was a Lover and his Lass,’ we admire Mrs. Oliphant exceedingly. -Her story is a very pretty one. It would be worth reading a second -time, were it only for the sake of one ancient Scottish spinster, -who is nearly the counterpart of the admirable Mrs. Margaret -Maitland.”--_Times._ - - -AGNES. - -“‘Agnes’ Is a novel superior to any of Mrs. Oliphant’s former -works.”--_Athenæum._ - -“Mrs. Oliphant is one of the most admirable of our novelists. In her -works there are always to be found high principle, good taste, sense, -and refinement. ‘Agnes’ is a story whose pathetic beauty will appeal -irresistibly to all readers.”--_Morning Post._ - - -A ROSE IN JUNE. - -“‘A Rose in June’ is as pretty as its title. The story is one of -the best and most touching which we owe to the industry and talent -of Mrs. Oliphant, and may hold its own with even ‘The Chronicles of -Carlingford.’”--_Times._ - - -PHŒBE, JUNIOR. - -“This last ‘Chronicle of Carlingford’ not merely takes rank fairly -beside the first which introduced us to ‘Salem Chapel,’ but surpasses -all the intermediate records. Phœbe, Junior, herself is admirably -drawn.”--_Academy._ - - -LIFE OF THE REV. EDWARD IRVING. - -“A good book on a most interesting theme.”--_Times._ - -“A truly interesting and most affecting memoir. ‘Irving’s Life’ -ought to have a niche in every gallery of religious biography. There -are few lives that will be fuller of instruction, interest, and -consolation.”--_Saturday Review._ - - - - -WORKS BY - -GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D. - -_Each in One Volume, Frontispiece, and Uniformly Bound, Price 5s._ - - -ALEC FORBES OF HOWGLEN. - -“No account of this story would give any idea of the profound interest -that pervades the work from the first page to the last.”--_Athenæum._ - -“A novel of uncommon merit. Sir Walter Scott said he would advise no -man to try to read ‘Clarissa Harlowe’ out loud in company if he wished -to keep his character for manly superiority to tears. We fancy a good -many hardened old novel-readers will feel a rising in the throat as -they follow the fortunes of Alec and Annie.”--_Pall Mall Gazette._ - -“The whole story is one of surpassing excellence and beauty.”--_Daily -News._ - -“This book is full of good thought and good writing. Dr. Mac Donald -looks in his stories more to the souls of men and women than to their -social outside. He reads life and Nature like a true poet.”--_Examiner._ - - -ROBERT FALCONER. - -“‘Robert Falconer’ is a work brimful of life and humour and of the -deepest human interest. It is a work to be returned to again and again -for the deep and searching knowledge it evinces of human thoughts and -feelings.”--_Athenæum._ - -“This story abounds in exquisite specimens of the word-painting in -which Dr. Mac Donald excels, charming transcripts of Nature, full of -light, air, and colour.”--_Saturday Review._ - -“This noble story displays to the best advantage all the powers of Dr. -Mac Donald’s genius.”--_Illustrated London News._ - -“‘Robert Falconer’ is the noblest work of fiction that Dr. Mac Donald -has yet produced.”--_British Quarterly Review._ - -“The dialogues in ‘Robert Falconer’ are so finely blended with humour -and pathos as to make them in themselves an intellectual treat to which -the reader returns again and again.”--_Spectator._ - - -DAVID ELGINBROD. - -“A novel which is the work of a man of genius. It will attract the -highest class of readers.”--_Times._ - -“There are many beautiful passages and descriptions in this book. The -characters are extremely well drawn.”--_Athenæum._ - -“A clever novel. The incidents are exciting, and the interest is -maintained to the close. It may be doubted if Sir Walter Scott -himself ever painted a Scotch fireside with more truth than Dr. Mac -Donald.”--_Morning Post._ - -“David Elginbrod is the finest character we have met in fiction for -many a day. The descriptions of natural scenery are vivid, truthful, -and artistic; the general reflections are those of a refined, -thoughtful, and poetical philosopher, and the whole moral atmosphere of -the book is lofty, pure, and invigorating.”--_Globe._ - - -SIR GIBBIE. - -“‘Sir Gibbie’ is a book of genius.”--_Pall Mall Gazette._ - -“This book has power, pathos, and humour. There is not a character -which is not lifelike. There are many powerful scenes, and the -portraits will stay long in our memory.”--_Athenæum._ - -“‘Sir Gibbie’ is unquestionably a book of genius. It abounds in -humour, pathos, insight into character, and happy touches of -description.”--_Graphic._ - -“‘Sir Gibbie’ contains some of the most charming writing the author has -yet produced.”--_Scotsman._ - -“‘Sir Gibbie’ is one of the most touching and beautiful stories that -has been written for many years. It is not a novel to be idly read and -laid aside; it is a grand work, to be kept near at hand, and studied -and thought over.”--_Morning Post._ - - -LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS. - - - - -_WORKS by the AUTHOR of ‘JOHN HALIFAX.’_ - -Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s. - - JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN. - A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN. - A LIFE FOR A LIFE. - NOTHING NEW. - MISTRESS AND MAID. - THE WOMAN’S KINGDOM. - CHRISTIAN’S MISTAKE. - A NOBLE LIFE. - HANNAH. - THE UNKIND WORD. - A BRAVE LADY. - STUDIES FROM LIFE. - YOUNG MRS. JARDINE. - - -_WORKS by GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D._ - -Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s. - - DAVID ELGINBROD. - ROBERT FALCONER. - ALEC FORBES. - SIR GIBBIE. - - -_WORKS by MRS. OLIPHANT._ - -Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s. - - IT WAS A LOVER AND HIS LASS. - THE LAIRD OF NORLAW. - A ROSE IN JUNE. - ADAM GRAEME OF MOSSGRAY. - PHŒBE, JUNIOR. - AGNES. - THE LIFE OF THE REV. EDWARD IRVING. - - -_WORKS by the AUTHOR of ‘SAM SLICK.’_ - -Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s. - - NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE. - WISE SAWS AND MODERN INSTANCES. - THE OLD JUDGE; OR, LIFE IN A COLONY. - TRAITS OF AMERICAN HUMOUR. - THE AMERICANS AT HOME. - - -_LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT._ - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] It may be objected that this story pertains more to the seventeenth -than the eighteenth century; but, as the man Roderick was alive in the -last century, I claim him as belonging to it. - -[2] ‘The History of St. Kilda,’ etc. By the Rev. Mr. Kenneth Macaulay. -London, 1764. - -[3] ‘Description of the Western Isles of Scotland, called Hebrides,’ -etc. - -[4] Harris. - -[5] _Scottice_, are without. - -[6] ‘A Late Voyage to St. Kilda, the Remotest of all the Hebrides,’ -etc., London, 1698. - -[7] Head-dress. - -[8] Venus, her lap dog. - -[9] A game at cards introduced into France by Signor Justiniani, -Ambassador of Venice in 1674. The players are the dealer or banker, his -assistant, who looks after the losing cards--a _croupier_, in fact--and -the punters, or anyone who plays against the banker. - -[10] To understand the numerous allusions to the game of cards called -Quadrill, it is necessary that the principles of the game should be -given. It was played by four persons, each having ten cards dealt to -them. - -The general laws of this game are, 1. It is not permitted to deal the -cards otherwise than four by three, the dealer being at liberty to -begin with which of those numbers he pleases. 2. If he who plays either -_sans prendre_, or calling a king, names a trump of a different suit -from that his game is in, or names two several suits, that which he -first named must be the trump. 3. He who plays must name the trump by -its proper name, as he likewise must the king he calls. 4. He who has -said ‘I pass,’ must not be again admitted to play, except he plays by -force, upon account of his having Spadille. 5. He who has asked the -question, and has leave given him to play, is obliged to do it: but -he must not play _sans prendre_ except he is forced to do it. 6. He -who has the four kings may call the queen of either of his kings. 7. -Neither the king nor queen of the suit which is trumps must be called. -8. He who has one or several kings may call any king he has in his -hand; in such case, if he wins, he alone must make six tricks; if he -wins, it is all his own, and if he loses, he pays all by himself. 9. -Everyone ought to play in his turn, but for having done otherwise, no -one must be beasted. 10. He, however, whose turn is not to play, having -in his hand the king the ombre has called, and who shall tramp about -with either spadille, manille, or basto, or shall even play down the -king that was called, to give notice of his being the friend, must not -pretend to undertake the vole; nay, he must be condemned to be beasted -if it appears that he did it with any fraudulent design. 11. He who has -drawn a card from his game, and presented it openly in order to play -it, is obliged so to do, if his retaining it may be either prejudicial -to his game, or give any information to his friend, especially if the -card is a matadore; but he who plays _sans prendre_, or calls upon his -own king, is not subject to this law. 12. None ought to look upon the -tricks, nor to count aloud what has been played, except when it is -his turn to play, but to let everyone reckon for himself. 13. He who, -instead of turning up the tricks before any one of his players, shall -turn up and discover his game, must be equally beasted with him whose -cards he has so discovered, the one paying one half, and the other -the like. 14. He who renounces must be beasted, as many times as he -has so done, but, if the cards are mixed, he is to pay but one beast. -15. If the renounce prejudices the game, and the deal is not played -out, everyone may take up his cards, beginning at the trick where the -renounce was made, and play them over again. 16. He who shows the game -before the deal is out must be beasted, except he plays _sans prendre_. -17. None of the three matadores can be commanded down by an inferior -trump. 18. If he who plays _sans prendre_ with the matadores in his -hand, demands only one of them, he must receive only that he mentioned. -19. He who, instead of _sans prendre_, shall demand matadores, -not having them, or he who shall demand _sans prendre_ instead of -matadores, cannot compel the players to pay him what is really his due. -20. Matadores are only paid when they are in the hands of the ombre, -or of the king his ally, whether all in one hand, or separately in -both. 21. He who undertakes the vole, and does not make it, must pay -as much as he would have received had he won it. 22. He who plays and -does not make three tricks is to be beasted alone, and must pay all -that is to be paid; and, if he makes no tricks at all, he must also pay -to his two adversaries the vole, but not to his friend.’--_The Oxford -Encyclopædia_, 1828. - -[11] Dressing-gown. - -[12] Entendres. - -[13] Wonders. - -[14] These leaden combs were used for darkening the hair. - -[15] Pulled down 1885. - -[16] - Forsitan et nostros ducat de marmore vultus - Nectens aut Paphia myrti aut Parnasside lauri - Fronde comas--At ego secura pace quiescam. - - _Milton in Manso._ - -[17] John Speed, the historian, died 1629, and was buried in the church -of St. Giles’, Cripplegate. - -[18] The few hairs of a lighter colour, are supposed to have been such -as had grown on the sides of the cheeks after the corpse had been -interred. - -[19] ‘MDCLV. May vi, died my (now) only and eldest son, John Smith -(_Proh Dolor_, beloved of all men!) at Mitcham in Surrey. Buried May ix -in St. Giles, Cripplegate.’ - -[20] Edward Philips or Phillips, in his life of Milton, attached to -‘Letters of State, written by Mr. John Milton,’ &c., London, 1694, -(p. 43), says: ‘He is said to have dyed worth £1,500 in Money (a -considerable Estate, all things considered), besides Household Goods; -for he sustained such losses as might well have broke any person less -frugal and temperate than himself; no less than £2,000 which he had put -for Security and Improvement into the Excise Office, but, neglecting to -recal it in time, could never after get it out, with all the Power and -Interest he had in the Great ones of those Times; besides another great -Sum by mismanagement and for want of good advice.’ - -[21] Thomas Newton, Bishop of Bristol, thus writes in his life of -Milton, prefixed to his edition of ‘Paradise Lost,’ London, 1749: ‘His -body was decently interred near that of his father (who had died very -aged about the year 1647) in the chancel of the church of St. Giles, -Cripplegate; and all his great and learned friends in London, not -without a friendly concourse of the common people, paid their last -respects in attending it to the grave. Mr. Fenton, in his short but -elegant account of the life of Milton, speaking of our author’s having -no monument, says that “he desired a friend to inquire at St. Giles’s -Church, where the sexton showed him a small monument, which he said was -supposed to be Milton’s; but the inscription had never been legible -since he was employed in that office, which he has possessed about -forty years. This sure could never have happened in so short a space -of time, unless the epitaph had been industriously erased; and that -supposition, says Mr. Fenton, carries with it so much inhumanity that -I think we ought to believe it was not erected to his memory.” It is -evident that it was not erected to his memory, and that the sexton was -mistaken. For Mr. Toland, in his account of the life of Milton, says -that he was buried in the chancel of St. Giles’s Church, “where the -piety of his admirers will shortly erect a monument becoming his worth, -and the encouragement of letters in King William’s reign.” This plainly -implies that no monument was erected to him at that time, and this was -written in 1698, and Mr. Fenton’s account was first published, I think, -in 1725; so that not above twenty-seven years intervened from the one -account to the other; and consequently the sexton, who it is said was -possessed of his office about forty years, must have been mistaken, and -the monument must have been designed for some other person, and not for -Milton.’ - -[22] Between the creditable trades of pawnbroker and dram-seller there -is a strict alliance. As Hogarth observes, the money lent by Mr. Gripe -is immediately conveyed to the shop of Mr. Killman, who, in return for -the produce of rags, distributes poison under the specious name of -cordials. See Hogarth’s celebrated print called Gin Lane. - -[23] Probably in the month of September, as the entry of his baptism -in the registry of the chapelry of Middlesmoor, in Netherdale, says -‘Eugenius Aram, son of Peter Aram, baptized the 2nd of October.’ - -[24] Though no warrants were issued against them, Aram was arrested -for debt, in order to keep him; yet he immediately discharged this -debt--not only so, he paid off a mortgage on his property at Bondgate. -Suspicious facts, considering he was, notably, a poor man. - -[25] Finding. - -[26] The esne was a man of the servile class, a poor mercenary, serving -for hire, or for his land, but was not of so low a rank as the other -classes. - -[27] An Act relative to German and Swiss redemptioners. - -[28] Bedlam was then in Moorfields. - -[29] A large wickerwork receptacle behind the mail-coach. - -[30] Palmer invented the mail-coach, and supplied horses to the -Post-Office. - -[31] Lunardi made the first balloon ascent in England, Sept. 21, 1784. - -[32] Birmingham halfpence, struck by Boulton and Watts at their works -at Soho, Birmingham. - -[33] Kew Bridge was opened to the public, September, 1789. - -[34] Some idea of the duelling that went on in Ireland in the latter -part of last century may be gathered from the following extract -from Sir Jonah’s book (vol. ii, p. 3): ‘I think I may challenge any -country in Europe to show such an assemblage of gallant _judicial_ and -_official_ antagonists at fire and sword as is exhibited even in the -following list: - -The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Earl Clare, fought the Master of the -Rolls, Curran. - -The Chief Justice, K.B. Lord Clonmell, fought Lord Tyrawley (a privy -counsellor), Lord Llandaff, and two others. - -The judge of the county of Dublin, Egan, fought the Master of the -Rolls, Roger Barrett, and three others. - -The Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Right Hon. Isaac Corry, fought the -Right Hon. Henry Grattan (a privy counsellor), and another. - -A Baron of the Exchequer, Baron Medge, fought his brother-in-law and -two others. - -The Chief Justice, C. P. Lord Norbury, fought Fire-eater Fitzgerald and -two other gentlemen, and frightened Napper Tandy, and several besides: -one hit only. - -The judge of the Prerogative Court, Dr. Dingenan, fought one barrister -and frightened another on the ground. N.B.--The latter case a curious -one. - -The Chief Counsel to the Revenue, Henry Deane Grady, fought Counsellor -O’Mahon, Counsellor Campbell, and others: all hits. - -The Master of the Rolls fought Lord Buckinghamshire, the Chief -Secretary, &c. - -The provost of the University of Dublin, the Right Hon. Hely -Hutchinson, fought Mr. Doyle, Master in Chancery, and some others. - -The Chief Justice C. P. Patterson, fought three country gentlemen, one -of them with swords, another with guns, and wounded all of them. - -The Right Hon. George Ogle (a privy counsellor) fought Barney Coyle, a -distiller, because he was a Papist. They fired eight shots, and no hit; -but the second broke his own arm. - -Thomas Wallace, K.C., fought Mr. O’Gorman, the Catholic Secretary. - -Counsellor O’Connell fought the Orange chieftain; fatal to the champion -of Protestant ascendency. - -The collector of the customs of Dublin, the Hon. Francis Hutchinson, -fought the Right Hon. Lord Mountmorris. - -Two hundred and twenty-seven memorable and official duels have actually -been fought during my grand climacteric. - -[35] ‘The Female Soldier; or, The Surprising Life and Adventures of -Hannah Snell,’ &c. London, 1750. - -[36] A farmer of repute. - -[37] For a pension. - -[38] The action off Cape St. Vincent, when Sir John Jervis, with -fifteen sail of the line, attacked and defeated the Spanish fleet, -consisting of twenty-seven sail of the line. - -[39] ‘The case of Mr. John Walter, of London, Merchant.’ London, 1781. - -[40] Then in Lombard Street. - -[41] Lord North resigned, and Lord Rockingham succeeded as Premier, -1782. - -[42] Logotypes--or printing types in which words, etc., were cast, -instead of single letters. - -[43] The centenary of the _Times_ was improperly celebrated in that -paper on the 1st of January, 1885. - -[44] _i.e._, in the liberty or Rules of the Fleet. - -[45] A foot-lock or hobble. - -[46] From the link-boy’s natural hatred of ‘the Parish Lantern,’ which -would deprive him of his livelihood. - -[47] In throwing dice a corruption of the French numerals is used, as -ace (one), deuce (two), tray (three), &c. - -[48] _I.e._, That sentence of death, owing to his pleading benefit of -clergy, or ability to read, was commuted to imprisonment, and branding -on the face with a red-hot iron. By degrees, however, the iron got -colder, until, at last, it was barely warm. - -[49] Mews, or horse-pond. - -[50] ‘The Humours of the Fleet.’ A Poem, by W. Paget, Comedian, &c. -Birmingham. - -[51] Where the Fleet Market is now, there was, a few Years since, a -Ditch, with a muddy Channel of Water. The Market was built at the -Expense of the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, who receive the Rent -for it. - -[52] The Door-keeper, or he who opens and shuts the Jigg, is call’d the -Jigger. - -[53] Billiards is a very common game here. - -[54] Fine Ale drank in the Coffee-room, call’d the ‘Alderman,’ because -brew’d by Alderman Parsons. - -[55] A Runner is a Fellow that goes abroad of Errands for the Prisoners. - -[56] Begs. - -[57] Persons who give any Considerable offence are often try’d, and -undergo the Discipline of the Pump. The Author was one of these in a -drunken Frolick, for which he condemns himself. - -[58] A Spacious place, where there are all sorts of Exercises, but -especially Fives. - -[59] A Publick Place, free for all Prisoners. - -[60] Where those lie who can’t pay their Master’s Fee. - -[61] There are several of these Jiggers, or Door-keepers, who relieve -one another, and, when a Prisoner comes first in, they take a nice -Observation of him, for fear of his escaping. - -[62] A cant Word for giving some Money in order to show a Lodging. - -[63] Which is One Pound, Six, and Eightpence, and then you are entitled -to a bed on the Master’s-side, for which you pay so much per Week. - -[64] Mount-scoundrel, so-call’d from its being highly situated, and -belonging, once, to the Common-side, tho’ lately added to the Master’s; -if there be room in the House, this Place is first empty, and the -Chamberlain commonly shows this to raise his Price upon you for a -better. - -[65] Half-a-guinea. - -[66] A Bed-fellow so call’d. - -[67] When you have a Chum, you pay but fifteen Pence per Week each, -and, indeed, that is the Rent of a whole Room, if you find Furniture. - -[68] The Upper Floors are accounted best here, for the same Reason as -they are at Edinburgh, which, I suppose, every Body knows. - -[69] It is common to mention the Fleet by the name of the Place, and I -suppose it is call’d the Place by way of Eminence, because there is not -such another. - -[70] A Cant Word for a Dram of Geneva. - -[71] A Chew of Tobacco--supposed to be given him. - -[72] When there are Holes above Heel, or the Feet are so bad in a -Stocking that you are forced to pull them to hide the Holes, or cover -the Toes, it is call’d Coaxing. - -[73] As the Prison is often called the College, so it is common to call -a Prisoner a Collegian; and this Character is taken from a Man who had -been many Years in the Place, and like to continue his Life. - -[74] The Name of the Cook of the Kitchen. - -[75] A place in the Cellar call’d Bartholomew Fair. - -[76] Who goes out? is repeated by Watchmen Prisoners from half-an-hour -after nine till St. Paul’s Clock strikes Ten, to give Visitors Notice -to depart. - -[77] While St. Paul’s is striking Ten, the Watchman don’t call Who goes -out? but when the last stroke is given they cry All told! at which time -the Gates are lock’d and nobody suffer’d to go out upon any Account. - -[78] A werst is one thousand and sixty-seven metres. - -[79] Then valued at four shillings each, or eight pounds in all. - -[80] Gay, in his ‘Trivia,’ book i, says, - - ‘Let _Persian_ Dames th’_Umbrella’s_ Ribs display, - To guard their Beauties from the Sunny Ray.’ - -[81] ‘A Review of the proposed Naturalization of the Jews.’ - -[82] Among other Bills which then received the Royal Assent was one -for purchasing Sloane Museum and the Harleian MSS., and for providing -a general repository for the same--by means of a lottery--the -commencement of the British Museum. - -[83] ‘Parliamentary History,’ Hansard, vol. xv, p. 154. - -[84] ‘Eight Letters to his Grace--Duke of Newcastle--on the custom of -Vails-giving in England, &c.,’ 1760, p. 20. - -[85] ‘The East Neuk of Fife,’ by Rev. Walter Wood. Edinburgh, 1862, p. -208. - -[86] Tickled the palms of their hands. - -[87] ‘The English Treasury of Wit and Language,’ etc., ed. 1655, pp. -223, 224. - -[88] Or surfel--to wash the cheeks with mercurial or sulphur water. - -[89] Face-washes and ointments. - -[90] Edition 1699, p. 19. The poem had reference to the College of -Physicians, establishing a dispensary of their own, owing to the -excessive charges of the apothecaries. The institution did not last -very long. - -[91] Gold. - -[92] ‘The Female Physician, &c.,’ by John Ball, M.D.--London, 1770, pp. -76, 77. - -[93] This water, as its name implies, was supposed to be a sovereign -remedy for gunshot wounds. It was also called _aqua vulneraria_, _aqua -sclopetaria_, and _aqua catapultarum_. - -[94] Now called an _entire horse_, or _stallion_. - -[95] ‘The London Spy,’ ed. 1703, p. 124. - -[96] An allusion to the dispensary which the College of Physicians set -up in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and which was the -subject of Sir S. Garth’s satirical poem, called ‘The Dispensary.’ - -[97] A seventh son of a seventh son is supposed to be endowed with -extraordinary faculties of healing, and many of these quacks pretended -to such a descent. - -[98] ‘The London Spy,’ ed. 1703, p. 64. - -[99] A covering, or gaiter, to protect the legs from dirt or wet. - -[100] ‘The Liturgy and other Divine Offices of the Church.’ London, -Bosworth, 1880, p. 638. - -[101] ‘The Liturgy and other Divine Offices of the Church,’ p. 584. - -[102] _General Advertiser_, March 26, 1782. - -[103] _General Advertiser_, May 1, 1783. - -[104] _General Advertiser_, February 13, 1784. - -[105] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, 1736, pp. 617-618. - -[106] By Dr. Zachary Pearce, Bishop of Rochester. - -[107] A pickle herring was a Merry-Andrew or clown, and this means that -the quack was too poor to afford either horse or attendant. - -[108] A false witness--one who would swear to anything for a trifle. - -[109] I have before me now twelve lives of him, and that is by no means -an exhaustive list. - -[110] ‘Memoire pour le Comte de Cagliostro, accusé: contre Monsieur le -Procureur-General, accusateur; en presence de Monsieur le Cardinal de -Rohan, de la Comtesse de la Motte, et autres co-accusés.’ Paris, 1786, -4to. - -[111] Of this work there was a French translation published in 1791 at -Paris and Strasbourg, under the title of ‘Vie de Joseph Balsamo, connu -sous le nom de Comte Cagliostro,’ &c. 2nd edition. - -[112] Editor of the _Morning Chronicle_, 1772-89. - -[113] Locusta, or, more correctly, Lucusta, was a celebrated poisoner. -She was employed by Aggripina to poison the Emperor Claudius, and by -Nero to kill Britannicus. For this she was most handsomely rewarded by -Nero; but was executed for her crimes by Galba. - -[114] _i.e._, to serve on the convict hulks there, to dredge the -Thames. The treatment on board was based on good principles; those -convicts who were well-behaved had remission of sentence, those who -were recalcitrant had unmerciful punishment. - - -[Transcriber’s Note: - -Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Eighteenth Century Waifs, by John Ashton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS *** - -***** This file should be named 50507-0.txt or 50507-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/5/0/50507/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Eighteenth Century Waifs - -Author: John Ashton - -Release Date: November 20, 2015 [EBook #50507] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">i</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/i_cover.jpg" -alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="ph1">EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<h1> -EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY</span><br /> - -<span class="large">JOHN ASHTON</span><br /> - -<span class="medium">AUTHOR OF<br /> -“SOCIAL LIFE IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE,”<br /> -ETC., ETC.<br /> -<br /> -<i>IN ONE VOLUME.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="table"> -<span class="trow medium">LONDON:</span> -<span class="trow large">AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS,</span> -<span class="trow medium">13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.</span> -<span class="trow medium">1887.</span> -<span class="trow small"><i>All Rights Reserved.</i></span> -</span> -</h1> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p> - -<h2 id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h2> - -<p>It was probably Solomon, who, in Ecclesiastes, -cap. 12, v. 12, said, ‘Of making many books -there is no end.’ But, if this book had to have -been written by him, he might, probably, have -modified his opinion.</p> - -<p>I have read some books in my life-time, <i>re</i> -the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, -and therefore was not taken aback when -I was advised by a learned friend, whom I consulted -as to the subject of a new book, to try -the ‘Musgrave Tracts,’ in the British Museum. -I thanked him, and wrote for them, when I was -politely asked, ‘Did I want them all?’ ‘Of -course,’ was my reply; when I was told, with -the courtesy that particularly distinguishes the -establishment, that I had better come into an -inner room, and have them down shelf by shelf.</p> - -<p>The books came in a continuous stream, until -I asked if there were any more. ‘Oh, yes,’ was -the reply; and, when I had finished my job, I -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span> -found I had gone through more than 1760 volumes. -Add to this over 200 other books and -newspapers used for reference, &c., and that will -represent some amount of the labour employed -in writing a book.</p> - -<p>I have strung together a series of chapters -of different phases of social life and biography -of the last century, none of which have (as far -as I am concerned) appeared in any magazine, -but which have all been specially written for -this book. And this I have done so that the -book may be taken up at any time, and laid -down again at the end of an article; and perhaps -the best reason for my publishing this -book is, that it gives the reader a brief <i>resumé</i> -of each subject treated, taken from sources, -thoroughly original, which are usually inaccessible -to the general public, and known but -to few students.</p> - -<p>They are diverse, to suit all tastes; and if -this, my venture, is successful, I may bashfully -hint that my store is not yet exhausted.</p> - -<p class="author">JOHN ASHTON.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p> - -<h2 id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</h2> - -<table> - <tr> - <td class="tdr" colspan="2">PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_FORGOTTEN_FANATIC1"><span class="smcap">A Forgotten Fanatic</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_FASHIONABLE_LADYS_LIFE"><span class="smcap">A Fashionable Lady’s Life</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#GEORGE_BARRINGTON"><span class="smcap">George Barrington</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">31</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#MILTONS_BONES"><span class="smcap">Milton’s Bones</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">55</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#THE_TRUE_STORY_OF_EUGENE_ARAM"><span class="smcap">The True Story of Eugene Aram</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">83</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#REDEMPTIONERS"><span class="smcap">Redemptioners</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">112</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_TRIP_TO_RICHMOND_IN_SURREY"><span class="smcap">A Trip to Richmond in Surrey</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">131</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#GEORGE_ROBERT_FITZGERALD"><span class="smcap">George Robert Fitzgerald</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">135</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY_AMAZONS"><span class="smcap">Eighteenth Century Amazons</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">177</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#THE_TIMES_AND_ITS_FOUNDER"><span class="smcap">‘The Times’ and its Founder</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">203</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#IMPRISONMENT_FOR_DEBT"><span class="smcap">Imprisonment for Debt</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">227</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#JONAS_HANWAY"><span class="smcap">Jonas Hanway</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">254</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#A_HOLY_VOYAGE_TO_RAMSGATE_A"><span class="smcap">A Holy Voyage to Ramsgate One Hundred Years Ago</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">278</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#QUACKS_OF_THE_CENTURY"><span class="smcap">Quacks of the Century</span></a></td> - <td class="tdr">287</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><a href="#CAGLIOSTRO_IN_LONDON"><span class="smcap">Cagliostro in London</span></a></td> - <td>333</td> - </tr> -</table> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> - -<p class="ph1" id="EIGHTEENTH_CENTURY_WAIFS">EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 id="A_FORGOTTEN_FANATIC1">A FORGOTTEN FANATIC.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a></h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/o.jpg" alt="O" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the most curious phases of religious -mania is that where the patient is under -the impression that he is divinely inspired, -and has a special mission to his fellow-men, -which he is impelled to fulfil at -all costs and under all circumstances.</p> - -<p>From the earliest ages of Christianity <i>pseudo-Christoi</i>, -or false Christs, existed. Simon Magus, Dositheus, -and the famous Barcochab were among the first of -them, and they were followed by Moses, in Crete, -in the fifth century; Julian, in Palestine, <i>circa</i> <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> -530; and Serenus, in Spain, <i>circa</i> <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 714. There -were, in the twelfth century, some seven or eight -in France, Spain, and Persia; and, coming to more -modern times, there was Sabbatai Zewi, a native of -Aleppo, or Smyrna, who proclaimed himself to be -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span> -the Messiah, in Jerusalem, <i>circa</i> 1666. The list of -religious fanatics is a long one. Mahomet, Munzer, -John of Leyden, Brothers, Matthews, Joanna Southcott, -‘Courtenay,’ or Thomas, and Joe Smith are -among them, and are well-known; but there are -hundreds of others whose work has not been on so -grand a scale, or whose influence has not been of -the national importance of the above; and it is of -one of these forgotten fanatics that I now treat.</p> - -<p>Well out in the Atlantic Ocean, far west, indeed, -even of the Western Isles, stands the lonely island -of St. Kilda, or Hirta, as it used to be called, from -<i>h-Iar-tir</i>, the Gaelic for West land, or West country. -Its rocky sides are inaccessible, except at one landing-place, -at a bay on the south-east, and it is the home -and breeding-place of millions of sea-birds, whose -flesh and eggs form the main supply of food for the -inhabitants, and whose feathers, together with a -few sheep and cattle, and what little barley can be -grown, or butter can be made, pay the trifling rent -required, and help to provide the bare necessaries of -civilized existence.</p> - -<p>The inhabitants are not healthy, so many dying, as -young children, of a disease locally known as the ‘eight -day sickness,’ a disease which generally attacks them -on the eighth or ninth day after birth, and mostly -proves fatal in the course of a day or two. From -this and other causes, including falls from cliffs, the -population has remained nearly stationary, as is evidenced -by the fact that for the last hundred years -the inhabitants have averaged under a hundred. -Indeed, at one time, in 1724, small-pox attacked -the islanders, being imported by one of them on his -return from a visit to Harris, and all the adults died -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span> -except four, who were left to take care of twenty-six -orphans, all that were left of twenty-four families.</p> - -<p>Lying out of the ordinary track of boats, even of -yachts, it is, even now, seldom visited, and in the -last century no one except the steward of Macleod -(whose family have been the possessors of St. Kilda -for hundreds of years), who made an annual pilgrimage -to collect the rent, ever came near the -place. Its loneliness was proverbial, so much so -that it was an article of faith that the arrival of -strangers brought with them a kind of influenza -called boat-cough, which was sometimes fatal. This -singular disease does not seem to be confined to St. -Kilda, for Bates, in ‘The Naturalist on the River -Amazon,’ mentions certain tribes near Ega who are -gradually becoming extinct from a slow fever and -cold, which attacks them after they have been -visited by civilised people. And in the ‘Cruise of -H.M.S. Galatea,’ in 1867-68, it says, ‘Tristran d’Acunha -is a remarkably healthy island; but it is a singular -fact that any vessel touching there from St. Helena -invariably brings with it a disease resembling -influenza.’</p> - -<p>This belief is amusingly illustrated in Boswell’s -‘Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides.’ ‘This evening -he (Dr. Johnson) disputed the truth of what is said -as to the people of St. Kilda catching cold whenever -strangers come. “How can there,” said he, -“be a physical effect without a physical cause?” -He added, laughing, “The arrival of a ship full of -strangers would kill them; for, if one stranger gives -them one cold, two strangers must give them two -colds, and so on in proportion.” I wondered to hear -him ridicule this, as he had praised McAulay for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> -putting it in his book,<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> saying that it was manly in -him to tell a fact, however strange, if he himself -believed it. They said it was annually proved by -Macleod’s steward, on whose arrival all the inhabitants -caught cold. He jocularly remarked, “The -steward always comes to demand something from -them, and so they fall a-coughing. I suppose the -people in Skye all take a cold when——” (naming -a certain person) “comes.” They said he only came -in summer. <i>Johnson</i>—“That is out of tenderness to -you. Bad weather and he at the same time would -be too much.”’</p> - -<p>The first printed account of this poor lonely island -is, probably, in a little book by Donald Monro, High -Dean of the Isles,<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> 1594. He there says, ‘The inhabitants -therof ar simple poor people, scarce learnit -in aney religion, but McCloyd of Herray,<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> his stewart, -or he quhom he deputs in sic office, sailes anes in -the zeir ther at midsummer, with some chaplaine to -baptize bairns ther, and if they want<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> a chaplaine, -they baptize their bairns themselfes.’</p> - -<p>At the end of the seventeenth century, when Roderick, -the religious impostor, or fanatic, lived, things -spiritual were somewhat improved, although they only -had the annual clerical visit. There were three -chapels on the island, to serve a population of one -hundred and eighty. One was called Christ’s Chapel, -hardly discernible from one of their dwellings, being -built and thatched in a similar manner; but it contained -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> -one of their chief treasures, a brass crucifix, -which lay upon an altar therein. They paid no -adoration or worship to this, but it was their most -precious possession, being used, as are the gospels -elsewhere, for the purpose of solemn asseveration, -and it was also made use of at marriages and the -healing of strife.</p> - -<p>The people observed as Holy-days Christmas, -Easter, Good Friday, St. Columba’s Day, and All -Saints. They ceased all work at midnight on Saturday, -and kept the Sabbath, in this respect, very -strictly, only resuming their ordinary avocations on -Monday morning. They believed in the Trinity, and -in a future state of happiness and misery, and that -God ordains all things. They took great care with -their churchyard, which they fenced round with -stone, so that no cattle should desecrate God’s Acre, -and they had a peculiar belief in the embodiment of -spirits, and fancied that they could, at will, incorporate -themselves with the rocks, hills, etc.</p> - -<p>Of the three chapels, one only seems to have been -used, and this, not being large enough to accommodate -the islanders, the whole of the inhabitants would -assemble, on every Sunday morning, in the churchyard, -and there devoutly say the Lord’s Prayer, -the Creed, and the Ten Commandments. This form -of worship was simple enough; but it seems to -have been of recent introduction—<i>i.e.</i>, about the -beginning of the seventeenth century; when, somehow -or other, there was a man upon the island who -passed for a Roman Catholic priest, but who was so -ignorant that he did not know the Lord’s Prayer, -the Creed, or the Decalogue correctly; and, consequently, -he taught the poor people an incorrect -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> -version, but to him they owed the crucifix, and the -observance of the Holy-days before mentioned, and -with this teacher they were content until the year -1641, when one Coll McDonald, or Ketoch, fled from -Ireland, and, with a few men, landed at St. Kilda, -where he lived in amity with the inhabitants for -nearly a year. He rebuked the so-called priest for -his ignorance, and he taught the poor simple folk -the correct version of the text of their very primitive -worship—in fine, he was considered so far superior -to the priest, that the natives would fain have -deposed the latter; but this McDonald would not -suffer.</p> - -<p>Martin Martin,<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> writing in 1698, describes the happy -condition of the islanders at that date. ‘The Inhabitants -of St. Kilda are much happier than the -generality of Mankind, as being almost the only -People in the World who feel the sweetness of true -Liberty: What the Condition of the People in the -Golden Age is feign’d by the Poets to be, that theirs -really is; I mean, in Innocency and Simplicity, Purity, -Mutual Love, and Cordial Friendship, free from solicitous -Cares and anxious Covetousness; from Envy, Deceit, -and Dissimulation; from Ambition and Pride, and the -Consequences that attend them. They are altogether -ignorant of the Vices of Foreigners, and governed by -the Dictates of Reason and Christianity, as it was -first delivered to them by those Heroick Souls whose -Zeal moved them to undergo danger and trouble, to -plant Religion here in one of the remotest Corners -of the World.’</p> - -<p>This Eden, however, was doomed to have its -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span> -Serpent, and these simple folk were fated to be led -into error by a man who seems to have been physically -above the average of the islanders, for he is -described as ‘a Comely, well-proportioned fellow, -Red-hair’d, and exceeding all the Inhabitants of St. -Kilda in Strength, Climbing, &c.’ Naturally he was -illiterate, for the means of culture were altogether -lacking in that lonely isle; but he was above his -fellows, inasmuch as he was a poet, and, moreover, -he claimed to have the gift of ‘second sight,’ a pretension -which would naturally cause him to be looked -up to by these Gaelic islanders. These qualifications -which Roderick (for such was his name) claimed, -naturally pointed to his becoming a leader of some -sort; and he seems to have entered upon his vocation -early in life, for, when we first hear of him in his -public capacity, he was but eighteen years of age.</p> - -<p>We have read how strictly the islands kept the -Sabbath, and Roderick seems to have been the first to -break through their customs—by going fishing on -that day. As, according to all moral ethics, something -dreadful will surely overtake the Sabbath -breaker, it is comforting to know that Roderick formed -no exception to the rule. One Sunday he committed -the heinous and, hitherto, unknown sin of fishing—and, -on his return, he declared that, as he was -coming home, a ‘Man, dressed in a Cloak and Hat,’ -suddenly appeared in the road before him. Needless -to say, this apparition frightened him, and he fell -upon his face before the supernatural being, but the -Man desired him not to be afraid, for he was John -the Baptist, who had come specially from Heaven, the -bearer of good tidings to the inhabitants of St. Kilda, -and with a divine commission to instruct Roderick in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> -religious matters, which instruction he was to impart -to his neighbours for their spiritual welfare.</p> - -<p>Roderick diffidently objected to thus being made a -medium, and alleged his incapacity to receive such -revelations and act upon them; but the pseudo-saint -cheered him, and bade him be of good courage, -declaring that he would immediately make him fit -for his predestined purpose, and, according to the -poor fanatic’s account, gave him the following instructions:</p> - -<p>It was to be of primary importance, and as a visible -sign of their belief, that his followers should observe -Friday as a strict fast—so strict, indeed, that not a -particle of food of any description must pass their -lips on that day, nor might they even indulge in a -pinch of snuff—a small luxury which they dearly -loved. He next promulgated the comforting assurance -that many of the deceased islanders were Saints -in Heaven, and there interceded for those living; -that everyone had his own particular advocate, and, -on the anniversary of the day peculiar to each Saint, -his <i>protégé</i> on earth was to make a feast to his neighbours -of the very best of his substance, such as -mutton, fowls, &c., Roderick, of course, to be the -chief and honoured guest on the occasion.</p> - -<p>A sheep was to be sacrificed on the threshold of -each house by every family (presumably only once -a year), and this was to be done in a specially cruel -manner, for no knife was to touch it, but its throat -was to be hacked with the crooked spades they used -in husbandry, whose edges were about half-an-inch -thick. This was to be done at night, but no one -might partake of the mutton that night under penalty -of similarly slaughtering a sheep the next day for -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -every person that had eaten of it. It is difficult to see -what was his object in these ordinances—except to -make sure of good living at the expense of his poor -dupes, who, if they turned refractory, and disobeyed -his injunctions, were threatened with the most awful -Judgment to come.</p> - -<p>That he was keen enough in his own interests is -exemplified in one of his promulgations. He picked -out a bush upon a rising ground, which he christened -‘John the Baptist’s Bush,’ for there, he declared, the -Saint had appeared to him; and this he ordered -should be holy ground, which must never be defiled -by the tread of sheep or cattle. He also built a wall—certainly -not a high one—round it: and should, by -chance, any unhappy sheep, in the lightsomeness of -its heart, or succumbing to the temptation of the -herbage, overleap this wall, and dare to browse upon -the sacred soil, it was staightway to be slain—and -Roderick and its owner were to eat its carcase. But, -as the Saint evidently foresaw that some stiff-necked, -and not properly-converted proselyte, might object -to this disposition of his personal property and might -refuse to have the sheep slaughtered, he commanded -that such a recusant should be <span class="smcap">Anathema</span>, cast out, -and excluded from all fellowship, until such time as -he saw the error of his ways, recanted, and expiated -his sin by permitting the sacrifice.</p> - -<p>For discipline must be maintained in a religious -body, as well as in a purely secular society; and -Roderick had no intention of having his authority -disputed. For minor offences he had a cheerful penance. -No matter what was the weather, the sinner -must strip, and forthwith walk or jump into the -water, there to stand until the divinely-inspired one -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -chose to release him, and, if more than one were thus -punished at the same time, they were to beguile the -moments, and somewhat increase their penance, by -pouring cold water upon each other’s heads.</p> - -<p>He was for no half-measures. This new Divine -revelation must thoroughly supersede and root out -the old superstitions; so he forbade the use of the -Lord’s Prayer, the Creed, and the Ten Commandments—the -whole formulary of the islanders’ simple -faith—and substituted forms of his own. His prayers -are described as rhapsodical productions, in which, in -spite of the abolition of the old form of worship, he -introduced the names of God, our Saviour, and the -immaculate Virgin, together with words unintelligible -either to himself or his hearers, but which he declared -to have received direct from the Baptist, and delivered -to his hearers, as in duty bound.</p> - -<p>He kept up his connection with St. John, and used -to assert that every night, when the people were -assembled, he heard a voice, saying, ‘Come you out, -and then he lost all control over himself, and was -constrained to go. Then would the Baptist meet -him, and instruct him in what he was to say to the -people. St. John evidently expected his disciple to -exercise all his intelligence, for he would only say his -message once, and never could be got to repeat it. -On one occasion, Roderick could not understand it, -or hardly remember a sentence; so he naturally inquired -of the Saint how he was to behave. He got -no comfort, however, only a brusque, ‘Go, you have -it,’ with which he was fain to be content, and, wonderful -to relate, on his return to his flock, he remembered -every word he had been told, and could retail -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -it fluently—but, as a rule, his discourses were discursive, -and apt to send his auditors to sleep.</p> - -<p>Naturally the women flocked to him, and he took -them specially (some said too specially) under his -protection. To them he revealed that, if they followed -him faithfully, eternal bliss should be their -portion, and that they should go to heaven in glorious -state, riding upon milk-white steeds. For them he -exercised his poetic talents (for he composed long, -rhapsodical rhymes, which he called psalms, and which -were sung by his flock), and he taught them a devout -hymn, called the ‘Virgin Mary’s,’ which he declared -she had sent specially to them, and that it was of -such wonderful efficacy, that whoever could repeat it -by heart would not die in child-bearing; but, of course, -so valuable a gift could not be imparted gratis, so -every scholar was mulcted in a sheep before she was -instructed in the potent hymn.</p> - -<p>Yet, as with many another, a woman was the -primary cause of his downfall. It was his behaviour -to a woman that first opened the eyes of his deluded -followers, and showed them that their idol was fallible, -and that his feet were ‘part of iron, and part of clay.’ -The wife of Macleod’s representative found favour in -his sight; but, being a virtuous woman, she told her -husband of the Prophet’s wicked advances; and these -two laid a little trap, into which the unsuspecting, -but naughty, Roderick walked.</p> - -<p>It was very simple: the husband hid himself until -he judged proper to appear—confronted the guilty -man—spoke burning words of reproof to him—thoroughly -disorganised him, and brought him very -low—made him beg his pardon, and promise he would -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -never so sin again. But although a hollow peace -was patched up between them, and the injured husband -even gave the greatest sign of friendship possible, -according to their notions (<i>i.e.</i>, taking Roderick’s -place as sponsor at the baptism of one of his own -children), yet the story leaked out. The Prophet’s -father plainly and openly told him he was a deceiver, -and would come to a bad end; and the thinking -portion of the community began to have serious -doubts of the Divine origin of his mission.</p> - -<p>These doubts were further confirmed by one or -two little facts which led the people to somewhat -distrust his infallibility, especially in one case in -which his cousin-german Lewis was concerned. This -man had an ewe which had brought forth three -lambs at one time, and these wicked sheep actually -browsed upon the sacred bush! Of course we know -the Baptist had decreed their slaughter, and Lewis -was promptly reminded of the fact—but he did not -see it in that light. His heart was hard, and his -sheep were dear to him. He argued that, from his -point of view, it was unreasonable to kill so many -animals, and inflict such serious damage to their -proprietor, for so trivial a fault—and, besides, he -would not. Of course there was nothing to be done -with such an hardened sinner but to carry out the -law, and excommunicate him; which was accordingly -done—with the usual result. The poor simple -folk, in their faith, looked for a speedy and awful -judgment to fall upon Lewis and his sheep.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘But what gave rise<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To no little surprise,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nobody seem’d one penny the worse!’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>And then they bethought them that, if it were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -their own case, they might as well treat the matter -as Lewis had done—seeing he was none the worse, -and four sheep to the good; and so his authority -over them gradually grew laxer and laxer: and, -when the steward paid his annual visit in 1697, they -denounced Roderick as an impostor, and expressed -contrition for their own back-slidings.</p> - -<p>The chaplain who accompanied the steward, and -who was sent over from Harris by Macleod, purposely -to look into this matter, made the Prophet publicly -proclaim himself an impostor, compelled him to -commence with his own hands the destruction of -the enclosure round the sacred bush, and scatter the -stones broadcast—and, finally, the steward, whose -word was absolute law to these poor people, took -him away, never to return. The poor credulous -dupes, on being reproved for so easily complying to -this impostor, with one voice answered that what -they did was unaccountable; but, seeing one of -their own number and stamp in all respects endued, -as they fancied, with a powerful faculty of preaching -so fluently and frequently, and pretending to converse -with John the Baptist, they were induced to -believe in his mission from Heaven, and therefore -complied with his commands without dispute.</p> - -<p>Of his ultimate fate nothing is known, the last -record of him being that, after having been taken -to Harris, he was brought before the awful Macleod, -to be judged, ‘who, being informed of this Fellow’s -Impostures, did forbid him from that time forward to -Preach any more on pain of Death. This was a -great mortification, as well as disappointment, to the -Impostor, who was possessed with a fancy that -<i>Mack-Leod</i> would hear him preach, and expected no -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -less than to persuade him to become one of his -Proselytes, as he has since confessed.’ He was sent -to Skye, where he made public recantation of his -errors, and confessed in several churches that it was -the Devil, and not St. John, with whom he conversed—and, -arguing from that fact, he probably was -docile, and lived the remainder of his life in Skye—a -harmless lunatic.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>In October, 1885, public attention was particularly -directed to St. Kilda, and the story cannot be better told than -by reproducing some contemporary newspaper paragraphs.</p> - -<p><i>Morning Post</i>, October 9, 1885.—‘A letter has been -received by Principal Rainy, Edinburgh, and has been -forwarded to the Home Secretary from St. Kilda. The -letter was found on the shore of Harris, having been -floated from St. Kilda in a little boat made of a piece of -plank. The letter was written by the clergyman of St. -Kilda, by direction of the islanders, asking that the Government -should be informed that their corn, barley, and potatoes -were destroyed by a great storm, in the hope that Government -would send a supply of corn-seed, barley, and potatoes, -as the crop was quite useless.’</p> - -<p><i>Ibid</i>, October 21, 1885.—‘The steamer from Glasgow, -carrying supplies to the starving people of St. Kilda, -reached the island on Monday, and safely landed the stores. -The islanders were in good health, but their crops have -been swept away, and, but for the supplies sent by the -steamer, they would have been in very perilous straits for -food. Intelligence of the distress of St. Kilda was first -made known by bottles thrown into the sea.’</p> - -<p><i>Times</i>, April 8, 1886.—‘A Parliamentary paper has been -issued containing a report of Mr. Malcolm McNeill, inspecting -officer of the Board of Supervision, on the alleged destitution -in the island of St. Kilda, in October, 1885, with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> -supplementary reports by Lieutenant Osborne, R.N., commanding -officer, and by the medical officer of H.M.S. -<i>Jackal</i>. The report shows that, news from St. Kilda having -reached Harris by means of letters enclosed in a small boat -a yard long, found on the shore, to the effect that the corn, -barley, and potatoes of the inhabitants had been destroyed -by a great storm that had passed over the island early in -September, and that, in consequence, the crofters of St. -Kilda were suffering great privations, a steamer, the -<i>Hebridean</i>, was despatched from Glasgow to the island with -stores on the 13th of October, and, by arrangement with -the Admiralty, H.M.S. <i>Jackal</i>, conveying Mr. McNeill, -left Rothesay Bay for St. Kilda on Wednesday, October 21, -1885. Mr. McNeill reported that, so far from being destitute, -the inhabitants of the island were amply, indeed -luxuriously, supplied with food, and in possession of sums of -money said to average not less than £20 a family. Dr. -Acheson, of H.M.S. <i>Jackal</i>, reported that the inhabitants of -St. Kilda were well-clad and well-fed, being much better -off in these respects than the peasants in many other parts -of Great Britain.’</p> - -<p>Another newspaper paragraph not only confirms this, -but adds to our knowledge of the island and its inhabitants. -‘Mr. Malcolm McNeill ... reported on the 24th of October -that the population of St. Kilda—seventy-seven souls in -all—were amply, “indeed, luxuriously,” supplied with food -for the winter. The supplies included sheep, fulmar, solan -geese, meal, potatoes, milk, fish, tea, and sugar; and a large -sum of money, said to average not less than £20 a family, -was known to be hoarded in the island—a large profit -being derived from tourists. Mr. McNeill states that a -former emigrant, who returned from Australia for a few -months in 1884, spread discontent among the people, who -now showed a strong desire to emigrate, and in this he -suggested that the Government should assist them. Dr. -Acheson of the <i>Jackal</i>, reporting on visits paid both then -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span> -and in 1884, notes that the people seemed to be better clad -and fed than the peasants of many other parts of Great -Britain. He was struck by the comparatively large number -of infirm persons—by the large number of women compared -with men, and by the comparatively small number of -children. The food was abundant, but lacked variety; -was rather indigestible, and was nearly devoid of vegetables -for six months each year. He saw no signs of vinegar, -pepper, mustard, pickles, or other condiments, but there was -a great liking for tobacco and spirits. The diet he pronounces -quite unfit for children, aged persons, or invalids; -and, to remedy this, he suggests that an endeavour should -be made to grow cabbages, turnips, carrots, and other -vegetables on the island; that fowls should be introduced, -and that pressed vegetables and lime juice might be issued -when no fresh vegetables are procurable. Judging from -the amount of clothing worn, the doctor thinks the people -are more likely to suffer from excess than from the other extreme, -for, on September 14th, 1884, with the thermometer -sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit in the shade, he found a -healthy adult male wearing “a thick tweed waistcoat, with -flannel back and sleeves, two thick flannel undervests, tweed -trousers, a flannel shirt, flannel drawers, boots, and stockings, -Tam o’ Shanter cap, and a thick, scarlet worsted -muffler around his neck.” The furniture he found scanty, -and very rough, and the houses very dirty. St. Kilda is not -a desirable retreat, for Dr. Acheson reports that at present -there are no games nor music in the island, and—strangest -fact of all in this official document—“whistling is strictly -forbidden.”’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span></p> - -<h2 id="A_FASHIONABLE_LADYS_LIFE">A FASHIONABLE LADY’S LIFE.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/t.jpg" alt="T" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> is a little poem by Dean Swift, -published by him in Dublin, in 1728, -and reprinted in London, in 1729. Its -price was only fourpence, and it is -called, ‘The Journal of a Modern Lady, -in a Letter to a Person of Quality.’ It is so small, -that it is absolutely lost in the Dean’s voluminous -works, yet it is very amusing, and, as far as I can -judge (having made an especial study of the Social -Life of the Eighteenth Century), it is not at all -exaggerated; and for this reason I have ventured -to reproduce it. It is borne out in similar descriptions -both in the early and latter portions of the -century; as, for instance, in ‘The English Lady’s -Catechism,’ 1703, of which the following is a portion:</p> - -<h3>HOW DO YOU EMPLOY YOUR TIME NOW?</h3> - -<p>‘I lie in Bed till Noon, dress all the Afternoon, -Dine in the Evening, and Play at Cards till Midnight.’</p> - -<p>‘How do you spend the Sabbath?’</p> - -<p>‘In Chit-Chat.’</p> - -<p>‘What do you talk of?’</p> - -<p>‘New Fashions and New Plays.’</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p> -<p>‘How often do you go to Church?’ -</p> - -<p>‘Twice a year or oftener, according as my Husband -gives me new Cloaths.’</p> - -<p>‘Why do you go to Church when you have new -Cloaths?’</p> - -<p>‘To see other People’s Finery, and to show my -own, and to laugh at those scurvy, out-of-fashion -Creatures that come there for Devotion.’</p> - -<p>‘Pray, Madam, what Books do you read?’</p> - -<p>‘I read lewd Plays and winning Romances.’</p> - -<p>‘Who is it you love?’</p> - -<p>‘Myself.’</p> - -<p>‘What! nobody else?’</p> - -<p>‘My Page, my Monkey, and my Lap Dog.’</p> - -<p>‘Why do you love them?’</p> - -<p>‘Why, because I am an English lady, and they -are Foreign Creatures: my Page from Genoa, my -Monkey from the East Indies, and my Lap Dog from -Vigo.’</p> - -<p>‘Would they not have pleased you as well if they -had been English?’</p> - -<p>‘No, for I hate everything that Old England brings -forth, except it be the temper of an English Husband, -and the liberty of an English Wife. I love the French -Bread, French Wines, French Sauces, and a French -Cook; in short, I have all about me French or Foreign, -from my Waiting Woman to my Parrot.’</p> - -<p>‘How do you pay your debts?’</p> - -<p>‘Some with money, and some with fair promises. -I seldom pay anybody’s bills, but run more into their -debt. I give poor Tradesmen ill words, and the rich -I treat civilly, in hopes to get further in their debt.’</p> - -<p>Addison, in the <i>Spectator</i> (No. 323, March 11th, -1712), gives Clarinda’s Journal for a week, from -which I will only extract one day as a sample. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span></p> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">Wednesday.</span> <i>From Eight to Ten.</i> Drank two -Dishes of Chocolate in Bed, and fell asleep after ’em.</p> - -<p>‘<i>From Ten to Eleven.</i> Eat a Slice of Bread and -Butter, drank a Dish of Bohea, read the <i>Spectator</i>.</p> - -<p>‘<i>From Eleven to One.</i> At my Toilet, try’d a new -Head.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> Gave orders for <i>Veney</i><a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> to be combed and -washed. <i>Mem.</i> I look best in Blue.</p> - -<p>‘<i>From One till Half an Hour after Two.</i> Drove to -the Change. Cheapened a couple of Fans.</p> - -<p>‘<i>Till Four.</i> At Dinner. <i>Mem.</i> Mr. Frost passed -by in his new Liveries.</p> - -<p>‘<i>From Four to Six.</i> Dressed, paid a visit to old -Lady Blithe and her Sister, having heard they were -gone out of Town that Day.</p> - -<p>‘<i>From Six to Eleven.</i> At Basset.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> <i>Mem.</i> Never -sit again upon the Ace of Diamond.’</p> - -<p>Gambling was one of the curses of the Eighteenth -Century. From Royalty downwards, all played -Cards—the men, perhaps, preferred dice, and ‘Casting -a Main’—but the women were inveterate card-players, -until, in the latter part of the century, it -became a national scandal, owing to the number of -ladies who, from their social position, should have -acted better, who kept Faro-tables, and to whom -the nickname of <i>Faro’s Daughters</i> was applied. There -were Ladies Buckinghamshire and Archer, Mrs. Concannon, -Mrs. Hobart, Mrs. Sturt, and others, whose -houses were neither more nor less than gaming-houses. -The evil was so great, that Lord Kenyon, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -in delivering judgment in a trial to recover £15 -won at card-playing, said that the higher classes set -a bad example in this matter to the lower, and, he -added, ‘They think they are too great for the law; -I wish they could be punished. If any prosecutions -of this kind are fairly brought before me, and the -parties are justly convicted, whatever be their rank -or station in the country—though they be the first -ladies in the land—they shall certainly exhibit themselves -in the pillory.’</p> - -<p>The caricaturists got hold of his Lordship’s speech, -and depicted Lady Archer and others in the pillory, -and Lady Buckinghamshire being whipped at a -cart’s-tail by Lord Kenyon. With the century this -kind of play died out; but some mention of it was -necessary in order to show that Swift’s description -of ladies gambling was not exaggerated.</p> - -<h3>THE JOURNAL OF A MODERN LADY.</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="smcap">Sir,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">It was a most unfriendly Part<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In you who ought to know my Heart;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And well acquainted with my Zeal<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For all the Females’ Common-weal.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">How cou’d it come into your Mind<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To pitch on me of all Mankind,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Against the Sex to write a Satire,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And brand me for a Woman-Hater?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On me, who think them all so fair,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They rival Venus to a Hair:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their Virtues never ceas’d to sing,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Since first I learn’d to tune a String.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Methinks I hear the Ladies cry,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Will he his Character belye?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Must never our Misfortunes end?<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span></span> -<span class="i0">And have we lost our only Friend?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ah! lovely Nymph, remove your Fears,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No more let fall those precious Tears,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sooner shall, etc.<br /></span> -</div> - -<p class="center">(<i>Here several verses are omitted.</i>)</p> - -<div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The Hound be hunted by the Hare,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Than I turn Rebel to the Fair.<br /></span> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">’Twas you engaged me first to write,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then gave the Subject out of Spite.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Journal of a Modern Dame,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Is by my Promise what you claim;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">My Word is past, I must submit,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And yet perhaps you may be bit.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I but transcribe, for not a Line<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of all the Satire shall be mine.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Compell’d by you to tag in Rhimes<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The common Slanders of the Times,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of modern Times, the Guilt is yours<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And me my Innocence secures:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Unwilling Muse, begin thy Lay,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Annals of a Female Day.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">By Nature turn’d to play the Rake well,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As we shall shew you in the Sequel;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The modern Dame is wak’d by Noon,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some authors say not quite so soon;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Because, though sore against her Will,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She sat all Night up at Quadrill.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a><br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></span> -<span class="i0">She stretches, gapes, unglues her Eyes,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And asks if it be time to rise.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of Head-ach and the Spleen complains;<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span></span> -<span class="i0">And then to cool her heated Brains,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Her Night-gown!<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> and her Slippers brought her,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Takes a large Dram of Citron Water.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then to her Glass; and, Betty, pray<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Don’t I look frightfully to-Day?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But, was it not confounded hard?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Well, if I ever touch a Card;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Four Mattadores, and lose Codill;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Depend upon’t I never will!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But run to Tom, and bid him fix<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Ladies here to-Night by Six.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Madam, the Goldsmith waits below,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He says his Business is to know<br /></span> -<span class="i0">If you’ll redeem the Silver Cup<br /></span> -<span class="i0">You pawn’d to him. First, shew him up.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Your Dressing Plate he’ll be content<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To take for Interest Cent. per Cent.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And, Madam, there’s my Lady Spade<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hath sent this Letter by her Maid.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Well, I remember what she won;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And hath she sent so soon to dun?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Here, carry down those ten Pistoles<br /></span> -<span class="i0">My Husband left to pay for Coals:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I thank my Stars they are all light;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And I may have Revenge to-Night.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Now, loitering o’er her Tea and Cream,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She enters on her usual Theme;<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span></span> -<span class="i0">Her last Night’s ill Success repeats,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Calls Lady Spade a hundred Cheats.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She slipt Spadillo in her Breast,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then thought to turn it to a Jest.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There’s Mrs. Cut and she combine,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And to each other give the Sign.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Through ev’ry Game pursues her Tale,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Like Hunters o’er their Evening Ale.<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Now to another Scene give Place,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Enter the Folks with Silks and Lace;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fresh Matter for a World of Chat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Right Indian this, right Macklin that;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Observe this Pattern; there’s a Stuff,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I can have Customers enough.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Dear Madam, you are grown so hard,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This Lace is worth twelve Pounds a Yard<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Madam, if there be Truth in Man,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I never sold so cheap a Fan.<br /></span> -<span class="i6">This Business of Importance o’er,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Madam, almost dress’d by Four;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Footman, in his usual Phrase,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Comes up with: Madam, Dinner stays;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She answers in her usual Style,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Cook must keep it back a while;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I never can have time to Dress,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No Woman breathing takes up less;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I’m hurried so, it makes me sick,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I wish the dinner at Old Nick.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">At Table now she acts her part,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Has all the Dinner Cant by Heart:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I thought we were to Dine alone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">My Dear, for sure if I had known<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This Company would come to-Day,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But really ’tis my Spouse’s Way;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He’s so unkind, he never sends<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To tell, when he invites his Friends:<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></span> -<span class="i0">I wish ye may but have enough;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And while, with all this paultry Stuff,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She sits tormenting every Guest,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nor gives her Tongue one Moment’s Rest,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In Phrases batter’d stale and trite,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which modern Ladies call polite;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">You see the Booby Husband sit<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In Admiration at her Wit.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">But let me now a while Survey<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Our Madam o’er her Ev’ning Tea;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Surrounded with her Noisy Clans<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of Prudes, Coquets, and Harridans;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When frighted at the clamorous Crew,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Away the God of Silence flew;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And fair Discretion left the Place,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Modesty with blushing Face;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Now enters over-weening Pride,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Scandal ever gaping wide,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hypocrisy with Frown severe,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Scurrility with gibing Air;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Rude Laughter seeming like to burst,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Malice always judging worst;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Vanity with Pocket-Glass,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Impudence, with Front of Brass;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And studied Affectation came,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Each Limb and Feature out of Frame;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While Ignorance, with Brain of Lead,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Flew hov’ring o’er each Female Head.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Why should I ask of thee, my Muse,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">An Hundred Tongues, as Poets use,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When, to give ev’ry Dame her due,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">An Hundred Thousand were too few!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or how should I, alas! relate,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Sum of all their Senseless Prate,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their Inuendo’s, Hints, and Slanders,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their Meanings lewd, and double Entanders.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a><br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span></span> -<span class="i0">Now comes the general Scandal Charge,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">What some invent, the rest enlarge;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And, Madam, if it he a Lye,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">You have the tale as cheap as I:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I must conceal my Author’s Name,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But now ’tis known to common Fame.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Say, foolish Females, Old and Blind,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Say, by what fatal Turn of Mind,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Are you on Vices most severe,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Wherein yourselves have greatest Share?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thus every Fool herself deludes,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Prudes condemn the absent Prudes.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Mopsa who stinks her Spouse to Death,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Accuses Chloe’s tainted Breath:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hircina, rank with Sweat, presumes<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To censure Phillis for Perfumes:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While crooked Cynthia swearing, says,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That Florimel wears Iron Stays.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Chloe’s of ev’ry Coxcomb jealous,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Admires<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> how Girls can talk with Fellows,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And, full of Indignation, frets<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That Women should be such Coquets.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Iris, for Scandal most notorious,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Cries, Lord, the world is so censorious;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Rufa, with her Combs of Lead,<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whispers that Sappho’s Hair is Red.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Aura, whose Tongue you hear a Mile hence,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Talks half a day in Praise of Silence:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Silvia, full of inward Guilt,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Calls Amoret an arrant Jilt.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Now Voices over Voices rise;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While each to be the loudest vies,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They contradict, affirm, dispute,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No single Tongue one Moment mute;<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span></span> -<span class="i0">All mad to speak, and none to hearken,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They set the very Lap-Dog barking;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their Chattering makes a louder Din<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Than Fish-Wives o’er a Cup of Gin;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Not School-boys at a Barring-out,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Raised ever such incessant Rout:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Shumbling (<i>sic</i>) Particles of Matter<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In Chaos make not such a Clatter;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Far less the Rabble roar and rail,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When Drunk with sour Election Ale.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Nor do they trust their Tongue alone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To speak a Language of their own;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Can read a Nod, a Shrug, a Look;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Far better than a printed Book;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Convey a Libel in a Frown,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And wink a Reputation down;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or, by the tossing of the Fan,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Describe the Lady and the Man.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">But, see the Female Club disbands,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Each, twenty Visits on her Hands:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Now, all alone, poor Madam sits,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In Vapours and Hysterick Fits;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And was not Tom this Morning sent?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I’d lay my Life he never went:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Past Six, and not a living Soul!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I might by this have won a Vole.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A dreadful Interval of Spleen!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">How shall we pass the Time between?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Here, Betty, let me take my Drops,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And feel my Pulse, I know it stops:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This Head of mine, Lord, how it Swims!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And such a Pain in all my Limbs!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Dear Madam, try to take a Nap:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But now they hear a Foot-Man’s Rap;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Go, run, and light the Ladies up;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">It must be One before we Sup.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></span> -<span class="i4">The Table, Cards, and Counters set,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And all the Gamester Ladies met,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Her Spleen and Fits recover’d quite,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Our Madam can sit up all Night;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whoever comes, I’m not within,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Quadrill the Word, and so begin.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">How can the Muse her Aid impart,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Unskill’d in all the Terms of Art?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or, in harmonious Numbers, put<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Deal, the Shuffle, and the Cut?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Superfluous Whims relate,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That fill a Female Gamester’s Pate:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">What Agony of Soul she feels<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To see a Knave’s inverted Heels;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She draws up Card by Card, to find<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Good Fortune peeping from behind;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With panting Heart and earnest Eyes,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In hope to see Spadillo rise;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In vain, alas! her Hope is fed,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She draws an Ace, and sees it red.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In ready Counters never pays,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But pawns her Snuff-Box, Rings, and Keys.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ever with some new Fancy struck,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Tries twenty Charms to mend her Luck.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This Morning when the Parson came,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I said I could not win a Game.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This odious Chair, how came I stuck in’t?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I think I’ve never had good Luck in’t.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I’m so uneasy in my Stays:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Your Fan, a Moment, if you please.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Stand further, Girl, or get you gone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I always lose when you look on.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Lord! Madam, you have lost Codill;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I never saw you play so ill.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nay, Madam, give me leave to say<br /></span> -<span class="i0">’Twas you that threw the game away;<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span></span> -<span class="i0">When Lady Tricksy play’d a Four,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">You took it with a Matadore;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I saw you touch your Wedding-Ring<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Before my Lady call’d a King.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">You spoke a Word began with H,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And I know whom you mean to teach,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Because you held the King of Hearts;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fie, Madam, leave these little Arts.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That’s not so bad as one that rubs<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Her Chair to call the King of Clubs,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And makes her Partner understand<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A Matadore is in her Hand.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Madam, you have no Cause to flounce,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I swear I saw you twice renounce.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And truly, Madam, I know when<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Instead of Five you scor’d me Ten.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Spadillo here has got a Mark,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A Child may know it in the Dark:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I Guess the Hand, it seldom fails,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I wish some Folks would pare their Nails.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">While thus they rail, and scold, and storm,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">It passes but for common Form;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Are conscious that they all speak true,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And give each other but their due;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">It never interrupts the Game,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or makes ’em sensible of Shame.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Time too precious now to waste,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Supper gobbled up in haste:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Again a-fresh to Cards they run,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As if they had but just begun;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Yet shall I not again repeat<br /></span> -<span class="i0">How oft they Squabble, Snarl, and Cheat:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">At last they hear the Watchman Knock,<br /></span> -<span class="i0"><i>A frosty Morn ... Past Four a-clock</i>.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Chair-men are not to be found,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Come, let us play the t’other Round.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></span> -<span class="i4">Now all in haste they huddle on<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their Hoods, their Cloaks, and get them gone;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But first, the Winner must invite<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Company to-morrow Night.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Unlucky Madam left in Tears,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who now again Quadrill forswears,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With empty Purse and aching Head,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Steals to her sleeping Spouse to Bed.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span></p> - -<h2 id="GEORGE_BARRINGTON">GEORGE BARRINGTON.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/t.jpg" alt="T" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> is much and curious food for reflection, -in the tendency that mankind -has ever shown to sympathise with the -daring and ingenious depredators who -relieve the rich of their superfluity, -which may possibly be owing to the romantic adventures -and hair-breadth escapes which the robbers, in -their career, have undergone. But, be the cause what -it may, it is certain that the populace of all nations -view with admiration great and successful thieves: -for instance, what greater popular hero, and one that -has been popular for centuries, could be found than -Robin Hood?</p> - -<p>Almost every country in Europe has its traditional -thief, whose exploits are recorded both in prose and -poetry. In England, Claude Duval, Captain Hind, -Dick Turpin, Jonathan Wild, and Jack Sheppard -have each in their turn occupied a prominent place -in the annals of crime; whilst in France, amongst the -light-fingered heroes that have, from time to time, -extorted respect from the multitude, Cartouche and -Vidocq take first rank. Germany is proud of its -Schinderhannes, the Robber of the Rhine, the stories -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -of whose generosity and courage still render his -memory a favourite on the banks of that river, the -travellers on which he so long kept in awe. In Italy -and Spain, those homes of brigands and banditti, the -inhabitants have ever-ready sympathy for the men -whose names and exploits are as familiar among them -as ‘household words.’</p> - -<p>Cartouche, however, is the only rival to Barrington -in their particular line, and Barrington, certainly, was -no mere common pick-pocket, only fit to figure in -the ‘Newgate Calendar,’ but he possessed talents which, -had they been properly directed on his first setting -out in life, might have enabled him to have played a -distinguished part either in literature or in business. -But, unfortunately, very early in his youth, poverty -led him to adopt theft as his professed vocation; -and, by his ingenuity and constant practice, he contrived -to render himself so expert, as almost to have -conducted his depredations on systematic rules, and -elevated his crime into a ‘high art.’ Barrington, -too, by his winning manners, gentlemanly address, -and the fair education he contrived to pick up, was a -man eminently fitted (if such an expression may be -allowed) for his profession! his personal appearance -was almost sufficient to disarm suspicion, and this, in -all probability, contributed greatly to the success -which he met with in his career.</p> - -<p>George Barrington, or Waldron (for it is not -known which was his right name), was born on the -14th of May, 1755, at the village of Maynooth, county -Kildare, in Ireland, now famous for the Royal College -of St. Patrick, which is there situated. His reputed -father was Henry Waldron, who was a working -silversmith, and his mother, whose maiden name was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -Naish, was a dressmaker, or mantua-maker, as it was -then called (also occasionally acting as midwife), in -the same village; but, whether they had ever been -legally united, is a matter open to doubt.</p> - -<p>To have their parentage disputed is a fate which -the great ones of the earth have frequently to -undergo, and George Barrington, or Waldron, is an -instance of this, for more than one of his historians -assert that he was the son of a Captain Barrington, -an officer in a marching regiment quartered at Rush, -and the date of his birth is given as 1758; but the -most trustworthy evidence places it on record as -above stated.</p> - -<p>His parents’ characters stood high among their -neighbours for integrity and industry, but they were, -unfortunately, always behindhand with the world, -and never able to extricate themselves from the state -of abject poverty in which they were sunk, in consequence -of unsuccessful litigation with a wealthy -relation. This want of means prevented them from -giving George any education until he was seven -years of age, when he was sent to the village school, -and there was taught to read and write. A benevolent -surgeon in the neighbourhood afterwards instructed -him in arithmetic, geography, and grammar; -but, if the anecdote related of him is true, he repaid -the kindness by the blackest ingratitude in stealing -some coins from his benefactor’s daughter.</p> - -<p>Young Waldron was lucky enough to attract the -notice of the Rev. Dr. Westropp, a dignitary of the -Church of Ireland, who placed him, when he was -sixteen years of age, at a grammar-school in Dublin, -and this patron proposed that he should fit himself -for the university. But fate had decreed otherwise -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span> -and he enjoyed the benefits of this gentleman’s -kindness but a short time, for, in a moment of passion, -when quarrelling with another boy, he stabbed his -antagonist with a pen-knife, wounding him severely. -Instead of making the matter one for legal investigation, -the boy received a thorough good flogging, -a degradation he could by no means forgive, and he -resolved to run away from school, and leave family, -friends, and all his fair prospects behind him. But, -previous to carrying his plan of escape into action, -he found means to appropriate ten or twelve guineas -belonging to the master of the school, and a gold -repeating-watch, which was the property of his -master’s sister. Not content with this booty, he -took a few shirts and pairs of stockings, and safely -effected his retreat, one still night in 1771, starting -off for Drogheda.</p> - -<p>There happened to be staying at the obscure inn -at which he put up, on his arrival at Drogheda, a -set of strolling players, whose manager was one -John Price, who had once been a lawyer’s clerk, and -had been convicted of some fraud at the Old Bailey. -He soon wormed the boy’s whole story out of him, -and persuaded him to join the theatrical company, -which he did, and he applied himself to study so -diligently that he was cast for the part, and played, -four days after his enrolment, Jaffier in Otway’s -tragedy of ‘Venice Preserved,’ in a barn in the -suburbs of Drogheda. Both he and Price were of -opinion that it would be dangerous for him to remain -so near the scene of his late depredations, but were -unable to move for want of money. To overcome -this difficulty, Waldron, who had assumed the name -of Barrington, gave Price the gold repeater he had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> -stolen, which was sold for the benefit of the company, -and they set out for Londonderry.</p> - -<p>But it was found that the expenses of travelling -for so numerous a body, with their <i>impedimenta</i>, were -too great to be balanced by the receipts of rural -audiences, and, on their arrival at Londonderry, their -finances were found to be at a very low ebb indeed. -Under these circumstances, Price insinuated that -Barrington, with his good address and appearance, -could easily introduce himself to the chief places of -resort in the city, and, by picking pockets, might -refill their empty exchequer. This scheme he at -once put into practice, with such success that, at the -close of the evening, he was the possessor of about -forty guineas in cash, and one hundred and fifty -pounds in Irish bank-notes.</p> - -<p>The picking of pockets being a crime almost -unknown in that part of Ireland, the town took the -alarm, and a great stir was made over the matter; -but it being fair-time, and many strangers in the -city, neither Barrington nor Price were suspected; -still they thought it but prudent to leave as soon as -they could with propriety, and, after playing a few -more nights, they moved to Ballyshannon. For -some time he continued this vagabond life, travelling -about the North of Ireland, acting every Tuesday -and Saturday, and picking pockets every day in the -week, a business which he found more lucrative and -entertaining than that of the theatre, where his fame -was by no means equal to the expectation he had -raised.</p> - -<p>At Cork, Price and he came to the conclusion -never to think any more of the stage, a resolution -which was the more easily executed, as the company -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span> -to which they originally belonged was now broken -up and dispersed. It was settled between them that -Price should pass for Barrington’s servant, and that -Barrington should act the part of a young gentleman -of large fortune and of noble family, who was not -yet quite of age, travelling for his amusement. They -carried out their scheme well, purchasing horses and -dressing up to their parts, and, during the summer -and autumn of 1772, they visited all the race-courses -in the South of Ireland, making a remarkably successful -campaign. Pocket-picking was a novel experience -to the Irish gentry, and their unsuspicious -ways made them an easy prey to Barrington’s skill -and nimble fingers; so much so that when, at the -setting-in of winter, they returned to Cork, they -found themselves in possession of a large sum of -money (over £1,000), having been fortunate enough -to have escaped detection or even suspicion.</p> - -<p>At length their partnership was rudely dissolved, -as, at the close of winter, Price was detected in the -very act of picking a gentleman’s pocket at Cork, -and for this offence he was sentenced to be transported -to America (as was customary then) for seven -years. Barrington immediately converted all his -moveable property into cash, and beat a precipitate -flight to Dublin, where, for a time, he lived a very -private and retired life, only stealing out occasionally -of a dark night to visit some gaming-house, where -he might pick up a few guineas, or a watch, etc., a -mode of life which was by no means congenial to -his ambitious nature, and he again frequented the -race-courses. He met with his first check at Carlow, -where he was detected in picking a nobleman’s -pocket. It was a clear case; the stolen property was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> -found on his person, and immediately restored to its -owner, who did not prosecute, preferring to let the -rascal receive the treatment known as ‘the discipline -of the course,’ a punishment very similar to that -meted out to ‘Welchers’ at the present day. But -Ireland was getting too warm for him, and, having -realised his property, he set sail for London, where -he arrived in the summer of 1773, a remarkably -precocious youth of eighteen.</p> - -<p>On his voyage across the Channel, he became -acquainted with several persons of respectability, -with one of whom he travelled post to London, -having gulled him with a specious tale about his -family and fortune; and, having gained his confidence, -he procured by his means introductions into -the politest circles, from whom, for a long time, he -extracted abundant plunder. But, in order to do -this, he had to dress well, and live extravagantly, -so that he very soon had to cast about for the means -wherewith to supply his needs. Among the earliest -visits he paid, after his arrival in London, and in -his friend’s company, was, of course, Ranelagh, where -he found two of his acquaintance on the Irish packet -talking to the Duke of Leinster. Bowing to them, -and stationing himself near them, he soon eased the -duke of above eighty pounds, a baronet of five-and-thirty -guineas, and one of the ladies of her watch; -and, with this plunder, he rejoined his party as if -nothing had happened out of the ordinary course -of things.</p> - -<p>But his proceedings had been watched by another -member of the thieving fraternity, who was in the -gardens, and who took a speedy opportunity of -letting Barrington know that he had witnessed his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> -crime, and threatened to denounce him to the plundered -parties, unless a division of the spoil was made -between them. His manner being very impressive, -left Barrington no alternative but to comply; and -the lady’s watch and chain, with a ten-pound note, -fell to his share. The two supped together, and it -ended with their entering into a mutual alliance, -which, for the time, suited Barrington well, as his -companion knew town much better than he did, -and was especially well-informed in the knowledge -of those places where the plunder could be disposed -of: but this partnership only continued for a short -time, in consequence of their quarrels, there being -nothing in common to bind these two rogues together -save their crime.</p> - -<p>In the course of his depredations, he visited Brighton, -or, as it was then called, Brighthelmstone, which was -beginning to be the resort of the wealthier classes, -but, as yet, had not dreamed of the rise it was to -take under George the Magnificent—and no conception -could have been formed of the present ‘London-on-the-Sea.’ -Here, thanks to his pleasant manners -and address, as well as to the company he frequented, -he became acquainted, and intimate, with the Duke -of Ancaster, Lord Ferrers, Lord Lyttleton, and many -other noblemen, who all considered him as a man of -genius and ability (which he certainly was), and were -under the impression that he was a gentleman of -fortune and family.</p> - -<p>His manners were good, and he had a pleasant wit—so -that it is not difficult to imagine that his society -was welcome. As a specimen of his wit, I may relate -an anecdote told of him when on a visit to Chichester -from Brighton. In company of several noblemen, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> -he was shown the curiosities and notable things in -the town and cathedral. In the latter, their attention -was directed to a family vault for the interment of -the Dukes of Richmond, which had been erected by -the late duke, and which was inscribed ‘Domus -ultima’ (the last house). On this inscription he is -said to have written the following epigram:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘Did he, who thus inscribed this wall,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Not <i>read</i>, or not <i>believe</i>, St. Paul?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who says, “There is, where e’er it stands,<br /></span> -<span class="i0"><i>Another</i> house, not made with hands;”<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or shall we gather, from the words,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That <i>House</i> is not a <i>House</i> of Lords.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>After living at the expense of the pockets of his -new-found friends as long as he deemed it prudent, -he returned to London, and began a dissolute and -profligate career; but, though his time was pretty -well employed between his infamous occupation and -his amusements, he yet found opportunity for intervals -of study and literary pursuits, and composed several -odes and poems, which are said to have been not -devoid of merit.</p> - -<p>As before stated, he broke with his partner, who -retired to a monastery, where, in all probability, he -ended his days in penitence and peace. But, in the -winter of 1775, Barrington became acquainted with -one Lowe, whom he first employed in the useful -capacity of receiver of stolen goods, and afterwards -went into partnership with. This Lowe was a singular -character. Originally he had been a livery-servant, -and after that he kept a public-house for some -time, when, having saved some money, he turned -usurer or money-lender, in which business he accumulated -a small fortune, when he assumed the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> -character of a gentleman, and lived in a genteel -house near Bloomsbury Square, then a fashionable -neighbourhood. Here he passed for a very charitable -and benevolent person, and was appointed -treasurer or manager of a new hospital for the -blind in Kentish Town, in which capacity, it is said, -he contrived to become possessed of some five thousand -pounds, when he set fire to the institution. -Being suspected thereof, he was apprehended at -Liverpool, in 1779, when he committed suicide by -taking poison, and was buried at a cross-road, in the -neighbourhood of Prescott in Lancashire.</p> - -<p>On forming his partnership with Lowe, it was -resolved on between them that Barrington should -repair to Court on the Queen’s birthday, disguised -as a clergyman, and there endeavour not only to -pick the pockets of the company, but, what was a -far bolder and more novel attempt, to cut off the -diamond stars of the Knights of the Garter, Bath, -or Thistle, who on such days generally wore the -ribands of their respective orders over their coats. -In this enterprise he succeeded beyond the most sanguine -expectations that could have been formed, either -by himself or his partner; for he managed to take -a diamond star from a nobleman, and to get away -from St. James’s unsuspected. But this prize was -too valuable to dispose of in England, and it is said -to have been sold to a Dutch Jew, who came over -from Holland twice a year on purpose to buy stolen -goods, for eight hundred pounds. This haul only -whetted his appetite for yet more profitable plunder, -and a chance of his skill shortly presented itself.</p> - -<p>In the course of the winter of 1775, Prince Orloff, -a Russian nobleman of the first rank and consequence, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -visited England. The splendour in which he lived, -and the stories of his immense wealth, were frequently -noticed and commented on in the public prints, -and attention was particularly drawn to a gold snuff-box, -set with brilliants, which was one of the many -marks of favour showered upon him by Catherine, -Empress of Russia, and which was generally valued -at the enormous sum of between thirty and forty -thousand pounds. This precious trinket excited Barrington’s -cupidity in an extraordinary degree, and he -determined to exert himself, in order, by some means -or other, to get it into his possession.</p> - -<p>A favourable opportunity occurred one night at -Covent Garden Theatre, where he contrived to get -near the prince, and dexterously conveyed the treasure -from his excellency’s waistcoat pocket (in which, -according to Russian custom, it was usually carried) -into his own. This operation was not, however, performed -with sufficient delicacy to escape detection, -for the prince felt the attack that was so impudently -made upon his property, and, having reason to entertain -some suspicion of Barrington, he immediately -seized him by the collar. During the confusion that -naturally ensued upon such an unusual scene, Barrington -slipped the box into the hand of the prince, -who, doubtless, was only too rejoiced to recover it -with so much ease. The thief, however, was secured, -and committed to Tothill Fields Bridewell.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a></p> - -<p>When examined before Sir John Fielding, Barrington -trumped up a story that he was a native of Ireland, -of an affluent and respectable family; that he -had been educated for the medical profession, and -had come to England to improve himself by means -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> -of his connections. This story, which was told with -extreme modesty and many tears, induced the prince -to think of him more as an unfortunate gentleman -than a guilty culprit, and he declined to proceed -against him, so that he was dismissed, with an admonition -from Sir John to amend his future conduct; -and he must have left the court congratulating himself -on his narrow, but lucky, escape. The publicity -which was given to this attempt lost him the society -of most of his friends, as he was held up to view in -the disgraceful light of an impostor; and it also was -the means of giving him a further taste of prison -discipline.</p> - -<p>In the pursuit of his peculiar industry, he frequented -both Houses of Parliament, where he acquired -considerable plunder. Some weeks after the Covent -Garden affair, he was in the House of Lords during -an interesting debate that attracted a great number -of people, amongst whom was a gentleman who recognised -Barrington, and who informed the Deputy -Usher of the Black Rod of his probable business -there. That official promptly ejected him, though, -perhaps, not with the gentleness that he considered -his due, and he uttered such threats of vengeance -against his accuser that the latter made application -to a magistrate, who granted a warrant to take Barrington -into custody, and to bind him over to keep -the peace. But his credit was now sunk so low that -none of his former companions would come forward -with the necessary sureties, and Barrington, in default, -was relegated to his former place of detention, -Tothill Fields Bridewell, where he remained a considerable -time before he was released.</p> - -<p>During his incarceration, the story of his misdeeds -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -was industriously circulated, and his character as <i>bon -camarade</i> was completely destroyed, so that the entry -to all decent company was absolutely shut against -him, and from this time forward he was obliged to -abandon the <i>rôle</i> of a ‘gentleman’ pickpocket, and -descend to all the mean artifices of a common pilferer. -Even in this humble branch of his infamous -industry, his good fortune seems to have deserted -him, for he was detected in picking the pocket of a -low woman at Drury Lane Theatre in December, -1776, and, though he made a remarkably clever -speech in his defence, he was sentenced to three -years of ballast-heaving, or hard labour in the hulks -at Woolwich. Here, herded with the vilest of the -vile, he kept as much as possible from them, and, by -his good conduct, attracted the attention of the superintendents -of convicts, and by their intervention he -was set free, after having sustained an imprisonment -of somewhat less than twelve months.</p> - -<p>On his liberation, he lost no time in re-commencing -his vicious occupation, under various disguises, sometimes -as a quack doctor, or as a clergyman; or he -would assume the character of a grave commercial -traveller, only to appear, a few days later on, as the -keeper of a gambling-house, and he had many a -narrow escape from capture.</p> - -<p>Justice, however, again laid her hands upon him, -for, less than six months after his liberation, he was -detected in picking the pocket of one, Elizabeth -Ironmonger, of a watch, was convicted on the clearest -evidence, and, in spite of the very eloquent and -skilful defence he made, he was a second time sentenced -to the hulks with hard labour, this time for -five years. His speeches to the court, which were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span> -remarked in the public prints, as well as the letters -that he wrote seeking mitigation of his punishment, -display such talent that it is a matter of great regret -that it was not turned to more honest account. On -one occasion, when tried for stealing Sir G. Webster’s -purse at the opera, in February, 1784, he was able, -by his eloquence, to influence the jury to return a -verdict of not guilty; and a similar piece of good -fortune was vouchsafed to him a year after, when -arraigned for the robbery of a gentleman’s watch at -Drury Lane Theatre, when his most ingenious and -well-chosen address to the jury resulted in his -acquittal.</p> - -<p>He could not stand his second imprisonment on -the hulks, and to end it he attempted suicide by -stabbing himself in the breast with a pen-knife. -Medical aid was at hand, and the wound slowly healed, -but he still continued to linger in a miserable -state, until he came under the notice of a gentleman -of position, who used his influence with the government -so successfully that he obtained Barrington’s -release, subject to the condition that he should leave -the country. His benefactor also gave him money -for that purpose, and he was soon on the Chester -coach, <i>en route</i> for Ireland. When he arrived in Dublin, -he found his character had preceded him, and he -was so closely watched that it was not long before -he was again arrested, and acquitted only from want of -evidence. The judge admonished him most seriously, -which gave Barrington an opportunity of airing his -eloquence, and he delivered an oration on the unaccountable -force of prejudice that existed against -him; but, when once he got away, he came to the -conclusion that the Irish capital was not a desirable -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> -place of residence for him, so he travelled northwards, -and ultimately reached Edinburgh.</p> - -<p>However, the police of that city knew all about him, -and were more vigilant than their <i>confrères</i> in London -and Dublin, so that Barrington, finding himself both -suspected and watched, came to the conclusion that -the air of Scotland was not good for him, and turned -his face southward. Unmindful of the terms of his -liberation, or careless as to the result of his return, he -again sought London, where, once more, he frequented -the theatres, the opera-house, and the Pantheon, -for some little time, with tolerable success—but -he was now too notorious to be long secure; he -was closely watched, and well-nigh detected at the -latter of these places; and, such strong suspicions of -his behaviour were entertained by the magistrates, -he was committed to Newgate, though on his trial -he was acquitted.</p> - -<p>But he only escaped Scylla to be engulphed in -Charybdis, for one of the superintendents of convicts -had him detained for violating the conditions under -which he was liberated, and the consequence was -that he was made what was called ‘a fine in Newgate,’ -that is, he had to serve out his unexpired term -of imprisonment there. This punishment he duly -suffered, and when he was once more set free, he at -once re-commenced his old practices, and lived a life -of shifts and roguery, until, in January, 1787, he was -detected in picking the pocket of a Mrs. Le Mesurier, -at Drury Lane Theatre, and was at once apprehended. -He was given in charge of a constable named -Blandy, but by some means, either by negligence -of his custodian, or by bribing him, he made his -escape. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p> - -<p>For this he was outlawed, and, whilst the offended -majesty of the law was thus seeking to vindicate -itself, he was making a progress of the northern -counties under various disguises, sometimes appearing -as a quack doctor, or a clergyman, then in connection -with a gaming-table, and occasionally playing -the <i>rôle</i> of a rider (as commercial travellers were -then called) for some manufacturing firm. Although -frequently meeting with people who knew him, he -was never molested by them, until he was recognised -at Newcastle (whilst being examined in the -justice-room there, regarding a theft he had committed) -by a gentleman from London as being ‘wanted’ -for the robbery at Drury Lane Theatre, and he was -promptly despatched to Bow Street once more. On -his arrival, he was committed to Newgate as an outlaw, -and, miserable and dejected, his spirits sank -within him. His friends, however (for even he had -friends) made up a purse of a hundred guineas for -his defence. His trial took place in November, 1789, -when he conducted his own defence, as usual, with -extraordinary ability, arguing the various points of -law with the judge with surprising acuteness and -elegant language, till, eventually, being aided by the -absence of a material witness, he made such an -impression upon the court that a verdict of acquittal -was recorded.</p> - -<p>All these escapes, however, seem to have had no -deterrent effect upon him, and he again set off for -Ireland, where he joined an accomplice named -Hubert, who was speedily apprehended, in the act of -picking a pocket, and sentenced to seven years transportation. -Dublin after this was far too hot for -Barrington, so he adroitly made his escape to England, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span> -where, after rambling about the country for -some time, he re-appeared in London. But he had -not been in the metropolis very long before he was -apprehended, as his indictment says, for ‘stealing on -the 1st of September, 1780, in the parish of Enfield, -in the county of Middlesex, a gold watch, chain, seals, -and a metal key, the property of Henry Hare Townsend.’ -The case was very clear, but Barrington defended -himself very ingeniously, and with a certain -amount of oratory, of which the following is a sample:</p> - -<p>‘I am well convinced of the noble nature of a -British Court of Justice; the dignified and benign -principles of its judges, and the liberal and candid -spirit of its jurors.</p> - -<p>‘Gentlemen, life is the gift of God, and liberty its -greatest blessing; the power of disposing of both or -either is the greatest man can enjoy. It is also -adventitious that, great as that power is, it cannot -be better placed than in the hands of an English -jury; for they will not exercise it like tyrants, who -delight in blood, but like generous and brave men, -who delight to spare rather than destroy; and who, -forgetting they are men themselves, lean, when they -can, to the side of compassion. It may be thought, -gentlemen of the jury, that I am appealing to your -passions, and, if I had the power to do it, I would -not fail to employ it. The passions animate the -heart, and to the passions we are indebted for the -noblest actions, and to the passions we owe our -dearest and finest feelings; and, when it is considered, -the mighty power you now possess, whatever -leads to a cautious and tender discharge of it, -must be thought of great consequence: as long as -the passions conduct us on the side of benevolence, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> -they are our best, our safest, and our most friendly -guides.’</p> - -<p>But all his eloquence was thrown away on a jury -of practical men, and they found him guilty. His -trial took place on the 15th of September, 1790, and -on the 22nd of September he received his sentence, -which was seven years’ transportation. He took his -leave dramatically, and made a speech lamenting his -hard fate throughout life.</p> - -<p>‘The world, my Lord, has given me credit for -abilities, indeed much greater than I possess, and, -therefore, much more than I deserved; but I have -never found any kind hand to foster those abilities.</p> - -<p>‘I might ask, where was the generous and powerful -hand that was ever stretched forth to rescue -George Barrington from infamy? In an age like -this, which, in several respects, is so justly famed for -liberal sentiments, it was my severe lot that no nobleminded -gentleman stepped forward and said to me, -“Barrington, you are possessed of talents which may -be useful to society. I feel for your situation, and, as -long as you act the part of a good citizen, I will be -your protector; you will then have time and opportunity -to rescue yourself from the obloquy of your -former conduct.”</p> - -<p>‘Alas, my Lord, George Barrington had never the -supreme felicity of having such comfort administered -to his wounded spirit. As matters have unfortunately -turned out, the die is cast; and, as it is, I -bend, resigned to my fate, without one murmur or -complaint.’</p> - -<p>Thus ended his life in England, which he was -never to see again, and it is with pleasure that we -can turn to a brighter page in his history. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span></p> - -<p>In his account of his voyage to New South Wales, -he says that it was with unspeakable satisfaction that -he received orders to embark, agreeably to his sentence; -and it is pleasing to observe that, under his -adverse circumstances, the friends he had made in -his prosperity did not forsake him in his adversity, -for many of them came to bid him adieu, and not -one of them came empty-handed; in fact, their -generosity was so great, that he had difficulty in -getting permission to take all their gifts on board.</p> - -<p>His account of their embarkation gives us an -extremely graphic description not only of the treatment -of convicts, but of the unhappy wretches -themselves.</p> - -<p>‘About a quarter before five, a general muster -took place, and, having bid farewell to my fellow-prisoners, -we were escorted from the prison to -Blackfriars Bridge by the City Guard, where two -lighters were waiting to receive us. This procession, -though early, and but few spectators, made a -deep impression on my mind, and the ignominy of -being thus mingled with felons of all descriptions, -many scarce a degree above the brute creation, -intoxicated with liquor, and shocking the ears of -those they passed with blasphemy, oaths, and songs, -the most offensive to modesty, inflicted a punishment -more severe than the sentence of my country, and -fully avenged that society I had so much wronged.’</p> - -<p>And there is little doubt but that the moral repugnance -to his miserable, and vicious companions was -mainly the cause of the reformation which took place -in him.</p> - -<p>The condition of convicts at that day was not -enviable. There were two hundred and fifty of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -them in the ship with Barrington, all packed in the -hold, their hammocks being slung within seventeen -inches of each other: being encumbered with their -irons, and deprived of fresh air, their condition was -soon rendered deplorable. To alleviate their sufferings -as much as possible, they were permitted to -walk the deck (as much as was consistent with the -safety of the ship), ten at a time; and the women, of -whom there were six on board, had a snug berth to -themselves. But, in spite of this humane and considerate -treatment, thirty-six of them died on the -voyage.</p> - -<p>Barrington, however, was not in such evil case, for -a friend had accompanied him on board, and, by his -influence and exertions, had not only procured stowage -for his packages, but also liberty to walk the -deck unencumbered with irons. Nor did his help -stop here, for he prevailed upon the boatswain to -admit him into his mess, which consisted of the -second mate, carpenter, and gunner, on condition -that he paid his proportion towards defraying the -extra requisites for the mess during the voyage. -The boatswain, too, had his hammock slung next to -his own, so that his life was made as comfortable as -it could be, under the circumstances, and he had not -to herd with the convicts.</p> - -<p>Soon after leaving the Bay of Biscay, these gentlemen -began to give trouble. The captain, very -humanely, had released many of the weaker convicts -of their galling chains, and allowed them to -walk on deck, ten at a time. Two of them, who -were Americans, and had some knowledge of navigation, -prevailed upon the majority of their comrades -to attempt to seize the ship, impressing upon them -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span> -that it would be an easy task, and that when -captured, they would sail to America, where every -man would not only obtain his liberty, but receive -a tract of land from Congress, besides a share of -the money arising from the sale of the ship and cargo.</p> - -<p>The poor dupes swallowed the bait, and the mutineers -determined that on the first opportunity, whilst -the officers were at dinner, those convicts who were -on deck should force the arm-chest, which was kept -on the quarter-deck, and, at the same time, would -make a signal to two of them to attack the sentinels, -and obtain possession of their arms, while word was -passed for those below to come on deck. And, as -they planned, so they carried out the mutiny: when -the captain and officers were below examining the -stowage of some wine—a cask, in the spirit-room, -being leaky—and the only persons on deck were -Barrington and the man at the helm.</p> - -<p>Barrington was going forward, but was stopped -by one of the Americans, followed by another convict, -who struck at him with a sword, which luckily hit -against a pistol that the American had pointed at -him. Barrington snatched up a handspike, and felled -one of them, and the steersman left his wheel and -called up the captain and crew. For a few moments -Barrington kept the mutineers at bay, when assistance -came—and a blunderbuss being fired amongst -the convicts, wounding several, they retreated, and -were all driven into the hold. An attempt of this -kind required the most exemplary punishment; and -two of the ring-leaders, with very short shrift, were -soon dangling at the yard-arm, whilst others were -tasting the cat-o’-nine-tails at the gangway.</p> - -<p>The mutiny having been thus quelled, and the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> -convicts re-ironed, the captain had leisure to thank -Barrington, and to compliment him on his gallant -behaviour in the emergency. He assured Barrington -that, when they arrived at the Cape, he would -reward him, and that, meanwhile, he was to have -every liberty; and orders were given to the steward -to supply him with anything he might have occasion -for during the voyage. As Barrington observes:</p> - -<p>‘I soon experienced the good effects of my late -behaviour; as seldom a day passed but some fresh -meat or poultry was sent to me by the captain, -which considerably raised me in the estimation of -my messmates, who were no ways displeased at the -substitution of a sea-pie of fowl or fresh meat to a -dish of lobscouse, or a piece of salt-junk.’</p> - -<p>On the ship’s arrival at the Cape, the captain gave -Barrington an order on a merchant there for one -hundred dollars, telling him he might at any time -avail himself of the ship’s boat going ashore, and -visit the town as often as he pleased, if he would -only tell the officers when he felt so inclined. It is -needless to say he fully availed himself of his -privilege, and laid out his money in the purchase -of goods most in demand in New South Wales.</p> - -<p>On reaching Port Jackson, in consequence of the -captain’s report, he had a most gracious reception -from the governor, who, finding him a man of ability -and intelligence, almost immediately appointed him -superintendent of the convicts at Paramatta: his -business being chiefly to report the progress made -in the different works that were carried on there. -Here he had ample leisure and opportunities of studying -the natives and their habits and customs, and -in his ‘History of New South Wales,’ he gives an -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -interesting account of the aborigines of Australia, -now so rapidly approaching extinction. The governor, -Philip, made unceasing efforts to win their friendship, -and even went to the extent of forcing his -acquaintance on them, by the summary method of -capturing a few, and keeping them in friendly durance; -hoping thus to gain their good-will, so that, -on their release, they might report to their friends -that the white man was not so bad as he was -represented. But it was all in vain; for, beyond a -very few converts to civilisation, the savage remained -untameable.</p> - -<p>By the purchases which Barrington had made at -the Cape, as well as the presents he had brought -from England, he was enabled to furnish his house -in a rather better style than his neighbours, and, -moreover, he managed to collect around him a few -farm-yard animals, which, together with his great -love for horticulture, made his life far from unendurable. -His position, as peace-officer of the district, -was no sinecure; for the criminal population over -whom he had jurisdiction gave him very considerable -trouble, more especially after the introduction into -the settlement, by some American vessels, of New -England rum, the baneful effects of which were very -soon apparent: the partiality of the convicts for it -being incredible, for they preferred receiving it as -the price of their labour to any other article, either -of provisions or clothing.</p> - -<p>Barrington’s tact and good management in the -numerous disturbances that arose, as more convicts -were poured into the station, were very conspicuous, -and his conduct was altogether such as compensated, -in a great measure, for his former misdeeds. His -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span> -domestic matters improved by degrees, so that his -situation was equal, if not preferable, to that of most -of the settlers there, and, to crown all, in September, -1799, the Governor—Hunter—presented him with an -absolute pardon, complimenting him on his faithful -discharge of the duties which had been entrusted to -him, and the integrity and uniform uprightness of his -conduct, and, furthermore, said that his general -behaviour, during his whole residence, perfectly obliterated -every trace of his former indiscretions.</p> - -<p>Barrington was further appointed a principal superintendent -of the district of Paramatta, with a permanent -salary of £50 per annum (his situation having -been, hitherto, only provisional) and, eventually, the -confidence he inspired was such that he was raised -to the office of Chief of the constabulary force of the -Colony, on the principle, it may be presumed, of -‘setting a thief to catch a thief.’ In this post he gave -great satisfaction, and died, much respected by all -who knew him, at Botany Bay.</p> - -<p>He wrote ‘The History of New South Wales,’ &c. -London, 1802; a most valuable and interesting book. -‘An Account of a Voyage to New South Wales,’ London, -1803. ‘The History of New Holland,’ London, -1808; and a book was published with his name as -author, ‘The London Spy,’ which went through -several editions. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span></p> - -<h2 id="MILTONS_BONES">MILTON’S BONES.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/i.jpg" alt="I" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> the first series of <i>Notes and Queries</i>, vol. -v. p. 369 (April 17, 1852), is a note from -which the following is an extract: ‘In vol. -v, p. 275, mention is made of Cromwell’s -skull; so it may not be out of place to tell -you that I have handled one of Milton’s ribs. Cowper -speaks indignantly of the desecration of our divine -poet’s grave, on which shameful occurrence some of -the bones were clandestinely distributed. One fell to -the lot of an old and esteemed friend, and between -forty-five and fifty years ago, at his house, not many -miles from London, I have often examined the said -rib-bone.’</p> - -<p>The lines of Cowper’s to which he refers were -written in August, 1790, and are entitled</p> - -<h3>STANZAS<br /> - -<span class="medium"><i>On the late indecent Liberties taken with the remains of the -great Milton. Anno 1790.</i></span></h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘Me too, perchance, in future days,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The sculptured stone shall show,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With Paphian myrtle or with bays<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Parnassian on my brow.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">But I, or ere that season come,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Escaped from every care,<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span></span> -<span class="i0">Shall reach my refuge in the tomb,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And sleep securely there.’<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a><br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">So sang, in Roman tone and style,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The youthful bard, ere long<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ordain’d to grace his native isle<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With her sublimest song.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Who then but must conceive disdain,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hearing the deed unblest,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of wretches who have dared profane<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His dread sepulchral rest?<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Ill fare the hands that heaved the stones<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where Milton’s ashes lay,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That trembled not to grasp his bones<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And steal his dust away!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">O ill-requited bard! neglect<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thy living worth repaid,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And blind idolatrous respect<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As much affronts thee dead.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Leigh Hunt possessed a lock of Milton’s hair which -had been given to him by a physician—and over -which he went into such rhapsodies that he composed -no less than three sonnets addressed to the donor—which -may be found in his ‘Foliage,’ ed. 1818, pp. 131, -132, 133. The following is the best:—</p> - -<p class="center">TO —— —— MD.,<br /> -<i>On his giving me a lock of Milton’s hair</i>.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">It lies before me there, and my own breath<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Stirs its thin outer threads, as though beside<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The living head I stood in honoured pride,<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span></span> -<span class="i0">Talking of lovely things that conquered death.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Perhaps he pressed it once, or underneath<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ran his fine fingers, when he leant, blank-eyed,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And saw, in fancy, Adam and his bride<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With their heaped locks, or his own Delphic wreath.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There seems a love in hair, though it be dead.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">It is the gentlest, yet the strongest thread<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of our frail plant—a blossom from the tree<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Surviving the proud trunk;—as if it said,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Patience and Gentleness is Power. In me<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Behold affectionate eternity.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>How were these personal relics obtained? By -rifling his tomb. Shakespeare solemnly cursed anyone -who should dare to meddle with his dead body, -and his remains are believed to be intact.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘Good friend, for Jesus’ sake, forbear<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To dig the dust inclosed here:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Blest be the man who spares these stones,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And cursed be he who moves my bones.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>But Milton laid no such interdict upon his poor -dead body—and it was not very long after his burial, -which took place in 1674, that the stone which covered -it, and indicated his resting-place, was removed, -as Aubrey tells us in his ‘Lives’ (vol. iii, p. 450). ‘His -stone is now removed. About two years since (1681) -the two steppes to the communion-table were raysed, -Ighesse, Jo. Speed,<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> and he lie together.’ And so it -came to pass that, in the church of St. Giles’, Cripplegate, -where he was buried, there was no memorial of -the place where he was laid, nor, indeed, anything -to mark the fact of his burial in that church until, in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> -1793, Samuel Whitbread set up a fine marble bust of -the poet, by Bacon, with an inscription giving the -dates of his birth and death, and recording the fact -that his father was also interred there.</p> - -<p>It is probable that Mr. Whitbread was moved -thereto by the alleged desecration of Milton’s tomb -in 1790, of which there is a good account written by -Philip Neve, of Furnival’s Inn, which is entitled, ‘A -<span class="smcap">Narrative</span> of the <span class="smcap">Disinterment</span> of <span class="smcap">Milton’s</span> coffin, in -the Parish-Church of <span class="smcap">St. Giles</span>, Cripplegate, on Wednesday, -August 4th, 1790; and the <span class="smcap">Treatment of the -Corpse</span> during that and the following day.’</p> - -<p>As this narrative is not long, I propose to give it -in its entirety, because to condense it would be to -spoil it, and, by giving it <i>in extenso</i>, the reader will be -better able to judge whether it was really Milton’s -body which was exhumed.</p> - -<h3>A NARRATIVE, &c.</h3> - -<p>Having read in the <i>Public Advertiser</i>, on Saturday, -the 7th of August, 1790, that <i>Milton’s</i> coffin had been -dug up in the parish church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, -and was there to be seen, I went immediately to the -church, and found the latter part of the information -to be untrue; but, from conversations on that day, on -Monday, the 9th, and on Tuesday, the 10th of August, -with Mr. Thomas <i>Strong</i>, Solicitor and F.A.S., Red -Cross Street, <i>Vestry-Clerk</i>; Mr. John <i>Cole</i>, Barbican, -Silversmith, <i>Churchwarden</i>; Mr. John <i>Laming</i>, Barbican, -<i>Pawnbroker</i>; and Mr. <i>Fountain</i>, Beech Lane, -Publican, <i>Overseers</i>; Mr. <i>Taylor</i>, of Stanton, Derbyshire, -<i>Surgeon</i>; a friend of Mr. <i>Laming</i>, and a visitor -in his house; Mr. William <i>Ascough</i>, Coffin-maker, Fore -Street, <i>Parish Clerk</i>; Benjamin <i>Holmes</i> and Thomas -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span> -<i>Hawkesworth</i>, journeymen to Mr. Ascough; Mrs. -<i>Hoppey</i>, Fore Street, <i>Sexton</i>; Mr. <i>Ellis</i>, No. 9, Lamb’s -Chapel, comedian of the Royalty-theatre; and John -<i>Poole</i> (son of Rowland Poole), Watch-spring maker, -Jacob’s Passage, Barbican, the following facts are -established:</p> - -<p>It being in the contemplation of some persons to -bestow a considerable sum of money in erecting a -monument, in the parish church of <i>St. Giles</i>, Cripplegate, -to the memory of <i>Milton</i>, and the particular spot -of his interment in that church having for many -years past been ascertained only by tradition, several -of the principal parishioners have, at their meetings, -frequently expressed a wish that his coffin should be -dug for, that incontestable evidence of its exact -situation might be established, before the said monument -should be erected. The entry, among the -burials, in the register-book, 12th of November, 1674, -is ‘<i>John Milton</i>, Gentleman, consumption, <i>chancell</i>.’ -The church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, was built in 1030, -was burnt down (except the steeple) and rebuilt in -1545; was repaired in 1682; and again in 1710. In -the repair of 1782, an alteration took place in the -disposition of the inside of the church; the pulpit -was removed from the second pillar, against which it -stood, north of the chancel, to the south side of the -present chancel, which was then formed, and pews -were built over the old chancel. The tradition has -always been that <i>Milton</i> was buried in the chancel, -under the clerk’s desk; but the circumstance of the -alteration in the church, not having, of late years, -been attended to, the clerk, sexton, and other officers -of the parish have misguided inquirers, by showing -the spot under the clerk’s desk, in the present chancel, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> -as the place of <i>Milton’s</i> interment. I have twice, -at different periods, been shown that spot as the -place where <i>Milton</i> lay. Even Mr. <i>Baskerville</i>, who -died a few years ago, and who had requested, in his -will, to be buried by <i>Milton</i>, was deposited in the -above-mentioned spot of the present chancel, in pious -intention of compliance with his request. The church -is now, August, 1790, under a general repair, by contract, -for £1,350, and Mr. <i>Strong</i>, Mr. <i>Cole</i>, and other -parishioners, having very prudently judged that the -search would be made with much less inconvenience -to the parish at this time, when the church is under -repair, than at any period after the said repair should -be completed, Mr. <i>Cole</i>, in the last days of July, -ordered the workmen to dig in search of the coffin. -Mr. <i>Ascough</i>, his father, and grandfather, have been -parish clerks of <i>St. Giles</i> for upwards of ninety years -past. His grandfather, who died in February, 1759-60, -aged eighty-four, used often to say that <i>Milton</i> had been -buried under the clerk’s desk in the chancel. John -<i>Poole</i>, aged seventy, used to hear his father talk of -Milton’s person, from those who had seen him; and -also, that he lay under the common-councilmen’s -pew. The common-councilmen’s pew is built over -that very part of the old chancel, where the former -clerk’s desk stood. These traditions in the parish reported -to Mr. <i>Strong</i> and Mr. <i>Cole</i> readily directed -them to dig from the present chancel, northwards, -towards the pillar, against which the former pulpit -and desk had stood. On Tuesday afternoon, August -3rd, notice was brought to Messrs. <i>Strong</i> and <i>Cole</i> -that the coffin was discovered. They went immediately -to the church, and, by help of a candle, proceeded -under the common-councilmen’s pew to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -place where the coffin lay. It was in a chalky soil, -and directly over a wooden coffin, supposed to be that -of <i>Milton’s</i> father; tradition having always reported -that <i>Milton</i> was buried next to his father. The -registry of the father of <i>Milton</i>, among the burials, -in the parish-book, is ‘<i>John Melton</i>, Gentleman, 15th of -March, 1646-7.’ In digging through the whole space -from the present chancel, where the ground was -opened, to the situation of the former clerk’s desk, -there was not found any other coffin, which could -raise the smallest doubt of this being <i>Milton’s</i>. The -two oldest found in the ground had inscriptions, -which Mr. <i>Strong</i> copied; they were of as late dates -as 1727 and 1739. When he and Mr. <i>Cole</i> had -examined the coffin, they ordered water and a brush -to be brought, that they might wash it, in search of -an inscription, or initials, or date; but, upon its being -carefully cleansed, none was found.</p> - -<p>The following particulars were given me in writing -by Mr. <i>Strong</i>, and they contain the admeasurement -of the coffin, as taken by him, with a rule. ‘A -leaden coffin, found under the common-councilmen’s -pew, on the north side of the chancel, nearly under -the place where the old pulpit and clerk’s desk stood. -The coffin appeared to be old, much corroded, and -without any inscription or plate upon it. It was, in -length, five feet ten inches, and in width, at the -broadest part, over the shoulders, one foot four -inches.’ Conjecture naturally pointed out, both to -Mr. <i>Strong</i> and Mr. <i>Cole</i>, that, by moving the leaden -coffin, there would be a great chance of finding some -inscription on the wooden one underneath; but, with -a just and laudable piety, they disdained to disturb -the sacred ashes, after a requiem of one hundred and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -sixteen years; and having satisfied their curiosity, -and ascertained the fact, which was the subject of it, -Mr. <i>Cole</i> ordered the ground to be closed. This was -on the afternoon of Tuesday, August the 3rd; and, -when I waited on Mr. <i>Strong</i>, on Saturday morning, -the 7th, he informed me that the coffin had been -found on the Tuesday, had been examined, washed, -and measured by him and Mr. <i>Cole</i>; but that the -ground had been immediately closed, when they -left the church;—not doubting that Mr. <i>Cole’s</i> order -had been punctually obeyed. But the direct contrary -appears to have been the fact.</p> - -<p>On Tuesday evening, the 3rd, Mr. <i>Cole</i>, Messrs. -<i>Laming</i> and <i>Taylor</i>, <i>Holmes</i>, &c., had a <i>merry meeting</i>, -as Mr. <i>Cole</i> expresses himself, at Fountain’s house; -the conversation there turned upon <i>Milton’s</i> coffin -having been discovered; and, in the course of the -evening, several of those present expressing a desire -to see it, Mr. <i>Cole</i> assented that, if the ground was -not already closed, the closing of it should be deferred -until they should have satisfied their curiosity. -Between eight and nine on Wednesday morning, the -4th, the two overseers (<i>Laming</i> and <i>Fountain</i>) and -Mr. <i>Taylor</i>, went to the house of <i>Ascough</i>, the clerk, -which leads into the church-yard, and asked for -<i>Holmes</i>; they then went with <i>Holmes</i> into the church, -and pulled the coffin, which lay deep in the ground, -from its original station to the edge of the excavation, -into day-light. Mr. <i>Laming</i> told me that, to -assist in thus removing it, he put his hand into a -corroded hole, which he saw in the lead, at the coffin -foot. When they had thus removed it, the overseers -asked <i>Holmes</i> if he could open it, that they might -see the body. <i>Holmes</i> immediately fetched a mallet -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> -and a chisel, and cut open the top of the coffin, -slantwise from the head, as low as the breast; so -that the top, being doubled backward, they could -see the corpse; he cut it open also at the foot. Upon -first view of the body, it appeared perfect, and completely -enveloped in the shroud, which was of many -folds; the ribs standing up regularly. When they -disturbed the shroud, the ribs fell. Mr. <i>Fountain</i> told -me that he pulled hard at the teeth, which resisted, -until some one hit them a knock with a stone, when -they easily came out. There were but five in the -upper jaw, which were all perfectly sound and white, -and all taken by Mr. <i>Fountain</i>; he gave one of them -to Mr. <i>Laming</i>; Mr. <i>Laming</i> also took one from the -lower jaw; and Mr. <i>Taylor</i> took two from it. Mr. -<i>Laming</i> told me that he had, at one time, a mind to -bring away the whole under-jaw, with the teeth in it; -he had it in his hand, but tossed it back again. Also -that he lifted up the head, and saw a great quantity of -hair, which lay straight and even behind the head, and -in the state of hair which had been combed and tied -together before interment; but it was wet, the coffin -having considerable corroded holes, both at the head -and foot, and a great part of the water with which -it had been washed on the Tuesday afternoon having -run into it. The overseers and Mr. <i>Taylor</i> went -away soon afterwards, and Messrs. <i>Laming</i> and -<i>Taylor</i> went home to get scissors to cut off some -of the hair: they returned about ten, when Mr. -<i>Laming</i> poked his stick against the head, and brought -some of the hair over the forehead; but, as they saw -the scissors were not necessary, Mr. <i>Taylor</i> took up -the hair, as it lay on the forehead, and carried it -home. The water, which had got into the coffin -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -on the Tuesday afternoon, had made a sludge at the -bottom of it, emitting a nauseous smell, and which -occasioned Mr. <i>Laming</i> to use his stick to procure -the hair, and not to lift up the head a second time. -Mr. <i>Laming</i> also took out one of the leg-bones, but -threw it in again. <i>Holmes</i> went out of church, whilst -Messrs. <i>Laming</i>, <i>Taylor</i>, and <i>Fountain</i> were there the -first time, and he returned when the two former were -come the second time. When Messrs. <i>Laming</i> and -<i>Taylor</i> had finally quitted the church, the coffin was -removed from the edge of the excavation back to its -original station; but was no otherwise closed than -by the lid, where it had been cut and reversed, being -bent down again. Mr. <i>Ascough</i>, the clerk, was from -home the greater part of that day, and Mrs. <i>Hoppey</i>, -the sexton, was from home the whole day. Elizabeth -<i>Grant</i>, the grave-digger, who is servant to Mrs. -<i>Hoppey</i>, therefore now took possession of the coffin; -and, as its situation under the common-councilmen’s -pew would not admit of its being seen without the -help of a candle, she kept a tinder-box in the excavation, -and, when any persons came, struck a light, -and conducted them under the pew, where, by -reversing the part of the lid which had been cut, she -exhibited the body, at first for sixpence, and afterwards -for threepence and twopence each person. The workers -in the church kept the doors locked to all those who -would not pay the price of a pot of beer for entrance, -and many, to avoid that payment, got in at a window -at the west end of the church, near to Mr. <i>Ascough’s</i> -counting-house.</p> - -<p>I went on Saturday, the 7th, to Mr. <i>Laming’s</i> house, -to request a lock of the hair; but, not meeting with -Mr. <i>Taylor</i> at home, went again on Monday, the 9th, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> -when Mr. <i>Taylor</i> gave me part of what hair he had -reserved for himself. <i>Hawkesworth</i> having informed -me, on the Saturday, that Mr. <i>Ellis</i>, the player, had -taken some hair, and that he had seen him take a -rib-bone, and carry it away in paper under his coat, -I went from Mr. <i>Laming’s</i> on Monday to Mr. <i>Ellis</i>, -who told me that he had paid 6<sup>d.</sup> to Elizabeth <i>Grant</i> -for seeing the body; and that he had lifted up the -head, and taken from the sludge under it a small -quantity of hair, with which was a piece of the -shroud, and, adhering to the hair, a bit of the skin -of the skull, of about the size of a shilling. He -then put them all into my hands, with the rib-bone, -which appeared to be one of the upper ribs. The -piece of the shroud was of coarse linen. The hair -which he had taken was short; a small part of it -he had washed, and the remainder was in the clotted -state in which he had taken it. He told me that -he had tried to reach down as low as the hands of -the corpse, but had not been able to effect it. The -washed hair corresponded exactly with that in my -possession, and which I had just received from Mr. -<i>Taylor</i>. <i>Ellis</i> is a very ingenious worker in hair, -and he said that, thinking it would be of great -advantage to him to possess a quantity of Milton’s -hair, he had returned to the church on Thursday, -and had made his endeavours to get access a second -time to the body; but had been refused admittance. -<i>Hawkesworth</i> took a tooth, and broke a bit off the -coffin; of which I was informed by Mr. <i>Ascough</i>. I -purchased them both of <i>Hawkesworth</i>, on Saturday -the 7th, for 2<sup>s.</sup>; and he told me that, when -he took the tooth out, there were but two more -remaining; one of which was afterwards taken by -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> -another of Mr. <i>Ascough’s</i> men. And <i>Ellis</i> informed -me that, at the time when he was there, on Wednesday, -the teeth were all gone; but the overseers say -they think that all the teeth were not taken out -of the coffin, though displaced from the jaws, but -that some of them must have fallen among the -other bones, as they very readily came out, after -the first were drawn. <i>Haslib</i>, son of William <i>Haslib</i>, -of Jewin Street, undertaker, took one of the small -bones, which I purchased of him, on Monday, the -9th, for 2<sup>s.</sup></p> - -<p>With respect to the identity of the person; anyone -must be a skeptic against violent presumptions -to entertain a doubt of its being that of <i>Milton</i>. The -parish traditions of the spot; the age of the coffin—none -other found in the ground which can at all -contest with it, or render it suspicious—<i>Poole’s</i> tradition -that those who had conversed with his father -about <i>Milton’s</i> person always described him to have -been thin, with long hair; the entry in the register-book -that <i>Milton</i> died of consumption, are all strong -confirmations, with the size of the coffin, of the -identity of the person. If it be objected that, against -the pillar where the pulpit formerly stood, and immediately -over the common-councilmen’s pew, is a -monument to the family of <i>Smith</i>, which shows that -‘near that place’ were buried, in 1653, <i>Richard Smith</i>, -aged 17; in 1655, <i>John Smith</i>, aged 32; and in -1664, <i>Elizabeth Smith</i>, the mother, aged 64; and -in 1675, <i>Richard Smith</i>, the father, aged 85; it may -be answered that, if the coffin in question be one -of these, the others should be there also. The corpse -is certainly not that of a man of 85; and, if it be -supposed one of the first named males of the <i>Smith</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -family, certainly the two later coffins should appear; -but none such were found, nor could that monument -have been erected until many years after the death -of the last person mentioned in the inscription; and -it was then placed there, as it expresses, not by any -of the family, but at the expense of friends. The -flatness of the pillar, after the pulpit had been removed, -offered an advantageous situation for it; and -‘<i>near this place</i>,’ upon a mural monument, will always -admit of a liberal construction. <i>Holmes</i>, who is much -respected in that parish, and very ingenious and -intelligent in his business, says that a leaden coffin, -when the inner wooden-case is perished, must, from -pressure and its own weight, shrink in breadth, and -that, therefore, more than the present admeasurement -of this coffin across the shoulders must have been -its original breadth. There is evidence, also, that -it was incurvated, both on the top and at the sides, -at the time when it was discovered. But the strongest -of all confirmations is the hair, both in its length -and colour. Behold <i>Faithorne’s</i> quarto-print of <i>Milton</i> -taken <i>ad vivum</i> in 1760, five years before <i>Milton’s</i> -death. Observe the short locks growing towards -the forehead, and the long ones flowing from the same -place down the sides of the face. The whole quantity -of hair which Mr. <i>Taylor</i> took was from the -forehead, and all taken at one grasp. I measured -on Monday morning, the 9th, that lock of it which -he had given to Mr. <i>Laming</i>, six inches and a half -by a rule; and the lock of it which he gave to me, -taken at the same time, and from the same place, -measures only two inches and a half. In the reign -of <i>Charles</i> II. how few, besides <i>Milton</i>, wore their own -hair! <i>Wood</i> says <i>Milton</i> had light-brown hair, the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> -very description of that which we possess; and, -what may seem extraordinary, it is yet so strong -that Mr. <i>Laming</i>, to cleanse it from its clotted state, -let the cistern-cock run on it for near a minute, and -then rubbed it between his fingers without injury.</p> - -<p><i>Milton’s</i> coffin lay open from Wednesday morning, -the 4th, at 9 o’clock until 4 o’clock in the afternoon -of the following day, when the ground was closed.</p> - -<p>With respect to there being no inscriptions on the -coffin, <i>Holmes</i> says that inscription-plates were not -used, nor invented at the time when <i>Milton</i> was -buried; that the practice then was to paint the -inscription on the outside wooden coffin, which in -this case was entirely perished.</p> - -<p>It has never been pretended that any hair was taken -except by Mr. <i>Taylor</i>, and by <i>Ellis</i> the player; and -all which the latter took would, when cleansed, -easily lie in a small locket. Mr. <i>Taylor</i> has divided -his share into many small parcels; and the -lock which I saw in Mr. <i>Laming’s</i> hands on Saturday -morning, the 7th, and which then measured six inches -and a half, had been so cut and reduced by divisions -among Mr. <i>Laming’s</i> friends, at noon, on Monday, the -9th, that he thus possessed only a small bit, from two -to three inches in length.</p> - -<p>All the teeth are remarkably short, below the gums. -The five which were in the upper jaw, and the -middle teeth of the lower, are perfect and white. -Mr. <i>Fountain</i> took the five upper jaw teeth; Mr. -<i>Laming</i> one from the lower jaw; Mr. <i>Taylor</i> two from -it; <i>Hawkesworth</i> one; and another of Mr. <i>Ascough’s</i> -men one; besides these, I have not been able to trace -any, nor have I heard that any more were taken. It -is not probable that more than ten should have been -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span> -brought away, if the conjecture of the overseers, -that some dropped among the other bones, be -founded.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>In recording a transaction which will strike every -liberal mind with horror and disgust, I cannot omit -to declare that I have procured those relics which I -possess, only in hope of bearing part in a pious and -honourable restitution of all that has been taken; the -sole atonement which can now be made to the violated -rights of the dead; to the insulted parishioners -at large; and to the feelings of all good men. During -the present repair of the church, the mode is -obvious and easy. Unless that be done, in vain will -the parish hereafter boast a sumptuous monument to -the memory of <i>Milton</i>; it will but display their shame -in proportion to its magnificence.</p> - -<p>I collected this account from the mouths of those -who were immediate actors in this most sacrilegious -scene; and before the voice of charity had reproached -them with their impiety. By it those are exculpated -whose just and liberal sentiments restrained -their hands from an act of violation, and the blood -of the lamb is dashed against the door-posts of the -perpetrators, not to save, but to mark them to posterity.</p> - -<p class="author"> -<span class="smcap">Philip Neve.</span></p> - -<p><span class="i2">Furnival’s Inn,</span><br /> -<span class="i4">14th of August, 1790.</span> -</p> - -<p>This Mr. Neve, whose pious horror at the sacrilegious -desecration of the poet’s tomb seems only to -have been awakened at the eleventh hour, and whose -restitution of the relics he obtained does not appear, -was probably the P.N. who was the author, in 1789, -of ‘Cursory Remarks on some of the Ancient English -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> -Poets, particularly Milton.’ It is a work of some erudition, -but the hero of the book, as its title plainly shows, -was Milton. Neve places him in the first rank, and can -hardly find words with which to extol his genius and -intellect, so that, probably, some hero-worship was -interwoven in the foregoing relation of the discovery -of Milton’s body; and it may be as well if the other -side were heard, although the attempt at refutation is -by no means as well authenticated as Neve’s narrative. -It is anonymous, and appeared in the <i>St. -James’s Chronicle</i>, September 4-7th, 1790, and in the -<i>European Magazine</i>, vol. xviii, pp. 206-7, for September, -1790, and is as follows:</p> - -<h3>MILTON.</h3> - -<p class="hang"><i>Reasons why it is impossible that the Coffin lately dug -up in the Parish Church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, -should contain the reliques of</i> <span class="smcap">Milton</span>.</p> - -<p><i>First.</i> <span class="smcap">Because</span> <i>Milton</i> was buried in 1674, and -this coffin was found in a situation previously allotted -to a wealthy family, unconnected with his own.—See -the mural monument of the <i>Smiths</i>, dated 1653, &c., -immediately over the place of the supposed <span class="smcap">Milton’s</span> -interment.—In the time that the fragments of several -other sarcophagi were found; together with two -skulls, many bones, and a leaden coffin, which was -left untouched because it lay further to the north, -and (for some reason, or no reason at all) was unsuspected -of being the <i>Miltonic</i> reservoir.</p> - -<p><i>Secondly.</i> The hair of <span class="smcap">Milton</span> is uniformly described -and represented as of a light hue; but far the -greater part of the ornament of his pretended skull -is of the darkest brown, without any mixture of gray.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> -This difference is irreconcilable to probability. Our -hair, after childhood, is rarely found to undergo a -total change of colour, and <span class="smcap">Milton</span> was 66 years -old when he died, a period at which human locks, in -a greater or less degree, are interspersed with white. -Why did the Overseers, &c., bring away only such -hair as corresponded with the description of <i>Milton’s</i>? -Of the light hair there was little; of the dark a -considerable quantity. But this circumstance would -have been wholly suppressed, had not a second -scrutiny taken place.</p> - -<p><i>Thirdly.</i> Because the skull in question is remarkably -flat and small, and with the lowest of all possible -foreheads; whereas the head of <span class="smcap">Milton</span> was large, -and his brow conspicuously high. See his portrait -so often engraved by the accurate <i>Vertue</i>, who was -completely satisfied with the authenticity of his -original. We are assured that the surgeon who -attended at the second disinterment of the corpse -only remarked, ‘that the little forehead there was, -was prominent.’</p> - -<p><i>Fourthly.</i> Because the hands of <span class="smcap">Milton</span> were full -of chalk stones. Now it chances that his substitute’s -left hand had been undisturbed, and therefore was in -a condition to be properly examined. No vestige, -however, of cretaceous substances was visible in it, -although they are of a lasting nature, and have -been found on the fingers of a dead person almost -coeval with <span class="smcap">Milton</span>.</p> - -<p><i>Fifthly.</i> Because there is reason to believe that -the aforesaid remains are those of a young female -(one of the three Miss <i>Smiths</i>); for the bones are -delicate, the teeth small, slightly inserted in the jaw, -and perfectly white, even, and sound. From the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> -corroded state of the pelvis, nothing could, with -certainty, be inferred; nor would the surgeon already -mentioned pronounce <i>absolutely</i> on the sex of the -deceased. Admitting, however, that the body was a -male one, its very situation points it out to be a male -of the <i>Smith</i> family; perhaps the favourite son <i>John</i>, -whom <i>Richard Smith</i>, Esq., his father, so feelingly -laments. (See Peck’s ‘<i>Desiderata Curiosa</i>,’ p. 536).<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> -To this darling child a receptacle of lead might have -been allotted, though many other relatives of the -same house were left to putrefy in wood.</p> - -<p><i>Sixthly.</i> Because <span class="smcap">Milton</span> was not in affluence<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a>—expired -in an emaciated state, in a cold month, and -was interred by direction of his widow. An expensive -outward coffin of lead, therefore, was needless, -and unlikely to have been provided by a rapacious -woman who oppressed her husband’s children while -he was living, and cheated them after he was dead.</p> - -<p><i>Seventhly.</i> Because it is improbable that the circumstance -of <span class="smcap">Milton’s</span> having been deposited under -the desk should, if true, have been so effectually -concealed from the whole train of his biographers. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span> -It was, nevertheless, produced as an ancient and -well-known tradition, as soon as the parishioners of -Cripplegate were aware that such an incident was -gaped for by antiquarian appetence, and would be -swallowed by antiquarian credulity. How happened -it that Bishop <i>Newton</i>, who urged similar inquiries -concerning <span class="smcap">Milton</span> above forty years ago in the same -parish, could obtain no such information?<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span></p> - -<p><i>Eighthly.</i> Because Mr. <i>Laming</i> (see Mr. <i>Neve’s</i> -pamphlet, second edition, p. 19) observes that the -‘sludge’ at the bottom of the coffin ‘emitted a -nauseous smell.’ But, had this corpse been as old as -that of <span class="smcap">Milton</span>, it must have been disarmed of its -power to offend, nor would have supplied the least -effluvium to disgust the nostrils of our delicate inquirer -into the secrets of the grave. The last remark -will seem to militate against a foregoing one. The -whole difficulty, however, may be solved by a resolution -not to believe a single word said on such an -occasion by any of those who invaded the presumptive -sepulchre of <span class="smcap">Milton</span>. The man who can handle -pawned stays, breeches, and petticoats without -disgust may be supposed to have his organs of -smelling in no very high state of perfection.</p> - -<p><i>Ninthly.</i> Because we have not been told by -<i>Wood</i>, <i>Philips</i>, <i>Richardson</i>, <i>Toland</i>, etc., that Nature, -among her other partialities to <span class="smcap">Milton</span>, had indulged -him with an uncommon share of teeth. And yet -above a hundred have been sold as the furniture of -his mouth by the conscientious worthies who assisted -in the plunder of his supposed carcase, and finally -submitted it to every insult that brutal vulgarity -could devise and express. Thanks to fortune, however, -his corpse has hitherto been violated but by -proxy! May his genuine reliques (if aught of him -remains unmingled with common earth) continue to -elude research, at least while the present overseers of -the poor of Cripplegate are in office. Hard, indeed, -would have been the fate of the author of ‘Paradise -Lost’ to have received shelter in a chancel, that a -hundred and sixteen years after his interment his -<i>domus ultima</i> might be ransacked by two of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -lowest human beings, a retailer of spirituous liquors, -and a man who lends sixpences to beggars on such -despicable securities as tattered bed-gowns, cankered -porridge-pots, and rusty gridirons.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> <i>Cape saxa manu, -cape robora, pastor!</i> But an Ecclesiastical Court may -yet have cognisance of this more than savage transaction. -It will then be determined whether our -tombs are our own, or may be robbed with impunity -by the little tyrants of a workhouse.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘If charnel-houses, and our graves, must send<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Those that we bury back, our monuments<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shall be the maws of kites.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>It should be added that our Pawnbroker, Gin-seller, -and Company, by deranging the contents of their -ideal <span class="smcap">Milton’s</span> coffin, by carrying away his lower jaw, -ribs, and right hand—and by employing one bone as -an instrument to batter the rest—by tearing the -shroud and winding-sheet to pieces, &c., &c., had -annihilated all such further evidence as might have -been collected from a skilful and complete examination -of these nameless fragments of mortality. So -far, indeed, were they mutilated that, had they been -genuine, we could not have said with Horace,</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘Invenies etiam disjecti membra Poetæ.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Who, after a perusal of the foregoing remarks -(which are founded on circumstantial truth), will congratulate -the parishioners of St. Giles, Cripplegate, on -their discovery and treatment of the imaginary dust -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span> -of <span class="smcap">Milton</span>? His favourite, <i>Shakespeare</i>, most fortunately -reposes at a secure distance from the paws -of Messieurs <i>Laming</i> and <i>Fountain</i>, who, otherwise, -might have provoked the vengeance imprecated by -our great dramatic poet on the remover of his bones.</p> - -<p>From the preceding censures, however, Mr. <i>Cole</i> -(Churchwarden), and Messrs. <i>Strong</i> and <i>Ascough</i> -(Vestry and Parish Clerks), should, in the most distinguished -manner, be exempted. Throughout the -whole of this extraordinary business, they conducted -themselves with the strictest decency and propriety. -It should also be confessed, by those whom curiosity -has since attracted to the place of <span class="smcap">Milton’s</span> supposed -disinterment, that the politeness of the same parish -officers could only be exceeded by their respect for -our illustrious author’s memory, and their concern at -the complicated indignity which his nominal ashes -have sustained.’</p> - -<p>Now it was hardly likely that Mr. Neve, with the -extremely plausible case that he had, would sit still -and see his pet theory knocked on the head, so he -issued a second edition of his pamphlet with this</p> - -<h3>POSTSCRIPT.</h3> - -<p>As some reports have been circulated, and some -anonymous papers have appeared, since the publication -of this pamphlet, with intent to induce a belief -that the corpse mentioned in it is that of a woman, -and as the curiosity of the public now calls for a -second impression of it, an opportunity is offered of -relating a few circumstances which have happened -since the 14th of August, and which, in some degree, -may confirm the opinion that the corpse is that of -<i>Milton</i>.</p> - -<p>On Monday, the 16th, I called upon the overseer, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -Mr. <i>Fountain</i>, when he told me that the parish officers -had then seen a surgeon who, on Wednesday the 4th, -had got through a window into the church, and who -had, upon inspection, pronounced the corpse to be -that of a woman. I thought it very improbable that -a surgeon should creep through a window, who could -go through a door for a few half-pence; but I no -otherwise expressed my doubts of the truth of the -information than by asking for the surgeon’s address. -I was answered ‘that the gentleman begged not to -have it known, that he might not be interrupted by -enquiries.’ A trifling relic was, nevertheless, at the -same time withholden, which I had expected to -receive through Mr. <i>Fountain’s</i> hands; by which it -appeared that those in possession of them were, still -tenacious of the spoils of the coffin, although they -affected to be convinced they were not those of -<i>Milton</i>. These contradictions, however, I reserved -for the test of an inquiry elsewhere.</p> - -<p>In the course of that week I was informed that -some gentlemen had, on Tuesday, the 17th, prevailed -on the churchwardens to suffer a second disinterment -of the coffin, which had taken place on that day. On -Saturday, the 21st, I waited on Mr. <i>Strong</i>, who told -me that he had been present at such second disinterment, -and that he had then sent for an experienced -surgeon of the neighbourhood, who, upon inspection -and examination of the corpse, had pronounced it to -be that of a man. I was also informed, on that day, -the 21st, by a principal person of the parish, whose -information cannot be suspected, that the parish -officers had agreed among themselves that, from my -frequent visits and inquiries, I must have an intention -of delivering some account of the transaction to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> -world; and that, therefore, to stop the narrative from -going forth, they must invent some story of a surgeon’s -inspection on the 4th, and of his declaration that the -corpse was that of a woman. From this information -it was easy to judge what would be the fate of any -personal application to the parish officers, with intent -to obtain a restitution of what had been taken from -the coffin I, therefore, on Wednesday, the 25th, -addressed the following letter to Mr. <i>Strong</i>:—</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,</p> - -<p>‘The reflection of a few moments, after I -left you on Saturday, clearly showed me that the -probability of the coffin in question being <i>Milton’s</i> -was not at all weakened, either by the dates, or the -number of persons on the <i>Smiths’</i> monument; but -that it was rather confirmed by the latter circumstance. -By the evidence which you told me was -given by the surgeon, called in on Tuesday, the 17th, -the corpse is that of a male; it is certainly not that of -a man of eighty-five; if, therefore, it be one of the -earlier buried <i>Smiths</i>, all the later coffins of that family -should appear, but not one of them is found. I, then, -suppose the monument to have been put there because -the flat pillar, after the pulpit was removed, offered a -convenient situation for it, and “<i>near this place</i>” to be -open, as it is in almost every case where it appears, -to very liberal interpretation.</p> - -<p>‘It is, therefore, to be believed that the unworthy -treatment, on the 4th, was offered to the corpse -of <i>Milton</i>. Knowing what I know, I must not be -silent. It is a very unpleasant story to relate; but, -as it has fallen to my task, I will not shrink from -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -it. I respect nothing in this world more than truth, -and the memory of <i>Milton</i>; and to swerve in a tittle -from the first would offend the latter. I shall give the -plain and simple narrative, as delivered by the parties -themselves. If it sit heavy on any of their shoulders, -it is a burthen of their own taking up, and their -own backs must bear it. They are all, as I find, -very fond of deriving honour to themselves from -<i>Milton</i>, as their parishioner; perhaps the mode, which -I have hinted, is the only one which they have now -left themselves of proving an equal desire to do -honour to him. If I had thought that, in personally -proposing to the parish officers a general search -for, and collection of, all the spoils, and to put them, -together with the mangled corpse and old coffin, -into a new leaden one, I should have been attended -to, I would have taken that method; but, when I -found such impertinent inventions as setting up a -fabulous surgeon to creep in at a window practised, -I felt that so low an attempt at derision would -ensure that, whatever I should afterwards propose, -would be equally derided, and I had then left no -other means than to call in the public opinion in -aid of my own, and to hope that we should, at -length, see the bones of an honest man, and the first -scholar and poet our country can boast, restored to -their sepulchre.</p> - -<p>‘The narrative will appear, I believe, either to-morrow -or on Friday; whenever it does, your withers -are unwrung, and Mr. <i>Cole</i> has shown himself an -upright churchwarden.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p> -<p>‘I cannot conclude without returning you many -thanks for your great civilities, and am, &c.’ -</p> - -<p>The corpse was found entirely mutilated by those -who disinterred it on the 17th; almost all the ribs, -the lower jaw, and one of the hands gone. Of -all those who saw the body on Wednesday, the -4th, and on Thursday, the 5th, there is not one -person who discovered a single hair of any other -colour than light brown, although both Mr. <i>Laming</i> -and Mr. <i>Ellis</i> lifted up the head, and although the -considerable quantity of hair which Mr. <i>Taylor</i> took -was from the top of the head, and that which <i>Ellis</i> -took was from behind it; yet, from the accounts -of those who saw it on the 17th, it appears that -the hair on the back of the head was found of dark -brown, nearly approaching to black, although all -the front hair remaining was of the same light brown -as that taken on the 4th. It does not belong to me -either to account for or to prove the fact.</p> - -<p>On Wednesday, September the 1st, I waited on -Mr. <i>Dyson</i>, who was the gentleman sent for on the -17th, to examine the corpse. I asked him simply, -whether, from what had then appeared before him, -he judged it to be male or female? His answer was -that, having examined the pelvis and the skull, he -judged the corpse to be that of a man. I asked -what was the shape of the head? He said that the -forehead was high and erect, though the top of -the head was flat; and added that the skull was -of that shape and flatness at the top which, differing -from those of blacks, is observed to be common -and almost peculiar to persons of very comprehensive -intellects. I am a stranger to this sort of knowledge, -but the opinion is a strong confirmation that, from -all the premises before him, he judged the head to -be that of <i>Milton</i>. On a paper, which he showed -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> -me, enclosing a bit of the hair, he had written -‘<i>Milton’s hair</i>.’</p> - -<p>Mr. <i>Dyson</i> is a surgeon, who received his professional -education under the late Dr. <i>Hunter</i>, is in -partnership with Mr. <i>Price</i>, in Fore Street, where -the church stands, is of easy access, and his affability -can be exceeded only by his skill in an extensive -line of practice.</p> - -<p>Mr. <i>Taylor</i>, too, who is a surgeon of considerable -practice and eminence in his county, judged the corpse, -on the 4th, to be that of a male.</p> - -<p>A man, also, who has for many years acted as grave-digger -in that parish, and who was present on the -17th, decided, upon first sight of the skull, that it -was male; with as little hesitation, he pronounced -another, which had been thrown out of the ground -in digging, to be that of a woman. Decisions obviously -the result of practical, rather than of scientific -knowledge; for, being asked his reasons, he -could give none, but that observation had taught -him to distinguish such subjects. Yet this latter -sort of evidence is not to be too hastily rejected; -it may not be understood by everybody, but to anyone -acquainted with those who are eminently skilled -in judging of the genuineness of ancient coins, it -will be perfectly intelligible. In that difficult and -useful art, the eye of a proficient decides at once; -a novice, however, who should inquire for the reasons -of such decision, would seldom receive a further answer -than that the decision itself is the result of -experience and observation, and that the eye can -be instructed only by long familiarity with the subject; -yet all numismatic knowledge rests upon this -sort of judgment. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></p> - -<p>After these evidences, what proofs are there, or -what probable presumptions, that the corpse is that -of a woman?</p> - -<p>It was necessary to relate these facts, not only as -they belonged to the subject, but lest, from the -reports and papers above mentioned, I might, otherwise, -seem to have given either an unfaithful or a -partial statement of the evidences before me; whereas -now it will clearly be seen what facts appeared on -the first disinterment, which preceded, and what are -to be attributed to the second, which succeeded the -date of the narrative.</p> - -<p>I have now added every circumstance which has -hitherto come to my knowledge relative to this extraordinary -transaction, and conclude with this declaration, -that I should be very glad if any person would, -from facts, give me reason to believe that the corpse -in question is rather that of <i>Elizabeth Smith</i>, whose -name I know only from her monument, than that of -<i>John Milton</i>.</p> - -<p class="author">P. N.’</p> - -<p class="i2">‘8th of September, 1790.’</p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_TRUE_STORY_OF_EUGENE_ARAM">THE TRUE STORY OF EUGENE ARAM.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/t.jpg" alt="T" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> only knowledge which very many -people possess of the life and crime of -Eugene Aram has been derived from the -popular romance bearing his name, -written by the late Lord Lytton. And -this nobleman, influenced by his individual bias, has -so woven fiction with a small modicum of fact, as to -render the story, as a history of a celebrated crime, -totally unreliable. Stripped of the gloss Lord Lytton -has given it, and revealed in its bare nakedness, it -shows Eugene Aram in a very different light from the -solitary scholar, surrounded by books, with high, -romantic aspirations and noble thoughts, winning the -love of a pure and lovely girl; it shows us instead a -poor country school-master, clever, but self-taught, -married to a common woman, whose very faith he -doubted, struggling with poverty, and heavily weighed -down with several children; it paints him as a -man whose companions were sordid and dishonest, -whilst he himself was a liar, a thief, and a murderer, -a selfish man who scrupled not to leave wife and -children to shift for themselves, a man untrustworthy -in his relations of life.</p> - -<p>Eugenius, or Eugene Aram was born in the year -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> -1704,<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> at Ramsgill, a little village in Netherdale, -Yorkshire, and his father was a gardener, as he says, -of great abilities in botany, and an excellent draughtsman, -who served Dr. Compton, Bishop of London, -and, afterwards, Sir Edward Blackett, of Newby, and -Sir John Ingilby, of Ripley. When he was five or -six years of age, the family removed to Bondgate, -near Ripon, his father having purchased a little property -there. Here he was sent to school, and was -taught in a purely elementary manner to be capable -of reading the New Testament, and this was all the -education his parents gave him, with the exception -of about a month’s schooling some long time afterwards -with the Rev. Mr. Alcock of Burnsal.</p> - -<p>When about thirteen or fourteen, he joined his -father at Newby, till the death of Sir Edward -Blackett, and, his father having several books on -mathematics, and the boy being of a studious turn of -mind, he mastered their contents, and laid the -foundation of his future scholarship. When about -sixteen years of age, he went to London to be in the -counting-house of Mr. Christopher Blackett as bookkeeper; -but he had not been there more than a year -or two when he caught the small-pox, and, on his -recovery, went home into Yorkshire. His native air -soon restored him to health, and he studied hard at -poetry, history, and antiquities. He thus fitted himself -for keeping a school, which he opened in Netherdale, -and continued there for many years teaching -and studying. There he married, as he says, ‘unfortunately -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> -enough for me, for the misconduct of the -wife which that place afforded me has procured for -me this place, this prosecution, this infamy, and this -sentence.’</p> - -<p>During these years he read the Latin and Greek -authors, and obtained such a name for scholarship -that he was invited to Knaresborough to keep a -school there. He removed thither in the year 1734, -and continued there until about six weeks after the -murder of Daniel Clark. In the meantime he had -mastered Hebrew, and when he went to London he -got a situation to teach Latin, and writing, at a school -in Piccadilly, kept by a Monsieur Painblanc, who not -only gave him a salary, but taught him French. -There he remained over two years, then went to Hays -as a writing-master, after which he wandered from -situation to situation, at one time earning his living -by copying for a law-stationer. At last, somehow, he -found himself an usher at the Free School at Lynn, -where he lived until he was arrested for the murder -of Daniel Clark.</p> - -<p>This man was a shoemaker at Knaresborough, and -was an intimate visitor at Aram’s house—too intimate, -indeed, Aram thought, with his wife, hence the reference -to his wife previously quoted. He was a man -of bad character, and was more than suspected of -having, in company of another vagabond named -Houseman, murdered a Jew boy, who travelled the -country for one Levi as a pedlar, carrying a box containing -watches and jewellery. The poor lad was -decoyed to a place called Thistle Hill, where he was -robbed, murdered, and buried. This was about the -year 1744, and his bones were not found until 1758.</p> - -<p>Richard Houseman, who was born the same year -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> -as Aram, was a near neighbour of the latter’s—in -fact, he lived next door, and his occupation was that -of a heckler of flax, when he gave out to the women -of the village to spin for him. But, according to his -own statement, he was a most unscrupulous black-guard.</p> - -<p>Another intimate of Aram’s was a publican, named -Terry, but he only played a subsidiary part in the -drama, and nothing was ever brought home to him.</p> - -<p>In January, 1745, Clark married a woman with a -small fortune of about two hundred pounds, and, -immediately afterwards, this little nest of rogues contrived -and carried out the following swindle. Clark, -as he was known to have married a woman of some -little money, was to obtain goods of any description -from whomsoever would part with them on credit; -these goods were to be deposited with, and hidden by, -Aram and Houseman, and, after plundering all that -was possible, Clark was to decamp, and leave his -young wife to do the best she could. This was the -scheme in which the noble and refined Eugene Aram -of Lord Lytton was to, and did, bear his full part.</p> - -<p>Velvet from one man, leather from another, whips -from a third, table and bed linen from a fourth, -money lent by a fifth—all was fish that came to their -net; and, when obtained, they were hidden on the -premises either of Aram or Houseman, or else in a -place called St. Robert’s Cave, which was situated in -a field adjoining the Nid, a river near Knaresborough. -When this source was thoroughly exploited, a new -scheme was hit on by this ‘long firm.’ Clark should -pretend to be about to give a great wedding-feast, -and he went about gaily, borrowing silver tankards, -salvers, salts, spoons, &c., from whoever would lend -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span> -them. Indeed, so multifarious were his perquisitions, -that, according to one contemporary account, he got, -among other goods, the following: ‘three silver tankards, -four silver pints, one silver milk-pot, one ring -set with an emerald, and two brilliant diamonds, -another with three rose diamonds, a third with an -amethyst in the shape of a heart, and six plain rings, -eight watches, two snuff-boxes, Chambers’ Dictionary, -two vols. folio, Pope’s “Homer,” six vols., bound.’</p> - -<p>Having got all that could be got, it was now high -time that Clark should disappear. He was last seen -on the early morning of the 8th February, 1745, and -from that time until August 1, 1758, nothing was -heard of him. He was supposed to have gone away -with all his booty—and yet not all of it, for suspicion -was aroused that both Aram and Houseman, from -their intimacy with Clark, were accomplices in his -frauds. And so it clearly proved, for, on Aram’s -house being searched, several articles were found the -produce of their joint roguery, and in his garden -were found buried, cambric and other goods, wrapped -in coarse canvas. Still, neither he, nor Houseman, -nor Terry were prosecuted,<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> but Aram thought it -prudent to change his residence; so one fine day he -left his wife and family, and wandered forth. We -have seen the roving life he led, restless, and always -changing his abode; yet, during those thirteen years -of shifting exile, it must be said, to his credit, that no -breath of scandal attached to him; he was studious, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> -somewhat morose, yet he was so liked by the boys -at the grammar-school at Lynn, that, when he was -taken thence by the officers of justice, they cried at -losing him.</p> - -<p>Whilst at Lynn, he was recognised in June, 1758, -by a horse-dealer, and this recognition eventually -led to his apprehension; for, during that summer, a -labourer, digging for stone or gravel at a place called -Thistle Hill, near Knaresborough, found, at the depth -of two feet, a skeleton, which appeared to have been -buried doubled up. The remembrance of Clark’s -disappearance was at once awakened, and the body -was set down as being his.</p> - -<p>A country town has a keen recollection of anything -which has occurred disturbing its equal pace, and -the connection of Aram and Houseman with Clark -was duly remembered. Aram was away, but Houseman -still lived among them, and he was ordered by -the coroner to attend the inquest. The principal -witness was Anna Aram, Eugene’s wife, and she had -frequently, since her husband’s departure, dropped -hints of her suspicion that Clark had been murdered. -Her evidence is clear. She said that Daniel Clark was -an intimate acquaintance of her husband’s, and that -they had frequent transactions together before the -8th of February, 1744-5, and that Richard Houseman -was often with them; particularly that, on the 7th -of February, 1744-5, about six o’clock in the evening, -Aram came home when she was washing in the -kitchen, upon which he directed her to put out the -fire, and make one above stairs; she accordingly did -so. About two o’clock in the morning of the 8th -of February, Aram, Clark, and Houseman came to -Aram’s house, and went upstairs to the room where -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> -she was. They stayed about an hour. Her husband -asked her for a handkerchief for Dickey (meaning -Richard Houseman) to tie about his head; she accordingly -lent him one. Then Clark said, ‘It will -soon be morning, and we must get off.’ After which -Aram, Houseman, and Clark all went out together; -that, upon Clark’s going out, she observed him take -a sack or wallet upon his back, which he carried -along with him; whither they went she could not -tell. That about five o’clock the same morning her -husband and Houseman returned, but Clark did not -come with them. Her husband came upstairs, and -desired to have a candle that he might make a fire -below. To which she objected, and said, ‘There -was no occasion for two fires, as there was a good -one in the room above, where she then was.’ To -which Aram, her husband, answered, ‘Dickey’ (meaning -Richard Houseman) ‘was below, and did not -choose to come upstairs.’ Upon which she asked -(Clark not returning with them), ‘What had they -done with Daniel?’ To this her husband gave her -no answer, but desired her to go to bed, which she -refused to do, and told him, ‘They had been doing -something bad.’ Then Aram went down with the candle.</p> - -<p>She, being desirous to know what her husband and -Houseman were doing, and being about to go downstairs, -she heard Houseman say to Aram,</p> - -<p>‘She is coming.’</p> - -<p>Her husband replied, ‘We’ll not let her.’</p> - -<p>Houseman then said, ‘If she does, she’ll tell.’</p> - -<p>‘What can she tell?’ replied Aram. ‘Poor simple -thing! she knows nothing.’</p> - -<p>To which Houseman said, ‘If she tells that I am -here,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> ‘twill be enough.’ -</p> - -<p>Her husband then said, ‘I will hold the door to -prevent her from coming.’</p> - -<p>Whereupon Houseman said, ‘Something must be -done to prevent her telling,’ and pressed him to it -very much, and said, ‘If she does not tell now, she -may at some other time.’</p> - -<p>‘No,’ said her husband, ‘we will coax her a little -until her passion be off, and then take an opportunity -to shoot her.’</p> - -<p>Upon which Houseman appeared satisfied and said, -‘What must be done with her clothes?’ Whereupon -they both agreed that they would let her lie where -she was shot in her clothes.</p> - -<p>She, hearing this discourse, was much terrified, -but remained quiet, until near seven o’clock in the -same morning, when Aram and Houseman went out -of the house. Upon which Mrs. Aram, coming -down-stairs, and seeing there had been a fire below -and all the ashes taken out of the grate, she went and -examined the dung-hill; and, perceiving ashes of a -different kind to lie upon it, she searched amongst -them, and found several pieces of linen and woollen -cloth, very near burnt, which had the appearance of -belonging to wearing apparel. When she returned -into the house from the dung-hill, she found the -handkerchief she had lent Houseman the night -before; and, looking at it, she found some blood upon -it, about the size of a shilling. Upon which she -immediately went to Houseman, and showed him the -pieces of cloth she had found, and said ‘she was -afraid they had done something bad to Clark.’ But -Houseman then pretended he was a stranger to her -accusation, and said<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span> ‘he knew nothing what she -meant.’ -</p> - -<p>From the above circumstances she believed Daniel -Clark to have been murdered by Richard Houseman -and Eugene Aram, on the 8th of February, 1744-5.</p> - -<p>Several witnesses gave evidence that the last persons -seen with Clark were Aram and Houseman, -and two surgeons gave it as their opinion that the -body might have lain in the ground about thirteen or -fourteen years.</p> - -<p>During the inquiry Houseman seemed very uneasy: -he trembled, turned pale, and faltered in his speech; -and when, at the instigation of the coroner, in accordance -with the superstitious practice of the time, -he went to touch the bones, he was very averse so -to do. At last he mustered up courage enough to -take up one of the bones in his hand; but, immediately -throwing it down again, he exclaimed: ‘This -is no more Dan Clark’s bone than it is mine!’ He -further said he could produce a witness who had -seen Clark after the 8th of February; and he called -on Parkinson, who deposed that, personally, he had -not seen Clark after that time, but a friend of his -(Parkinson’s) had told him that he had met a person -like Daniel Clark, but as it was a snowy day, and the -person had the cape of his great-coat up, he could -not say with the least degree of certainty who he was.</p> - -<p>Of course, this witness did not help Houseman a -bit, and then the suspicion increased that he was -either the principal, or an accomplice in Clark’s -murder. Application was made to a magistrate, -who granted a warrant for his apprehension. At his -examination he made a statement, which he would -not sign, saying, ‘He chose to waive it for the present; -for he might have something to add, and therefore -desired to have time to consider of it.’ This -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> -confirmed former suspicions, and he was committed -to York Castle.</p> - -<p>On his way thither he was very uneasy, and, hearing -that the magistrate who committed him was at -that time in York, he asked him to be sent for, and -he made the following statement:</p> - -<h3><i>The examination of Richard Houseman, of Knaresbrough, -flax-dresser.</i></h3> - -<p>‘This examinant saies that true it is that Daniel -Clark was murdered by Eugene Aram, late of -Knaresbrough, schoolmaster, and, as he believes, -it was on Friday morning, the 8th of February, 1744, -as set forth by other informations, as to matter of -time; for that he, and Eugene Aram and Daniel -Clark were together at Aram’s house early in the -morning, when there was snow on the ground, and -moonlight, and went out of Aram’s house a little -before them, and went up the street a little before -them, and they called to him to go a little way with -them; and he accordingly went with them to a -place called St. Robert’s Cave, near Grimble Bridge, -where Aram and Clark stopt a little; and then he -saw Aram strike him several times over the breast -and head, and saw him fall, as if he was dead, and -he, the examinant, came away and left them together, -but whether Aram used any weapon or not to kill -him with, he can’t tell, nor does he know what he -did with the body afterwards, but believes Aram -left it at the Cave’s mouth; for this examinant, -seeing Aram do this, to which, he declares, he was -no way abetting, or privy to, nor knew of his design -to kill him at all. This made the examinant make -the best of his way from him, lest he might share -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> -the same fate; and got to the bridge-end, and then -lookt back, and saw him coming from the Caveside, -which is in a private rock adjoining the river; -and he could discern some bundle in his hand, but -does not know what it was. On which he, this -informant, made the best of his way to the town, -without joining Aram again, or seeing him again -till the next day, and from that time to this, he -has never had any private discourse with him.’</p> - -<p>After signing this statement, Houseman said that -Clark’s body would be found in St. Robert’s Cave, -in the turn at the entrance of the cave, its head -lying to the right; and, sure enough, in the spot -described, and in that position, was a skeleton found, -with two holes in its skull, made apparently with a -pickaxe or hammer.</p> - -<p>A warrant was at once issued for the apprehension -of Aram, and duly executed at Lynn. When first -questioned, he denied ever having been at Knaresborough, -or that he had ever known Daniel Clark; -but when he was confronted with the constable from -Knaresborough, he was obliged to retract his words. -On the journey to York, Aram was restless, inquiring -after his old neighbours, and what they said of him. -He was told that they were much enraged against -him for the loss of their goods. Whereupon he asked -if it would not be possible to make up the matter? -and the answer was, perhaps it might be, if he -restored what they had lost. He then said that was -impossible, but he might, perhaps, find them an -equivalent.</p> - -<p>On his arrival at York, he was taken before a -magistrate, to whom he made a statement, which -was a parcel of lies. He was committed to York -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> -Castle, but had not gone more than a mile on his -way thither when he wished to return and make a -second statement, which was as follows:</p> - -<p>‘That he was at his own house on the 7th of -February, 1744-5, at night, when Richard Houseman -and Daniel Clark came to him with some plate; and -both of them went for more, several times, and came -back with several pieces of plate, of which Clark -was endeavouring to defraud his neighbours; that -he could not but observe that Houseman was all -night very diligent to assist him to the utmost of -his power, and insisted that this was Houseman’s -business that night, and not the signing any note -or instrument, as is pretended by Houseman; that -Henry Terry, then of Knaresborough, ale-keeper, -was as much concerned in abetting the said frauds -as either Houseman or Clark; but was not now at -Aram’s house, because as it was market-day—his absence -from his guests might have occasioned some -suspicion; that Terry, notwithstanding, brought two -silver tankards that night, upon Clark’s account, -which had been fraudulently obtained; and that -Clark, so far from having borrowed twenty pounds -of Houseman, to his knowledge never borrowed -more than nine pounds, which he paid again before -that night.</p> - -<p>‘That all the leather Clark had—which amounted -to a considerable value—he well knows was concealed -under flax in Houseman’s house, with intent -to be disposed of by little and little, in order to -prevent suspicion of his being concerned in Clark’s -fraudulent practices.</p> - -<p>‘That Terry took the plate in a bag, as Clark -and Houseman did the watches, rings, and several -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> -small things of value, and carried them into the -flat, where they and he’ (Aram) ‘went together to -St. Robert’s Cave, and beat most of the plate flat. -It was thought too late in the morning, being about -four o’clock, on the 8th of February, 1744-5, for -Clark to go off, so as to get to any distance; it -was therefore agreed he should stay there till the -night following, and Clark, accordingly, stayed there -all that day, as he believes, they having agreed to -send him victuals, which were carried to him by -Henry Terry, he being judged the most likely person -to do it without suspicion; for, as he was a shooter, -he might go thither under the pretence of sporting; -that the next night, in order to give Clark more -time to get off, Henry Terry, Richard Houseman, -and himself went down to the cave very early; -but he’ (Aram) ‘did not go in, or see Clark at all; -that Richard Houseman and Henry Terry only went -into the cave, he staying to watch at a little distance -on the outside, lest anybody should surprise them.</p> - -<p>‘That he believes they were beating some plate, -for he heard them make a noise. They stayed there -about an hour, and then came out of the cave, and -told him that Clark was gone off. Observing a bag -they had along with them, he took it in his hand, -and saw that it contained plate. On asking why -Daniel did not take the plate along with him, Terry -and Houseman replied that they had bought it of -him, as well as the watches, and had given him -money for it, that being more convenient for him -to go off with, as less cumbersome and dangerous. -After which they all three went into Houseman’s -warehouse, and concealed the watches, with the -small plate, there; but that Terry carried away with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span> -him the great plate; that, afterwards, Terry told -him he carried it to How Hill, and hid it there, and -then went into Scotland and disposed of it; but -as to Clark, he could not tell whether he was murdered -or not, he knew nothing of him, only they -told him he was gone off.’</p> - -<p>Terry, being thus implicated, was arrested and -committed to gaol; but the prosecutors for the crown, -after the bills of indictment were preferred against -all three, finding their proof insufficient to obtain a -conviction at the coming assizes, prevailed on the -judge to hold the case over until the Lammas -Assizes. There was not enough outside evidence to -convict them all; evidence, if any, could only be -furnished by the criminals themselves. There was -sufficient to convict either Aram or Houseman singly, -if one or other would tell the truth, and all he knew; -so after many consultations as to the person whom it -was most advisable and just to punish, it was -unanimously agreed that Aram, who from his education -and position was the worst of the lot, should be -punished, and in order to do so it was necessary to -try to acquit Houseman, who would then be available -as evidence against Aram. The case against Terry -was so slight, that he was, perforce, let go.</p> - -<p>On Friday, 3rd of August, 1759, the trials took -place, and Houseman was first arraigned, but there -being no evidence against him he was acquitted, to -the great surprise and regret of everyone who was -not behind the scenes.</p> - -<p>Then Aram was put in the dock to stand his trial, -and deep, indeed, must have been his disgust, when -he found his accomplice, Houseman, step into the -witness-box and tell his version (undoubtedly perjured) -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> -of the murder. His evidence was, except in a -few minor particulars, similar to his previous statement. -Sweet innocent! When he saw Aram strike -Clark, he made haste home, and knew nothing of the -disposal of the body until the next morning, when -Aram called on him, and told him he had left it in the -cave, and dire were his threats of vengeance should -Houseman ever disclose the dread secret of that -eventful night.</p> - -<p>After this sensational evidence the other witnesses -must have seemed very tame. Clark’s servant proved -that his master had just received his wife’s little -portion, and that Aram was perfectly cognizant -thereof. Another witness deposed to seeing Houseman -come out of Aram’s house about one o’clock in -the morning of the 8th of February. A third deposed -to the recovery of some of his own goods of which -Clark had defrauded him, and which were found -buried in Aram’s garden. The constable who arrested -him had a few words to say, and the skull was -produced in Court, when a surgical expert declared -that the fractures must have been produced by blows -from some blunt instrument, and could not possibly -proceed from natural decay.</p> - -<p>Aram was then called upon for his defence, and he -produced a manuscript of which the following is a -copy. It is, as will be perceived, a laboured and -casuistical defence, not having a true ring about it, -and not at all like the utterance of a perfectly innocent -man.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p> - -<p>I know not whether it is of right or -through some indulgence of your Lordship that I am -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -allowed the liberty at this Bar and at this time to -attempt a defence, incapable, and uninstructed as I -am to speak. Since, while I see so many eyes upon -me, so numerous and awful a concourse, fixed with -attention, and filled with I know not what expectancy, -I labour, not with guilt, my Lord, but with perplexity. -For having never seen a Court but this, being -wholly unacquainted with law, the customs of the -Bar, and all judiciary proceedings, I fear I shall be -so little capable of speaking with propriety in this -place, that it exceeds my hope, if I shall be able to -speak at all.</p> - -<p>I have heard, my Lord, the indictment read, -wherein I find myself charged with the highest -crime, with an enormity I am altogether incapable -of, a fact to the commission of which there goes far -more insensibility of heart, more profligacy of morals, -than ever fell to my lot. And nothing, possibly, could -have admitted a presumption of this nature, but a -depravity not inferior to that imputed to me. However, -as I stand indicted at your Lordship’s Bar, and -have heard what is called evidence induced in support -of such a charge, I very humbly solicit your -Lordship’s patience, and beg the hearing of this -respectable audience, while I, single and unskilful, -destitute of friends, and unassisted by counsel, say -something, perhaps like an argument, in my defence. -I shall consume but little of your Lordship’s time; -what I have to say will be short, and this brevity, -probably, will be the best part of it. However, it is -offered with all possible regard, and the greatest submission -to your Lordship’s consideration, and that of -this honourable Court.</p> - -<p><i>First.</i> My Lord, the whole tenor of my conduct in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> -life contradicts every particular of this indictment. -Yet I had never said this, did not my present circumstances -extort it from me, and seem to make it -necessary. Permit me here, my Lord, to call upon -malignity itself, so long and cruelly busied in this -prosecution, to charge upon me any immorality, of -which prejudice was not the author. No, my Lord, I -concerted not schemes of fraud, projected no violence, -injured no man’s person or property. My days -were honestly laborious, my nights intensely studious. -And I humbly conceive my notice of this, especially -at this time, will not be thought impertinent or unreasonable, -but, at least, deserving some attention. -Because, my Lord, that any person, after a temperate -use of life, a series of thinking and acting regularly, -and without one single deviation from sobriety, -should plunge into the very depth of profligacy, precipitately, -and at once, is altogether improbable and -unprecedented, and absolutely inconsistent with the -course of things. Mankind is never corrupted at -once; villainy is always progressive, and declines -from right, step after step, till every regard of probity -is lost, and all moral obligation totally perishes.</p> - -<p>Again, my Lord, a suspicion of this kind, which -nothing but malevolence could entertain, and ignorance -propagate, is violently opposed by my very -situation at that time, with respect to health. For, -but a little space before, I had been confined to my -bed, and suffered under a very long and severe disorder, -and was not able, for half a year together, so -much as to walk. The distemper left me, indeed, -yet slowly, and in part; but so macerated, so enfeebled, -that I was reduced to crutches, and was so -far from being well about the time I am charged with -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> -this fact, that I never to this day perfectly recovered. -Could, then, a person in this condition take anything -into his head so unlikely, so extravagant? I, past -the vigour of my age, feeble and valetudinary, with -no inducement to engage, no ability to accomplish, -no weapon wherewith to perpetrate such a fact; -without interest, without power, without motive, -without means.</p> - -<p>Besides, it must needs occur to everyone that an -action of this atrocious nature is never heard of, but, -when its springs are laid open, it appears that it was -to support some indolence or supply some luxury, to -satisfy some avarice or oblige some malice, to prevent -some real, or some imaginary want; yet I lay -not under the influence of any one of these. Surely, -my Lord, I may, consistent with both truth and -modesty, affirm thus much; and none who have any -veracity, and knew me, will ever question this.</p> - -<p>In the second plea, the disappearance of Clark is -suggested as an argument of his being dead; but the -uncertainty of such an inference from that, and the -fallibility of all conclusions of such a sort, from such -a circumstance, are too obvious and too notorious -to require instances; yet, superseding many, permit -me to produce a very recent one, and that afforded -by this castle.</p> - -<p>In June, 1757, William Thompson, for all the -vigilance of this place, in open daylight, and double-ironed, -made his escape, and, notwithstanding an -immediate inquiry set on foot, the strictest search, -and all advertisements, was never seen or heard of -since. If, then, Thompson got off unseen, through -all these difficulties, how very easy was it for Clark, -when none of them opposed him? But what would -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> -be thought of a prosecution commenced against any -one seen last with Thompson?</p> - -<p>Permit me next, my Lord, to observe a little upon -the bones which have been discovered. It is said, -which, perhaps, is saying very far, that these are the -skeleton of a man. It is possible, indeed it may; but -is there any certain known criterion which incontestably -distinguishes the sex in human bones? Let -it be considered, my Lord, whether the ascertaining -of this point ought not to precede any attempt to -identify them.</p> - -<p>The place of their deposition, too, claims much -more attention than is commonly bestowed upon it. -For, of all places in the world, none could have mentioned -anyone wherein there was greater certainty -of finding human bones than an hermitage, except -he should point out a churchyard. Hermitages, in -times past, being not only places of religious retirement, -but of burial, too, and it has scarce or never -been heard of, but that every cell now known, contains, -or contained, these relics of humanity, some -mutilated and some entire. I do not inform, but -give me leave to remind, your Lordship, that here -sat solitary sanctity, and here the hermit, or the -anchoress, hoped that repose for their bones, when -dead, they here enjoyed when living.</p> - -<p>All this while, my Lord, I am sensible this is known -to your Lordship, and many in this Court, better than -I. But it seems necessary to my case, that others, -who have not at all, perhaps, adverted to things of -this nature, and may have concern in my trial, should -be made acquainted with it. Suffer me, then, my -Lord, to produce a few of many evidences that these -cells were used as repositories of the dead, and to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> -enumerate a few, in which human bones have been -found, as it happened in this in question, lest, to some, -that accident might seem extraordinary, and, consequently, -occasion prejudice.</p> - -<p>1. The bones, as was supposed, of the Saxon, St. -Dubritius, were discovered buried in his cell at -Guy’s Cliff near Warwick, as appears from the -authority of Sir William Dugdale.</p> - -<p>2. The bones, thought to be those of the anchoress -Rosia, were but lately discovered in a cell at Royston, -entire, fair, and undecayed, though they must -have lain interred for several centuries, as is proved -by Dr. Stukeley.</p> - -<p>3. But our own country, nay, almost this neighbourhood, -supplies another instance; for in January, -1747, was found by Mr. Stovin, accompanied by a -reverend gentleman, the bones in part of some -recluse, in the cell at Lindholm, near Hatfield. They -were believed to be those of William of Lindholm, -a hermit, who had long made this cave his habitation.</p> - -<p>4. In February, 1744, part of Woburn Abbey being -pulled down, a large portion of a corpse appeared, -even with the flesh on, and which bore cutting with -a knife, though it is certain this had lain above two -hundred years, and how much longer is doubtful, -for this abbey was founded in 1145, and dissolved in -1558 or 1559.</p> - -<p>What would have been said, what believed, if this -had been an accident to the bones in question?</p> - -<p>Further, my Lord, it is not yet out of living memory -that a little distance from Knaresborough, in a field, -part of the manor of the worthy and patriotic baronet -who does that borough the honour to represent it in -Parliament, were found, in digging for gravel, not -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> -one human skeleton alone, but five or six, deposited -side by side, with each an urn placed at its head, as -your Lordship knows was usual in ancient interments.</p> - -<p>About the same time, and in another field, almost -close to this borough, was discovered also, in searching -for gravel, another human skeleton; but the -piety of the same worthy gentleman ordered both -pits to be filled up again, commendably unwilling to -disturb the dead.</p> - -<p>Is the invention<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a> of these bones forgotten, then, or -industriously concealed, that the discovery of those -in question may appear the more singular and extraordinary? -whereas, in fact, there is nothing extraordinary -in it. My Lord, almost every place conceals -such remains. In fields, in hills, in highway sides, -and in commons lie frequent and unsuspected bones. -And our present allotments for rest for the departed, -is but of some centuries.</p> - -<p>Another particular seems not to claim a little of -your Lordship’s notice, and that of the gentlemen of -the jury; which is, that perhaps no example occurs -of more than <i>one</i> skeleton being found in <i>one</i> cell, and -in the cell in question was found but <i>one</i>; agreeable, -in this, to the peculiarity of every other known cell -in Britain. Not the invention of one skeleton, then, -but of two, would have appeared suspicious and -uncommon.</p> - -<p>But then, my Lord, to attempt to identify these, -when even to identify living men sometimes has -proved so difficult—as in the case of Perkin Warbeck -and Lambert Symnel at home, and of Don Sebastian -abroad—will be looked upon, perhaps, as an attempt -to determine what is indeterminable. And I hope, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span> -too, it will not pass unconsidered here, where gentlemen -believe with caution, think with reason, and -decide with humanity, what interest the endeavour -to do this is calculated to serve, in assigning proper -personality to those bones, whose particular appropriation -can only appear to eternal omniscience.</p> - -<p>Permit me, my Lord, also, very humbly to remonstrate -that, as human bones appear to have been the -inseparable adjuncts of every cell, even any person’s -naming such a place at random as containing them, -in this case, shows him rather unfortunate, than conscious -prescient, and that these attendants on every -hermitage only accidentally concurred with this conjecture. -A mere casual coincidence of <i>words</i> and <i>things</i>.</p> - -<p>But it seems another skeleton has been discovered -by some labourer, which was full as confidently -averred to be Clark’s as this. My Lord, must some of -the living, if it promotes some interest, be made -answerable for all the bones that earth has concealed, -and chance exposed! and might not a place where -bones lay, be mentioned by a person by chance, as -well as found by a labourer by chance? Or, is it more -criminal accidentally to <i>name</i> where bones lie, than -accidentally to <i>find</i> where they lie?</p> - -<p>Here, too, is a human skull produced, which is -fractured; but was this the <i>cause</i> or was it the consequence -of death—was it owing to violence, or was it -the effect of natural decay? If it was violence, was -that violence before or after death? My Lord, in May, -1732, the remains of William, Lord Archbishop of this -province, were taken up by permission, in this cathedral, -and the bones of the skull were found broken; -yet certainly he died by no violence offered to him -alive, that could occasion that fracture there. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span></p> - -<p>Let it be considered, my Lord, that upon the dissolution -of religious houses, and the commencement of the -Reformation, the ravages of those times affected the -living and the dead. In search after imaginary -treasures, coffins were broken up, graves and vaults -broken open, monuments ransacked, and shrines demolished; -your Lordship knows that these violations -proceeded so far, as to occasion parliamentary authority -to restrain them; and it did, about the beginning -of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. I entreat your -Lordship, suffer not the violence, the depredations, -and the iniquities of these times to be imputed to -this.</p> - -<p>Moreover, what gentleman here is ignorant that -Knaresborough had a castle, which, though How a -ruin, was once considerable, both for its strength and -garrison. All know it was vigorously besieged by -the arms of the Parliament. At which siege, in sallies, -conflicts, flights, pursuits, many fell in all the places -around it; and where they fell were buried. For -every place, my Lord, is burial-earth in war; and -many, questionless, of these yet rest unknown, whose -bones futurity shall discover.</p> - -<p>I hope, with all imaginable submission, that what -has been said will not be thought impertinent to this -indictment, and that it will be far from the wisdom, -the learning, and the integrity of this place to impute -to the living what zeal, in its fury, may have done; -what nature may have taken off, and piety interred; -or what war alone may have destroyed, alone -deposited.</p> - -<p>As to the circumstances that have been raked together, -I have nothing to observe; but that all circumstances -whatsoever are precarious, and have been -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span> -but too frequently found lamentably fallible; even the -strongest have failed. They may rise to the utmost -degree of probability, yet they are but probability -still. Why should I name to your Lordship the two -Harrisons, recorded in Dr. Howel, who both suffered -upon circumstances, because of the sudden disappearance -of their lodger, who was in credit, had -contracted debts, borrowed money, and went off -unseen, and returned again a great many years after -their execution. Why name the intricate affair of -Jaques du Moulin under King Charles II., related by -a gentleman who was counsel for the Crown. And -why the unhappy Coleman, who suffered innocent, -though convicted upon positive evidence, and whose -children perished for want, because the world uncharitably -believed the father guilty. Why mention -the perjury of Smith, incautiously admitted king’s -evidence; who, to screen himself, equally accused -Fainlotte and Loveday of the murder of Dunn; the -first of whom, in 1749, was executed at Winchester; -and Loveday was about to suffer at Reading, had not -Smith been proved perjured, to the satisfaction of the -court, by the surgeon of Gosport Hospital.</p> - -<p>Now, my Lord, having endeavoured to show that -the whole of this process is altogether repugnant to -every part of my life; that it is inconsistent with my -condition of health about that time; that no rational -inference can be drawn that a person is dead who -suddenly disappears; that hermitages were the constant -repositories of the bones of the recluse; that -the proofs of this are well authenticated; that the -revolution in religion, or the fortunes of war, has -mangled, or buried, the dead; the conclusion remains, -perhaps no less reasonably, than impatiently, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> -wished for. I, last, after a year’s confinement, equal -to either fortune, put myself upon the candour, the -justice, and the humanity of your Lordship, and upon -yours, my countrymen, gentlemen of the jury.’</p> - -<p>It will be seen from this elaborate defence that it -must have been written long before his trial, and before -his hopes of acquittal were crushed by the -appearance of Houseman in the witness-box to give -evidence against him; for he did not attempt to discredit -his evidence, nor did he attempt to shake -his testimony by cross-examination, and he must -have anticipated the result. The judge summed -up carefully; he recapitulated the evidence, and -showed how Houseman’s testimony was confirmed by -the other witnesses; and, taking Aram’s defence, he -pointed out that he had alleged nothing that could -invalidate the positive evidence against him. The -jury, without leaving the court, returned a verdict -of ‘Guilty,’ and the judge pronounced the awful -sentence of the law. Aram had behaved with great -firmness and dignity during the whole of his trial, and -he heard his conviction, and his doom, with profound -composure, leaving the bar with a smile upon his -countenance.</p> - -<p>In those days the law allowed but little time for -appeal. Aram was tried, convicted, and sentenced on -Friday, the 3rd of August, 1759, and he had to die -on the following Monday—only two whole days of -life being allowed him. Those days must have been -days of exquisite torture to him, when he thought -of the upturned faces of the mob, all fixing their gaze -upon him, yelling at, and execrating him, and we can -scarcely wonder at his attempting to commit suicide. -On the Monday morning, when the clergyman came -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span> -to visit him, and at his request to administer the -Sacrament to him, he was astonished to find Aram -stretched on the floor of his cell in a pool of blood. -He had managed to secrete a razor, and had cut the -veins of his arms in two places. Surgeons were -sent for, and they brought him back to life, when he -was put into the cart and led to execution. Arrived -at the gallows, he was asked if he had any speech to -make, and he replied in the negative. He was then -hanged, and, when dead, his body was cut down, -put in a cart, taken to Knaresborough, and there -suspended in chains, on a gibbet which was erected -on Knaresborough forest, south or south-east of the -Low Bridge, on the right hand side going thence to -Plumpton. It was taken down in 1778, when the -forest was enclosed.</p> - -<p>He left his latest thoughts in writing, for, on the -table in his cell, was found a paper on which was -written,</p> - -<p>‘What am I better than my fathers? To die is -natural and necessary. Perfectly sensible of this, -I fear no more to die than I did to be born. But the -manner of it is something which should, in my -opinion, be decent and manly. I think I have regarded -both these points. Certainly nobody has a -better right to dispose of man’s life than himself; and -he, not others, should determine how. As for any -indignities offered to anybody, or silly reflections on -my faith and morals, they are (as they were) things -indifferent to me. I think, though, contrary to the -common way of thinking; I wrong no man by this, -and I hope it is not offensive to that eternal being -who formed me and the world; and as by this I -injure no man, no man can be reasonably offended. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span> -I solicitously recommend myself to the eternal and -almighty Being, the God of Nature, if I have done -amiss. But perhaps I have not, and I hope this -thing will never be imputed to me. Though I am -now stained by malevolence, and suffer by prejudice, -I hope to rise fair and unblemished. My life was not -polluted, my morals irreproachable, and my opinions -orthodox.</p> - -<p>‘I slept soundly till three o’clock, awak’d, and then -writ these lines.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘“Come, pleasing Rest, eternal Slumber fall;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Seal mine, that once must seal the eyes of all;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Calm and compos’d my soul her journey takes,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No guilt that troubles, and no heart that aches.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Adieu! thou sun, all bright like her arise;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Adieu! fair friends, and all that’s good and wise.”’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Aram never made any regular confession of his -guilt—but in a letter he wrote to the vicar of -Knaresborough, in which he gives his autobiography, -he says, ‘Something is expected as to the affair -upon which I was committed, to which I say, as -I mentioned in my examination, that all the plate -of Knaresborough, except the watches and rings, -were in Houseman’s possession; as for me, I had -nothing at all. My wife knows that Terry had the -large plate, and that Houseman himself took both -that and the watches, at my house, from Clark’s -own hands; and, if she will not give this in evidence -for the town, she wrongs both that and her own -conscience; and, if it is not done soon, Houseman -will prevent her. She likewise knows that Terry’s -wife had some velvet, and, if she will, can testify -it. She deserves not the regard of the town, if she -will not. That part of Houseman’s evidence, wherein -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span> -he said I threatened him, was absolutely false; for -what hindered him, when I was so long absent and -far distant? I must need observe another thing to -be perjury in Houseman’s evidence, in which he -said he went home from Clark; whereas he went -straight to my house, as my wife can also testify, if -I be not believed.’</p> - -<p>The contemporary accounts of his trial, whether -published in York or London, have the following:</p> - -<p>‘Aram’s sentence was a just one, and he submitted -to it with that stoicism he so much affected; -and the morning after he was condemned, he confessed -the justness of it to two clergymen (who had -a licence from the judge to attend him), by declaring -that he murdered Clark. Being asked by one of -them what his motive was for doing that abominable -action, he told them, ‘he suspected Clark of having -an unlawful commerce with his wife; that he was -persuaded at the time, when he committed the murder, -he did right, but, since, he had thought it wrong.’</p> - -<p>‘After this, pray,’ said Aram, ‘what became of -Clark’s body, if Houseman went home (as he said -upon my trial) immediately on seeing him fall?’</p> - -<p>One of the clergymen replied, ‘I’ll tell you what -became of it. You and Houseman dragged it into -the cave, stripped and buried it there; brought away -his clothes, and burnt them at your own house.’</p> - -<p>To which he assented. He was asked whether -Houseman did not earnestly press him to murder -his wife, for fear she should discover the business -they had been about. He hastily replied,</p> - -<p>‘He did, and pressed me several times to do it.’</p> - -<p>Aram’s wife lived some years after his execution; -indeed, she did not die until 1774. She lived in a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span> -small house near Low Bridge, within sight of her -husband’s gibbet; and here she sold pies, sausages, -&c. It is said that she used to search under the -gibbet for any of her husband’s bones that might -have fallen, and then bury them.</p> - -<p>Aram, by his wife, had six children, who survived -their childhood—three sons and three daughters. -All these children, save one, Sally, took after their -mother; but Sally resembled her father, both physically -and mentally. She was well read in the classics, -and Aram would sometimes put his scholars to the -blush, by having Sally in their class. Her father -was very fond of her, and she was living with him -at Lynn when he was arrested, and she clung to -him when in prison at York. On his death, she went -to London, and, after a time, she married, and, with -her husband, kept a public-house on the Surrey side -of Westminster Bridge.</p> - -<p>Houseman went back to Knaresborough, where he -abode until his death. He was naturally mobbed, -and never dared stir out in the day time, but sometimes -slunk out at night. Despised and detested by -all, his life must have been a burden to him, and his -punishment in this world far heavier than Aram was -called upon to bear. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="REDEMPTIONERS">REDEMPTIONERS.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/s.jpg" alt="S" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Slavery</span>, properly so called, appears to -have been from the earliest ages, and in -almost every country, the condition of -a large portion of the human race; the -weakest had ever to serve the strong—whether -the slave was a captive in battle, or an impecunious -debtor unable to satisfy the claims of his creditor, -save with his body. Climate made no difference. -Slavery existed in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in -our own ‘right little, tight little island,’ our early -annals show that a large proportion of the Anglo-Saxon -population was in a state of slavery. These -unfortunate bondsmen, who were called theows, -thrœls, and esnes,<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> were bought and sold with land, -and were classed in the inventory of their lord’s -wealth, with his sheep, swine, and oxen, and were -bequeathed by will, precisely as we now dispose of -our money, or furniture.</p> - -<p>The condition of the Anglo-Saxon slaves was very -degraded indeed; their master might put them in -bonds, might whip them, nay, might even brand -them, like cattle, with his own distinguishing mark, a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span> -state of things which existed until Alfred the Great -enacted some laws, whereby the time of the servitude -of these unhappy people was limited to six years, -and the institution of slavery received such a blow, -that it speedily became a thing of the past. They -were no longer slaves, but redemptioners, <i>i.e.</i>, they -had the hope of redemption from servitude, and the -law gave them the power to enforce their freedom.</p> - -<p>We have only to turn to the pages of holy writ to -find slavery flourishing in rank luxuriance in the -time of the patriarchs, and before the birth of Moses. -Euphemistically described in Scripture history as -servants, they were mostly unconditional and perpetual -slaves. They were strangers, either taken -prisoners in war or purchased from the neighbouring -nations; but the Jews also had a class of servants -who only were in compulsory bondage for a limited -time, and they were men of their own nation.</p> - -<p>These were men who, by reason of their poverty, -were obliged to give their bodies in exchange for the -wherewithal to support them, or they were insolvent -debtors, and thus sought to liquidate their indebtedness, -or men who had committed a theft, and had not -the means of making the double, or fourfold, restitution -that the law required. Their thraldom was not -perpetual, they might be redeemed, and, if not redeemed, -they became free on the completion of their -seventh year of servitude.</p> - -<p>Exodus, chap. 21, vv. 2-6. ‘If thou buy an -Hebrew servant, six years shall he serve: and in the -seventh he shall go out free for nothing. If he came -in by himself, he shall go out by himself; if he were -married, then his wife shall go out with him. If his -master have given him a wife, and she have borne -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span> -him sons or daughters, the wife and her children -shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself. -And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, -my wife, and my children: I will not go out free: -then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he -shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door-post; -and his master shall bore his ear through with -an awl, and he shall serve for ever.’</p> - -<p>Here, then, we have a redemptioner, one whose -servitude was not a hopeless one, and we find this -limited bondage again referred to in Leviticus, chap. -25, vv. 39, 40, 41.</p> - -<p>‘And if thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen -poor, and be sold unto thee, thou shalt not compel -him to serve as a bond servant: but as an hired servant, -and as a sojourner, he shall be with thee, and -shall serve thee unto the year of jubilee. And then -shall he depart from thee, both he and his children -with him, and shall return unto his own family, and -unto the possession of his fathers shall he return.’</p> - -<p>Here in England we are accustomed to look upon -the slave from one point of view only, as an unhappy -being of a different race and colour to ourselves, few -of us knowing that there has been a time (and that -not so very long ago) when members of our own -nation, so utterly forlorn and miserable from the rude -buffetings Fortune had given them in their way -through the world, have been glad to sell their bodies -for a time, to enable them to commence afresh the -struggle for existence, in another land, and, perchance, -under more favourable circumstances.</p> - -<p>In ‘his Majesty’s plantations’ of Virginia, Maryland, -and New England, and in the West Indies, -these unfortunates were first called servants, and as -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> -such are officially described; but in America in later -times they received the appellation of redemptioners, -a name by which they were certainly called in the -middle of this century, for in Dorsey’s ‘Laws of -Maryland,’ published in 1840, we find an Act<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> (cap. -226) was passed in 1817 to alleviate the condition of -these poor people. The preamble sets forth, ‘Whereas -it has been found that German and Swiss emigrants, -who for the discharge of the debt contracted for -their passage to this country are often obliged to -subject themselves to temporary servitude, are -frequently exposed to cruel and oppressive impositions -by the masters of the vessels in which they -arrive, and likewise by those to whom they become -servants,’ &c.</p> - -<p>It is impossible to fix any date when this iniquitous -traffic first began. It arose, probably, from the want -of labourers in the plantations of our colonies in their -early days, and the employment of unscrupulous -agents on this side to supply their needs in this -respect. A man in pecuniary difficulties in the seventeenth -and eighteen centuries was indeed in woeful -plight: a gaol was his certain destination, and there -he might rot his life away, cut off from all hope of -release, unless death came mercifully to his relief. -All knew of the horrors of a debtor’s prison, and, to -escape them, an able-bodied man had recourse to the -dreadful expedient of selling himself into bondage, -for a term of years, in one of the plantations, either in -America or the West Indies, or he would believe the -specious tales of the ‘kidnappers,’ as they were called, -who would promise anything, a free passage, and a -glorious life of ease and prosperity in a new land. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span></p> - -<p>Thoroughly broken down, wretched, and miserable, -his thoughts would naturally turn towards a new -country, wherein he might rehabilitate himself, and, in -an evil hour, he would apply to some (as we should -term it) emigration agent, who would even kindly -advance him a trifle for an outfit. The voyage out -would be an unhappy experience, as the emigrants -would be huddled together, with scant food, and, on -his arrival at his destination, he would early discover -the further miseries in store for him; for, immediately -on landing, or even before he left the ship, his body -would be seized as security for passage money, which -had, in all probability, been promised him free, and -for money lent for his outfit; and, having no means -of paying either, utterly friendless, and in a strange -country, he would be sold to slavery for a term of -years to some planter who would pay the debt for -him.</p> - -<p>Having obtained his flesh and blood at such a -cheap rate, his owner would not part with him -lightly, and it was an easy thing to arrange matters -so that he was always kept in debt for clothes and -tobacco, &c., in order that he never should free himself. -It was a far cry to England, and with no one -to help him, or to draw public attention to his case, -the poor wretch had to linger until death mercifully -released him from his bondage; his condition being -truly deplorable, as he would be under the same -regulations as the convicts, and one may be very -sure that <i>their</i> lot was not enviable in those harsh -and merciless times. It was not for many years, -until the beginning of this century, that the American -laws took a beneficial turn in favour of these -unhappy people; and it was then too late, for the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span> -institution of redemptioners died a speedy death, -owing to the influx of free emigration.</p> - -<p>One of the earliest notices of these unfortunates is -in a collection of Old Black letter ballads, in the -British Museum, where there is one entitled, ‘The -Trappan’d Maiden, or the Distressed Damsel,’ -(c. 22, e. 2)/186 in which are depicted some of the sorrows -which were undergone by these unwilling emigrants, -at that time. The date, as nearly as can be assigned -to it, is about 1670.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The Girl was cunningly trapan’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sent to Virginny from England;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where she doth Hardship undergo,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There is no cure, it must be so;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But if she lives to cross the main,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She vows she’ll ne’er go there again.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Give ear unto a Maid<br /></span> -<span class="i2">That lately was betray’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And sent into Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In brief I shall declare,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">What I have suffered there,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">When that first I came<br /></span> -<span class="i2">To this Land of Fame,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Which is called Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The Axe and the Hoe<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Have wrought my overthrow,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Five years served I<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Under Master Guy,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Which made me for to know<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Sorrow, Grief, and Woe,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">When my Dame says, Go,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Then must I do so,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When she sits at meat<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Then I have none to eat,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">The cloathes that I brought in,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">They are worn very thin,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Which makes me for to say<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Alas! and well-a-day,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Instead of Beds of Ease,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">To lye down when I please,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Upon a bed of straw,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">I lay down full of woe,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Then the Spider, she<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Daily waits on me,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Round about my bed<br /></span> -<span class="i2">She spins her tender web,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">So soon as it is day,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">To work I must away,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Then my Dame she knocks<br /></span> -<span class="i2">With her tinder-box,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">I have played my part<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Both at Plow and Cart,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Billats from the Wood,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Upon my back they load,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Instead of drinking Beer,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">I drink the waters clear,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Which makes me pale and wan,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Do all that e’er I can,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">If my Dame says, Go,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">I dare not say no,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The water from the spring<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Upon my head I bring,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">When the Mill doth stand,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">I’m ready at command,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The Morter for to make,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Which made my heart to ake,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">When the child doth cry,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">I must sing, By-a-by,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">No rest that I can have<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Whilst I am here a slave,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">A thousand Woes beside,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">That I do here abide,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In misery I spend<br /></span> -<span class="i2">My time that hath no end,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When that I was weary, O.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Then let Maids beware,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">All by my ill-fare,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In the land of Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Be sure thou stay at home,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">For if you do here come,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">You will all be weary, O.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">But if it be my chance,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Homeward to advance,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">From the land of Virginny, O:<br /></span> -<span class="i2">If that I once more<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Land on English shore,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">I’ll no more be weary, O.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Some of these complaints would seem to us to be -rather of the ‘crumpled rose-leaf’ order, but probably -there was enough humanity left in their owners -to treat their female ‘servants’ more tenderly than -the male, whose sorrows were genuine enough.</p> - -<p>Ned Ward, in his ‘London Spy,’ 1703, gives a -most graphic account of the sort of men who enticed -these human chattels to the plantations. He was -pursuing his perambulations about the City, exercising -those sharp eyes of his, which saw everything, -and was in the neighbourhood of the Custom-house, -when he turned down a place called Pig Hill (so -called, he says, from its resembling the steep descent -down which the Devil drove his Hogs to a Bad -Market).</p> - -<p>‘As we walked up the Hill, as Lazily as an Artillery -Captain before his Company upon a Lord Mayor’s -Day, or a Paul’s Labourer up a Ladder, with a Hod -of Mortar, we peeped in at a Gateway, where we -saw two or three Blades, well drest, but with -Hawkes’ Countenances, attended with half-a-dozen -Ragamuffingly Fellows, showing Poverty in their -Rags and Despair in their Faces, mixt with a parcel -of young, wild striplings, like runaway ‘Prentices. -I could not forbear enquiring of my Friend about -the ill-favoured multitude, patched up of such awkward -Figures, that it would have puzzled a Moor-Fields -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span> -Artist,<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> well-read in physiognomy, to have -discovered their Dispositions by their Looks.</p> - -<p>‘“That House,” says my Friend, “which they -there are entering is an Office where Servants for -the Plantations bind themselves to be miserable as -long as they live, without a special Providence prevents -it. Those fine Fellows, who look like Footmen -upon a Holy day, crept into cast suits of their -Masters, that want Gentility in their Deportments -answerable to their Apparel, are Kidnappers, who -walk the ‘Change and other parts of the Town, in -order to seduce People who want services and young -Fools crost in Love, and under an uneasiness of -mind, to go beyond the seas, getting so much a -head of Masters of Ships and Merchants who go -over, for every Wretch they trepan into this Misery. -These young Rakes and Tatterdemallions you see -so lovingly hearded are drawn by their fair promises -to sell themselves into Slavery, and the Kidnappers -are the Rogues that run away with the Money.”’</p> - -<p>And again, when he goes on ‘Change, he further -attacks these villains.</p> - -<p>‘“Now,” says my Friend, “we are got amongst -the Plantation Traders. This may be call’d Kidnapper’s -Walk; for a great many of these Jamaicans -and Barbadians, with their Kitchen-stuff Countenances, -are looking as sharp for servants as a Gang -of Pick-pockets for Booty.... Within that Entry -is an Office of Intelligence, pretending to help -Servants to Places, and Masters to Servants. They -have a knack of Bubbling silly wenches out of their -Money; who loiter hereabouts upon the expectancy, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span> -till they are pick’d up by the Plantation Kidnappers, -and spirited away into a state of misery.”’</p> - -<p>And yet once more Ward, in his ‘Trip to America,’ -says,</p> - -<p>‘We had on board an Irishman going over as -Servant, who, I suppose, was Kidnapped. I asked -him whose Servant he was, “By my Fait,” said he, -“I cannot tell. I was upon ’Change, looking for a -good Master, and a brave Gentleman came to me, -and asked me who I was, and I told him I was -myn own self; and he gave me some good Wine -and good Ale, and brought me on Board, and I have -not seen him since.”’</p> - -<p>Then, as since, the emigration from Great Britain -was mostly fed by the poorer classes of Ireland; -and, in the latter part of William III.‘s reign, such -was the numbers that were sent over to the plantations -as ‘servants,’ or in other words, slaves, that -it was found necessary to enact special laws, in -Maryland, to check the excessive importation, it -being considered a source of danger to the State, -as tending to introduce Popery. Accordingly, several -acts were passed, placing a duty of twenty shillings -per head on each Irish person landed; which, proving -insufficient for the purpose, was further increased -to forty shillings a few years afterwards.</p> - -<p>In 1743, there was a <i>cause célèbre</i>, in which James -Annesley, Esq., appeared as the plaintiff, and claimed -the earldom of Anglesey from his uncle Richard, -who, he maintained (and he got a verdict in his -favour), had caused him to be kidnapped when a lad -of thirteen years of age, and sent to America, there -to be sold as a slave. That this was absolutely -the fact, no one who has read the evidence can -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span> -possibly doubt, and the hardships endured by the -‘servants’ at that time are plaintively alluded to -in a little book, called, ‘The Adventure of an Unfortunate -Young Nobleman,’ published 1743. ‘Here -the Captain repeating his former Assurances, he was -sold to a rich Planter in Newcastle County called -Drummond, who immediately took him home, and -entered him in the Number of his Slaves.</p> - -<p>‘A new World now opened to him, and, being -set to the felling of Timber, a Work no way proportioned -to his Strength, he did it so awkwardly, -that he was severely corrected. Drummond was a -hard, inexorable Master, who, like too many of the -Planters, consider their Slaves, or Servants, as a -different Species, and use them accordingly. Our -American Planters are not famous for Humanity, -being often Persons of no Education, and, having -been formerly Slaves themselves, they revenge the -ill-usage they received on those who fall into their -Hands. The Condition of European Servants in -that Climate is very wretched; their Work is hard, -and for the most part abroad, exposed to an unwholesome -Air, their Diet coarse, being either Poul -or bread made of Indian Corn, or Homine or Mush, -which is Meal made of the same kind, moistened -with the Fat of Bacon, and their Drink Water sweetened -with a little Ginger and Molasses.’</p> - -<p>Although, as before stated, Mr. Annesley won his -case with regard to his legitimacy and property, for -some reason or other he never contested the title with -his usurping uncle, who continued to be recognized -as Earl of Anglesey until his death.</p> - -<p>Defoe, writing in 1738 in his ‘History of Colonel -Jack,’ makes his hero to be kidnapped by the master -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span> -of a vessel at Leith, and carried to Virginia, where -he was consigned to a merchant, and disposed of as -he saw fit—in fact, treated with the same <i>nonchalance</i> -us an ordinary bale of goods would be. He was sold -to a planter for five years, and had three hard things -to endure, viz., hard work, hard fare, and hard lodging. -He describes the arrival of a ship from London -with several ‘servants,’ and amongst the rest were -seventeen transported felons, some burnt in the hand, -and some not, eight of whom his master purchased -for the time specified in the warrant for their transportation, -so that the unfortunate men were in no -better position than, and were under the same severe -laws as, the convict. Their ranks were recruited by -many gentlemen concerned in the Rebellion, and -taken prisoners at Preston, who were spared from -execution and sold into slavery at the plantations, a -condition which must often have made them dissatisfied -with the clemency extended to them. In many -cases, with kind masters, their lot was not so hard, -and when their time of bondage was expired they -had encouragement given them to plant for themselves, -a certain number of acres being allotted to -them by the State; and, if they could get the necessary -credit for clothes, tools, &c., they were in time -enabled to put by money, and, in some rare instances, -became men of renown in the colony.</p> - -<p>The usage these poor people endured on their -passage to the plantations was frequently abominable, -and a writer in 1796 describes the arrival, at Baltimore, -of a vessel containing three hundred Irish -‘passengers’ who had been nearly starved by the -captain, the ship’s water being sold by him at so -much a pint, and this treatment, combined with other -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span> -cruelties too shocking to relate, caused a contagious -disorder to break out on board, which carried off great -numbers, whilst most of these unhappy folk who -were spared at that time, subsequently died whilst -performing quarantine in the Delaware.</p> - -<p>The redemptioners mainly sailed from the northern -ports of Ireland, Belfast or Londonderry, though -this country by no means enjoyed the unenviable -monopoly of this traffic: Holland and Germany sending -their wretched quota of white slaves. The particular -class of vessels employed in this iniquitous -trade were known by the name of ‘White Guineamen,’ -and belonged to the ‘free and enlightened’ -citizens of the sea-ports in America, who had their -kidnappers stationed at certain parts of Scotland, -Ireland, Wales, and also in Holland, to provide them -with human cargoes. Seduced by the glowing -descriptions of a trans-Atlantic paradise, with bright -and alluring visions of American happiness and -liberty, the miserable, the idle, and the unwary -among the lower classes of Europe were entrapped -into the voyage, the offer of gratuitous conveyance -being an additional bait, which was eagerly accepted; -but we have seen how, on their arrival at the -promised land, they were speedily disillusioned. The -difficulty of hiring tolerable servants was so great, -that many persons were obliged to deal with their -fellow-creatures in this way, who would otherwise -have utterly abhorred the thought of being slave-dealers.</p> - -<p>Some of the laws for their regulation in the -colonies are curious. For instance, in Virginia, after -they had served their time, they were obliged to have -a certificate from their master to say that they had -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span> -done so, and if any person should entertain any hired -servant running away without such a certificate, he -had to pay the master of such servant thirty pounds -weight of tobacco for every day and night he should -so harbour him.</p> - -<p>Pursuit after runaway servants was made at the -public expense, and, if caught, they had to serve for -the time of their absence, and the charge disbursed. -In case the master refused to pay the charge, the -servant was sold, or hired out, until by their services -they had reimbursed the amount expended in capturing -them, after which they were returned to their -master to serve out their time. Whoever apprehended -them was to have as reward two hundred pounds -weight of tobacco, if the capture took place about -ten miles from the master’s house, or one hundred -pounds weight if above five miles, and under ten. -This reward was to be paid by the public, and the -servant had to serve some one four months for every -two hundred pounds weight of tobacco paid for him.</p> - -<p>‘Every Master that hath a Servant that hath run -away twice, shall keep his Hair close cut, and not so -doing, shall be fined one hundred pounds weight of -Tobacco for every time the said Fugitive shall, after -the second time, be taken up.’</p> - -<p>If they ran away in company with any negro, then -they had to serve the master of that negro as long as -the negro was at large. If any servant laid violent -hands on his master, mistress, or overseer, and was -convicted of the same in any court, he had to serve -one year longer at the expiration of his term.</p> - -<p>‘A Woman-servant got with Child by her Master, -shall, after her time of indenture or custom is expired, -be, by the Church-wardens of the Parish where she -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span> -lived, sold for two Years, and the Tobacco employed -for the use of the Parish.’</p> - -<p>‘No Minister shall publish the Banns, or celebrate -the Contract of Marriage between any Servants, unless -he hath a Certificate from both their Masters that -it is with their consent, under the Penalty of 10,000 -lbs. of Tobacco. And the Servants that procure -themselves to be married without their Masters’ consent, -shall each of them serve their respective Master -a year longer than their time; and if any person, -being free, shall marry with a Servant without the -Master’s Licence, he or she so marrying shall pay the -Master 1500 lbs. of Tobacco, or one year’s service.’</p> - -<p>In Maryland, the laws respecting servants were -somewhat milder, but, if they ran away, they had to -serve ten days for every one day’s absence. In this -colony, however, ‘Every Man-Servant shall have -given him at the time of the expiration of his Service, -one new Hat, a good Cloath Suit, a new Shift of -White Linnen, a pair of new French full Shooes and -Stockings, two Hoes, and one Axe, and one gun of -20s. price, not above four foot Barrel, nor less than -three and a half. And every Woman-Servant shall -have given her, at the expiration of her Servitude, the -like Provision of Cloaths, and three Barrels of Indian -Corn.’</p> - -<p>In New England they dealt still more tenderly and -fairly by their servants. If a servant fled from the -cruelty of his or her master, he or she was to be protected -and harboured, provided that they fled to the -house of some free man of the same town, and ‘If any -Man or Woman Hurt, Maim, or Disfigure a Servant, -unless it be by mere Casualty, the Servant shall go -free, and the Master or Mistress shall make such recompense -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span> -as the Court shall award. Servants that -have serv’d diligently, and faithfully, to the end of -their Times, shall not be sent away empty; and such -as have been unfaithful, negligent, or unprofitable -shall not be sent away unpunished, but shall make -such satisfaction as Authority shall direct.’</p> - -<p>In Jamaica the laws were pretty fair, and in Barbadoes -there was a very just enactment. ‘Whatever -Master or Mistress shall turn off a Sick Servant, or -not use, or endeavour, all lawful means for the recovery -of such servant, during the time of Servitude, he -or she shall forfeit 2,200 lbs of Sugar. To be levyed -by Warrant of a Justice of Peace, and disposed towards -the maintenance of such Servant, and the said -Servant so neglected, or turned off, shall be Free.’</p> - -<p>In the last few years of the eighteenth century, it -was no uncommon thing to meet with advertisements -in the American papers, couched in the following -strain: ‘To be disposed of, the indentures of a strong, -healthy Irishwoman; who has two years to serve, -and is fit for all kinds of house work. Enquire of the -Printer.’</p> - -<h3>‘STOP THE VILLAIN!</h3> - -<p>‘Ran away this morning, an Irish Servant, named -Michael Day, by trade a Tailor, about five feet eight -inches high, fair complexion, has a down look when -spoken to, light bushy hair, speaks much in the Irish -dialect, &c. Whoever secures the above-described -in any gaol, shall receive thirty dollars reward, and -all reasonable charges paid. N.B.—All masters of -Vessels are forbid harbouring or carrying off the said -Servant at their peril.’</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The laws which regulated them were originally -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> -framed for the English convicts before the Revolution, -and were not repealed. They were, of necessity, -harsh and severe, so much so that, towards the end of -the eighteenth century, several societies sprang up, -both Irish and German, whose members did all in -their power to mitigate the severity of these laws, -and render their countrymen, during their servitude, -as comfortable as circumstances would permit. These -societies were in all the large towns south of Connecticut.</p> - -<p>When the yellow fever was raging in Baltimore -in the year 1793, but few vessels would venture near -the city, and every one that could do so fled from the -doomed place. But a ‘White Guinea-man,’ from -Germany, arrived in the river, and, hearing that such -was the fatal nature of the infection that for no sum -of money could a sufficient number of nurses be procured -to attend the sick, conceived the philanthropic -idea of supplying this deficiency from his redemption -passengers, and, sailing boldly up to the city, he advertised -his cargo for sale thus: ‘A few healthy Servants, -generally between seventeen and twenty-one -years of age; their times will be disposed of by applying -on board the brig.’ It was a truly generous -thought to thus nobly sacrifice his own countrywomen -<i>pro bono publico</i>!</p> - -<p>As the eighteenth century drew to a close a more -humane state of things came into existence; and in -Maryland, in 1817, as before stated, a law was passed -for the relief of the German and Swiss redemptioners. -It was enacted that there should be, in every port, a -person to register the apprenticeship, or servitude, of -these emigrants, and, unless drawn up or approved -by him, no agreement to service was binding. Minors, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span> -under twenty-one, were not allowed to be sold, unless -by their parents or next-of-kin, and the indentures -covenanted that at least two months schooling must -be given, annually, to them by their masters. No -emigrant was bound to serve more than four years, -except males under seventeen, and females under -fourteen, who were to serve, respectively, till twenty-one -and eighteen. There were many other clauses -that related both to their better treatment on board the -vessels and on land, and, if this law had been strictly -acted up to, the condition of these poor people would -have been much ameliorated.</p> - -<p>But, happily, in course of years, as the prosperity -of the United States of America grew by ‘leaps and -bounds,’ attracting labour in abundance from all parts -of Europe, there was no longer any need for the -traffic in human flesh and blood, and the redemptioner -became a thing of the past. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="A_TRIP_TO_RICHMOND_IN_SURREY">A TRIP TO RICHMOND IN SURREY.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/t.jpg" alt="T" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> following <i>morceau</i> gives so quaint an -account of a day’s outing in the last -century that I have thought it a pity -to let it remain buried. It is by J. -West, and was published in 1787:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">From London to Richmond I took an excursion,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For the sake of my health and in hopes of diversion:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thus, walking without any cumbersome load,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I mark’d ev’ry singular sight on the road.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">In Hyde Park I met a hump-back’d macarony<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who was pleased I should see how he manag’d his pony.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Cockney was dresst in true blue and in buff,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In buckskin elastic, but all in the rough;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He wore patent spurs on his boots, with light soles,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And buttons as big as some halfpenny rolls;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His hair out of curls, with a tail like a rat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And sideways he clapt on his head a round hat;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His cravat was tied up in a monstrous large bunch,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No wonder the ladies should smile at his hunch.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The next figure I saw, ’twas a milliner’s maid,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A high cap and pink ribbons adorning her head,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which was made to sit well, but a little fantastic,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With a hundred black pins and a cushion elastic.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She stalked like a peacock when waving her fan,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And us’d an umbrella upon a new plan;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Her elbows she lean’d on her hoop as on crutches,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And wagg’d her silk gown with the air of a duchess.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span></span> -<span class="i0">Now forward I stept to behold her sweet face;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She ogled and smil’d with a seeming good grace;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">However, there was no dependence upon it,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Although her eyes sparkled from under her bonnet,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I question’d her love, so I wished her farewel;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But something more clever I’m ready to tell.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">From yon spot in the Park, just where the Parade is,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Approach’d a grand sportsman, attended by ladies<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On bay horses mounted; they swift tore the ground,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Escorted by servants and terriers around;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I guess’d that my Lord went to sport with his Graces<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To Windsor’s wide forest or Maidenhead races.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Through Kensington passing I saw a fine show<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of chaises, gigs, coaches, there all in a row!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When I came to a well where a girl stood close by,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who ask’d to what place do these folk go? and why?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I, smiling, replied, ‘They, my dear, go to Windsor,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To see king and queen,’—but could not convince her.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On tiptoe the titt’ring girl ran off the stand,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And broke half the pitcher she had in her hand.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">In Hammersmith’s parish I stopp’d for a minute;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A stage-coach here halted—I saw who was in it,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A grave-looking man with a long nose and chin,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Two sparks and three damsels were laughing within;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The outside was crowded, good Lord! what a rabble!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some Cits from Fleet Market, some Jews from Whitechapel,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some sailors from Wapping, and other such crew;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But now in the basket<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> I took a short view,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Two wenches, one jolly, the other but lean,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With barrels of oysters and shrimp-sacks between.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The spirited coachman, o’ercharg’d with stout ale,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When he started, drove faster than Palmer’s<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> new mail;<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></span> -<span class="i0">He smack’d his long whip—and zounds! what a flight!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His six horses running were soon out of sight;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A lad standing by, cried (as if in a swoon),<br /></span> -<span class="i0">‘By Jove! they fly up like Lunardi’s<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> balloon.’<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Much pleas’d with my path when I march’d on apace,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I reach’d Turnham Green; on that sweet rural place<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I stopp’d at an inn near a lane down to Chiswick,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I call’d for some ale, but it tasted like physick.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As good luck would have it, I could not drink more,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When, seeing Jack Tar and his wife at the door,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Join’d close arm-in-arm like a hook on a link,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I reach’d him my mug and invited to drink;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Jack, pleased with the draught, gave me thanks with an echo,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And cramm’d in his jaw a large quid of tobacco.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Again I set off on my way to Kew Bridge,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some boys and some girls came from under a hedge;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They jump’d and they tumbled headforemost around,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Each vied with the other to measure the ground;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For halfpence they begg’d, and I gave ’em a penny,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When I found that I’d left myself without any<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To pay toll at the bridge and to buy a few plumbs;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">My silver I chang’d for a handful of Brums.<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a><br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">But, my sight being struck with the beauty of Kew,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I forgot my expenses, when, having in view<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The new Royal Bridge<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> and its elegant Arches<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There o’er the bright Thames, where the people in barges<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And pleasure-boats sail!—how delightful the scene!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">‘Twixt the shades of Old Brentford and smiling Kew Green.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Now forward for Richmond, and happy my lot!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I soon reach’d that lofty and beautiful spot<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></span> -<span class="i0">Which is called Richmond Hill—what a prospect amazing!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Extensive and pleasant; I could not help gazing<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On yonder fine landscape of Twick’nam’s sweet plains,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where kind Nature its thousandfold beauty maintains.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To trace all its pleasures too short was the day;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The dinner-bell ringing, I hasten’d away<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To a cheerful repast at a Gentleman’s seat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whose friendship vouchsaf’d me a happy retreat.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span></p> - -<h2 id="GEORGE_ROBERT_FITZGERALD">GEORGE ROBERT FITZGERALD,<br /> - -<span class="large">COMMONLY CALLED ‘FIGHTING FITZGERALD.’</span></h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/s.jpg" alt="S" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Should</span> anyone wish for a graphic account -of Irish life in the later portion of the -eighteenth century, he should read Sir -Jonah Barrington’s ‘Personal Sketches -of Ireland,’ and he will find afterwards -that Lever’s novels afford but a faint reflection of the -manners and customs existing in the west and south -of Ireland. Ignorance, idleness, and dissipation were -the characteristic of the wealthier classes, and a -meeting of the ‘gentry’ could seldom take place -without quarrelling and bloodshed. At races, fairs, -and elections, the lower class enjoyed themselves -likewise, after their kind, in breaking of heads and -drunkenness. It was a singular state of things, but -it must be borne in mind, whilst reading the following -memoirs, as, otherwise, the facts therein related -would scarcely be credited.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a></p> - -<p>The Fitzgeralds of County Mayo come of an ancient -stock, from no less than the great Geraldine -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span> -family, through the Desmond branch, and George, -the father of George Robert Fitzgerald, had a very -good property at Turlough, near Castlebar. It probably -had some influence in his future career that -‘Fighting Fitzgerald’ should have had for his mother -Lady Mary Hervey, who had been maid-of-honour to -the Princess Amelia, and who was the daughter of -one, and the sister of two, Earls of Bristol. The -family from which she sprang was noted for eccentricity, -so much so, that it passed into a saying that -‘God made Men, Women, and Herveys.’ She did -not live long with her husband, his lax morality and -dissipated manners could not be borne, and she left -him to his own devices and returned to England. -By him she had two sons, George Robert (born 1749), -and Charles Lionel. The elder, in due time, was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span> -sent to Eton, where he seems to have learnt as much -Latin and Greek as was requisite for a gentleman -of those days, and he used occasionally in after life -to write a little poetry now and again, of which -one piece, ‘The Riddle,’ was printed after his -execution.</p> - -<p>From Eton he, in 1766, being then in his seventeenth -year, was gazetted to a lieutenancy in the 69th -regiment, and was quartered at Galway, a nice place -for a newly-emancipated schoolboy, and a red-hot, -wild Irishman to boot. Here he soon got into a -scrape, owing to his conduct with a shop-girl, which -ended in a duel, in which neither the combatants -were hurt. He next managed to pick a quarrel with -a young officer of his own regiment, named Thompson, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> -who was a quiet and inoffensive man, and they -met. The first round was fired by both without -injury, but Lieutenant Thompson’s second bullet -struck Fitzgerald’s forehead, and he fell. The surgeons, -after examination, came to the conclusion that -the only way to save his life was by performing upon -him the operation of trepanning, or cutting a round -piece out of the skull in order to relieve the pressure -on the brain. It was an operation that was very -risky, but in this case it was successful. Still, one -cannot help thinking, judging by his after career, -that his brain then received some permanent injury -which deprived him of the power of reasoning, and -of control over his actions.</p> - -<p>He now left the army, and went home to live with -his father. Here he lived the regular Irishman’s -life of the period: hunting, shooting, cock-fighting, -&c., until he fell in love with a lady of good family, -a Miss Conolly of Castletown; but even here he could -not act as other men do. He could not be married -quietly, but ran away with his bride, and an incident -in their elopement is amusingly told, it being put in -the mouth of his servant.</p> - -<p>‘But hoo did the Captain mak’ it up again wi’ the -Square? Ye omadhaun, it was with the young misthress -he med it up; and she took Frinch lave with him, -wan fine moonlight night soon afther. It was mysel’ -that had the chaise an’ four waitin’ for them; an’ a -divilish good thing happened at the first inn we -stopt at. The Captain in coorse ordhered the best -dhrawin’-room for the misthress; an’ sure, if it was -goold, she was worthy ov it. But the beggarly-lookin’ -waither sed it was taken up with some grand -Englishmen. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span></p> - -<p>‘“Request thim,” sis the Captain, “to accommodate -a lady that’s fatigued, with the apartment.”</p> - -<p>‘Well an’ good, the waither delivered the message, -when one of the Englishers roars out, “Damn the -fellow’s cursed insolence, we shan’t give up the room -to any rascal.”</p> - -<p>‘“Here,” sis one of thim, “show Paddy this watch, -an’ ax him to tell what o’clock it is.”</p> - -<p>‘So the waither brings the watch with the message -in to where the Captain and mysel’ was—the misthress -had gone with her maid to another room to -change her dhress.</p> - -<p>‘“Very well,” sis the Captain, “I think I can show -them what o’clock it is.” So he dhraws his soord, -and puts the point through his chain; “Channor,” -thin says he to me, “attend me.”</p> - -<p>‘With that we went in among them, an’ the Captain -sthretched over the watch at the sword’s point to -ache of them, beggin’, with a polite bow, to know to -which o’ thim it belonged. But little notions, ye may -swair, they had ov ownin’ it <i>theirs</i>. Every wan o’ -the cowardly rascals swore it did not belong to -himsel’!</p> - -<p>‘“Oh, I was thinkin’, jintlemen, it was all a bit ov -a mistake,” sis the Captain, “so I think you must -have it, Channor, for want of a betther owner.” So -with that he hands it over to mysel’. It was a fine -goold watch, an’ here I have it still.’</p> - -<p>Not only was young Mrs. Fitzgerald reconciled to -her relations, but an arrangement was made with old -Fitzgerald that, on payment of a certain sum of -money down, he would give his son a rent charge of -£1,000 a year on his estate, and he had a very handsome -fortune with his wife besides. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span></p> - -<p>The young couple thereupon went to France, and, -having introductions to the best society in Paris, -enjoyed themselves immensely. He dressed splendidly, -and he astonished the Parisians, who asked -each other, ‘Qui est ce seigneur? d’où vient il? -Il n’est pas Français,—Quelle magnificence! Quelle -politesse! Est-il possible qu’il soit étranger?’ In his -hat he wore diamonds, and the same precious stones -adorned his buckles and his sword-knot; indeed, all -through his life he was fond of such gewgaws, and -when his house at Turlough was wrecked by the -mob—no one preventing—he estimated his loss in -jewellery, &c., at £20,000. They must have been -costly, for he enumerates among the stolen collection: -‘A casquet containing a complete set of diamond -vest buttons, two large emeralds, a hat-band with -five or six rows of Oriental pearls, worth £1,500, a -large engraved amethyst, a gold watch and chain -studded with diamonds, several other gold watches -and seals, a great number of antique and modern -rings, gold shoe and knee buckles, silver shaving -apparatus, several pairs of silver shoe and knee -buckles, with £6,300 worth of other jewels.’</p> - -<p>He joined eagerly in the dissipations of the gay -French capital, especially in gaming, and the twenty -thousand pounds he had with his wife soon came to -an end; and among other people to whom he was in -debt was the Comte d’Artois, afterwards Charles X., -to whom he owed three thousand pounds. One -evening afterwards he offered a bet of one thousand -pounds on the prince’s hand of cards, which the -Comte d’Artois overhearing, he asked Fitzgerald for -payment, and, being told that it was not then convenient, -the prince took the Irishman by the arm, led -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span> -him to the top of the stairs, and then, giving him one -kick, left him to get downstairs as quickly as he -could. This indignity was one which it was very -hard on the hot-blooded Irishman to be obliged to -endure, for he might not challenge with impunity a -prince of the blood, and from the public nature of the -insult he naturally lost his place in society. It was -certain he must leave France; but before he left he -must somehow distinguish himself. And he did it in -this wise. The king was hunting at Fontainebleau, -and Fitzgerald, regardless of the etiquette which always -allowed the foremost place to the king and royal -family, took the hunting of the pack upon himself, -riding close to the hounds, cheering and encouraging -them. But for some time the stag kept well in the -open, and gave Fitzgerald no opportunity of showing -off his horsemanship, until it suddenly turned off towards -the river Seine, on the banks of which a wall -had been built. This it leaped, and, to use a hunting -phrase, ‘took soil’ in the river. Over streamed -the hounds, and over flew Fitzgerald, reckless of a -drop of fourteen feet on the other side, going plump -into the river. The hunt stopped at that wall, none -daring to take it, and watched with amazement Fitzgerald -emerge, his feet still in the stirrups, and, -swimming the river, climb the opposite bank and ride -away.</p> - -<p>He went to London, where he was well received -in society, notwithstanding that his fame as a duellist -was well known, he having fought eleven duels by -the time he was twenty-four years of age. Whether -it was then that he forced his way into Brookes’ Club -I know not, but it is certain that he did, and as I -cannot tell the story as well as it is told in that most -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span> -amusing but anonymously written book, ‘The Clubs -of London,’ I extract it.</p> - -<p>‘Fitzgerald having once applied to Admiral Keith -Stewart to propose him as a candidate for “Brookes’s,” -the worthy admiral, well knowing that he must -either fight or comply with his request, chose the -latter alternative. Accordingly, on the night in -which the balloting was to take place (which was -only a mere form in this case, for even Keith Stewart -himself had resolved to <i>black-ball</i> him), the duellist -accompanied the gallant admiral to St. James’s Street, -and waited in the room below, whilst the suffrages -were taken, in order to know the issue.</p> - -<p>‘The ballot was soon over, for without hesitation -every member threw in a <i>black ball</i>, and, when the -scrutiny took place, the company were not a little -amazed to find not even <i>one</i> white one among the -number. However, the point of rejection being -carried <i>nem. con.</i>, the grand affair now was as to -which of the members had the hardihood to announce -the same to the expectant candidate. No one would -undertake the office, for the announcement was sure -to produce a challenge, and a duel with Fighting -Fitzgerald had in almost every case been fatal to his -opponent. The general opinion, however, was that -the proposer, Admiral Stewart, should convey the -intelligence, and that in as polite terms as possible; -but the admiral, who was certainly on all proper -occasions a very gallant officer, was not inclined to -go on any such embassy.</p> - -<p>‘“No, gentlemen,” said he; “I proposed the fellow -because I knew you would not admit him; but, by -G—d, I have no inclination to risk my life against -that of a madman.” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span></p> - -<p>‘“But, admiral,” replied the Duke of Devonshire, -“there being no <i>white ball</i> in the box, he must know -that <i>you</i> have black-balled him as well as the rest, -and he is sure to call you out, at all events.”</p> - -<p>‘This was a poser for the poor admiral, who sat -silent for a few seconds amidst the half-suppressed -titter of the members. At length, joining in the -laugh against himself, he exclaimed,</p> - -<p>‘“Upon my soul, a pleasant job I’ve got into! -D——n the fellow! No matter! I won’t go. Let -the waiter tell him that there was <i>one</i> black ball, -and that his name must be put up again if he -wishes it.”</p> - -<p>‘This plan appeared so judicious that all concurred -in its propriety. Accordingly the waiter was a few -minutes after despatched on the mission.</p> - -<p>‘In the meantime Mr. Fitzgerald showed evident -symptoms of impatience at being kept so long from -his “dear friends” above stairs, and frequently rang -the bell to know <i>the state of the poll</i>. On the first -occasion he thus addressed the waiter who answered -his summons:</p> - -<p>‘“Come here, my tight little fellow. Do you know -if I am <i>chose</i> yet?”</p> - -<p>‘“I really can’t say, sir,” replied the young man, -“but I’ll see.”</p> - -<p>‘“There’s a nice little man; be quick, d’ye see, -and I’ll give ye sixpence when ye come with the good -news.”</p> - -<p>‘Away went the <i>little man</i>; but he was in no hurry -to come back, for he as well as his fellows was sufficiently -aware of Fitzgerald’s violent temper, and -wished to come in contact with him as seldom as -possible. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span></p> - -<p>‘The bell rang again, and to another waiter the -impatient candidate put the same question:</p> - -<p>‘“Am I chose yet, waither?”</p> - -<p>‘“The balloting is not over yet, sir,” replied the -man.</p> - -<p>‘“Not over yet!” exclaimed Fitzgerald. “But, -sure, there is no use of balloting at all when my dear -friends are all unanimous for me to come in. Run, -my man, and let me know how they are getting on.”</p> - -<p>‘After the lapse of another quarter-of-an-hour, the -bell was rung so violently as to produce a contest -among the poor servants, as to whose turn it was to -visit the lion in his den! and Mr. Brookes, seeing no -alternative but resolution, took the message from the -waiter, who was descending the staircase, and boldly -entered the room with a coffee equipage in his hand.</p> - -<p>‘“Did you call for coffee, sir?”</p> - -<p>‘“D—n your coffee, sur! and you too,” answered -Mr. Fitzgerald, in a voice which made the host’s -blood curdle in his veins—“I want to know, sur, and -that without a moment’s delay, sur, if I am <i>chose</i> yet.”</p> - -<p>‘“Oh, sir!” replied Mr. Brookes, who trembled -from head to foot, but attempted to smile away the -appearance of fear, “I beg your pardon, sir; but I -was just coming to announce to you, sir, with Admiral -Stewart’s compliments, sir, that unfortunately -there was one black ball in the box, sir; and, consequently, -by the rules of the club, sir, no candidate -can be admitted without a new election, sir; which -cannot take place, by the standing regulations of the -club, sir, until one month from this time, sir!”</p> - -<p>‘During this address Fitzgerald’s irascibility appeared -to undergo considerable mollification; and, -at its conclusion, the terrified landlord was not a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span> -little surprised and pleased to find his guest shake -him by the hand, which he squeezed heartily between -his own two, saying,</p> - -<p>‘“My dear Mr. Brookes, <i>I’m chose</i>; and I give ye -much joy: for I’ll warrant ye’ll find me the best customer -in your house! But there must be a small -matter of mistake in my election; and, as I should not -wish to be so ungenteel as to take my sate among -my dear friends above-stairs, until that mistake is -duly rectified, you’ll just step up and make my compliments -to the gentlemen, and say, as it is only a -mistake of <i>one</i> black ball, they will be so good as to -waive all ceremony on my account, and proceed to -re-elect their humble servant without any more delay -at all; so now, my dear Mr. Brookes, you may put -down the coffee, and I’ll be drinking it whilst the -new election is going on!”</p> - -<p>‘Away went Mr. Brookes, glad enough to escape -with whole bones, for this time at least. On announcing -the purport of his errand to the assembly -above-stairs, many of the members were panic-struck, -for they clearly foresaw that some disagreeable circumstance -was likely to be the finale of the farce -they had been playing. Mr. Brookes stood silent for -some minutes, waiting for an answer, whilst several -of the members whispered, and laughed, in groups, -at the ludicrous figure which they all cut. At length -the Earl of March (afterwards Duke of Queensbury) -said aloud,</p> - -<p>‘“Try the effect of <i>two</i> black balls; d——n his -Irish impudence; if two balls don’t take effect upon -him, I don’t know what will.” This proposition met -with unanimous approbation, and Mr. Brookes was -ordered to communicate accordingly. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span></p> - -<p>‘On re-entering the waiting-room, Mr. Fitzgerald -rose hastily from his chair, and, seizing him by the -hand, eagerly inquired,</p> - -<p>‘“Have they elected me right now, Mr. Brookes?”</p> - -<p>‘“I hope no offence, Mr. Fitzgerald,” said the -landlord, “but I am sorry to inform you that the -result of the second balloting is—that <i>two</i> black balls -were dropped in, sir.”</p> - -<p>‘“By J——s, then,” exclaimed Fitzgerald, “there’s -now <i>two</i> mistakes instead of one. Go back, my dear -friend, and tell the honourable members that it is a -very uncivil thing to keep a gentleman waiting -below-stairs, with no one to keep him company but -himself, whilst they are enjoying themselves with -their champagne, and their cards, and their Tokay, -up above. Tell them to try again, and I hope they -will have better luck this time, and make no more -mistakes, because it’s getting late, and I won’t be -chose to-night at all. So now, Mr. Brookes, be off -with yourself, and lave the door open till I see what -despatch you make.”’</p> - -<p>Away went Mr. Brookes for the last time. On announcing -his unwelcome errand, everyone saw that -palliative measures only prolonged the dilemma: and -General Fitzpatrick proposed that Brookes should tell -him: “His cause was hopeless, for that he was -<i>black-balled all over</i> from head to foot, and it was -hoped by all the members that Mr. Fitzgerald would -not persist in thrusting himself into society where his -company was declined.”</p> - -<p>‘This message, it was generally believed, would -prove a sickener, as it certainly would have done to -any other candidate under similar circumstances. Not -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> -so, however, to Fitzgerald, who no sooner heard the -purport of it, than he exclaimed,</p> - -<p>‘“Oh, I perceive it is <i>a mistake altogether</i>, Mr. -Brookes, and I must see to the rectifying of it myself; -there’s nothing like dealing with principals, and -so I’ll step up at once, and put the thing to rights, -without any more unnecessary delay.”</p> - -<p>‘In spite of Mr. Brookes’s remonstrance that his -entrance into the club-room was against all rule and -etiquette, Fitzgerald found his way up-stairs, threatening -to throw the landlord over the bannisters for -endeavouring to stop him. He entered the room -without any further ceremony than a bow, saying to -the members, who indignantly rose up at this most -unexpected intrusion,</p> - -<p>‘“Your servant, gentlemen! I beg ye will be -sated.” Walking up to the fire-place, he thus addressed -Admiral Stewart: “So, my dear admiral, -Mr. Brookes informs me that I have been <i>elected</i> three -times.”</p> - -<p>‘“You have been balloted for, Mr. Fitzgerald, but -I am sorry to say you have not been chosen,” said -Stewart.</p> - -<p>‘“Well, then,” replied the duellist, “did you black-ball -me?”</p> - -<p>‘“My good sir,” answered the admiral, “how could -you suppose such a thing?”</p> - -<p>‘“Oh, I <i>supposed</i> no such thing, my dear fellow, I -only want to know who it was dropped the black -balls in by accident, as it were.”</p> - -<p>‘Fitzgerald now went up to each individual member, -and put the same question <i>seriatim</i>, “Did you -black-ball me, sir?” until he made the round of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span> -whole club; and it may well be supposed that in -every case he obtained similar answers to that of the -admiral. When he had finished his inquisition, he -thus addressed the whole body, who preserved as -dread and dead a silence as the urchins at a parish -school do on a Saturday when the pedagogue orders -half-a-score of them to be <i>horsed</i> for neglecting their -catechism, which they have to repeat to the parson -on Sunday:</p> - -<p>‘“You see, gentlemen, that as none of ye have -black-balled me, <i>I must be chose</i>; and it is Misthur -Brookes that has made the mistake. But I was convinced -of it from the beginning, and I am only sorry -that so much time has been lost as to prevent -honourable gentlemen from enjoying each other’s -good company sooner. Waither! Come here, you -rascal, and bring me a bottle of champagne, till I -drink long life to the club, and wish them joy of -their unanimous election of a raal gentleman by father -and mother, and—” this part of Fitzgerald’s address -excited the risible muscles of everyone present; but -he soon restored them to their former lugubrious -position by casting around him a ferocious look, and -saying, in a voice of thunder—“<i>and who never missed -his man</i>! Go for the champagne, waithur; and, d’ye -hear, sur, tell your masthur—Misthur Brookes, that is—not -to make any more mistakes about black balls, -for, though it is below a gentleman to call him out, I -will find other means of giving him a bagful of broken -bones.”</p> - -<p>‘The members now saw that there was nothing for -it but to send the intruder to Coventry, which they -appeared to do by tacit agreement; for when Admiral -Stewart departed, which he did almost immediately, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> -Mr. Fitzgerald found himself completely cut by all -“his dear friends.” The gentlemen now found themselves -in groups at the several whist-tables, and no -one chose to reply to his observations, nor to return -even a nod to the toasts and healths which he drank -whilst discussing three bottles of the sparkling liquor -which the terrified waiter placed before him in succession. -At length, finding that no one would communicate -with him in either kind, either for drinking -or for fighting, he arose, and, making a low bow, took -his leave as follows:</p> - -<p>‘“Gentlemen, I bid you all good night; I am glad -to find ye so <i>sociable</i>. I’ll take care to come earlier -next night, and we’ll have a little more of it, please -G—d.”</p> - -<p>‘The departure of this bully was a great relief to -everyone present, for the restraint caused by his -vapouring and insolent behaviour was intolerable. -The conversation immediately became general, and -it was unanimously agreed that half-a-dozen stout -constables should be in waiting the next evening to -lay him by the heels and bear him off to the watch-house -if he attempted again to intrude. Of some -such measure Fitzgerald seemed to be aware, for he -never showed himself at “Brookes’s” again, though -he boasted everywhere that he had been unanimously -chosen a member of the club.’</p> - -<p>He lived the life of a man about town, and not a -very reputable one, either a bully whom everyone -feared and no one liked, until the summer of 1773, -when he appeared before the public in a dispute of -which there is a long account in a contemporary -pamphlet, ‘The Vauxhall Affray, or Macaronies -defeated.’ The Rev. Henry Bate (afterwards Sir H. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span> -B. Dudley), the proprietor and editor of the <i>Morning -Post</i>, was at Vauxhall in company with Mrs. Hartley, -the actress, her husband, Mr. Colman, and a friend, -when Fitzgerald, accompanied by the Hon. Thomas -Lyttleton, Captain Croftes, and some others, all more -or less intoxicated, behaved so rudely to Mrs. Hartley -that she could stand it no longer, and complained. -Parson Bate was a notable ‘bruiser,’ and he took her -part, and struck Croftes a blow. Cards were exchanged, -and next morning an interview was arranged, -at which the clergyman and officer were reconciled, -when in bounced Fitzgerald, and declared, in a most -insolent manner, that Mr. Bate should give immediate -satisfaction to his friend, Captain Miles, whom, he said, -the former had grossly insulted the evening before. -Miles was introduced, and declared that he had been -affronted by the clergyman, and if he did not immediately -strip and fight with him, he (Miles) would -post him as a coward, and cane him wherever he -met him.</p> - -<p>Mindful of his cloth, Mr. Bate hesitated; but Miles, -saying something about cowardice, the parson threw -all consideration of his calling to the winds, a ring -was formed, and Captain Miles received the handsomest -thrashing he ever had. Soon afterwards it transpired -that Captain Miles was Fitzgerald’s own servant, -who had been compelled by his master so to behave. -Mr. Bate very properly exposed the affair in the -<i>Morning Post</i>.</p> - -<p>We next hear of him engaged in a duel with Captain -Scawen of the Guards, which was fought at -Lille, and twice he fired before his adversary. Luckily -he missed him, and the second time the captain, -having fired in the air, the affair ended. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span></p> - -<p>He was concerned in another duel, which made -some stir at the time (1775). There was a young -fellow named Walker, the son of a plumber and -painter, whose father left him a large fortune, and -Daisy Walker, as he was called, became a cornet in -Burgoyne’s Light Dragoons. His fortune soon went -in gambling, and he had to retire from the service, -whilst his guardians looked into his affairs. At that -time Fitzgerald held a bill of his for three thousand -pounds, and pressed for payment. It was ultimately -compromised, and, on receipt of five hundred pounds, -he gave up the bill. Subsequently Daisy Walker -made some lucky bets, and Fitzgerald at once became -clamourous for payment of two thousand five -hundred pounds. Walker denied his liability, saying -the matter was settled by the payment of five -hundred pounds and the return of the bill; but this -was not Fitzgerald’s view of the matter, and he -dunned young Walker whenever he met him, and at -last, at Ascot races, he cut him across the face with -his cane.</p> - -<p>Of course, in those days, there could be but one -course to be taken, and a challenge was sent, and -accepted. Walker, as being the insulted party, should -fire first. They duly met, and the distance was fixed -at ten paces, but the second who measured the ground -took such strides that it was virtually twelve paces. -Walker fired, and his antagonist was unhurt. Fitzgerald, -who had the whole etiquette of the duello at -his finger’s ends, then stepped forward and apologised -for having struck Walker—which apology was accepted. -But, as soon as this ceremony was finished, Fitzgerald -again began dunning for his £2,500, and, when -he was told that it was not owing, he prepared to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span> -take his shot, offering to bet £1,000 that he hit his -adversary. The pistol missed fire, and he calmly -chipped the flint, reiterating his offer to bet. He -fired, and the ball grazed Walker in the arm just -below the shoulder, but did not wound him, and -they left the field. Subsequently, however, Fitzgerald -declared that Walker was ‘papered,’ <i>i.e.</i>, protected -in some way, and published an account of -the duel in a pamphlet, addressed to the Jockey -Club. To this Walker replied, and Fitzgerald -followed up with another pamphlet, in which he -says:—</p> - -<p>‘I should most certainly have fixed it at <i>six</i> instead -of <i>ten</i> paces. My predilection for that admeasurement -of ground is founded upon the strictest principles of -humanity. For I know, from trials successively repeated, -twenty times one after the other, I can, at -that distance, hit any part of the human body to a -<i>line</i>, which, possibly you may know, is only the <i>twelfth -part of an inch</i>.’</p> - -<p>And he again refers to his pistol-practice. ‘So, -then, you had one Surtout on; are you certain you -had not half-a-dozen? If no more than one Surtout, -pray how many coats and waistcoats? You give us -no account of your under-garments. I ask these -questions, Sir, because, after reading your pamphlet, -I took the same pistol, charged it with the same -quantity of powder, used a bullet cast in the same -mould, measured out twelve good paces with a yard -wand, and then fired at a thick stick, which I had -previously covered over with two waistcoats lined, -one coat lined, and one double-milled drab Surtout. -What think you, Sir, was the result? Why, Sir, the -ball penetrated through the Surtout, the coat, two -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span> -waistcoats, and lodged itself an inch deep in the -stick. There is nothing like experimental philosophy -for a fair proof, it beats your <i>ipse dixits</i> all halloo. -You see how ingeniously I pass away my private -hours—I am always hard at study.’</p> - -<p>This affair made London too hot for him, and he -went over to France with an old brother officer named -Baggs, and they picked up a living by horse-racing -and gambling—which led to a duel between the -two, for Baggs had fleeced a young Englishman -named Sandford, and there was a quarrel as to the -division of the spoil, which ended in Fitzgerald drawing -his gloves across Baggs’ face, and Baggs returning -the compliment by dashing his hat in his partner’s -face. Of course the outcome of this was a duel, which -is graphically described by Hamilton Rowan in his -‘Autobiography.’</p> - -<p>‘They fired together, and were in the act of levelling -their second pistols, when Baggs fell on his side, -saying,</p> - -<p>‘“Sir, I am wounded.”</p> - -<p>‘“But you are not dead!” said Fitzgerald.</p> - -<p>‘At the same moment he discharged his second -pistol at his fallen antagonist.</p> - -<p>‘Baggs immediately started on his legs and advanced -on Fitzgerald, who, throwing the empty pistol -at him, quitted his station, and kept a zig-zag course -across the field, Baggs following. I saw the flash of -Bagg’s second pistol, and, at the same moment, Fitzgerald -lay stretched on the ground. I was just in -time to catch Baggs as he fell, after firing his second -shot. He swooned from intense pain, the small bone -of his leg being broken. Mr. Fitzgerald now came -up, saying, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span></p> - -<p>‘“We are both wounded; let us go back to our -ground.”’</p> - -<p>But this could not be allowed, and the wounded -were carried home. Fitzgerald’s wound was in the -thigh, and rendered him slightly lame ever after.</p> - -<p>When he got well, he returned to Ireland, and, -thanks to his uncle, the Earl of Bristol and Bishop of -Derry, he lived in very fair style, either in Merrion -Street, Dublin, or at Rockfield, near Turlough. While -living in Dublin he fought a duel with John Toler -(afterwards Lord Norbury), fired a pistol at Denis -Browne, Lord Altamont’s brother, in Sackville Street, -in broad daylight, and insulted and struck John -Fitzgibbon, afterwards Lord Chancellor Clare.</p> - -<p>Death now took away his guardian-angel, his -amiable and patient wife, leaving him a little daughter. -His grief for her loss was extravagant, and amounted -to little short of frenzy. After the funeral he behaved -more than ever like a madman. He took to hunting -by night, and hunted anything that was about after -dark. In this wild chase he was always accompanied -by a band of mounted servants, carrying -torches, and, when the peasants were roused from -their slumbers by the noise of hounds, and the cries of -men, they knew that Mad Fitzgerald was abroad.</p> - -<p>When he hunted by day, he would peremptorily -order home anyone to whom he had even a fancied -dislike. He would tell one man to go home for he -was more fitted to follow the plough than the hounds; -another would be bidden to go and mind his sheep, -and a third would be told to quit the field, as he was -too fat for the sport. And they had to go, for their -monitor would not have scrupled to have used his -whip, and, if that had been objected to, there was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> -always the <i>ultima ratio</i> of a duel, and men were rather -shy of meeting ‘Fighting Fitzgerald.’</p> - -<p>He had a particular dislike to the family of Lord -Altamont, and behaved in a most high-handed and -outrageous manner towards them. For instance, he -heard that a relation of my lord’s, a Mr. Browne, was -out shooting on a bog near Westport, so he got -together his men and dogs, and went in quest of him. -When Mr. Browne saw him enter on the scene, he -retired; Fitzgerald pursued, Mr. Browne increased -his pace, so did Fitzgerald, until he literally hunted -the offending sportsman home. Another time he -rode over to Lord Altamont’s house, and asked to -see the wolf-dog, which, for its size and fierceness, -was the admiration and terror of the neighbourhood. -No sooner was he shown the dog than he shot it, -charging the servants to tell their master that, until -he became more charitable to the poor, who only -came to his door to be barked at and bitten, he -should not allow such a beast to be kept, but that he -had no objection to the three ladies of the family -each keeping a lap-dog.</p> - -<p>After a time, his grief at the loss of his wife subsided, -and he fell in love with the only child and heiress -of a Mr. Vaughan, of Carrowmore, County Mayo, and -singularly, although she well knew his reckless -character, she returned his affection. We know how -he ran away with his first wife; the story of his -wedding with his second is yet more romantic.</p> - -<p>Mr. Vaughan was, not unnaturally, averse to Fitzgerald -marrying his daughter, but, at the same time, -he did not forbid him the house. So one night Fitzgerald -was suddenly attacked by a very acute illness, -writhing about in great agony, and at last begged -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span> -to be allowed to remain there that night. In the -morning he was much worse, and at death’s door, -lamenting the iniquity of his past life, and begging -that a priest should be sent for. Of course one soon -came, but, in the midst of his spiritual exercises, -Fitzgerald sprang out of bed, and, presenting a -pistol to the head of the priest, swore he would blow -out his brains if he did not instantly marry him to -Miss Vaughan, and the terror-stricken priest had no -option but to comply. Mr. Vaughan had to bow to -the inevitable, and the new Mrs. Fitzgerald never -had reason to complain of her husband’s treatment of -her, as he was uniformly kind and affectionate to her.</p> - -<p>When Fitzgerald returned to Ireland, he found his -father, a weak, false, vicious old man, almost in his -dotage, and entirely under the control of his younger -son Lionel, a low woman whom he had taken as his -mistress, and an unscrupulous pettifogger named -Patrick Randal MacDonnell. Charles Lionel, the -younger son, was his brother’s enemy, because he -saw nothing but poverty before him if his father -paid George Robert the £1,000 a year to which he -was entitled, for the old spendthrift was always in -debt. The mistress had every reason to keep things -as they were, and MacDonnell did not like to see his -pickings done away with. It is questionable whether -Fitzgerald had ever received any portion of his -settlement—at all events, it was £12,000 in arrear. -He saw the estate that was ultimately to come to -him being wasted, his father getting more hopelessly -into debt, and spending his substance on an -immoral and greedy woman, and he was determined -to put a stop to it. He had a difficulty to get a -solicitor in Dublin to undertake his case, but at last -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span> -he found one, and arranged with him to accompany -him in his carriage to Mayo. The story of that ride -is told by Sir Jonah Barrington (vol. iii, p. 170, ed. -1832) as follows:</p> - -<p>‘Mr. Fitzgerald sent for the attorney, and told him -that, if his going down was previously known, there -would be several of the tenants and others, under the -adverse influence of his father and brother, who -would probably abscond, and that, therefore, since -spies were watching him perpetually, to give notice -in the county of his every movement, it was expedient -that he should set out two or three hours -before daybreak, so as to have the start of them. -That his own travelling-carriage should be ready -near the gate of the Phœnix Park to take up Mr. -T——, who might bring his trunk of papers with -him in a hack-carriage, so that there should be no -suspicion.</p> - -<p>‘All this was reasonable and proper, and accordingly -done. Mr. Fitzgerald’s carriage was on the -spot named, near the wall of the Phœnix Park. The -attorney was punctual, the night pitch dark, and the -trunk of papers put into the boot; the windows were -all drawn up. Mr. T—— stepped into the carriage -with as great satisfaction as ever he had felt in his -whole lifetime, and away they drove cheerily, at a -good round pace, for the county of Galway.</p> - -<p>‘Mr. T—— had no idea that anybody else was -coming with them, Mr. Fitzgerald not having mentioned -such a thing. He found, however, a third -gentleman in a travelling-cloak sitting between himself -and his client, who was dozing in the far corner. -The stranger, too, he found not over-courteous; for, -though the carriage was not very roomy, and the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span> -gentleman was bulky, he showed no disposition -whatever to accommodate the attorney, who begged -him, with great suavity and politeness, to “move a -little.” To this he received no reply, but a snoring -both from the strange traveller and Mr. Fitzgerald. -Mr. T—— now felt himself much crowded and -pressed, and again earnestly requested “the gentleman” -to allow him, if possible, a little more room; -but he only received a snore in return. He now -concluded that his companion was a low, vulgar -fellow. His nerves became rather lax; he got -alarmed, without well knowing why; he began to -twitter—the twitter turned into a shake, and, as is -generally the case, the shake ended with a cold -sweat, and Mr. T—— found himself in a state of -mind and body far more disagreeable than he had -ever before experienced.</p> - -<p>‘The closeness and pressure had elicited a hot -perspiration on the one side, while his fears produced -a cold perspiration on the other, so that (quite unlike -the ague he had not long recovered from) he had hot -and cold fits at the same moment. All his apprehensions -were now awakened; his memory opened her -stores, and he began to recollect dreadful anecdotes -of Mr. Fitzgerald, which he never before had credited, -or indeed had any occasion to remember. The -ruffians of Turlow passed as the ghosts in “Macbeth” -before his imagination. Mr. Fitzgerald, he supposed, -was in a fox’s sleep, and his bravo in another, who, -instead of receding at all, on the contrary, squeezed -the attorney closer and closer. His respiration now -grew impeded, and every fresh idea exaggerated his -horror; his untaxed costs, he anticipated, would -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span> -prove his certain death, and that a cruel one. Neither -of his companions would answer him a single -question, the one replying only by a rude snore, and -the other by a still ruder.</p> - -<p>‘“Now,” thought Mr. T——, “my fate is consummated. -I have often heard how Mr. Fitzgerald cut -a Jew’s throat in Italy, and slaughtered numerous -creditors while on the grand tour of Europe. God -help me! unfortunate solicitor that I am, my last -day, or rather night, has come!”</p> - -<p>‘He thought to let down the window and admit a -little fresh air, but it was quite fast. The whole -situation was insupportable, and at length he addressed -Mr. Fitzgerald, most pathetically, thus:</p> - -<p>‘“Mr. Fitzgerald, I’ll date the receipt the moment -you choose, and whenever it’s your convenience I -have no doubt you’ll pay it most honourably—no -doubt, no doubt, Mr. Fitzgerald—but not necessary -at all till perfectly convenient, or never, if more -agreeable to you and this other gentleman.”</p> - -<p>‘Fitzgerald could now contain himself no longer, -but said, quite in good humour,</p> - -<p>‘“Oh, very well, Mr. T——, very well, quite time -enough; make yourself easy on that head.”</p> - -<p>‘The carriage now arrived at Maynooth, where the -horses were instantly changed, and they proceeded -rapidly on their journey, Mr. Fitzgerald declaring he -would not alight till he reached Turlow, for fear of -pursuit.</p> - -<p>‘The attorney now took courage, and, very truly -surmising that the other gentleman was a foreigner, -ventured to beg of Mr. Fitzgerald to ask “his friend” -to sit over a little, as he was quite crushed. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span></p> - -<p>‘Mr. Fitzgerald replied, “That the party in question -did not speak English, but when they arrived -at Killcock the matter should be better arranged.”</p> - -<p>‘The attorney was now compelled for some time -longer to suffer the hot press, inflicted with as little -compunction as if he were only a sheet of paper; -but, on arriving at the inn at Killcock, dawn just -appeared, and Mr. Fitzgerald, letting down a window, -desired his servant, who was riding with a pair -of large horse-pistols before him, to rouse the people -at the inn, and get some cold provisions and a bottle -of wine brought to the carriage. “And, Thomas,” -said he, “get five or six pounds of raw meat, if you -can—no matter of what kind—for this foreign gentleman.”</p> - -<p>‘The attorney was now petrified; a little twilight -glanced into the carriage, and nearly turned him -into stone. The stranger was wrapped up in a blue -travelling cloak with a scarlet cape, and had a great -white cloth tied round his head and under his chin; -but when Mr. Solicitor saw the face of his companion -he uttered a piteous cry, and involuntarily ejaculated, -“Murder! murder!” On hearing this cry, the servant -rode back to the carriage window and pointed -to his pistols. Mr. T—— now offered up his soul to -God, the stranger grumbled, and Mr. Fitzgerald, -leaning across, put his hand to the attorney’s mouth, -and said he should direct his servant to give him -reason for that cry, if he attempted to alarm the -people of the house. Thomas went into the inn, and -immediately returned with a bottle of wine and some -bread, but reported that there was no raw meat to -be had; on hearing which, Mr. Fitzgerald ordered -him to seek some at another house. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span></p> - -<p>‘The attorney now exclaimed again, “God protect -me!” Streaming with perspiration, his eye every -now and then glancing towards his mysterious companion, -and then, starting aside with horror, he at -length shook as if he were relapsing into his old -ague; and the stranger, finding so much unusual -motion beside him, turned his countenance upon the -attorney. Their cheeks came in contact, and the -reader must imagine—because it is impossible adequately -to describe—the scene that followed. The -stranger’s profile was of uncommon prominence; his -mouth stretched from ear to ear, he had enormous -grinders, with a small twinkling eye, and his visage -was all be-whiskered and mustachioed—more, even, -than Count Platoff’s of the Cossacks.</p> - -<p>‘Mr. T——’s optic nerves were paralysed as he -gazed instinctively at his horrid companion, in whom, -when he recovered his sense of vision sufficiently to -scrutinize him, he could trace no similitude to any -being on earth save a bear!</p> - -<p>‘And the attorney was quite correct in this comparison. -It was actually a Russian bear, which Mr. -Fitzgerald had educated from a cub, and which -generally accompanied his master on his travels. -He now gave Bruin a rap upon the nose with a -stick which he carried, and desired him to hold up -his head. The brute obeyed. Fitzgerald then ordered -him to “kiss his neighbour,” and the bear did -as he was told, but accompanied his salute with such -a tremendous roar as roused the attorney (then -almost swooning) to a full sense of his danger. -Self-preservation is the first law of Nature, and at -once gives courage, and suggests devices. On this -occasion, every other kind of law—civil, criminal, or -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span> -equitable—was set aside by the attorney. All his -ideas, if any he had, were centred in one word—“escape”; -and as a weasel, it is said, will attack -a man if driven to desperation, so did the attorney -spurn the menaces of Mr. Fitzgerald, who endeavoured -to hold and detain him.</p> - -<p>‘The struggle was violent, but brief; Bruin roared -loud, but interfered not. Horror strengthened the -solicitor. Dashing against the carriage-door, he burst -it open, and, tumbling out, reeled into the public-house—then -rushing through a back-door, and up a -narrow lane that led to the village of Summer Hill -(Mr. Roly’s demesne), about two miles distant, he -stumbled over hillocks, tore through hedges and -ditches, and never stopped till he came, breathless, -to the little alehouse, completely covered with mud, -and his clothes in rags. He there told so incoherent -a story, that the people all took him for a man either -bitten by a mad dog, or broken loose from his -keepers, and considered it their duty to tie him, -to prevent his biting, or other mischief. In that -manner they led him to Squire Roly’s, at the great -house, where the hapless attorney was pinioned and -confined in a stable for some hours, till the squire -got up. They put plenty of milk, bread, butter, and -cheese into the manger, from the cock-loft above, -to prevent accidents, as they said.’</p> - -<p>Fitzgerald, finding the estate going to the dogs—for -his father was letting the lands at absurdly -low prices to his favourites; as, for instance, he let -his son Charles Lionel a valuable tract of land worth -fifteen shillings an acre at one shilling and sixpence, -and the deer park at the same price—took the necessary -legal proceedings to protect himself; and, whilst -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span> -they were pending, his father was arrested for a debt -of £8,000, and taken to a Dublin sponging-house. -Although his father had been trying to injure him -by all the means in his power, yet Fitzgerald paid -the debt, and became responsible for the other debts -of his father, who, in return, ratified the settlement -which had been in abeyance so long.</p> - -<p>Fitzgerald then applied to the Lord Chancellor for -possession of the estate, on the grounds that, under -its present management, the property was deteriorating, -and as security for the money his father owed -him, which amounted to £20,000—£12,000 of which -were arrears of his income of £1,000 per annum, and -£8,000 lent to obtain his release; and, in 1780, the -Chancellor made the order as prayed. Had Fitzgerald -gone with bailiffs, and demanded possession, -there would have been bloodshed, in all probability; -for the King’s writs did not run easily in that part -of Ireland. So he waited until one day, when his -father went over to Turlough, and he then made a -forcible entry into Rockfield, with a troop of armed -dependants, and dislodged the servants then in the -house.</p> - -<p>Naturally his father did not take this quietly, and -possession was not held peacefully. There were -many collisions; and old Fitzgerald indicted his son -for having headed a riotous mob, one of whom, he -alleged, had, at his son’s instigation, attempted to -take away his life, by firing a loaded musket at him. -The charge could not be sufficiently proved, and -Fitzgerald was acquitted.</p> - -<p>He now turned his attention towards improving -his estate, and imported some Scotch Presbyterians, -a sober and industrious set of men, to whom he -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span> -gave five hundred pounds towards building a meeting-house, -and settled fifty pounds per annum on -their minister; but his father’s party were always -annoying him, and, in consequence, he refused to -give maintenance to his father, who, thereupon, had -recourse to the law-courts in Dublin to compel him -so to do; and a writ was issued empowering the -father to secure the body of his son until a maintenance -was granted him. It would have been perfectly -useless to have served the writ upon him at -Turlough: it is probable no man could have been -found bold enough to attempt it. So they waited -until the next assizes at Balinrobe; and then, when -they thought they had him safe in the grand jury -room, they made application to the judge to arrest -him there. Leave was granted, but Fitzgerald got -wind of it, and when they went to capture him, lo! -he was not to be found.</p> - -<p>He evidently thought two could play at that game, -and he determined to get the old man into his power. -In those days, in that part of Ireland, law was not -much regarded, especially by men of Fighting Fitzgerald’s -stamp; and he speedily put his plan into -execution. As his father was going from Balinrobe -to Dublin, he was waylaid by his son and a party of -armed men, and carried off <i>vi et armis</i> to George -Robert’s house at Turlough.</p> - -<p>This open violation of the law could not be submitted -to tamely, and his younger brother went to -Dublin, and stated his case before the judges, who -granted him a writ of <i>habeas corpus</i>. But no one -would serve that at Turlough, so they waited, as of -aforetime, until he was at the grand jury room, and, -leave having been given, his brother, who was bigger -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span> -and stronger than he, went in, and, literally collaring -him, dragged him out, spite of all his protests that he -was a grand jury man, and could not be touched -while in the exercise of his functions. He was at -once put on his trial, and the grand jury found a -true bill against him, unanimously: nay, more, they -publicly addressed the judge in court, expressing -their abhorrence of the charge made against Fitzgerald. -After the finding of a true bill, his trial at -once took place, in despite of all efforts to postpone -it to the next assizes, and it lasted from nine in the -morning until nearly twelve at night, when, the -judge having summed up, the jury found him guilty, -and he was fined £1,000, to be imprisoned for three -years, and until he should pay the fine.</p> - -<p>What happens next in this man’s extraordinary -career is almost difficult to believe, and shows the -lawless state of the country. Fitzgerald was committed -to Castlebar prison, but he seems to have been -at large therein, for, four days after his committal, he -calmly walked out of gaol, armed with a brace of -pistols, and scattering a bag of silver to be scrambled -for by the gaolers. The doors were all open, a horse -was in readiness, and off he went, tantivy, for -Turlough, where he was welcomed by his people with -volleys of small arms and discharge of cannon. These -latter Fitzgerald had procured from a ship, under the -pretext that they would be useful for his volunteers, -of which he was the colonel. These he mounted as -a regular battery, and it was garrisoned in a perfectly -military manner by his volunteers.</p> - -<p>But an escape from prison was, by the law of Ireland, -deemed a capital felony, and the sheriff of the -county issued proclamations and rewards for his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span> -apprehension, at which Fitzgerald only laughed, for -he could rely on his men, and he had his father still -in his custody, as the old man did not go away when -his son was, as he thought, safely imprisoned. He -was some fifteen months at large before the majesty -of the law asserted itself. Then a little army, consisting -of three companies of foot, a troop of horse, -and a battery of artillery, under the command of -Major Longford, was sent to reduce this rebel. But, -when they got to Rockfield, they found the cannon -spiked, and the birds flown to Killala, whither they -were followed by Charles Lionel, at the head of the -Castlebar volunteers. But many people gathered -round Fitzgerald, and he soon had a party which -was too strong for them to attack. But, a large reinforcement -arriving, he had to flee, and, with his -father, and two or three attendants, he put to sea in -an open boat, landing on a small island in the bay of -Sligo.</p> - -<p>Here his father offered him terms, that if he would -give him £3,000 to clear off his debts, and pay him a -small annuity, he would give him up the estate, and -completely exonerate him of all blame in his capture -and detention. To these terms Fitzgerald assented, -and set off with his father through bye, and unfrequented -roads to Dublin. But no sooner had the -old man got into his old lodging, than he refused to -ratify his bargain, and set his son at defiance.</p> - -<p>Fitzgerald, although there was a reward out of -£300 for his apprehension, took no pains to conceal -himself, and, consequently, had not been long in -Dublin, before Town-Major Hall heard of his whereabouts, -and, taking twelve soldiers of the Castle -guard with him, arrested Fitzgerald, and safely -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span> -lodged him in the Castle, where he was confined -in the officer’s room; and there he abode till -the general election, when, through the influence of -his powerful friends, he was released. During his -incarceration he wrote an appeal to the public on his -case, although some say the author was one Timothy -Brecknock, a somewhat unscrupulous lawyer whom -Fitzgerald employed.</p> - -<p>The first use he made of his newly-acquired liberty -was to revenge himself on a man who he fancied -had done him some grievous injury, a somewhat -eccentric gentleman named Dick Martin, and he determined -to insult him in the most public manner. -He met him at the theatre, struck him with his cane, -calling him the bully of the Altamonts, and walked -away. Of course, in those days a gentleman so -insulted could but do one thing, and that was to -send a challenge—and Martin did send Fitzgerald -one by the hand of a cousin of the latter, a Mr. -Lyster. While he was explaining the object of his -visit, Fitzgerald rang the bell, and requested his -footman to bring him his cudgel ‘with the green -ribbon.’ This being brought, he walked up to his -cousin, and ferociously asked how <i>he</i> dared to deliver -such a message to <i>him</i>: then, not waiting for a reply, -he belaboured him most unmercifully, with such -violence indeed, as to break a diamond ring from off -his finger. When he considered him sufficiently -punished, he made him pick up his ring and present -it to him—but he did not keep it, he wrapped it up -in paper, and returned it, telling his cousin not to go -about swearing that he had robbed him of it.</p> - -<p>Martin could get no satisfaction out of Fitzgerald -in Dublin, the object of the latter being to let his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span> -adversary have the reputation of being an insulted -man. But, afterwards, they met at Castlebar, and a -meeting was arranged. Martin was hit, and his -bullet struck Fitzgerald, but glanced off: according -to some it hit a button; according to others, Fitzgerald -was <i>plastroné</i>, or armoured.</p> - -<p>His behaviour was more like that of a lunatic than -of a sane man. Take the following example, for instance. -He had a house and grounds near Dublin, -and his neighbours all fought shy of him—nay, one -of them, a retired officer, Captain Boulton, would -neither accept his invitations nor invite him to his -mansion. This conduct galled Fitzgerald, and he -devised a novel method of avenging himself of the -insult. He would shoot on the captain’s grounds -without leave. So he went down with his man and -dogs and began killing the game in fine style. This -soon brought out the steward, who began to remonstrate -with the trespasser. Fitzgerald’s answer was a -bullet, which whizzed close to the head of the poor -steward, who turned, and ran for his life, Fitzgerald -after him with a second gun, with the certain determination -of shooting him. Luckily the man got -safely into the mansion. Baffled of his victim, Fitzgerald -began abusing Captain Boulton, calling on -him to come out, and give him satisfaction for his -man’s behaviour. But the captain, not seeing the -force of the argument, refrained, and Fitzgerald fired -his gun at the dining-room window. As this, however, -did not bring out the captain, he fired at the -windows as fast as his man could load, and only left -off when he had smashed every one of them.</p> - -<p>Another time he waged war against all the dogs in -Castlebar, shooting them whenever he got a chance; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span> -but the people did not stand it tamely; they rose, -visited his kennels, and shot his dogs.</p> - -<p>His father died; but his brother, his father’s -mistress, and MacDonnell, took advantage of every -circumstance in their power to maliciously vex him. -Law-suits were stirred up against him, and had to -be met with the assistance of Timothy Brecknock, -who was Fitzgerald’s legal adviser, and the followers -of both parties were not particular in exchanging a -shot or two, one with the other.</p> - -<p>At length MacDonnell kidnapped one of Fitzgerald’s -servants, and kept him prisoner for twenty -days. Then the man escaped, and Fitzgerald applied -for, and obtained warrants against, MacDonnell and -two other men, named Hipson and Gallagher. To -execute these warrants personally must have been a -congenial task to Fitzgerald, and he set out for that -purpose, followed by a large body of men. On their -approach, MacDonnell fled to the neighbouring village -of Ballivary, and his friends did the best they -could to defend themselves, firing on his party and -wounding six or seven of them. They then went -after MacDonnell, and, after more firing, succeeded -in apprehending MacDonnell, Hipson, and Gallagher. -These unfortunate men begged to be taken before -the nearest magistrate; but Fitzgerald had them -bound, and taken to his house, where they remained -all night.</p> - -<p>Early the next morning they were sent, guarded -by a man of his, one Andrew Craig, and about -eighteen or twenty more, all well armed, to be -examined by the magistrates. Before their departure -Fitzgerald gave the guard strict instructions to kill -the prisoners should they attempt to escape. When -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span> -they had gone about three-quarters of a mile a shot -was fired, and one of the escort was laid low. But -very little was wanted to rouse their wild blood, and -it was at once considered that a rescue was intended. -Remembering the instructions given them by Fitzgerald, -they fired on their prisoners, killing Hipson, -who fell into a ditch, dragging Gallagher with him, -wounded with three bullets in his arm. MacDonnell, -by the same volley, had both his arms broken, but -he was soon afterwards despatched. Gallagher was -then discovered, and they were about to kill him, only -Fitzgerald ordered him to be taken to his house.</p> - -<p>News was sent to Castlebar of what had taken -place, and Fitzgerald calmly awaited the result. -Fully aware of the dangerous character they had to -deal with, the authorities sent a large body, both of -regular troops, and volunteers, to Turlough, and these -were accompanied by an immense mob of people. -What happened is best related in the following -graphic account:</p> - -<p>‘Brecknock was for remaining, as with the calmness -of conscious innocence, and boldly demanding a -warrant against Gallagher and others. This opinion, -however, did not agree with Fitzgerald’s own, who -justly dreaded the fury of the volunteers and the -populace, with whom MacDonnell had been so -popular. Neither did it coincide with that of the -Rev. Mr. Henry, the Presbyterian clergyman of Turlough, -who had been latterly a resident in the house, -and was now wringing his hands in wild alarm for -what had occurred. This gentleman’s horse was at -the door, and he strongly urged George Robert to -mount, and ride for his life out of the country altogether, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span> -till the powerful intercession he could command -might be made for him. In compliance with -this advice, which entirely coincided with his own -opinion, it is stated that he made several attempts to -mount; but that, splendid horseman as he was, -whether through nervous excitement, guilty terror, or -the restiveness of the animal, he was unable to attain -the saddle, and, in consequence, obliged to fly into -the house again, as the military were announced to -be approaching near. It is also generally asserted -that the Rev. Mr. Ellison, who headed the soldiers, -sent them on to Gurth-na-fullagh, without halting -them at Turlough, where he himself stopped.</p> - -<p>‘Were this circumstance even true, however, Fitzgerald -gained but a short respite by it, as the -volunteers, with many of the populace, came furiously -up immediately after; and, some of them being -placed about the house, the remainder entered to -search and pillage it. Brecknock and Fulton were -immediately captured, but, after ransacking every -corner and crevice more than once without finding -him, the volunteers were beginning to think that -Fitzgerald must have effected his escape before their -arrival, when one of them, forcing open a clothes-chest -in a lower apartment, discovered him among -a heap of bed-clothes in his place of concealment.</p> - -<p>‘“What do you want, you ruffian?” he said, on -finding himself detected.</p> - -<p>‘“To dhrag ye, like a dog’s head, to a bonfire,” replied -another volunteer, named Morran, a powerful -man, who seized him at the same time by the breast, -and drew him forth by main force.</p> - -<p>‘A pistol was now presented at him by a third to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span> -take summary vengeance; but a comrade snapped it -from his hands, asking if there was not murder -enough already.</p> - -<p>‘“What mercy did himself or his murdherers show -to those every way their betthers?”</p> - -<p>‘“Well, let them pay for that on the gallows, but -let us be no murdherers; let us give him up to the -law.”</p> - -<p>‘He was, accordingly, hauled out to the front of -the house, where, perceiving Mr. Ellison, he exclaimed,</p> - -<p>‘“Ellison, will you allow me to be handled thus by -such rabble?”</p> - -<p>‘Mr. Ellison’s response to this saved him from -further molestation for a time, and exertions were -then made to withdraw the pillagers from the wholesale -plundering they were practising within. One -fellow had girded his loins with linen almost as fine -as Holland—so fine that he made some hundred yards -fit round his body without being much observable. -Another, among other valuables, made himself master -of the duellist’s diamond-buttoned coat; while a -third contrived to appropriate to himself all the -jewels, valued at a very high amount. In short, so -entire were the spoliation and destruction that, before -sunset, not a single pane of glass was left in the -windows.</p> - -<p>‘The remainder of those implicated in the murders -were speedily apprehended, except Craig, who -escaped for the time, but was taken soon after near -Dublin.</p> - -<p>‘We must now pause to sustain our character as -an accurate chronicler to relate an act as unprecedented, -as lawless, and as terrible as the most terrible -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span> -of Fitzgerald’s own. He was alone, on the night of -his capture, in the room assigned to him in the gaol. -It was not a felon’s apartment, but was guarded on -the outside by two armed soldiers, lest he should -make any desperate attempt to escape. It was some -hours after nightfall that Clarke, the then sub-sheriff, -removed one of those sentinels to another portion of -the prison, where he stated he required his presence. -They had scarcely disappeared, when the remaining -soldier, McBeth (according to his own account), was -knocked down, and his musket taken from him, while -the door was burst open, and a number of men, all -armed with pistols, sword-canes, and the sentinel’s -musket, commenced a furious and deadly attack on -Fitzgerald, who, though totally unarmed, made a -most extraordinary defence. Several shots were discharged -rapidly at him, one of which lodged in his -thigh, while another broke a ring on the finger of -one of his hands, which he put up to change the -direction of the ball.</p> - -<p>He was then secured by John Gallagher, one of -the assailants, and a powerful man, and, whilst -struggling in his grip, thrust at with blades and -bayonets, one of the former of which broke in the -fleshy part of his arm. The latter, too, in forcing out -two of his teeth, had its point broken, and was -thereby prevented from passing through his throat. -After having freed himself, by great exertions, from -Gallagher’s grasp, he was next assaulted with musket-stock, -pistol-butts, and the candlestick, which had -been seized by one of the assailants, who gave the -candle to a boy to hold. By one of the blows inflicted -by these weapons he was prostrated under -the table, and, while lying there, defending himself -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span> -with unimpaired powers against other deadly-aimed -blows, he exclaimed,</p> - -<p>‘Cowardly rascals, you may now desist; you -have done for me, which was, of course, your object.’</p> - -<p>The candle had by this time been quenched in -the struggling, and the gaol and streets thoroughly -alarmed, so that the assailants, fearing to injure one -another, and deeming that their intended victim was -really dispatched, retreated from the prison, leaving -Fitzgerald, though wounded, once more in security.</p> - -<p>In consequence of this outrage, his trial was postponed -for two months, and the government ordered -his assailants to be prosecuted, but on trial they were -acquitted. Fitzgerald himself was tried the same -day (June 8, 1786), the chief witnesses against him -being his own man, Andrew Craig, and Andrew -Gallagher, the latter of whom deposed that when he, -Hipson, and MacDonnell, were confined in Fitzgerald’s -house, there was a pane broken in the -window, and ‘At day he saw a number of men -regularly drawn up, to the number of twenty or -thirty. He saw Andrew Craig and James Foy -settling them. Mr. Fitzgerald and Mr. Brecknock -came to the flag of the hall-door; through the broken -pane he heard them conversing; they spoke in -French for some time, and afterwards in English, -but he could not hear what they said, but the names -of himself, MacDonnell, and Hipson were severally -mentioned. He heard at that time nothing more -than their names. Mr. Fitzgerald called over James -Foy and Andrew Craig, who were settling the guard, -and ordered them to move a little higher, about ten -or twelve yards above the house. There was some -other conversation which he did not hear. As soon -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> -as the guard were settled, Mr. Fitzgerald gave them—Foy -and Craig—orders “If they saw any rescue, -or colour of a rescue, be sure they shot the prisoners, -and take care of them.”</p> - -<p>‘When these orders were given, Mr. Fitzgerald said -to Mr. Brecknock,</p> - -<p>‘“Ha! we shall soon get rid of them now.”</p> - -<p>‘Mr. Brecknock replied: “Oh, then we shall be easy -indeed.”</p> - -<p>‘After the guard was settled, Mr. Fitzgerald called -back Andrew Craig, and when Craig came within -ten yards of him, he, Mr. Fitzgerald, said,</p> - -<p>‘“Andrew, be sure you kill them. Do not let one of -the villains escape.”</p> - -<p>‘Andrew answered: “Oh, never fear, please your -honour.”’</p> - -<p>At his trial he had a bitter enemy both in the judge, -Yelverton, and the prosecuting counsel, Fitzgibbon. -Nor could he reckon the high sheriff, Denis Browne, -among his friends, so that it was scarcely possible that -it should have but one issue, and the jury returned a -verdict of guilty against both him and Brecknock, and -the judge sentenced them to immediate execution. -Fitzgerald begged for a little delay, so that he might -settle his worldly affairs; it was denied him, and, at -six in the evening, he walked forth to his doom. -Brecknock had already suffered. Fitzgerald dreaded -the scene of the scaffold and the journey thither along -the high road, in a cart, and asked, as a last favour -from the sheriff, to be allowed to walk and go by a -by-way. It was granted, and he went to his doom -preceded by the hangman, who wore a large mask. -He walked very fast, and was dressed in a ragged -coat of the Castletown hunt, a dirty flannel waistcoat -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> -and drawers, both of which were without buttons, -brown worsted or yarn stockings, a pair of coarse -shoes without buckles, and an old round hat, tied -round with a pack-thread band.</p> - -<p>When he jumped off the ladder the rope broke, -although he was but a slightly-built man and a light -weight, and he had to wait until another, and a -stronger, one was procured. After forty minutes’ -hanging his body was cut down, and was waked by -the light of a few candles in a barn at Turlough; -it was interred, the next morning, in the family tomb, -situated in a ruined chapel adjoining a round tower, -but his remains were disturbed some years afterwards -at the burial of his brother in the same tomb. He was -thirty-eight years of age.</p> - -<p>His daughter had a portion of £10,000 left her by -him, and she was a very gentle and interesting girl. -She mostly resided with her uncle at Castletown, and -was unaware, for a long time, of her father’s fate. -But it so happened that, being one day alone in the -library, and looking over the upper shelves, she lit -upon a copy of his trial. She read it, and from that -time never lifted up her head, nor smiled—she could -not bear her position as the daughter of a felon, and -she gradually pined away, and died at an early age. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY_AMAZONS">EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY AMAZONS.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/p.jpg" alt="P" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Pugnacity</span> is not confined to the male -sex, as everyone well knows, and none -better than the police-force, but in these -latter and, presumably, degenerate days, -the efforts, in this direction, of the softer -sex are confined to social exhibitions, there being, as -far as is known, no woman serving in Her Majesty’s -force either by land or by sea. Indeed, with the -present medical examination, it would be impossible; -and so it would have been in the old days, only then -all was fish that came to the net. His, or Her -Majesty, as the case might be, never had enough -men, and ‘food for powder’ was ever acceptable, and -its quality never closely scrutinised. It is incredible, -were it not true, that these women, whose stories I -am about to relate, were not discovered to be such—they -were wounded, they were flogged, and yet -there was no suspicion as to their sex.</p> - -<p>We get the particulars of the life of the first of that -century’s Amazons in a book of one hundred and eighty-one -pages, published (second edition) in 1744, entitled, -‘The British Heroine: or, an Abridgment of the Life and -Adventures of Mrs. Christian Davis, commonly called -Mother Ross.’ She was born in Dublin, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1667, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span> -and was the daughter of a maltster and brewer, named -Cavanagh, who occupied a small farm about two -miles from Dublin. Here Miss Christian resided with -her mother, and, although her education was not -neglected, for she learned to read and sew, yet the -charms of physical exertion were more attractive, and -she took greater delight in using the flail, or following -the plough, than in sedentary occupations. She was a -regular tomboy, bestriding bare-backed horses and, -without saddle or bridle, scampering about, taking -hedges and ditches whenever they came in her way.</p> - -<p>After the abdication of James II. her father sold all -his standing corn, &c., and with the produce, and the -money he had by him, he raised a troop of horse and -joined the king’s army. He was wounded at the -battle of Aghrim, and soon afterwards died of fever. -His wife had very prudently negotiated a pardon for -him, but, as soon as he was dead, the government -confiscated all his goods; yet still the mother and -daughter managed to get along somehow or other.</p> - -<p>She grew up to be a buxom and sprightly lass, -when it was her misfortune to meet with her cousin, -the Reverend Thomas Howell, a Fellow of Dublin -University, who first seduced and then abandoned -her. Her grief at this told upon her health, and her -mother sent her for a change of air to Dublin, there to -stop with an aunt, who kept a public-house. With -her she lived for four years, when her aunt died and -left her all she had, including the business. She -afterwards married a servant of her aunt’s, one Richard -Welch, and lived very happily with him for four -years, when her husband one day went out, with -fifty pounds in his pocket, to pay his brewer, and -never returned. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span></p> - -<p>For nearly twelve months she heard no tidings of -him, but one day came a letter, in which he told her -he had met a friend, and with him had too much -drink, went on board ship, and had more drink; and -when he recovered from the effects of his debauch, -found himself classed as a recruit for his Majesty’s -army, sailing for Helvoetsluys. The receipt of this -letter completely upset his wife, but only for a short -time, when she took the extraordinary resolution of -entering the army as a recruit, in order that she -might be sent to Flanders, and there might possibly -meet with her husband. She let her house, left her -furniture in charge of her neighbours, sent one child -to her mother’s, and put the other out to nurse. She -then cut her hair short, put on a suit of her husband’s -clothes, hat and wig, and buckled on a silver-hilted -sword. There was a law then in existence by which -it was an offence to carry out of the kingdom any -sum exceeding five pounds, but this she evaded by -quilting fifty guineas in the waistband of her breeches.</p> - -<p>She then enlisted in a foot regiment under the -name of Christopher Welch, and was soon shipped, -with other recruits, and sent to Holland. She was, -with the others, put through some sort of drill, but -much time could not then be wasted on drill, and -then they were sent to the grand army, and incorporated -in different regiments. Almost directly after -joining, she was wounded by a musket-ball in the leg, -at the battle of Landen, and had to quit the field. -This wound laid her up for two months, and when -she rejoined her regiment they were ordered into -winter quarters. Here she, in common with the -other British soldiers, helped the Dutch to repair -their dykes. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span></p> - -<p>In the following campaign she had the ill-luck to -be taken prisoner by the French, and was sent to -St. Germains en Laye, where Mary of Modena, the -wife of James II. paid particular attention to the -wants of the English prisoners, having them separated -from the Dutch, and allowing each man five -farthings for tobacco, a pound of bread, and a pint -of wine daily. She was imprisoned for nine days, -when an exchange of prisoners took place, and she -was released.</p> - -<p>Once more the troops went into winter quarters, -and Mrs. Welch must needs ape the gallantry of her -comrades. She made fierce love to the daughter of -a rich burgher, and succeeded so well that the girl -would fain have married her. Now it so happened -that a sergeant of the same regiment loved the same -girl, but with other than honourable intentions, and -one day he endeavoured to gain her compliance by -force. The girl resisted and in the scuffle got nearly -all the clothes torn off her back. When Mrs. Welch -heard of this affair she ‘went for’ that sergeant, and -the result was a duel with swords. Mrs. Welch received -two wounds in her right arm, but she nearly -killed the sergeant, and afterwards, dreading his -animosity when he should have recovered, she exchanged -into a dragoon regiment (Lord John Hayes) -and was present at the taking of Namur.</p> - -<p>When the troops again went into winter quarters -a curious adventure befell her, which goes to prove -how completely masculine was her appearance. She -resisted the advances of a woman, who thereby was -so angered that she swore she would be revenged, -and accordingly, when a child was born to her, she -swore that the trooper, Christopher Welch, was its -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span> -father. This, of course, could have been easily disproved, -but then good-bye to her hopes of meeting -with her husband; so, after mature deliberation, she -accepted the paternity of the child, who, however, -did not trouble her for long, as it died in a month.</p> - -<p>After the peace of Ryswick in 1697, the army was -partially disbanded, and Mrs. Welch returned home to -Dublin. She found her mother, children, and friends -all well, but finding that she was unrecognized, -owing to her dress and the hardships of campaigning, -she did not make herself known, but re-enlisted in -1701 in her old regiment of dragoons, on the breaking -out of the War of Succession. She went through -the campaigns of 1702 and 1703, and was present at -many of the engagements therein, receiving a wound -in the hip, at Donawert, and, although attended by -three surgeons, her sex was not discovered. She -never forgot her quest, but all her inquiries after her -husband were in vain. Yet she unexpectedly came -upon him, after the battle of Hochstadt in 1704, -caressing and toying with a Dutch camp-follower. -A little time afterwards she discovered herself to him. -Having seen what she had, she would not return -to her husband as his wife, but passed as a long-lost -brother, and they met frequently.</p> - -<p>At the battle of Ramilies, in 1705, a piece of a -shell struck the back of her head, and fractured her -skull, for which she underwent the operation of trepanning, -and then it was, whilst unconscious, that her -sex was discovered, and her husband came forward -and claimed her as his wife. Her pay went on until -she was cured, when the officers of the regiment, -who, naturally, were interested in this very romantic -affair, made up a new wardrobe for her, and she was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span> -re-married to her husband with great solemnity, and -many and valuable were her marriage-presents. She -could not be idle, so she turned sutler, and, by the -indulgence of the officers, she was allowed to pitch -her tent in the front, whilst all the others were sent -to the rear, but she was virtually unsexed by the -rough ways of the camp, although a child was born -to her amongst the din and confusion of the campaign.</p> - -<p>Her husband was killed at the battle of Malplaquet, -in 1709, and then this rough woman could not help -showing that she possessed some of the softer feelings -of her sex. Her grief was overpowering. She -bit a great piece out of her arm, tore her hair, and -then threw herself upon the corpse in an ecstasy of -passion, and, had any weapon been handy, she would, -undoubtedly, have killed herself. With her own -hands she dug his grave, and with her own hands -would she have scraped the earth away, in order to -get one more glimpse of her husband’s face, had she -not been prevented. She refused food; she became -absolutely ill from grief, and yet, within eleven weeks -from her husband’s death, she married a grenadier -named Hugh Jones! Her second married life was -brief—for her husband was mortally wounded at the -siege of St. Venant.</p> - -<p>After her husband’s death, she got a living by -cooking for the officers, and went through the whole -campaign, till 1712, when she applied to the Duke -of Ormond for a pass to England—which he not -only gave her, but also money enough to defray -her expenses on the way. On her arrival in England, -she called on the Duke of Marlborough, to -see whether he could not get some provision made -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span> -for her; but he was not in power, and, however -good his will towards her might have been, he had -not the means. She then tried the Duke of Argyle, -who advised her to have a petition to the Queen -drawn up, and take it to the Duke of Hamilton, -and he himself would back it up.</p> - -<p>She did so, and took it to the duke, who, when -he was assured she was no impostor, advised her -to get a new petition drawn up, and present herself -to the Queen. So, the next day, she dressed herself -in her best, and went to Court, waiting patiently -at the foot of the great staircase, and when Queen -Anne, supported by the Duke of Argyle, came down, -she dropped on one knee, and presented her petition -to the Queen, who received it with a smile, and bade -her rise and be of good cheer, for that she would -provide for her; and, perceiving her to be with child, -she added, ‘If you are delivered of a boy, I will give -him a commission as soon as he is born.’ Her Majesty -also ordered her fifty pounds, to defray the expenses -of her lying-in. She lived some little time in London, -being helped very materially by the officers to -whom she was known; and it was during this time, -on Saturday morning, the 15th of November, 1712, -she was going through Hyde Park, and was an eye-witness -of the historical duel between Lord Mohun -and the Duke of Hamilton.</p> - -<p>A natural longing came upon her to see her -mother and her children, and she wrote to her to -say she would be in Dublin by a certain date. The -old woman, although over a hundred years of age, -trudged the whole ten miles to Dublin, to see this -daughter whom she had so long given up as dead; -and the meeting was very affecting. When she -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span> -came to inquire after her children, she found one -had died at the age of eighteen, and the other was -in the workhouse, where it had very speedily been -placed by the nurse in whose charge it had been -left. She went to look after the furniture and goods -which she had housed with her neighbours; but -there was only one who would give any account of -them. A man had taken possession of her freehold -house, and refused to give it up; and, having lost -the title-deeds, she could not force him, besides which -she had no money to carry on a lawsuit.</p> - -<p>These misfortunes did not dishearten her; she -always had been used to victualling. So she took a -public-house, and stocked it, and made pies, and -altogether was doing very well, when she must needs -go and marry a soldier named Davies, whose discharge -she bought, but he afterwards enlisted in the -Guards.</p> - -<p>Queen Anne, besides her gift of fifty pounds, -ordered Mrs. Davies a shilling a day for life, which -Harley, Earl of Oxford, for some reason or other, -cut down to fivepence, with which she was fain -to be content until a change of ministry took place. -Then she applied to Mr. Craggs, and she got her -original pension restored.</p> - -<p>She did not do very well in her business, but she -found plenty of friends in the officers of the Army -who knew her. She once more bought her husband’s -discharge, and got him into Chelsea Hospital, -with the rank of sergeant. She also was received -into that institution; and there she died on the 7th -of July, 1739, and was interred in the burying-ground -attached to Chelsea Hospital, with military honours. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hannah Snell’s</span> grandfather entered the Army in -the reign of William III. as a volunteer, and, by his -personal bravery, he earned a commission as lieutenant, -with the rank of captain. He was wounded -at Blenheim, and mortally wounded at Malplaquet. -Her brother was also a soldier, and was killed at -Fontenoy; so that she may be said to have come -of a martial race. Her father was a hosier and dyer, -and she was born at Worcester on St. George’s Day, -23rd of April, 1723.</p> - -<p>According to a contemporary biography of her,<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> -‘Hannah, when she was scarce Ten Years of Age, -had the seeds of Heroinism, as it were, implanted -in her nature, and she used often to declare to her -Companions that she would be a Soldier, if she lived; -and, as a preceding Testimony of the Truth, she -formed a Company of young Soldiers among her -Playfellows, and of which she was chief Commander, -at the Head of whom she often appeared, and was -used to parade the whole City of Worcester. This -Body of young Volunteers were admired all over -the Town, and they were styled young “Amazon -Snell’s Company”; and this Martial Spirit grew up -with her, until it carried her through the many -Scenes and Vicissitudes she encountered for nigh -five Years.’</p> - -<p>Her father and mother being dead, she, in 1740, -moved to London, where she arrived on Christmas -Day, and took up her abode with one of her sisters, -who had married a carpenter named Gray, and was -living at Wapping. Two years afterwards she was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span> -married, at the Fleet, to a German or Dutch sailor -named James Summs, on the 6th of January, 1743; -but he was a worthless fellow, and as soon as he -found she was with child by him, having spent all her -money, he deserted her. She heard of his death -subsequently; he was at Genoa, and, in a quarrel, he -killed a Genoese. For this he was condemned to -death, sewn up in a sack with a quantity of stones, -and sunk in the sea. Her child survived its birth but -seven months, and she was left a free woman.</p> - -<p>Up to this time her story presents nothing of -particular interest; but, like ‘Long Meg of Westminster,’ -she was a <i>virago</i>, more man than woman, -and, with the hope of some day meeting with her -husband, she donned male attire, and set forth on her -quest. She soon fell in with a recruiting party at -Coventry, whither she had walked, and where she -found her funds exhausted. A little drink, the acceptance -of a shilling, a visit to a magistrate, were the -slight preliminaries to her military career, and the -27th of November, 1743, found her a private in the -army of King George II. The guinea, and five -shillings, her little ‘bounty money,’ had to follow the -fate of all similar sums, in treating her comrades. -There was scant time for drills, and she was, after -about three weeks’ preparation, drafted off to Carlisle -to join her regiment. There were no railway passes -in those days, so the weary march northward took -twenty-two days.</p> - -<p>She had not been long in Carlisle before her sergeant, -named Davis, requested her aid in an intrigue -he was endeavouring to establish with a young -woman of that town; but, instead of helping him, she -warned the young person of his intentions, and absolutely -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span> -won the girl’s heart. Davis’s jealousy was -excited, and to punish Jemmy Gray (which was the -name under which Hannah Snell had enlisted), he -reported her for some neglect of duty, and, as commanding -officers then were rather severe than lenient -in their punishments, she was sentenced to receive -six hundred lashes, five hundred of which she absolutely -received, and would have taken the whole had -not some officers interfered. It seems marvellous that -her sex, when she was tied up and partially stripped, -was not discovered, and in a romance it would be a -weak spot; but, as a matter-of-fact, no one suspected -she was a woman, and when her back was healed she -returned to her duty. Flogging was common enough -in those days.</p> - -<p>But a worse danger of exposure threatened her, for -a fellow-townsman from Worcester enlisted in the -same regiment, and so she determined to desert. The -female friend on whose account she had suffered such -severe punishment, found some money, and Hannah -Snell fled towards Portsmouth, surreptitiously changing -coats in a field by the way. She stopped but -little time in Portsmouth, and then she enlisted in -the Marines, in which corps she was certain to be -sent abroad on service, and might have greater -opportunities of meeting with her husband.</p> - -<p>Scarce three weeks after her enlistment had elapsed -when a draft was made to join Admiral Boscawen’s -fleet for the East Indies, and she was sent on board -the sloop of war, the <i>Swallow</i>. Here she soon became -very popular with her mess-mates, her skill in -cooking, washing, and mending their shirts made her -a general favourite, and she did her duty with the -best of her comrades, being especially noted for her -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span> -smartness, so much so, indeed, that she was made an -officer’s servant.</p> - -<p>Those old ships were not very good sailors in a -gale. The French beat us hollow at ship-building, -and we much improved by studying the make of the -prizes we were constantly taking, so it is not to be -wondered at if that rolling old tub, the <i>Swallow</i>, came -to grief. The marvel would have been had it not -occurred. Twice, before the Cape was made, they -had to repair and refit. They were then ordered to -the Mauritius, and eventually they went to the Coromandel -coast, where they landed and laid siege to -and took Areacopong. They then besieged Pondicherry -(in September, 1748); but that town was not -fated to fall into the hands of the British until 1760. -In all the hardships of the siege Hannah Snell bore -her full part, fording rivers breast high, sleeping in -and working at the trenches, &c., until at last she -was desperately wounded, receiving six shots in her -right leg, five in her left, and a bullet in her groin. -Anyone would think that thus wounded, and in -hospital, her sex would have been discovered; but it -was not. She managed to extract the ball from her -groin, and with the connivance of an old black nurse, -she always dressed the wound herself, so that the -surgeons did not know of its existence.</p> - -<p>Three months she lay in hospital, going back to -her duty as a Marine on her discharge. But her -comrades bantered her on her somewhat feminine -appearance, her smooth cheeks not being in accordance -with her age. Besides, she was somewhat -quiet, and different from the rollicking Jack Tars by -whom she was surrounded, and so she earned the -name of Miss Molly Gray. A continuance of this -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span> -quiet <i>rôle</i> might have led to discovery, so when they -came to Lisbon, and the ‘liberty men’ went on shore, -she was as racketty as any of them, and ‘Miss Molly’ -was soon lost, and in her place was ‘Hearty Jemmy.’ -From Lisbon they sailed for home, and on her -arrival at Spithead, she was either discharged, or sent -on furlough; at all events, there ended her military -and naval career, for she went straight to her sister -at Wapping, and was at once recognized.</p> - -<p>Campaigning had made her restless, and, although -many of the officers who had known her assisted her -pecuniarily, it was light come, light go, and the -money was soon spent. So her friends advised her -to petition the Duke of Cumberland, pointing out her -services, and also dilating upon her wounds. On the -16th of June, 1750, she found a very favourable -opportunity of presenting her memorandum to the -duke, and, after full inquiry, she was awarded a -pension of a shilling a day. This, however, would -not keep her, and finding that, as an Amazon, she -had a market value, she engaged with the proprietor -of the New Wells in Goodman’s Fields (the Royalty -Theatre, Wellclose Square) to appear on the stage -as a soldier. In this character she sang several -songs, and ‘She appears regularly dress’d in her -Regimentals from Top to Toe, with all the Accoutrements -requisite for the due Performance of her -Military Exercises. Here she and her Attendants fill -up the Stage in a very agreeable Manner. The tabor -and Drum give Life to her March, and she traverses -the stage two or three times over, Step by Step, in -the same Manner as our Soldiers march on the Parade -in St. James’s Park.</p> - -<p>‘After the Spectators have been sufficiently amused -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span> -with this formal Procession, she begins her Military -exercises, and goes through the whole Catechism (if I -may be allowed the Expression) with so much Dexterity -and Address, and with so little Hesitation or -Default, that great Numbers even of Veteran Soldiers, -who have resorted to the Wells out of mere curiosity -only, have frankly acknowledged that she executes -what she undertakes to Admiration, and that the -universal Applause which she meets with is by no -means the Result of Partiality to her in Consideration -of her Sex, but is due to her, without Favour or Affection, -as the Effect of her extraordinary Merit.</p> - -<p>‘As our Readers may be desirous of being informed -in what Dress she now appears, we think it proper to -inform them that she wears Men’s Cloaths, being, as -she says, determined so to do, and having bought -new Cloathing for that Purpose.’</p> - -<p>This theatrical performance, of course, could not -last long; so, with her savings, she took a public-house -at Wapping, which she christened ‘The Widow -in Masquerade,’ and on one side of the sign she was -delineated in her full regimentals, on the other in -plain clothes.</p> - -<p>She afterwards married, for in the <i>Universal -Chronicle</i> (November <sup>3</sup>/<sub>10</sub>, 1759, p. 359, col. 3) -may be read: ‘Marriages. At Newbury, in the -county of Berks, the famous Hannah Snell, who -served as a marine in the last war, and was wounded -at the siege of Pondicherry, to a carpenter of that -place.’ His name was Eyles. In 1789 she became -insane, and was taken to Bethlehem, where she died -on the 8th of February, 1792, aged sixty-nine.</p> - -<p>The examples quoted of women joining the army -are by no means singular, for in 1761 a lynx-eyed -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span> -sergeant detected a woman who wished to enlist -under the name of Paul Daniel, in the hope that she -might be sent to Germany, where her husband was -then serving in the army. And in the same year a -woman named Hannah Witney was masquerading at -Plymouth in man’s attire, and was laid hold of by a -press-gang and lodged in Plymouth gaol. She was -so disgusted at the treatment she received that she -disclosed her sex, at the same time telling the astonished -authorities that she had served as a marine for -five years.</p> - -<p>There is a curious little chap-book, now very rare, -of the ‘Life and Adventures of Maria Knowles ... -by William Fairbank, Sergeant-major of the 66th -Regiment of Foot,’ and, as it is very short, it may be -as well to give its <i>ipsissima verba</i>.</p> - -<p>‘The heroine of the following story is the only -daughter of Mr. John Knowles, a reputed farmer,<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> of -the parish of Bridworth, in the county of Cheshire, -where Maria was born, and was her father’s only -daughter. At an early age she lost her mother, and -was brought up under the care of a mother-in-law, -who treated her with more kindness than is usually -done to motherless children. Her father having no -other child, his house might have proved a comfortable -home for one of a more sober disposition. At -the age of nineteen she was so very tall that she was -styled the ‘Tall Girl.’ She had a very handsome face, -which gained her plenty of sweethearts. Many -young men felt the weight of her fists for giving her -offences. She refused many offers of marriage, and -that from persons of fortune.</p> - -<p>‘Being one day at the market in Warrington, she -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span> -saw one Cliff, a sergeant of the Guards on the recruiting -service, with whom she fell deeply in love; -he in a short time was called to join the regiment, -and she, not being able to bear her love-sick passion, -eloped from her father’s house, immediately went up -to London, disguised in man’s apparel, and enlisted -in the same regiment with her sweetheart, in which -she made a most martial appearance in her regimentals; -her height covered the deception. As a red -coat captivates the fair sex, our female soldier made -great advances, being a lover of mirth and a smart -girl....</p> - -<p>‘A part of the Guards were ordered to Holland, -with whom sailed Maria and her sweetheart. The -British troops were stationed at Dort, and a party -was sent in gunboats to annoy the French, who were -then besieging Williamstadt. From Holland they -were ordered to French Flanders, where Maria was -at several desperate battles and sieges. At Dunkirk -she was wounded in three different parts, in her right -shoulder, in her right arm, and thigh, which discovered -her sex, and, of course, her secret.</p> - -<p>‘After being recovered from her wounds, and questioned -by her commanding officer, she related to him -the particulars of her life, and the reason of her being -disguised, and entering for a soldier, which was to -seek her fortune, and share the fate of the man on -whom she had irrevocably fixed her affection.</p> - -<p>‘The news soon reached her lover, who flew to the -arms of so faithful a girl, whom he embraced with -the most ardent zeal, vowing an eternal constancy to -her; and, in order to reward such faithful love, the -officers raised a handsome subscription for them, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span> -after which they were married by the chaplain of the -regiment, to their great joy....</p> - -<p>‘But this was not all, for the adjutant of the 66th -Regiment of Foot dying of his wounds, Sergeant Cliff -was promoted to that berth, and Sergeant Fairbank -to sergeant-major, as Cliff and him were always comrades -together. In a little time the regiment was -sent to Gibraltar, where they stayed most part of the -year, during which Mrs. Cliff was delivered of a fine -son, after which the regiment was sent to the West -Indies, and, after a passage of twenty-eight days, -landed safely on the island of St. Vincent, where -they remained some time; but, the yellow fever raging -among the troops, Mr. Cliff died, to the great -grief of his disconsolate wife and her young son. -She was still afraid of the raging distemper, but, -happily for her and her son, neither of them took it.</p> - -<p>‘Great indulgence was given her, and also provisions -allowed them both; but this did not suffice, -for Mrs. Cliff, losing the man she had ventured her -life so many times for, was now very unhappy, and -made application to the commanding officer for her -passage to England; and a great many men, unfit -for duty, coming home, she was admitted a passenger. -I, being unfit to act as sergeant-major, on -account of a wound that I received in my left leg, -the same day Mrs. Cliff was wounded, and although it -was cured, as soon as I came into a hot country it -broke out again, and I, being unfit for duty, was sent -home, and recommended.<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> So I came home in the -same ship, with this difference, that she was in the -cabin, and I among the men. We sailed in the -<i>Eleanor</i> on the 25th of January, 1798, and, after forty -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span> -days’ sail, we reached Spithead, and, after performing -a short quarantine, we landed at Portsmouth on -the 16th of March, where I left Mrs. Cliff to pursue -her journey to her father’s, and I came to -London.’</p> - -<p>I have been unable to trace the fate of this heroine -any further.</p> - -<p>There is yet another woman of the eighteenth -century, who acted the part both of soldier and -sailor; and we read of her in the <i>Times</i>, 4th of -November, 1799.</p> - -<p>‘There is at present in the Middlesex Hospital a -young and delicate female, who calls herself Miss -T—lb—t, and who is said to be related to some -families of distinction; her story is very singular:—At -an early period of her life, having been deprived, -by the villainy of a trustee, of a sum of money bequeathed -to her by a deceased relation of high rank, -she followed the fortunes of a young naval officer to -whom she was attached, and personated a common -sailor before the mast, during a cruise in the north -seas. In consequence of a lover’s quarrel she quitted -the ship, and assumed, for a time, the military -character; but her passion for the sea prevailing, -she returned to her favourite element, did good service, -and received a severe wound on board Earl St. -Vincent’s ship, on the glorious 14th of February,<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> and -again bled in the cause of her country in the engagement -off Camperdown. On this last occasion her -knee was shattered, and an amputation is likely to -ensue. This spirited female, we understand, receives -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span> -a pension of £20 from an illustrious lady, which is -about to be doubled.’</p> - -<p><i>Voilà comment on écrit l’histoire!</i> This newspaper -report is about as truthful as nine-tenths of the paragraphs -now-a-days; there is a substratum of truth, -but not ‘the whole truth and nothing but the truth.’ -But this can be read in a little tractate entitled, ‘The -Life and Surprising Adventures of Mary Ann Talbot, -in the name of John Taylor. Related by herself.’ -London, 1809. This pamphlet is extracted from -‘Kirby’s Wonderful Museum of Remarkable Characters, -&c.,’ and professes to be an autobiography. -It is highly probable that it is so, as she was a -domestic servant in Mr. Kirby’s house for three years -before her death.</p> - -<p>According to this relation she was the youngest of -sixteen natural children whom her mother had by -Lord William Talbot, Baron of Hensol, steward of -his Majesty’s household, and colonel of the Glamorganshire -Militia. She was born the 2nd of February, -1778, and her mother died on giving her birth. She -was put out to nurse in the country, until she was five -years of age, when she was placed in a boarding-school -at Chester, where she remained nine years, -being looked after by a married sister who lived at -Trevalyn, county Denbigh. At her death a man -named Sucker, living at Newport, county Salop, became -her guardian, and he behaved to her with such -severity that she cordially hated him. He introduced -her to a Captain Bowen, of the 82nd Regiment of Foot, -who took her to London in January, 1792, where, -friendless and alone, she soon became his victim.</p> - -<p>His regiment was ordered to embark for Santo -Domingo, and he had so thoroughly subjugated her -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span> -to his will, and she was so utterly helpless, that she -accompanied him on board as his ‘little foot page.’ -Captain Bowen made John Taylor (for such was -the name Miss Talbot then took) thoroughly act up -to her assumed character, and she had to live and -mess with the lowest of the ship’s company, and, -what was more, had to do her turn of duty with the -ship’s crew.</p> - -<p>After a stormy voyage, with short provisions, they -arrived at Port-au-Prince, but stayed there a very -short time, as orders came for them to return to -Europe, and join the troops on the Continent, under -the command of His Royal Highness the Duke of -York. Then it was that Captain Bowen made her -enrol herself as a drummer in his regiment, threatening -her unless she did so he would sell her up-country -for a slave. There was nothing for her but to comply, -so she put on the clothes and learned the business of -a drummer-boy, having, besides, still to be the drudge -of her paramour.</p> - -<p>At the siege of Valenciennes she received two -wounds, neither of them severe enough to incapacitate -her from serving, and she cured them, without going -into hospital, with a little basilicon, lint, and Dutch -drops. In this siege Captain Bowen was killed, and -she, finding the key of his desk in his pocket, searched -the desk and found several letters relating to her, -from her quondam guardian, Sucker.</p> - -<p>Being now released from her servitude, she began -to think of quitting the service, and, having changed -her military dress for one she had worn on ship-board, -she deserted, and, after some wandering, reached -Luxembourg, but, it being in the occupation of the -French, she was not permitted to go further. Being -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span> -thus foiled in her design of reaching England, and -destitute of every necessary of life, she was compelled -to engage on board a French lugger, a cruiser. In -the course of their voyage, they fell in with the -British fleet under the command of Lord Howe. The -French vessel made a show of fighting, and John -Taylor refused to fight against her countrymen, for -which she received a severe thrashing from the -French captain.</p> - -<p>After a very faint resistance the lugger was captured, -and she, as being English, was taken on board -the <i>Queen Charlotte</i> to be interrogated by Lord Howe. -Her story, being backed up by the French captain, -gained her release, and she was allowed to join the -navy, a berth being found for her on board the -<i>Brunswick</i> as powder-monkey, her duty being to hand -powder, &c., for the guns when in action. Captain -Harvey, of the <i>Brunswick</i>, noticed the pseudo lad, -and straightly examined her as to whether she had -not run away from school, or if she had any friends; -but she disarmed his suspicions by telling him her -father and mother were dead, and she had not a -friend in the world; yet the kindly captain took such -a friendly interest in her that he made her principal -cabin-boy.</p> - -<p>In the memorable fight off Brest, on the ‘Glorious -First of June,’ Captain Harvey was killed, and our -heroine severely wounded both in the ankle by a -grape-shot and in the thigh a little above the knee. -She was, of course, taken to the cockpit; but the -surgeon could not extract the ball in the ankle, and -would not venture to cut it out; nor, when they -arrived home, and she was taken to Haslar Hospital, -could they extract the ball. Partially cured, she -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span> -was discharged, and shipped on board the <i>Vesuvius</i> -bomb, belonging to Sir Sydney Smith’s squadron, -where she acted as midshipman, although she did -not receive the pay which should have accompanied -the position; and, while thus serving, a little anecdote -she tells give us a fair idea of what stuff she -was made.</p> - -<p>‘It was necessary for some one on board to go to -the jib-boom to catch the jib-sheet, which in the gale -had got loose. The continual lungeing of the ship -rendered this duty particularly hazardous, and there -was not a seaman on board but rejected this office. I -was acting in the capacity of midshipman, though I -never received pay for my service in this ship but as -a common man. The circumstance I mention only -to show that it was not my particular duty to undertake -the task, which, on the refusal of several who -were asked, I voluntarily undertook. Indeed, the -preservation of us all depended on this exertion. On -reaching the jib-boom I was under the necessity of -lashing myself fast to it, for the ship every minute -making a fresh lunge, without such a precaution I -should inevitably have been washed away. The -surges continually breaking over me, I suffered an -uninterrupted wash and fatigue for six hours before I -could quit the post I occupied. When danger is -over, a sailor has little thought or reflection, and my -mess-mates, who had witnessed the perilous situation -in which I was placed, passed it off with a joke -observing, “that I had only been sipping sea broth”; -but it was a broth of a quality that, though most seamen -relish, yet few, I imagine, would like to take it -in the quantity I was compelled to do.’</p> - -<p>By the fortune of war the <i>Vesuvius</i> was captured, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span> -and the crew were conveyed to Dunkirk, where they -were lodged in the prison of St. Clair, and the rigour -of their captivity seems to have been extreme, especially -in the case of Mary Anne Talbot, who perhaps -partially deserved it, as she attempted, in company -with a mess-mate, to escape. ‘We were both confined -in separate dungeons, where it was so dark that -I never saw daylight during the space of eleven -weeks, and the only allowance I received was bread -and water, let down to me from the top of the -cell. My bed consisted only of a little straw, not -more than half a truss, which was never changed. -For two days I was so ill in this dreadful place that -I was unable to stir from my wretched couch to -reach the miserable pittance, which, in consequence, -was drawn up in the same state. The next morning, -a person—who, I suppose, was the keeper of the -place—came into the dungeon without a light (which -way he came I know not, but I suppose through a -private door through which I afterwards passed to -be released), and called to me, “Are you dead?” -To this question I was only able to reply by requesting -a little water, being parched almost to death by -thirst, resulting from the fever which preyed on me. -He told me he had none, and left me in a brutal -manner, without offering the least relief. Nature -quickly restored me to health, and I sought the -bread and water with as eager an inclination as a -glutton would seek a feast. About five weeks after -my illness, an exchange of prisoners taking place, I -obtained my liberty.’</p> - -<p>She then shipped to America as steward, and from -thence to England, and was going on a voyage to -the Mediterranean, when she was seized by a press-gang, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span> -and sent on board a tender. But she had -no wish to serve His Majesty at sea any more, and, -discovering her sex, she was examined by a surgeon, -and of course at once discharged.</p> - -<p>Her little stock of money getting low, she applied -at the Navy pay-office, in Somerset House, for the -cash due to her whilst serving in the <i>Brunswick</i> and -<i>Vesuvius</i>, as well as her share of prize-money, arising -from her being present on the ‘glorious 1st of June.’ -She was referred to a prize-agent, who directed her -to call again; this not being to her taste, she -returned to Somerset House, and indulged in very -rough language, for which she was taken off to -Bow Street. She told her story, and was ordered -to appear again, when a subscription was got up -in her behalf; and she was paid twelve shillings a -week, until she received her money from the Government.</p> - -<p>Her old wound in the leg became bad again, and -she went into St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, and on -her discharge, partially cured, she petitioned the -King and the Duke of York for relief. The latter -gave her five pounds. Then she cast about for the -means of earning a livelihood, and bethought her -that, when she was a prisoner at Dunkirk, she had -watched a German make little ornaments out of -gold-wire, which he sold at a good profit; and she -did the same, working at the shop of a jeweller in -St. Giles’s, and so expert was she that she made -the chains for a gold bracelet worn by Queen Charlotte. -But the old wound still broke out, and she -went into St. George’s Hospital for seven months. -When she came out, she led a shiftless, loafing existence, -always begging for money—of Mr. Dundas, of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span> -the Duke of York, or anyone else that might possibly -be generous.</p> - -<p>At last these kind friends got her case introduced -in the very highest quarters, and she kissed the -Queen’s hand at Buckingham House, as it was then -called; and soon afterwards she was directed to -apply at the War Office, in her sailor’s dress, to -receive a half-year’s payment of a pension the Queen -had granted her, in the name of John Taylor. Still -her wound kept breaking out, and twice she had -to go into Middlesex Hospital. She had some idea -of going on the stage, and performed several parts -at the Thespian Society in Tottenham Court Road, -but she gave it up, finding begging a more profitable -business; but even then she had to go to Newgate -for a small debt. She took in washing, but the -people did not pay her, and misfortune pursued her -everywhere.</p> - -<p>One night, in September, 1804, she was thrown -from a coach into a hole left by the carelessness of -some firemen, in Church Lane, Whitechapel, and she -broke her arm, besides bruising herself badly. The -fire office would give her no compensation, but many -people were interested in her case, among them a -Mr. Kirby, a publisher in Paternoster Row, who -employed her as a domestic servant. In 1807, she -fell into a decline, doubtless induced by the very -free life she had led; and she died on the 4th of -February, 1808, having just completed her thirtieth -year.</p> - -<p>It is not to be thought that England enjoyed the -monopoly of these viragos—the country of Jeanne -d’Arc was quite equal to the occasion, and Renée -Bordereau affords an illustration for the last century. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span> -She was born, of peasant parents, in 1770, at the -village of Soulaine, near Angers; and at the time -of the insurrection in La Vendée, when the royalists -were so cruelly punished, she lost forty-two relations -in the struggle, her father being murdered before -her eyes.</p> - -<p>This crushed out of her any soft and feminine -feelings she might have possessed, and she vowed -vengeance on the hated Republicans. She obtained -a musket, taught herself how to use it, learned some -elementary drill, and then, donning man’s attire, -joined the royalists. Among them she was known -by the name of Langevin, and where the fight was -fiercest, there she would be, and none suspected that -the daring trooper was a woman. On horseback, -and on foot, she fought in above two hundred battles -and skirmishes, frequently wounded, but seldom -much hurt. Such was the terror with which she -inspired the Bonapartists, that, when the rebellion -was put down, Napoleon specially exempted Langevin -from pardon, and she languished in prison -until the Restoration. She died in 1828. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="THE_TIMES_AND_ITS_FOUNDER">THE ‘TIMES’ AND ITS FOUNDER.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/a.jpg" alt="A" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">A discursive</span> book anent the eighteenth -century, as this is, would be incomplete -without a mention of one of the greatest -powers which it produced. This marvellous -newspaper, whose utterances, at -one time, exercised a sensible influence over the whole -of the civilised world, and which, even now, is the -most potent of all the English press, was founded by -Mr. John Walter, on January 1, 1788.</p> - -<p>This gentleman was born either in 1738 or 1739, -and his father followed the business of a ‘coal buyer,’ -which meant that he bought coals at the pit’s mouth, -and then shipped them to any desired port, or market. -In those days almost all coals came, by sea, from -Newcastle, and its district, because of the facility of -carriage; the great inland beds being practically unworked, -and in many cases utterly unknown: it being -reserved for the giant age of steam to develop their -marvellous resources.</p> - -<p>His father died in 1755, John Walter then being -seventeen and, boy though he was, he at once succeeded -to his father’s business. In it he was diligent and -throve well, and he so won the confidence and -respect of his brother ‘coal buyers’ that when a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span> -larger Coal Exchange was found necessary, in order to -accommodate, and keep pace with its increasing business, -the whole of the arrangements, plans, and directions -were left in his hands. When the building was -completed, he was rewarded by his brethren in trade -with the position of manager, and afterwards he -became Chairman to the Body of Coal Buyers.</p> - -<p>He married, and, in 1771, things had gone so prosperously -with him that he bought a house with some -ground at Battersea Rise, and here he lived, and -reared his family of six children, until his bankruptcy, -when it was sold. He also took unto himself partners, -and was the head of the firm of Walter, Bradley, and -Sage. For some time all went well, but competition -arose, and the old-fashioned way of doing business -could not hold its own against the keenness, and cutting, -of the new style. Let us hear him tell his own -story.<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a></p> - -<p>‘I shall forbear relating the various scenes of business -I was engaged in prior to my embarking in -Lloyd’s Rooms; sufficient it is to remark that a very -extensive trade I entered into at the early age of -seventeen, when my father died, rewarded a strong -spirit of industry, and, for the first ten or twelve years, -with a satisfactory increase of fortune; but a number -of inconsiderable dealers, by undermining the fair -trader, and other dishonourable practices, reduced the -profits, and made them inadequate to the risque and -capital employed. It happened unfortunately for me, -about that time, some policy brokers, who had large -orders for insurances on foreign Indiamen and other -adventures, found their way to the Coal Market, a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span> -building of which I was the principal planner and -manager.</p> - -<p>‘I was accustomed, with a few others, to underwrite -the vessels particularly employed in that trade, and -success attended the step, because the risque was -fair, and the premiums adequate. This was my temptation -for inclining to their solicitations of frequenting -Lloyd’s Rooms.<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> With great reluctance I complain -that I quitted a trade where low art and cunning -combated the fair principles of commerce, which my -mind resisted as my fortune increased; but from the -change I had to encounter deception and fraud, in a -more dangerous but subtle degree.</p> - -<p>‘The misfortunes of the war were of great magnitude -to the Underwriters, but they were considerably -multiplied by the villainy and depravity of Mankind. -In the year 1776, at a time when they received only -peace premiums, American privateers swarmed on -the seas, drove to desperation by the Boston port act -passing at the close of the preceding year, to prohibit -their fisheries, and our trade fell a rapid prey before -government had notice to apply the least protection. -Flushed with success, it increased the number of -their armed vessels, and proved such a source of -riches as enabled them to open a trade with France, -who had, hitherto, been only a silent spectator, and -produced the sinews of a war which then unhappily -commenced.’</p> - -<p>He then details the causes which led to his bankruptcy—how -the wars with the French, Spaniards, -and Dutch, all of whom had their men-of-war and -privateers, which preyed upon our commerce, ruined -the underwriters, and continues, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span></p> - -<p>‘In two years only of the war I lost, on a balance, -thirty-one thousand pounds, which obliged me, in -1781, to quit the Coal Trade, after carrying it on so -many years, when I had returned’ (? turned over) -‘above a Million of money, the profits of which have -been sunk as an Underwriter, that I might have the -use of my capital employed in it, to pay my unfortunate -losses.... Last year, I was obliged to make -a sacrifice of my desirable habitation at Battersea -Rise, where I had resided ten years, and expended a -considerable sum of money, the fruits of many years of -industry, before I became acquainted with Lloyd’s -Rooms.</p> - -<p>‘These reserves, however, proved ineffectual, and -I found it necessary, on examining the state of my -accounts early in January last, to call my Creditors -together; for, though some months preceding I -found my fortune rapidly on the decline, I never -suspected my being insolvent till that view of my -affairs, when I found a balance in my favour of only -nine thousand pounds, from which was to be deducted -a fourth part owing me by brokers, who, -unfortunately for me as well as themselves, were -become bankrupts. This surplus, it was clear, would -not bear me through known, though unsettled, losses, -besides what might arise on unexpired risques. I -therefore, without attempting to borrow a shilling -from a friend, resorting to false Credit, or using any -subterfuge whatever, after depositing what money -remained in my hands, the property of others, laid -the state of my affairs before my Creditors.</p> - -<p>‘This upright conduct made them my friends; -they immediately invested me with full power to -settle my own affairs, and have acted with liberality -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span> -and kindness. They were indebted for the early -knowledge I gave them of my affairs to the regularity -of my accounts; for, had I rested my inquiry -till after the broker’s yearly accounts were chequed, -in all probability a very trifling dividend would have -ensued. Had the merchant been obliged to stand his -own risque during the late war, few concerned on -the seas would have been able to withstand the -magnitude of their losses.</p> - -<p>‘The only alleviation to comfort me in this affliction -has arose from the consideration that I have -acted honourably by all men; that, neither in prosperity -nor adversity, have I ever been influenced by -mean or mercenary motives in my connections with -the world, of which I can give the most satisfactory -proofs; that, when in my power, benevolence ever -attended my steps; the deserving and needy never -resorted to me in vain, nor has gratitude ever been -wanting to express any obligations or kindnesses -received from those I have had transactions with by -every return in my power. I have the further consolation -of declaring that, in winding up my affairs, -I have acted with the strictest impartiality in every -demand both for and against my estate; that I have -(unsolicited) attended every meeting at Guildhall to -protect it against plunder. A dividend was made as -soon as the bankrupt laws would permit, and the -surplus laid out in interest for the benefit of the -estate, till a fair time is allowed to know what demands -may come against it. I am fully convinced -that it will not be £15,000 deficient; above double -that sum I have left in Lloyd’s Rooms as a profit -among the brokers.</p> - -<p>‘No prospect opening of embarking again in business -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span> -for want of Capital to carry it on, I was advised -to make my case known to the administration, which -has been done both by public and private application -of my friends, who kindly interceded in my behalf -for some respectable post under Government, and -met with that kind reception from the Minister -which gave me every prospect of success, which I -flatter myself I have some natural claim to, from the -consideration that, as trade is the support of the -nation, it could not be carried on without Underwriters.</p> - -<p>‘And as the want of protection to the trade of -the Country, from the host of enemies we had to -combat, occasioned by misfortunes, whom could I -fly to with more propriety than to Government? as, -by endeavouring to protect commerce, I fell a martyr -on the conclusion of an unfortunate war. I was -flattered with hopes that my pretensions to an appointment -were not visionary, and that I was not -wanting in ability to discharge the duties of any -place I might have the honour to fill. The change -of administration<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> which happened soon after was -death to my hopes, and, as I had little expectation of -making equal interest with the Minister who succeeded, -I have turned my thoughts to a matter which -appeared capable of being a most essential improvement -in the conduct of the Press;<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> and, by great -attention and assiduity for a year past, it is now -reduced from a very voluminous state and great -incorrectness to a system which, I hope, will meet -the public approbation and countenance. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span></p> - -<p>‘Such is the brief state of a Case which I trust -humanity will consider deserving a better fate. -Judge what must be my sensations on this trying -occasion: twenty-six years in the prime of life passed -away, all the fortune I had acquired by a studious -attention to business sunk by hasty strides, and the -world to begin afresh, with the daily introduction to -my view of a wife and six children unprovided for, -and dependent on me for support. Feeling hearts -may sympathise at the relation, none but parents -can conceive the anxiety of my mind in such a state -of uncertainty and suspense.’</p> - -<p>From an unprejudiced perusal of this ‘case,’ the -reader can but come to the conclusion that Mr. John -Walter was not overburdened with that inconvenient -commodity—modesty; and that his logic—judged by -ordinary rules—is decidedly faulty. But that he did -try to help himself, is evidenced by the following -advertisement in the <i>Morning Post</i> of July 21, 1784:</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="small center"><i>‘To the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-councilmen -of the City of London.</i></p> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">My Lord and Gentlemen</span>,</p> - -<p>‘The Office of Principal Land Coal -Meter of this City being at present vacant by the -death of Mr. John Evans, permit me to solicit the -honour of succeeding him. My pretensions to your -countenance on this occasion are the misfortunes in -which (in common with many other respectable -Citizens) I have been involved by the calamities of -the late war, and an unblemished reputation, -which has survived the wreck of my fortune. Having -been a Liveryman twenty-four years, during -which time I carried on an extensive branch of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span> -coal trade, my fellow-citizens cannot well be unacquainted -with my character; and my having been -greatly instrumental in establishing the very office -which I solicit your interest to fill, will, I hope, be -deemed an additional recommendation to your -patronage.</p> - -<p>‘If my pretensions should meet your approbation, -and be crowned with success, I shall ever retain a -lively sense of so signal an obligation on,</p> - -<p class="table"> -<span class="trow tdc">‘My Lord and Gentlemen,</span> -<span class="trow tdr">‘Your most obedient, devoted, humble servant,</span> -<span class="trow tdr">‘<span class="smcap">John Walter</span>.</span> -<span class="trow tdr">‘Printing House Square, Blackfriars.’</span> -</p> - -<p>We hear of him again in connection with this -situation, which he did not succeed in obtaining, in -an advertisement in the <i>Morning Post</i>, 30th of July, -1784.</p> - -<p class="center small">‘<i>To the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, &c.</i></p> - -<p>‘The Report, which a few days ago was credited by -few, is now confirmed by many, and believed by all -men, that a Coalition has been formed for the purpose -of forcing you to bestow the emoluments of the -Principal Land Coal Meter Office on two Aldermen, -and it has been agreed that, on the day of the Election, -one of them shall decline the Contest, and make -a transfer to the other of the votes which some of you -were pleased to engage to him....</p> - -<p>‘My pretensions I submit to the Corporation at -large, and I strongly solicit the assistance of the -merchants and traders of the Metropolis to join their -efforts, and endeavour to wrest the power of appointment -from the hands of a Junto, and restore the -freedom of Election. Assert your independence, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span> -and consequence, in time; with your breath you can -blast the Coalition in its infancy; but, if you suffer it -to conquer you in its present state, it will become a -Hydra that will swallow up your Franchises, and leave -you, like a Cathedral Chapter, the liberty of obeying -a <i>congé d’èlire</i> sent to you by a self-constituted faction.</p> - -<p class="table"> -<span class="trow tdc">‘I am, &c., &c.,</span> -<span class="trow tdr smcap">‘John Walter.</span> -<span class="trow">‘Printing House Square, Blackfriars.’</span> -</p> - -<p>How did he come to this (to us) familiar address? -It was by a chance which came in his way, and he -seized it. In 1782 he, somehow, became acquainted -with a compositor named Henry Johnson, who pointed -out the trouble and loss of time occasioned by setting -up words with types of a single letter, and proposed -that at all events those words mostly in use -should be cast in one. These were called ‘Logotypes’ -(or word types), and printing, therefore, was -called ‘Logography.’ Caslon at first made the types—but -there is evidence that they quarrelled, for in a -letter of August 12, 1785, in the <i>Daily Universal -Register</i> of that date, which he reprinted in broadside -form, he says, ‘Mr. Caslon, the founder (whom I at -first employed to cast my types), calumniated my -plan, he censured what he did not understand, wantonly -disappointed me in the work he engaged to -execute, and would meanly have sacrificed me, to -establish the fallacious opinion he had promulgated.’</p> - -<p>People had their little jokes about the ‘Logotypes,’ -and Mr. Knight Hunt, in his ‘Fourth Estate,’ writes, -‘It was said that the orders to the type-founder ran -after this fashion, “Send me a hundred-weight of -heat, cold, wet, dry, murder, fire, dreadful robbery, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span> -atrocious outrage, fearful calamity, and alarming -explosion.”’ That he obtained not only literary, but -royal recognition of his pet type, is shown by a foot-note -to the letter above quoted (respecting Mr. -Caslon),</p> - -<p>‘Any gentleman who chuses may inspect the -Logographic Founts and Types, at the Printing-office, -or at the British Museum, to which place they -have been removed from the Queen’s Palace.’</p> - -<p>Where he got his money from he does not say, but -on the 17th of May, 1784, he advertised that ‘Mr. -Walter begs to inform the public that he has purchased -the printing-house formerly occupied by Mr. -Basket near Apothecaries Hall, which will be opened -on the first day of next month for printing words -entire, under his Majesty’s Patent;’ and he commenced -business June 1, 1784.</p> - -<p>Printing House Square stands on the site of the -old Monastery of Blackfriars. After the dissolution -of the monasteries, in Henry the Eighth’s time, it -passed through several hands, until it became the -workshop of the royal printer. Here was printed, -in 1666, the <i>London Gazette</i>, the oldest surviving paper -in England; and, the same year, the all-devouring -Great Fire completely destroyed it. Phœnix-like, it -arose from its ashes, more beautiful than before—for -the writer of ‘A New View of London,’ published in -1708, thus describes it: <i>Printing House Lane</i>, on -the E side of Blackfryars: a passage to the <i>Queen’s -Printing House</i> (which is a stately building).’</p> - -<p>‘Formerly occupied by Mr. Basket,’ a printer, -under the royal patent, of Bibles and Prayer-books. -To him succeeded other royal and privileged printers. -Eyre and Strahan, afterwards Eyre, Strahan, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span> -Spottiswoode, now Spottiswoode and Co., who, in -1770, left Printing House Square, and moved to New -Street, Fleet Street, a neighbourhood of which, now, -that firm have a virtual monopoly.</p> - -<p>John Walter could not have dreamed of the palace -now built at Bearwood; for, like most mercantile -men of his day, he was quite content to ‘live over -the shop’; and there, in Printing House Square, -his son, and successor, John (who lived to build -Bearwood), was born, and there James Carden, -Esq., received his bride, John Walter’s eldest daughter, -who was the mother of the present venerable -alderman, Sir Robert Carden. There, too, died his -wife, the partner of his successes and his failures, -in the year 1798.</p> - -<p>The first work printed at this logographic printing -establishment was a little story called, ‘Gabriel, -the Outcast.’ Many other slight works followed; -but these were not enough to satisfy the ambitions -of John Walter, who, six months after he commenced -business, started a newspaper, the <i>Daily Universal -Register</i>, on the 1st of January, 1785.<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> Even at that -date there was no lack of newspapers, although our -grandfathers were lucky to have escaped the infliction -of the plague of periodicals under which we -groan; for there were the <i>Morning Post</i>, the <i>Morning -Chronicle</i>, the <i>General Advertiser</i>, <i>London Gazette</i>, -<i>London Chronicle</i>, <i>Gazetteer</i>, <i>Morning Herald</i>, <i>St. -James’s Chronicle</i>, <i>London Recorder</i>, <i>General Evening -Post</i>, <i>Public Advertiser</i>, <i>Lounger</i>, <i>Parker’s General -Advertiser</i>, &c. So we must conclude that John -Walter’s far-seeing intelligence foretold that a good -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span> -daily paper, ably edited, would pay. It was logographically -printed, and was made the vehicle of -puffs of the proprietor’s hobby. The <i>Times</i> was also -so printed for a short period, but, eventually, it proved -so cumbersome in practice, as absolutely to hinder -the compositors, instead of aiding them.</p> - -<p>On the 1st of January, 1788, was born a baby that -has since grown into a mighty giant. On that day -was published the first number of <span class="smcap">the Times</span>, <i>or Daily -Universal Register</i>, for it had a dual surname, and -the reasons for the alteration are given in the following -‘editorial.’</p> - -<h3>‘<span class="smcap">The Times.</span></h3> - -<p>‘Why change the head?</p> - -<p>‘This question will naturally come from the Public—and -<i>we</i>, the <i>Times</i>, being the <span class="smcap">Public’s</span> most humble -and obedient Servants, think ourselves bound to -answer:—</p> - -<p>‘All things have <i>heads</i>—and all <i>heads</i> are liable to -<i>change</i>.</p> - -<p>‘Every sentence and opinion advanced by Mr. -<i>Shandy</i> on the influence and utility of a well-chosen -surname may be properly applied in showing the -recommendations and advantages which result from -placing a striking title-page before a book, or an -inviting <span class="smcap">Head</span> on the front page of a <i>Newspaper</i>.</p> - -<p>‘A <span class="smcap">Head</span> so placed, like those <i>heads</i> which once -ornamented <i>Temple Bar</i>, or those of the <i>great Attorney</i>, -or <i>great Contractor</i>, which, not long since, were -conspicuously elevated for their <i>great actions</i>, and -were exhibited, in wooden frames, at the <i>East</i> and -<i>West</i> Ends of this Metropolis, never fails of attracting -the eyes of passengers—though, indeed, we do -not expect to experience the lenity shown to these -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span> -<i>great exhibitors</i>, for probably the <span class="smcap">Times</span> will be pelted -without mercy.</p> - -<p>‘But then, a <i>head</i> with a <i>good face</i> is a harbinger, -a gentleman-usher, that often strongly recommends -even <span class="smcap">Dulness</span>, <span class="smcap">Folly</span>, <span class="smcap">Immorality</span>, or <span class="smcap">Vice</span>. The -immortal Locke gives evidence to the truth of this -observation. That great philosopher has declared -that, though repeatedly taken in, he never could -withstand the solicitations of a well-drawn title-page—authority -sufficient to justify <i>us</i> in assuming a <i>new -head</i> and a <i>new set of features</i>, but not with a design -to impose; for we flatter ourselves the <span class="smcap">Head</span> of the -<span class="smcap">Times</span> will not be found deficient in <i>intellect</i>, but, -by putting a <i>new face</i> on affairs, will be admired -for the <i>light of its countenance</i>, whenever it appears.</p> - -<p>‘To advert to our first position.</p> - -<p>‘The <span class="smcap">Universal Register</span> has been a name as injurious -to the <i>Logographic Newspaper</i>, as <span class="smcap">Tristram</span> was -to <span class="smcap">Mr. Shandy’s Son</span>. But <span class="smcap">Old Shandy</span> forgot he -might have rectified by <i>confirmation</i> the mistakes of -the <i>parson</i> at <i>baptism</i>—with the touch of a <i>Bishop</i> -have changed <span class="smcap">Tristram</span> to Trismegistus.</p> - -<p>‘The <span class="smcap">Universal Register</span>, from the day of its first -appearance to the day of its <i>confirmation</i>, has, like -<span class="smcap">Tristram</span>, suffered from unusual casualties, both -laughable and serious, arising from its name, which, -on its introduction, was immediately curtailed of -its fair proportion by all who called for it—the word -<i>Universal</i> being <i>Universally</i> omitted, and the word -<i>Register</i> being only retained.</p> - -<p>‘“Boy, bring me the <i>Register</i>.”</p> - -<p>‘The waiter answers: “Sir, we have not a library, -but you may see it at the <i>New Exchange Coffee -House</i>.” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span></p> - -<p>‘“Then I’ll see it there,” answers the disappointed -politician; and he goes to the <i>New Exchange</i>, and -calls for the <i>Register</i>; upon which the waiter tells -him he cannot have it, as he is not a subscriber, -and presents him with the <i>Court and City Register</i>, -the <i>Old Annual Register</i>, or, if the Coffee-house be -within the Purlieus of Covent Garden, or the hundreds -of Drury, slips into the politician’s hand <i>Harris’s -Register</i> of Ladies.</p> - -<p>‘For these and other reasons the parents of the -<span class="smcap">Universal Register</span> have added to its original name -that of the</p> - -<h3>TIMES,</h3> - -<p>Which, being a <i>monosyllable</i>, bids defiance to <i>corrupters</i> -and <i>mutilaters</i> of the language.</p> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">The Times!</span> What a monstrous name! Granted, -for <span class="smcap">the Times</span> <i>is</i> a many-headed monster, that speaks -with an hundred tongues, and displays a thousand -characters, and, in the course of <i>its</i> transformations in -life, assumes innumerable shapes and humours.</p> - -<p>‘The critical reader will observe we personify our -<i>new name</i>; but as we give it no distinction of sex, -and though <i>it</i> will be <i>active</i> in <i>its</i> vocations, yet we -apply to <i>it</i> the <i>neuter gender</i>.</p> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">The Times</span>, being formed of materials, and possessing -qualities of opposite and heterogeneous natures, -cannot be classed either in the animal or vegetable -<i>genus</i>; but, like the <i>Polypus</i>, is doubtful, and in the -discussion, description, dissection, and illustration -will employ the pens of the most celebrated among -the <i>Literati</i>.</p> - -<p>‘The <span class="smcap">Heads of the Times</span>, as has been said, are -many; they will, however, not always appear at the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span> -same time, but casually, as public or private affairs -may call them forth.</p> - -<p>‘The principal, or leading heads are—</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td>The</td> - <td>Literary;</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Political;</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Commercial;</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Philosophical;</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Critical;</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Theatrical;</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Fashionable;</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Humorous;</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Witty, &c.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>‘Each of which are supplied with a competent share -of intellects for the pursuit of their several functions; -an endowment which is not in <i>all times</i> to be found -even in the <span class="smcap">Heads</span> of the <i>State</i>, the <i>heads</i> of the -<i>Church</i>, the <i>heads</i> of the <i>Law</i>, the <i>heads</i> of the <i>Navy</i>, -the <i>heads</i> of the <i>Army</i>, and though <i>last</i>, not least, the -great <i>heads</i> of the <i>Universities</i>.</p> - -<p>‘The <i>Political Head</i> of <span class="smcap">the Times</span>, like that of <i>Janus</i>, -the Roman Deity, is doubly faced; with one countenance -it will smile continually on the friends of <i>Old -England</i>, and with the other will frown incessantly -on her <i>enemies</i>.</p> - -<p>‘The alteration we have made in our <i>head</i> is not -without precedents. The <span class="smcap">World</span> has parted with half -its <span class="smcap">Caput Mortuum</span>, and a moiety of its brains. The -<span class="smcap">Herald</span> has cut off half its head, and has lost its -original humour. The <span class="smcap">Post</span>, it is true, retains its -whole head and its old features; and, as to the other -public prints, they appear as having neither <i>heads</i> -nor <i>tails</i>. On the <span class="smcap">Parliamentary Head</span> every communication -that ability and industry can produce -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span> -may be expected. To this great <i>National object</i>, <span class="smcap">the -Times</span> will be most sedulously attentive, most accurately -correct, and strictly impartial in its <i>reports</i>.’</p> - -<p>The early career of the <i>Times</i> was not all prosperity, -and Mr. Walter was soon taught a practical lesson -in keeping his pen within due bounds, for, on July -11th, 1788, he was tried for two libellous paragraphs -published in the <i>Times</i>, reflecting on the characters -of the Duke of York, Gloucester, and Cumberland, -stating them to be ‘insincere’ in their profession of -joy at his Majesty’s recovery. It might have been -an absolute fact, but it was impolitic to print it, and -so he found it, for a jury found him guilty.</p> - -<p>He came up for judgment at the King’s Bench on -the 23rd of November next, when he was sentenced -by the Court to pay a fine of fifty pounds, to be imprisoned -twelve months in Newgate, to stand in the -pillory at Charing Cross, when his punishment should -have come to an end, and to find security for his -good behaviour.</p> - -<p>He seems to have ridden a-tilt at all the royal -princes, for we next hear of him under date of 3rd of -February, 1790, being brought from Newgate to the -Court of King’s Bench to receive sentence for the -following libels:</p> - -<p>For charging their Royal Highnesses the Prince of -Wales and Duke of York with having demeaned -themselves so as to incur the displeasure of his -Majesty. This, doubtless, was strictly true, but it -cost the luckless Walter one hundred pounds as a -fine, and another twelve months’ imprisonment in -Newgate.</p> - -<p>This, however, was not all; he was arraigned on -another indictment for asserting that His Royal Highness -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span> -the Duke of Clarence returned from his station -without leave of the Admiralty, or of his commanding -officer, and for this he was found guilty, and sentenced -to pay another hundred pounds.</p> - -<p>Whether he made due submission, or had powerful -friends to assist him, I know not,—but it is said that -it was at the request of the Prince of Wales—at all -events, he received the king’s pardon, and was released -from confinement on 7th of March, 1791, after -which time he never wrote about the king’s sons in a -way likely to bring him within the grip of the Law.</p> - -<p>From time to time we get little <i>avisos</i> as to the -progress of the paper, for John Walter was not one -of those who hide their light under a bushel. Contrast -the printing power then with the magnificent ‘Walter’ -machines of the present day, which, in their turn, will -assuredly be superseded by some greater improvement.</p> - -<p>The <i>Times</i>, 7th of February, 1794. ‘The Proprietors -have for some time past been engaged in making -alterations which they trust will be adequate to -remedy the inconvenience of the late delivery complained -of; and after Monday next the <span class="smcap">Times</span> will be -worked off with three Presses, and occasionally with -four, instead of <span class="smcap">TWO</span>, as is done in all other Printing-offices, -by which mode two hours will be saved in -printing the Paper, which, notwithstanding the lateness -of the delivery, is now upwards of <span class="smcap">Four Thousand -Three Hundred</span> in sale, daily.’</p> - -<p>The following statement is curious, as showing us -some of the interior economy of the newspaper in its -early days. From the <i>Times</i>, April 19, 1794:</p> - -<h3>‘<span class="smcap">To the Public.</span></h3> - -<p>‘It is with very great regret that the Proprietors -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span> -of this Paper, in Common with those of other Newspapers, -find themselves obliged to increase the daily -price of it <span class="smcap">One Halfpenny</span>, a measure which they -have been forced to adopt in consequence of the Tax -laid by the <i>Minister</i> on <i>Paper</i>, during the present -Session of Parliament, and which took place on the -5th instant.</p> - -<p>‘While the Bill was still pending, we not only -stated in our Newspaper, but the Minister was himself -informed by a Committee of Proprietors, that the -new Duty would be so extremely oppressive as to -amount to a necessity of raising the price, which it -was not only their earnest Wish, but also their Interest, -to avoid. The Bill, however, passed, after a long -consideration and delay occasioned by the great -doubts that were entertained of its efficacy. We -wish a still longer time had been taken to consider -it; for we entertain the same opinion as formerly, that -the late Duty on Paper will not be productive to the -Revenue, while it is extremely injurious to a particular -class of Individuals, whose property was very -heavily taxed before.</p> - -<p>‘In fact, it amounts either to a Prohibition of -printing a Newspaper at the present price, or obliges -the Proprietors to advance it. There is no option -left; the price of Paper is now so high that the Proprietors -have no longer an interest to render their -sale extensive, as far as regards the profits of a large -circulation. The more they sell at the present price, -the more they will lose; to us alone the <i>Advance</i> on -Paper will make a difference of £1,200 sterling per -Annum more than it formerly cost us—a sum which -the Public must be convinced neither can, nor ought -to be afforded by any Property of the limited nature -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span> -of a Newspaper, the profits on the sale of which are -precisely as follows:</p> - -<h3>‘<span class="smcap">Sale.</span></h3> - -<p class="hang"> -2,000 Newspapers sold to the Newshawkers at 3½d., with a -further deduction of allowing them a Paper in every Quire -<span class="author"> ... ... ... £26 18 6.</span></p> - -<h3>‘<span class="smcap">Cost of 2,000 Papers.</span></h3> - -<p class="hang"> -A Bundle of Paper containing 2,000 Half-sheets, or 2,000 Newspapers -at Four Guineas per Bundle, which is the price it will -be sold at under the new Duty is £4 4 0.</p> - -<table> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">£4</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdr">£26</td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2,000 Stamps at 2d., deducting discount</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdr bb">20</td> - <td class="tdr bb">4</td> - <td class="tdr bb">0</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Profits</td> - <td class="tdr"> ... </td> - <td class="tdr"> ... </td> - <td class="tdr"> ... </td> - <td class="tdr"></td> - <td class="tdr bb">£6</td> - <td class="tdr bb">14</td> - <td class="tdr bb">6</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>‘This is the whole Profit on the sale of two thousand -Newspapers, out of which is to be deducted the -charges of printing a Newspaper (which, on account -of the Rise in Printers’ Wages last year, is £100 a year -more than it ever was before), the charges of Rent, -Taxes, Coals, Candles (which are very high in every -Printing-office), Clerks, general Superintendance, Editing, -Parliamentary and Law Reports, and, above all, the -Expenses of <span class="smcap">Foreign Correspondence</span>, which, under -the present difficulties of obtaining it, and the different -Channels which must be employed to secure a -regular and uninterrupted Communication, is immense. -If this Paper is in high estimation, surely the Proprietors -ought to receive the advantage of their -success, and not the Revenue, which already monopolises -such an immense income from this property, no -less than to the amount of £14,000 sterling during last -year only. We trust that these reasons will have -sufficient weight with the Public to excuse us when -we announce, though with very great regret, that on -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> -Monday next the price of this Paper will be <i>Fourpence -Halfpenny</i>.’</p> - -<p>Occasionally, the proprietor fell foul of his neighbours; -vide the <i>Times</i>, November 16, 1795:</p> - -<p>‘All the abuse so lavishly bestowed on this Paper -by other Public Prints, seems as if designed to betray, -that in proportion as our sale is <i>good</i>, it is <i>bad</i> <span class="smcap">Times</span> -with them.’</p> - -<p>In the early part of 1797, Pitt proposed, among -other methods of augmenting the revenue, an additional -stamp of three halfpence on every newspaper. -The <i>Times</i>, April 28, 1797, groaned over it thus:</p> - -<p>‘The present daily sale of the <span class="smcap">Times</span> is known to -be between four and five thousand Newspapers. For -the sake of perspicuity, we will make our calculation -on four thousand only, and it will hold good in proportion -to every other Paper.</p> - -<p>‘The Newsvendors are now allowed by the Proprietors -of every Newspaper two sheets in every -quire, viz., twenty-six for every twenty-four Papers -sold. The stamp duty on two Papers in every quire -in four thousand Papers daily at the old Duty of -2d., amounts to £780 a year, besides the value of -the Paper. An additional Duty of 1½d. will occasion -a further loss of £585 in this one instance -only, for which there is not, according to Mr. -<span class="smcap">Pitt’s</span> view of the subject, to be the smallest remuneration -to the Proprietors. Is it possible that -anything can be so unjust? If the Minister persists -in his proposed plan, it will be impossible for Newspapers -to be sold at a lower rate than sixpence -halfpenny per Paper.’</p> - -<p>Pitt, of course, carried out his financial plan, and -the newspapers had to grin, and bear it as best they -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span> -could—the weaker going to the wall, as may be seen -by the following notices which appeared in the <i>Times</i>, -July 5:</p> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">To the Public</span>.</p> - -<p>‘We think it proper to remind our Readers and the -Public at large that, in consequence of the heavy -additional Duty of Three Half-pence imposed on every -Newspaper, by a late Act of Parliament, which begins -to have effect from and after this day, the Proprietors -are placed in the very unpleasant position of being -compelled to raise the price of their Newspapers to -the amount of the said Duty. To the Proprietors of -this Paper it will prove a very considerable diminution -of the fair profits of the Trade; they will not, however, -withdraw in the smallest degree any part of the -Expenses which they employ in rendering the <span class="smcap">Times</span> -an Intelligent and Entertaining source of Information: -and they trust with confidence that the Public will -bestow on it the same liberal and kind Patronage -which they have shown for many years past; and for -which the Proprietors have to offer sentiments of sincere -gratitude. From this day, the price of every -Newspaper will be Sixpence.’</p> - -<p>July 19, 1797. ‘Some of the <span class="smcap">Country Newspapers</span> -have actually given up the Trade, rather than stand -the risk of the late enormous heavy Duty: many -others have advertised them for Sale: some of those -printed in Town must soon do the like, for the fair -profits of Trade have been so curtailed, that no Paper -can stand the loss without having a very large proportion -of Advertisements. We have very little -doubt but that, so far from Mr. Pitt’s calculation of a -profit of £114,000 sterling by the New Tax on -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span> -Newspapers, the Duty, the same as on <span class="smcap">Wine</span>, will -fall very short of the original Revenue.’</p> - -<p>July 13, 1797. ‘As a proof of the diminution in -the general sale of Newspapers since the last impolitic -Tax laid on them, we have to observe, as one -instance, that the number of Newspapers sent -through the General Post Office on Monday the 3rd -instant, was 24,700, and on Monday last, only 16,800, -a falling off of nearly <i>one-third</i>.’</p> - -<p>Once again we find John Walter falling foul -of a contemporary—and indulging in editorial -amenities.</p> - -<p>July 2, 1798. ‘The <i>Morning Herald</i> has, no doubt, -acted from <i>very prudent motives</i> in declining to state -any circumstances respecting its sale. All that we -hope and expect, in future, is—that it will not attempt -to injure this Paper by insinuating that it was -in a declining state; an assertion which it knows to -be false, and which will be taken notice of in a different -way if repeated. The <i>Morning Herald</i> is at -liberty to make any other comments it pleases.’</p> - -<p>Have the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> and the <i>Standard</i> copied -from John Walter, when they give public notice that -their circulation is so-and-so, as is vouched for by a -respectable accountant? It would seem so, for this -notice appeared in the <i>Times</i>:</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>‘We have subjoined an Affidavit sworn yesterday -before a Magistrate of the City, as to the present sale -of the <span class="smcap">Times</span>.</p> - -<p>‘“We, C. Bentley and G. Burroughs, Pressmen of -the <i>Times</i>, do make Oath, and declare, That the number -printed of the <i>Times</i> Paper for the last two -months, has never been, on any one day, below 3 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> -thousand, and has fluctuated from that number to -three thousand three hundred and fifty.”</p> - -<p>‘And, in order to avoid every subterfuge, I moreover -attest, That the above Papers of the <span class="smcap">Times</span> -were paid for to me, previous to their being taken by -the Newsmen from the Office, with the exception of -about a dozen Papers each morning which are spoiled -in Printing.</p> - -<p class="table"> -<span class="trow tdr">‘<span class="smcap">J. Bonsor</span>, Publisher.</span> -<span class="trow">‘Sworn before me December 31, 1798.</span> -<span class="trow tdr">‘<span class="smcap">W. Curtis.</span>’</span> -</p> - -<p>From this time the career of the <i>Times</i> seems to -have been prosperous, for we read, January 1, 1799,</p> - -<h3>‘<span class="smcap">The New Year.</span></h3> - -<p>‘The New Year finds the <span class="smcap">Times</span> in the same situation -which it has invariably enjoyed during a long -period of public approbation. It still continues to -maintain its character among the Morning Papers, -as the most considerable in point of sale, as of -general dependence with respect to information, and -as proceeding on the general principles of the British -Constitution. While we thus proudly declare our -possession of the public favour, we beg leave to express -our grateful sense of the unexampled patronage -we have derived from it.’</p> - -<p>Mr. John Walter was never conspicuous for his -modesty, and its absence is fully shown in the preceding -and succeeding examples (January 1, 1800):</p> - -<p>‘It is always with satisfaction that we avail ourselves -of the return of the present Season to acknowledge -our sense of the obligation we lay under to the -Public, for the very liberal Patronage with which -they have honoured the <span class="smcap">Times</span>, during many years; a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> -constancy of favour, which, we believe, has never -before distinguished any Newspaper, and for which -the Proprietors cannot sufficiently express their most -grateful thanks.</p> - -<p>‘This Favour is too valuable and too honourable -to excite no envy in contemporary Prints, whose -frequent habit it is to express it by the grossest -calumnies and abuse. The Public, we believe, has -done them ample justice, and applauded the contempt -with which it is our practice to receive them.’</p> - -<p>As this self-gratulatory notice brings us down to -the last year of the eighteenth century, I close this -notice of ‘The <i>Times</i> and its Founder.’ John -Walter died at Teddington, Middlesex, on the 26th of -January, 1812. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="IMPRISONMENT_FOR_DEBT">IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/i.jpg" alt="I" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Imprisonment</span> for debt has long ceased -to exist in England; debtors now only -suffering incarceration for contempt of -Court: that is to say, that the judge has -satisfied himself that the debtor has the -means to pay, and will not. But, in the eighteenth -century, it was a fearful fact, and many languished in -prison for life, for most trifling sums. Of course, there -were debtors <i>and</i> debtors. If a man had money or -friends, much might be done to mitigate his position; -he might even live outside the prison, in the Rules, as -they were called, a limited district surrounding the -prison; but for this advantage he must find substantial -bail—enough to cover his debt and fees. But -the friendless poor debtor had a very hard lot, subsisting -on charity, going, in turn, to beg of passers-by -for a coin, however small, rattling a box to call attention, -and dolorously repeating, ‘Remember the poor -prisoners.’</p> - -<p>There were many debtors’ prisons, and one of the -principal, the Fleet, was over-crowded; in fact, they -all were full. Newgate, the Marshalsea, the Gate -House, Westminster, the Queen’s Bench, the Fleet, -Ludgate, Whitecross Street, Whitechapel, and a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span> -peculiar one belonging to St. Katharine’s (where are -now the docks).</p> - -<p>Arrest for debt was very prompt; a writ was taken -out, and no poor debtor dare stir out without walking -‘beard on shoulder,’ dreading a bailiff in every passer-by. -The profession of bailiff was not an honoured -one, and, probably, the best men did not enter it; but -they had to be men of keen wit and ready resource, -for they had equally keen wits, sharpened by the -dread of capture, pitted against them. Some rose to -eminence in their profession, and as, occasionally, -there is a humorous side even to misery, I will tell a -few stories of their exploits. As I am not inventing -them, and am too honest to pass off another man’s -work as my own, I prefer telling the stories in the -quaint language in which I find them.</p> - -<p>‘<i>Abram Wood</i> had a Writ against an <i>Engraver</i>, who -kept a House opposite to <i>Long Acre</i> in <i>Drury Lane</i>, -and having been several times to serve it, but could -never light on the Man, because he work’d at his -business above Stairs, as not daring to shew his Head -for fear of being arrested, for he owed a great deal of -Money, Mr. <i>Bum</i> was in a Resolution of spending -no more Time over him; till, shortly after, hearing -that one <i>Tom Sharp</i>, a House-breaker, was to be -hang’d at the end of <i>Long Acre</i>, for murdering a -Watchman, he and his Follower dress’d themselves -like Carpenters, having Leather Aprons on, and -Rules tuck’d in at the Apron Strings: then going -early the morning or two before the Malefactor was -to be executed, to the place appointed for Execution, -they there began to pull out their Rules, and were -very busie in marking out the Ground where they -thought best for erecting the Gibbet. This drew -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span> -several of the Housekeepers about ’em presently, and -among the rest the <i>Engraver</i>, who, out of a selfish -humour of thinking he might make somewhat the -more by People standing in his House to see the -Execution, in Case this Gibbet was near it, gave -<i>Abram</i> a Crown, saying,</p> - -<p>‘“<i>I’ll give you a Crown more if you’ll put the Gibbet -hereabouts</i>;” at the same time pointing where he -would have it.</p> - -<p>‘Quoth <i>Abram</i>: “<i>We must put it fronting exactly -up</i> Long Acre; <i>besides, could I put it nearer your door, -I should require more Money than you propose, even as -much as this</i>” (at the same time pulling it out of his -pocket) “<i>Writ requires, which is twenty-five Pounds.</i>” -So, taking his prisoner away, who could not give in -Bail to the Action, he was carried to Jayl, without -seeing <i>Tom Sharp</i> executed.’</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>‘<i>William Browne</i> had an Action given him against -one <i>Mark Blowen</i>, a Butcher, who, being much in -debt, was never at his Stall, except on <i>Saturdays</i>, and -then not properly neither, for the opposite side of the -way to his Shop being in the Duchy Liberty<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> (with -the Bailiff whereof he kept in Fee) a Bailiff of the -Marshal’s Court could not arrest him. From hence he -could call to his Wife and Customers as there was -occasion; and there could <i>Browne</i> once a week see -his Prey, but durst not meddle with him. Many a -Saturday his Mouth watered at him; but one Saturday -above the rest, <i>Browne</i>, stooping for a Purse, as -if he found it, just by his Stall, and pulling five or six -guineas out of it, the Butcher’s Wife cry’d “Halves;” -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span> -his Follower, who was at some little distance behind -him, cry’d out, “Halves” too.</p> - -<p>‘<i>Browne</i> refused Halves to either, whereupon they -both took hold of him, the Woman swearing it was -found by her Stall, therefore she would have half; -and the Follower saying, As he saw it as soon t’other, -he would have a Share of it too, or he would acquaint -the Lord of the Mannor with it. <i>Mark Blowen</i>, in the -meantime, seeing his Wife and another pulling and -haling the Man about, whom he did not suspect to -be a Bailiff, asked, “What’s the Matter?” His wife -telling him the Man had found a Purse with Gold in -it by her Stall, and therefore she thought it nothing -but Justice but she ought to have some of it.</p> - -<p>“‘<i>Ay ay</i>,” (quoth the Butcher), “<i>and nothing but -Reason, Wife</i>.”</p> - -<p>‘So, coming from his privileged side of the Way, he -takes hold of <i>Browne</i> too, bidding his Wife look after -the Shop, for he would take care of him before they -parted.</p> - -<p>‘<i>Browne</i>, being thus hemm’d in by his Follower -and the Butcher, quoth he:</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Look’ee here, Gentlemen, I have Six Guineas here, -’tis true, but, if I should give you one half of it, why, -then there is but a quarter Share of the other two.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘“<i>No, no</i>”, (replyed they), “<i>we’ll have Man and Man -alike, which is Two Guineas apiece</i>.”</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Well</i>,” (quoth Browne), “<i>if it must be so, I’m contented; -but, then, I’ll tell you what, I’ll have the odd -Eighteen Pence spent</i>.”</p> - -<p>‘“<i>With all my heart</i>,” said Blowen. “<i>We’ll never -make a dry Bargain on’t.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘They are all agreed, and <i>Browne</i> leads them up -to the <i>Blackmore’s Head</i> Alehouse, in <i>Exeter Street</i>, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span> -where a couple of Fowls are ordered to be laid -down, and Stout and Ale is called for by wholesale. -At last they went to Dinner, and, afterwards, -<i>Browne</i>, changing his Six Guineas for Silver, gave -his Follower (to carry on the jest) Forty Shillings, -and put the rest in his pocket. <i>Mark Blowen</i>, seeing -that, began to look surly, and asked for his Share.</p> - -<p>‘Said <i>Browne</i>: “<i>What Share, friend?</i>”</p> - -<p>‘Quoth <i>Mark Blowen</i>: “<i>Forty Shillings, as you gave -this Man here.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘<i>Browne</i> reply’d: “<i>Why, truly, Sir, I shall have an -urgent Occasion to Night for what Sum I have about me, -and if you’ll be pleas’d to lend me your Share but till</i> -Monday <i>Morning, I’ll come and pay you then at this -House without fail, and return you, with infinite thanks, -for the Favour.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘Quoth <i>Mark</i> (who was a blundering, rustical sort -of a Fellow): “<i>D—— me, Sir, don’t think to Tongue-Pad -me out of my Due. I’ll have my Share now, or -else he that’s the best Man here of us three shall have it -all, win it, and wear it.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Pray, Sir</i>,” (said <i>Browne</i>), “<i>don’t be in this Passion. -I’ll leave you a sufficient Pledge for it till</i> Monday.”</p> - -<p>‘Quoth <i>Mark</i>: “<i>Let’s see it.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘Hereupon <i>Browne</i> pulls out his Tip-Staff, and lays -it on the Table; but the Butcher, not liking the -Complexion of it, began to be moving, when the -Follower, laying Hands on him, they arrested him in -an Action of Eighteen Pounds, and carried him to the -<i>Marshalsea</i>, where, after a Confinement of Nine Months, -he ended his Days.’</p> - -<p>There is another famous bailiff on record, named -Jacob Broad; and of him it is narrated that, ‘being -employed to arrest a Justice of the Peace living near -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span> -<i>Uxbridge</i>, he went down there very often, and had -us’d several Stratagems to take him, but, his Worship -being very cautious in conversing with any of <i>Jacob’s</i> -Fraternity, his Contrivances to nap him prov’d always -abortive. However, a great deal of Money was proffer’d -by the Creditor to take the worshipful Debtor; -so one Day <i>Jacob</i>, with a couple of his Followers, -took a Journey in the Country, and, being near the -end of their Journey, <i>Jacob</i> alights, and flings his -Bridle, Saddle, and Boots into a Thick Hedge, and -then puts a Fetlock<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> on his Horse. The Followers -tramp’d it a-foot, to one of whom giving the Horse, -he leads it to a Smith at <i>Uxbridge</i>, and, telling him -he had lost the Key of the Fetlock, he desir’d him -to unlock it, whilst he went to a neighbouring Alehouse, -where he would give him a Pot or two of -Drink for his Pains. Accordingly the Smith unlockt -it, and carried the Horse to the Alehouse; and, after -he had drank Part of half-a-dozen of Drink, return’d -to his Work again. Shortly after, came the other -Follower to the Smith, inquiring if he did not see -such a Horse come by that way, describing at the -same time the Colour and Marks of it, and how his -Master had lost him out of his Grounds that Morning. -The Smith reply’d, that such a Horse was brought -to him but a little before, to have a Fetlock taken -off, and that he did imagine the Fellow to be a -Rogue that had him; but, however, he believ’d he -was still at such an Alehouse hard by, and might -be there apprehended. Hereupon the Smith and -Follower went to the Alehouse, where they found -the Horse standing at the Door, and the other Follower -in the House, whom they call’d a thousand -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span> -Rogues, and charg’d with a Constable for a Thief. -In the meantime, came <i>Jacob Broad</i>, who own’d the -Horse to be his, and the Town-People, being all in -a hurly-burly, they carried him before the Justice -whom <i>Jacob</i> wanted; but no sooner were <i>Jacob</i>, the -supposed Thief, and the other Follower entered the -House, but charging the Constable to keep the Peace, -they arrested his Worship, and brought him forthwith -to <i>London</i>, where he was forc’d to pay the -Debt of two hundred and thirty-four Pounds before -he could reach home again.’</p> - -<p>Another story is related of Jacob Broad.</p> - -<p>‘A certain Gentleman who liv’d at <i>Hackney</i>, and -had been a Collector of the late Queen’s Duties, but -cheated her of several thousands of Pounds, goes -home, and pretends himself sick. Upon this he -keeps his Bed, and, after a Fortnight’s pretended -Illness, it was given out that he was Dead. Great -preparations were then made for his Funeral. His -Coffin, which was filled with Bricks and Saw-Dust, -was covered with black Velvet, and his Wife, and -Six Sons and Daughters, all in deep Mourning, follow’d -it to the Grave, which was made in St. <i>John’s</i> -Church, at <i>Hackney</i>. This sham Funeral was so well -carried on, that all the People of the Town would -have sworn the Collector was really Dead. About -a Week after his supposed Interment, <i>Jacob Broad</i> -had an Action of one hundred and fifty Pounds -against him. He went to <i>Hackney</i> to serve the -Writ, but, enquiring after the Person he was to arrest, -and being told that he was dead and buried, he -return’d home again.</p> - -<p>‘About Seven Years afterwards, the Creditor being -certainly inform’d that the Collector was alive and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span> -well in his own House, he employed <i>Jacob</i> again -to arrest him, and accordingly he and another went -to execute the Writ. <i>Jacob</i> planted himself in an -Alehouse adjacent to the long-supposed Deceased’s -Habitation, and, while his Aid-de-Camp, or Follower, -was doing something else, he told a Woman, coming -by with a great Load of Turnips on her Head, that -the People of such a House wanted some, which was -the House where the Seven Years dead Man dwelt. -She went forthwith and knockt at the Door, which -was open’d to let her in, and the Follower, who was -close at her Heels, rush’d in after her, and ran into a -Back Parlour, where he saw the Person (according to -the Description of him) whom he wanted sitting by -the Fire Side. It happening then to be a festival -Day, for the Entertainment of the Collector’s Children, -and Grand Children, the Table was spread with -Variety of Dainties; the Follower leapt over the -Table, overthrowing the Viands on it, and laying -hold of the Prisoner, all their Mirth was spoilt at -once. In the mean Time came <i>Jacob Broad</i>, and, -taking out the supposed dead Man, he seem’d to be -overjoy’d at his Resurrection from a Seven Years’ -Confinement and for tasting the fresh Air. <i>Jacob</i> -brings him to <i>London</i>, whence he remov’d himself by -a Writ of <i>Habeas Corpus</i> to the King’s Bench Prison -in <i>Southwark</i>, where he died again in a Week’s time, -for he was never heard of till he was seen about -Three Years after in <i>Denmark</i>.</p> - -<p>‘<i>Jacob Broad</i> was always very happy in having -Followers as acute as himself in any sort of Roguery, -especially one <i>Andrew Vaughan</i>, afterwards a Bailiff -himself on Saffron Hill, and one <i>Volly Vance</i>, otherwise -call’d <i>Glym Jack</i> from his having been a Moon -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span> -Curser,<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> or Link Boy ... From a Link Boy <i>Glym -Jack</i> came to be <i>Jacob Broad’s</i> Follower, who, -together with <i>Andrew Vaughan</i>, he once took into -the Country along with him to arrest a Justice of -Peace, who was one of the shyest cocks that ever -<i>Jacob</i> had to take by Stratagem. In order to accomplish -this Undertaking, <i>Jacob</i>, <i>Andrew</i>, and <i>Glym -Jack</i> were very well drest in Apparel, and mounted -on good Geldings, having fine Hangers on their -Sides, and Pistols in their Holsters, beside Pocket -Pops sticking in their Bosoms. Being thus accoutred -they rid into an Inn in the Town where the Justice -of Peace they wanted dwelt, and, putting up their -Horses, they ask’d the Landlord for a private Room, -which, being accommodated with, they refresh’d -themselves with a good Dinner, and afterwards set -to play.</p> - -<p>‘Whilst they were shaking their Elbows at 7 or -11 nick it, a great deal of Money and three or four -Watches lying on the Table, when at last one of ’em -cry’d, this Watch is my Snack, for I’m sure I first -attackt the Gentleman from whom we took it; another -swore such a Purse of Gold was his, which -they had taken that Morning from a Gentlewoman, -and, in short, everyone of ’em was swearing such a -Prize was his, all which the Landlord (who listened -at the Door) overhearing, thought to himself they -were all Highwaymen. Hereupon he goes and -acquaints the shy Justice of Peace with the matter, -who ask’d <i>If he were sure they were Rogues</i>.</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Nothing,</i>” (quoth the Innkeeper), “<i>is more certain, -for they are all arm’d with more Pistols than ordinary,</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span> -<i>swearing, damning, cursing, and sinking every Word they -speak, and falling out about dividing their Booty.”</i></p> - -<p>‘“<i>Ay, ay</i>,” (reply’d the Justice), “<i>they are then certainly -Highwaymen</i>,” and so order’d him to secure -them.</p> - -<p>‘The Innholder went for a Constable, who, with a -great many Rusticks, arm’d with Pitch Forks, long -Poles, and other Country Weapons, went with the -Landlord to the Inn, suddenly rush’d into the Room, -and surpriz’d <i>Jacob</i> and his Followers, with Money -and Watches lying before them.</p> - -<p>‘“<i>So</i>,” (says the Constable), “<i>pretty Gentlemen, are -not ye, that honest people can’t travel the Country without -being robb’d by such villains as you are?—Well</i>,” (quoth -the Constable to <i>Jacob</i>), “<i>what’s your Name?</i>”</p> - -<p>‘His answer was <i>Sice-Ace</i>.<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a></p> - -<p>‘“<i>A fine Rogue, indeed!</i>” said the Constable, at the -same time asking <i>Andrew</i> his Name, whose answer -was,</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Cinque-Duce</i>.”</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Another Rogue in Grain!</i>” quoth the Constable; -and then ask’d <i>Glym Jack</i> what his Name was, who -reply’d,</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Quater-Tray</i>.”</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Rogues! Rogues all!</i>” said the Constable; “<i>ay, -worse than all, they are mear Infidels, Heathens, for I -never heard such names before in a Christian Country. -Come, Neighbours, bring ’em away before Mr. Justice, -his Worship will soon make them change their Notes.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘Accordingly the Rusticks haled them along the -Town to his Worship’s House, into which they were -no sooner enter’d but he began to revile <i>Jacob</i> and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span> -his Brethren for Highwaymen, and asking them their -Names, they still were in the same Tone of <i>Sice-Ace</i>, -<i>Cinque-Duce</i>, and <i>Quater-Tray</i>, at which the Justice, -lifting up his Hands and Eyes to the Ceiling, cry’d -out, <i>Such audacious Rogues as these were never seen -before</i>.</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Here, Tom,</i>” (quoth his Worship to his Clerk), -“<i>write their</i> Mittimus, <i>for I will send them everyone to</i> -Newgate.”</p> - -<p>‘Whilst their Commitment was writing, <i>Jacob</i> pulls -a Bit of Parchment out of his Pocket, and, asking the -Constable if he could read it, he put on his Spectacles, -and posing and mumbling over it a Minute or two, -said,</p> - -<p>‘“<i>I cannot tell what to make of it. It is Latin, I -think.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘“<i>Well, then,</i>” (quoth Jacob), “<i>I’ll tell you what it -is, it is the King’s Process against this Gentleman that is -going to commit us to</i> Newgate; <i>therefore, in my Execution -of it, I require you, as you are a Constable, to keep -the Peace.</i>”</p> - -<p>‘This turn of the Dice made the Magistrate, the -Peace Officer, and all the Rusticks stare at one another -as if they were out of their Senses. However, -<i>Jacob</i> brought his Prisoner to <i>London</i>, and oblig’d -him to make Satisfaction before he got out of his -Clutches.’</p> - -<p>The above anecdotes illustrate the humorous side -of a bailiff’s life, but sometimes they met with very -rough treatment, nay, were even killed. On the 4th -of August, 1722, a bailiff named Boyce was killed -by a blacksmith, who ran a red-hot iron into him; -and the book I have quoted from thus speaks of -bailiffs as ‘such Villains, whose Clan is suppos’d to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span> -descend from the cursed Seed of <i>Ham</i>, and therefore -stinks in the Nostrils of all honest Men. Some -of them have been paid in their own Coyn, for -Captain <i>Bew</i> kill’d a Sergeant of one of the Compters. -Shortly after, a Bailiff was kill’d in <i>Grays-Inn</i> -Walks; another Bailiff had his Hand chopt off -by a Butcher in <i>Hungerford</i> Market, in the <i>Strand</i>, -of which Wound he dyed the next Day, and another -Man kill’d two Bailiffs at once with a couple of -Pistols in <i>Houghton Street</i>, by <i>Clare Market</i>, for -which he was touch’d with a cold iron<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> at the -Sessions House at the <i>Old Baily</i>, besides several -others of that detestable Tribe have deservedly -suffer’d the same fate....</p> - -<p>‘But, by the way, we must take Notice that a -Bailiff is Universally hated by Man, Woman, or Child, -who dearly love to see them duckt (Pick-pocket like) -in the <i>Muse</i> Pond,<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> or the cleanly Pond of the Horse -Guards, at <i>Whitehall</i>, and sometimes well rinsed at -the <i>Temple</i>, or <i>Grays-Inn</i> Pump; and if any of these -napping Scoundrels is taken within the Liberty of -the <i>Mint</i>, the enraged Inhabitants of this Place tye -him fast with Ropes in a Wheelbarrow; then they -trundle him about the Streets, with great Shouts and -Huzzas.... After he is convey’d in the like -Order to a stinking Ditch, near <i>St. George’s</i> Fields, -where he is plunged over Head and Ears, <i>à la mode -de Pickpocket</i>; and then, to finish the Procession, -he is solemnly convey’d to a Pump, according to the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span> -antient Custom of the Place, where he is sufficiently -drench’d for all his dirty Doings.’</p> - -<p>This, as I have said, shows the humorous side of -imprisonment for debt. An unimpeachable and veracious -authority, one who only gave dry statistics, -and did not draw upon his imagination for his facts, -was John Howard, the philanthropist, who published, -in 1777, ‘The State of the Prisons in England and -Wales.’ From his report we learn that the allowance -to debtors was a penny loaf a day—and when we consider -that, during the French war, bread at one time -rose to a price equivalent to our half-crown per -quartern loaf, it could hardly be called a sufficient -diet. But the City of London, generous then, as -ever, supplemented this with a daily (? weekly) -supply of sixteen stone, or one hundred and twenty-eight -pounds, of beef, which, as Howard gives the -average of debtors in two years (1775-6) at thirty-eight, -would be more than ample for their needs—and -there were other charities amounting to fifty or -sixty pounds a year—but, before they were discharged, -they were compelled to pay the keeper a -fee of eight shillings and tenpence.</p> - -<p>In the Fleet Prison they had no allowance, but, if -they made an affidavit that they were not worth five -pounds, and could not subsist without charity, they -had divided amongst them the proceeds of the begging-box -and grate, and the donations which were -sent to the prison. Of these, Howard says, at the -time of his visit, there were seventeen. But the -other prisoners who had any money had every facility -afforded them to spend it. There was a tap, at which -they could purchase whatever liquor they required; -there was a billiard-table, and, in the yard, they could -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span> -play at skittles, Mississippi, fives, tennis, &c. On Monday -nights there was a wine club, and on Thursday -nights a beer club, both of which usually lasted until -one or two in the morning; and pretty scenes of -riot and drunkenness took place. The prisoners were -allowed to have their wives and children to live with -them.</p> - -<p>Ludgate had ceased to exist, and the debtors were -transferred to New Ludgate, in Bishopsgate Street. -It was a comparatively aristocratic debtors’ prison, -for it was only for debtors who were free of the City, -for clergymen, proctors, and attorneys. Here, again, -the generosity of the City stepped in; and, for an -average number of prisoners of twenty-five, ten stone, -or eighty pounds of beef, were given weekly, together -with a daily penny loaf for each prisoner. The lord -mayor and sheriffs sent them coals, and Messrs. Calvert, -the brewers, sent weekly two barrels of small -beer, besides which, there were some bequests.</p> - -<p>The Poultry Compter was in the hands of a keeper -who had bought the place for life, and was so crowded -that some of the prisoners had to sleep on shelves -over the others, and neither straw nor bedding was -allowed them. The City gave a penny loaf daily to -the prisoners, and remitted for their benefit the rent -of thirty pounds annually; the Calverts also sent them -beer. At Howard’s visits, eight men had their wives -and children with them.</p> - -<p>Wood Street Compter was not a pleasant abode, -for Howard says the place swarmed with bugs. -There were thirty-nine debtors, and their allowance -was a daily penny loaf from the City, two barrels of -beer weekly from the Calverts; the sheriffs gave them -thirty-two pounds of beef on Saturdays, and for some -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span> -years a benevolent baker sent them, weekly, a large -leg and shin of beef.</p> - -<p>At Whitechapel was a prison for debtors, in the -liberty and manor of Stepney and Hackney, but it -was only for very small debtors, those owing above -two pounds, and under five. Howard’s story of this -prison is a very sad one, the occupants being so very -poor:</p> - -<p>‘The Master’s-side Prisoners have four sizeable -chambers fronting the road—<i>i.e.</i>, two on each storey. -They pay two shillings and sixpence a week, and lie -two in a bed; two beds in a room. The Common-side -Debtors are in two long rooms in the Court -Yard, near the Tap-room. Men in one room, women -in the other: the Court Yard in common. They hang -out a begging-box from a little closet in the front -of the House, and attend it in turn. It brings them -only a few pence a day, and of this pittance none -partake but those who, at entrance, have paid the -keeper two shillings and sixpence, and treated the -Prisoners with half a gallon of beer. The last time -I was there, no more than three had purchased this -privilege....</p> - -<p>‘At my first visit there were, on the Common-side, -two Prisoners in Hammocks, sick and very poor. -No chaplain. A compassionate Man, who is not a -regular Clergyman, sometimes preaches to them on -Sunday, and gives them some small relief. Lady -Townsend sends a Guinea twice a year, which her -Servant distributes equally among the Prisoners.</p> - -<p>‘As Debtors here are generally very poor, I was -surprised to see, once, ten or twelve noisy men at -skittles; but the Turnkey said they were only visitants. -I found they were admitted here as at another -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span> -public-house. No Prisoners were at play with -them.’</p> - -<p>At St. Catherine’s, without the Tower, was another -small debtors’ prison. This parish was a ‘<i>peculiar</i>,’ -the Bishop of London having no jurisdiction over it, -and the place was under the especial patronage of -the Queens of England ever since the time of Matilda, -the wife of Stephen, who founded a hospital there, -now removed to Regent’s Park. It was a wonderful -little parish, for there people could take sanctuary—and -there also were tried civil and ecclesiastical -cases. Howard says that the prison for debtors had -been rebuilt seven years before he wrote. It was a -small house of two storeys; two rooms on a floor. -In April, 1774, there was a keeper, but no prisoners. -‘I have since called two or three times, and always -found the House uninhabited.’</p> - -<p>No notice of debtors’ prisons would be complete -without mention of the King’s Bench, which was in -Southwark. Howard reports:</p> - -<p>‘The Prisoners are numerous. At more than one -of my visits, some had the Small Pox. It was so -crowded this last summer, that a Prisoner paid five -shillings a week for half a bed, and many lay in the -chapel. In May, 1766, the number of Prisoners -within the Walls was three hundred and ninety-five, -and, by an accurate list which I procured, their wives -(including a few only called so) were two hundred -and seventy-nine, children seven hundred and twenty-five—total, -one thousand and four; about two-thirds -of these were in the Prison.’</p> - -<p>The prisoners had, as in the Fleet, their weekly -wine and beer clubs, and they also indulged in -similar outdoor sports. The Marshalsea and Horsemonger -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span> -Lane gaol complete the list of London -debtors’ prisons.</p> - -<p>Howard’s description of the county prisons is something -appalling. Gaol-fever, distemper, or small-pox -being recorded against most of them. At Chelmsford -there had been no divine service for above a -year past, except to condemned criminals. At -Warwick the debtors’ common day-room was the -hall, which was also used as a chapel. At Derby a -person went about the country, at Christmas-time, to -gentlemen’s houses, and begged for the benefit of -the debtors. The donations were entered in a book, -and signed by each donor. About fourteen pounds -were generally collected in this manner.</p> - -<p>Chesterfield gaol was the property of the Duke of -Portland, and Howard describes it thus:</p> - -<p>‘Only one room, with a cellar under it, to which -the Prisoners occasionally descend through a hole in -the floor. The cellar had not been cleaned for many -months. The Prison door had not been opened for -several weeks, when I was there first. There were -four Prisoners, who told me they were almost starved; -one of them said, with tears in his eyes, “he had not -eaten a morsel that day,”—it was afternoon. They -had borrowed a book of Dr. Manton’s; one of them -was reading it to the rest. Each of them had a -wife, and they had, in the whole, thirteen children, -cast on their respective parishes. Two had their -groats from the Creditors, and out of that pittance -they relieved the other two. No allowance: no -straw: no firing: water a halfpenny for about three -gallons, put in (as other things are) at the window. -Gaoler lives distant.’</p> - -<p>At Salisbury gaol, just outside the prison gate, a -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span> -round staple was fixed in the wall, through which -was passed a chain, at each end of which was a -debtor padlocked by the leg, who offered for sale to -the passers-by, nets, laces, purses, etc., made in the -prison. At Knaresborough the debtors’ prison is -thus described:</p> - -<p>‘Of difficult access; the door about four feet from -the ground. Only one room, about fourteen feet by -twelve. Earth floor: no fireplace: very offensive: a -common sewer from the town running through it -uncovered. I was informed that an Officer confined -here some years since, for only a few days, took in -with him a dog to defend him from vermin; but the -dog was soon destroyed, and the Prisoner’s face much -disfigured by them.’</p> - -<p>The gaolers were not always the most gentle of -men, as may be seen by the trial of one Acton, -deputy-keeper and turnkey of the Marshalsea, for -the murder of a prisoner named Thomas Bliss. The -indictment will briefly tell the story:</p> - -<p>‘That the said <i>William Acton</i>, being Deputy -Keeper, under <i>John Darby</i>, of the said prison, being -a person of inhuman and cruel disposition, did, on the -21st of October, in the Year of our Lord, 1726, -cruelly, barbarously, and feloniously Beat, Assault, -and Wound the said <i>Thomas Bliss</i> in the said Prison, -<i>viz.</i>, in the Parish of Saint George’s-in-the-Fields, -in the Borough of <i>Southwark</i>, in the County of -<i>Surrey</i>, and did put Irons and Fetters of great and -immense weight upon his legs, and an Iron Instrument, -and Engine of Torture, upon the Head of the -said <i>Thomas Bliss</i>, called the Scull-cap, and also -Thumb-screws upon his Thumbs; and the said -<i>Thomas Bliss</i> was so wounded, fettered, tortured and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span> -tormented in the Strong Room of the said Prison -(which is a dangerous, damp, noisome, filthy, and unwholesome -place) did put, and him did there detain -several days; by means of which excruciating Tortures, -close Confinement, Duress, and cruel Abuses, -the said <i>Thomas Bliss</i> got so ill an Habit of Body, -that he continued in a languishing Condition till the -25th Day of <i>March</i> following, and then died.’</p> - -<p>Although the facts of the indictment were fully -borne out by the evidence, the jury acquitted Acton. -I should mention that Bliss had twice attempted to -escape from the prison.</p> - -<p>Let us pass to a pleasanter theme, and see what -was the inner life of a debtor’s prison about 1750, the -story of which is told in a little book undated.<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> The -foot-notes are taken from the book.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Close by the Borders of a slimy Flood,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which now in secret rumbles through the Mud;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">(Tho’ heretofore it roll’d expos’d to light,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Obnoxious to th’ offended City’s Sight).<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a><br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Twin Arches now the sable Stream enclose,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Upon whose Basis late a Fabrick rose;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In whose extended oblong Boundaries, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Are Shops and Sheds, and Stalls of all Degrees, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For Fruit, Meat, Herbage, Trinkets, Pork and Peas. }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A prudent City Scheme, and kindly meant;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Town’s oblig’d, their Worships touch the Rent.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span></span> -<span class="i0">Near this commodious Market’s miry Verge,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Prince of Prisons stands, compact and large;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where by the Jigger’s<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> more than magick Charm,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Kept from the Power of doing Good—or Harm,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Relenting Captives inly ruminate<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Misconduct past, and curse their present State;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Tho’ sorely griev’d, few are so void of Grace,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As not to wear a seeming cheerful face:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In Drink or Sports ungrateful Thoughts must die,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For who can bear Heart-wounding Calumny?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Therefore Cabals engage of various Sorts,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To walk, to drink, or play at different Sports,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Here oblong Table’s verdant Plain,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The ivory Ball bounds and rebounds again<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a>;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There at Backgammon two sit <i>tête-à-tête</i>,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And curse alternately their adverse fate;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">These are at Cribbage, those at Whist engag’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And, as they lose, by turns become enrag’d;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some of more sedentary Temper, read<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Chance-medley Books, which duller Dulness breeds;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or Politick in Coffee-room, some pore<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Papers and Advertisements thrice o’er;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Warm’d with the Alderman,<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> some sit up late,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To fix th’ Insolvent Bill, and Nation’s fate:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hence, Knotty Points at different Tables rise,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And either Party’s wond’rous, wond’rous wise;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some of low Taste, ring Hand-Bells, direful Noise!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And interrupt their Fellows’ harmless Joys;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Disputes more noisy now a Quarrel breeds,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Fools on both Sides fall to Loggerheads;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Till, wearied with persuasive Thumps and Blows,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They drink, are Friends, as tho’ they ne’er were Foes.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span></span> -<span class="i0">Without distinction, intermixed is seen,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A ‘Squire dirty, and Mechanick clean:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Spendthrift Heir, who in his Chariot roll’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">All his Possessions gone, Reversions sold,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Now mean, as one profuse, the stupid Sot<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sits by a Runner’s Side,<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">55</a> and shules<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> a Pot.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Some Sots, ill-mannered, drunk, a harmless Flight!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Rant noisy thro’ the Galleries all Night;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For which, if Justice had been done of late,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Pump<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> had been three pretty Masters’ Fate,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With Stomach’s empty, and Heads full of Care,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some Wretches swill the Pump, and walk the Bare.<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">58</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Within whose ample Oval is a Court, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where the more Active and Robust resort, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And glowing, exercise a manly Sport. }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">(Strong Exercise with mod’rate Food is good,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">It drives in sprightful Streams the circling Blood;)<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While these, with Rackets strike the flying Ball,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some play at Nine-pins, Wrestlers take a Fall;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Beneath a Tent some drink, and some above<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Are slily in their Chambers making Love;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Venus and Bacchus each keeps here a Shrine,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And many Vot’ries have to Love and Wine.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Such the Amusements of this merry Jail,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which you’ll not reach, if Friends or Money fail;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For e’er it’s threefold Gates it will unfold,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The destin’d Captive must produce some Gold;<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span></span> -<span class="i0">Four Guineas at the least for diff’rent Fees,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Compleats your <i>Habeas</i>, and commands the Keys;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which done, and safely in, no more you’re led,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">If you have Cash, you’ll find a Friend and Bed;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But, that deficient, you’ll but ill betide,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Lie in the Hall,<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">59</a> perhaps on Common Side.<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">60</a><br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">But now around you gazing Jiggers swarm,<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">61</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">To draw your Picture, that’s their usual Term;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Your Form and Features strictly they survey,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then leave you (if you can) to run away.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">To them succeeds the Chamberlain, to see }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">If you and he are likely to agree; }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whether you’ll tip,<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> and pay you’re Master’s Fee.<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ask him how much? ‘Tis one Pound, six, and eight;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And, if you want, he’ll not the Twopence bate;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When paid, he puts on an important Face,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And shows Mount-scoundrel<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">64</a> for a charming Place;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">You stand astonish’d at the darken’d Hole,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sighing, the Lord have Mercy on my Soul!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And ask, Have you no other Rooms, Sir, pray?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Perhaps inquire what Rent, too, you’re to pay:<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">249</span></span> -<span class="i0">Entreating that he would a better seek;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Rent (cries gruffly) ‘s Half-a-Crown a Week.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Rooms have all a Price, some good, some bad,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But pleasant ones, at present, can’t be had;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This Room, in my Opinion’s not amiss; }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then cross his venal Palm with Half a Piece,<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He strait accosts you with another face. }<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">How your Affairs may stand, I do not know;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But here, Sir, Cash does frequently run low.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I’ll serve you—don’t be lavish—only mum!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Take my Advice, I’ll help you to a Chum.<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">66</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">A Gentleman, Sir, see—and hear him speak,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With him you’ll pay but fifteen Pence a Week,<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">67</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Yet his Apartments on the Upper Floor,<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">68</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Well-furnished, clean and nice; who’d wish for more?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A Gentleman of Wit and Judgement too!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who knows the Place,<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">69</a> what’s what, and who is who;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">My Praise, alas! can’t equal his Deserts;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In brief—you’ll find him, Sir, a Man of Parts.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Thus, while his fav’rite Friend he recommends,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He compasses at once their several Ends;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The new-come Guest is pleas’d that he shou’d meet<br /></span> -<span class="i0">So kind a Chamberlain, a Chum so neat;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But, as conversing thus, they nearer come,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Behold before his Door the destin’d Chum.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">250</span></span> -<span class="i0">Why he stood there, himself you’d scarcely tell,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But there he had not stood had Things gone well;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Had one poor Half-penny but blest his Fob, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or if in prospect he had seen a Job, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">H’ had strain’d his Credit for a Dram of Bob.<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">70</a> }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But now, in pensive Mood, with Head downcast,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His Eyes transfix’d as tho’ they look’d their last;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">One Hand his open Bosom lightly held,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And one an empty Breeches Pocket fill’d;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His Dowlas Shirt no Stock, nor Cravat, bore,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And on his Head, no Hat, nor Wig he wore,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But a once black shag Cap, surcharg’d with Sweat;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His Collar, here a Hole, and there a Pleat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Both grown alike in Colour, that—alack!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This neither now was White, nor was that Black,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But matched his dirty yellow Beard so true,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They form’d a threefold Cast of Brickdust Hue.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Meagre his Look, and in his nether Jaw<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Was stuff’d an eleemosynary Chaw.<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">71</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">(Whose Juice serves present Hunger to asswage,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which yet returns again with tenfold Rage.)<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His Coat, which catch’d the Droppings from his Chin,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Was clos’d, at Bottom, with a Corking Pin;<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Loose were his Knee-bands, and unty’d his Hose,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Coax’d<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> in the Heel, in pulling o’er his Toes;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which, spite of all his circumspective Care,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Did thro’ his broken, dirty Shoes appear.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Just in this hapless Trim, and pensive Plight,<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span></span> -<span class="i0">The old Collegian<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">73</a> stood confess’d to Sight;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whom, when our new-come Guest at first beheld,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He started back, with great Amazement fill’d;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Turns to the Chamberlain, says, Bless my Eyes! }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Is this the Man you told me was so nice? }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I meant, his Room was so, Sir, he replies; }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Man is now in Dishabille and Dirt,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He shaves To-morrow, tho’, and turns his Shirt;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Stand not at Distance, I’ll present you—Come,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">My Friend, how is’t? I’ve brought you here a Chum;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">One that’s a Gentleman; a worthy Man,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And you’ll oblige me, serve him all you can.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The Chums salute, the old Collegian first,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Bending his Body almost to the Dust;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Upon his Face unusual Smiles appear,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And long-abandon’d Hope his Spirits cheer;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thought he, Relief’s at hand, and I shall eat; }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Will you walk in, good Sir, and take a seat? }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">We have what’s decent here, though not compleat. }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As for myself, I scandalize the Room,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But you’ll consider, Sir, that I’m at Home;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Tho’ had I thought a Stranger to have seen,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I should have ordered Matters to’ve been clean;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But here, amongst ourselves, we never mind,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Borrow or lend—reciprocally kind;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Regard not Dress, tho’, Sir, I have a Friend<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Has Shirts enough, and, if you please, I’ll send.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No Ceremony, Sir,—You give me Pain,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I have a clean Shirt, Sir, but have you twain?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Oh yes, and twain to boot, and those twice told,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Besides, I thank my Stars, a Piece of Gold.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span></span> -<span class="i0">Why then, I’ll be so free, Sir, as to borrow,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I mean a Shirt, Sir—only till To-morrow.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">You’re welcome, Sir;—I’m glad you are so free;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then turns the old Collegian round with Glee,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whispers the Chamberlain with secret Joy,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">We live To-night!—I’m sure he’ll pay his Foy;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Turns to his Chum again with Eagerness,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And thus bespeaks him with his best Address:<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">See, Sir, how pleasant, what a Prospect’s there;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Below you see them sporting on the Bare;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Above, the Sun, Moon, Stars, engage the Eye,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And those Abroad can’t see beyond the Sky;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">These Rooms are better far than those beneath,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A clearer Light, a sweeter Air we breathe;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A decent Garden does our Window grace<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With Plants untainted, undisturb’d the Glass;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In short, Sir, nothing can be well more sweet;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But I forgot—perhaps you chuse to eat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Tho’, for my Part, I’ve nothing of my own,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To-day I scraped my Yesterday’s Blade-bone;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But we can send—Ay, Sir, with all my Heart,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">(Then, very opportunely, enters Smart<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">74</a>)<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Oh, here’s our Cook, he dresses all Things well;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Will you sup here, or do you chuse the Cell?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There’s mighty good Accommodations there,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Rooms plenty, or a Box in Bartholm’<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> Fair;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There, too, we can divert you, and may show<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some Characters are worth your while to know.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Replies the new Collegian, Nothing more }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I wish to see, be pleas’d to go before; }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And, Smart, provide a handsome Dish for Four. }<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span></span> -<span class="i0">But I forget; the Stranger and his Chum,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With t’other two, to Barth’lomew Fair are come;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where, being seated, and the supper past,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They drink so deep, and put about so fast,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That, e’re the warning Watchman walks about,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With dismal tone Repeating, Who goes out?<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">76</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ere St. Paul’s Clock no longer will withold<br /></span> -<span class="i0">From striking Ten, and the voice cries—All told;<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">77</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ere this, our new Companions, everyone<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In roaring Mirth and Wine so far were gone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That ev’ry Sense from ev’ry Part was fled,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And were with Difficulty got to Bed;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where, in the Morn, recover’d from his Drink,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The new Collegian may have Time to think;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And recollecting how he spent the Night,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Explore his Pockets, and not find a Doit.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Too thoughtless Man! to lavish thus away<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A Week’s support in less than half a Day,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But ’tis a Curse attends this wretched Place,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To pay for dear-bought Wit in little Space,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Till Time shall come when this new Tenant here,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Will in his turn shule for a Pot of Beer,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Repent the melting of his Cash too fast,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Snap at Strangers for a Night’s Repast.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span></p> - -<h2 id="JONAS_HANWAY">JONAS HANWAY.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/i.jpg" alt="I" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">If</span> Jonas Hanway had lived before Fuller, -he certainly would have been enshrined -among his ‘Worthies;’ and it is astonishing -to find how comparatively ignorant -of him and his works are even well-read -men. Ask one about him, and he will reply that he -was a philanthropist, but he will hardly be able to -say in what way he was philanthropic: ask another, -and the reply will be that he was the man who introduced -umbrellas into England—but it is very questionable -if he could tell whence he got the umbrella -to introduce. But in his time he was a man of mark, -and his memory deserves more than a short notice in -‘Chalmers,’ the ‘Biographie Universelle,’ or any other -biographical dictionary.</p> - -<p>He was born at Portsmouth on the 12th of August, -1712, in the reign of ‘good Queen Anne.’ History is -silent as to his pedigree, save and except that his -father was connected with the navy, and was for -some years store-keeper to the dockyard at Portsmouth, -and his uncle by the father’s side was a Major -John Hanway, who translated some odes of Horace, -&c. His father died whilst Jonas was still a boy, and -Mrs. Hanway had much trouble to bring up her -young family, who all turned out well, and were -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span> -prosperous in after life: one son, Thomas, filling the -post of commander-in-chief of his Majesty’s ships at -Plymouth, and afterwards commissioner of the dockyard -at Chatham.</p> - -<p>On his father’s death, his mother removed to London, -where, somehow or other, she brought up her -children by her own exertions, and with such care -and affection that Jonas never spoke, or wrote, of his -mother but in terms of the highest reverence and -gratitude. He was sent to school, where he was -not only educated commercially, but classically. -Still, he had his bread to win, and, when he was -seventeen years of age, he was sent to Lisbon, which -he reached June, 1729, and was bound apprentice to a -merchant, under whose auspices he developed the -business qualities which afterwards stood him in -good stead. At the end of his apprenticeship he set -up in business for himself in Lisbon, but soon removed -to the wider field of London. What pursuit -he followed there, neither he, nor any biographer of -his, has told us, but in 1743 he accepted the offer of a -partnership in Mr. Dingley’s house at St. Petersburg.</p> - -<p>What a difference in the voyage from London to -St. Petersburg, then and now! Now, overland: it -only takes two days and a half.</p> - -<p>Then, in April, 1743, he embarked on the Thames -in a crazy old tub, bound for Riga, and got to Elsinore -in May. As everything then was done in a -leisurely manner, they stopped there for some days, -arriving at Riga by the end of May, having taken -twenty-six days to go from Elsinore to Riga, now -done by steam, under fair conditions, in two days.</p> - -<p>Here he found, as most people do, the Russian -spring as hot as he ever remembered summer in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span> -Portugal, and was most hospitably entertained by -the British factors. But Russia was at war with -Sweden, and, although he had plenty of letters of -recommendation, the Governor of Riga would not -allow him to proceed on his journey, until he had -communicated with the authorities at St. Petersburg, -thus causing a delay of a fortnight, and he did not -leave until the 7th of June. His sojourn at Riga, -however, was not lost, for he kept his eyes open, and -looked about him.</p> - -<p>Travelling by post in Russia, even now, is not a -luxury; it must have been ten times worse then, -when he started on his journey in his sleeping-wagon, -which was ‘made of leather, resembling a cradle, and -hung upon braces,’ and his report of his journey was -that ‘the post-horses are exceedingly bad, but as -the stages are short, and the houses clean, the inconvenience -is supportable.’ He made the journey in -four days.</p> - -<p>On his arrival, he soon set to work on the business -that he came out to execute, namely, the opening of -trade through the Caspian Sea to Persia, a journey -which involved crossing Russia in Europe from the -north-west to the south-east. This route had already -been trodden by a sailor named Elton, who had -spent some years among the nomadic Tartar tribes, -and had, in 1739, descended the Volga with a cargo -of goods, intending to go to Mesched; but he sold -them before he reached there, at Resched, for a good -price, and obtained leave to trade for the future. He -returned to St. Petersburg, went again to Persia, and -remained there in the service of Nadir Shah. It was -to supply his defection that Jonas Hanway went out -to Russia. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span></p> - -<p>On the 10th of September, 1743, he set out on his -veritably perilous journey, and it is really worth -while to describe the despatch of goods in Russia at -that day. ‘In Russia carriages for merchandize are -drawn only by one horse. These vehicles are nine -or ten feet long, and two or three broad, and are -principally composed of two strong poles, supported -by four wheels, of near an equal size, and about as -high as the fore wheels of our ordinary coaches, but -made very slight, many of the rounds of the wheels -are of a single piece of wood, and open, in one part, -for near an inch, and some of them are not shod with -iron.</p> - -<p>‘The first care is to lay the bales as high as the -cart will admit on a bed of mats of the thickest sort. -Besides the original package, which is calculated to -stand the weather, the bales are usually covered -with very thick mats, and over these other mats are -laid to prevent the friction of the ropes; lastly, there -is another covering of mats, in the want of raw cowhides, -which are always best to defend goods from -rain, or from the snow, which, when it melts, is yet -more penetrating. Each bale is sealed up with a -leaden seal, to prevent its being opened on the road, -or any of the goods vended in the Country, that is, -when they are intended for Persia....</p> - -<p>‘The Caravans generally set out about twelve, both -in the night and day, except in the heat of summer. -In the winter, between St. Petersburg and Moscow, -they usually travel seventy wersts<a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">78</a> (about forty-seven -English miles) in twenty-four hours, but from Moscow -to Zaritzen only forty or fifty wersts: in summer their -stages are shorter. Great part of the last-mentioned -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span> -road being through an uninhabited country, makes -the Carriers cautious not to jade their horses. Every -time they set out, the conductors ought to count the -loads. When necessity requires that the Caravan -should be drawn within fences, or into yards, the -heads of the waggons ought to stand towards the -door in regular order, and a guard, who will keep a -better watch than an ordinary carrier, should be set -over it: for want of this precaution, whole Caravans -in Russia have been sometimes consumed by fire. -It is most eligible to stop in the field, where the usual -method is to form the Carriages into a ring, and bring -the horses, as well as the men, within it, always observing -to keep in such a position as best to prevent -an attack, or repulse an enemy.</p> - -<p>‘The Khalmucks on the banks of the Volga are -ever ready to embrace an opportunity of plundering -and destroying passengers; therefore, when there is -any occasion to travel on those banks, which should -be avoided as much as possible, an advance guard of -at least four Cossacks is of great use, especially to -patrole in the night; it is not often practised, but I -found it indispensably necessary when I travelled on -those banks....</p> - -<p>‘A hundred carriages take up two-thirds of a mile -in length, so that, when no horseman is at hand to -spread the alarm, the rear might be easily carried off. -They have not even a trumpet, horn, or other instrument -for this purpose; they trust in providence, and -think any care of this kind unnecessary, though the -neglect has sometimes proved of fatal consequence.’</p> - -<p>In this primitive style he set forth on his trading -venture to Persia, taking with him a clerk, a Russian, -as menial servant, a Tartar boy, and a soldier, by way -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span> -of guard. He had ‘a convenient sleeping-waggon’ -for himself, and another for his clerk—the Russ, the -Tartar, and the soldier evidently having to shift as -the drivers of the twenty loads of goods (consisting -of thirty-seven bales of English cloth) did. It is interesting -to follow out this little venture. The -caravan started on the 1st of September, 1743, and -ten days afterwards he set out to join it, which he -did at Tver, arriving at Moscow on the 20th of -September.</p> - -<p>Here he looked about him, saw the Great Bell, &c. -received no little hospitality, and repaired the defects -of his caravan, starting again on the 24th of -September, and his instructions to his limited suite -were to avoid all occasion of dispute, and, should such -unfortunately arise, he should be informed of it, in -order that he might deal with it according to the -best of his judgment. But he went among the Tartars -without any misadventure, noting some very -curious facts, until he came to Tzaritzin, on the -Volga, whence he proposed to commence his somewhat -perilous journey by water, to the Caspian Sea. -He arrived at Tzaritzin on the 9th of October, but, -as there was not the same pushing and driving in -business then as now, he stopped there for a month -to recruit, and hire a vessel. He succeeded in getting -one, such a thing as it was, but then he only -paid a nominal sum for it. As he justly observes: -‘The reader will imagine that forty roubles<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">79</a> cannot -purchase a good vessel; however, this price produced -the best I could find. Their decks were only -loose pieces of the barks of trees; they have no -knees, and but few beams: hardly any pitch or tar -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span> -is used, in place of it are long slips of bark, which -they nail over the gaping seams, to prevent the -loose and bad corking (caulking) from falling out. -Instead of iron bolts, they have spikes of deal with -round heads. The method of keeping them clear of -water is by a large scoop, which is suspended by the -beam over the well-way, and through a scuttle at a -proper height they scoop out the water with great -facility.’</p> - -<p>He bought two of these A.1. vessels, and put a crew -of five fishermen on board each, besides his own suite, -and, because of the pirates who infested those waters, -he hired a guard of six soldiers. By-the-way, they had -a rough and ready way of dealing with these pirates -when they did catch them. ‘As their cruelties are -very great, so is the punishment inflicted on them -when they are taken. A float is built, in size according -to the number of delinquents, and a gallows -erected on it, to contain a sufficient number of iron -hooks, on which they are hung alive, by the ribs. -The float is launched into the stream, with labels -over their heads, signifying their crimes; and orders -are given to all towns and villages on the borders of -the river, upon pain of death, not only to afford no -relief to any of these wretches, but to push off the -float, should it land near them. Sometimes their -partners in wickedness meet them, and, if there are -any signs of life, take him down, otherwise they shoot -them dead; but, if they are catched in these acts of -illegal mercy, they are hung up without the ceremony -of a trial, as happened about eight years ago. -They tell me of one of these miscreants who had the -fortune to disengage himself from the hook, and -though naked, and trembling with pain and loss of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span> -blood, he got ashore. The first object he saw who -could afford him any relief was a poor shepherd, -whose brains he beat out with a stone, and took his -clothes. These malefactors sometimes hang thus -three, four, and five days alive. The pain generally -produces a raging fever, in which they utter the most -horrid imprecations, and implore the relief of water, -or other small liquors.’</p> - -<p>He was observant, and, on his journey down the -Volga, he noted many things which throw much -light on the social life in Russia of these days. Take -for instance the following: ‘The 14th of October -I sent letters to my friends, by messengers who are -appointed to attend a box of grapes, which is sent -from Astrachan to the Empress’s Court every three -days during the season. It is carried by two horses, -supported in the manner of a litter. The grapes are -preserved in sand, but, at best, are ill worth the -expense of the conveyance for one thousand two -hundred English miles.’</p> - -<p>He sailed from Tzaritzin on the 14th of October, -and on the 19th of the same month he reached -Astrachan, where he was kindly received by Mr. -George Thompson, agent to the British merchants -trading to Persia; and also by the Russian governor -(a quondam page to Peter the Great) who gave him -many assurances that every help should be afforded -him in his trade with Persia—but candidly informed -him what rogues the Armenian traders were: ‘They -are the most crafty people in all Asia, and delight in -fraud. Let them get fifty per Cent. in a fair way, they -are not contented without cheating five, and the five -is sweeter than the fifty.’</p> - -<p>Lapow, even then, was a recognized institution -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span> -in Russia, for Hanway observes, ‘The Officers of the -the Admiralty and Custom-House of Astrachan have -very small salaries, which is the case in all other -places in Russia: so that, instead of doing their -duty to despatch business, they often seek pretences -to protract it, in order to obtain the more considerable -presents. Upon these occasions French Brandy, -white wine, hats, stockings, ribbons, and such like -are acceptable.’ Now-a-days, things are managed in -a less cumbrous form. Rouble Notes take the place of -gross material—but the Russian Official is unchanged.</p> - -<p>Again, ‘Whilst I was busied in getting what informations -were necessary, the governor invited me -to a feast, at which there were nearly a hundred -dishes; here I saw a singular specimen of Russian -intemperance, for there were above thirty people who -drank to excess, in goblets, a kind of cherry brandy. -This feast was made for the birth of his granddaughter, -on which occasion the guests presented an -offering each according to his rank. This is a civil -way of levying a heavy tax on the merchants, and a -custom, tho’ not elegant, less absurd than that of -some politer countries; for here, without disguise or -ceremony, you leave one or two ducats, or some -richer present on the lady’s bed, who sits up with -great formality to be saluted.’</p> - -<p>From Astrachan he went to Yerkie, at the mouth -of the Volga, and virtually on the Caspian Sea, -whence he set sail on the 22nd of November, arriving -at Astrabad Bay on the 18th of December, where -his vessel was taken for a pirate, and signal fires -were, in consequence, lit on the hill-tops, etc. So he -lay at anchor for a few days, employing his men in -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span> -packing his goods so that they might be easily carried -on land; and he gives us a curious insight into -the life of sailors of that period.</p> - -<p>‘The 25th being Christmas Day, I excused the -seamen from the package of cloth, and prevailed on -them to hear prayers, and a sermon. English seamen, -of all mankind, seem the most indifferent with -regard to religious duties; but their indifference is -more the effect of want of reflection than the -irreligious carelessness of their leaders. It is not to -be imagined they would fight less if they prayed -more; at least we find the praying warriors in -Cromwell’s days fought as if they were sure of becoming -saints in heaven. Certain it is our seamen -do not entertain the same impressions of religion as -the common run of labouring people.’</p> - -<p>Hanway had been warned that he must take care -of himself at Astrabad; that, probably, he would be -robbed, and most certainly cheated; but never having -received such treatment, and with his conscious -faith of being an honest Englishman, he gave but -little heed to the caution, but spent many days on -ship-board, making up his merchandize into suitable -packages for land carriage, and when he did land, he -went in state, on horseback, to visit the governor, -taking with him the invariable Oriental present, -which, in his case, consisted of fine cloth, and loaves -of sugar. He was kindly received by the governor, -but soon having experienced the deceit and duplicity -of the people, he hurried forward his departure for -Mesched, sending ten camel loads of goods in advance. -Luckily he did so, for the next day the town -was besieged by Turcomans, who wanted to get possession -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span> -of the Shah’s treasure, then in Astrabad, as -well as the English goods, which presented an almost -irresistible temptation to them.</p> - -<p>Hanway was advised to disguise himself and fly, -but he was an Englishman, and had the pluck of his -race; so he concluded to stay, in spite of the objurgations -and maledictions of some of the inhabitants, -who cursed him as being the cause of their -misfortunes. The town made but a feeble resistance, -and, soon after its fall, Hanway received a visit -from the captors, the story of which he thus tells:</p> - -<p>‘I had collected my servants in one room, from -whence I sent a little boy, a servant, who understood -the Turkish language, which is most known to the -Khajars, to conduct these hostile visitors to us, and to -tell them that, as we were at their mercy, we hoped -they would treat us with humanity. They immediately -entered, and assured us they did not mean to hurt us; -on the contrary, that as soon as their government was -established, they would pay me for my goods. They -demanded, at the same time, where they were lodged; -and informed me that the forty bales which I had -sent out of the town some days before, were already -in their possession. Mahommed Khan Beg then demanded -my purse, which I had prepared with about -thirty crowns in gold and silver; he contented himself -for the present with counting it, and then returned -it to me, demanding if I had any more, for -that it would be the worse for me if I concealed any. -I thought it warrantable, however, to make an evasive -answer, though it was a true one as to the fact; <i>viz.</i>, -that all the town knew very well that I had been -searching for money in exchange for my bill on Mr. -Elton, not having sufficient to convey my Caravan to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span> -Mesched. As gold can purchase anything except -virtue and health, understanding and beauty, I -thought it might now administer to our safety. I -therefore reserved a purse of one hundred and sixty -crowns in gold, apprehending that the skilful application -of it might ward off the danger which threatened -us; but I afterwards found that our security -was in our supposed poverty, for in near three weeks -distress, I durst not show a single piece of gold, -much less acknowledge that I had saved any money.’</p> - -<p>He made up his mind to leave Astrabad as soon as -possible, and, having obtained an acknowledgment -of the value of his goods, at last set out with an -escort of about two dozen armed men, under the -command of a Hadji, or a holy man, who had made -a pilgrimage to Mecca. Needless to say his escort -were a pack of rogues, and it was by sheer good -luck, and at some risk, that, at last, he fell in with -some officers of the Shah, who were recruiting for -forces wherewith to re-conquer Astrabad. They -helped him to horses, although he complained of their -quality. He got along somehow, although he lost -his servants, and at last he reached Langarood, -where the renegade Captain Elton lived, seven -weeks after he had left Astrabad, and was received -by Elton with open arms. Here he stayed some days -to recruit, and then pushed on to Reshd.</p> - -<p>A few days more of journeying, and he fell in with -the Shah’s camp, but failed to have an interview -with that exalted potentate. Still his case was -brought before Nadir Shah, and, the bill Hanway -had received from Mohammed Hassan being produced -as evidence, a decree was issued ‘that I should -give the particulars of the loss to Behbud Khan, the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span> -Shah’s general at Astrabad, who had orders to deliver -to me whatever part of the goods might possibly be -found, and to restore them in kind, and the deficiency -to be paid out of the sequestered estates of the rebels -to the last denier. This was not quite the thing -which I wished for, because it laid me under a -necessity of returning to that wretched place, Astrabad; -however, I could not but acknowledge the -highest obligation for so signal a mark of justice and -clemency.’</p> - -<p>This act of justice was somewhat unusual with -Nadir Shah, of whose cruelty Hanway gives several -examples. As, however, one perhaps outstrips its -companions in brutality, I venture to give it in his -words. ‘I will give another example of Nadir’s -avarice and barbarity, which happened a little before -I was in camp. The Shah, having appointed a certain -general as governor of a province, imposed an -exorbitant tax on it, to be levied in six months: at -the expiration of the time the governor was sent for -to the camp, and ordered to produce the account. He -did so, but it amounted to only half the sum demanded. -The Shah called him a rascal; and, telling him -he had stolen the other half of the money, ordered -the executioner to bastonade him to death: his -estates also being confiscated, all his effects fell very -short of the demands. The servants of the deceased -were then ordered to come into the Shah’s presence, -and he inquired of them if there was anything left -belonging to their master; to which they answered, -<i>Only a dog</i>. He then commanded the dog to be -brought before him; and observed that he appeared -to be much honester than his master had been; however, -that he should be led through the camp from -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span> -tent to tent, and beaten with sticks, and wherever he -expired, the master of such tent should pay the sum -deficient. Accordingly the dog was carried to the -tents of the ministers, successively, who, hearing the -case, immediately gave sums of money, according to -their abilities, to procure the removal of the dog: by -which the whole sum the Shah demanded was raised -in a few hours’ time.’</p> - -<p>On the 27th of March they set out on their return -journey, accompanied by a small escort; they were -detained for some time at Langarood, where Hanway -had hoped to find a vessel, as the way by land was -insecure. But, although a ship was sighted, she -never put in; and the land journey was therefore, -perforce, undertaken, and Astrabad was reached on -the 16th of May. He saw the Shah’s general, who -said ‘the decree must be obeyed.’ Those who had -insulted Hanway were most brutally punished—some -of his cloth was recovered and given back to him, -but there was a difficulty in raising the money for -the missing portions, and he was pressed to take -payment in women slaves. On his refusal, they begged -of him to give them a receipt as if he had been -paid, assuring him the money should be forthcoming -in a very few days; but the British merchant was too -wary to be caught in such a palpable trap. Eventually -he got the greater part of it, and with it returned -to Langarood, where he waited for some little -while, and, at last, he recovered eighty-five per cent. -of the value of his goods, according to his own valuation, -so that, probably, he made a good sale.</p> - -<p>At Langarood he fell ill of a low fever, but was -cured by a French missionary, who administered -Jesuit’s bark (quinine) to him, and he then set out -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span> -on his return journey, having invested all his cash in -raw silk. He met with no particular adventures, and -arrived safely at St. Petersburg on the 1st of January, -1745, ‘having been absent a year and sixteen weeks, -in which time I had travelled about four thousand -English miles by land.’</p> - -<p>In noticing this trip of Hanway’s to the Caspian, -it would be a pity if attention were not called to his -description of Baku, now coming so much to the -front (thanks to the industry and intelligence of the -Messrs. Nobel) in providing the world with petroleum. -This was the chief shrine of the followers of Zoroaster, -who considered light, which was typified by fire, -(which is bright both by day and night) as emblematical -of all good, and they therefore worshipped -Ormuzd, or the good god, whilst they regarded -Ahriman, or darkness, as the evil god. Here, near -Baku, the soil is so soaked and saturated with -petroleum that a fire, natural and never-ceasing, could -easily be obtained, and consequently, being perfectly -unartificial, was looked upon as the personification of -Ormuzd. Hanway writes, ‘The earth round this -place, for above two miles, has this surprizing property, -that by taking up two or three inches of the -surface and applying a live coal, the part which is -so uncovered immediately takes fire, almost before -the coal touches the earth.... If a cane, or tube -even of paper, be set about two inches in the ground, -confined and closed with earth below, and the top of -it touched with a live coal, and blown upon, immediately -a flame issues without hurting either the cane -or the paper, provided the edges be covered with -clay, and this method they use for light in their -houses, which have only the earth for the floor; three -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span> -or four of these lighted canes will boil water in a -pot; and thus they dress their victuals.’</p> - -<p>Baku, the seat of this natural symbol of Ormuzd, -was then a place of pilgrimage for the Parsees—and -it is not so long since that fire-worship there has been -discontinued. Mr. Charles Marvin (writing in 1884) -commences his most interesting book, ‘The Region of -the Eternal Fire,’ thus: ‘A few years ago a solitary -figure might have been daily seen on the shore of the -Caspian Sea, worshipping a fire springing naturally -from the petroleum gases in the ground. The devotee -was a Parsee from India, the last of a series of -priests who for more than two thousand five hundred -years had tended the sacred flame upon the spot. -Round about his crumbling temple was rising greasy -derricks, and dingy distilleries—symbols of a fresh -cult, the worship of mammon—but, absorbed in his -devotions, the Parsee took no heed of the intruders. -And so time passed on, and the last of the Fire-Worshippers -died, and with him perished the flame -that was older than history.’</p> - -<p>He stayed some time in Russia, but undertook no -more arduous journeys. Even when he did leave St. -Petersburg, on the 9th of July, 1750, he travelled -very leisurely overland, reaching Harwich on the 28th -of October, 1750, after an absence from England of -nearly eight years. He lived in London in a modest -fashion, for his fortune was but modest—yet it was -sufficient for him to keep a <i>solo</i> carriage, <i>i.e.</i>, only -carrying one person, and on its panels was painted a -device allusive to his dangers in Persia, especially of -a somewhat perilous voyage on the Caspian. It consisted -of ‘a man dressed in the Persian habit, just -landed in a storm on a rude coast, and leaning on his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span> -sword, his countenance calm and resigned. In the -background was depicted a boat tossed about by the -billows; in front, a shield charged with his arms -leaning against a tree, and underneath the motto, in -English, <i>Never Despair</i>.’</p> - -<p>As a result of his eastern experiences,<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">80</a> on his return -to England he used an umbrella, which at that time -for a man to carry was considered somewhat effeminate. -He is often credited with having introduced -that useful article into England; but it had been -generally used by women for fifty years previously—nay, -there is in the British Museum (Harl. 630 -fol. 15b,) an Anglo-Saxon MS. of the eleventh century—unmistakeably -English in its drawing—wherein -is an illustration of an umbrella being held (by an -attendant) over the head of a king, or nobleman. -It is a veritable ‘Sangster,’ and, as far as form goes, -it would pass muster now. From this time the use -of the umbrella became familiar, and in general use -among men—probably because he introduced them -of pure silk, whereas hitherto they had been cumbrous -and heavy, being made of oiled paper, muslin, -or silk.</p> - -<p>He had enough to live on, and, as in those days no -one cared about making a colossal fortune, he lived -contentedly on his competence, and wrote a long -description of his travels, which was very well illustrated, -and which cost him £700 to produce his first -edition of one thousand two hundred copies, after -which he disposed of the copyright, and second, -third, and fourth editions were published. Still, the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span> -climate of Russia had not agreed with him, and he -had to go to the then fashionable Spa, Tunbridge -Wells, and afterwards to Paris, thence to Brussels, -Antwerp, and Amsterdam.</p> - -<p>He returned to Tunbridge Wells, where he wrote -(in 1753) a treatise against the Naturalisation of the -Jews,<a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">81</a> which was a question then being agitated. -One can scarcely imagine a man with large sympathies, -as was Jonas Hanway, a travelled man, also, -of great experience of men, taking the narrow view -of such a question of social polity. After a severe -fight the Bill was carried (26 Geo. 2) and his Majesty -gave his consent on the 7th of June, 1753,<a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a> but the -opposition to it was so great that when Parliament -next met (15th of November, 1753) the very first -business after the address (which only occupied half-an-hour -or so—a valuable hint to present M.P.’s) was -to bring in a bill repealing the privilege of Naturalization -to the Jews. Popular clamour on its behalf -was senseless, as it usually is, but it was too strong -to resist, and in the debate thereon, on the 27th of -November, 1753, William Pitt (all honour to him) -said, ‘Thus, sir, though we repeal this law, out of -complaisance to the people, yet we ought to let them -know that we do not altogether approve of what -they ask.’<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">83</a> The Bill was carried on the 28th of -November, and received the Royal Assent on the 20th -of December, the same year, and consequently an -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span> -injustice was for some time done to some of the -loyalest, quietest, and most law-abiding citizens we -have. Hanway, however, thought so strongly on -the subject that he wrote four tractates upon it, which, -as the question is now happily settled, may be dismissed -with this brief notice.</p> - -<p>He was naturally of a busy turn of mind, and -could not sit still. He wrote about anything—it did -not much matter what—of the paving, etc. of Westminster -and its adjacent parishes; he even wrote a -big book, beautifully illustrated, on a little trip he -took, when travelling was not so common as now, -‘A Journal of Eight days’ Journey from Portsmouth -to Kingston-on-Thames,’ (1756) a second edition of -which was published in two volumes in 1757, with the -addition of ‘An Essay on Tea, considered as pernicious -to Health, obstructing Industry, and impoverishing -the Nation.’ So we see he took strong -views on things in general, which have since, by experience, -been modified.</p> - -<p>His scribbling propensities probably did some good, -for in 1757 we find him taking up the cause of that -very meritorious charity, the Marine Society, to -which he was a subscriber to the extent of fifteen -guineas. This society, whose house is in Bishopsgate -Street, is still alive, and, what is more, flourishing. -About this he wrote four or five pamphlets and -books. This seems only to have served as a whet to -his appetite for philanthropy, for in 1758 he paid £50 -to qualify himself as a Life-Governor of the Foundling -Hospital. This, naturally, led him to think upon -the source whence the foundlings principally came: -and he turned his attention towards the foundation -of a Magdalen (?) Hospital, which was, with the cooperation -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span> -of several gentlemen, established in London -in 1758, in Great Prescott Street, Goodman’s -Fields (the site of which is now, or used to be, called -Magdalen Row).</p> - -<p>Many more books and pamphlets on the above -subjects, the Foundling Hospital, the Marine and -Stepney Societies, the Encouragement of British -Troops, etc., occupied his leisure until 1760, when he -took in hand the social question of giving fees, or -<i>vails</i>, to servants, and wrote two pamphlets on the -subject. In one of them are some very humorous -stories of this absurd custom, one, especially, which -from its raciness has become somewhat hackneyed.<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">84</a> -‘It is a more <i>humorous</i> Story they tell of —— after -he had dined with ——. The Servants with assiduous -duty had taken the best care of his friend’s <i>Hat</i>, -<i>Sword</i>, <i>Cane</i>, <i>Cloak</i>, and among the rest his <i>Gloves</i> also. -When he came to demand them, every Servant, with -the most submissive respect, brought his part of the -Old Gentleman’s <i>personal furniture</i>, and so many -<i>Shillings</i> were distributed with his usual liberality; -but, as he was going away without his <i>Gloves</i>, one of -the Servants reminded him of it, to which he answered, -“<i>No matter, friend, you may keep the Gloves, -they are not worth a Shilling.</i>”’</p> - -<p>Hanway tried to do away with this social tax, -which, however, remains to this day. But a very -good story is told of Robert Hamilton of Kilbrachmont.<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">85</a> -‘After a party at Kellie Castle the guests -were passing through the Hall where the servants -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span> -were drawn up to receive their vails, in those days a -customary exaction at great houses. The gifts of -those who preceded “Robbie” (as the Laird was -commonly called) drew forth no expression of gratitude, -not even a smile, but when his turn came for -performing the ceremony their features were at once -lighted up with something even approaching to a -laugh.</p> - -<p>‘“What did you give the fellows, Robbie?” said -his friends, when they got outside; “they looked as -sour as vinegar till your turn came.”</p> - -<p>‘“Deil a bawbee they got frae me,” said Robbie, -“I just kittled their loof.”’<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">86</a></p> - -<p>This system of feeing servants received a crushing -blow on the production (in 1759) of the Rev. James -Townley’s farce of ‘High Life below Stairs,’ which -probably led to Hanway’s writing his two pamphlets -on the subject.</p> - -<p>He used occasionally to go to Court—but never -solicited any place for himself; still it was thought -that his philanthropic exertions should be rewarded, -more especially as he had by no means a large fortune. -So a deputation of five prominent citizens of -London, amongst whom was Hoare the banker, waited -on Lord Bute (who was then Prime Minister), and -asked that some substantial recognition of his services -should made. Their representations had weight, -and, in July, 1762, he was appointed one of the commissioners -for victualling the Navy.</p> - -<p>He was now in easy circumstances, and his official -duties could not have been very heavy, for in that -year he wrote four pamphlets on ‘Meditations on Life, -&c.,’<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span> ‘Registration of the Parish Poor, and Ventilation,’ - -his pet Magdalens, and a ‘Disquisition on Peace -and War’ themes so diverse that they show the -variety of subjects that occupied his serious attention. -In fact, he scribbled on an infinity of things—all -having for their aim the benefit of mankind. He -had a financial scheme ‘for saving from Seventy -Thousand Pounds to One Hundred and Fifty Thousand -Pounds to the Public;’ he wrote on the ‘Uses and -Advantages of Music;’ the ‘Case of the Canadians at -Montreal;’ ‘The Soldier’s Faithful Friend, being -Moral and Religious Advice to private Men in the -Army and Militia;’ the ‘Registration of the Children -of the Poor;’ another pamphlet on the rising generation -of the labouring poor; and, not content with -addressing the private soldier, he must needs write -‘The Christian Officer, addressed to the Officers of -his Majesty’s forces, &c.’</p> - -<p>About this time he was evidently most <i>goody-goody</i>. -He wrote ‘Moral and Religious Instruction to young -Persons;’ ‘Moral and Religious Instructions, intended -for Apprentices among the lower Classes of the -People;’ ‘Letters to the Guardians of the Infant -Poor;’ ‘Rules and Regulations of the Magdalene -Hospital, with Prayers, &c.;’ ‘Advice to a Daughter, -on her going to Service, &c.;’ ‘Advice from a Farmer -to his Daughter;’ ‘Observations on the Causes of the -Dissoluteness which reigns among the lower Classes -of the People.’</p> - -<p>He could not even leave to Mrs. Elizabeth Montague -of the ‘Blue-Stocking Club’ notoriety, her -championship and patronage of the poor little climbing -boys—and he fired off a pamphlet on ‘The State -of Chimney-Sweepers’ young Apprentices, &c.’ These -poor little friendless mortals excited his pity, and his -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span> -first efforts in their behalf were to get them regularly -bound apprentices, so as to bring them under the -cognizance of the magistracy; he advocated and -inaugurated a subscription to defray the expense, and -supply them with clothes. And this movement was -attended with considerable success, for many boys -were bound apprentices, and some of the masters -were prosecuted for cruelty to their boys.</p> - -<p>Then, to show the diversity of his talents, he -wrote two pamphlets on bread, and a book in two -volumes on ‘Virtue in humble life, &c.’ In 1775 he -published a large quarto volume on ‘The Defects of -Police, the Causes of Immorality, &c.,’ and in the -copy which I have before me, is written, ‘<span class="smcap">To the -King</span>, <i>with the Author’s most humble Duty</i>.’ In this -book, among other things, he advocated solitary, or -rather isolated confinement—permitting the prisoners -to work, and giving them an increased dietary according -to their labour, This was followed in 1776 -by a pamphlet on ‘Solitude in Imprisonment, with -proper labour, &c.’</p> - -<p>He was now sixty-four years of age, but he was -as bodily active as he was mentally, and in -February, 1776, he had to go over to Hamburg in -connection with his duties as one of the commissioners -of the Victualling Board. In 1777, 1778, and -1782, he wrote three books on the Lord’s Supper—and -from that time he wrote, until he died in 1786, on -all sorts of subjects, religious, social, and political, a -list of which would only be wearisome. In the -summer of 1786 his health gave way, and he was -evidently sinking, but he lingered until the 5th of -September, when he calmly passed away—perfectly -prepared for the great change, putting on a fine -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span> -ruffled shirt, giving up his keys, disposing of some -trinkets, and having his will read to him. Death -came easily to him, and he expired with the word -‘Christ’ upon his lips.</p> - -<p>Such was the life, and such was the death, of -Jonas Hanway, whose biography is not half well -enough known. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">278</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="A_HOLY_VOYAGE_TO_RAMSGATE_A">A HOLY VOYAGE TO RAMSGATE A -HUNDRED YEARS AGO.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/t.jpg" alt="T" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">This</span> little story, which I very much condense, -is most amusing, and is the work -of ‘Henry Blaine, Minister of the Gospel -at Tring, Herts.’ I only give it as -showing the dread with which any -country-bred man, at that time, put his precious body -at the mercy of Father Neptune. Steam has changed -all our habits, but then there were no ‘Globe Trotters,’—few, -if any, climbed the Alps for amusement; -the Dolomites were unknown; people had no steam-yachts -and went in pursuit of perpetual summer; a -cruise to the Pacific Islands and Japan was never -dreamt of; there was no Mudie’s library to scatter -broadcast holiday tours, for they never existed—so -that we must look upon this relation of an inland-bred -‘Minister of the Gospel’ (whose long and extremely -pious, but wearisome, exordia I omit) with -very different eyes, to a similar one published in the -present day.</p> - -<p>It is a tract of fifty-four pages, and commences, -‘In hopes of recovering that invaluable blessing, -health, on Friday, August 10, 1787, I embarked -on board the ship <span class="smcap">Friends</span> bound for <span class="smcap">Ramsgate</span>, in -<span class="smcap">Kent</span>. I had heard there was such a place; and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">279</span> -many had raised my expectations by their reports of -the efficacy of sea-bathing; and others encouraged -my hopes by repeating their own experience of benefit -received. By these means I was induced to determine -on this little voyage. It reminded me of the never-to-be-forgotten -season, when, urged by some motives, -and impelled by a power unseen, but not unfelt, I -entered on board that stately vessel which the Lord’s -prophet saw in a storm. <i>Isaiah 54.—11.</i>’</p> - -<p>This is a sample of the tract. He then goes on to -say: ‘While we waited for the time of sailing -(for different purposes, I suppose), many came on -board, and appeared, to me at least, as if they -intended to embark with us: but they left not the -harbour, but, urged by other occasions and inducements, -they took leave of their friends and departed; -while we, who were bound for a distant place, kept -steady to our purpose, turned our backs upon home -and waited patiently for the gentle breeze and driving -tide to convey us to the desired port.’</p> - -<p>We can well imagine the good man, when he got -back to Tring, giving, for a long time, his soul-harrowing -experiences of that memorable voyage. He -should have lived in our days and have been ‘Our -Special Correspondent’ on whom the editor of the -newspaper relies to fill so many columns—for every -detail is taken, evidently note-book in hand. Witness -this: ‘When our sails were displayed, and our cable -unloosed, assisted by a gentle gale, we began by -degrees to view the lofty towers, the aspiring -churches, and all the grandeurs of London at a distance -behind us: in hopes of finding something we -could not find in town, we turned our attention from -the pleasures, and riches, and pomps of London; we -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">280</span> -bid farewel, for a time, to our dearest friends; we -laid aside our daily and domestic cares, and cheerfully -forsook the dear delights of home.’</p> - -<p>At length they were fairly started on their voyage, -which from the crowded state of the river, and the -excessive timidity of the writer, must have been -vastly perilous. ‘Our vessel, though it set sail with -a fair wind, and gently fell down the river towards -her destined port, yet once or twice was nearly striking -against other vessels in the river, to her own -injury; but, by the care of the steersman and sailors, -she was timely prevented.... There was no -spectacle more affecting, in all the little voyage, than -the bodies of those unhappy malefactors which were -hung up, <i>in terrorem</i>, on the margin of the river -Thames. Surely these was some of the execrable -characters whom Justice pursued, who, though “they -escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffered not to live. -<i>Acts 28.—4.</i>” ... Having passed these spectacles -of horror, a fair wind and flowing tide smoothly carried -us towards the boundless ocean....</p> - -<p>‘When we drew towards the conflux of the river -Thames there were two objects that attracted our -notice: the one, the King’s guardship, placed there -for the purposes of good œconomy, the other a large -painted vessel which floated on the surface of the -water, and is called a buoy. While we were passing -the king’s ship, I heard the report of a cannon, -and saw the flash of the charge at some distance; -and, on inquiring the reason of such a circumstance, -was informed it was customary for every ship which -passed, by way of obedience, to lower her topsail; -but the firing of the gun made them hasten to show -their obedience, for fear of a more unfavourable -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">281</span> -salute; for, though a flash of powder might give us -some alarm, the discharge of a ball might make us -<i>feel</i> the effects of disobedience.... Hitherto the -generality of our company appeared to carry jollity -and mirth in their countenances; but now we began -to see the blushing rose die in the sickly cheek, -and several of our passengers began to feel the sickening -effects of the rolling sea; they withdrew from -their mirth, and in pleasure crept into a corner, and -silently mourned their lost pleasures in solitude.... -Thrice happy the souls who are by divine grace -made sick of unsatisfying delights, and compelled to -withdraw from unsatisfying objects, and seek and find -permanent bliss in the friendship of Immanuel!</p> - -<p>‘There had been the appearance of affability and -good-humour kept up among the passengers of our -vessel, and a reciprocal exchange of civilities had -passed between them; our bad tempers were for -awhile laid aside, and we seemed mutually agreed to -make each other as innocently happy as our present. -If the same mode of conduct was observed through -the whole of our department, how would the ills of -life be softened, and the ties of society sweetened!...</p> - -<p>‘The eyelid of the day was now nearly closed -upon us, and the gloom of darkness began to surround -us, which, together with the hollow bellowing -of the wind, and dashing waves, had a tendency to -create very solemn ideas in the mind; and I, being a -stranger to such scenes, had my mind exercised upon -things of greater importance....</p> - -<p>‘About ten o’clock on Friday night we were -brought safely into the harbour of Margate, and then -cast anchor in order to set a great number of our -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">282</span> -passengers on shore, who were bound for that place -of rendezvous. How great are the advantages of -navigation! By the skill and care of three men and -a boy, a number of persons were in safety conveyed -from one part to another of the kingdom....</p> - -<p>‘When we had safely landed our passengers at -Margate, we weighed anchor at eleven o’clock at -night, in order to sail round the North Foreland for -Ramsgate. The North Foreland is a point of land -which stretches out some way into the sea, and is the -extreme part of our country on the right hand, when -we sail down the river Thames; and sailing round -the point into the British Channel is esteemed by -sailors rather dangerous. However, there was danger -enough to awaken the apprehensions of a freshwater -sailor. Yet here with some degree of confidence -in Him who exercises His power over the sea and -dry land, I laid me down and slept in quietness, while -the rattling waves drove against the sides of our -vessel, and the rustling winds shook our sails, and -made our yielding masts to speak. I was led to -reflect that now there was but a feeble plank between -me and the bottomless deep, yet, by a reliance on the -divine goodness, my fears were hushed, and a divine -calm prevailed within. “Thou will keep him in perfect -peace whose mind is staid on thee.” <i>Isaiah 26.—3.</i></p> - -<p>‘On Saturday morning I awoke and heard a peaceful -sound from shore, which informed me it was two -o’clock; and, inquiring where we were, I found we -were safe anchored within the commodious harbour -of Ramsgate. Being so early an hour, we again -composed ourselves to sleep, and lay till five o’clock; -then leaving our sleeping apartment, and mounting -the peaceful deck—not like the frighted sailor, who -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">283</span> -leaves the horrid hulk to view a thousand deaths from -winds, and waves, and rocks, without a friendly -shore in view—but to see one of the finest retreats -from all these dangers, which Providence has provided -for the safety of those who are exposed to the -violence and rage of angry elements. The commodious -Pier of Ramsgate seems admirably calculated -to shelter and protect vessels which are threatened -with destruction from winds and waves. This beautiful -piece of architecture is built in the form of a -Crescent, or half-moon, the points of which join to -the land.... The whole of this building of utility -appeared to bear a clear resemblance to the glorious -Mediator in his offices, who is appointed for a refuge -from the storm....</p> - -<p>‘By six in the morning we went on shore, and joyfully -met our friends, who were brought down the -day before; but in their passage were overtaken by -a violent storm of thunder and lightning, whilst our -voyage was smooth and prosperous; but, in the -morning, we all met in peace and safety. Thus we -sat down to a friendly breakfast, and cheerfully talked -over the adventures of the little voyage. Something -like this, I think, may take place in the state of -blessedness.... While we were thus employed, -we consulted how to dispose of ourselves while we -continued at Ramsgate; we mutually agreed to form -ourselves into a little family, and though we could -not all lodge, yet we wished to board together in the -same house.’ This is a pleasing instance of <i>bonne -camaraderie</i> engendered, in a short time, among agreeable -companions.</p> - -<p>‘In order to pursue the design of our coming, some -of our company mixed among the bathers at the seaside. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">284</span> -The convenience of bathing, the coolness of a -fine summer’s morning, the agreeable appearance of -company so early, and the novelty of the scene, had -a very pleasing effect.... We began to look -around us; and though we were not presented with -objects of taste and elegance, yet the town and -environs afforded us some rural prospects, which -yielded both instruction and pleasure. Upon our left -hand, as we ascended from the sea-side, stands the -seat of observation, erected on a point of land, and -commanding an extensive prospect over that part of -the sea called the Downs, where you behold a number -of ships lying at anchor, or on their passage to -different parts of the world. From thence you may -likewise see the lofty cliffs of France, and reverberating -the light of the sun; while, at the same time, you -may, by way of amusement, watch the motions of -every boat coming in and going out of the harbour; -and, as the sea is always varying, its appearance altogether -affords an agreeable amusement. Here the -Company frequently stop to rest themselves after a -morning’s or an evening’s walk, and are sweetly -regaled by the cool refreshing breezes of the sea....</p> - -<p>‘It might be thought strange was I to say nothing -of Margate, that being the chief resort for -bathers, and of growing repute. The town of Margate -is in a very increasing state, and its principal -ornaments consist of its late additions. The chief -concern of the publick seems to render it as much a -place for pleasure as utility, as, under colour of utility, -persons can pursue pleasure without censure. A -mother, for instance, might be highly blamed by her -acquaintance for leaving her family for a month, and -going to spend her husband’s money; but who can -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">285</span> -blame her when her health requires it? They are -modelling it according to the taste of the times. -They have, indeed, built one place of worship, but a -playhouse nearly four times as large. Thus, when -ill-health does not interrupt the company’s pursuit of -amusement, they are likely soon to be accommodated -to their minds. Such is the provision already made, -that the consumptive cough of a delicate lady may -be furnished with the relief of the fumes of a smoking -hot assembly-room, and the embarrassed citizen -may drown his anxiety in the amusements of the -Card-table....</p> - -<p>‘The libraries are decently furnished, and may -serve as a kind of lounging Exchange, where persons -overburdened with money and time may ease -themselves with great facility. The most healthful -amusement, and best suited to invalids, that is pursued -at Margate, is that of the bowling-green, where, -upon the top of a hill, and in full prospect of the sea, -in a free open air, gentlemen may exercise their -bodies, and unbend their minds; this, if pursued for -the benefit of health and innocent recreation, with a -serious friend, appears to have no more criminality in -it than Peter’s going a fishing....</p> - -<p>‘Having staid as long at Ramsgate as our affairs at -home would, with prudence, admit; we went on -board the same ship, and re-embarked for London. -In order, I suppose, to take the better advantage, we -sailed some leagues right out to sea; but, it being a -dead calm, we hardly experienced any other motion -than was occasioned by the tide and swell of the sea -for that night. The cry of the sailors, Blow! Blow! -reminded me of that pathetick exclamation of the -ancient Church! The next day proved equally calm, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">286</span> -so that we had little else to divert us but walk about -the deck, and watch the rolling of the porpoises in -the sea. We had an old sailor on board, whose patience -being tired, declared he preferred being at -sea in a storm to being becalmed on the ocean, which -struck me with the propriety of the observation, when -applied to Christian experience; for a storm, under -Divine direction, is often made the means of hastening -the Christian’s progress, while a dead calm is useless -and unsafe.’</p> - -<p>It took them two days to get to Margate, and another -day to reach Gravesend. On their way they -passed a vessel cast on shore, which ‘cut a dismal -figure, such as they make, to an enlightened eye, who -make shipwreck of faith, whom Christians see, as -they pursue their course, run aground, and dash to -pieces.’</p> - -<p>By the time they came to Gravesend some of the -passengers had had enough of the Hoy—so they -hired a boat and four men to row them to London, -but the wind getting up, the river became rough, and -the boat being over-loaded, the boatmen begged -them to get on board a fishing-smack, which they -did, and arrived at Billingsgate safely. We can -hardly imagine, in these days of steam, that a journey -from Ramsgate to London would last from Monday -morning to Wednesday night, but people did not -hurry themselves too much in those days. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">287</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="QUACKS_OF_THE_CENTURY">QUACKS OF THE CENTURY.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/i.jpg" alt="I" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> all ages there have been pretenders to -medical science, and it has been reserved -to the present century to elevate -the healing art into a real science, based -on proper physiological facts, aided by -the searching analyses of modern chemistry. The -old alchemists had died out, yet they had some -pretensions to learning, but the pharmacopœia at -the commencement of the eighteenth century was in -a deplorable condition. Surgery, for rough purposes, -had existed since the earliest ages, because -accidents would happen, then as now; and, moreover, -there were wars, which necessitated the amputation -of limbs, etc., but medicine, except in the knowledge -of the virtue of herbs and simples, was in more than -a primitive state. Anyone who chose, could dub -himself Doctor, and, naturally, the privilege was -largely taken advantage of.</p> - -<p>The name of quack, or quacksalver, does not -seem to have been much used before the seventeenth -century, and its derivation has not been distinctly -settled. In the ‘Antiquities of Egypt,’ etc., by William -Osburn, junior, London, 1847, p. 94, he says: ‘The -idea of a physician is frequently represented by a -species of duck, the name of which is CHIN: the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">288</span> -Egyptian word for physician was also CHINI.’ But -neither Pierret, in his ‘Vocabulaire Hieroglyphique,’ nor -Bunsen, in ‘Egypt’s Place in Universal History,’ -endorse this statement. Still the Egyptian equivalent -for cackling, or the noise of a goose, was <i>Ka ka</i>, and -in Coptic <i>Ouok</i>, pronounced very much like quack.</p> - -<p>The Germans also use the word <i>Quacksalber</i>, and -the Dutch <i>Kwaksalver</i>, a term which Bilderdijk, in -his ‘Geslachtlijst der Naamwoorden,’ (derivation or gender -of men’s names) says, ought more properly to be -<i>Kwabsalver</i>, from <i>Kwab</i>, a wen, and <i>Salver</i>, to anoint. -Be this as it may, the English word quack certainly -means an illegitimate medical practitioner, a pretender -to medical science, whose pretensions are not -warranted by his knowledge.</p> - -<p>The seventeenth century was prolific in quacks—a -notable example being John Wilmot, Earl of -Rochester. Both Bishop Burnet and De Gramont -agree that, during one of his banishments from Court, -he lived in Tower Street (next door to the sign of -the ‘Black Swan,’ at a goldsmith’s house), and there -practised as a quack doctor, as one Alexander Bendo, -newly arrived from Germany. There is a famous -mountebank speech of his extant, copies of which -exist not only in broad sheets, but in some of the -jest-books of the seventeenth century, which, genuine -or not, is very amusing. It is far too long to transcribe -here, but perhaps I may be pardoned if I give -a short extract.</p> - -<p>‘The knowledge of these secrets I gathered in my -travels abroad (where I have spent my time ever -since I was fifteen years old to this, my nine and -twentieth year) in France and Italy. Those that -have travelled in Italy will tell you what a miracle -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">289</span> -of art does there assist nature in the preservation of -beauty: how women of forty bear the same countenance -with them of fifteen: ages are no way -distinguished by faces; whereas, here in England, -look a horse in the mouth and a woman in the face, -you presently know both their ages to a year. I -will, therefore, give you such remedies that, without -destroying your complexion (as most of your paints -and daubings do) shall render them perfectly fair; -clearing and preserving them from all spots, freckles, -heats, pimples, and marks of the small-pox, or any -other accidental ones, so that the face be not seamed -or scarred.</p> - -<p>‘I will also cleanse and preserve your <i>teeth</i> white -and round as pearls, fastening them that are loose: -your gums shall be kept entire, as red as coral; your -lips of the same colour, and soft as you could wish -your lawful kisses.</p> - -<p>‘I will likewise administer that which shall cure -the worst of breaths, provided the lungs be not -totally perished and imposthumated; as also certain -and infallible remedies for those whose breaths are -yet untainted; so that nothing but either a very -long sickness, or old age itself, shall ever be able to -spoil them.</p> - -<p>‘I will, besides, (if it be desired) <i>take away</i> from -their fatness who have over much, and <i>add</i> flesh to -those that want it, without the least detriment to -their constitutions.’</p> - -<p>By his plausible manners and good address, he -soon gathered round him a large <i>clientèle</i> of servants, -etc., for he told fortunes as well as cured diseases. -These told their mistresses, and they too came to -consult the wise man. Even the Court ladies came -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">290</span> -<i>incognito</i> to see him, and <i>la belle</i> Jennings, sister to -the famous Sarah, first Duchess of Marlborough, -went, with the beautiful Miss Price, to have their -fortunes told, disguised as orange-wenches, and in -all probability their visit would never have been -heard of, had they not met with a disagreeable adventure -with a somewhat dissolute gentleman named -Brounker, who was gentleman of the chamber to the -Duke of York, and brother to Viscount Brounker, -President of the Royal Society.</p> - -<p>John Cotgrave<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a> thus describes the quack of his -time:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘My name is Pulse-feel, a poor Doctor of Physick,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That does wear three pile Velvet in his Hat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Has paid a quarter’s Rent of his house before-hand,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And (simple as he stands here) was made Doctor beyond sea.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I vow, as I am Right worshipful, the taking<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of my Degree cost me twelve French Crowns, and<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thirty-five pounds of Butter in upper <i>Germany</i>.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I can make your beauty and preserve it,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Rectifie your body and maintaine it,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Clarifie your blood, surfle<a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a> your cheeks, perfume<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Your skin, tinct your hair, enliven your eye,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Heighten your Appetite; and, as for Jellies,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Dentifrizes, Dyets, Minerals, Fucusses,<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">89</a><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Pomatums, Fumes, Italia Masks to sleep in,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Either to moisten or dry the superficies, <i>Paugh</i>, <i>Galen</i><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Was a Goose, and <i>Paracelsus</i> a patch<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To Doctor <i>Pulse-feel</i>.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Then there was that arch quack and empiric, Sir -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">291</span> -Kenelm Digby, with his ‘sympathetic powder,’ etc., -and Dr. Saffold, originally a weaver, who distributed -his handbills broadcast, advertising his ability to -cure every disease under the sun.</p> - -<p>Also in this century is a poem called ‘The Dispensary,’<a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">90</a> -by Sir Samuel Garth, who lived in Queen -Anne’s time, which gives the following account of a -quack and his surroundings:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘So truly <i>Horoscope</i> its Virtues knows,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To this bright Idol<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">91</a> ’tis, alone, he bows;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And fancies that a Thousand Pound supplies<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The want of twenty Thousand Qualities.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Long has he been of that amphibious Fry,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Bold to prescribe, and busie to apply.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His Shop the gazing Vulgar’s Eyes employs<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With foreign Trinkets, and domestick Toys.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Here <i>Mummies</i> lay, most reverently stale,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And there, the <i>Tortois</i> hung her Coat o’ Mail;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Not far from some huge <i>Shark’s</i> devouring Head,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The flying Fish their finny Pinions spread.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Aloft in rows large Poppy Heads were strung,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And near, a scaly Alligator hung.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In this place, Drugs in Musty heaps decay’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In that, dry’d Bladders, and drawn Teeth were laid.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">An inner Room receives the numerous Shoals<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of such as pay to be reputed Fools.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Globes stand by Globes, Volumns on Volumns lie,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Planitary Schemes amuse the eye<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Sage, in Velvet Chair, here lolls at ease,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To promise future Health for present Fees.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">292</span></span> -<span class="i0">Then, as from <i>Tripod</i>, solemn shams reveals,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And what the Stars know nothing of, reveals.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Medicine in the last century was very crude. -Bleeding and purging were matters of course; but -some of the remedies in the pharmacopœia were very -curious. Happy the patient who knew not the composition -of his dose. Take the following:<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">92</a></p> - -<p>‘Or sometimes a quarter of a pint of the following -decoction may be drank alone four times a day:</p> - -<p>‘Take a fresh viper, freed from the head, skin, and -intestines, cut in pieces; candied eryngo root, sliced, -two ounces. Boil them gently in three pints of -water, to a pint and three-quarters, and to the strained -liquor add simple and spiritous cinnamon waters, of -each two ounces. Mix them together, to be taken -as above directed.</p> - -<p>‘The following viper broth (taken from the -London Dispensatory) is a very nutritious and proper -restorative food in this case, and seems to be one of -the best preparations of the viper: for all the benefit -that can be expected from that animal is by this -means obtained:</p> - -<p>‘Take a middle-sized viper, freed from head, skin, -and intestines; and two pints of water. Boil them -to a pint and a half; then remove the vessel from the -fire; and when the liquor is grown cold, let the fat, -which congeals upon the surface, if the viper was -fresh, be taken off. Into this broth, whilst warm, put -a pullet of a moderate size, drawn and freed from the -skin, and all the fat, but with the flesh intire. Set the -vessel on the fire again, that the liquor may boil; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">293</span> -then remove it from the fire, take out the chicken, -and immediately chop its flesh into little pieces: put -these into the liquor again, set it over the fire, and -as soon as it boils up, pour out the broth, first carefully -taking off the scum.</p> - -<p>‘Of this broth let the patient take half a pint every -morning, at two of the clock in the afternoon, and at -supper-time.’</p> - -<p>In the same book, also (p. 97), we find the following -remedy for cancer:</p> - -<p>‘Dr. Heister, professor of physic and surgery in -the university of <i>Helmstadt</i> in <i>Germany</i>, with many -others, greatly extols the virtue of millepedes, or -wood-lice, in this case; and, perhaps, the best way of -administering them is as follows:</p> - -<p>‘Take of live wood-lice, one ounce; fine sugar, two -drams; a little powder of nutmeg; and half a pint of -alexeterial water. Let the wood-lice and sugar, with -the nutmeg, be ground together in a marble mortar, -then gradually add the water, which being well -mixed, strain it with hard pressing. Two ounces of -this expression are to be taken twice a day, shaking -the vessel, so that no part of it may be lost.’</p> - -<p>And it also seems that much virtue was attached -to the great number of component parts in a medicine, -as may be seen in the recipe for <i>Arquebusade Water</i><a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">93</a> -(from the same book, p. 101).</p> - -<p>‘Take of comfrey leaves and root, sage, mugwort, -bugloss, each four handfulls; betony, sanicle, ox-eye -daisy, common daisy, greater figwort, plantane, -agrimony, vervain, wormwood, fennel, each two -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">294</span> -handfulls; St. John’s wort, long birthwort, orpine, -veronica, lesser centaury, milfoil, tobacco, mouse-ear, -mint, hyssop, each one handfull; wine twenty-four -pounds. Having cut and bruised the herbs, pour on -them the wine, and let them stand together, in -digestion, in horse dung, or any other equivalent heat, -for three days: afterwards distill in an alembic with -a moderate fire.</p> - -<p>‘This celebrated water has for some time been held -in great esteem, in contusions, for resolving coagulated -blood, discussing the tumors that arise on fractures -and dislocations, for preventing the progress of gangrenes, -and cleansing and healing ulcers and wounds, -particularly gunshot wounds....’</p> - -<p>Amongst the empyrical medicines, the following is -much cried up by many people, as an infallible remedy:</p> - -<p>‘Take two ounces of the worts that grow dangling -to the hinder heels of a stone horse,<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">94</a> wash them in -common water, then infuse them in white wine all -night, and afterwards let them be dried, and reduced -to powder. The dose is half a dram twice a day, in -any proper vehicle. A dram of Venice soap given -twice a day, either in pills, or dissolved in some -proper liquor, is likewise said to cure a Cancer.’</p> - -<p>In the early part of the eighteenth century, the -regular physicians were very ignorant. Ward<a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">95</a> thus -describes them, and, although his language was -coarse, he was a keen observer.</p> - -<p>‘They rail mightily in their Writings against the -ignorance of <i>Quacks</i> and <i>Mountebanks</i>, yet, for the -sake of <i>Lucre</i>, they Licence all the Cozening Pretenders -about Town, or they could not Practise; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">295</span> -which shows it is by their Toleration that the People -are Cheated out of their Lives and Money; and yet -they think themselves so Honest, as to be no ways -answerable for this Publick Injury; as if they could -not kill People fast enough themselves, but must depute -all the Knaves in the Town to be Death’s Journeymen. -Thus do they License what they ought -carefully to Suppress; and Practise themselves what -they Blame and Condemn in others; And that the -Town may not be deceived by <i>Apothecaries</i>, they -have made themselves <i>Medicine-Mongers</i>,<a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">96</a> under a -pretence of serving the Publick with more faithful -preparations; in order to perswade the World to a -belief of which, they have publish’d Bills, where, in -the true <i>Quack’s</i> Dialect, they tell you the Poor shall -be supply’d for nothing; but whoever is so Needy as -to make a Challenge of their promise empty-handed, -will find, according to the <i>Mountebank’s</i> saying, <i>No -Money, No Cure</i>. The disposal of their Medicines -they leave to a Boy’s management, who scarce knows -<i>Mercurius Dulcis</i> from <i>White Sugar</i>, or <i>Mint Water</i> -from <i>Aqua Fortis</i>: So that People are likely to be -well serv’d, or Prescriptions truly observed by such -an Agent.’</p> - -<p>If this was a faithful portrait of a physician in the -commencement of the century, what must a charlatan -have been? They sowed their hand-bills broadcast. -Gay, in his ‘Trivia,’ book ii., says,</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘If the pale Walker pants with weak’ning Ills,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His sickly Hand is stor’d with Friendly Bills:<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">296</span></span> -<span class="i0">From hence he learns the seventh born<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">97</a> Doctor’s Fame,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">From hence he learns the cheapest Tailor’s name.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>So universal was this practice of advertising that, -to quote Ward<a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">98</a> once more, when talking of the -Royal Exchange, he says,</p> - -<p>‘The Wainscote was adorn’d with Quacks’ Bills, -instead of Pictures; never an Emperick in the Town, -but had his Name in a Lacquered Frame, containing -a fair Invitation for a Fool and his Money to be soon -parted.’</p> - -<p>The newspapers teemed with quack advertisements. -These, of course, we have; but we also have preserved -to us a quantity of the ephemeral hand-bills, -which, presumably, were kept on account of the -intrinsic merits they possessed. They are a curious -study. There was the ‘Oxford Doctor at the Fleet -Prison, near Fleet Bridge, London,’ who would sell -ten pills in a box for sixpence, warranted a cure for -the ‘<i>Scurvy</i>, <i>Dropsie</i>, and <i>Colt-evil</i>,’ would provide a -remedy for ‘<i>Headach</i>, <i>Sore Eyes</i>, <i>Toothach</i>, <i>Stomachach</i>, -<i>Bleeding</i>, <i>Scorbutick Gums</i>, <i>Black</i>, <i>Yellow</i>, <i>foul -Teeth</i>, <i>Cramp</i>, <i>Worms</i>, <i>Itch</i>, <i>Kibes</i>, <i>and Chilblains</i>; the -Price of each proper Specifick, Twopence. Teeth or -stumps of Teeth, Drawn with Ease and Safety, Let -Blood neatly, Issues or Setons Curiously made; <i>For -Two Pence each, and welcome</i>. By the Doctor that -puts forth this paper, you may be Taught Writing, -Arithmetick, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, at reasonable -Rates by the great, <i>Or Two Pence each of them by the -Week</i>.’ Presumably, as he does not advertise it, he -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">297</span> -could not teach manners at the same traditional price.</p> - -<p>There was another who sold the <i>Elixir Stomachum</i> -which was sold at the various coffee-houses about -town, and he complains thus: ‘☞ Garrowaye, the -Apple-man at the Exchange, who had it of me, to -sell, for five or six years, I have lately found out, is -Counterfeiting it, and have removed mine from him; -and what he now sells is a Counterfeit sort, and not -the Right, as was formerly Sold there.’</p> - -<p>There was a man, living in Blackfriars, who was -so modest that he veiled his identity under the -initials R.C., who, from two in the afternoon till -night, ‘will give to all People a Secret how they -may utterly destroy <i>Buggs</i> without injury to their -Goods, at reasonable rates; do as you are Taught, -and if any be doubtful of the truth of it, they may -have full satisfaction of them that have Experienced it.’</p> - -<p>Here is a gentleman who gives a minute address. -‘<i>In Petty France, Westminster, at a house with a black -dore</i>, and a Red Knocker, between the Sign of the -<i>Rose and Crown</i> and <i>Jacob’s Well</i>, is a <i>German</i> who -hath a Powder which, with the blessing of God upon -it, certainly cures the Stone, &c.... If any person -of known Integrity will affirm that upon following their -directions the cure is not perfected, they shall have -their Money returned. Therefore be not unwilling -to come for help, but suspend your Judgment till you -have try’d, and then speak as you find.’</p> - -<p>There is another, which may belong to the previous -century—but it is so hard to tell, either by means of -type or wood blocks—put forth by ‘<i>Salvator Winter</i>, -an <i>Italian</i> of the City of <i>Naples</i>, Aged 98 years, Yet, -by the Blessing of God, finds himself in health, and -as strong as anyone of Fifty, as to the Sensitive -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">298</span> -part; Which first he attributes to God, and then to -his <i>Elixir Vitæ</i>, which he always carries in his pocket -adayes, and at Night under his pillow; And when he -finds himself distemper’d, he taketh a Spoonful or -two, according as need requireth.‘ It is needless to -say that the <i>Elixir</i> was warranted to cure every evil -under the sun, including such diverse maladies as -catarrhs, sore eyes, hardness of hearing, toothache, -sore throat, consumption, obstructions in the stomach, -and worms. The net was arranged to catch every -kind of fish. In fact, his business was so profitable -that he had a successor, ‘<i>Salvator Winter, Junior</i>,’ who -says thus: ‘My father, aged 98 years, yet enjoys -his perfect health, which, next to the blessing of God, -he attributes to the <i>Elixir Vitæ</i> having alway a -bottle of it in his pocket, drinking a spoonful thereof -four or five times a day; snuffing it very strongly -up his Nostrils, and bathing his Temples; thus by -prevention, he fortifies his vital Spirits.’</p> - -<p>Nor did the sterner sex monopolise the profession -of quackdom, for ‘At the <i>Blew-Ball</i> in <i>Grays-Inn -Lane</i>, near <i>Holborn Barrs</i>, next Door to a <i>Tallow-Chandler</i>, -where you may see my Name upon a Board -over the Door, <i>liveth</i> Elizabeth Maris, <i>the True German -Gentlewoman</i> lately arrived.’ It seems that we were -much indebted to Germany for our quacks, for ‘At -the <i>Boot</i> and <i>Spatter dash</i>,<a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">99</a> next Door but One to the -<i>Vine Tavern</i>, in <i>Long-Acre</i>, near <i>Drury Lane</i>, Liveth -a German D<sup>r</sup>. and Surgeon, Who by the blessing of -GOD on his great Pains, Travels and Experience, -hath had wonderful Success in the Cure of the Diseases -following,’ &c. There was also ‘<i>Cornelius à -Tilbourg</i>, Sworn Chirurgeon in <i>Ordinary</i> to K. <i>Charles</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">299</span> -the II., to our late Sovereign K. <i>William</i>, as also to -Her present Majesty Queen <i>Ann</i>.’</p> - -<p>A certain <i>John Choke</i>, whose motto was ‘<span class="smcap">Nothing -without God</span>,’ and was ‘an approved Physician; and -farther, Priviledged by his Majesty,’ advertised ‘an -Arcane which I had in <i>Germany</i>, from the Famous -and most Learned <i>Baptista Van Helmont</i>, of worthy -Memory (whose Daughter I Wedded), and whose -Prœscripts most Physicians follow.’</p> - -<p>Curative and magical powers seem to have extended -from seventh sons of seventh sons to women—for -I find an advertisement, ‘At the Sign of the -<i>Blew-Ball</i>, at the upper end of <i>Labour in vain-Street</i>, -next <i>Shadwell-New-Market</i>, Liveth a Seventh Daughter, -who learn’d her Skill by one of the ablest Physicians -in <i>England</i> (her uncle was one of K. Charles’s -and K. James’s twelve Doctors), who resolves all -manner of Questions, and interprets Dreams to admiration, -and hath never fail’d (with God’s Blessing) what -she took in hand.’ Also there was a book published -late in the seventeenth century, called ‘The <span class="smcap">Woman’s -Prophecy</span>, or the Rare and Wonderful DOCTRESS, -foretelling a Thousand strange monstrous things that -shall come to pass before New Year’s day next, or -afterwards—. She likewise undertakes to cure the -most desperate Diseases of the Female Sex, as the -<i>Glim’ring of the Gizzard</i>, the <i>Quavering of the Kidneys</i>, -the <i>Wambling Trot</i>, &c.’ A man who lived at the -‘Three Compasses’ in Maiden Lane, also issued a hand -bill that he would infallibly cure ‘several strange -diseases, which (though as yet not known to the -world) he will plainly demonstrate to any Ingenious -Artist to be the greatest Causes of the most common -Distempers incident to the Body of Man. The Names -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">300</span> -of which take as follow: The <i>Strong Fives</i>, the <i>Marthambles</i>, -the <i>Moon-Pall</i>, the <i>Hockogrocle</i>.’</p> - -<p>Then there was a medicine which was administered -to children even in my young days, ‘<span class="smcap">Daffy’s</span> -<i>famous</i> <span class="smcap">Elixir Salutis</span>, prepared by <i>Katharine Daffy</i>. -The finest now exposed to Sale, prepar’d from the -best Druggs, according to Art, and the Original -Receipt, which my Father, Mr. <i>Thomas Daffy</i>, late -Rector of <i>Redmile</i>, in the Valley of <i>Belvoir</i>, having -experienc’d the Virtues of it, imparted to his Kinsman, -Mr. <i>Anthony Daffy</i>, who publish’d the same to -the Benefit of the Community, and his own great -Advantage. This very Original Receipt is now in -my possession, left to me by my father aforesaid, -under his own Hand. My own Brother, Mr. <i>Daniel -Daffy</i>, formerly Apothecary in <i>Nottingham</i>, made this -ELIXIR from the same Receipt, and Sold it there -during his Life. Those, who know me, will believe -what I Declare; and those who do not, may be convinc’d -that I am no Countefeit, by the Colour, Tast, -Smell, and just Operation of my <span class="smcap">Elixir</span>.’ This was, -however, disputed by one John Harrison—and the -rivals of nearly two centuries ago, remind us forcibly -of the claimants to the original recipe of Bond’s -Marking Ink.</p> - -<p>A man sold a useful medicine. ‘A most excellent -Eye Water, which cures in a very short time -all Distempers relating to the Eyes, from whatever -Cause soever they proceed, even tho’ they have been -of seven, eight, nine, or ten Years’ continuance.... -This excellent Water effectually takes away all -Rabies or Pimples in the face, or any Part of the -Body; it also dissolves any small, or new-come Wens -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">301</span> -or Bunches under the Skin, so easily that it can -hardly be perceived.’</p> - -<p>One quack blossomed forth in verse, and thus describes -himself: ‘<i>In</i> Cripplegate Parish, <i>in</i> Whitecross -Street, <i>almost at the farther End, near</i> Old Street <i>(turning -in by the sign of the</i> Black Croe, <i>in</i> Goat Alley, -<i>straightforward down three steps, at the sign of the</i> Blew -Ball), <i>liveth one of above Forty Years’ Experience, who -with God’s Blessing performeth these cures following</i>:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘To all that please to come, he will and can<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Cure most Diseases incident to Man.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Leprosie, the Cholic, and the Spleen,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And most Diseases common to be seen.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Although not cured by Quack Doctors’ proud,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And yet their Name doth ring and range aloud,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With Riches, and for Cures which others do,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which they could not perform, and this is true.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This Doctor he performeth without doubt, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Ileak Passion, Scurvy, and the gout, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Even to those the Hospitals turn out.’ }<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Such ground as one did not cover, another did. -Take, for instance, the following: ‘In <i>Surry-Street</i>, in -the <i>Strand</i>, at the Corner House with a White-Balcony -and Blue-Flower pots, liveth a Gentlewoman, who</p> - -<p>‘Hath a most excellent Wash to beautifie the -Face, which cures all Redness, Flushings, or Pimples. -Takes off any Yellowness, Morpheu, Sunburn, or -Spots on the Skin, and takes away Wrinckles and -Driness, caused too often by Mercurial Poysonous -Washes, rendring the worst of Faces fair and tender, -and preserves ’em so. You may have from half a -Crown to five Pound a Bottle. You may also have -Night Masks, Forehead Pieces, incomparable whitepots, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">302</span> -and Red Pomatum for the lips, which keeps -them all the Year plump and smooth, and of a delicate -natural colour. She has an admirable Paste to -smooth and whiten the Hands, with a very good -Tooth powder, which cleanses and whitens the -Teeth. And a Water to wash the Mouth, which -prevents the Scurvy in the Gums and cures where -’tis already come.</p> - -<p>‘You may have a Plaster and Water which takes -off Hair from any part of the Body, so that it shall -never come again. She has also a most excellent -Secret to prevent the Hair from falling, causing it to -grow where it is wanting in any part of the Head. -She also shapes the Eye-brows, making them perfectly -beautiful, without any pain, and raises low -Foreheads as high as you please. And colours Grey -or Red Hair to a lovely Brown, which never decays, -changes, or smoots the Linnen. She has excellent -Cosmeticks to anoint the Face after the <i>Small Pox</i>, -which wears out any Scars, Marks, or Redness; and -has great skill in all manner of sore Eyes.</p> - -<p>‘She has a most excellent Dyet Drink which cures -the worst of Consumptions, or any Impurity of the -Blood: And an Antiscorbutick spirit, which, being -taken one spoonful in the Morning, and another at -Night, with moderate Exercise, cures the <i>Scurvy</i>, tho’ -never so far gone, and all broke out in Blotches: -with many other Secrets in Physick, which you may -be satisfied in when you speak with her.... She -has an approved Remedy for Barrenness in Women.’</p> - -<p>Very late in the preceding century (he died May -12, 1691), there was a most famous quack, Dr. Thomas -Saffold, one of whose handbills I give as a curiosity: -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">303</span></p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘Dear Friends, let your Disease be what God will,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Pray to Him for a Cure—try <i>Saffold’s</i> Skill,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who may be such a healing Instrument<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As will Cure you to your own Heart’s Content.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His Medicines are Cheap, and truly Good,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Being full as safe as your daily Food.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Saffold he can do what may be done, by<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Either Physick or true Astrology:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His Best Pills, Rare Elixirs, and Powder,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Do each Day Praise him Lowder and Lowder.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Dear Country-men, I pray be you so Wise, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When Men Back-bite him, believe not their Lyes, }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But go see him and believe your own Eyes; }<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then he will say you are Honest and Kind,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Try before you Judge, and Speak as you Find.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>‘By <i>Thomas Saffold</i>, an Approved and Licensed -Physician and Student in Astrology, who (through -God’s Mercy), to do good, still liveth at the <i>Black -Ball</i> and Old <i>Lilly’s Head</i>, next Door to the Feather-Shops -that are within <i>Black-fryers</i> Gate-way, which -is over against <i>Ludgate</i> Church, just by <i>Ludgate</i> in -<i>London</i>. Of him the Poor, Sore, Sick, and Lame may -have Advice for nothing, and proper Medicines for -every particular Distemper, at reasonable Rates ready -prepared, with plain Directions how to use them, to -cure either Men, Women, or Children of any Disease -or Diseases afflicting any Body, whether inward or -outward, of what Name or Nature soever (if Curable); -Also of this you may be sure, he hath Medicines to -prevent as well as Cure.</p> - -<p>‘Lastly, He doth with great certainty and privacy: -Resolve all manner of Lawful Questions, according -to the Rules of Christian Astrology, and more than -Twenty One Years’ Experience.’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">304</span></p> - -<p>Talk of modern quacks—they are but second-rate -to Saffold! His <i>Pillulæ Londinenses</i>, or London pills, -were advertised that ‘not only the meaner sort of -all Ages and each Sex, but people of Eminence, both -for their Rank in the World and their parts, have -found admirable success in taking these Pills.’</p> - -<p>This <i>panacea</i> was warranted to cure ‘Gout, Dropsy, -Coma, Lethargy, Caries, Apoplexy, Palsy, Convulsions, -Falling Sickness, Vertigo, Madness, Catarrhs, Headache, -Scald, and Sore Heads, sore Eyes, Deafness, -Toothache, sore Mouth, sore and swollen Throat, foul -Stomach, bad Digestion, Vomiting, Pain at the Stomach, -sour Belching, Colic, Twisting of the Guts, Looseness, -Worms, all Obstructions of the Pancreas, of the Mesaraic -Veins, of the passages of the Chyle, and of the -Liver and Spleen, the Jaundice, Cachexy, Hypochondriac -Melancholy, Agues, Itch, Boils, Rheumatism, -Pains and Aches, Surfeits by Eating and Hard -Drinking, or by Heats and Colds (as some call -them).’</p> - -<p>Then there comes a charming bit of candour -almost sufficient to disarm the unwary: ‘They are -also good in taking the Waters. I would not advise -them by any means in the Bloody Flux, nor in continual -Fevers, but they are good to purge after -either of those Diseases is over, or to carry off the -Humor aforehand. They must also be foreborn by -Women with Child. Otherwise they are good for -any Constitution, and in any Clime. They are -Durable many years, and good at Sea as well as on -Land.’</p> - -<p>Thomas Saffold knew well the value of advertising, -and scattered his very varied handbills broadcast. -Presumably, like modern quacks, he made money. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">305</span> -Of course he died, and his epitaph is as follows (he -originally was a weaver):</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘Here lies the Corpse of Thomas Saffold,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">By Death, in spite of Physick, baffled;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Who, leaving off his working loom,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Did learned doctor soon become.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To poetry he made pretence,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Too plain to any man’s own sense;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But he when living thought it sin<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To hide his talent in napkin;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Now Death does Doctor (poet) crowd<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Within the limits of a shroud.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>There was a harmless remedy advertised, even -though it was a fraud—and this was the loan, or sale, -of necklaces to be worn by children in teething.</p> - -<h3>THE FAMOUS AND VIRTUOUS NECKLACES.</h3> - -<p>‘One of them being of no greater weight than a -small <i>Nutmeg</i>, absolutely easing Children in Breeding -<i>Teeth</i> without <i>Pain</i>; thereby preventing <i>Feavers</i>, <i>Ruptures</i>, -<i>Convulsions</i>, <i>Rickets</i>, and such attendant Distempers, -to the Admiration of thousands of the City -of <i>London</i>, and Counties adjoining, who have experienced -the same, to their great comfort and satisfaction -of the Parents of the Children who have used -them. Besides the Decrease in the <i>Bills of Mortality</i>, -apparent (within this Year and a half) of above one -half of what formerly Dyed; and are now Exposed to -sale for the Publick good, at <i>five shillings</i> each <i>Necklace</i>, -&c.’</p> - -<p>Then there was a far higher-priced necklace, but, -as it also operated on adults, it was perhaps stronger -and more efficacious. ‘A necklace that cures all -sorts of fits in children, occasioned by Teeth or any -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">306</span> -other Cause; as also Fits in Men and Women. To -be had at Mr. Larance’s in Somerset Court, near Northumberland -House in the Strand; price ten shillings -for eight days, though the cure will be performed -immediately.’ And there was the famous ‘<i>Anodyne -Necklace</i>.’</p> - -<p>In the preceding century there were some famous -quacks, notably Sir Kenelm Digby, who, with his -sympathetic powder, worked wonders, especially one -instance, an account of which he read to a learned -society at Montpellier. He recounted how a certain -learned gentleman, named Howell, found two of his -friends engaged in a duel with swords, how he rushed -to part them, and catching hold of one of their -blades, his hand was severely cut, the other antagonist -cutting him severely on the back of his hand. -Seeing the mischief they had done, they bound up -his hand with his garter, and took him home. Mr. -Howell was of such note that the King sent his own -physician to him, but without avail; and there was -expectation that the hand would mortify and have to -be amputated. Here Sir Kenelm, who knew him, stepped -in, and, being applied to by his friend to try his -remedies, consented. Let him tell his own tale.</p> - -<p>‘I asked him then for anything that had blood -upon it; so he presently sent for his garter, wherewith -his hand was first bound, and as I called for a -basin of water, as if I would wash my hands, I took -a handful of powder of vitriol, which I had in my -study, and presently dissolved it. As soon as the -bloody garter was brought me, I put it in the basin, -observing, in the interim, what Mr. Howell did, who -stood talking with a gentleman in a corner of my chamber, -not regarding at all what I was doing. He started -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">307</span> -suddenly, as if he had found some strange alteration -in himself. I asked him what he ailed.</p> - -<p>‘“I know not what ails me; but I feel no more -pain. Methinks that a pleasing kind of freshness, as -it were a wet cold napkin, did spread over my hand, -which hath taken away the inflammation that tormented -me before.”</p> - -<p>‘I replied, “Since, then, you feel already so much -good of my medicament, I advise you to cast away -all your plasters; only keep the wound clean, and in -a moderate temper, betwixt heat and cold.”</p> - -<p>‘This was presently reported to the Duke of Buckingham, -and, a little after, to the King, who were -both very curious to know the circumstances of -the business; which was, that after dinner, I took -the garter out of the water, and put it to dry -before a great fire. It was scarce dry before Mr. -Howell’s servant came running, and saying that -his master felt as much burning as ever he had done, -if not more; for the heat was such as if his hand -were betwixt coals of fire. I answered that although -that had happened at present, yet he should find ease -in a short time; for I knew the reason of this new -accident, and would provide accordingly; for his -master should be free from that inflammation, it -might be, before he could possibly return to him; -but, in case he found no ease, I wished him to come -presently back again; if not, he might forbear coming. -Thereupon he went; and, at the instant, I did -put the garter again into the water; thereupon he -found his master without any pain at all. To be -brief, there was no sense of pain afterwards; but -within five or six days the wounds were cicatrized, -and entirely healed.’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">308</span></p> - -<p>Faith worked wonders, and a credulous imagination -formed an excellent foundation for healing. Take -another instance in the same century—the case of -Valentine Greatraks (who cured by the imposition of -hands), who was nearly contemporary with Sir -Kenelm. It would serve no good purpose to go -minutely into his history: suffice it to say that he -was an Irishman of good family, and, as a young -man, served under Cromwell. After the disbandment -of the army he was made Clerk of the Peace for the -County of Cork, Registrar for Transplantation (ejection -of Papists who would not go to church) and -Justice of the Peace, so that we see he occupied a -respectable position in society.</p> - -<p>After Greatraks settled down in his civil capacity, -he seems to have been a blameless member of society; -but his religious convictions were extremely rabid, -and strong on the Protestant side. Writing in 1668, -he says: ‘About four years since I had an Impulse, -or a strange perswasion, in my own mind (of which -I am not able to give any rational account to another) -which did very frequently suggest to me that there -was bestowed on me the gift of curing the King’s -Evil: which, for the extraordinariness of it, I thought -fit to conceal for some time, but at length I communicated -this to my Wife, and told her, That I did -verily believe that God had given me the blessing of -curing the King’s Evil; for, whether I were in private -or publick, sleeping or waking, still I had the same -Impulse; but her reply was to me, That she conceived -this was a strange imagination: but, to prove -the contrary, a few daies after there was one <i>William -Maher</i> of <i>Salterbridge</i>, in the Parish of <i>Lissmore</i>, that -brought his Son <i>William Maher</i> to my house, desiring -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">309</span> -my Wife to cure him, who was a person ready to -afford her Charity to her Neighbours, according to -her small skill in Chirurgery; on which my Wife told -me there was one that had the King’s Evil very -grievously in the Eyes, Cheek, and Throat; whereupon -I told her that she should now see whether -this were a bare fancy, or imagination, as she thought -it, or the Dictates of God’s Spirit on my heart; and -thereupon I laid my hands on the places affected, -and prayed to God for Jesus’ sake to heal him, and -then I bid the Parent two or three days afterwards -to bring the Child to me again, which accordingly he -did, and then I saw the Eye was almost quite whole, -and the Node, which was almost as big as a Pullet’s -Egg, was suppurated, and the throat strangely -amended, and, to be brief (to God’s glory I speak it), -within a month discharged itself quite, and was perfectly -healed, and so continues, God be praised.’</p> - -<p>This may be taken as a sample of his cures, albeit -his first; and, although he excited the enmity of the -licensed medical profession, he seems to have cured -the Countess of Conway of an inveterate head-ache, -which greatly enhanced his reputation. He died no -one knows when, but some time early in the century.</p> - -<p>And in our time, too, have been the quacks, the -Zouave Jacob and Dr. Newton, who pretended to -have the miraculous gift of healing by the imposition -of hands, so that we can scarcely wonder that, in an -age when the dissemination of accurate and scientific -knowledge as the present is (imperfect though -it be), a man like Valentine Greatraks was believed -in as of almost divine authority at the period at -which he lived. But it is a very curious thing that -some men either imagine that they have, or feign to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">310</span> -have a miraculous gift of healing. Witness in our -own day the ‘Peculiar People,’ who base their peculiar -gift of healing on a text from the Epistle of St. -James, chap. 5, v. 14—‘Is any sick among you? let -him call upon the elders of the Church; and let them -pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name -of the Lord.’</p> - -<p>So also the <i>Catholic and Apostolic Church</i> (Irvingites) -teach this practice as a dogma, vide their -catechism,<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">100</a> ‘What are the benefits to be derived -from this rite?’ ‘St. James teaches us again that -the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the Lord -shall raise him up; and, if he have committed sins, -they shall be forgiven him.’ After this, who can say -that the age of faith is passed away?</p> - -<p>With them, also, is a great function for the benediction -of oil for anointing the sick; the rubric for -which is as follows:<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">101</a> ‘In the Celebration of the Holy -Eucharist on a Week-day, immediately before the -elements are brought up and placed on the Altar, the -Elder or Elders present shall bring the vessel containing -the oil to the Angel, who shall present it -uncovered upon the Altar; and then kneeling down -at the Altar, and the Elders kneeling down at the -access to the Sanctuary, the Angel shall say this -<span class="smcap">Prayer of Benediction</span>.’</p> - -<p>Here follows a not very long prayer, in which the -Almighty is intreated to impart to the oil the virtue -which is dogmatically asserted that it possesses, in -the catechism. The rubric then continues, ‘The oil -which has been blessed shall remain on the Altar until -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">311</span> -after the Service, and shall then be delivered by the -Angel to the senior Elder, that it may be reverently -carried to the Sacristy, and there deposited in the -proper place by the Angel.’</p> - -<p>In the ‘Order for anointing the Sick’ (p. 602), the -rubric says: ‘This rite shall be administered only to -such as have, in time past, received the Holy Communion, -or to whom it is intended presently to -administer the Communion; also, only in such cases -of sickness as are of a serious or dangerous character. -In order to the receiving of the rite, opportunity -should, if possible, be previously given to the sick -person to make confession of his sins.</p> - -<p>‘A table should be provided in the sick person’s -room, with a clean cloth thereon, upon which may be -placed the vessel of holy oil.... The Elder in -charge shall be accompanied, when possible, by the -other Elders, the Pastor, and the Deacon.’</p> - -<p>A somewhat lengthy service follows, and in the -middle is this rubric: ‘Then the Elders present shall -anoint the sick person with the oil on the head or -forehead, and, if the sick person request it, also on -any part affected.’ And it winds up with the subjoined -direction, ‘All the holy oil that shall remain -after the anointing shall be forthwith consumed by -Fire.’</p> - -<p>I had intended to confine my subject entirely to -English quacks, but the name of Mesmer is so allied -to quackery in England that I must needs refer to -him. He was born at Merseburg in Germany on -May 23, 1733, and died at the same place March 5, -1815. He studied medicine, and took a doctor’s -degree in 1766. He started his extraordinary theory -in 1772 by publishing a tract entitled, ‘<i>De Planetarium</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">312</span> -<i>Influxu</i>,’ in which he upheld that tides exist in the -air as in the sea, and were similarly produced. He -maintained that the sun and the moon acted upon -an etherial fluid which penetrated everything, and -this force he termed <i>Animal Magnetism</i>. But there is -every reason to believe that he was indebted for his -discovery to a Jesuit father named Hel, who was -professor of astronomy at Vienna. Hel used peculiarly -made steel plates, which he applied to different -portions of his patient’s body. Hel and Mesmer -subsequently quarrelling about the prior discovery -of each, the latter discontinued the use of the plates, -and substituted his fingers. Then he found it was -unnecessary to touch his patient, but that the same -magnetic influence could be induced by waving his -hands, and making what are called <i>mesmeric passes</i> at -a distance.</p> - -<p>But the Viennese are a practical race, and his -failures to cure, notably in one case, that of Mademoiselle -Paradis (a singer), who was blind, caused -charges of deceit to be brought against him, and he -was told to leave Vienna at a day’s notice. He -obeyed, and went to Paris, where he set up a superb -establishment, fitted up most luxuriously. The novelty-loving -Parisians soon visited him, and here, in a dimly -lit room, with pseudo-scientific apparatus to excite -the imagination, and a great deal of corporal manipulation, -tending to the same purpose, to the accompaniment -of soft music or singing, hysterical women went -into convulsive fits, and laughed, sobbed, and shrieked, -according to their different temperaments.</p> - -<p>Having reached this stage, Mesmer made his -appearance, clad in a gold embroidered robe of -violet silk, holding in his hand a magnetic rod of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">313</span> -wondrous power. With slow and solemn steps he -approached his patients, and the exceeding gravity -of his deportment, added to their ignorance of what -might be coming next, generally calmed and subdued -those who were not insensible. Those who had lost -their senses he awoke by stroking them, and tracing -figures upon their bodies with his magnetic wand, -and, on their recovery, they used to testify to the -great good his treatment had done them.</p> - -<p>A commission of scientific and medical men sat to -make inquiry into ‘Animal Magnetism,’ and they reported -adversely. He then endeavoured to get a -pecuniary recognition of his services from the French -Government, but this being declined, he retired to -Spa, where, the bubble having been pricked, he lived -for some time in comparative obscurity.</p> - -<p>Mesmerism was introduced into England in the -year 1788, by a Dr. De Mainauduc, who, on his -arrival at Bristol, delivered lectures on ‘Animal -Magnetism’; and, as his somewhat cautious biographer, -Dr. George Winter, observes, he ‘was reported to -have cured diseased persons, <i>even</i> without the aid of -medicines, and of his having the power of treating -and curing diseased persons at a distance.’ He found -many dupes, for the said authority remarks, ‘On -looking over the lists of Students that had been, or -then were under the Doctor’s tuition, it appeared that -there was 1 Duke—1 Duchess—1 Marchioness—2 -Countesses—1 Earl—1 Lord—3 Ladies—1 Bishop—5 -Right Honourable Gentlemen and Ladies—2 -Baronets—7 Members of Parliament—1 Clergyman—2 -Physicians—7 Surgeons—exclusive of 92 Gentlemen -and Ladies of respectability, in the whole 127.</p> - -<p>‘Naturally fond of study, and my thirst after knowledge -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">314</span> -being insatiable, I also was allured to do myself -the honour of adding my name to the list; and to -investigate this very extraordinary Science: and, according -to the general terms, I paid 25 Guineas to -the Doctor, and 5 Guineas for the use of the Room; I -also signed a bond for £10,000, and took an affidavit -that I would not discover the secrets of the Science -<i>during the Doctor’s natural life</i>.’</p> - -<p>So we see that this wonderful power had a market -value of no mean consideration, and, indeed, an -anonymous authority, who wrote on ‘Animal Magnetism,’ -states that Dr. Mainauduc realised £100,000. -So lucrative was its practice, that many pretenders -sprung up, notable one Holloway who gave lectures -at the rate of five guineas the course, besides Miss -Prescott, Mrs. Pratt, Monsieur de Loutherbourg the -painter, Mr. Parker, and Dr. Yeldal; but the chief of -these quacks was Dr. Loutherbourg, who was assisted -in his operations by his wife. A book about his -wonderful cures was written by one of his believers, -Mary Pratt, ‘A lover of the Lamb of God,’ in which -he is described as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">315</span> ‘A Gentleman of superior abilities, -well known in the scientific and polite Assemblies for -his brilliancy of talents as a Philosopher, and Painter: -this Gentleman is no other than Mr. De Loutherbourg, -who with his Lady, Mrs. De Loutherbourg, -have been made by the Almighty power of the Lord -Jehovah, proper Recipients to receive divine Manuductions, -which heavenly and divine Influx coming -from the Radix <i>God</i>, his divine Majesty has most -graciously condescended to bestow on them (<i>his -blessing</i>) to diffuse healing to <i>all</i> who have faith in -the Lord as mediator, be they Deaf, Dumb, Lame, -Halt, or Blind.’ -</p> - -<p>That thousands flocked to these charlatans is undoubted, -for Dr. George Winter (above quoted) says, -‘It was credibly reported that 3,000 persons have -attended at one time, to get admission at Mr. Loutherbourg’s, -at Hammersmith; and that some persons sold -their tickets for from One, to Three Guineas each.’ -And this is corroborated by crazy Mary Pratt. ‘Report -says three Thousand People have waited for -Tickets at a time. For my own part, the Croud was -so immense that I could with difficulty gain the Door -on Healing Days, and I suppose, upon conviction, Report -spoke Truth.’ De Loutherbourg charged nothing -for his cures, and Mary Pratt is extremely -scandalized at those who, having received a ticket -gratis, sold them from two to five guineas.</p> - -<p>Many cases are given in her book of the cures -effected by this benevolent couple; how the blind -were made to see, the deaf to hear, the lame to walk, -or the dumb to speak—nay, could even cast out -devils—as the following testimonial will show.</p> - -<p>‘The second case I shall mention is that of a -woman possessed with Evil Spirits, her name Pennier, -lives at No. 33 Ogle Street, Mary-le-bone, near Portland-Chapel; -her husband lives with the French -Ambassador: her case was too terrific to describe; -her eyes and mouth distorted, she was like a Lunatic -in every sense of the word; she used to say that it -was not her voice that spoke, but the devil in her. -In short, her case was most truly distressing, not only -to her family, but the neighbourhood; she used to invite -people in with apparent civility, then bite them, -and scratch like a cat; nay, she would beg a pin of -women, and then scratch them with it, &c., &c., &c.’</p> - -<p>‘Mrs. De Loutherbourg, a lady of most exquisite -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">316</span> -sensibility and tenderness, administered to this Mrs. -Pennier; she daily amended, and is now in her right -mind, praising God, who has through his servant -performed such an amazing cure, to the astonishment -of hundreds who saw her and heard her.’</p> - -<p>Mrs. De Loutherbourg’s system of cure was extremely -simple, as this example will show: ‘Mrs. -Hook, Stable Yard, St. James’s, has two daughters, -born Deaf and Dumb. She waited on the Lady above -mentioned, who looked on them with an eye of benignity, -and healed them. (I heard both of them -speak.)’</p> - -<p>Her husband’s plan was rather more clumsy. He -imposed hands. ‘A News-Carrier at Chelsea cured of -an Abscess in his Side. Mr. De Loutherbourg held -his hand on the Abscess half a minute, and it broke -immediately.’</p> - -<p>Perhaps these cures were not permanent, for ‘Mr. -De Loutherbourg told me he had cured by the blessing -of God, two Thousand since Christmas. But, as -our Lord said, of the ten healed, one only returned -to thank him; so many hundreds have acted, that -have never returned to Mr. De Loutherbourg.’</p> - -<p>One of the most impudent of these quacks was -named Benjamin Douglas Perkins, whose father -claimed to be the inventor of the metallic tractors, -which were rods made either of a combination of -copper, zinc, and gold, or of iron, silver, and platinum, -and he explains, in the specification to his patent, -that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">317</span> ‘the point of the instrument thus formed, I -apply to those parts of the body which are affected -with diseases, and draw them off on the skin, to a -distance from the complaint, and usually towards the -extremities.’ -</p> - -<p>He charged the moderate sum of five guineas a set -for these precious instruments, and made a good -thing out of them. He was a member of the Society -of Friends, and, as a proof that his charlatanism was -believed in, this benevolent society subscribed largely, -and built for him the <i>Perkinean Institution</i>, an -hospital where the poor could be treated on his -system, free of cost.</p> - -<p>He was an adept in the art of puffing, and his -‘Testimonials’ are quite equal to those of modern -times. I will only cite two. ‘My little infant child -was <i>scalded</i> with hot tea on the forehead, about three -and a half inches in length, and three-fourths of an -inch in breadth, which raised a vesicle before I had -time to apply anything to it. The <i>Tractors</i> were -solely used, and the whole redness disappeared. The -Blister broke, &c.’</p> - -<p>‘A lady fell from her horse, and <i>dislocated</i> her -ancle, which remained several hours before it was -reduced, by which it became very much <i>swelled</i>, <i>inflamed</i>, -and <i>painful</i>. Two or three applications of the -<i>Tractor</i> relieved the pain, and in a day or two she -walked the house, and had no further complaint.’</p> - -<p>Then also was Dominicetti, who, in 1765, established -a house in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, for medicated -baths, but he hardly belongs to the magnetisers. -Then there was Katterfelto, but he, too, hovers on the -borderland of quackism—vide the following one of -hundreds of advertisements.<a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">102</a></p> - -<p class="table"> -<span class="trow tdc">‘By particular Desire of many of the First Nobility.</span> -<span class="trow tdc">This <span class="smcap">Present Evening</span> and <span class="smcap">To-Morrow</span>,</span> -<span class="trow tdc">At late <span class="smcap">Cox’s Museum</span>, Spring Gardens,</span> -</p> - -<p>A <span class="smcap">Son</span> of the late Colonel <span class="smcap">Katterfelto</span> of the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">318</span> -Death’s Head Hussars, belonging to the King of -Prussia, is to exhibit the same variety of Performances -as he did exhibit on Wednesday the 13th of -March, before many Foreign Ministers, with great -applause.</p> - -<p><span class="table tdc large smcap">Mr. Katterfelto</span> -Has had the honour in his travels to exhibit before -the Empress of Russia, the Queen of Hungary, the -Kings of Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, and Poland.</p> - -<p><span class="table tdc large smcap">Mr. Katterfelto’s</span> -Lectures are Philosophical, Mathematical, Optical, -Magnetical, Electrical, Physical, Chymical, Pneumatic, -Hydraulic, Hydrostatic, Styangraphic, Palenchic, and -Caprimantic Art.</p> - -<p><span class="table tdc large smcap">Mr. Katterfelto</span> -Will deliver a different Lecture every night in the -week, and show various uncommon experiments, and -his apparatus are very numerous, and elegantly -finished: all are on the newest construction, many of -which are not to be equalled in Europe.</p> - -<p><span class="table tdc large smcap">Mr. Katterfelto</span> -Will, after his Philosophical Lecture, discover various -arts by which many persons lose their fortunes by -Dice, Cards, Billiards, and E.O. Tables, &c.’</p> - -<p>He was a charlatan <i>pur et simple</i>, and to his other -attractions he added a performing black cat,<a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">103</a> ‘but -Colonel Katterfelto is very sorry that many persons -will have it that he and his famous <span class="smcap">Black Cat</span> were -<span class="smcap">Devils</span> but such suspicion only arises through his -various wonderful and uncommon performances: he -only professes to be a moral and divine Philosopher, -and he says, that all persons on earth live in darkness, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">319</span> -if they are able, but won’t see that most enterprizing, -extraordinary, astonishing, wonderful, and uncommon -exhibition on the Solar Microscope. He will this -day, and every day this week, show, from eight in the -morning till five in the afternoon, his various new -Occult Secrets, which have surprized the King and -the whole Royal Family: and his evening lecture begins -this, and every night, precisely at eight o’clock; -but no person will be admitted after eight; and after -his lecture he will exhibit many new deceptions. -His Black Cat will also make her appearance this -evening at No. 24, Piccadilly. His exhibition of the -Solar Microscope has caused him lately very grand -houses; also his wonderful Black Cat at night; many -thousands could not receive admission lately for want -of room, and Katterfelto expects to clear at least -above £30,000, in a year’s time, through his Solar -Microscope and surprizing Black Cat.’</p> - -<p>He also invented a sort of lucifer-match.<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">104</a> ‘Dr. -Katterfelto will also, for <sup>2</sup>/<sub>6</sub><i>d.</i> sell such a quantity of -his new invented <i>Alarum</i>, which is better than £20 -worth of Phosphorus matches, and is better in a house -or ship than £20,000, as many lives may be saved by -it, and is more useful to the Nation than 30,000 Air -Balloons. It will light 900 candles, pistols or cannons, -and never misses. He also sells the very best -Solid, Liquid, and Powder Phosphorus, Phosphorus -Matches, Diamond Beetles, &c.’ Katterfelto died at -Bedale, in Yorkshire, 25th of November, 1799.</p> - -<p>There also lived Dr. Graham, who was not heard -of before 1780, and he was an arch quack. About -that year he took a mansion in the Royal Terrace, -Adelphi, which he fitted up sumptuously. It was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">320</span> -inscribed ‘Templum Æsculapio Sacrum,’ and was -called both the ‘Temple of Health,’ and the ‘Hymeneal -Temple.’ Here, in air heavy with incense, he -lectured on electricity and magnetism. He was a -past master in the art of puffing, and published -several books in glorification of himself. In one, -called ‘<span class="smcap">Medical Transactions</span> at the Temple of -Health in London, in the course of the years 1781 & -1782,’ he gives a wonderful list of cures worked -by his ‘Electrical Æther, Nervous Æthereal Balsam, -Imperial Pills, Liquid Amber, British Pills,’ and his -‘Bracing, or Restorative Balsam,’ which, in order to -bring within the reach of ordinary people, he kindly -consented to sell at half-price, namely, ‘that the -bottles marked, and formerly sold at one guinea, may -<i>now</i> be had at only half-a-guinea; the half-guinea -bottles at five shillings and threepence; the five -shilling at half-a-crown, and the two-and-sixpenny -vials at <i>only one shilling and threepence</i>.’</p> - -<p>In this book, too, are some choice specimens of -poetry, all laudatory of Dr. Graham, one of which is -worth repeating, as a specimen—</p> - -<h3>‘<i>An</i> <span class="smcap">Acrostic</span>, <i>by a</i> <span class="smcap">Lady</span>.</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">D <span class="smcap">eign</span>, to accept the tribute which I owe,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">O ne grateful, joyful tear, permit to flow;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">C an I be silent when good health is given?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">T hat first—that best—that richest gift of heaven!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">O Muse! descend, in most exalted lays,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">R eplete with softest notes, attune his praise.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">G en’rous by nature, matchless in thy skill!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">R ich in the God-like art—to ease—to heal;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A ll bless thy gifts! the sick—the lame—the blind,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">H ail thee with rapture for the cure they find!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A rm’d by the <span class="smcap">Deity</span> with power divine,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">M ortals revere <span class="smcap">His</span> attributes in thine.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">321</span></p> - -<p>In this temple of ‘Health and Hymen’ he had a -wonderful ‘Celestial Bed,’ which he pretended cost -sixty thousand pounds. He guaranteed that the -sleepers therein, although hitherto childless, should -become prolific; but it was somewhat costly, for the -fee for its use for a single night was one hundred -pounds. Still, he had some magneto-electric beds, -which, probably, were as efficacious, at a lower rate, -only fifty pounds nightly. The title-page of a -pamphlet on his establishment is noteworthy.</p> - -<p class="center"> -‘<span class="smcap">Il Convito Amoroso</span>,<br /> -Or a Serio—comico—philosophical<br /> -<span class="smcap">Lecture</span><br /> -on the<br /> -<i>Causes, Nature, and Effects of Love and Beauty</i>,<br /> -At the Different Periods of Human Life, in Persons, and<br /> -Personages, Male, Female, and Demi-Charactêre;<br /> -And in Praise of the Genial and Prolific Influences of the<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Celestial Bed</span>!<br /> -<br /> -As Delivered by <span class="smcap">Hebe Vestina</span>,<br /> -The Rosy Goddess of Youth and of Health!<br /> -from the<br /> -<i>Electrical Throne! in the Great Apollo-Chamber</i>,<br /> -<br /> -At the <span class="smcap">Temple</span> of <span class="smcap">Hymen</span>, in <span class="smcap">London</span>,<br /> -</p> - -<p>Before a glowing and brilliant Audience of near -Three Hundred Ladies and Gentlemen, who were -commanded by <span class="smcap">Venus</span>, <span class="smcap">Cupid</span>, and <span class="smcap">Hymen</span>! to assist, -in joyous Assembly, at the Grand Feast of very <span class="smcap">Fat -Things</span>, which was held at their Temple, on Monday -Evening, the 25th of November, 1782; but which was -interrupted by the rude and unexpected Arrival of -his Worship <span class="smcap">Midas Neutersex</span>, Esq<sup>re.</sup> ... just as -the Dessert was about to be served up. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">322</span></p> - -<p class="hang">Published at the earnest Desire of many of the Company, -and to gratify the impatient and very -intense longings of Thousands of Adepts, -Hibernian and British;—of the Cognoscenti;—et -de les Amateur ardens des <i>delices exquise</i> de -Venus!</p> - -<p class="center">To which is subjoined, a description of the Stupendous -Nature and Effects of the Celebrated<br /> -<span class="medium"><span class="smcap">Celestial Bed</span>!’</span></p> - -<p>The ‘<span class="smcap">Vestina</span>, or Goddess of Health,’ was no mean -person. She began life as a domestic servant, and -was named Emma Lyons. She was a good-looking, -florid, buxom wench, and, after having played her -part as priestess at the ‘Temple of Health and -Hymen,’ became the wife of the dilletante Sir William -Hamilton, English Minister at Naples, and was afterwards -notorious for her connection with Lord Nelson.</p> - -<p>Graham wrote in 1790, ‘A short Treatise on the -All cleansing—all healing—and all invigorating -Qualities of the <span class="smcap">Simple Earth</span>, when long and -repeatedly applied to the naked Human Body and -Lungs, for the safe, speedy, and radical Cure of all -Diseases, internal as well as external, which are, in -their Nature or Stage, susceptible of being cured;—for -the preservation of the Health, Vigour, Bloom, -and Beauty of Body and of Mind; for rejuvenating -the aged and decaying Human Body;—and for prolonging -Life to the very longest possible Period, &c.’</p> - -<p>For the benefit of those who would try the doctor’s -earth-cure, I extract the following: ‘I generally, -or always, prefer the sides or tops of hills or mountains, -as the air and the earth are the more pure and -salubrious; but the air and earth of ordinary pasture -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">323</span> -or corn-fields, especially those that are called upland, -and even good clean garden-ground, or the higher -commons, especially fallow corn-fields, are all salutary -and good.</p> - -<p>‘As to the colour and nature of the earth or soil, I -prefer a good brown or reddish blooming mould, and -light, sandy, crumbly, mellow and marrowy earth; or -that which feels when I am in it, and crumbling with -my hands and fingers, like bits of marrow among -fine Flour; and that which has a strong, sweet, -earthly smell——’</p> - -<p>So that my readers now know exactly what to do.</p> - -<p>He had a fairly comprehensive idea of modern -hygiene, as will be seen from the following extract -from ‘General Instructions to the persons who consult -Dr. Graham as a Physician’:</p> - -<p>‘It will be unreasonable for Dr. Graham’s Patients -to expect a complete and a lasting cure, or even -great alleviation of their peculiar maladies, unless -they keep the body and limbs most perfectly clean -with very frequent washings,—breathe fresh, open -air day and night,—be simple in the quality and -moderate in the quantity of their food and drink,—and -totally give up using the deadly poisons and -weakeners of both body and soul, and the cankerworm -of estates called foreign Tea and Coffee, Red -Port Wine, Spirituous Liquors, Tobacco and Snuff, -gaming and late hours, and all sinful, unnatural, and -excessive indulgence of the animal appetites, and of -the diabolical and degrading mental passions. On -practising the above rules—on a widely open window -day and night—and on washing with cold water, -and going to bed every night by eight or nine, and -rising by four or five, depends the very perfection -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">324</span> -of bodily and mental health, strength and happiness.’</p> - -<p>He wrote many pamphlets, some of them on religious -matters, and the fools who patronised him paid -him large fees; yet his expenses were very heavy, -and his manner of living luxurious, so that we experience -but little wonder when we find the ‘Temple -of Health’ sold up, and that Graham himself died -poor—either in, or near, Glasgow.</p> - -<p>Early in the century there were (in surgery) two -noted quacks, namely, Dr. (afterwards Sir William) -Read, and Roger, or, as he called himself, Doctor, -Grant—both oculists. Read originally was a tailor, -and Grant had been a tinker and Anabaptist preacher. -The list of cures of both are marvellous—Grant even -advertising in the <i>Daily Courant</i>, of July 20, 1709, -that he had cured, in five minutes, a young man that -had been born blind. But at that time, when people -believed in their sovereign being able to cure scrofula -by touching the patient with a gold coin, a little -faith went a long way.</p> - -<p>But quackery was not confined to the masculine -gender—the ladies competed with them in the field. -Notably Mrs. Map, the bone-setter of Epsom, of whom -Mr. Pulteney writes so amusingly to Swift on December -21, 1736: ‘I must tell you a ridiculous -incident; perhaps you have not heard it. One Mrs. -Mapp, a famous she bone-setter and mountebank, -coming to town with a coach and six horses, on the -Kentish road, was met by a rabble of people, who, -seeing her very oddly and tawdrily dressed, took her -for a foreigner, and concluded she must be a certain -great person’s mistress. Upon this they followed the -coach, bawling out, “No Hanover w——! No -Hanover w——!” The lady within the coach was -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">325</span> -much offended, let down the glass, and screamed -louder than any of them, “She was no Hanover -w——! she was an English one!” Upon which they -cried out, “God bless your ladyship!” quitted the -pursuit, and wished her a good journey.’</p> - -<p>This woman sprang into notoriety all at once. -The first authentic account of her is on page 457 -of the <i>London Magazine</i> for 1836, under the date of -August 2: ‘The Town has been surprized lately with -the fame of a young woman at <i>Epsom</i>, who, tho’ not -very regular, it is said, in her Conduct, has wrought -such Cures that seem miraculous in the Bone-setting -way. The Concourse of People to <i>Epsom</i> on this -occasion is incredible, and ’tis reckon’d she gets near -20 Guineas a Day, she executing what she does in a -very quick Manner: She has strength enough to put -in any Man’s Shoulder without any assistance; and -this her strength makes the following Story the more -credible. A Man came to her, sent, as ’tis supposed, -by some Surgeons, on purpose to try her Skill, with -his Hand bound up, and pretended his Wrist was put -out, which upon Examination she found to be false; -but, to be even with him for his Imposition, she gave -it a Wrench, and really put it out, and bad him <i>go to -the Fools who sent him, and get it set again</i>, or, if he would -come to her that day month, she would do it herself.</p> - -<p>‘This remarkable person is Daughter to one <i>Wallin</i>, -a Bone-setter of <i>Hindon, Wilts</i>. Upon some family -Quarrel, she left her Father, and Wander’d up and -down the Country in a very miserable Manner, calling -herself <i>Crazy Salley</i>. Since she became thus -famous, she married one Mr. <i>Hill Mapp</i>, late servant -to a Mercer on <i>Ludgate Hill</i>, who, ’tis said, soon left -her, and carried off £100 of her Money.’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">326</span></p> - -<p>She was not long making her way in the world, -for we read in the same magazine, under date, September -19, 1736: ‘Mrs. <i>Mapp</i>, the famous Bone-setter -at <i>Epsom</i>, continues making extraordinary Cures. -She has now set up an Equipage, and this Day came -to <i>Kensington</i> and waited on her Majesty.’</p> - -<p>The <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, under date of August -31, 1736, gives a similar account of her private life, -adding that her husband did not stay with her above -a fortnight, but adds that she was wonderfully clever -in her calling, having ‘cured Persons who have been -above 20 years disabled, and has given incredible -Relief in most difficult cases.’</p> - -<p>‘Mrs. <i>Mapp</i> the Bone-setter, with Dr. Taylor the -Oculist, being present at the Playhouse in <i>Lincoln’s -Inns Fields</i>, to see a Comedy call’d the Husband’s -Relief, with the Female Bone-setter, and Worm Doctor; -it occasioned a full House, and the following</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Epigram.</span></h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">‘While <i>Mapp</i> to th’ Actors shew’d a kind regard,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On one side <i>Taylor</i> sat, on t’other <i>Ward</i>:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When their mock Persons of the Drama came,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Both <i>Ward</i> and <i>Taylor</i> thought it hurt their <i>fame</i>;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Wonder’d how <i>Mapp</i> cou’d in good Humour be—<br /></span> -<span class="i0"><i>Zoons</i>, crys the Manly Dame, it hurts not <i>me</i>;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Quacks without Arts may either blind or kill,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But <i>Demonstration</i> shews that mine is <i>Skill</i>.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>And the following was sung upon y<sup>e</sup> Stage:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">You Surgeons of <i>London</i> who puzzle your Pates,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To ride in your Coaches, and purchase Estates,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Give over, for Shame, for your Pride has a Fall,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And y<sup>e</sup> Doctress of <i>Epsom</i> has outdone you all.<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">327</span></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">What signifies Learning, or going to school,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When a Woman can do without Reason or Rule,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">What puts you to Non-plus, and baffles your Art,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For Petticoat-Practice has now got the Start.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">In Physick, as well as in Fashions, we find<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The newest has always its Run with Mankind;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Forgot is the bustle ‘bout Taylor and Ward,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Now <i>Mapp’s</i> all y<sup>e</sup> Cry, and her Fame’s on Record.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Dame Nature has giv’n her a Doctor’s Degree,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She gets all y<sup>e</sup> Patients, and pockets the Fee;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">So if you don’t instantly prove her a Cheat,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She’ll loll in her Chariot while you walk y<sup>e</sup> Street.’<a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">105</a><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>At this time she was at her acme—but if an anonymous -writer in the <i>Cornhill Magazine</i> for March, 1873, -p. 82, is to be believed, she died December, 1837, ‘at -her lodgings near Seven Dials, so miserably poor, that -the parish was obliged to bury her.’</p> - -<p>In No. 572 of the <i>Spectator</i>, July 26, 1714,<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">106</a> is a very -amusing article on the quacks of Queen Anne’s time:</p> - -<p>‘There is scarce a city in Great Britain but has one -of this tribe, who takes it into his protection, and on -the market-day harangues the good people of the -place with aphorisms and receipts. You may depend -upon it he comes not there for his own private -interest, but out of a particular affection to the town. -I remember one of these public-spirited artists at -Hammersmith, who told his audience that he had been -born and bred there, and that, having a special -regard for the place of his nativity, he was determined -to make a present of five shillings to as many -as would accept of it. The whole crowd stood agape -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">328</span> -and ready to take the doctor at his word; when, putting -his hand into a long bag, as everyone was expecting -his crown piece, he drew out a handful of -little packets, each of which, he informed the spectators, -was constantly sold at five shillings and sixpence, -but that he would bate the odd five shillings -to every inhabitant of that place; the whole assembly -immediately closed with this generous offer, and -took off all his physick, after the doctor had made -them vouch for one another, that there were no foreigners -among them, but that they were all Hammersmith -men.</p> - -<p>‘There is another branch of pretenders to this art, -who, without either horse or pickle herring,<a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">107</a> lie snug -in a garret, and send down notice to the world of their -extraordinary parts and abilities by printed bills and -advertisements. These seem to have derived their -custom from an eastern nation which Herodotus -speaks of, among whom it was a law that whenever -any cure was to be performed, both the method of the -cure, and an account of the distemper, should be fixed -in some public place; but, as customs will corrupt, -these, our moderns, provide themselves with persons -to attest the cure before they publish or make an -experiment of the prescription. I have heard of a -porter, who serves as a Knight of the post<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">108</a> under one -of these operators, and, though he was never sick in -his life, has been cured of all the diseases in the Dispensary. -These are the men whose sagacity has -invented elixirs of all sorts, pills and lozenges, and -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">329</span> -take it as an affront if you come to them before you -have been given over by everybody else. Their -medicines are infallible, and never fail of success; -that is, of enriching the doctor, and setting the -patient effectually at rest.</p> - -<p>‘I lately dropt into a coffee-house at Westminster, -where I found the room hung round with ornaments -of this nature. There were Elixirs, Tinctures, the -Anodyne Fotus, English Pills, Electuaries, and, in -short, more remedies than I believe there are diseases. -At the sight of so many inventions, I could not but -imagine myself in a kind of arsenal or magazine, where -a store of arms was deposited against any sudden -invasion. Should you be attacked by the enemy -sideways, here was an infallible piece of defensive -armour to cure the pleurisy; should a distemper beat -up your head-quarters, here you might purchase an -impenetrable helmet, or, in the language of the artist, -a cephalic tincture; if your main body be assaulted, -here are various kinds of armour in case of various -onsets. I began to congratulate the present age -upon the happiness man might reasonably hope for -in life, when death was thus in a manner defeated, -and when pain itself would be of so short a duration, -that it would just serve to enhance the value of -pleasure.</p> - -<p>‘While I was in these thoughts, I unluckily called -to mind a story of an ingenious gentleman of the -last age, who, lying violently afflicted with the gout, -a person came and offered his services to cure him -by a method which, he assured him, was infallible; -the servant who received the message carried it up -to his master, who, inquiring whether the person -came on foot or in a chariot, and being informed that -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">330</span> -he was on foot: “Go,” says he, “send the knave -about his business; was his method infallible as he -pretends, he would, long before now, have been in his -coach and six.” In like manner I concluded that, had -all these advertisers arrived to that skill they pretend -to, they would have no need, for so many years successively, -to publish to the world the place of their -abode, and the virtues of their medicines. One of -these gentlemen, indeed, pretends to an effectual -cure for leanness: what effects it may have had upon -those who have tried it, I cannot tell; but I am -credibly informed that the call for it has been so -great, that it has effectually cured the doctor himself -of that distemper. Could each of them produce so -good an instance of the success of his medicines, -they might soon persuade the world into an opinion -of them.</p> - -<p>‘I observe that most of the bills agree in one -expression, viz., that, “with God’s blessing,” they -perform such and such cures: this expression is certainly -very proper and emphatical, for that is all they -have for it. And, if ever a cure is performed on a -patient where they are concerned, they can claim a -greater share than Virgil’s <span class="smcap">Iapis</span> in the curing of -<span class="smcap">Æneas</span>; he tried his skill, was very assiduous about -the wound, and, indeed, was the only visible means -that relieved the hero, but the poet assures us it was -the particular assistance of a deity that speeded the -whole operation.’</p> - -<p>There was another female quack in 1738, one Mrs. -Stephens, and in the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> for that -year, p. 218, we read that ‘Mrs. <i>Stephens</i> has proposed -to make her Medicines for the Stone publick, on Consideration -of the sum of £5,000 to be rais’d by -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">331</span> -Contribution, and lodged with Mr. <i>Drummond</i>, <i>Banker</i>. -He has receiv’d since the 11th of this month (April) -about £500 on that Account.’ She advertised her -cures very fully, and she obtained and acknowledged, -as subscriptions from April 11 to the end of December, -1738, the receipt of £1,356 3s. (<i>Gentleman’s -Magazine</i>, 1739, p. 49). And the subscribers were of -no mean quality; they included five bishops, three -dukes, two duchesses, four earls, two countesses, five -lords, and of smaller fry a vast quantity. But this -did not satisfy her; she had influence enough to get -a short Act of Parliament passed in her favour (Cap. -23, 12, Geo. II., 1739), entitled:</p> - -<p>‘<i>An Act for providing a reward</i> to Joanna Stephens -<i>upon a proper discovery to be made by her for the use of -the publick, of the medicines prepared by her for the cure -of the stone.</i></p> - -<p>‘<span class="smcap">Whereas</span> <i>Joanna Stevens</i> (sic) of the City of -<i>Westminster</i>, spinster, hath acquired the knowledge -of medicines, and the skill of preparing them, which -by a dissolving power seem capable of removing the -cause of the painful distemper of the stone, and may -be improved, and more successfully applied when the -same shall be discovered to persons learned in the -science of physick; now, for encouraging the said -<i>Joanna Stephens</i> to make discovery thereof, and for -providing her a recompence in case the said medicines -shall be submitted to the examination of proper -judges, and by them be found worthy of the reward -hereby provided; may it please your Majesty, that it -be enacted, etc.</p> - -<p>‘£5,000 granted out of the supplies for the discovery -of Mrs. Stephens’s medicines. Treasury to -issue the said sum on a proper certificate.’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">332</span></p> - -<p>A committee of twenty scientists investigated her -medicines, and reported favourably on them. They -were trifold. A powder, a draught, and a pill—and -what think you they were made of? The powder -was made of egg-shells and snails, both burnt; the -draught was made of Alicante soap, swine’s cresses -burnt, and honey. This was made into a ball, which -was afterwards sliced and dissolved in a broth composed -of green camomile, or camomile flowers, sweet -fennel, parsley, and burdock leaves, boiled in water -and sweetened with honey; whilst the pill was compounded -of snails, wild carrot seeds, burdock seeds, -ashen keys, hips and haws, all burnt to blackness, and -then mixed with Alicante soap! These were the -famous remedies for which a grateful nation paid -such a large sum!!! -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">333</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="CAGLIOSTRO_IN_LONDON">CAGLIOSTRO IN LONDON.</h2> - -<div> -<img class="drop-cap" src="images/c.jpg" alt="C" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Carlyle</span>, in a very diffuse essay on this -adventurer, thus introduces him: ‘The -Count Alessandro di Cagliostro, Pupil of -the sage Althotas, Foster-child of the -Scherif of Mecca, probable Son of the -last King of Trebisond; named also Acharat, and -unfortunate child of Nature; by profession healer of -diseases, abolisher of wrinkles, friend of the poor and -impotent, grand-master of the Egyptian Mason Lodge -of High Science, Spirit Summoner, Gold Cook, Grand -Cophta, Prophet, Priest, and thaumaturgic moralist -and swindler; really a Liar of the first magnitude, -thorough-paced in all provinces of Lying, what one -may call the King of Liars.</p> - -<p>‘Mendez Pinto, Baron Munchaüsen, and others are -celebrated in this art, and not without some colour -of justice; yet must it in candour remain doubtful -whether any of these comparatively were much more -than liars from the teeth onwards: a perfect character -of the species in question, who lied not in word only, -but continually in thought, word, and act; and, so to -speak, lived wholly in an element of lying, and from -birth to death did nothing but lie—was still a desideratum. -Of which desideratum Count Alessandro -offers, we say, if not the fulfilment, perhaps as near -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">334</span> -an approach to it as the limited human faculties -permit.’</p> - -<p>And yet this man made a name, and was famous -in his time, and even afterwards. Lives, novels, and -romances, notably being immortalized by Alexandre -Dumas in his ‘Memoires d’un Médecin,’ nay, even -plays, have been written about this clever rogue, -who rose from a poor man’s son to be the talk of -Europe, and his connection with the famous diamond -necklace, made him of almost political importance, sufficient -to warrant his incarceration in the Bastille.</p> - -<p>I do not propose to write the life of Cagliostro—enough -and to spare has been written on this subject,<a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">109</a> -but simply to treat of him in London; yet at -the same time it is necessary to say when and where -he was born—the more especially because he always -professed ignorance of his birth, and, when examined -in a French court of justice in relation to the famous -diamond necklace on January 30, 1786, the question -was put to him, ‘How old are you?’ <i>Answer</i>—‘Thirty-seven -or thirty-eight years.’ <i>Question</i>—‘Your -name?’ <i>Answer</i>—‘Alessandro Cagliostro.’ -<i>Question</i>—‘Where born?’ <i>Answer</i>—‘I cannot say -for certain, whether it was at Malta or at Medina; -I have lived under the tuition of a governor, who -told me that I was of noble birth, that I was left an -orphan when only three months old,’ etc.</p> - -<p>But in a French book,<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">110</a> of which an English translation -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">335</span> -was made in 1786, Cagliostro is made to say, ‘I -cannot speak positively as to the place of my nativity, -nor to the parents who gave me birth. From various -circumstances of my life I have conceived some -doubts, in which the reader perhaps will join with -me. But I repeat it: all my inquiries have ended -only in giving me some great notions, it is true, but -altogether vague and uncertain concerning my -family.</p> - -<p>‘I spent the years of my childhood in the city of -Medina, in Arabia. There I was brought up under -the name of Acharat, which I preserved during my -progress through Africa and Asia. I had apartments -in the palace of the Muphti Salahaym. It is needless -to add that the Muphti is the chief of the Mahometan -Religion, and that his constant residence is at Medina.</p> - -<p>‘I recollect perfectly that I had then four persons -in my service; a governor, between 55 and 60 years -of age, whose name was Althotas, and three servants, -a white one, who attended me as valet-de-Chambre, -and two blacks, one of whom was constantly about -me night and day.</p> - -<p>‘My Governor always told me that I had been left -an orphan when only three months old; that my -parents were Christians, and nobly born; but he left -me absolutely in the dark about their names, and the -place of my nativity: a few words which he dropped -by chance have induced me to suspect that I was -born at Malta; but this circumstance I have never -been able to ascertain.’</p> - -<p>Althotas was a great sage, and imparted to his -young pupil all the scientific knowledge he possessed, -and that awful person, the Grand Muphti himself, -would deign to converse with the boy on the lore -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">336</span> -and history of ancient Egypt. At this time he says -he dressed as a Mussulman, and conformed to their -rites; but was all the time at heart a true Christian.</p> - -<p>At the mature age of twelve, he felt a strong desire -to travel, and Althotas indulged him by joining a -caravan going to Mecca, and here comes an attempt -to fasten his paternity upon the Cherif of that place.</p> - -<p>‘On our arrival at Mecca, we alighted at the palace -of the Cherif, who is the sovereign of Mecca, and of -all Arabia, and always chosen from amongst the -descendants of Mahomet. I here altered my dress, -from a simple one, which I had worn hitherto, to one -more splendid. On the third day after our arrival, I -was, by my Governor, presented to the Cherif, who -honoured me with the most endearing caresses. At -sight of this prince, my senses experienced a sudden -emotion, which it is not in the power of words to express; -my eyes dropped the most delicious tears I -ever shed in my life. His, I perceived, he could -hardly restrain....</p> - -<p>‘I remained at Mecca for the space of three years; -not one day passed without my being admitted to -the Sovereign’s presence, and every hour increased -his attachment and added to my gratitude. I sometimes -surprized his eyes rivetted upon me, and then -looking up to heaven, with every expression of pity -and commiseration. Thoughtful, I would go from -him, a prey to an ever fruitless curiosity. I dared -not ask any question of my Governor, who always rebuked -me with great severity, as if it had been a -crime in me to wish for some information concerning -my parents, and the place where I was born....</p> - -<p>‘One day as I was alone, the prince entered my -apartment; so great a favour struck me with amazement; -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">337</span> -he strained me to his bosom with more than -usual tenderness, bade me never cease to adore the -Almighty, telling me that, as long as I should persist -in serving God faithfully, I should at last be happy, -and come to the knowledge of my real destiny; then -he added, bedewing my cheeks with tears, “Adieu, -thou nature’s unfortunate child.” ...’</p> - -<p>This is one side of the question—his own. It is -romantic, and in all probability a lie. There is another -side; but the evidence, although far more -within the bounds of reason, is unsupported by corroboration. -The authority is from an Italian book of -one hundred and eighty-nine pages, entitled: ‘Compendio -della Vita, et delle Gesta di <span class="smcap">Giuseppe Balsamo</span>, -denominato Il <span class="smcap">Conte Cagliostro</span>. <i>Che si è estratto -dal Processo contro di lui formato in Roma l’Anno, 1790. -E che può servire di scorta per conoscere l’indole della -Setta de</i> <span class="smcap">Liberi Muratori</span>.In Roma 1791.’ This -book purports to be printed in the Vatican, ‘from the -Printing press of the Reverend Apostolic Chamber.’<a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">111</a></p> - -<p>In the preface of this book is the following sentence, -which is intended to vouch for the facts it -contains: ‘Thence comes the justice of that observation, -that these Charlatans especially acquire credit, -renown, and riches, in those countries where the -least religion is found, where philosophy is most -fashionable. Rome is not a place that agrees with -them, because error cannot throw out its roots, in the -centre, the capital, of the true faith. The life of -Count Cagliostro is a shining proof of this truth. It is -for this reason that it has been thought proper to -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">338</span> -compose this compendium, faithfully extracted from -the proceedings taken against him, a short while -since, at Rome; this is evidence which the critic cannot -attack. In order to effect this, the Sovereign -Pontifical Authority has deigned to dispense with the -law of inviolable secrecy, which always accompanies, -with as much justice as prudence, the proceedings of -the Holy Inquisition.’</p> - -<p>And the account of his life opens thus: ‘Joseph -Balsamo was born at Palermo on the 8th of June, -1743. His parents were Pietro Balsamo and Felice -Braconieri, both of mean extraction. His father, who -was a shopkeeper, dying when he was still a baby, -his maternal uncles took care of him,’ &c.</p> - -<p>In another book, ‘The Life of the Count Cagliostro,’ -&c., London, 1787, there is a foot-note to the -first page: ‘Some authors are of opinion that he is -the offspring of the grand Master of Malta, by a -Turkish lady, made captive by a Maltese galley. -Others that he is the only surviving son of that -prince who, about thirty-five years ago, swayed the -precarious sceptre of Trebisond, at which period, a -revolution taking place, the reigning prince was -massacred by his seditious subjects, and his infant -son, the Count Cagliostro, conveyed by a trusty friend -to Medina, where the Cherif had the unprejudiced -generosity to have him educated in the faith of his -Christian parents.’</p> - -<p>I do not follow his career, but the most marvellous -stories were current about him, <i>vide</i> the following -extract from a book already quoted (see foot-note -page 334): ‘The Comtesse de la Motte dares to assert -that one of my men makes a boast of having been -150 years in my service. That I sometimes acknowledge -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">339</span> -myself to be only 300 years old; at others that -I brag of having been present at the nuptials in Cana, -and that it was to burlesque the Holy Sacrament of -the Eucharist, the transubstantiation, that I had imagined -to multiply the necklace, taken to pieces, into -a hundred different manners, and yet it was delivered, -as it is said, in its full complement to the august -Queen.</p> - -<p>‘That I am by turns a Portuguese Jew, a Greek, -an Egyptian of Alexandria, from whence I have imported -into France hyeroglyphics and sorcery.</p> - -<p>‘That I am one of those infatuated Rosicrucians, -who have the power of making the dead converse -with the living; that I attend the poor gratis, but -that I sell for <i>something</i>, to the rich, the gifts of -immortality.’</p> - -<p>But it is not of these things I wish to treat; it is -of the facts connected with his residence in London. -Two or three accounts say that he visited London in -1772, where he swindled a Doctor Benemore, who -had rescued him from prison, under pretence of painting -his country house, and his enemy, De Morande, -of the <i>Courier de l’Europe</i>, who, in No.’s 16, 17, and -18 of that journal, made frightful accusations against -Cagliostro, reiterates the story of his being here in -1772. In page xiv. of the preface to ‘The Life of -the Count Cagliostro,’ 1787, there occurs the following -passage: ‘M. de Morande is at infinite pains to -persuade us that the Count resided in London in -1772, under the name of Balsamo, in extreme poverty, -from which he was relieved by Sir Edward Hales. -That Baronet professes, indeed, to recollect an <i>Italian</i> -of that name; but, as M. de Morande positively -assures us that the Count is a <i>Calabrois</i>, a <i>Neapolitan</i>, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">340</span> -or a <i>Sicilian</i>, we can desire no better argument to -prove the fallacy of his information.’</p> - -<p>In a pamphlet entitled, ‘Lettre du Comte Cagliostro -au Peuple Anglois pour servir de suite à ses -Memoires,’ 1786, p. 7, he says distinctly: ‘Nous -sommes arrivés, ma femme et moi, en Angleterre, pour -la première fois de ma vie, au mois de Juillet, 1776,’ -and on p. 70 of the same work is the following -(translated):</p> - -<p>‘The greatest part of the long diatribe of M. -Morande is used to prove that I came to London in -1772, under the name of <i>Balsamo</i>. In view of the -efforts which M. Morande makes, in order to arrive at -such proof, an attempt is made to show that the -<i>Balsamo</i> with whom they attempt to identify me -ought to have been hung, or, at all events, he rendered -himself guilty of some dishonourable actions. -Nothing of the sort. This <i>Balsamo</i>, if the <i>Courier de -l’Europe</i> can be believed, was a mediocre painter, who -lived by his brush. A man named <i>Benamore</i>, either -agent, or interpreter, or chargé d’affaires to the King -of Morocco, had commissioned him to paint some -pictures, and had not paid for them. <i>Balsamo</i> issued -a writ against him for £47 sterling, which he said -was due to him, admitting that he had received two -guineas on account. Besides, this <i>Balsamo</i> was so -poor that his wife was obliged to go into town herself, -in order to sell the pictures which her husband -painted. Such is the portrait which M. de Morande -draws of the <i>Balsamo</i> of London, a portrait which no -one will accuse him of having flattered, and from -which the sensible reader will draw the conclusion -that the <i>Balsamo</i> of London was an honest artist who -gained a livelihood by hard work. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">341</span></p> - -<p>‘I might then admit without blushing that I had -lived in London in 1772 under the name of <i>Balsamo</i>, -on the product of my feeble talents in painting; that -the course of events and circumstances had reduced -me to this extremity, etc....</p> - -<p>‘I am ignorant whether the law-suit between -<i>Balsamo</i> and <i>Benamore</i> is real or supposed: one thing -is certain, that in London exists a regular physician -of irreproachable probity, named Benamore. He is -versed in oriental languages: he was formerly attached, -as interpreter, to the Moroccan Embassy, and -he is, at this date, employed, in the same capacity, -by the ambassador of Tripoli. He will bear witness -to all who wish to know that, during the 30 years he -has been established in London, he has never known -another Benamore than himself, and that he has -never had a law-suit with anyone bearing the name -of <i>Balsamo</i>.’</p> - -<p>Now take Carlyle, with whom dogmatism stood in -stead of research, and judge for yourselves. ‘There -is one briefest but authentic-looking glimpse of him -presents itself in England, in the year 1772: no Count -is he here, but mere Signor Balsamo again, engaged -in house-painting, for which he has a peculiar talent. -Was it true that he painted the country house of a -“Doctor Benemore;” and, not having painted, but -only smeared it, was refused payment, and got a -lawsuit with expenses instead? If Doctor Benemore -have left any representatives in the Earth, they are -desired to speak out. We add only, that if young -Beppo had one of the prettiest of wives, old Benemore -had one of the ugliest daughters; and so, putting -one thing to another, matters might not be so -bad.’ -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">342</span></p> - -<p>Who set this story afloat, about Cagliostro being in -London in 1772? Why, Monsieur de Morande, the -editor of the <i>Courier de l’Europe</i>, and of his veracity -we may judge by an advertisement in the <i>London -Evening Post</i> of November 27 to 30, 1773, p. 4, col. 4, -(translated).</p> - -<p>‘Monsieur Le Comte de Lauraguais has kindly -consented, after the humble apologies I have made -to him, to forego the action commenced against me -for having defamed him in some verses full of untruths, -injurious both to his honour and his reputation, -of which I was the author, and which I caused to be -inserted in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i> of 24 and 25 June -last, entitled: “Answer of the Gazetteer Cuirassé.” -I therefore beg you, Mr. Woodfall,<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">112</a> to publish through -the same channel by which I made my verses public,—my -sincere repentance for having so injuriously -libelled Monsieur le Comte, and my very humble -thanks for his having accepted my apologies, and -stopping all action in the matter.</p> - -<p class="author">‘<span class="smcap">De Morande.</span></p> - -<p>‘Nov. 26, 1773.’</p> - -<p>This is what in law would be called <i>a tainted witness</i>, -as, about that time he was, on his own confession, -given to lying.</p> - -<p>According to his own account he came to London -in July, 1776, possessed of a capital of about three -thousand pounds in plate, jewels, and specie, and -hired apartments in Whitcomb Street, Pall Mall East, -and here he fell into evil company. The story is not -very lucid—but it seems that his wife’s companion, -a Portuguese woman named Blavary, and his secretary -and interpreter, Vitellini, introduced to him a certain -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">343</span> -Lord Scot. They were a lot of sharpers all round. -Scot introduced a woman as his wife—Lady Scot, -if you please—(in reality Miss Fry), who got money -and clothes from the countess, and Cagliostro lent -my lord two hundred pounds on his simple note of -hand.</p> - -<p>He declares that he gave them lucky numbers for -the lottery, and that they gained much money thereby—on -one occasion, when he gave Miss Fry the -number eight, she won the sum of fifteen hundred -guineas; but she was requested by Cagliostro not to -visit, or bother himself, or his wife again. He moved -into Suffolk Street in January, 1777, but the persevering -Miss Fry took lodgings in the same house. -She attempted to borrow money, and to get lucky -numbers, but, failing in both, she had him arrested on -the 7th of February for a pretended debt of one hundred -and ninety pounds. He recovered his liberty -the next day, by depositing in the hands of the -sheriff’s officer, jewels worth double the amount.</p> - -<p>Then a warrant was taken out against him and his -wife, signed by one Justice Miller—on the charge of -practising witchcraft. This does not, however, seem -to have been acted on, but he was frequently harassed -by actions for debt brought against him by Miss -Fry, and he became well acquainted with the inside -of a spunging-house. On the 24th of May he was -taken into custody for a debt of two hundred pounds, -at the suit of Miss Fry, but he managed to find bail. -The case was tried before Lord Mansfield, in the -Court of Queen’s Bench, on the 27th of June, but -his lordship suggested that it was a case for arbitration, -which was agreed to.</p> - -<p>The arbitration took place on the 4th of July, when -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">344</span> -Cagliostro’s lawyer deserted him, and the decision -was that the count had lost his case, and must pay all -costs. As if this was not bad enough, as he was -leaving the court he was arrested at the suit of one -Aylett, who had lodged a detainer against him for a -debt of ten pounds and upwards, by the name of -Melisa Cagliostro, otherwise Joseph Balsamo, which -debt he said was due to him from Balsamo, who had -employed him in 1772 to recover a debt from Dr. -Benamore. He got bail, but, as his money was getting -scarce, it was at the cost of ‘two soup-ladles, two -candlesticks, two salt-cellars, two pepper-castors, six -forks, six table spoons, nine knife handles with blades, -a pair of snuffers and stand, all of silver.’ He had, -however, suffered six weeks’ imprisonment, as he was -not liberated from the King’s Bench till the 24th of -September, 1777.</p> - -<p>In vain his friends endeavoured to stir him up to -commence actions for fraud and perjury against all -concerned, but either his cause was not just, or he -had had enough law to last him some time—and he -refused. He paid up his debts and left England, with -only fifty guineas and a few jewels in his possession.</p> - -<p>Rightly or wrongly, he was connected with the -‘Diamond Necklace’ affair, and suffered incarceration -in the Bastile. If he can be at all believed, the police -plundered him and his wife right royally. He says -he lost fifteen rouleaux, each containing fifty double -louis, sealed with his seal; one thousand two hundred -and thirty-three sequins (Venetian and Roman): one -rouleau of twenty-four Spanish quadruples, sealed -also; and forty-seven billets of one thousand livres -each on the Caisse d’Escompte. They also took -papers which were to him of inestimable value; and, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">345</span> -as to diamonds and jewellery, he knew not what was -taken, besides plate, porcelain, and linen, etc. After -an examination, he was acquitted, but he had to leave -France, and came to London, where he lived in -Sloane Street. Here he became acquainted with -Lord George Gordon, and this acquaintance afterwards -cost him dearly, when he was arrested at Rome. -To show the intimacy between the two, I will quote -from the <i>Public Advertiser</i> of the 22nd of August, -1786, p. 2, col. 3.</p> - -<p>‘M. Barthelemy, who conducts the affairs of France -in the absence of Comte Dazimer, having sent M. -Daragon with a message to Comte de Cagliostro, -in Sloane Street, intimating that he had received -orders from the Court of Versailles to communicate -to Comte de Cagliostro that he now had permission -to return to France; yesterday morning, the Comte, -accompanied by Lord George Gordon and M. Bergeret -de Frouville, waited upon M. Barthelemy at -the “Hotel of France,” in Piccadilly, for an eclaireissement -upon the subject of this message from -the Court of France, delivered by M. Barthelemy, -relative to the permission granted to the Comte de -Cagliostro to return to Paris. M. Barthelemy, the -Comte de Cambise, and M. Daragon seemed much -surprised to see Comte de Cagliostro arrive in Lord -George Gordon’s coach, with his Lordship, and M. -Frouville, and, having expressed their desire that -the Comte de Cagliostro <i>alone</i> should speak with M. -Barthelemy, they were informed that Lord Gordon -and M. Bergeret de Frouville were there on purpose -to attend their friend, and that Comte de Cagliostro -would not dispense with Lord George Gordon’s absence -from the Conference. Will any friend to liberty -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">346</span> -blame Comte de Cagliostro, after ten months’ imprisonment -in a dungeon, for having his friends near -him, when insidious proposals are made to him by -the faction of Breteuil and the supporters of the -Bastile Men who have already sought his destruction, -and, after his innocence was declared by the -judgment of the Parliament of Paris, embezzled a -great part of his fortune, and exiled him from France? -M. Barthelemy (seeing the determination of the -Comte’s friends) then read the letter from M. Breteuil; -but, upon the Comte de Cagliostro desiring -a copy, M. Barthelemy refused it. A great deal of -conversation then ensued upon the subject, which -in all probability will give rise to a full representation -to the King of France, who is certainly very -much imposed on. The Queen’s party is still violent -against Comte de Cagliostro, the friend of mankind; -and De Breteuil—le Sieur De Launey—Titon—De -Brunières—Maître Chesnon—Barthelemy and Dazimer -are mere instruments of that faction. The honour -of the King of France, the justice and judgment -of the Parliament of Paris, the good faith of the -Citizens, and the good name of the nation, are all -attainted by the pillage and detention of the property -of Comte de Cagliostro.’</p> - -<p>And again, in the same paper, 24th of August, 1786, -p. 2, col. 3, is another paragraph respecting him:</p> - -<p>‘Comte de Cagliostro has declared he will hold no -intercourse with any of Le Sieur Breteuil’s messengers -from France, except in the presence of Lord -George Gordon. The gang of French spies in London, -who are linked in with M. de Morande, and -the Sieurs Barthelemy, Dazimer, Cambise, and the -Queen’s Bastile party at Paris, are trying the most -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">347</span> -insiduous arts to entrap the Comte and Comtesse, -and have the effrontery and audaciousness to persecute -them publicly, and vilify them even in this free -country, where these noble Strangers are come to -seek protection in the arms of a generous people. -The friendship and benevolence of Comte de Cagliostro, -in advising the poor Prince Louis de Rohan to -be upon his guard against the Comtesse de Valois, -and the intrigues of the Queen’s faction, (who still -seek the destruction of that noble Prince) has brought -upon the Comte and his amiable Comtesse the hateful -revenge of a tyrannical Government. The -story of the Diamonds has never been properly -explained to the Public in France. It would discover -too much of the base arts practised to destroy -Prince Louis, and involve in guilt persons not safe -to name in an arbitrary kingdom.’</p> - -<p>This airing of private grief in public extorted some -strictures in a letter in the <i>Morning Post</i>, of 29th -of August, 1786, in which it was suggested, generally, -that foreigners should wash their dirty linen at -home. But Monsieur de Morande, editor of the -<i>Courier de l’Europe</i>, published many assertions, be -they facts, or fiction, relative to Cagliostro, and he -once more blossomed out into print in his old -champion, the <i>Public Advertiser</i> (vide that newspaper, -5th of September, 1786, p. 2. col. 1), translated -in the number of 7th September. In this curious -letter, he adverts to his adversaries’ slanders, and the -following singular passages occur:</p> - -<p>‘Of all the very good stories which you relate at -my expense, the best, without comparison, is that of -the pig fed with arsenic, which poisoned the lions, -tygers, and leopards of the forests of Medina. I am -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">348</span> -going, Mr. Railer, to give you an opportunity of -being witty on a perfect comprehension of the fact. -You know that, in physics and chymistry, reasoning -proves but little, ridicule nothing, and that experiment -is all. Permit me, then, to propose a small -experiment to you, of which the issue will divert the -public, either at your expense, or mine. I invite you -to breakfast with me on the 9th of November next, -at nine o’clock in the morning. You shall furnish -the wine, and the appendages. For myself, I shall only -furnish a single dish, after my own fashion—it shall -be a sucking pig, fattened after my method. Two -hours before breakfast, I shall present you the pig -alive, fat and healthy. You shall order it to be -killed as you please, and prepared, and I shall not -approach until it is served at the table. You shall -cut it into four equal parts, you shall chuse that which -most flatters your appetite, and I shall take that -which you please. The day after that of our breakfast, -one or more of four things will happen. Either -both of us shall die, or we neither of us shall die, -or you shall die and I survive, or I shall die and you -survive. Of these four chances I give you three, -and I bet you 5000 guineas, that, on the day after -our breakfast, you shall die, and I be perfectly well. -You must either accept of this Challenge, or acknowledge -that you are an ignorant fellow, and that you -have foolishly ridiculed a thing which is totally out -of your knowledge.</p> - -<p>‘If you accept of this Challenge, I shall instantly -deposit the 5000 guineas with any banker that you -please. You shall do the same in five days, during -which time you shall have leave to make your supporters -Contribute,’ &c. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">349</span></p> - -<p>Monsieur de Morande’s reply was published immediately -following the above letter. It is, like -Cagliostro’s, too long for insertion; but its gist is, -that he intends to unmask the pretender, and that he -utterly declines to attend a poisoning match. He -writes:</p> - -<p>‘I solemnly defy you to contradict them’ (<i>i.e.</i>, his -assertions as to Cagliostro’s quackeries and adventures); -‘and that I even offer, without croupiers or -supporters, to make you another wager of five thousand -guineas that I shall compleatly unmask you.</p> - -<p>‘But, <i>Monsieur le Comte</i>, I shall not put my foot in -your house, and shall not breakfast with you myself. -I am neither abject enough to keep you company, nor -will let it be suspected for a single moment.</p> - -<p>‘You clearly conceive that such an interview ought -not, nor can be, within your doors; you would be -liable to be found guilty of criminal practises, in case -of accident. This your <i>Council</i> had not foreseen.</p> - -<p>‘As no tavern would permit such infamous scenes -to pass under its roof as those you propose, you must, -<i>Monsieur le Comte</i>, return once more to the <i>booth</i>; -and worthy disciple of <span class="smcap">Locusta</span>,<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">113</a> choose in London -a public place to make an open-air exhibition of your -talents.’</p> - -<p>And like the scorpion, which carries its sting in its -tail, he adds a foot-note, which refers to the heading -of his letter:</p> - -<p>‘<i>M. de Morande’s Answer to Don Joseph Balsamo,</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">350</span> -<i>self-created Count of Cagliostro, Colonel in the Service -of all the Sovereign Powers in Europe.</i>’</p> - -<p>‘If it was not the case, it would be very singular -to have seen, in the year 1777, M. Cagliostro calling -himself in England Colonel of the Third Regiment of -Brandenbourg, and, afterwards, in Russia, Colonel in -the Spanish Service; for which, however, he was reprimanded -by the magistrates of Petersburgh. Having -forgot to take his Commission with him, he could not -exhibit proofs, and was obliged to put down his regimentals. -This check on his conduct made him -abscond from Petersburgh. Every Russian nobleman -in London knows this anecdote, and, without presuming -to mention names, we trust that this will be found -to be the case upon enquiry.’</p> - -<p>To this letter Cagliostro replied with another in the -<i>Public Advertiser</i> (p. 2, col. 1) of September 9, 1786, -in which he repeats his challenge, and declines to sit -down to breakfast with a carnivorous animal.</p> - -<p>De Morande, of course, could not be silent, and -replied in the <i>Public Advertiser</i> (p. 2, col. 1) of -September 12, 1786. He reiterated the charges he -made against Cagliostro in the <i>Courier de l’Europe</i>, -saying, among other things, ‘I have said that you -were in England in the year 1771, under the name of -<i>Balsamo</i>, and that you were then a needy, as well as -a <i>very indifferent</i> painter; that twenty persons, at -least, are ready to prove it. You take no notice of -this second assertion, which becomes serious, <i>by the -oath you have taken under that name</i>, of which I have a -legal copy in my possession.</p> - -<p>‘I have said that you have made your appearance -under another name, <span class="smcap">that of Cagliostro</span>, in the -year 1777. I have several <i>affidavits</i>, amongst which -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">351</span> -there are some of your own, which authenticate very -curious anecdotes concerning you; to this you have -replied nothing.</p> - -<p>‘I have said that you falsely pretended then to be a -<i>Colonel of the third regiment</i> of Brandenbourg; that -you had, at that time, a law-suit in the Court of -Queen’s Bench, <i>about a certain necklace, and a gold -snuff-box</i>, which you asserted to have been given -<span class="smcap">Madame la Comtesse</span>, but which you were obliged to -return, and pay all Costs, on the Clear proofs given -by your adverse party, that you obtained them <i>under -false pretences</i>. No reply has been made to this.</p> - -<p>‘I have added that, were you curious to try the -same experiment now, a new Act of Parliament, which -you and your fellow-adventurers have rendered <i>very -necessary</i>, would certainly have caused you to be sent -to the Thames.<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">114</a> To that direct and very clear -observation you have not replied a single word.</p> - -<p>‘I have said that you were ordered by the Police in -Russia, not to presume to take the name of a Colonel -in the Spanish service, and to strip off your Spanish -regimentals. I have given you an opportunity to -vindicate yourself, by giving to understand, that -there is not a Russian nobleman in London who -would not certify this fact. I might have added that -I have in my possession <i>the most respectable authority</i> -to say so. What have you said in reply to this?</p> - -<p>‘I have roundly asserted that I am in possession of -proofs, that you are an impostor under every possible -denomination; that you have not only no pretension -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">352</span> -to any title, but not even to the rank of a sergeant. -Shall this remain likewise unanswered?</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>‘I am sorry to be obliged once more to name -Mess<sup>rs.</sup> B. & C. Bankers, to prove that your pretensions -to lay a wager of 5000 guineas, are as well -grounded as your pretensions to the title of a <span class="smcap">Count</span>, -or an <i>Alchemist</i>. It is a fact, that you <i>humbly</i> offered -to pledge in their hands the watch, of which the too -long, and too much, deluded Cardinal de Rohan made -you a present. It is likewise a fact <i>that they disdainfully -refused it</i>. Your proposing, after this, a wager -of 5000 guineas is probably no more than a new pretence -to obtain credit, as you have formerly (in -pretending to make great quantities of gold) obtained -small sums, and little diamonds to make larger, -which you afterwards declared had been given to -<span class="smcap">Madame la Comtesse</span>. Those proofs, I repeat to you, -<i>are in my possession</i>; they are all fully authenticated, -and I will make good every one of my assertions.’ -And he winds up his letter with expressing ‘the satisfaction -I feel in having furnished the world with -sufficient proofs to convince them that you are -<span class="smcap">THE GREATEST IMPOSTOR OF THIS OR ANY OTHER AGE</span>.’</p> - -<p>This ended the correspondence, for the general -public were beginning to meddle in it, and the editor -of the <i>Public Advertiser</i> would only open his pages -to the principals in this duel. This finished Cagliostro’s -career in England. He had tried to sell his -quack medicines, his Egyptian pills, but the charm -was broken, and he quitted England for the Continent -in May, 1787, leaving his wife behind, with -sufficient means, under the guardianship of the De -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">353</span> -Loutherbourgs. She afterwards sold all up, and -joined him in June.</p> - -<p>By this time his good genius had forsaken him, and -for teaching freemasonry, then even more repugnant -to the Roman Catholic hierarchy than at present, he -was arrested, and imprisoned in the Castle of St. -Angelo, November 27, 1789. He never again enjoyed -freedom, but was found dead in his cell at St. Leo. -Even the date of his death is uncertain, most authorities -giving 1795; but some say 1794 and 1797. His -wife, too, shared his fate; she was convicted of -sorcery and witchcraft, and was shut up in a convent, -where she died in 1794.</p> - -<p>His portraits represent him as by no means bad-looking, -although the full eye, the puffed cheeks, and -weak mouth betray a sensuality of feeling.</p> - -<h3>THE END.</h3> - -<h3 class="medium">LONDON: PRINTED BY DUNCAN MACDONALD, BLENHEIM HOUSE.</h3> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">354</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">355</span></p> - -<p class="ph1 bbox"> -HURST & BLACKETT’S<br /> -<br /> -<span class="xlarge">LIST OF NEW WORKS.</span><br /> -<br /> -<img src="images/i_365.jpg" -alt="" /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span class="large">LONDON:</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="medium">13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, W.</span> -</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">356</span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">357</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="ph1"> -<span class="medium smcap">13, Great Marlborough Street, London.</span><br /> - -MESSRS. HURST AND BLACKETT’S<br /> - -<span class="xlarge">LIST OF NEW WORKS.</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS.</span> By <span class="smcap">John -Ashton</span>, Author of ‘Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne,’ &c. -1 vol. imperial 8vo. 12s.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="medium">CONTENTS:</span> A Forgotten Fanatic—A Fashionable Lady’s Life—George Barrington—Milton’s -Bones—The True Story of Eugene Aram—Redemptioners—A -Trip to Richmond in Surrey—George Robert Fitzgerald—Eighteenth Century -Amazons—‘The Times’ and its Founder—Imprisonment for Debt—Jonas -Hanway—A Holy Voyage to Ramsgate One Hundred Years Ago—Quacks of -the Century—Cagliostro in London.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">SHIKAR SKETCHES:</span> <span class="smcap">With Notes on Indian -Field Sports</span>. By <span class="smcap">J. Moray Brown</span>, late 79th Cameron Highlanders. -With Eight Illustrations, by <span class="smcap">J. C. Dollman</span>, R.I. 1 vol. -imperial 8vo. 12s.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">CHAPTERS FROM FAMILY CHESTS.</span> By -<span class="smcap">Edward Walford</span>, M.A., Author of ‘The County Families,’ &c. -2 vols. crown 8vo. 21s.</p> - -<p>“There is a mine of wealth in the ‘Family Chests’ which no one has yet -brought to the surface, and from this Mr. Walford has contrived to excavate a -mass of acceptable matter—a treasury of narrative curious and romantic.”—<i>Globe.</i></p> - -<p>“The reader will find much curious information in Mr. Walford’s chapters of -agreeable narrative.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">REMINISCENCES OF THE COURT AND -TIMES OF KING ERNEST OF HANOVER.</span> By the Rev. <span class="smcap">C. -A. Wilkinson</span>, M.A., His Majesty’s Resident Domestic Chaplain. -2 vols. With portrait of the King. 21s.</p> - -<p>“An interesting book, entitled ‘Reminiscences of the Court and Times of King -Ernest of Hanover,’ has just been published by Messrs. Hurst and Blackett. The -two volumes in which these reminiscences of a septuagenarian are comprised -abound in characteristic stories of the old king, in anecdotes of many celebrities -English and foreign, of the early part of this century, and, indeed, of all kinds and -conditions of men and women with whom the author was brought in contact by -his courtly or pastorial office.”—<i>St. James’s Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGNS, 1882 <span class="small">TO</span> 1885,</span> -<span class="smcap">and the Events which led to them</span>. By <span class="smcap">Charles Royle</span>, -Barrister-at-Law, of <span class="smcap">Alexandria</span>. 2 vols. demy 8vo. Illustrated -by Maps and Plans. 30s.</p> - -<p>“Mr. Royle has done well in the interests of historical completeness to describe -not only the entire military drama, but also the political events connected with -it, and whoever reads the book with care has gone a considerable way towards -mastering the difficult Egyptian question.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“The Egyptian fiasco has found in Mr. Royle a most painstaking, accurate, and -judicious historian. From a literary point of view his volumes may be thought to -contain too many unimportant incidents, yet their presence was necessary perhaps, -in a complete record, and the most fastidious reader will unhesitatingly acquit -Mr. Royle of filling his pages with anything that can be called padding.”—<i>St. -James’s Gazette.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">358</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">THE PALACE AND THE HOSPITAL;</span> or, -<span class="smcap">Chronicles of Greenwich</span>. By the <span class="smcap">Rev. A. G. L’Estrange</span>, -Author of ‘The Village of Palaces,’ ‘The Friendships of Mary -Russell Mitford,’ &c. 2 vols. crown 8vo. With Illustrations. 21s.</p> - -<p>“Mr. L’Estrange has provided for those who have a taste for topography, or -rather for the historical and biographical annals of a locality famous in history, -two volumes which are rich in romantic interest, and his pages abound in -curious and interesting glimpses of old manners.”—<i>Daily News.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">THE REAL SHELLEY:</span> <span class="smcap">New Views of the Poet’s -Life</span>. By <span class="smcap">John Cordy Jeaffreson</span>, Author of “The Real Lord -Byron,” “A Book about Doctors,” “A Book about Lawyers,” &c. -2 vols. demy 8vo. 30s.</p> - -<p>“Those who have read Mr. Jeaffreson’s account of Byron will be prepared to -find that impartiality is the distinguishing feature of his endeavour to clear away -the fancies and misconceptions which have been given to the world in some of -the biographies of Shelley, and they will not be disappointed. The author has -striven to ascertain, fairly and fully, the truth concerning a poet whose influence, -while it has been greatly exaggerated by his most enthusiastic admirers, is still a -living factor in the life of many.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">THE FRIENDSHIPS OF MARY RUSSELL -MITFORD:</span> <span class="smcap">As Recorded in Letters from her Literary -Correspondents</span>. Edited by the <span class="smcap">Rev. A. G. L’Estrange</span>, -Editor of “The Life of Mary Russell Mitford,” &c. 2 vols. 21s.</p> - -<p>“These letters are all written as to one whom the writers love and revere. Miss -Barrett is one of Miss Mitford’s correspondents, all of whom seem to be inspired -with a sense of excellence in the mind they are invoking. Their letters are extremely -interesting, and they strike out recollections, opinions, criticisms, which -will hold the reader’s delighted and serious attention.”—<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">THE BRONTË FAMILY,</span> With Special Reference -to <span class="smcap">Patrick Branwell Bronte</span>. By <span class="smcap">Francis A. Leyland</span>. 2 -vols. 21s.</p> - -<p>“This book is so full of interesting information that as a contribution to literary -biography it may be considered a real success.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p>“Mr. Leyland’s book is earnest and accurate, and he has spared no pains to -master his subject and present it with clearness; the book is valuable, and should -be read by all who are familiar with the previous works on the family.”—<i>Graphic.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">MEMOIRS OF A CAMBRIDGE CHORISTER.</span> -By <span class="smcap">William Glover</span>. 2 vols. crown 8vo. 21s.</p> - -<p>“In these amusing volumes Mr. Glover provides us with the means of spending -a pleasant hour or two in his company.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“These volumes contain a miscellaneous set of reminiscences, comments, and -anecdotes, written in a light and jocular style. Mr. Glover is always cheerful -and never didactic.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">WITHOUT GOD:</span> <span class="smcap">Negative Science and Natural -Ethics</span>. By <span class="smcap">Percy Greg</span>, Author of “The Devil’s Advocate,” -“Across the Zodiac,” &c. 1 vol. demy 8vo. 12s.</p> - -<p>“Mr. Greg has condensed much profound thought into his book, and has fully -succeeded in maintaining the interest of the discussion throughout.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p>“This work is ably written; there are in it many passages of no ordinary power -and brilliancy. It is eminently suggestive and stimulating.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">FOOTSTEPS OF JEANNE D’ARC.</span> A Pilgrimage. -By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Florence Caddy</span>. 1 vol. demy 8vo. With Map of Route. 15s.</p> - -<p>“The reader, whatever his preconceived notions of the maid may have been, -will soon find himself in sympathy with a writer who, by the charm of her descriptive -style, at once arrests his attention and sustains the interest of her -subject.”—<i>Morning Post.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">359</span></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PEG -WOFFINGTON:</span> <span class="smcap">With Pictures of the Period in which She -Lived</span>. By <span class="smcap">J. Fitzgerald Molloy</span>, Author of “Court Life -Below Stairs,” &c. <i>Second Edition.</i> 2 vols. crown 8vo. With -Portrait. 21s.</p> - -<p>“Peg Woffington makes a most interesting central figure, round which Mr. -Molloy has made to revolve a varied and picturesque panorama of London life in -the middle of the eighteenth century. He sees things in the past so clearly, grasps -them so tenaciously, and reproduces them so vividly, that they come to us without -any of the dust and rust of time.”—G. A. S. <i>in Illustrated London News</i>.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">WOMEN OF EUROPE IN THE FIFTEENTH -AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES.</span> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Napier Higgins</span>. -Vols. 1 and 2 demy 8vo. 30s.</p> - -<p>“The work is likely to be of permanent value to the students of history.”—<i>Morning -Post.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">ON THE TRACK OF THE CRESCENT:</span> <span class="smcap">Erratic -Notes from the Piræus to Pesth</span>. By <span class="smcap">Major E. C. Johnson</span>, -M.A.I., F. R. Hist. S., etc. With Map and Upwards of 50 Illustrations -by the Author. 1 vol. demy 8vo. 15s.</p> - -<p>“The author of this bright, pleasant volume possesses keen power of observation -and vivid appreciation of animate and inanimate beauty. It will brighten -hours for many readers who will only follow the track of the Crescent through its -pages and its numerous illustrations.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">MEMOIRS OF MARSHAL BUGEAUD,</span> <span class="smcap">From -His Private Correspondence and Original Documents, 1784-1849</span>. -By the <span class="smcap">Count H. d’Ideville</span>. Edited, from the French, -by <span class="smcap">Charlotte M. Yonge</span>. 2 vols. demy 8vo. 30s.</p> - -<p>“This is a work of great value to the student of French history. A perusal of -the book will convince any reader of Bugeaud’s energy, his patriotism, his unselfishness, -and his philanthropy and humanity.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">GLIMPSES OF GREEK LIFE AND SCENERY.</span> -By <span class="smcap">Agnes Smith</span>, Author of “Eastern Pilgrims,” &c. Demy 8vo. -With Illustrations and Map of the Author’s Route. 15s.</p> - -<p>“A truthful picture of the country through which the author travelled. It is -naturally and simply told, in an agreeable and animated style. Miss Smith displays -an ample acquaintance and sympathy with all the scenes of historic interest.”—<i>St. -James’s Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">MONSIEUR GUIZOT</span> <span class="smcap">in Private Life</span> (1787-1874). -By His Daughter, Madame <span class="smcap">de Witt</span>. Translated by Mrs. -<span class="smcap">Simpson</span>. 1 vol. demy 8vo. 15s.</p> - -<p>“Madame de Witt has done justice to her father’s memory in an admirable record -of his life. Mrs. Simpson’s translation of this singularly interesting book is -in accuracy and grace worthy of the original and of the subject.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">PLAIN SPEAKING.</span> By Author of “John Halifax, -Gentleman.” 1 vol. crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.</p> - -<p>“We recommend ‘Plain Speaking’ to all who like amusing, wholesome, and -instructive reading. The contents of Mrs. Craik’s volume are of the most multifarious -kind, but all the papers are good and readable, and one at least of them -of real importance.”—<i>St. James’s Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">WORDS OF HOPE AND COMFORT TO -THOSE IN SORROW.</span> Dedicated by Permission to <span class="smcap">The Queen</span>. -<i>Fourth Edition.</i> 1 vol. small 4to. 5s.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">360</span></p> - -<p class="ph1 xxlarge" id="Under_the_Especial_Patronage_of_Her_Majesty"><span class="large olde">Under the Especial Patronage of Her Majesty.</span><br /> - -<span class="small"><i>Published annually, in One Vol., royal 8vo, with the Arms beautifully -engraved, handsomely bound, with gilt edges, price 31s. 6d.</i></span><br /> - -<span class="gesperrt">LODGE’S PEERAGE</span><br /> -<span class="xlarge">AND BARONETAGE,</span><br /> -<span class="large">CORRECTED BY THE NOBILITY.<br /> - -<span class="gesperrt">FIFTY-SIXTH EDITION FOR 1887.</span></span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lodge’s Peerage and Baronetage</span> is acknowledged to be the most -complete, as well as the most elegant, work of the kind. As an established -and authentic authority on all questions respecting the family -histories, honours, and connections of the titled aristocracy, no work has -ever stood so high. It is published under the especial patronage of Her -Majesty, and is annually corrected throughout, from the personal communications -of the Nobility. It is the only work of its class in which, <i>the -type being kept constantly standing</i>, every correction is made in its proper -place to the date of publication, an advantage which gives it supremacy -over all its competitors. Independently of its full and authentic information -respecting the existing Peers and Baronets of the realm, the most -sedulous attention is given in its pages to the collateral branches of the -various noble families, and the names of many thousand individuals are -introduced, which do not appear in other records of the titled classes. For -its authority, correctness, and facility of arrangement, and the beauty of -its typography and binding, the work is justly entitled to the place it -occupies on the tables of Her Majesty and the Nobility.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.</h3> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="hang">Historical View of the Peerage.</p> - -<p class="hang">Parliamentary Roll of the House of Lords.</p> - -<p class="hang">English, Scotch, and Irish Peers, in their -orders of Precedence.</p> - -<p class="hang">Alphabetical List of Peers of Great Britain -and the United Kingdom, holding superior -rank in the Scotch or Irish Peerage.</p> - -<p class="hang">Alphabetical list of Scotch and Irish Peers, -holding superior titles in the Peerage of -Great Britain and the United Kingdom.</p> - -<p class="hang">A Collective list of Peers, in their order of -Precedence.</p> - -<p class="hang">Table of Precedency among Men.</p> - -<p class="hang">Table of Precedency among Women.</p> - -<p class="hang">The Queen and the Royal Family.</p> - -<p class="hang">Peers of the Blood Royal.</p> - -<p class="hang">The Peerage, alphabetically arranged.</p> - -<p class="hang">Families of such Extinct Peers as have left -Widows or Issue.</p> - -<p class="hang">Alphabetical List of the Surnames of all the -Peers.</p> - -<p class="hang">The Archbishops and Bishops of England -and Ireland.</p> - -<p class="hang">The Baronetage alphabetically arranged.</p> - -<p class="hang">Alphabetical List of Surnames assumed by -members of Noble Families.</p> - -<p class="hang">Alphabetical List of the Second Titles of -Peers, usually borne by their Eldest -Sons.</p> - -<p class="hang">Alphabetical Index to the Daughters of -Dukes, Marquises, and Earls, who, having -married Commoners, retain the title -of Lady before their own Christian and -their Husband’s Surnames.</p> - -<p class="hang">Alphabetical Index to the Daughters of -Viscounts and Barons, who, having -married Commoners, are styled Honourable -Mrs.; and, in case of the husband -being a Baronet or Knight, Hon. Lady.</p> - -<p class="hang">A List of the Orders of Knighthood.</p> - -<p class="hang">Mottoes alphabetically arranged and translated.</p></blockquote> - -<p>“This work is the most perfect and elaborate record of the living and recently deceased -members of the Peerage of the Three Kingdoms as it stands at this day. It is -a most useful publication. We are happy to bear testimony to the fact that scrupulous -accuracy is a distinguishing feature of this book.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“Lodge’s Peerage must supersede all other works of the kind, for two reasons: first, it -is on a better plan; and secondly, it is better executed. We can safely pronounce it to be -the readiest, the most useful, and exactest of modern works on the subject.”—<i>Spectator</i>.</p> - -<p>“A work of great value. It is the most faithful record we possess of the aristocracy -of the day.”—<i>Post.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">361</span></p> -<hr /> - -<p class="ph1" id="EDNA_LYALLS_NOVELS">EDNA LYALL’S NOVELS<br /> - -<span class="large">EACH IN ONE VOLUME CROWN 8vo, 6s.</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3><span class="gesperrt">DONOVAN:</span><br /> - -<span class="medium">A MODERN ENGLISHMAN.</span></h3> - -<p>“This is a very admirable work. The reader is from the first carried away by the -gallant unconventionality of its author. ‘Donovan’ is a very excellent novel; but it is -something more and better. It should do as much good as the best sermon ever written -or delivered extempore. The story is told with a grand simplicity, an unconscious poetry -of eloquence which stirs the very depths of the heart. One of the main excellencies of -this novel is the delicacy of touch with which the author shows her most delightful characters -to be after all human beings, and not angels before their time.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Donovan’ is told with the power of truth, experience, and moral insight. The tone -of the novel is excellent and very high.”—<i>Daily News.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3 class="gesperrt">WE TWO.</h3> - -<p>“This book is well written and full of interest. The story abounds with a good many -light touches, and is certainly far from lacking in incident.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“‘We Two’ contains many very exciting passages and a great deal of information. -Miss Lyall is a capable writer and a clear-headed thinker.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“A work of deep thought and much power. Serious as it is, it is now and then brightened -by rays of genuine humour. Altogether this story is more and better than a novel.”—<i>Morning -Post.</i></p> - -<p>“There is artistic realism both in the conception and the delineation of the personages; -the action and interest are unflaggingly sustained from first to last, and the book is pervaded -by an atmosphere of elevated, earnest thought.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3 class="gesperrt">IN THE GOLDEN DAYS.</h3> - -<p>“Miss Lyall has given us a vigorous study of such life and character as are really worth -reading about. The central figure of her story is Algernon Sydney; and this figure she -invests with a singular dignity and power. He always appears with effect, but no liberties -are taken with the facts of his life. The plot is adapted with great felicity to them. -His part in it, absolutely consistent as it is with historical truth, gives it reality as well as -dignity. Some of the scenes are remarkably vivid. The escape is an admirable narrative, -which almost makes one hold one’s breath as one reads.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> - -<p>“‘In the Golden Days’ is an excellent novel of a kind we are always particularly glad -to recommend. It has a good foundation of plot and incident, a thoroughly noble and -wholesome motive, a hero who really acts and suffers heroically, and two very nice -heroines. The historical background is very carefully indicated, but is never allowed to -become more than background.”—<i>Guardian.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3 class="gesperrt">WON BY WAITING.</h3> - -<p>“The Dean’s daughters are perfectly real characters—the learned Cornelia especially;—the -little impulsive French heroine, who endures their cold hospitality and at last wins -their affection, is thoroughly charming; while throughout the book there runs a golden -thread of pure brotherly and sisterly love, which pleasantly reminds us that the making -and marring of marriage is not, after all, the sum total of real life.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Won by Waiting’ is a very pleasing and well-written tale; full of graphic descriptions -of French and English life, with incidents and characters well sustained. A book -with such pleasant reading, and with such a healthy tone and influence, is a great boon -to the young people in our families.”—<i>Freeman.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">362</span></p> -<hr /> - -<p class="ph1" id="SIX-SHILLING_NOVELS">SIX-SHILLING NOVELS<br /> - -<span class="medium">EACH IN ONE VOLUME CROWN 8vo.</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3><span class="gesperrt">HIS LITTLE MOTHER.</span><br /> -<span class="medium">By the Author of “John Halifax, Gentleman.”</span></h3> - -<p>“‘His Little Mother’ is one of those pathetic stories which the author tells better -than anybody else.”—<i>John Bull.</i></p> - -<p>“This book is written with all Mrs. Craik’s grace of style, the chief charm of which, -after all, is its simplicity.”—<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3><span class="gesperrt">MY LORD AND MY LADY.</span><br /> -<span class="medium">By <span class="smcap">Mrs. Forrester</span>.</span></h3> - -<p>“A very capital novel. The great charm about it is that Mrs. Forrester is quite at home -in the society which she describes. It is a book to read.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“Mrs. Forrester’s style is so fresh and graphic that the reader is kept under its spell -from first to last.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<h3><span class="gesperrt">SOPHY.</span><br /> -<span class="medium">By <span class="smcap">Violet Fane</span>.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Sophy’ is the clever and original work of a clever woman. Its merits are of a strikingly -unusual kind. It is charged throughout with the strongest human interest. It is, -in a word, a novel that will make its mark.”—<i>World.</i></p> - -<h3><span class="gesperrt">A HOUSE PARTY.</span><br /> -<span class="medium">By <span class="smcap">Ouida</span>.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘A House Party’ will be read, firstly, because it is Ouida’s, and, secondly, because of -the brightness of the conversations and descriptions. It is indeed more like a comedy -than any other of the writer’s books.”—<i>Globe.</i></p> - -<h3><span class="gesperrt">OMNIA VANITAS.</span><br /> -<span class="medium">By <span class="smcap">Mrs. Forrester</span>.</span></h3> - -<p>“This book is pleasant and well meant. Here and there are some good touches. Sir -Ralph is a man worth reading about.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p>“This tale is well and cleverly written; the characters are drawn and sustained with -considerable power, and the conversation is always bright and lively.”—<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p> - -<h3><span class="gesperrt">BETRAYAL OF REUBEN HOLT.</span><br /> -<span class="medium">By <span class="smcap">Barbara Lake</span>.</span></h3> - -<p>“This novel shows considerable power of writing. There are some striking scenes and -incidents.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p>“This tale displays elevation of thought and feeling, united to no little grace of -expression.”—<i>Post.</i></p> - -<h3><span class="gesperrt">THE BRANDRETHS.</span><br /> -<span class="medium">By the Right Hon. <span class="smcap">A. J. B. Beresford Hope</span>, M.P.</span></h3> - -<p>“The great attraction of this novel is the easy, conversational, knowledgeable tone of -it; the sketching from the life, and yet not so close to the life as to be malicious, men, -women, periods, and events, to all of which intelligent readers can fit a name. The -political and social sketches will naturally excite the chief interest among readers who -will be attracted by the author’s name and experience.”—<i>Spectator.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">363</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="THE_NEW_AND_POPULAR_NOVELS">THE NEW AND POPULAR NOVELS. -PUBLISHED BY HURST & BLACKETT.</h2> - -<p>ST. BRIAVELS. By <span class="smcap">Mary Deane</span>, Author of -“Quatrefoil,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“The authoress throughout writes with moderation and consistency, and her -three ample volumes well repay perusal.”—<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> - -<p>“‘St. Briavels’ is a story replete with variety, and in all developments of her -plot the author skilfully maintains an unabated interest.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p>A LILY MAID. By <span class="smcap">William George Waters</span>. -3 vols.</p> - -<p>“A story of the keenest interest. Mr. Waters’ plot is neat, and his style is -bright and pleasing.”—<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> - -<p>“‘A Lily Maid’ is throughout exceedingly pleasant reading.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p>LIKE LUCIFER. By <span class="smcap">Denzil Vane</span>. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“There is some pleasant writing in ‘Like Lucifer,’ and the plot is workmanlike.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p>“Denzil Vane has a talent for lively, fluent writing, and a power of tracing -character.”—<i>Whitehall Review.</i></p> - -<p>A DAUGHTER OF THE GODS. By <span class="smcap">Jane -Stanley</span>. 2 vols.</p> - -<p>“‘A Daughter of the Gods’ is very pretty. That is a description which specially -suits the easy-flowing, love-making story.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>LUCIA. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Augustus Craven</span>, Author of -“A Sister’s Story.” Translated by <span class="smcap">Lady Herbert of Lea</span>. 2 vols.</p> - -<p>“This is a very pretty, touching, and consoling story. The tale is as much above -the ordinary romance as the fresh air of the seaside is better than the stifling atmosphere -of the fashionable quarter of the gayest city.”—<i>St. James’s Gazette.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Lucia’ is as good a novel as has been published for a long time.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p>LOVE, THE PILGRIM. By <span class="smcap">May Crommelin</span>, -Author of “Queenie,” “A Jewel of a Girl,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“‘Love, the Pilgrim’ is a pretty story, which, beginning quietly, develops into -one of very sensational incident indeed.”—<i>Graphic.</i></p> - -<p>“A tale of thrilling interest.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p>THE KING CAN DO NO WRONG. By <span class="smcap">Pamela -Sneyd</span>, Author of “Jack Urquhart’s Daughter.” 2 vols.</p> - -<p>“This novel gives evidence of imagination, insight into character, and power of -delineation.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“Shows command of exceptional narrative and descriptive power—the story is -told with cleverness and force.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p>THE COURTING OF MARY SMITH. By <span class="smcap">F. W. -Robinson</span>, Author of “Grandmother’s Money,” “No Church,” &c. -3 vols.</p> - -<p>“One of the finest studies that any of our novelists has produced of late years. -To read such a book is to strengthen the soul with a moral tonic.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“The book is full of the truths and experiences of actual life, woven into a -romance by an undoubtedly clever novelist.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p>THRO’ LOVE AND WAR. By <span class="smcap">Violet Fane</span>, -Author of “Sophy: or the Adventures of a Savage,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“‘Thro’ Love and War’ has a succinct and intelligible plot, and is written -with a quaint combination of acute perception, veiled sarcasm, and broad fun, -which is certain to ensure for it a wide popularity.”—<i>The World.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">364</span></p> - -<p>PASSAGES IN THE LIFE OF A LADY in 1814, -1815, 1816. By <span class="smcap">Hamilton Aidé</span>, Author of “Rita,” “Penruddocke,” -“Poet and Peer,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>TILL MY WEDDING DAY. By a French Lady. -2 vols.</p> - -<p>THE GREEN HILLS BY THE SEA: <span class="smcap">A Manx -Story</span>. By <span class="smcap">Hugh Coleman Davidson</span>. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>VICTIMS. By <span class="smcap">Theo Gift</span>, Author of “Pretty Miss -Bellew,” “Lil Lorimer,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>THE BROKEN SEAL. By <span class="smcap">Dora Russell</span>, Author -of “Footprints in the Snow,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“Miss Dora Russell writes easily and well, and she has the gift of making her -characters describe themselves by their dialogue, which is bright and natural.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>MURIEL’S MARRIAGE. By <span class="smcap">Esme Stuart</span>, Author -of “A Faire Damzell,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“Much of the interest and charm of the story, and both are considerable, are -due to the delineations, not merely of the two principal personages, but of the -minor characters.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p>ONCE AGAIN. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">Forreste</span>r, Author of -“Viva,” “Mignon,” “My Lord and My Lady,” &c. (<i>Second Edition</i>) -3 vols.</p> - -<p>“A really fascinating story. Bright and often original as is Mrs. Forrester, her -peculiar gifts have never been seen to better advantage than in ‘Once Again.’ -An undercurrent of tragedy runs through this startling tale, and this, together -with its graphically drawn characters, sets it completely apart from the ordinary -society story.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p>A WILFUL YOUNG WOMAN. By <span class="smcap">A. Price</span>, -Author of “A Rustic Maid,” “Who is Sylvia?” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“A very readable story. Mrs. Price has drawn her <i>dramatis personæ</i> with some -power and vigour.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p>“The story is throughout both sound and high-principled.”—<i>Literary World.</i></p> - -<p>THE SURVIVORS. By <span class="smcap">Henry Cresswell</span>, Author -of “A Modern Greek Heroine,” “Incognita,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“There is cleverness in this book, and occasional brilliancy and wit.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p>“An amusing comedy of modern life; there are some good situations and -striking episodes in the book.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>A WICKED GIRL. By <span class="smcap">Mary Cecil Hay</span>, Author -of “Old Myddelton’s Money,” &c. 3 vols.</p> - -<p>“The author of ‘Old Myddelton’s Money’ always manages to write interesting -stories.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p>“The story ‘A Wicked Girl’ has an ingeniously carried out plot. Miss Hay is -a graceful writer, and her pathos is genuine.”—<i>Post.</i></p> - -<p>THE WOOING OF CATHERINE. By <span class="smcap">E. Frances -Poynter</span>, Author of “My Little Lady,” &c. 2 vols.</p> - -<p>“The figures are drawn with clear, bold strokes, each individual standing -before us with marked personality, while the backgrounds are effective and -striking.”—<i>Literary World.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">365</span></p> - -<p class="ph1 bbox"> -HURST & BLACKETT’S<br /> -<br /> -<span class="xlarge">STANDARD LIBRARY.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<img src="images/i_365.jpg" -alt="" /><br /> -<br /> -<span class="table"> -<span class="trow large">LONDON:</span> -<span class="trow medium">13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, W.</span> -</span> -</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">366</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">367</span></p> - -<h2 id="HURST_BLACKETTS_STANDARD_LIBRARY">HURST & BLACKETT’S STANDARD LIBRARY<br /> - -<span class="medium">OF CHEAP EDITIONS OF</span><br /> - -<span class="large">POPULAR MODERN WORKS.</span><br /> - -<span class="medium">ILLUSTRATED BY</span><br /> - -<span class="medium"><span class="smcap">Sir J. E. Millais, Sir J. Gilbert, Holman Hunt, Birket Foster, -John Leech, John Tenniel, J. Laslett Pott, etc.</span></span><br /> - -<span class="medium">Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s.</span></h2> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>I.—SAM SLICK’S NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE.</h3> - -<p>“The first volume of Messrs. Hurst and Blackett’s Standard Library of Cheap Editions -forms a very good beginning to what will doubtless be a very successful undertaking. -‘Nature and Human Nature’ is one of the best of Sam Slick’s witty and humorous productions, -and well entitled to the large circulation which it cannot fail to obtain in its -present convenient and cheap shape. The volume combines with the great recommendations -of a clear, bold type and good paper, the lesser, but attractive merits of being well -illustrated and elegantly bound.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>II.—JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.</h3> - -<p>“The new and cheaper edition of this interesting work will doubtless meet with great -success. John Halifax, the hero of this most beautiful story, is no ordinary hero, and -this his history is no ordinary book. It is a full-length portrait of a true gentleman, one -of nature’s own nobility. It is also the history of a home, and a thoroughly English one. -The work abounds in incident, and many of the scenes are full of graphic power and true -pathos. It is a book that few will read without becoming wiser and better.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p>“This story is very interesting. The attachment between John Halifax and his wife is -beautifully painted, as are the pictures of their domestic life, and the growing up of their -children; and the conclusion of the book is beautiful and touching.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>III.—THE CRESCENT AND THE CROSS.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY ELIOT WARBURTON.</span></h3> - -<p>“Independent of its value as an original narrative, and its useful and interesting -information, this work is remarkable for the colouring power and play of fancy with -which its descriptions are enlivened. Among its greatest and most lasting charms is its -reverent and serious spirit.”—<i>Quarterly Review.</i></p> - -<p>“Mr. Warburton has fulfilled the promise of his title-page. The ‘Realities of Eastern -Travel’ are described with a vividness which invests them with deep and abiding interest; -while the ‘Romantic’ adventures which the enterprising tourist met with in his -course are narrated with a spirit which shows how much he enjoyed these reliefs from -the ennui of every-day life.”—<i>Globe.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>IV.—NATHALIE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY JULIA KAVANAGH.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Nathalie’ is Miss Kavanagh’s best imaginative effort. Its manner is gracious and -attractive. Its matter is good. A sentiment, a tenderness, are commanded by her which -are as individual as they are elegant. We should not soon come to an end were we to -specify all the delicate touches and attractive pictures which place ‘Nathalie’ high among -books of its class.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>V.—A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“These thoughts are good and humane. They are thoughts we would wish women to -think: they are much more to the purpose than the treatises upon the women and daughters -of England, which were fashionable some years ago, and these thoughts mark the -progress of opinion, and indicate a higher tone of character, and a juster estimate of -woman’s position.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“This excellent book is characterised by good sense, good taste, and feeling, and is -written in an earnest, philanthropic, as well as practical spirit.”—<i>Morning Post.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">368</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>VI.—ADAM GRAEME OF MOSSGRAY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MRS. OLIPHANT.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Adam Graeme’ is a story awakening genuine emotions of interest and delight by its -admirable pictures of Scottish life and scenery. The plot is cleverly complicated, and -there is great vitality in the dialogue, and remarkable brilliancy in the descriptive passages, -as who that has read ‘Margaret Maitland’ would not be prepared to expect? -But the story has a ‘mightier magnet still,’ in the healthy tone which pervades it, in its -feminine delicacy of thought and diction, and in the truly womanly tenderness of its -sentiments. The eloquent author sets before us the essential attributes of Christian -virtue, their deep and silent workings in the heart, and their beautiful manifestations in -the life, with a delicacy, a power, and a truth which can hardly be surpassed.”—<i>Morning -Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>VII.—SAM SLICK’S WISE SAWS AND MODERN INSTANCES.</h3> - -<p>“We have not the slightest intention to criticise this book. Its reputation is made, and -will stand as long as that of Scott’s or Bulwer’s novels. The remarkable originality of -its purpose, and the happy description it affords of American life and manners, still continue -the subject of universal admiration. To say thus much is to say enough, though we -must just mention that the new edition forms a part of the Publishers’ Cheap Standard -Library, which has included some of the very best specimens of light literature that ever -have been written.”—<i>Messenger.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>VIII.—CARDINAL WISEMAN’S RECOLLECTIONS -OF THE LAST FOUR POPES.</h3> - -<p>“A picturesque book on Rome and its ecclesiastical sovereigns, by an eloquent Roman -Catholic. Cardinal Wiseman has here treated a special subject with so much generality -and geniality that his recollections will excite no ill-feeling in those who are most conscientiously -opposed to every idea of human infallibility represented in Papal domination.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>IX.—A LIFE FOR A LIFE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“We are always glad to welcome Mrs. Craik. She writes from her own convictions, -and she has the power not only to conceive clearly what it is that she wishes to -say, but to express it in language effective and vigorous. In ‘A Life for a Life’ she is -fortunate in a good subject, and she has produced a work of strong effect. The -reader, having read the book through for the story, will be apt (if he be of our persuasion) -to return and read again many pages and passages with greater pleasure -than on a first perusal. The whole book is replete with a graceful, tender delicacy; -and, in addition to its other merits, it is written in good careful English.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“‘A Life for a Life’ is a book of a high class. The characters are depicted with a -masterly hand; the events are dramatically set forth; the descriptions of scenery and -sketches of society are admirably penned; moreover, the work has an object—a clearly -defined moral—most poetically, most beautifully drawn, and through all there is that -strong, reflective mind visible which lays bare the human heart and human mind to the -very core.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>X.—THE OLD COURT SUBURB.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY LEIGH HUNT.</span></h3> - -<p>“A book which has afforded us no slight gratification.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“From the mixture of description, anecdote, biography, and criticism, this book is very -pleasant reading.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> - -<p>“A more agreeable and entertaining book has not been published since Boswell produced -his reminiscences of Johnson.”—<i>Observer.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">369</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XI.—MARGARET AND HER BRIDESMAIDS.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “THE VALLEY OF A HUNDRED FIRES.”</span></h3> - -<p>“We recommend all who are in search of a fascinating novel to read this work for -themselves. They will find it well worth their while. There are a freshness and originality -about it quite charming, and there is a certain nobleness in the treatment both of -sentiment and incident which is not often found.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XII.—THE OLD JUDGE; OR, LIFE IN A COLONY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY SAM SLICK.</span></h3> - -<p>“A peculiar interest attaches to sketches of colonial life, and readers could not have a -safer guide than the talented author of this work, who, by a residence of half a century, -has practically grasped the habits, manners, and social conditions of the colonists he describes. -All who wish to form a fair idea of the difficulties and pleasures of life in a new -country, unlike England in some respects, yet like it in many, should read this book.”— -<i>John Bull.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XIII.—DARIEN; OR, THE MERCHANT PRINCE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY ELIOT WARBURTON.</span></h3> - -<p>“This last production of the author of ‘The Crescent and the Cross’ has the same -elements of a very wide popularity. It will please its thousands.”—<i>Globe.</i></p> - -<p>“Eliot Warburton’s active and productive genius is amply exemplified in the present -book. We have seldom met with any work in which the realities of history and the -poetry of fiction were more happily interwoven.”—<i>Illustrated News.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XIV.—FAMILY ROMANCE; OR, DOMESTIC ANNALS -OF THE ARISTOCRACY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY SIR BERNARD BURKE, ULSTER KING OF ARMS.</span></h3> - -<p>“It were impossible to praise too highly this most interesting book, whether we should -have regard to its excellent plan or its not less excellent execution. It ought to be found -on every drawing-room table. Here you have nearly fifty captivating romances with the -pith of all their interest preserved in undiminished poignancy, and any one may be read -in half an hour. It is not the least of their merits that the romances are founded on fact—or -what, at least, has been handed down for truth by long tradition—and the romance -of reality far exceeds the romance of fiction.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XV.—THE LAIRD OF NORLAW.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MRS. OLIPHANT.</span></h3> - -<p>“We have had frequent opportunities of commending Messrs. Hurst and Blackett’s -Standard Library. For neatness, elegance, and distinctness the volumes in this series -surpass anything with which we are familiar. ‘The Laird of Norlaw’ will fully sustain -the author’s high reputation. The reader is carried on from first to last with an energy -of sympathy that never flags.”—<i>Sunday Times.</i></p> - -<p>“‘The Laird of Norlaw’ is worthy of the author’s reputation. It is one of the most -exquisite of modern novels.”—<i>Observer.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XVI.—THE ENGLISHWOMAN IN ITALY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MRS. G. GRETTON.</span></h3> - -<p>“Mrs. Gretton had opportunities which rarely fall to the lot of strangers of becoming -acquainted with the inner life and habits of a part of the Italian peninsula which is the -very centre of the national crisis. We can praise her performance as interesting, unexaggerated, -and full of opportune instruction.”—<i>The Times.</i></p> - -<p>“Mrs. Gretton’s book is timely, life-like, and for every reason to be recommended. It -is impossible to close the book without liking the writer as well as the subject. The work -is engaging, because real.”—<i>Athenæum.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">370</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XVII.—NOTHING NEW.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Nothing New’ displays all those superior merits which have made ‘John Halifax’ -one of the most popular works of the day. There is a force and truthfulness about these -tales which mark them as the production of no ordinary mind, and we cordially recommend -them to the perusal of all lovers of fiction.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XVIII.—LIFE OF JEANNE D’ALBRET, QUEEN OF -NAVARRE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MISS FREER.</span></h3> - -<p>“We have read this book with great pleasure, and have no hesitation in recommending -it to general perusal. It reflects the highest credit on the industry and ability of Miss -Freer. Nothing can be more interesting than her story of the life of Jeanne D’Albret, -and the narrative is as trustworthy as it is attractive.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XIX.—THE VALLEY OF A HUNDRED FIRES.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “MARGARET AND HER BRIDESMAIDS.”</span></h3> - -<p>“If asked to classify this work, we should give it a place between ‘John Halifax’ and -‘The Caxtons.’”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“The spirit in which the whole book is written is refined and good.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“This is in every sense a charming novel.”—<i>Messenger.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XX.—THE ROMANCE OF THE FORUM; OR, NARRATIVES, -SCENES, AND ANECDOTES FROM COURTS OF JUSTICE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY PETER BURKE, SERJEANT AT LAW.</span></h3> - -<p>“This attractive book will be perused with much interest. It contains a great variety -of singular and highly romantic stories.”—<i>John Bull.</i></p> - -<p>“A work of singular interest, which can never fail to charm and absorb the reader’s -attention. The present cheap and elegant edition includes the true story of the Colleen -Bawn.”—<i>Illustrated News.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXI.—ADÈLE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY JULIA KAVANAGH.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Adèle’ is the best work we have read by Miss Kavanagh; it is a charming story, -full of delicate character-painting. The interest kindled in the first chapter burns brightly -to the close.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Adèle’ will fully sustain the reputation of Miss Kavanagh, high as it already ranks.”—<i>John -Bull.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Adèle’ is a love-story of very considerable pathos and power. It is a very clever -novel.”—<i>Daily News.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXII.—STUDIES FROM LIFE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“These ‘Studies’ are truthful and vivid pictures of life, often earnest, always full of right -feeling, and occasionally lightened by touches of quiet, genial humour. The volume is remarkable -for thought, sound sense, shrewd observation, and kind and sympathetic feeling -for all things good and beautiful.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p>“These ‘Studies from Life’ are remarkable for graphic power and observation. The -book will not diminish the reputation of the accomplished author.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">371</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXIII.—GRANDMOTHER’S MONEY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY F. W. ROBINSON.</span></h3> - -<p>“We commend ‘Grandmother’s Money’ to readers in search of a good novel. The -characters are true to human nature, and the story is interesting.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXIV.—A BOOK ABOUT DOCTORS.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY JOHN CORDY JEAFFRESON.</span></h3> - -<p>“A book to be read and re-read; fit for the study as well as the drawing-room table and -the circulating library.”—<i>Lancet.</i></p> - -<p>“This is a pleasant book for the fireside season, and for the seaside season. Mr. Jeaffreson -has, out of hundreds of volumes, collected thousands of good things, adding thereto -much that appears in print for the first time, and which, of course, gives increased value -to this very readable book.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXV.—NO CHURCH.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY F. W. ROBINSON.</span></h3> - -<p>“We advise all who have the opportunity to read this book. It is well worth the -study.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“A work of great originality, merit, and power.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXVI.—MISTRESS AND MAID.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“A good wholesome book, gracefully written, and as pleasant to read as it is instructive.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“A charming tale, charmingly told.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“All lovers of a good novel will hail with delight another of Mrs. Craik’s charming -stories.”—<i>John Bull.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXVII.—LOST AND SAVED.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE HON. MRS. NORTON.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Lost and Saved’ will be read with eager interest by those who love a touching story. -It is a vigorous novel.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“This story is animated, full of exciting situations and stirring incidents. The characters -are delineated with great power. Above and beyond these elements of a good novel, -there is that indefinable charm with which true genius invests all it touches.”—<i>Daily News.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXVIII.—LES MISERABLES.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY VICTOR HUGO.</span><br /> - -<span class="small"><i>Authorised Copyright English Translation.</i></span></h3> - -<p>“The merits of ‘Les Miserables’ do not merely consist in the conception of it as a -whole; it abounds with details of unequalled beauty. M. Victor Hugo has stamped upon -every page the hall-mark of genius.”—<i>Quarterly Review.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXIX.—BARBARA’S HISTORY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY AMELIA B. EDWARDS.</span></h3> - -<p>“It is not often that we light upon a novel of so much merit and interest as -‘Barbara’s History.’ It is a work conspicuous for taste and literary culture. It is a very -graceful and charming book, with a well-managed story, clearly-cut characters, and -sentiments expressed with an exquisite elocution. The dialogues especially sparkle with -repartee. It is a book which the world will like. This is high praise of a work of art -and so we intend it.”—<i>The Times.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">372</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXX.—LIFE OF THE REV. EDWARD IRVING.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MRS. OLIPHANT.</span></h3> - -<p>“A good book on a most interesting theme.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“A truly interesting and most affecting memoir. ‘Irving’s Life’ ought to have a niche -in every gallery of religious biography. There are few lives that will be fuller of instruction, -interest, and consolation.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXI.—ST. OLAVE’S.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JANITA’S CROSS.”</span></h3> - -<p>“This novel is the work of one who possesses a great talent for writing, as well as -experience and knowledge of the world. The whole book is worth reading.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“‘St Olave’s’ belongs to a lofty order of fiction. It is a good novel, but it is something -more. It is written with unflagging ability, and it is as even as it is clever. The author -has determined to do nothing short of the best, and has succeeded.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXII.—SAM SLICK’S TRAITS OF AMERICAN HUMOUR.</h3> - -<p>“Dip where you will into this lottery of fun, you are sure to draw out a prize. These -‘Traits’ exhibit most successfully the broad national features of American humour.”—<i>Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXIII.—CHRISTIAN’S MISTAKE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“A more charming story has rarely been written. It is a choice gift to be able thus to -render human nature so truly, to penetrate its depths with such a searching sagacity, and -to illuminate them with a radiance so eminently the writer’s own.”—<i>Times.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXIV.—ALEC FORBES OF HOWGLEN.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D.</span></h3> - -<p>“No account of this story would give any idea of the profound interest that pervades -the work from the first page to the last.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“A novel of uncommon merit. Sir Walter Scott said he would advise no man to try -to read ‘Clarissa Harlowe’ out loud in company if he wished to keep his character for -manly superiority to tears. We fancy a good many hardened old novel-readers will feel -a rising in the throat as they follow the fortunes of Alec and Annie.”—<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXV.—AGNES.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MRS. OLIPHANT.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Agnes’ is a novel superior to any of Mrs. Oliphant’s former works.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“Mrs. Oliphant is one of the most admirable of our novelists. In her works there -are always to be found high principle, good taste, sense, and refinement. ‘Agnes’ is -a story whose pathetic beauty will appeal irresistibly to all readers.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXVI.—A NOBLE LIFE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“Few men and no women will read ‘A Noble Life’ without feeling themselves the -better for the effort.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> - -<p>“A beautifully written and touching tale. It is a noble book.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p>“‘A Noble Life’ is remarkable for the high types of character it presents, and the -skill with which they are made to work out a story of powerful and pathetic interest.”—<i>Daily -News.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXVII.—NEW AMERICA.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY W. HEPWORTH DIXON.</span></h3> - -<p>“A very interesting book. Mr. Dixon has written thoughtfully and well.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“We recommend everyone who feels any interest in human nature to read Mr. -Dixon’s very interesting book.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">373</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXVIII.—ROBERT FALCONER.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Robert Falconer’ is a work brimful of life and humour and of the deepest human -interest. It is a book to be returned to again and again for the deep and searching -knowledge it evinces of human thoughts and feelings.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XXXIX.—THE WOMAN’S KINGDOM.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“‘The Woman’s Kingdom’ sustains the author’s reputation as a writer of the purest -and noblest kind of domestic stories.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“‘The Woman’s Kingdom’ is remarkable for its romantic interest. The characters are -masterpieces. Edna is worthy of the hand that drew John Halifax.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XL.—ANNALS OF AN EVENTFUL LIFE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY GEORGE WEBBE DASENT, D.C.L.</span></h3> - -<p>“A racy, well-written, and original novel. The interest never flags. The whole work -sparkles with wit and humour.”—<i>Quarterly Review.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLI.—DAVID ELGINBROD.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D.</span></h3> - -<p>“A novel which is the work of a man of genius. It will attract the highest class of -readers.”—<i>Times.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLII.—A BRAVE LADY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“We earnestly recommend this novel. It is a special and worthy specimen of the -author’s remarkable powers. The reader’s attention never for a moment flags.”—<i>Post.</i></p> - -<p>“‘A Brave Lady’ thoroughly rivets the unmingled sympathy of the reader, and her -history deserves to stand foremost among the author’s works.”—<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLIII.—HANNAH.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“A very pleasant, healthy story, well and artistically told. The book is sure of a wide -circle of readers. The character of Hannah is one of rare beauty.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“A powerful novel of social and domestic life. One of the most successful efforts of a -successful novelist.”—<i>Daily News.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLIV.—SAM SLICK’S AMERICANS AT HOME.</h3> - -<p>“This is one of the most amusing books that we ever read.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“‘The Americans at Home’ will not be less popular than any of Judge Halliburton’s -previous works.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLV.—THE UNKIND WORD.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“These stories are gems of narrative. Indeed, some of them, in their touching grace -and simplicity, seem to us to possess a charm even beyond the authoress’s most popular -novels. Of none of them can this be said more emphatically than of that which opens the -series, ‘The Unkind Word.’ It is wonderful to see the imaginative power displayed in -the few delicate touches by which this successful love-story is sketched out.”—<i>The Echo.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">374</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLVI.—A ROSE IN JUNE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MRS. OLIPHANT.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘A Rose in June’ is as pretty as its title. The story is one of the best and most -touching which we owe to the industry and talent of Mrs. Oliphant, and may hold its own -with even ‘The Chronicles of Carlingford.’”—<i>Times.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLVII.—MY LITTLE LADY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY E. FRANCES POYNTER.</span></h3> - -<p>“This story presents a number of vivid and very charming pictures. Indeed, the whole -book is charming. It is interesting in both character and story, and thoroughly good of -its kind.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLVIII.—PHŒBE, JUNIOR.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MRS. OLIPHANT.</span></h3> - -<p>“This last ‘Chronicle of Carlingford’ not merely takes rank fairly beside the first -which introduced us to ‘Salem Chapel,’ but surpasses all the intermediate records. -Phœbe, Junior, herself is admirably drawn.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>XLIX.—LIFE OF MARIE ANTOINETTE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY PROFESSOR CHARLES DUKE YONGE.</span></h3> - -<p>“A work of remarkable merit and interest, which will, we doubt not, become the most -popular English history of Marie Antoinette.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>L.—SIR GIBBIE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D.</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Sir Gibbie’ is a book of genius.”—<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> - -<p>“This book has power, pathos, and humour.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>LI.—YOUNG MRS. JARDINE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY THE AUTHOR OF “JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.”</span></h3> - -<p>“‘Young Mrs. Jardine’ is a pretty story, written in pure English.”—<i>The Times.</i></p> - -<p>“There is much good feeling in this book. It is pleasant and wholesome.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>LII.—LORD BRACKENBURY.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY AMELIA B. EDWARDS.</span></h3> - -<p>“A very readable story. The author has well conceived the purpose of high-class -novel-writing, and succeeded in no small measure in attaining it. There is plenty of -variety, cheerful dialogue, and general ‘verve’ in the book.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>LIII.—IT WAS A LOVER AND HIS LASS.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY MRS. OLIPHANT.</span></h3> - -<p>“In ‘It was a Lover and his Lass,’ we admire Mrs. Oliphant exceedingly. It would be -worth reading a second time, were it only for the sake of one ancient Scottish spinster, -who is nearly the counterpart of the admirable Mrs. Margaret Maitland.”—<i>Times.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>LIV.—THE REAL LORD BYRON—THE STORY OF -THE POET’S LIFE.<br /> - -<span class="medium">BY JOHN CORDY JEAFFRESON.</span></h3> - -<p>“Mr. Jeaffreson comes forward with a narrative which must take a very important -place in Byronic literature; and it may reasonably be anticipated that this book will be -regarded with deep interest by all who are concerned in the works and the fame of this -great English poet.”—<i>The Times.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">375</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="large">WORKS BY THE AUTHOR OF</span><br /> -‘SAM SLICK, THE CLOCKMAKER.’<br /> - -<span class="medium"><i>Each in One Volume, Frontispiece, and Uniformly Bound, Price 5s.</i></span></h2> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE.</h3> - -<p>“We enjoy our old friend’s company with unabated relish. This work is a rattling -miscellany of sharp sayings, stories, and hard hits. It is full of fun and fancy.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“Since Sam’s first work he has written nothing so fresh, racy, and genuinely humorous as -this. Every line of it tells in some way or other—instructively, satirically, jocosely, or -wittily. Admiration of Sam’s mature talents, and laughter at his droll yarns, constantly -alternate as with unhalting avidity we peruse the work. The Clockmaker proves himself -the fastest time-killer a-going.”—<i>Observer.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>WISE SAWS AND MODERN INSTANCES.</h3> - -<p>“This delightful book will be the most popular, as beyond doubt it is the best, of all the -author’s admirable works.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“The book before us will be read and laughed over. Its quaint and racy dialect will -please some readers—its abundance of yarns will amuse others. There is something to -suit readers of every humour.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“The humour of Sam Slick is inexhaustible. He is ever and everywhere a welcome -visitor; smiles greet his approach, and wit and wisdom hang upon his tongue. We promise -our readers a great treat from the perusal of these ‘Wise Saws,’ which contain a -world of practical wisdom, and a treasury of the richest fun.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>THE OLD JUDGE; OR, LIFE IN A COLONY.</h3> - -<p>“By common consent this work is regarded as one of the raciest, truest to life, most -humorous, and most interesting works which have proceeded from the prolific pen of its -author. We all know what shrewdness of observation, what power of graphic description, -what natural resources of drollery, and what a happy method of hitting off the -broader characteristics of the life he reviews, belong to Judge Haliburton. We have all -those qualities here; but they are balanced by a serious literary purpose, and are employed -in the communication of information respecting certain phases of colonial experience -which impart to the work an element of sober utility.”—<i>Sunday Times.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>TRAITS OF AMERICAN HUMOUR.</h3> - -<p>“No man has done more than the facetious Judge Haliburton, through the mouth of the -inimitable ‘Sam,’ to make the old parent country recognise and appreciate her queer -transatlantic progeny. His present collection of comic stories and laughable traits is a -budget of fun, full of rich specimens of American humour.”—<i>Globe.</i></p> - -<p>“Yankeeism, portrayed in its raciest aspect, constitutes the contents of these superlatively -entertaining sketches. The work embraces the most varied topics—political parties, -religious eccentricities, the flights of literature, and the absurdities of pretenders to learning, -all come in for their share of satire; while we have specimens of genuine American -exaggerations and graphic pictures of social and domestic life as it is. The work will -have a wide circulation.”—<i>John Bull.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>THE AMERICANS AT HOME.</h3> - -<p>“In this highly entertaining work we are treated to another cargo of capital stories -from the inexhaustible store of our Yankee friend. In the volume before us he dishes up, -with his accustomed humour and terseness of style, a vast number of tales, none more -entertaining than another, and all of them graphically illustrative of the ways and manners -of brother Jonathan. The anomalies of American law, the extraordinary adventures -incident to life in the backwoods, and, above all, the peculiarities of American society, are -variously, powerfully, and, for the most part, amusingly exemplified.”—<i>John Bull.</i></p> - -<p>“In the picturesque delineation of character, and the felicitous portraiture of national -features, no writer equals Judge Haliburton, and the subjects embraced in the present -delightful book call forth, in new and vigorous exercise, his peculiar powers. ‘The -Americans at Home’ will not be less popular than any of his previous works.”—<i>Post.</i></p> - -<h3 class="medium">LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">376</span></h3> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="WORKS_BY_THE_AUTHOR_OF"><span class="large">WORKS BY THE AUTHOR OF</span><br /> - -JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.<br /> - -<span class="medium"><i>Each in One Volume, Frontispiece, and Uniformly Bound, price 5s.</i></span></h2> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.</h3> - -<p>“This is a very good and a very interesting work. It is designed to trace the career -from boyhood to age of a perfect man—a Christian gentleman, and it abounds in incident -both well and highly wrought. Throughout it is conceived in a high spirit, and written -with great ability. This cheap and handsome new edition is worthy to pass freely from -hand to hand as a gift-book in many households.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p> - -<p>“The story is very interesting. The attachment between John Halifax and his wife is -beautifully painted, as are the pictures of their domestic life, and the growing up of their -children, and the conclusion of the book is beautiful and touching.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“The new and cheaper edition of this interesting work will doubtless meet with great -success. John Halifax, the hero of this most beautiful story, is no ordinary hero, and this -his history is no ordinary book. It is a full-length portrait of a true gentleman, one of -nature’s own nobility. It is also the history of a home, and a thoroughly English one. -The work abounds in incident, and is full of graphic power and true pathos. It is a book -that few will read without becoming wiser and better.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN.</h3> - -<p>“A book of sound counsel. It is one of the most sensible works of its kind, well written, -true-hearted, and altogether practical. Whoever wishes to give advice to a young lady -may thank the author for means of doing so.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p> - -<p>“These thoughts are worthy of the earnest and enlightened mind, the all-embracing -charity, and the well-earned reputation of the author of ‘John Halifax.’”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“This excellent book is characterised by good sense, good taste, and feeling, and is -written in an earnest, philanthropic, as well as practical spirit.”—<i>Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>A LIFE FOR A LIFE.</h3> - -<p>“We are always glad to welcome this author. She writes from her own convictions, -and she has the power not only to conceive clearly what it is that she wishes to say, but -to express it in language effective and vigorous. In ‘A Life for a Life’ she is fortunate -in a good subject, and she has produced a work of strong effect. The reader, having read -the book through for the story, will be apt (if he be of our persuasion) to return and read -again many pages and passages with greater pleasure than on a first perusal. The whole -book is replete with a graceful, tender delicacy; and, in addition to its other merits, it is -written in good careful English.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>NOTHING NEW.</h3> - -<p>“‘Nothing New’ displays all those superior merits which have made ‘John Halifax’ -one of the most popular works of the day.”—<i>Post.</i></p> - -<p>“The reader will find these narratives calculated to remind him of that truth and -energy of human portraiture, that spell over human affections and emotions, which have -stamped this author as one of the first novelists of our day.”—<i>John Bull.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>THE WOMAN’S KINGDOM.</h3> - -<p>“‘The Woman’s Kingdom’ sustains the author’s reputation as a writer of the purest -and noblest kind of domestic stories. The novelist’s lesson is given with admirable force -and sweetness.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“‘The Woman’s Kingdom’ is remarkable for its romantic interest. The characters -are masterpieces. Edna is worthy of the hand that drew John Halifax.”—<i>Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>STUDIES FROM LIFE.</h3> - -<p>“These studies are truthful and vivid pictures of life, often earnest, always full of right -feeling, and occasionally lightened by touches of quiet genial humour. The volume is remarkable -for thought, sound sense, shrewd observation, and kind and sympathetic feeling -for all things good and beautiful.”—<i>Post.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">377</span></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>CHRISTIAN’S MISTAKE.</h3> - -<p>“A more charming story, to our taste, has rarely been written. Within the compass -of a single volume the writer has hit off a circle of varied characters, all true to nature—some -true to the highest nature—and she has entangled them in a story which keeps us -in suspense till the knot is happily and gracefully resolved; while, at the same time, a -pathetic interest is sustained by an art of which it would be difficult to analyse the secret. -It is a choice gift to be able thus to render human nature so truly, to penetrate its depths -with such a searching sagacity, and to illuminate them with a radiance so eminently the -writer’s own. Even if tried by the standard of the Archbishop of York, we should expect -that even he would pronounce ‘Christian’s Mistake’ a novel without a fault.”—<i>The Times.</i></p> - -<p>“This is a story good to have from the circulating library, but better to have from one’s -bookseller, for it deserves a place in that little collection of clever and wholesome stories -which forms one of the comforts of a well-appointed home.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>MISTRESS AND MAID.</h3> - -<p>“A good, wholesome book, as pleasant to read as it is instructive.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“This book is written with the same true-hearted earnestness as ‘John Halifax.’ The -spirit of the whole work is excellent.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p> - -<p>“A charming tale charmingly told.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>A NOBLE LIFE.</h3> - -<p>“This is one of those pleasant tales in which the author of ‘John Halifax’ speaks out -of a generous heart the purest truths of life.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p> - -<p>“Few men, and no women, will read ‘A Noble Life’ without finding themselves the -better.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> - -<p>“A story of powerful and pathetic interest.”—<i>Daily News.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>A BRAVE LADY.</h3> - -<p>“A very good novel, showing a tender sympathy with human nature, and permeated -by a pure and noble spirit.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p> - -<p>“A most charming story.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> - -<p>“We earnestly recommend this novel. It is a special and worthy specimen of the -author’s remarkable powers. The reader’s attention never for a moment flags.”—<i>Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>HANNAH.</h3> - -<p>“A powerful novel of social and domestic life. One of the most successful efforts of a -successful novelist.”—<i>Daily News.</i></p> - -<p>“A very pleasant, healthy story, well and artistically told. The book is sure of a wide -circle of readers. The character of Hannah is one of rare beauty.”—<i>Standard.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>THE UNKIND WORD.</h3> - -<p>“The author of ‘John Halifax’ has written many fascinating stories, but we can call to -mind nothing from her pen that has a more enduring charm than the graceful sketches in -this work. Such a character as Jessie stands out from a crowd of heroines as the type of -all that is truly noble, pure, and womanly.”—<i>United Service Magazine.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>YOUNG MRS. JARDINE.</h3> - -<p>“‘Young Mrs. Jardine’ is a pretty story, written in pure English.”—<i>The Times.</i></p> - -<p>“There is much good feeling in this book. It is pleasant and wholesome.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“A book that all should read. Whilst it is quite the equal of any of its predecessors -in elevation of thought and style, it is perhaps their superior in interest of plot and -dramatic intensity. The characters are admirably delineated, and the dialogue is natural -and clear.”—<i>Morning Post.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">378</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2 id="WORKS_BY"><span class="large">WORKS BY</span><br /> - -MRS. OLIPHANT.<br /> - -<span class="medium">><i>Each in One Volume, Frontispiece, and Uniformly Bound, Price 5s.</i></span></h2> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>ADAM GRAEME OF MOSSGRAY.</h3> - -<p>“‘Adam Graeme’ is a story awakening genuine emotions of interest and delight by its -admirable pictures of Scottish life and scenery. The plot is cleverly complicated, and -there is great vitality in the dialogue, and remarkable brilliancy in the descriptive passages, -as who that has read ‘Margaret Maitland’ would not be prepared to expect? -But the story has a ‘mightier magnet still,’ in the healthy tone which pervades it, in its -feminine delicacy of thought and diction, and in the truly womanly tenderness of its -sentiments. The eloquent author sets before us the essential attributes of Christian -virtue, their deep and silent workings in the heart, and their beautiful manifestations in -the life, with a delicacy, a power, and a truth which can hardly be surpassed.”—<i>Morning -Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>THE LAIRD OF NORLAW.</h3> - -<p>“We have had frequent opportunities of commending Messrs. Hurst and Blackett’s -Standard Library. For neatness, elegance, and distinctness the volumes in this series -surpass anything with which we are familiar. ‘The Laird of Norlaw’ will fully sustain -the author’s high reputation. The reader is carried on from first to last with an energy -of sympathy that never flags.”—<i>Sunday Times.</i></p> - -<p>“‘The Laird of Norlaw’ is worthy of the author’s reputation. It is one of the most -exquisite of modern novels.”—<i>Observer.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>IT WAS A LOVER AND HIS LASS.</h3> - -<p>“In ‘It was a Lover and his Lass,’ we admire Mrs. Oliphant exceedingly. Her story is -a very pretty one. It would be worth reading a second time, were it only for the sake of -one ancient Scottish spinster, who is nearly the counterpart of the admirable Mrs. Margaret -Maitland.”—<i>Times.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>AGNES.</h3> - -<p>“‘Agnes’ Is a novel superior to any of Mrs. Oliphant’s former works.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“Mrs. Oliphant is one of the most admirable of our novelists. In her works there are -always to be found high principle, good taste, sense, and refinement. ‘Agnes’ is a story -whose pathetic beauty will appeal irresistibly to all readers.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>A ROSE IN JUNE.</h3> - -<p>“‘A Rose in June’ is as pretty as its title. The story is one of the best and most -touching which we owe to the industry and talent of Mrs. Oliphant, and may hold its own -with even ‘The Chronicles of Carlingford.’”—<i>Times.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>PHŒBE, JUNIOR.</h3> - -<p>“This last ‘Chronicle of Carlingford’ not merely takes rank fairly beside the first -which introduced us to ‘Salem Chapel,’ but surpasses all the intermediate records. -Phœbe, Junior, herself is admirably drawn.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>LIFE OF THE REV. EDWARD IRVING.</h3> - -<p>“A good book on a most interesting theme.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“A truly interesting and most affecting memoir. ‘Irving’s Life’ ought to have a niche -in every gallery of religious biography. There are few lives that will be fuller of instruction, -interest, and consolation.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">379</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="large">WORKS BY</span><br /> - -GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D.<br /> - -<span class="medium"><i>Each in One Volume, Frontispiece, and Uniformly Bound, Price 5s.</i></span></h2> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>ALEC FORBES OF HOWGLEN.</h3> - -<p>“No account of this story would give any idea of the profound interest that pervades -the work from the first page to the last.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“A novel of uncommon merit. Sir Walter Scott said he would advise no man to try -to read ‘Clarissa Harlowe’ out loud in company if he wished to keep his character for -manly superiority to tears. We fancy a good many hardened old novel-readers will feel -a rising in the throat as they follow the fortunes of Alec and Annie.”—<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> - -<p>“The whole story is one of surpassing excellence and beauty.”—<i>Daily News.</i></p> - -<p>“This book is full of good thought and good writing. Dr. Mac Donald looks in his stories -more to the souls of men and women than to their social outside. He reads life and -Nature like a true poet.”—<i>Examiner.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>ROBERT FALCONER.</h3> - -<p>“‘Robert Falconer’ is a work brimful of life and humour and of the deepest human -interest. It is a work to be returned to again and again for the deep and searching -knowledge it evinces of human thoughts and feelings.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“This story abounds in exquisite specimens of the word-painting in which Dr. Mac -Donald excels, charming transcripts of Nature, full of light, air, and colour.”—<i>Saturday -Review.</i></p> - -<p>“This noble story displays to the best advantage all the powers of Dr. Mac Donald’s -genius.”—<i>Illustrated London News.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Robert Falconer’ is the noblest work of fiction that Dr. Mac Donald has yet produced.”—<i>British -Quarterly Review.</i></p> - -<p>“The dialogues in ‘Robert Falconer’ are so finely blended with humour and pathos as -to make them in themselves an intellectual treat to which the reader returns again and -again.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>DAVID ELGINBROD.</h3> - -<p>“A novel which is the work of a man of genius. It will attract the highest class of -readers.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p>“There are many beautiful passages and descriptions in this book. The characters are -extremely well drawn.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“A clever novel. The incidents are exciting, and the interest is maintained to the -close. It may be doubted if Sir Walter Scott himself ever painted a Scotch fireside with -more truth than Dr. Mac Donald.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<p>“David Elginbrod is the finest character we have met in fiction for many a day. The -descriptions of natural scenery are vivid, truthful, and artistic; the general reflections are -those of a refined, thoughtful, and poetical philosopher, and the whole moral atmosphere -of the book is lofty, pure, and invigorating.”—<i>Globe.</i></p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>SIR GIBBIE.</h3> - -<p>“‘Sir Gibbie’ is a book of genius.”—<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p> - -<p>“This book has power, pathos, and humour. There is not a character which is not -lifelike. There are many powerful scenes, and the portraits will stay long in our -memory.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Sir Gibbie’ is unquestionably a book of genius. It abounds in humour, pathos, -insight into character, and happy touches of description.”—<i>Graphic.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Sir Gibbie’ contains some of the most charming writing the author has yet produced.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p>“‘Sir Gibbie’ is one of the most touching and beautiful stories that has been written -for many years. It is not a novel to be idly read and laid aside; it is a grand work, to be -kept near at hand, and studied and thought over.”—<i>Morning Post.</i></p> - -<h3 class="medium">LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">380</span></h3> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3><i>WORKS by the AUTHOR of ‘JOHN HALIFAX.’</i><br /> - -<span class="medium">Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s.</span></h3> - -<p class="table"> -<span class="trow">JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN.</span> -<span class="trow">A WOMAN’S THOUGHTS ABOUT WOMEN.</span> -<span class="trow">A LIFE FOR A LIFE.</span> -<span class="trow">NOTHING NEW.</span> -<span class="trow">MISTRESS AND MAID.</span> -<span class="trow">THE WOMAN’S KINGDOM.</span> -<span class="trow">CHRISTIAN’S MISTAKE.</span> -<span class="trow">A NOBLE LIFE.</span> -<span class="trow">HANNAH.</span> -<span class="trow">THE UNKIND WORD.</span> -<span class="trow">A BRAVE LADY.</span> -<span class="trow">STUDIES FROM LIFE.</span> -<span class="trow">YOUNG MRS. JARDINE.</span> -</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3><i>WORKS by GEORGE MAC DONALD, LL.D.</i><br /> - -<span class="medium">Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s.</span></h3> - -<p class="table"> -<span class="trow">DAVID ELGINBROD.</span> -<span class="trow">ROBERT FALCONER.</span> -<span class="trow">ALEC FORBES.</span> -<span class="trow">SIR GIBBIE.</span> -</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3><i>WORKS by MRS. OLIPHANT.</i><br /> - -<span class="medium">Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s.</span></h3> - -<p class="table"> -<span class="trow">IT WAS A LOVER AND HIS LASS.</span> -<span class="trow">THE LAIRD OF NORLAW.</span> -<span class="trow">A ROSE IN JUNE.</span> -<span class="trow">ADAM GRAEME OF MOSSGRAY.</span> -<span class="trow">PHŒBE, JUNIOR.</span> -<span class="trow">AGNES.</span> -<span class="trow">THE LIFE OF THE REV. EDWARD IRVING.</span> -</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3><i>WORKS by the AUTHOR of ‘SAM SLICK.’</i><br /> - -<span class="medium">Each in a Single Volume, with Frontispiece, price 5s.</span></h3> - -<p class="table"> -<span class="trow">NATURE AND HUMAN NATURE.</span> -<span class="trow">WISE SAWS AND MODERN INSTANCES.</span> -<span class="trow">THE OLD JUDGE; OR, LIFE IN A COLONY.</span> -<span class="trow">TRAITS OF AMERICAN HUMOUR.</span> -<span class="trow">THE AMERICANS AT HOME.</span> -</p> - -<h3 class="medium"><i>LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT.</i></h3> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="footnotes"> -<h2 id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a> -It may be objected that this story pertains more to the -seventeenth than the eighteenth century; but, as the man -Roderick was alive in the last century, I claim him as belonging -to it.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a> -‘The History of St. Kilda,’ etc. By the Rev. Mr. Kenneth -Macaulay. London, 1764.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a> -‘Description of the Western Isles of Scotland, called Hebrides,’ -etc.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a> -Harris.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">5</a> -<i>Scottice</i>, are without.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">6</a> -‘A Late Voyage to St. Kilda, the Remotest of all the Hebrides,’ -etc., London, 1698.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">7</a> -Head-dress.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">8</a> -Venus, her lap dog.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">9</a> -A game at cards introduced into France by Signor Justiniani, -Ambassador of Venice in 1674. The players are the dealer or -banker, his assistant, who looks after the losing cards—a <i>croupier</i>, -in fact—and the punters, or anyone who plays against the banker.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">10</a> -To understand the numerous allusions to the game of cards called -Quadrill, it is necessary that the principles of the game should be given. -It was played by four persons, each having ten cards dealt to them. -</p> -<p> -The general laws of this game are, 1. It is not permitted to deal -the cards otherwise than four by three, the dealer being at liberty to -begin with which of those numbers he pleases. 2. If he who plays -either <i>sans prendre</i>, or calling a king, names a trump of a different -suit from that his game is in, or names two several suits, that which -he first named must be the trump. 3. He who plays must name the -trump by its proper name, as he likewise must the king he calls. 4. -He who has said ‘I pass,’ must not be again admitted to play, except -he plays by force, upon account of his having Spadille. 5. He who -has asked the question, and has leave given him to play, is obliged to -do it: but he must not play <i>sans prendre</i> except he is forced to do it. -6. He who has the four kings may call the queen of either of his -kings. 7. Neither the king nor queen of the suit which is trumps -must be called. 8. He who has one or several kings may call any king -he has in his hand; in such case, if he wins, he alone must make six -tricks; if he wins, it is all his own, and if he loses, he pays all by -himself. 9. Everyone ought to play in his turn, but for having done -otherwise, no one must be beasted. 10. He, however, whose turn is -not to play, having in his hand the king the ombre has called, and who -shall tramp about with either spadille, manille, or basto, or shall even -play down the king that was called, to give notice of his being the -friend, must not pretend to undertake the vole; nay, he must be condemned -to be beasted if it appears that he did it with any fraudulent -design. 11. He who has drawn a card from his game, and presented -it openly in order to play it, is obliged so to do, if his retaining it may -be either prejudicial to his game, or give any information to his friend, -especially if the card is a matadore; but he who plays <i>sans prendre</i>, or -calls upon his own king, is not subject to this law. 12. None ought to -look upon the tricks, nor to count aloud what has been played, except -when it is his turn to play, but to let everyone reckon for himself. -13. He who, instead of turning up the tricks before any one of his -players, shall turn up and discover his game, must be equally beasted -with him whose cards he has so discovered, the one paying one half, and -the other the like. 14. He who renounces must be beasted, as many -times as he has so done, but, if the cards are mixed, he is to pay but -one beast. 15. If the renounce prejudices the game, and the deal is -not played out, everyone may take up his cards, beginning at the trick -where the renounce was made, and play them over again. 16. He -who shows the game before the deal is out must be beasted, except -he plays <i>sans prendre</i>. 17. None of the three matadores can be commanded -down by an inferior trump. 18. If he who plays <i>sans prendre</i> -with the matadores in his hand, demands only one of them, he must -receive only that he mentioned. 19. He who, instead of <i>sans prendre</i>, -shall demand matadores, not having them, or he who shall demand <i>sans -prendre</i> instead of matadores, cannot compel the players to pay him -what is really his due. 20. Matadores are only paid when they are in -the hands of the ombre, or of the king his ally, whether all in one hand, -or separately in both. 21. He who undertakes the vole, and does not -make it, must pay as much as he would have received had he won it. -22. He who plays and does not make three tricks is to be beasted -alone, and must pay all that is to be paid; and, if he makes no tricks -at all, he must also pay to his two adversaries the vole, but not to his -friend.’—<i>The Oxford Encyclopædia</i>, 1828.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">11</a> -Dressing-gown.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">12</a> -Entendres.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">13</a> -Wonders.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">14</a> -These leaden combs were used for darkening the hair.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">15</a> -Pulled down 1885.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">16</span></a> -<span class="table"> -<span class="trow">Forsitan et nostros ducat de marmore vultus</span> -<span class="trow">Nectens aut Paphia myrti aut Parnasside lauri</span> -<span class="trow">Fronde comas—At ego secura pace quiescam.</span> -<span class="trow tdr"><i>Milton in Manso.</i></span> -</span> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">17</a> -John Speed, the historian, died 1629, and was buried in the -church of St. Giles’, Cripplegate.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">18</a> -The few hairs of a lighter colour, are supposed to have been -such as had grown on the sides of the cheeks after the corpse had -been interred.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">19</a> -‘MDCLV. May vi, died my (now) only and eldest son, John -Smith (<i>Proh Dolor</i>, beloved of all men!) at Mitcham in Surrey. -Buried May ix in St. Giles, Cripplegate.’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">20</a> -Edward Philips or Phillips, in his life of Milton, attached to -‘Letters of State, written by Mr. John Milton,’ &c., London, -1694, (p. 43), says: ‘He is said to have dyed worth £1,500 in -Money (a considerable Estate, all things considered), besides -Household Goods; for he sustained such losses as might well have -broke any person less frugal and temperate than himself; no less -than £2,000 which he had put for Security and Improvement into -the Excise Office, but, neglecting to recal it in time, could never -after get it out, with all the Power and Interest he had in the -Great ones of those Times; besides another great Sum by mismanagement -and for want of good advice.’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">21</a> -Thomas Newton, Bishop of Bristol, thus writes in his life of -Milton, prefixed to his edition of ‘Paradise Lost,’ London, 1749: -‘His body was decently interred near that of his father (who had -died very aged about the year 1647) in the chancel of the church -of St. Giles, Cripplegate; and all his great and learned friends -in London, not without a friendly concourse of the common -people, paid their last respects in attending it to the grave. Mr. -Fenton, in his short but elegant account of the life of Milton, -speaking of our author’s having no monument, says that “he -desired a friend to inquire at St. Giles’s Church, where the sexton -showed him a small monument, which he said was supposed to be -Milton’s; but the inscription had never been legible since he was -employed in that office, which he has possessed about forty years. -This sure could never have happened in so short a space of time, -unless the epitaph had been industriously erased; and that supposition, -says Mr. Fenton, carries with it so much inhumanity -that I think we ought to believe it was not erected to his memory.” -It is evident that it was not erected to his memory, and that the -sexton was mistaken. For Mr. Toland, in his account of the life -of Milton, says that he was buried in the chancel of St. Giles’s -Church, “where the piety of his admirers will shortly erect a -monument becoming his worth, and the encouragement of letters -in King William’s reign.” This plainly implies that no monument -was erected to him at that time, and this was written in 1698, -and Mr. Fenton’s account was first published, I think, in 1725; -so that not above twenty-seven years intervened from the one -account to the other; and consequently the sexton, who it is said -was possessed of his office about forty years, must have been mistaken, -and the monument must have been designed for some other -person, and not for Milton.’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">22</a> -Between the creditable trades of pawnbroker and dram-seller -there is a strict alliance. As Hogarth observes, the money lent -by Mr. Gripe is immediately conveyed to the shop of Mr. Killman, -who, in return for the produce of rags, distributes poison -under the specious name of cordials. See Hogarth’s celebrated -print called Gin Lane.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">23</a> -Probably in the month of September, as the entry of his baptism -in the registry of the chapelry of Middlesmoor, in Netherdale, -says ‘Eugenius Aram, son of Peter Aram, baptized the 2nd of -October.’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">24</a> -Though no warrants were issued against them, Aram was -arrested for debt, in order to keep him; yet he immediately discharged -this debt—not only so, he paid off a mortgage on his -property at Bondgate. Suspicious facts, considering he was, -notably, a poor man.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">25</a> -Finding.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">26</a> -The esne was a man of the servile class, a poor mercenary, -serving for hire, or for his land, but was not of so low a rank as -the other classes.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">27</a> -An Act relative to German and Swiss redemptioners.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">28</a> -Bedlam was then in Moorfields.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">29</a> -A large wickerwork receptacle behind the mail-coach.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">30</a> -Palmer invented the mail-coach, and supplied horses to the -Post-Office.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">31</a> -Lunardi made the first balloon ascent in England, Sept. 21, 1784.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">32</a> -Birmingham halfpence, struck by Boulton and Watts at their -works at Soho, Birmingham.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">33</a> -Kew Bridge was opened to the public, September, 1789.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">34</a> -Some idea of the duelling that went on in Ireland in the -latter part of last century may be gathered from the following -extract from Sir Jonah’s book (vol. ii, p. 3): ‘I think I may -challenge any country in Europe to show such an assemblage of -gallant <i>judicial</i> and <i>official</i> antagonists at fire and sword as is -exhibited even in the following list: -</p> -<p> -The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Earl Clare, fought the -Master of the Rolls, Curran. -</p> -<p> -The Chief Justice, K.B. Lord Clonmell, fought Lord Tyrawley -(a privy counsellor), Lord Llandaff, and two others. -</p> -<p> -The judge of the county of Dublin, Egan, fought the Master -of the Rolls, Roger Barrett, and three others. -</p> -<p> -The Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Right Hon. Isaac Corry, -fought the Right Hon. Henry Grattan (a privy counsellor), and -another. -</p> -<p> -A Baron of the Exchequer, Baron Medge, fought his brother-in-law -and two others. -</p> -<p> -The Chief Justice, C. P. Lord Norbury, fought Fire-eater -Fitzgerald and two other gentlemen, and frightened Napper -Tandy, and several besides: one hit only. -</p> -<p> -The judge of the Prerogative Court, Dr. Dingenan, fought -one barrister and frightened another on the ground. N.B.—The -latter case a curious one. -</p> -<p> -The Chief Counsel to the Revenue, Henry Deane Grady, -fought Counsellor O’Mahon, Counsellor Campbell, and others: -all hits. -</p> -<p> -The Master of the Rolls fought Lord Buckinghamshire, the -Chief Secretary, &c. -</p> -<p> -The provost of the University of Dublin, the Right Hon. -Hely Hutchinson, fought Mr. Doyle, Master in Chancery, and -some others. -</p> -<p> -The Chief Justice C. P. Patterson, fought three country -gentlemen, one of them with swords, another with guns, and -wounded all of them. -</p> -<p> -The Right Hon. George Ogle (a privy counsellor) fought -Barney Coyle, a distiller, because he was a Papist. They fired -eight shots, and no hit; but the second broke his own arm. -</p> -<p> -Thomas Wallace, K.C., fought Mr. O’Gorman, the Catholic -Secretary. -</p> -<p> -Counsellor O’Connell fought the Orange chieftain; fatal to -the champion of Protestant ascendency. -</p> -<p> -The collector of the customs of Dublin, the Hon. Francis -Hutchinson, fought the Right Hon. Lord Mountmorris. -</p> -<p> -Two hundred and twenty-seven memorable and official duels -have actually been fought during my grand climacteric.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">35</a> -‘The Female Soldier; or, The Surprising Life and Adventures -of Hannah Snell,’ &c. London, 1750.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">36</a> -A farmer of repute.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">37</a> -For a pension.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">38</a> -The action off Cape St. Vincent, when Sir John Jervis, with -fifteen sail of the line, attacked and defeated the Spanish fleet, -consisting of twenty-seven sail of the line.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">39</a> -‘The case of Mr. John Walter, of London, Merchant.’ -London, 1781.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">40</a> -Then in Lombard Street.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">41</a> -Lord North resigned, and Lord Rockingham succeeded as -Premier, 1782.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">42</a> -Logotypes—or printing types in which words, etc., were -cast, instead of single letters.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">43</a> -The centenary of the <i>Times</i> was improperly celebrated in -that paper on the 1st of January, 1885.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">44</a> -<i>i.e.</i>, in the liberty or Rules of the Fleet.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">45</a> -A foot-lock or hobble.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">46</a> -From the link-boy’s natural hatred of ‘the Parish Lantern,’ -which would deprive him of his livelihood.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">47</a> -In throwing dice a corruption of the French numerals is -used, as ace (one), deuce (two), tray (three), &c.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">48</a> -<i>I.e.</i>, That sentence of death, owing to his pleading benefit of -clergy, or ability to read, was commuted to imprisonment, and -branding on the face with a red-hot iron. By degrees, however, -the iron got colder, until, at last, it was barely warm.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">49</a> -Mews, or horse-pond.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">50</a> -‘The Humours of the Fleet.’ A Poem, by W. Paget, -Comedian, &c. Birmingham.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">51</a> -Where the Fleet Market is now, there was, a few Years -since, a Ditch, with a muddy Channel of Water. The Market -was built at the Expense of the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, -who receive the Rent for it.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">52</a> -The Door-keeper, or he who opens and shuts the Jigg, is -call’d the Jigger.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">53</a> -Billiards is a very common game here.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">54</a> -Fine Ale drank in the Coffee-room, call’d the ‘Alderman,’ because -brew’d by Alderman Parsons.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">55</a> -A Runner is a Fellow that goes abroad of Errands for the -Prisoners.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">56</a> -Begs.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">57</a> -Persons who give any Considerable offence are often try’d, -and undergo the Discipline of the Pump. The Author was one -of these in a drunken Frolick, for which he condemns himself.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">58</a> -A Spacious place, where there are all sorts of Exercises, but -especially Fives.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">59</a> -A Publick Place, free for all Prisoners.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">60</a> -Where those lie who can’t pay their Master’s Fee.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">61</a> -There are several of these Jiggers, or Door-keepers, who relieve -one another, and, when a Prisoner comes first in, they take a -nice Observation of him, for fear of his escaping.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">62</a> -A cant Word for giving some Money in order to show a -Lodging.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">63</a> -Which is One Pound, Six, and Eightpence, and then you are -entitled to a bed on the Master’s-side, for which you pay so much -per Week.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">64</a> -Mount-scoundrel, so-call’d from its being highly situated, -and belonging, once, to the Common-side, tho’ lately added to -the Master’s; if there be room in the House, this Place is first -empty, and the Chamberlain commonly shows this to raise his -Price upon you for a better.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">65</a> -Half-a-guinea.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">66</a> -A Bed-fellow so call’d.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">67</a> -When you have a Chum, you pay but fifteen Pence per Week -each, and, indeed, that is the Rent of a whole Room, if you find -Furniture.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">68</a> -The Upper Floors are accounted best here, for the same -Reason as they are at Edinburgh, which, I suppose, every Body -knows.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">69</a> -It is common to mention the Fleet by the name of the Place, -and I suppose it is call’d the Place by way of Eminence, because -there is not such another.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">70</a> -A Cant Word for a Dram of Geneva.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">71</a> -A Chew of Tobacco—supposed to be given him.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">72</a> -When there are Holes above Heel, or the Feet are so bad in a -Stocking that you are forced to pull them to hide the Holes, or -cover the Toes, it is call’d Coaxing.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">73</a> -As the Prison is often called the College, so it is common to -call a Prisoner a Collegian; and this Character is taken from a -Man who had been many Years in the Place, and like to continue -his Life.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">74</a> -The Name of the Cook of the Kitchen.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">75</a> -A place in the Cellar call’d Bartholomew Fair.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">76</a> -Who goes out? is repeated by Watchmen Prisoners from -half-an-hour after nine till St. Paul’s Clock strikes Ten, to give -Visitors Notice to depart.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">77</a> -While St. Paul’s is striking Ten, the Watchman don’t call -Who goes out? but when the last stroke is given they cry All -told! at which time the Gates are lock’d and nobody suffer’d to -go out upon any Account.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">78</a> -A werst is one thousand and sixty-seven metres.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">79</a> -Then valued at four shillings each, or eight pounds in all.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">80</a> -Gay, in his ‘Trivia,’ book i, says, - -<span class="table"> -<span class="trow">‘Let <i>Persian</i> Dames th’<i>Umbrella’s</i> Ribs display,</span> -<span class="trow">To guard their Beauties from the Sunny Ray.’</span> -</span> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">81</a> -‘A Review of the proposed Naturalization of the Jews.’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">82</a> -Among other Bills which then received the Royal Assent was -one for purchasing Sloane Museum and the Harleian MSS., and for -providing a general repository for the same—by means of a lottery—the -commencement of the British Museum.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">83</a> -‘Parliamentary History,’ Hansard, vol. xv, p. 154.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">84</a> -‘Eight Letters to his Grace—Duke of Newcastle—on the -custom of Vails-giving in England, &c.,’ 1760, p. 20.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">85</a> -‘The East Neuk of Fife,’ by Rev. Walter Wood. Edinburgh, -1862, p. 208.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">86</a> -Tickled the palms of their hands.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">87</a> -‘The English Treasury of Wit and Language,’ etc., ed. 1655, -pp. 223, 224.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">88</a> -Or surfel—to wash the cheeks with mercurial or sulphur -water.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">89</a> -Face-washes and ointments.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">90</a> -Edition 1699, p. 19. The poem had reference to the College -of Physicians, establishing a dispensary of their own, owing to the -excessive charges of the apothecaries. The institution did not last -very long.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">91</a> -Gold.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">92</a> -‘The Female Physician, &c.,’ by John Ball, M.D.—London, -1770, pp. 76, 77.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">93</a> -This water, as its name implies, was supposed to be a sovereign -remedy for gunshot wounds. It was also called <i>aqua -vulneraria</i>, <i>aqua sclopetaria</i>, and <i>aqua catapultarum</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">94</a> -Now called an <i>entire horse</i>, or <i>stallion</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">95</a> -‘The London Spy,’ ed. 1703, p. 124.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">96</a> -An allusion to the dispensary which the College of Physicians -set up in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and which was -the subject of Sir S. Garth’s satirical poem, called ‘The Dispensary.’</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">97</a> -A seventh son of a seventh son is supposed to be endowed with -extraordinary faculties of healing, and many of these quacks pretended -to such a descent.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">98</a> -‘The London Spy,’ ed. 1703, p. 64.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">99</a> -A covering, or gaiter, to protect the legs from dirt or wet.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">100</a> -‘The Liturgy and other Divine Offices of the Church.’ -London, Bosworth, 1880, p. 638.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">101</a> -‘The Liturgy and other Divine Offices of the Church,’ p. 584.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">102</a> -<i>General Advertiser</i>, March 26, 1782.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">103</a> -<i>General Advertiser</i>, May 1, 1783.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">104</a> -<i>General Advertiser</i>, February 13, 1784.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">105</a> -<i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, 1736, pp. 617-618.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">106</a> -By Dr. Zachary Pearce, Bishop of Rochester.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">107</a> -A pickle herring was a Merry-Andrew or clown, and this -means that the quack was too poor to afford either horse or -attendant.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">108</a> -A false witness—one who would swear to anything for a trifle.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">109</a> -I have before me now twelve lives of him, and that is by no -means an exhaustive list.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">110</a> -‘Memoire pour le Comte de Cagliostro, accusé: contre -Monsieur le Procureur-General, accusateur; en presence de -Monsieur le Cardinal de Rohan, de la Comtesse de la Motte, et -autres co-accusés.’ Paris, 1786, 4to.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">111</a> -Of this work there was a French translation published in 1791 -at Paris and Strasbourg, under the title of ‘Vie de Joseph Balsamo, -connu sous le nom de Comte Cagliostro,’ &c. 2nd edition.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">112</a> -Editor of the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, 1772-89.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">113</a> -Locusta, or, more correctly, Lucusta, was a celebrated poisoner. -She was employed by Aggripina to poison the Emperor Claudius, -and by Nero to kill Britannicus. For this she was most handsomely -rewarded by Nero; but was executed for her crimes by -Galba.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">114</a> -<i>i.e.</i>, to serve on the convict hulks there, to dredge the Thames. -The treatment on board was based on good principles; those convicts -who were well-behaved had remission of sentence, those -who were recalcitrant had unmerciful punishment.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<h3>Transcriber’s Note:</h3> - -<p>Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Eighteenth Century Waifs, by John Ashton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EIGHTEENTH CENTURY WAIFS *** - -***** This file should be named 50507-h.htm or 50507-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/5/0/50507/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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