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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa841e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50501 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50501) diff --git a/old/50501-0.txt b/old/50501-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c0131ca..0000000 --- a/old/50501-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15498 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Mediæval Hospitals of England, by Rotha Mary Clay - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Mediæval Hospitals of England - -Author: Rotha Mary Clay - -Contributor: G. F. Bristol - -Editor: J. Charles Cox - -Release Date: November 19, 2015 [EBook #50501] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, RichardW, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND, - BY ROTHA MARY CLAY; - A PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK. - - - - - THE ANTIQUARY’S BOOKS - GENERAL EDITOR: J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. - - THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND - - [Illustration: _THE SOUTH-EAST VIEW OF THE HOSPITAL OR - MAISON-DIEU AT DOVER._ - - ST. MARY’S HOSPITAL, DOVER] - - - - - THE - MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS - OF ENGLAND - - BY - ROTHA MARY CLAY - - WITH A PREFACE BY - THE LORD BISHOP OF BRISTOL - - WITH 78 ILLUSTRATIONS - - METHUEN & CO. - 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. - LONDON - - - - -_First Published in 1909_ - - - - -DEDICATED TO - -FRANCES ARNOLD-FORSTER - -WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION - - - - -PREFACE - - -When the able author of this book asked me to write a Preface to a work -on Hospitals, I replied that I must first see the sheets in proof. -This was not due to any doubt of the ability of the writer, it was -due to some doubt as to the adequacy of the material at her disposal. -This doubt has been much more than removed. The mass of the material -collected is remarkable. Still more remarkable is the evidence of the -very large part played by Hospitals—in the widest senses of the word—in -the social life of the people of this land in the earlier Middle Ages. -For the fuller understanding of the social life of our ancestors, this -book contributes information of the most luminous character. It will -serve also as an example and pattern for young and earnest students -of real history, the history of ordinary human beings rather than of -generals and of kings. And it must be added that, although the division -into numerous headings leads to frequent repetitions of the names and -characters of institutions of the nature of Hospitals, it has the -great advantage of reducing to order a mass of material which might -under less careful treatment have had a chaotic appearance. As a book -of reference for readers and writers, this treatise on the Mediæval -Hospitals of England ought to hold a distinguished place. - -G. F. BRISTOL - -_July, 1909._ - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Preface by the Lord Bishop of Bristol . . . vii - - Introduction . . . xvii - - - PART I - - CHAPTER I - Hospitals for Wayfarers and the Sick . . . 1 - - CHAPTER II - Homes for the Feeble and Destitute . . . 15 - - CHAPTER III - Homes for the Insane . . . 31 - - CHAPTER IV - The Lazar-House . . . 35 - - CHAPTER V - The Leper in England . . . 48 - - CHAPTER VI - Founders and Benefactors . . . 70 - - CHAPTER VII - Hospital Inmates . . . 91 - - CHAPTER VIII - Hospital Dwellings . . . 106 - - CHAPTER IX - The Constitution . . . 126 - - CHAPTER X - The Household and its Members . . . 143 - - CHAPTER XI - Care of the Soul . . . 158 - - CHAPTER XII - Care of the Body . . . 167 - - CHAPTER XIII - Hospital Funds . . . 178 - - CHAPTER XIV - Relations with Church and State . . . 194 - - CHAPTER XV - Decline of the Hospitals . . . 212 - - CHAPTER XVI - The Dissolution of Religious Houses and its Effect - upon Hospitals . . . 226 - - - PART II - - Hospital Patron-Saints . . . 244 - - - APPENDIX A - - Office at the Seclusion of a Leper . . . 273 - - - APPENDIX B - - Tabulated List of Foundations . . . 278 - - Bibliography . . . 339 - - General Index . . . 343 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT - - -* Asterisk denotes that buildings remain in much the same condition as - shown. - - The seals are copied mainly from impressions in the British Museum. - - - 1. St. John’s Hospital, Oxford . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 1 - - [After M. Paris, B.M. Roy. 14 C. vii. f. 221.] - - 2. A Pilgrim . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 6 - - [B.M. 17 C. xxxviii. f. 39, xiv. cent.] - - 3. Domus Conversorum, London . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 20 - - [Idem.] Home for Jews, founded 1232. Site - occupied by Rolls Chapel, Chancery Lane. - - 4. *Poor Priests’ Hospital, Canterbury . . . B. C. Boulter . . . 23 - - [From _Ancient Cities_ Series.] - - 5. *The Bede-House, Stamford . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 29 - - 6. Seal of the Lazar-House, Mile End . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 47 - - 7. The Leper and the Physician . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 59 - - [Trin. Coll. Camb. O.I. 20, by permission of the - Librarian.] - - Represents, perhaps, the examination of a - suspected person. - - 8. Elias, a Leper-monk . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 64 - - [Notes on Painted Glass in Canterbury Cathedral; - from window in the Trinity Chapel, partly new, - partly fragments of old glass.] - - 9. A Leper . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 68 - - [Exeter Pontifical, B.M. Lands. 451 f. 127; xiv. - cent. MS., marginal sketch possibly xv. cent.] - - 10. “The Memorial of Matilda the Queen” . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 71 - - [After Matthew Paris, _Hist. Major_, Corp. Chr. - Coll. Camb., MS. xvi, xxvi, by permission of the - Librarian.] - - _Memoriale Matildis reginæ scilicet hospitale - Sancti Egidii quod est Londoniæ._ - - 11. *Tomb of Rahere in St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield . . . J. Charles - Wall . . . 76 - - 12. Memorial Brass of John Barstaple . . . — . . . 84 - - [By kind permission of Mr. J. W. Arrowsmith.] - - 13. *St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Bristol . . . S. J. Loxton . . . 89 - - [By kind permission of the Proprietor of the - _Western Daily Press_.] - - 14. Seal of St. Bartholomew’s, London . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 93 - - 15. Seal of Knightsbridge Hospital . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 103 - - Depicts Blessed Virgin and Child with St. Leonard. - - Inscribed: _Sigillum: ospici sci: lenarde (?): - kynght brigge_. - - 16. Seal of St. Alexis, Exeter . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 107 - - 17. Seal of St. John’s, Exeter . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 107 - - 18. Seal of St. John’s, Stafford . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 108 - - 19. Plan of St. Mary’s, Chichester . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 112 - - [Dollman’s Domestic Architecture.] - - 20. Plan of St. Nicholas’, Salisbury . . . — . . . 113 - - Drawn by Mr. J. Arthur Reeve, architect. By kind - permission of Canon Wordsworth. - - 21. Sherburn Hospital, near Durham . . . — . . . 118 - - [Hutchinson’s Durham, 1787.] - - The gateway and chapel remain. - - 22. Plan of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester . . . J. Charles Wall - . . . 119 - - [After Schnebbelie.] - - 23. *Chapel of Abbot Beere’s Almshouse, Glastonbury . . . J. Charles - Wall . . . 124 - - 24. Seal of the leper-women of Westminster . . . J. Charles Wall - . . . 147 - - 25. *Ancient Hospital Altar at Glastonbury . . . — . . . 165 - - [By kind permission of Mr. George Gregory, Bath, - from Rev. C. L. Marson’s _Glastonbury_.] - - In the chapel of the almshouse founded or - re-founded by Abbot Beere. - - 26. A Leper with clapper and dish . . . — . . . 177 - - [After a Miniature in the Bibl. de l’Arsenal, - Paris, MS. 5060; xiii. cent.; from La Vie Privée - d’Autrefois, “L’Hygiène,” A. Franklin, 1890.] - - 27. Document and Seal of Holy Innocents’, Lincoln . . . J. Charles - Wall . . . 180 - - [B.M. Harl. ch. 44 A. 29.] - - 28. Alms-box, Harbledown Hospital . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 192 - - Erasmus dropped a coin into it on his visit to - Harbledown. - - 29. *Bell-turret of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Glastonbury . . . E. H. New - . . . 198 - - [From _Ancient Cities_ Series.] - - 30. Seal of St. Anthony’s, London . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 208 - - [_Gent. Mag._ 1784 ii.] - - 31. *Gateway of St. John’s, Canterbury . . . B. C. Boulter . . . 241 - - [From _Ancient Cities_ Series.] - - 32. Seal of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Bristol . . . J. Charles Wall - . . . 252 - - 33. Seal of St. Mark’s, Bristol . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 254 - - 34. Seal of St. Clement’s, Hoddesdon . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 256 - - 35. Seal of St. Katherine’s, Bristol . . . J. Charles Wall . . . 260 - - 36. A Pilgrim’s Sign . . . — . . . 265 - - [_Collectanea Antiqua._] - - Canterbury souvenir found at York. - - 37. Seal of St. Bartholomew’s, Rochester . . . J. Charles Wall - . . . 271 - - - - -LIST OF PLATES - - - *Maison Dieu, Dover . . . _Frontispiece_ - - [Buck’s engraving, 1735.] - - S.E. view of St. Mary’s Hospital. The restored - buildings form part of the Town Hall; the chapel - on the N.E. is used as a police-court. - - I. Refreshment for Wayfarers . . . 5 - - [“The Pilgrim.” B.M. Tib. A. vii. f. 90, xv. - cent.] - - II. *Pilgrims’ Hospital, Canterbury . . . 8 - - [Drawn by J. Raymond, engraved by Cook.] - - N. view of St. Thomas’, Eastbridge. The windows - are those of the chapel, rebuilt _circa_ 1363. - - III. *St. John’s, Canterbury . . . 15 - - [Idem.] The chapel exists, but altered. The hall - contains charters, alms-box, account-books, etc. - - IV. *Cloister of St. Giles’, Norwich . . . 24 - - [Photograph, London and Co. Photo Press.] - - V. *Harbledown Hospital . . . 35 - - [Drawn by Nelson, 1766, engraved by Cook.] - - Church remains, dwellings rebuilt; hall contains - ancient utensils, etc. - - VI. (_a_) St. Bartholomew’s, Gloucester . . . 73 - - [From Lysons’ _Antiquities_.] - - S.E. view. Hospital rebuilt _temp._ Henry III. - - (_b_) *St. Mary’s, Chichester . . . 73 - - [S.H. Grimm, B.M. Add. Burrell.] - - VII. *God’s House, Southampton . . . 78 - - [Woodward and Wilks, Hampshire.] - - St. Julian’s Chapel and God’s House Gate. - - VIII. *Hospital of St. Cross . . . 81 - - [From Guide, J. Wilkes, 1780.] - - The southern wing has disappeared. - - IX. The Death of Richard Whittington . . . 82 - - [Life of John Carpenter, by T. Brewer, p. 26; - original in Mercers’ Hall.] - - X. *Hall of St. Cross, Winchester . . . 110 - - [Woodward.] - - XI. *St. Mary Magdalene’s, Glastonbury . . . 115 - - (_a_) View from the West. [Drawn by E. H. New.] - - (_b_) Ground-plan. [Drawn by J. Charles Wall.] - - XII. St. Giles-in-the-Fields, London . . . 117 - - [From a map about 1566, B.M. Crace Collection.] - - (_a_) Plan of the Leper Hospital. (_b_) Church of - St. Giles. - - XIII. *Ford’s Hospital, Coventry . . . 121 - - [Photograph by Frith.] - - XIV. The Savoy Hospital, London . . . 122 - - [G.V. 1736, Vetusta Monumenta.] - - XV. *Hospital of St. Nicholas, Salisbury . . . 129 - - [Original drawings by J. Buckler, B.M. K. xliii.] - - (_a_) S.E. view; the present chapel is shown, and - to the right a former chapel, now a kitchen. - - (_b_) W. view; the weathering of the original - porch is seen. - - XVI. (a) The Warden’s House, Sherburn . . . 143 - - [Original drawing by Grimm, B.M.] - - This residence was destroyed in 1833. - - (b) *Gateway, Kepier . . . 143 [Surtees’ Durham.] - - This fine gateway (1333–45) has a groined ceiling - with beautiful bosses. - - XVII. *The Almshouse, Ewelme . . . 151 - - [Photograph by Taunt.] - - “The Pratie Hospitale of poore Men” with its - “very fair Welle” was visited by Leland. - - XVIII. *St. Mary’s, Chichester . . . 158 - - [Photograph by Valentine.] - - XIX. St. Bartholomew’s, Sandwich . . . 160 - - [Drawn by G. Maxwell, engraved in W. Boys’ - _Collections_, 1787.] - - (_a_) Chapel. (_b_) Gateway. - - XX. The Beggars’ Dole . . . 170 - - [_Gentleman’s Magazine_, 1793, from stained - glass.] - - Food distributed to the hungry; one cripple uses - a “stool” or support. - - XXI. St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester . . . 179 - - [J. Schnebbelie, 1788, Vetusta Monumenta.] - - (_a_) Master’s House and Chapel. (_b_) Chapel - from West. - - A Norman doorway from this destroyed chapel was - removed to St. Peter’s Street. - - XXII. *St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford . . . 191 - - [Drawn by Hollis, _Gent. Mag._, 1833, i.] - - The chapel and buildings remain at Bartlemas - Farm, Cowley Road. - - XXIII. *St. John’s, Wilton . . . 205 - - [Original drawings by J. Buckler, B.M.] - - (_a_) S.E. view. (_b_) N. view. - - The “Priory” is still picturesque and ivy-clad. - The walls are of flints, with large quoins; the - original buttresses and windows remain. The - chapel (_a_) is in use. - - XXIV. *St. Leonard’s, York (ambulatory) . . . 227 - - XXV. *St. Leonard’s, York (chapel) . . . 232 - - XXVI. *The Almshouse, Abingdon . . . 235 - - [Photograph by Taunt] - - Now called Christ’s Hospital. - - XXVII. St. Mary’s, Newcastle . . . 247 - - [After lithograph, J. Storey, 1844; reproduced - by permission of the Society of Antiquaries, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne, from Transactions, 1892.] - - XXVIII. (_a_) St. Petronilla’s, Bury St. Edmunds . . . 256 - - (_b_) *Lepers’ Chapel, Dunwich . . . 256 - - XXIX. The Hospitality of St. Julian . . . 259 - - [By Cristofano Allori, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, - photograph by Brogi.] - - XXX. (_a_) Spital-on-the-Street . . . 264 - - [S.H. Grimm, B.M.] - - (_b_) *St. Edmund’s, Gateshead . . . 264 - - [Idem.] The chapel was built _circa_ 1247, and - restored 1837; now Holy Trinity Church, High - Street. - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - - _“And to relief of lazars and weak age,_ - _Of indigent faint souls, past corporal toil,_ - _A hundred almshouses, right well supplied.”_ - - (Shakespeare: Henry V., i. 1.) - -While we are justly proud of our institutions for the amelioration of -the lot of the infirm and destitute, we are apt to forget that they are -not the outcome of any modern philanthropic movement, but are rather -England’s inheritance for above a thousand years. - -Much has been written of the regular monastic houses. These are -situated, as it were, upon the high-roads of ecclesiastical history; -but comparatively little attention has been paid to the existence and -development of the foundations known as “Hospitals.” Although it is -with some trepidation that we tread the less-frequented by-paths of -history, an attempt will be made in this volume to illustrate the place -of the hospital in pre-Reformation times, and by this means to secure a -fuller recognition of the widespread activity of the Church of England -in former days. Hospitals played an important part in the social life -of the Middle Ages, and from the study of them much may be learnt of -the habits of a distant past. - -At the outset it will be well to make clear what the hospital was, -and what it was not. It was an ecclesiastical, not a medical, -institution. It was for care rather than cure: for the relief of the -body, when possible, but pre-eminently for the refreshment of the -soul. By manifold religious observances, the staff sought to elevate -and discipline character. They endeavoured, as the body decayed, to -strengthen the soul and prepare it for the future life. Faith and love -were more predominant features in hospital life than were skill and -science. - -It will surprise many to learn that—apart from actual monasteries and -friaries—there existed upwards of 750 such charitable institutions -in Mediæval England.[1] To appreciate the relative magnitude of this -number, it must be remembered that the total population was smaller -than that of London at the present day. The fact proves that clergy and -laity were battling bravely with social problems. There existed a sense -of responsibility, causing real charitable effort, although mediæval -methods may appear mistaken in the light of modern scientific and -economic principles. - -The study of these ancient charities calls attention to the following -points. The first is the extent of leprosy in England. There are, -indeed, conflicting opinions concerning the prevalence of the disease, -but it is certain that the figure mentioned above includes over 200 -hospitals occupied at one time by lepers. Secondly, a number of the -early foundations were in the main houses of hospitality for strangers; -and this testifies to the widespread practice of pilgrimage. There were -also general hospitals in which temporary and permanent relief was -given to needy persons of all sorts and conditions. Some were very -small institutions, mere cottage-hospitals. It is often impossible to -ascertain the character of an ancient charity. As long ago as 1594, -it was reported concerning St. Edmund’s, Gateshead: “the poor . . . -are and have been indifferently of both kindes as men and women; but -whether sicke or wholl, lepers or way fairinge, so they be poore, -needie, and indigente, is note respected.” On the other hand, in the -case of large towns, hospitals were often differentiated. Situated -in the main street, perhaps, was an infirmary-almshouse for the sick -and helpless; near a frequented gate stood a hostel for passing -pilgrims and others; outside the walls there would be at least one -leper-hospital. - -It is not possible to be precise in chronology, or even to give -approximate dates. In Chantry Surveys there is often a memorandum that -no foundation can be shown, this being lost in obscurity, and the house -founded “before time of memory.” Probably the earliest authentic fact -relating to charitable houses other than monasteries is that concerning -the Saxon hospital at York, for although, in the words of Canon Raine, -“its beginning is enveloped in an atmosphere of historical romance,” -the munificence of Athelstan enables us to date its origin about the -year 937. - -The year 1547 serves as a useful limit to our period, and may well -for the purposes of this book denote the close of the Middle Ages in -England. Its selection in no way implies a lack of continuity in the -Church with which every hospital was intimately associated,—yet it -marks a time of transition. Charity was crippled for a time by the -confiscations of endowments designed for the relief of the destitute, -until a new generation of philanthropists arose and endeavoured to -replace them. Thomas Fuller truly says, “the reformed Religion in -England hath been the Mother of many brave Foundations.” To support -this he instances certain famous hospitals, as that at Warwick, built -by the Earl of Leicester (1571); Croydon, by Archbishop Whitgift -(1596); Guildford, by Archbishop Abbot (before 1617), and Sutton’s -Charterhouse (1611). There is, indeed, no fundamental difference -between the earlier and later almshouses of the sixteenth century. The -author of _A History of English Philanthropy_ gives two reasons for -using the period of the dissolution of monasteries as a starting-point. -“It was then,” he says, “that modern problems began to formulate -themselves with great precision; and charity was then ceasing to be -under the immediate direction and tutelage of the Church.” For the -same reasons, the year 1547 is here used to conclude the earlier -philanthropic era. - -A tabulated list of hospitals will be found in Appendix B. Additions -and corrections are earnestly invited by the author, as local and -particular knowledge is required to make it accurate and exhaustive. -From this list are excluded such infirmaries as formed an integral -part of a monastic house; but in cases where some abbey maintained a -separate institution outside its gates (with distinct constitution, -separate dedication-name, and sometimes a separate seal), the -foundation is set down as a hospital. The institutions known as -Colleges have no place unless, indeed, they maintained bedemen. The -“House of Converts” does, however, rightly belong to our subject, for -it was an almshouse and industrial home. “Hospitals” of the Orders of -the Temple and St. John of Jerusalem are excluded, because they differ -in character, although the work they carried on was partly the same. -Moreover, as they formed part of great societies, famous in and beyond -Europe, they have their own historians. Houses of the Knights of St. -Lazarus must, however, consistency notwithstanding, find a place, -because any account of relief provided for lepers would be incomplete -if that comparatively small Order were passed over. “Hospital” was -a wide-embracing term, and the occasional application of the word -to religious foundations of one kind or another has not always been -accounted a reason for their inclusion. - -The history of many houses is obscure, limited in some cases to a -single reference. The great scholars Bishop Tanner and Sir William -Dugdale reaped harvests, which are garnered in their Monasticons; -yet even a humble student may now glean after them by means of the -invaluable printed Calendars of the Public Record Office. The labours -of the Historical Manuscripts Commission are likewise fruitful. Wills -are useful as showing the period up to which these institutions had -popular support. Although Appendix B was mainly compiled before the -issue of the Victoria County History, certain shires have received -several additions from that great work, the forthcoming volumes -of which will doubtless supplement the present list. Episcopal -archives throw light upon hospital-life, as upon every department of -ecclesiastical history; fresh information and confirmatory evidence -about which will be forthcoming when, by means of the Canterbury -and York Society and other Record Societies, more Registers become -accessible. It is much to be desired that local Archæological Societies -should take up and develop the history of particular houses. It is -difficult to ascertain which ancient charities still continue, but an -attempt has been made to record approximately in the appended table -such endowments as now exist. - -Grateful thanks are due to those who have assisted the writer in her -task. And first, to the Lord Bishop of Bristol, whose kind offer to -contribute the Preface to this volume is only the latest proof of the -ever-helpful interest he has taken in the whole work. Mention must -also be made of Mr. R. C. Fowler, of the Public Record Office, who, -after personally examining the List of Foundations, gave hints for -its improvement. The Rev. C. S. Taylor, F.S.A. and the Rev. Canon -Wordsworth have given invaluable assistance, particularly by the -translation of the Office found in Appendix A. In various ways help has -been rendered by Miss Arnold-Forster, Professor G. H. Leonard, Mr. W. -F. Rawnsley, and by friends and correspondents too numerous to mention. -Lastly, it remains for the writer to acknowledge her indebtedness to -the Rev. Dr. Cox, General Editor of the Series, without whose kindly -encouragement she would never have ventured to go beyond a private -study of the subject in hand. - - * * * * * - -The Spyttell hous.[2] - - ¶ Copland. - - ¶ Syr, I pray you, who hath of you relefe? - - ¶ Porter. - - ¶ Forsoth they that be at suche myschefe - That for theyr lyuyng can do no labour - And haue no frendes to do them socour - As old people seke and impotent - Poore women in chyldbed haue here easement - Weyke men sore wounded by great vyolence - And sore men eaten with pockes and pestylence - And honest folke fallen in great pouerte - By mischaunce or other infyrmyte - Way faryng men and maymed souldyours - Haue theyr relyef in this poore hous of ours - And all other which we seme good and playne - Haue here lodgyng for a nyght or twayne - Bedred folke, and suche as can not craue - In these places moost relyef they haue - And yf they hap within our place to dye - Than are they buryed well and honestly - But not euery unseke stoborne knaue - For than we shold ouer many haue. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] Nearly 800 are set down in the appended list, but some are -uncertain. - -[2] From _The hye way to the Spyttell hous_ (circa 1536), in which -Robert Copland speaks with the Porter of a London hospital, probably -St. Bartholomew’s. - - - - -[p001] - -MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND - -PART ONE - -CHAPTER I - -HOSPITALS FOR WAYFARERS AND THE SICK - - - “_Founded for the maintenance of poor pilgrims and other infirm - persons resorting thither to remain until they are healed of their - infirmities._” - - “_For the poor, for persons going to Rome, for others coming to - Canterbury and needing shelter, and for lying-in women._” (St. - Thomas’, Canterbury.) - -[Illustration: 1. ST. JOHN’S HOSPITAL, OXFORD] - -The earliest charitable institutions of England were houses of -hospitality. In sketching the development of these guest-houses we must -bear in mind that the hospital (derived from _hospes_, a host or guest) -was a wayside shelter for all comers. - - -FIRST PERIOD (_circa_ 925–1170) - -Travellers were exposed to peril by the rudeness of the times, but in -those early days hospitality was regarded as a solemn obligation. To -receive any stranger was a [p002] duty: to welcome the passing pilgrim -was a sacred privilege. Although the private entertainment of guests -was widely practised, some public institutions were required. Tradition -tells of at least two “hospitals” or hospices founded in the tenth -century (925–940). Both were in Yorkshire,[3] one being in the distant -country parts, the other in the populous town. At Flixton in Holderness -was a house of refuge “to preserve travellers from being devoured by -the wolves and other voracious forest beasts.”[4] The city of York, -on the other hand, was so great a place of thoroughfare that it was -impossible to entertain all who came. Athelstan, recognizing that the -Canons of the Minster were men of holy life, active in helping the -needy who flocked to them, assisted them in their hospitality by the -foundation of St. Peter’s hospital. - -Two other early houses of charity are ascribed to the Saxon bishops -Oswald and Wulstan of Worcester. In the eleventh century at least we -emerge from tradition, for it seems clear that St. Wulstan founded that -hospital near his cathedral city which afterwards bore his name. It -will be remembered that bishops were especially bound by their vows at -consecration to be given to hospitality. In pre-Norman days, the solemn -question was in substance what is asked to-day: “Wilt thou shew mercy -and kindness, for the name of the Lord, to the poor, the stranger, and -all in want?” (_pauperibus et peregrinis omnibusque indigentibus_). To -this the elected bishop [p003] replied, “I will.” This formula occurs -in the Exeter Pontifical, compiled about nine hundred years ago, and is -repeated in Osmund’s Sarum Use. - -There were, of course, pilgrims among those who sojourned in early -hostels. Englishmen have always loved travel. Not only did our Saxon -forefathers journey to Rome (receiving shelter by the way in hospitals -of English foundation), but they constantly visited their national -shrines. Probably a fresh impetus was given to pilgrimage by the -coming of the Normans. Monastic life was strengthened, and this was -a guarantee of hospitality. “Guests are to be received as if they -were Christ Himself,” said the rule of St. Benedict. In the century -after the Conquest, as in those which preceded it, the chief works of -mercy were done in the monastery. There was the _hospitium_ within -the abbey-gate, as at St. Mary’s, York; and the “Strangers’ Hall” at -Winchester. Then followed the shelter outside the walls, as at Battle, -referred to (_circa_ 1076) as “the house of the pilgrims which is -called the hospital.” During the twelfth century more independent -foundations became common. All sorts and conditions of men were -lodged—wayfarers, invalids, and even lepers. - -About the year 1148, St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield, was the resort of -sick pilgrims, of whom “many and innumerable were schewid tokynnys of -myracles.” The patients who flocked to the famous shrine and hospital -were “langwissyng men greuyd with uariant sorys”; one sought “remedie -of his akynge hede,” another suffered from “bleriednes of yen” (eyes), -and yet another from “ryngyng of his erys.” Victims of the falling -sickness [p004] (epilepsy), paralysis, dropsy, fevers, insanity, found -relief; deaf and dumb were healed; a child born blind received sight -from “the heuenly leche.” - -Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, about 1141, invited help for “the -hospital house of Dover, which two brethren, Osbern and Godwin, are -diligently building for the reception of the poor and strangers.” This -hospital of St. Bartholomew (Buckland) was also used for lepers. The -need of further provision for travellers was felt, and a benefactor -made extensive grants on condition that a house was provided for -the reception of needy people disembarking from ships: before 1163 -reference is made to the _hospitium_ for strangers. It was doubtless -frequented by voyagers returning from the Crusades; but before long -an event occurred which brought multitudes to Dover, and then the old -hospital proving insufficient, became chiefly the resort of lepers, and -a new Maison Dieu was built near the quay. (See Frontispiece.) - - -SECOND PERIOD (_circa_ 1170–1270) - -The year 1170 marks an epoch, ushering in the great pilgrimage within -and towards England. When the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury became -the goal of pious wayfarers it was necessary to find accommodation for -them. The hospitals of Canterbury and Southwark bearing the martyr’s -name were among the earliest. Within a few years such houses (often -called _Domus Dei_) were founded in most of the southern ports and -along the Pilgrims’ Way, as at Dover, Ospringe, and Maidstone. At -Strood “the poor, weak, infirm and impotent, as well neighbouring -inhabitants as travellers from distant [p005] places,” were cared for -“until they die or depart healed.” Norfolk, like Kent, was studded with -houses of charity, especially near the highway to Walsingham. Thirteen -pilgrims were lodged at Bec, near Billingford. At Thetford there was -a hospital near the passage of the river. Among other early hostels -we may enumerate those of Newcastle, Hexham, Ripon, Stamford, Aynho, -London (St. Mary’s), Bridgwater, and Ledbury. - -[Illustration: _PLATE I._ REFRESHMENT FOR WAYFARERS] - -The hospital was a guest-house and infirmary in one. That on -the outskirts of Oxford was called in a charter (_circa_ 1194) -_Herebergeria Hospitalis S. Joh. Bapt._; in 1233 this was refounded -(Fig. 1) “that therein infirm people and strangers might receive -remedy of their health and necessity.” The inmates of St. Nicholas’, -Salisbury, are described as passengers (_transeuntes_) and as sick and -infirm (_egroti et infirmi_). The same two-fold work of charity was -carried on at Chichester, as shown by St. Mary’s statutes:— - - “If anyone in infirm health and destitute of friends should seek - admission for a term, until he shall recover, let him be gladly - received and assigned a bed. . . . In regard to the poor people who - are received late at night, and go forth early in the morning, let - the warden take care that their feet are washed, and, as far as - possible, their necessities attended to.” - -There is a MS. in the British Museum entitled _The Pilgrim_. It is an -allegorical poem in the manner of the “Pilgrim’s Progress,” and sets -forth the adventures of the traveller. The illustration (Pl. I) and -description were probably taken from experience of earthly pilgrimage. -“Charity” is seen welcoming strangers, [p006] at which work she was -always busy in mediæval England:— - - “And I suppose for my beste - There to herborewe and to reste - On ther cam and preyed me - And her name was _Charite_ - To pylgrymes in goodly wyse - Sche dyde moste trewely the seruyse - With chere benygne and glad uysage - She brought hem to ther herbergage.”[5] - -Among shrines which the pious Englishman visited may be mentioned Bury -St. Edmunds, Westminster, Durham, Beverley, St. Albans, Waltham.[6] - - -THIRD PERIOD (1270–1470) - -[Illustration: 2. A PILGRIM] - - -(a) _Pilgrimage and Vagrancy._—The greatest century of pilgrimage was -past, but vagrancy was an ever-increasing problem, and inasmuch as it -affected the social life of England, it affected hospitals, directly or -indirectly. In the Statute of Labourers, drawn up in 1350, an attempt -had been made to restrain desultory wandering, idleness, mendicancy -and indiscriminate almsgiving. This was followed by many ordinances, -local and general. By a proclamation in 1359 the municipal authorities -of London declared that such unworthy beggars “do waste divers alms, -which would otherwise be given to many poor folks, such as lepers, -blind, halt, [p007] and persons oppressed with old age and divers other -maladies.” In 1369 they issued a precept “for mendicants, vagrants and -pilgrims to leave the city.” The Statute of Westminster (1383) ordered -inquiry concerning vagabonds “wandering from place to place, running in -the country more abundantly than they were wont in times past.” The Act -of 1388 declared that those who “go in pilgrimage as beggars” when fit -for employment, should be dealt with according to the previous Statute. -It will be observed that these measures were framed from an economic -standpoint, not to check pilgrimage as such. - -Although pilgrimage was declining, there were still many pilgrims. -Some of these were professional palmers, and hirelings fulfilling -vows by proxy; for there are numerous bequests in the fourteenth -century to persons undertaking journeys on the testator’s behalf -to Canterbury, Walsingham, and Bury St. Edmunds, as well as to St. -James of Compostella, Rome, or the Holy Land. The special “Jubilee” -at Canterbury in 1420 was attended by 100,000 persons, and in 1434 -thousands set sail for Compostella. - - -(b) _Provision for temporary relief._—Existing houses of hospitality -were kept up, but a growing tendency to discriminate amongst applicants -may be noticed. In many cases more beds were reserved for chronic -invalids than for casual comers. St. Thomas’ hospital, Canterbury, -carried on its old work, but the renewed statutes of Archbishop -Stratford (1342) direct “that poor pilgrims in good health shall be -entertained only for one night . . . that greater regard shall be -had for the sick than for the well pilgrims.” With some diplomacy it -describes itself, in a petition to the Pope, as designed “for persons -going [p008] to Rome (_Romipete_), for others coming to Canterbury and -needing shelter,”[7] etc. - -The chief building period was over, as far as this particular kind -of temporary provision is concerned, but one or two new foundations -must be mentioned. St. John’s, Winchester, was built about 1275 “for -the relief of sick and lame soldiers, poor pilgrims, and necessitous -wayfaring men, to have diet and lodging thereto fit and convenient for -one night or longer, as their abilities to travel gave leave.” In 1393, -the Bishop of Ely offered an indulgence to persons contributing to the -sustentation of a hospital at Brentford, which consisted of a chapel, -newly constructed, “with two houses built there, furnished with beds -and other necessaries for the entertainment of poor travellers.” The -old hospital at Brackley was reconstituted for the same purpose (1425). -It was, however, suppressed sixty years later, because hospitality was -being neglected. - -One special form of temporary relief came to the front about this time. -The assistance of women in childbirth was named in the Petition and -Statute of 1414 as part of the recognized aim and scope of hospital -charity. The heading to this chapter alludes to the work undertaken at -St. Thomas’, Canterbury, in 1363. The foundation deed of Holy Trinity, -Salisbury, sets forth that “lying-in women are cared for until they are -delivered, recovered and churched.” The Spital near Blyth was newly -constructed in 1446 for the lodging of strangers and distressed women. - -[Illustration: _PLATE II._ HOSPITAL OF ST. THOMAS, CANTERBURY FOR -PILGRIMS] - -It is recorded that the two London infirmaries of St. Mary without -Bishopsgate and St. Bartholomew [p009] undertook this work; in -both institutions the touching provision was made that if the mother -died, her child should be brought up there until the age of seven.[8] -In the year 1437 privileges were granted to the latter hospital “in -consideration of their great charges in receiving the poor, feeble -and infirm, keeping women in childbirth until their purification, -and sometimes feeding their infants until weaned.” William Gregory, -a citizen of London, describing in his commonplace book various -foundations, says of “Bartholomewe ys Spetylle”:— - - “Hyt ys a place of grete comforte to pore men as for hyr loggyng, and - yn specyalle unto yong wymmen that have mysse done that ben whythe - chylde. There they ben delyueryde, and unto the tyme of puryfycacyon - they have mete and drynke of the placys coste, and fulle honestely - gydyd and kepte.” - -General hospitals for the sick were thus in process of development. -St. Bartholomew’s was steadily fulfilling its founder’s vow to provide -a place for the “recreacion of poure men.” After three and a half -centuries of usefulness, a roll of 1464 records with approbation “works -done within the hospital in relief of poor pilgrims, soldiers, sailors -and others of all nations.” - - -FOURTH PERIOD (_circa_ 1470–1547) - - -(_a_) It is evident that pilgrimage was no longer an important factor -in the social life of the country. The daily resort to shrines had -practically ceased, but the special anniversaries were kept. Such -pious travellers as there were, lodged chiefly in inns. At Glastonbury -a Pilgrims’ Inn was built by Abbot John, about the year 1475, to -accommodate those visiting the holy places of [p010] St. Joseph of -Arimathæa and St. Dunstan. A later abbot, Richard Beere, writing to -Archbishop Warham to defend the genuineness of St. Dunstan’s relics, -stated that people had come from far and near to visit the new shrine, -especially upon St. Dunstan’s Day (1508).[9] Although the regular -stream of pilgrims to Canterbury was no longer seen day by day, the -great “Jubilee” celebrations were popular, the last one being kept in -1520. At that time the needs of visitors were met by special provision, -a post being set up in the main street with “letters expressing the -ordering of uitell and lodyng for pylgrymes.” Probably the bailiffs and -citizens made all arrangements for bed and board as they had done in -1420. - -Vagrancy still constituted an increasingly grave problem. By “An Acte -agaynst vacabounds and beggers,” in 1495 (re-enacted 1503), previous -legislation was amended and “every vagabound heremyte or pilgryme,” -partially exempt hitherto, was henceforth compelled to fare like -wandering soldier, shipman or university clerk. In a letter from Henry -VIII to the Mayor of Grimsby it is observed that the relief of the -impotent is much diminished by the importunate begging of the sturdy -and idle, and it is required that measures be taken “that the weedes -over growe not the corne.”[10] The Statutes became increasingly stern, -and able-bodied beggars were scourged with the lash from town to town -by the Act of 1530–1. But “the greatest severities hitherto enacted -were mild in comparison with the severe provisions of the enactment” -of the first year of Edward VI (1547). If the young king’s father had -literally chastised beggars with whips, his own counsellors desired -that they should be chastised with [p011] scorpions. They might be -reduced to the condition of slaves: their owners might put a ring round -their necks or limbs, and force them to work by beating and chains, -whilst a runaway could be branded on the face with a hot iron.[11] This -brutal law was repealed two years later. - - -(_b_) Where towns were few and far between, the need of shelter for -strangers was especially felt. Extensive works of hospitality were -done by religious houses, particularly in the northern counties. That -fresh provision, although on a small scale, was still made for shelter, -indicates its necessity. When an almshouse was built at Northallerton -(1476), accommodation was made not only for thirteen pensioners, but -for two destitute and distressed travellers, who should stay a night -and no longer. A hostel solely for temporary shelter was founded at -Durham (1493). One Cuthbert Billingham directed the provision of eight -beds in a “massendeue or spittel,” where “all poore trauellyng people -ther herbery or logyng asking for the loue of Gode shall be herbered -and logide.” In Westmorland, a little hospital, with two beds for -passers-by, was built by John Brunskill at Brough-under-Stainmoor -(1506): it was situated on the pass into Yorkshire. - -At seaports and in places of thoroughfare, shelter was still provided -for travellers. God’s House, Southampton, expended £28 annually upon -“daily hospitality to wayfarers and strangers from beyond the sea,” and -similar charity was provided at Dover. Leland describes St. Thomas’, -Canterbury, as “An Hospital within the Town on the Kinges Bridge for -poore Pylgrems and way faring men.” At Sandwich there was a “Harbinge” -attached to St. John’s almshouse. Provision was made for lodgers, -[p012] and the buildings included “the chambre of harber for strange -wemen, the gentilmen chambre and the long harbur chamber” (1489). The -town authorities ordered “that no persons do harbour beggars, who are -to resort to St. John’s Hospital” (1524). - -The existing provision for temporary relief was in fact wholly -inadequate. In the metropolis, for example, there was a crying need. It -was stated by Henry VII in 1509 that:— - - “there be fewe or noon such commune Hospitalls within this our Reame, - and that for lack of them, infinite nombre of pouer nedie people - miserably dailly die, no man putting hande of helpe or remedie.” - -The king, recognizing the need, planned to convert the old Savoy Palace -into a magnificent institution (Pl. XIV) in which “to lodge nightly -one hundred poor folks.” If this charity corresponded with the recent -Statute, it would relieve those vagrants who alone were exempt, namely, -women in travail and persons in extreme sickness. The king contemplated -building institutions similar to the Savoy in York and Coventry, but -the design was not carried out. - -The problems arising from true poverty and false mendicancy were, of -course, intimately connected with hospital life. A graphic picture -of the difficulties which beset administrators of charity about the -year 1536 is given by Robert Copland in _The hye way to the Spyttell -hous_. The author states that one wintry day, he took refuge from the -snow-storm in the porch of a hospital, probably St. Bartholomew’s. Here -he got deep into conversation with the porter of the house. While they -talked, there gathered at the gate people of very poor estate,—lame, -blind, [p013] barefoot—and Copland, who does not despise the honest -poor, only those who live in need and idleness, inquires whether -they admit all who ask for lodging. The porter at first answers, -“Forsooth, yes,” and Copland goes on to protest against indiscriminate -hospitality:— - - “Me thynk that therin ye do no ryght - Nor all suche places of hospytalyte - To confort people of suche iniquyte. - But syr I pray you, of your goodnes and fauour - Tell me which ye leaue, and which ye do socour.” - -The porter replies that the house is no supporter of sham beggars. -There are some who counterfeit leprosy, and others who put soap in -their mouth to make it foam, and fall down as if they had “Saynt -Cornelys euyll.” He goes on to describe those who hang about by -day and sleep at night at St. Bartholomew’s church door—drunkards, -spendthrifts, swearers and blasphemers, those who wear soldiers’ -clothing, but are vagabonds, and men who pretend to have been -shipwrecked. Many of these live by open beggary, with bag, dish and -staff:— - - “And euer haunteth among such ryf raf - One tyme to this spyttell, another to that.” - -The porter intimates that an effort is made to discriminate among those -daily harboured, but he confesses that they are obliged to receive -many unsatisfactory men, and disreputable women so numerous that they -are weary of them; but they refuse stubborn knaves who are not ill, -for they would have over many. Indeed, the aim of the hospital is -to relieve those who cannot work and are friendless—the sick, aged, -bedridden, diseased, wayfaring men, maimed soldiers, and honest folk -fallen into poverty. (See p. xxiv.) [p014] - -It is clear, however, that during the sixteenth century there was -much genuine distress besides unthrifty beggary and sham sickness. -From various economic causes there was a considerable increase of -destitution. Legislation entirely failed to solve the problem of an -ever-shifting population. The Statute of 1530–1 had recognized the -value of charitable foundations by its clause:—“provided also, that -it be lawful to all masters and governors of hospitals, to lodge and -harbour any person or persons of charity and alms.” Although hospitals -had been abused, the neglect of the sick and homeless which their -reduction involved was a far worse evil. One writer after another -breaks out into descriptions of the increased poverty and pain. -Brinklow, in _The Lamentacyon of a Christian agaynst the Cytye of -London_ (1545), bewails the condition of the poor:— - - “London, beyng one of the flowers of the worlde, as touchinge - worldlye riches, hath so manye, yea innumerable of poore people - forced to go from dore to dore, and to syt openly in the stretes a - beggynge, and many . . . lye in their howses in most greuous paynes, - and dye for lacke of ayde of the riche. I thinke in my judgement, - under heaven is not so lytle prouision made for the pore as in - London, of so riche a Cytie.”[12] - -Again, referring to the old order and the new, _A Supplication of the -Poore Commons_ (1546) speaks of poor impotent creatures as “now in -more penurye then euer they were.” Once they had scraps, now they have -nothing. “Then had they hospitals, and almeshouses to be lodged in, -but nowe they lye and storue in the stretes. Then was their number -great, but nowe much greater.” - -[Illustration: _PLATE III._ ST. JOHN’S HOSPITAL, CANTERBURY] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[3] There were probably other Saxon hospitals. Leland notes the -tradition that St. Giles’, Beverley, and St. Nicholas’, Pontefract, -were founded “afore the Conquest.” - -[4] Dugdale, charter temp. Henry VI. - -[5] Cott. Tib. A., vii. f. 90. - -[6] See also J. C. Wall, _Shrines of British Saints_ in this Series. - -[7] Cal. Pap. Letters, 4, p. 36. - -[8] Close Rolls 1344, 1353. - -[9] Chron. and Mem. 63, p. 434. - -[10] Hist. MSS. 14th R. (8) 249. - -[11] C. J. Ribton-Turner, _Vagrants and Vagrancy_, 1887. - -[12] Early Eng. Text Soc. Extra Series 22, p. 90. - - - - -[p015] - -CHAPTER II - -HOMES FOR THE FEEBLE AND DESTITUTE - - - “_Hospitals in cities, boroughs and divers other places . . . to - sustain blind men and women . . . and people who have lost their - goods and are fallen into great misfortune._”[13] - -The majority of hospitals were for the support of infirm and aged -people. Such a home was called indiscriminately “hospital,” “Maison -Dieu,” “almshouse” or “bedehouse.” It was, as in the case of -Kingston-upon-Hull, “God’s House . . . to provide a habitation for -thirteen poor men and women broken by age, misfortune or toil, who -cannot gain their own livelihood.” It occupied the place now filled -by almshouses, union workhouses, and homes for chronic invalids or -incurables. - - -(1) ALMSHOUSES IN CITIES - -One of the most ancient hospitals for permanent relief was St. John’s, -Canterbury, founded about 1084, and still existing as an almshouse. -(Pl. III.) Eadmer tells us that it was intended for men suffering -from various infirmities and for women in ill health. The inmates are -described as a hundred poor, who by reason of age and disease cannot -earn their bread; and again, as a hundred brothers and sisters blind, -lame, deaf and sick. It is [p016] characteristic that the earliest -foundation of this type should be found in the chief cathedral city of -England: every such town had a hospital in connection with the See. -The prince-bishops of Durham, for example, provided houses of charity -around the city and at their manors. Ralph Flambard built St. Giles’, -Kepier; Philip of Poitiers founded St. James’ near Northallerton; -Robert de Stichill, St. Mary’s, Greatham; and Nicholas of Farnham, St. -Edmund’s, Gateshead. The most famous episcopal hospital remaining is -that of St. Cross, near Winchester. (Pl. VIII.) - -Other charities were associated with cathedral clergy. There was a -hospital for the poor in the precincts of St. Paul’s Cathedral. Before -the year 1190, one of the canons gave his house for the purpose, and -the Dean endowed it with certain tithes. St. Nicholas’, Salisbury, -founded by the Bishop, was afterwards committed to the Dean and -Chapter. The existing almshouses in Chichester and Hereford were -likewise associated with those cathedrals. - - -(2) ALMSHOUSES IN BOROUGHS - -The municipal control of charity is an ancient custom. Before -burgesses were called to Parliament, townsmen of Exeter, Northampton, -Nottingham and Wallingford were trustees of the hospitals of St. John -in those places. The leper-houses of Lynn and Southampton were also -early instances of municipal administration. In the reign of Edward -I the hospitals in Scarborough were declared to have been “founded -by burgesses of the town of old.” During the fourteenth century, if -not before, the “keepers” of Beverley, the “jurats” of Hythe, [p017] -and the commonalties of Bedford, Gloucester, Huntingdon, Pevensey, -Sandwich, Wilton, etc., controlled almshouses in those towns.[14] Old -deeds of the Winchester corporation refer to Devenish’s hospital as -“oure hous of Synt John.” Freemen had an advantage, if not a monopoly, -when seeking entrance into houses under municipal supervision. The -“Customals” of Rye and Winchelsea show that men and women “who -have been in good love and fame all their time, and have neither -goods nor chattels whereof to live” were received without payment -into the hospitals of the town. Bubwith’s almshouse, Wells, was to -receive men so poor that they could not live except by begging, and -so decrepit that they were unable to beg from door to door. Reduced -burgesses were assigned “the more honourable places and beds.” At St. -Ursula’s, Chester, candidates were preferred who had been one of “the -twenty-four,” or the widows of aldermen and common council-men. - -In some towns charities were not directly connected with the -municipality but with local trustees. St. Katherine’s, Rochester, -was under the governance and correction of the parish priest, the -city bailiff and the founder’s heirs. Davy of Croydon put his -almshouse under the vicar and other townsmen, answerable ultimately -to the Mercers’ Company, and provided that his pensioners should be -“householderers or trewe laborers” from within four miles, preference -being given to residents of long standing, if of good character and -destitute. [p018] - - -(3) GILD ALMSHOUSES - -The gilds were an important factor in the economy of towns, and their -works of piety sometimes included hospital maintenance. St. Cross, -Colchester, having been practically disendowed—the advowson was granted -to the commonalty in aid of the repair of the town walls—was revived in -1407 as an almshouse under the auspices of St. Helen’s gild. Barstaple -of Bristol founded his almshouse for twenty-four poor, (granting the -advowson to the mayor and commonalty,) and also a fraternity for -himself, his wife and others who wished to join. The institutions -were incorporated separately. Each community was ruled by a warden, -possessed a common seal, and had power to make ordinances.[15] In -other cases a private individual attached his charity to an existing -association to secure continuity of rule. Hosyer’s almshouse in Ludlow, -e.g., “appertained” to the Palmers’ gild. These religious societies -often began in connection with some trade. At Winchester, financial -assistance was given to St. John’s by “the fraternity of St. John, -in the hospital there by providence of the Tailors of Winton first -ordained.” - -The craft-gilds and city companies supported disabled members in -places like the Maison Dieu of the Shoemakers at York, called also -the Bedehouse of the Cordyners. There are countless references in -wills to the poor of the Drapers’ or Fullers’ Halls, etc. Although -such institutions were really almshouses, they are not (with certain -exceptions) included in the appended list, and their history must be -sought in connection with the trades. [p019] - -In ports, special provision was made for seafaring men. Leland -remarks that St. Bartholomew’s, Sandwich, was “fyrst ordened for -Maryners desesid and hurt.” The Fraternity of the Blessed Trinity at -Kingston-upon-Hull maintained “an house of alms of poor mariners,” -and a similar institution was incorporated with Trinity House, -Newcastle-upon-Tyne. A society of merchants at Bristol provided -for poor seamen within the old hospital of St. Bartholomew (1445). -Upon arrival in port, masters and mariners alike contributed to the -charity because “the wheche prest and pore peple may nott be founden -ne susteyned withoute grete coste.” This fraternity was in fact a -benefit-club, for members became eligible for admission after paying -their dues for seven years. The community was especially bound to pray -for seamen in time of peril. - - -(4) PRIVATE ALMSHOUSES - -In villages, the lord of the manor or squire provided a charity for his -retainers, tenants or neighbours. This was done at Arundel, Donnington -near Newbury, Heytesbury, Ewelme, Thame, etc. A man who had risen to -prosperity occasionally remembered his birthplace in this way, as -Chichele did at Higham Ferrers. - - * * * * * - -Although most hospitals were of a general character, some were designed -for particular classes of persons, such as homeless Jews, poor clergy, -decayed gentle-people, women and children. - - -(5) HOMES FOR JEWS - -The chief “hospital” for Jewish converts was in London. The inmates -were not ailing in health, but they needed succour because they were -unable to earn a [p020] living, and were cut off from their own -families as apostates. Converts were often sent to monasteries for -maintenance. The names of almost five hundred, together with the -particular houses that received them, are recorded in one roll of 39 -Henry III.[16] - -[Illustration: 3. HOUSE OF CONVERTS, LONDON] - -Special provision for the maintenance of converted Jews was made in -1232, when Henry III founded the House of Converts, Hospital of St. -Mary or “Converts’ Inn,” near the Old Temple. Within twenty years -Matthew Paris described its purpose, also making a drawing (Fig. 3) in -the margin:— - - “To this house converted Jews retired, leaving their Jewish - blindness, and had a home and a safe refuge for their whole lives, - living under an honourable rule, with sufficient sustenance without - servile work or the profits of usury. So it [p021] happened that - in a short time a large number were collected there. And now, - being baptized and instructed in the Christian law, they live - a praiseworthy life under a rector specially deputed to govern - them.”[17] - -The year of this chronicler’s death (1256), upwards of 160 convert -brothers received tunics from the king’s almoner. Probably about half -were inmates, and half unattached pensioners. The number may have been -increased from interested motives on account of the persecution of Jews -which followed the supposed “horrible crime lately perpetrated in the -city of Lincoln, of a Christian boy crucified.” In January 1256, pardon -was granted to John the convert, who was a Jew of Lincoln when the -so-called “little St. Hugh” was put to death. - -The _Domus Conversorum_ was rebuilt by Edward I, who bestowed much -attention upon it. By his ordinance, the pensioners were taught -handicrafts and trained to support themselves. He ordered that school -should be kept and that suitable converts might be educated as clerks -or chaplains. St. Mary’s was an industrial home or training institution -for persecuted Jewish Christians, who were safe only under royal -protection. Another roll of the same year shows that a special effort -was made at that time to evangelize the Jews. Orders had recently been -given to repress notorious blasphemers, and those who after baptism -had been “perverted to Jewish wickedness.” Edward also directed that -strenuous efforts should be made by the Friar Preachers for their -conversion. Finally he set himself to improve the endowments of the -institution:— - - “He therefore, in order that those who have already turned [p022] - from their blindness to the light of the Church may be strengthened - in the firmness of their faith, and those who still persist in their - error may more willingly and readily turn to the grace of the faith, - has taken measures, under divine guidance, to provide healthfully for - their maintenance.”[18] - -The House of Converts was then supporting ninety-seven persons. Of -these fifty-one remained in 1308. After the great expulsion in 1290, -the numbers were quickly reduced. In 1327, there were twenty-eight. In -1344, the institution supported eight converts and seven admitted for -other causes. After that date the pensioners dwindled to two. During -the fifteenth century, a few foreign Jews were received from time to -time, the household varying between eight and three. The hospital -was empty in the days of Edward VI, and remained so until 1578; its -subsequent history is related by Adler. - -The _Domus Conversorum_ in Oxford was likewise founded by Henry III. -There, says Wood, “all Jews and infidells that were converted to the -Christian faith were ordained to have sufficient maintenance. By which -meanes it was soe brought about that noe small number of these converts -had their abode in this place and were baptized and instructed.” The -building (figured in Skelton’s _Oxonia Antiqua_) subsequently became a -Hall for scholars. - -According to Leland and Stow there were homes, or, at least, schools, -for Jews in London and Bristol before Henry III turned his attention to -this work. Stow, referring to the original foundation of St. Thomas’ -hospital, Southwark (1213), says that it was a house of alms for -converts and poor children. Leland, quoting from a manuscript of the -Kalendars’ Gild in Bristol, states that [p023] in the time of Henry II -there were “Scholes ordeyned in Brightstow by them for the Conversion -of the Jewes.” The information (which he gleaned from the _Little Red -Book_) originated in the bishop’s inquisition made in 1318, which found -that Robert Fitz-Harding and the Kalendars “established the schools of -Bristol for teaching Jews and other little ones under the government of -the same gild and the protection of the mayor.” It should be noticed -that _scola_ also refers to a Jewish synagogue, but the term _Schola -Judæorum_ is applied by Matthew Paris to the House of Converts in -London. - -[Illustration: 4. POOR PRIESTS’ HOSPITAL, CANTERBURY] - - -(6) HOMES FOR POOR CLERGY AND FOR LAY GENTLEFOLK - -Diocesan clergy-homes were provided during the thirteenth century -in most ecclesiastical centres. At Canterbury, the Archdeacon built -(before 1225) the Poor Priests’ hospital (Fig. 4). St. Richard of -Chichester began [p024] a similar charity at Windeham in his diocese. -Walter de Merton designed a small institution at Basingstoke for -“ministers of the altar whose strength is failing,” and incurables of -Merton College. There were three beds for chaplains at St. Wulstan’s, -Worcester, and the Stratford gild intended to initiate a hospital for -the diocesan clergy. To St. Giles’, Lincoln, were admitted “needy -ministers and servants and canons not able to work.” - -Similar retreats arose in the following century. The Bishop of Exeter -built near his palace at Clist Gabriel a home for twelve blind, -infirm, ancient or disabled priests, deacons and sub-deacons. The -Dean of York maintained six infirm chaplains in St. Mary’s, Bootham. -Clergy-homes were usually founded by ecclesiastics; but in 1329, a -London layman, Elsyng by name, touched by the sufferings of the clergy -in that time of scarcity, began his almshouse, ordaining that among -the hundred pensioners, blind, paralytic and disabled priests should -be specially cared for. The need is evident from a deed concerning -St. Giles’, Norwich (1340). The house had been founded for the poor -“and principally to minister the necessaries of life to priests of the -diocese of Norwich, who, broken down with age, or destitute of bodily -strength, or labouring under continual disease, cannot celebrate divine -service”; but the number of such priests and infirm persons “flocking -to the hospital hath so grown and daily groweth” that assistance was -urgently required. Although the priesthood was temporarily diminished -by the pestilence of 1349, clerks acting as chantry priests were again -numerous during the fifteenth century. These unbeneficed clergy, it -was said, “when depressed by the weight of old age, or labouring -under weak health . . . [p025] are by necessity compelled to wander -about, begging miserably for food and raiment . . . to the displeasure -of Him whose ministers they are.” To put an end to this scandal, “the -fraternity of St. Charity and St. John Evangelist” was founded in -London (1442), and this clerical almshouse was commonly called “The -Papey.” Gregory, who was mayor in 1451, describes it in his note-book:— - -[Illustration: _PLATE IV._ HOSPITAL OF ST. GILES, NORWICH FOR AGED -CHAPLAINS AND OTHER POOR] - - “Pappy Chyrche in the Walle be twyne Algate and Beuysse Markes. And - hyt ys a grete fraternyte of prestys and of othyr seqular men. And - there ben founde of almys certayne prestys, both blynde and lame, - that be empotent.” - -Persons of gentle birth who had suffered reverses of fortune often -retreated into convents, or were received into hospitals with a -semi-official position. During the fifteenth century one or two -institutions arose to benefit those decayed gentlefolk who, as one has -said, are of all people “most sensible of want.” Staindrop College -maintained a staff of priests and clerks, and certain gentlemen (_certi -pauperes generosi_) and yeomen (_pauperes valecti_) who had been in the -Earl of Westmorland’s service. The “New Almshouse of Noble Poverty” -(_Nova Domus Eleemosynaria Nobilis Paupertatis_), which Cardinal -Beaufort intended to add to the original establishment of St. Cross, -was never fully completed, but there are still four brethren of the -professional class on the Cardinal’s foundation. - - -(7) HOMES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN - -One of the earliest permanent homes for women was St. -Katharine’s-by-the-Tower, London. The sisters of St. John’s, Reading, -are described as “certyn relygyous [p026] women, wydowes in chast -lyuyngg in God’s seruyce praying nygt and day.” To provide for -fatherless children and widows was part of the design of Holy Trinity, -Salisbury. In two hospitals outside Lincoln this particular work was -carried on. Originally served by the Gilbertine Order, they became -entirely eleemosynary institutions under the care of lay-sisters. Many -wills about the year 1400 allude to St. Katharine’s asylum or hospital -for widows, orphans, and bedemen. The daughter-house was a home for -waifs and strays, namely, “certain orphans placed in danger through -the negligence of their friends, and deserted, and brought into the -hospital of St. Sepulchre, guarded and educated there.” - -A further reason for the adoption of children into the hospital family -was this: that when women died in confinement, their infants were -frequently kept and cared for. (See p. 9.) In connection with St. -Leonard’s, York, mention is made of “ministering to the poor and sick -and to the infants exposed there.” In 1280 there were twenty-three -boys in the orphanage, with a woman in charge. Education was provided -for them and for the thirty choristers. Two schoolmasters taught -grammar and music. The Dean and Chapter were forbidden by the King -on one occasion (1341) to meddle with the grammar school in the -hospital. Among the expenses in 1369 is a gratuity to the bishop of the -choir-boys. This shows, says Canon Raine, that there was a “boy-bishop” -at St. Leonard’s as well as in the Minster. - -Nor was it uncommon thus to find young and strong side by side with -aged and infirm inmates. Several almshouses maintained children. -Bishop Grandisson carried out his predecessor Stapeldon’s intention of -[p027] adding twelve boys to the foundation of St. John’s, Exeter, -and Archbishop Chichele attached a boarding-school to his bedehouse -at Higham Ferrers. There were children and adult pensioners in St. -Katharine’s, London, and in Knolles’ almshouse, Pontefract. - -Some hospitals had boarders or day-boarders whose studies were -conducted in neighbouring schools. St. John’s, Bridgwater, -maintained thirteen scholars—such as were _habiles ad informandum in -grammatical_—who were excused from full ritual that they might keep -schools daily in the town (1298).[19] In some cases, like St. Giles’, -Norwich, food was provided for children who were getting free education -elsewhere. At St. Cross, Winchester, seven choristers were boarded -and instructed. Thirteen poor scholars from the Grammar School also -received a substantial meal daily. - -In other instances we find that instruction was provided without board -and lodging. The lads taught in God’s House, Exeter, were not inmates, -like those of St. John’s in that city. The master of the hospital -was required to teach from three to nine boys, beginning with the -alphabet and going on to the “great psalter of the holy David.” In -the almshouses of Ewelme and Heytesbury also there were non-resident -pupils. Only the more advanced at Ewelme aspired to “the faculty of -grammar.” It was directed that should the schoolmaster have no more -than four “childer that actually lernes gramer, besides petettes [i.e. -beginners] and reders,” he should assist at matins and evensong. He -must so rule his scholars that none be tedious, noisome, or troublous -to the almspeople. Payment was forbidden at [p028] Heytesbury except -as a free gift, or by pupils whose friends had a yearly income of over -£10. Bishop Smyth, a patron of learning, added a schoolmaster and usher -to his restored almshouse at Lichfield, where very poor children were -to be taught. The Grammar School connected with St. John’s hospital, -Banbury, became famous. - - * * * * * - -Lastly, the development of these institutions must be considered. Many -of the almshouses built during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries -were intended from their foundation for life-pensioners. In other -cases, however, on account of necessity or expediency, the permanent -home was evolved from one originally of a temporary character. -Charities underwent a change during the fourteenth and fifteenth -centuries. This may be attributed to various social and economic -causes—the decline of leprosy, legislation regarding vagrancy, and -the redistribution of wealth. As the number of lepers decreased, the -alms formerly bestowed upon them were available for other necessitous -persons, and some lazar-houses gradually became retreats for aged -invalids. This was chiefly during the fifteenth century, but even about -1285 St. Nicholas’, York, is said to be “founded in the name of lepers, -and for the support of the old and feeble of the city.” Again, when -it was realized that indiscriminate hospitality encouraged vagrancy, -the character of some hospitals gradually altered. The Statute of 1388 -helped to develop local administration of charity by ordaining that -beggars unable to work must either remain in the town where they found -themselves or return to their birthplace and abide there for life. -[p029] - -[Illustration: 5. BEDE-HOUSE, STAMFORD] - -The crying need for the permanent relief of genuine distress made -itself heard. Langland, the poet of the people, called attention to the -necessity of rebuilding hospitals. In his _Vision_ “Truth” begs rich -merchants to put their profits to good uses and “amenden meson-dieux” -therewith. In 1410, and again in 1414, the Commons suggested that -new almshouses might be founded if some ecclesiastical property were -confiscated. Although this was not done, many were provided through -private liberality. By the redistribution of wealth and the rise of -the middle classes, a fresh impetus was given to building. The chantry -system also had an increasingly powerful influence upon the charity -of this period. The newer foundations, even more explicitly than the -older, were “bede-houses” or houses of prayer. All [p030] charitable -foundations were to a certain extent chantries. Many, alas! were solely -on this account marked with the stigma of superstition, and fell under -the two Acts for the dissolution of chantries: the plea of usefulness, -however, happily prevailed in several cases.[20] For a time the work of -building almshouses ceased, but revived after a while. In 1583 Philip -Stubbes complained that although in some places the poor were relieved -in hospitals, yet more provision was required:— - - “For the supplie whereof, would God there might be in euerie parish - an almes house erected, that the poore (such as are poore indeede) - might be maintained, helped, and relieued. For until the true poore - indeed be better provided for, let them neuer thinke to please - God.”[21] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[13] Rolls of Parl. 2 Hen. V, Vol. IV, p. 19b Petitions, No. III. - -[14] St. John’s, Bedford, was intended only for townsmen; all such -applying to the master for relief were to be received, but “all poore -folkes dwellyng without the same town to be expulsed and put out.” -_Chantry Cert._ (ed. J. E. Brown). - -[15] Pat. 9 Hen. IV, Pt. i. m. 8. - -[16] Tovey, _Anglia Judaica_, 227. - -[17] Chron. and Mem. 44, iii. 262. - -[18] Pat. 8 Edw. I, m. 17. - -[19] Bishop Drokensford’s Reg. p. 268. - -[20] See Chapter XVI. - -[21] Anatomie of Abuses, Pt. II, 43. - - - - -[p031] - -CHAPTER III - -HOSPITALS FOR THE INSANE - - - “_Hospitals . . . to maintain men and women who had lost their wits - and memory._” (Rolls of Parliament, 1414.) - -Little is known regarding the extent and treatment of insanity during -the Middle Ages. Persons “vexed with a demon” were taken to holy -places in the hope that the “fiends” might be cast out. An early -thirteenth-century window at Canterbury shows a poor maniac dragged by -his friends to the health-giving shrine of St. Thomas. He is tied with -ropes, and they belabour him with blows from birch-rods. In the second -scene he appears in his right mind, returning thanks, all instruments -of discipline cast away. Even in the sixteenth century we read of -pilgrimage by lunatics, especially to certain holy wells. - -Formerly, all needy people were admitted into the hospital, mental -invalids being herded together with those weak or diseased in body. -From the chronicle of St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield, we learn that in -the twelfth century mad people were constantly received as well as -the deaf, dumb, blind, palsied and crippled. One young man lost “his -resonable wyttys” on his journey to London. He wandered about running, -not knowing whither he went. Arriving in London, he was brought to the -hospital and “ther yn shorte space his witte [p032] was recoueryd.” -Another patient was taken with the “fallynge euill” [epilepsy], which -is described as a sickness hindering the operation of the senses. -It would seem that persons subject to fits were sometimes placed in -a lazar-house, for at St. Bartholomew’s, Rochester (1342), was one -patient “struck with the epilepsy disease.” - -The public did not make itself responsible for the custody of the -lunatic, whose own people were required to guard him and others from -harm. One of the “Customs of Bristol” (1344) orders that the goods and -chattels of demented men be delivered to their friends until they come -to a good state of mind (_ad bonam memoriam_). The sad condition of -“lunatick lollers” is described by Langland, who speaks compassionately -of this class of wanderers. - -In London, the question of making special provision for the insane -came to the front about this time, for in 1369 one Denton intended to -found a hospital “for poor priests and others, men and women, who in -that city suddenly fell into a frenzy (_in frenesim_) and lost their -memory,” but his plan was not carried out. Stow mentions that the -earliest asylum for distraught and lunatic persons was near Charing -Cross, “but it was said, that some time a king of England, not liking -such a kind of people to remain so near his palace, caused them to be -removed farther off, to Bethlem without Bishopsgate.” - -St. Mary of Bethlehem was the most famous refuge for the mentally -disordered. In 1403 there were confined six men deprived of reason -(_mente capti_), and three other sick, one of whom was a paralytic -patient who had been lying in the hospital for over two years. The good -work [p033] done in the institution was fully recognized. A bequest -was made in 1419 to the sick and insane of St. Mary de Bedlam. A -Patent Roll entry of 1437 speaks of “the succour of demented lunatics” -and others, and of the necessity of cutting down these works of -piety unless speedy help were forthcoming. The then town clerk, John -Carpenter, recalled this need and remembered in his will (1441) “the -poor madmen of Bethlehem.” Another citizen, Stephen Forster, desired -his executors to lay out ten pounds in food and clothing for the poor -people “detained” there. Gregory, citizen and mayor, describes in his -_Historical Collections_ (about 1451) this asylum and its work of -mercy, and it is satisfactory to hear that some were there restored to -a sound mind:— - - “A chyrche of Owre Lady that ys namyde Bedlam. And yn that place - ben founde many men that ben fallyn owte of hyr wytte. And fulle - honestely they ben kepte in that place; and sum ben restoryde unto - hyr witte and helthe a-gayne. And sum ben a-bydyng there yn for - evyr, for they ben falle soo moche owte of hem selfe that hyt ys - uncurerabylle unto man.” - -Probably the utterly incurable were doomed to those iron chains, -manacles and stocks mentioned in the inventory of 1398 and quoted at -the visitation of 1403:— - - “Item, vj cheynes de Iren, com vj lokkes. Item iiij peir manycles de - Iren. ij peir stokkys.”[22] - -In other parts of the country it was customary to receive persons -suffering from attacks of mania into general infirmaries. At -Holy Trinity, Salisbury, not only were sick persons and women in -childbirth received, but mad people were to be taken care of (_furiosi -custodiantur donec sensum adipiscantur_). This was at the [p034] close -of the fourteenth century. In the petition for the reformation of -hospitals (1414) it is stated that they exist partly to maintain those -who had lost their wits and memory (_hors de lour sennes et memoire_). -Many almshouse-statutes, however, prohibited their admission. A -regulation concerning an endowed bed in St. John’s, Coventry (1444), -declared that a candidate must be “not mad, quarrelsome, leprous, -infected.” At Ewelme “no wood man” (crazy person) must be received; and -an inmate becoming “madd, or woode” was to be removed from the Croydon -almshouse. - -Such disused lazar-houses as were inhabitable might well have been -utilized as places of confinement. This, indeed, was done at Holloway -near Bath. At what period the lepers vacated St. Mary Magdalene’s is -not known, but it was probably appropriated to the use of lunatics -by Prior Cantlow, who rebuilt the chapel about 1489. At the close of -the sixteenth century, St. James’, Chichester, was occupied by a sad -collection of hopeless cripples, among whom were found two idiots. A -hundred years later the bishop reported that this hospital was of small -revenue and “hath only one poor person, but she a miserable idiot, in -it.” - -Bethlehem Hospital was rescued by the Lord Mayor and citizens at the -Dissolution of religious houses and continued its charitable work. In -1560 Queen Elizabeth issued on behalf of this house an appeal of which -a facsimile may be seen in Bewes’ _Church Briefs_. “Sume be straught -from there wyttes,” it declares, “thuse be kepte and mayntend in the -Hospital of our Ladye of Beddelem untyle God caule them to his marcy or -to ther wyttes agayne.” - -[Illustration: _PLATE V._ HARBLEDOWN HOSPITAL, NEAR CANTERBURY ONCE -USED FOR LEPERS] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[22] Char. Com. Rep., xxxii. vi. 472. - - - - -[p035] - -CHAPTER IV - -THE LAZAR-HOUSE - - - “_For the relief of divers persons smitten with this sickness and - destitute and walking at large within the realm._”[23] (Holloway, - 1473.) - -On the outskirts of a town seven hundred years ago, the eye of the -traveller would have been caught by a well-known landmark—a group of -cottages with an adjoining chapel, clustering round a green enclosure. -At a glance he would recognize it as the lazar-house, and would prepare -to throw an alms to the crippled and disfigured representative of the -community. - -It is a startling fact that there is documentary evidence for the -existence of over 200 such institutions in this country in the Middle -Ages, though historians disagree in their conclusions on this subject, -as they do on the extent and duration of the disease itself. To some, -leprosy is a phantom playing upon the imagination of a terror-stricken -nation; to others, an all-devouring giant stalking through the land. -One writer surmises that all the _British_ leper-hospitals together -did not exceed fifty, for “there might have been a leper in a village -here and there, one or two in a market-town, a dozen or more in a -city, a score or so in a whole diocese.” Another says that “the -number of these lazar-houses, however great, was insufficient to -accommodate [p036] more than a small proportion of those suffering from -the disease. The rest flocked to the high roads, and exposed their -distorted limbs and sores, and sought by attracting the notice of -travellers to gain alms for their support.” - -Speaking broadly, one may say that leprosy raged from the eleventh -to the middle of the thirteenth century, when it abated; that it was -inconsiderable after the middle of the fourteenth; that, though not -extinct, it became rare in the fifteenth; and had practically died out -by the sixteenth century, save in the extreme south-west of England. - - * * * * * - -It is commonly supposed that leprosy was introduced into this country -by returning crusaders. “The leprosy was one epidemical infection -which tainted the pilgrims coming thither,” says Fuller; “hence was it -brought over into England—never before known in this island—and many -lazar-houses erected.” Voltaire makes this satirical epigram:—“All that -we gained in the end by engaging in the Crusades, was the leprosy; and -of all that we had taken, that was the only thing that remained with -us.” This theory, however, is no longer accepted, and Dr. C. Creighton -expresses an opinion that it is absurd to suppose that leprosy could -be “introduced” in any such way. Geoffrey de Vinsauf, the chronicler -who accompanied Richard I, says, indeed, that many perished from -sickness of a dropsical nature. He was an eyewitness of the famine -which led to the consumption of abominable food, but there is little -proof that these wretched conditions engendered leprosy among the -pilgrim-warriors. Only once is a leper mentioned in his _Itinerary_, -and then it is no less a personage than Baldwin IV, the young prince -who became seventh King of Jerusalem and victor over [p037] Saladin. -It is, moreover, an undeniable fact that there were lepers in Saxon -and early Norman England. The Anglo-Saxon equivalent is found in the -vocabulary attributed to Aelfric. Roger of Hoveden tells the story of -a poor leper whom Edward the Confessor was instrumental in curing. -Aelfward, Saxon Bishop of London, retired into a monastery because of -this affliction; and Hugh d’Orivalle, Bishop of London, a Norman, died -a leper in 1085. Finally, at least two lazar-houses were established -within twenty years of the Conquest, and before the first Crusade. - - -(a) _Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries_ - -Leprosy was rampant during the Norman period. By a happy providence, -charity was quickened simultaneously by the religious movement which -illuminated a dark age, so that the need was met. Two leper-houses were -rivals in point of antiquity, namely, Rochester and Harbledown, both -founded before 1100. These were followed (before 1135) by foundations -at Alkmonton, Whitby, London, Lincoln, Colchester, Norwich, Newark, -Peterborough, Oxford, Newcastle, Wilton, St. Alban’s, Bury, Warwick. -Within the next twenty years hospitals are mentioned at Canterbury -(St. Laurence), Buckland by Dover, Lynn, Burton Lazars, Aylesbury, -York, Ripon, and Northampton; there were also other early asylums at -Carlisle, Preston, Shrewsbury, Ilford, Exeter, etc. The chief building -period was before the middle of the thirteenth century. A glance at -_Appendix B_ will show how such houses multiplied. Moreover, many -not specifically described as for lepers, were doubtless originally -intended for them. (Cf. Lewes, Abingdon, Scarborough, etc.) [p038] - - -(b) _Fourteenth Century_ (1300–1350) - -During the first part of the fourteenth century, leprosy was -widespread, but by no means as common as formerly. Directly or -indirectly, testimony is borne to the fact of its prevalence by -national laws, by hospital authorities and by the charitable public. - -In the first place there is the witness of external legislation, which -is two-fold. Schemes of taxation refer constantly to lepers (_Rolls -of Parliament_, 1307–1324). Measures were repeatedly taken for their -expulsion from towns. An ordinance was made in the Parliament of -Lincoln (1315) commanding that houses founded for the infirm and lepers -should be devoted to their use. The admission of other persons was now -refused, as, for example, at St. Giles’, London, and St. Bartholomew’s, -Oxford.[24] - -There is, secondly, the phraseology of contemporary leper-house -statutes, e.g. those drawn up by the Abbot of St. Alban’s (1344), and -by the Bishop of London for Ilford (1346). Here it is right to note a -case where infected inmates were already in a minority. A summary of -the history of St. Nicholas’, Carlisle (1341), includes this definite -statement:—“until by lapse of time the greater part of the lepers died, -when . . . their places were filled by poor impotent folk.”[25] - -Thirdly, it is evident from the gifts of charitable persons that there -were still many outcasts in need of assistance. Bishop Bitton of Exeter -left money to lazars in thirty-nine localities within his diocese -(1307). [p039] Practically all the wills of the period allude to the -presence of lepers in the neighbourhood. Although there already existed -two asylums outside Rochester (St. Bartholomew’s and St. Nicholas’ at -Whiteditch), to which bequests were continuously made until far into -the next century,[26] St. Katherine’s hospital was founded in 1316 for -lepers and other mendicants:— - - “if it happe anie man or woman of the cittie of Rouchester to be - uisited with lepre, or other suche diseases that longe to impotence, - with unpower of pouertie, there sholde be receaued.” - -If leper-houses were empty, the fact is largely accounted for by the -mismanagement and poverty of charitable institutions at that period. -This aspect of the subject has never received adequate attention. -Destitute persons were ousted to make way for paying inmates. One -thirteenth-century master of St. Nicholas’, York, admitted thirty-six -brethren and sisters, of whom four were received _pro Deo_, because -they were lepers, but the rest for money. This practice was sadly -common, and notorious instances might be cited from Lincoln (Holy -Innocents’), London (St. Giles’), and Oxford (St. Bartholomew’s). - -Moreover, the leper would probably not be anxious for admission, -because at this time, when hospitals were barely able to supply the -necessaries of life, it meant restriction without the corresponding -comfort which sometimes made it welcome. It is related that in 1315, -the lepers of Kingston showed their independence by quitting the -hospital and demolishing it. A Close Roll entry relating to St. -Nicholas’, Royston (1359), declares that the “lepers for a great while -past have refused to come or to dwell [p040] there.” About the year -1350 the chronicler of St. Alban’s states that at St. Julian’s hospital -“in general there are now not above three, sometimes only two, and -occasionally one.” Possibly they had rebelled against the strict life -enforced: in 1353 the master and lepers were made semi-independent by -grant of the abbot and convent.[27] - -In truth, hospitals were in great straits during this distressful -century, and retrenchment was necessary. Leper-houses in particular -were seldom on a sound financial basis. Even if they possessed certain -endowments in kind there was rarely money to spend on the fabric, and -buildings became dilapidated. Experience teaches the difficulty of -maintaining old-established charities. Much of the early enthusiasm had -passed away, and charity was at a low ebb. - -It was indeed a poverty-stricken period. Heavy taxation drained the -country’s resources. War, famine and pestilence were like the locust, -palmerworm and caterpillar devastating the land. These were cruel times -for the poor, and also for houses of charity. The mediæval tale of Sir -Amiloun shows that, so long as the land had plenty, the leper-knight -and his companion fared well, but that when corn waxed dear, they were -driven by hunger from town to town, and could barely keep themselves -alive. - -A few instances will show how charity suffered. At the Harbledown -leper-house (1276), voluntary offerings were so diminished that inmates -were come to great want, and it was feared the sick would be compelled -to leave. In 1301 the authorities of the Stafford hospital were [p041] -said to be accustomed to receive lepers with goods and chattels, but -they were not bound to support them, and the prior himself had been -driven away by destitution. St. Giles’, Hexham, was suffering from the -Scotch wars. An inquiry ordered by the archbishop (1320) showed that -the numbers were reduced, that none were admitted without payment, and -that they had to work hard. The allowance of bread and beer from the -priory was diminished, oxen were borrowed for ploughing, and there was -scarcely enough corn to sow the land.[28] Wayfaring lepers had ceased -to frequent St. Mary Magdalene’s, Ripon (where they used to receive -food and shelter), because applicants went away empty-handed (1317); -and a later inquiry showed that none came there “because it was fallen -down.” In 1327, the Huntingdon lepers had barely sufficient to maintain -their present company, admittance being refused to applicants solely -on that account, and they were excused taxation in 1340, because if -payment were made, they would have to diminish the number of inmates -and disperse them to seek their food. Civil and ecclesiastical -registers alike, in issuing protections and briefs for leprous men -collecting alms for hospitals, tell a tale of utter destitution. - - -(c) _Fourteenth Century_ (1350–1400) - -Having discussed that portion of the century which preceded the fateful -year 1349, we now inquire to what extent leprosy existed during the -fifty years that followed. It is no longer mentioned in legislation, -and there are indications that it had come to be regarded chiefly as -a question for local government: the _Letter Books_ of the [p042] -Corporation of London record edicts of expulsion. There are other -proofs that the number of sufferers was decreasing. If, for example, -the language be compared of two Harbledown deeds, dated 1276 and 1371, -an appreciable difference can be discerned. In the first it is declared -that there “a hundred lepers are confined to avoid contagion,” but a -century later it is merely stated that “some of these poor are infected -with leprosy.” It was said at Maldon in 1402 that there had been no -leper-burgesses for twenty years and more. The mention of burgesses is, -however, inconclusive, for there may have been mendicant lazars who -would gladly have accepted the shelter of St. Giles’; but the town was -not bound to support them. - -The gifts and bequests of this period testify to the fact that although -there were lepers—notably in the vicinity of towns—yet the institutions -provided for them were small in comparison with former asylums. A new -lazar-house was built at Sudbury in 1373, to accommodate three persons. -Shortly before 1384 a house for lepers and other infirm was founded -at Boughton-under-Blean.[29] Richard II left money to complete two -hospitals near London. The will of his uncle, John of Gaunt, who died -the same year (1399), indicates the smallness of existing institutions -within five miles of the city, for he bequeaths to every leper-house -containing five _malades_, five nobles, and to lesser hospitals, three -nobles each. - -For a time, the pestilence of 1349 had brought financial ruin to -houses dependent upon charity. In London, for example, in 1355, the -full complement at St. Giles’ should [p043] have been fourteen—it had -originally been forty—but the authorities complained that they could -not maintain even the reduced number, for their lands lay uncultivated -“by reason of the horrible mortality.” St. James’ hospital—which used -to support fourteen—was empty, save for the sole survivor of the -scourge who remained as caretaker, nor does it appear to have been -reorganized as a leper-asylum. - -This diminution in numbers may be attributed to various causes. An -increase of medical knowledge with improved diagnosis, together -with the strict examination which now preceded expulsion, doubtless -prevented the incarceration of some who would formerly have been -injudiciously classed as lazars. Possibly, too, the disease now took -a milder form, as it is apt to do in course of time. Again, the Black -Death (1349) had not merely impoverished leper-hospitals, but must -surely have been an important factor in the decline of leprosy itself. -If it reduced the population by two-thirds, or even by one-half, as is -computed, it also carried off the weakest members of society, those -most prone to disease. When the plague reached a lazar-house, it found -ready victims, and left it without inhabitant. The same may be said -of the terrible though lesser pestilences which followed (1361–76). -The attempt to purify towns by sanitary measures contributed to the -improvement of public health. In Bartholomew’s _De Proprietatibus -Rerum_ (_circa_ 1360) it is declared, among divers causes of leprosy -that:—“sometyme it cometh . . . of infecte and corrupte ayre.” Steps -were taken in London to improve sanitation (1388) because “many and -intolerable diseases do daily happen.” [p044] - - -(d) _Fifteenth Century_ - -Having admitted that leprosy was steadily declining, so that by the -year 1400 it was rare, we are not prepared to echo the statement that -its disappearance “may be taken as absolute.” Certain lazar-houses -were, indeed, appropriated to other uses, as at Alkmonton (1406), -Sherburn (1434), and Blyth (1446). In remembrance of the original -foundation, accommodation was reserved at Sherburn for two lepers “if -they could be found in those parts” [i.e. in the Bishopric of Durham] -“or would willingly come to remain there,” the place of the sixty-five -lepers being now taken by thirteen poor men unable of their own means -to support themselves.[30] This was a period of transition, and -although ruins already marked the site of many a former settlement, yet -there were places where a few lepers occupied the old habitations. - -Leprosy certainly lurked here and there. The testimony of wills may -not be considered wholly trustworthy evidence, yet they show that the -public still recognized a need. In 1426 a testator left money for four -lepers to receive four marks yearly for ten years. Bequests were made -to lepers of Winchester (1420); to “eche laseer of man and woman or -child within Bury” (1463); to “the leprous men now in the house of -lepers” at Sandwich (1466). There were, perhaps, cases where testators -had little personal knowledge of the charities. We cannot, however, -doubt that a real need existed when the former mayor of Newcastle -leaves forty shillings to “the lepre men of Newcastell” (1429), or -when [p045] John Carpenter—for over twenty years town-clerk of -London—bequeaths money to poor lepers at Holborn, Locks and Hackney -(1441). - -In 1464, when confirming Holy Innocents’, Lincoln, to Burton Lazars, -Edward IV renewed Henry VI’s stipulation that three leprous retainers -should still be supported:—“to fynde and susteyn there yerely for -ever, certeyn Lepurs of oure menialx Seruauntez and of oure Heires -& Successours, yf eny suche be founde.” The king relinquished some -property near Holloway (Middlesex), in order to provide a retreat -for infected persons. In the year 1480 there were a few lepers at -Lydd, who were allowed to share in the festivities when the quarrels -between Edward IV and Louis XI came to an end. The ships of the Cinque -Ports had been requisitioned, including “the George” of Romney. The -town-clerk of Lydd makes an entry of 4_d._ “Paid to the leperys, whenne -the George was fette home fro Hethe.”[31] - - -(e) _Sixteenth Century_ - -Cases of true leprosy were now of rare occurrence. Probably leper -hospitals were in the main only nominally such, as a testator hints -in 1519, bequeathing a legacy “to every Alms House called Lepars -in the Shire of Kent.” But although the social conditions of the -country improved during the Tudor period, they were still low enough -continually to engender pestilence. When Erasmus visited England, he -was struck by the filthy habits which were prevalent; but the avengers -of neglect of cleanliness were now plague and the sweating sickness. In -some few cases old hospitals were [p046] utilized for the sufferers. -The plague having lately raged in Newcastle, it was recorded in the -Chantry Certificate of St. Mary Magdalene’s (1546) that it was once -used for lepers, but “syns that kynde of sickeness is abated it is used -for the comforte and helpe of the poore folks that chaunceth to fall -sycke in tyme of pestilence.” - -The south-west corner of England was now the last stronghold of -leprosy. St. Margaret’s, Honiton, had been refounded about 1530. A new -leper-hospital was built at Newton Bushell near Exeter in 1538:— - - “for the releff of powre lazar-people, whereof grete nomber with - that diseas be now infectid in that partis, to the grete daunger of - infection of moche people . . . for lacke of conueayent houses in the - county of Devonshire for them.” - -Even in 1580, none were admitted to St. Mary Magdalene’s, Exeter, -except “sick persons in the disease of the leprosy.” About the same -time it was reported that “for a long time there had been a great -company of lazar-people” at Bodmin. - -A few of the old hospitals were kept up in different parts. In the -first year of Edward VI (1547) it was enacted that all “leprouse and -poore beddred creatures” who were inmates of charitable houses should -continue in the places appointed, and be permitted to have proctors -to gather alms for them. The Corporation MSS. of Hereford include a -notification that year of the appointment of collectors for “the house -of leprous persons founded in the worship of St. Anne and St. Loye.” -Strype records similar licences granted to Beccles and Bury; and he -also cites[32] “A protection to beg, granted to [p047] the poor -lazars of the house of our Saviour Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene, at -Mile-end [in Stepney], and J. Mills appointed their proctor” (1551). -The sixteenth-century seal of this _Domus Dei et S. Marie Magd. de Myle -End_ (figured below) shows a crippled leper and an infirm woman of the -hospital. In 1553, £60 was given to the lazar-houses round London on -condition that inmates did not beg to people’s annoyance within three -miles. - - * * * * * - -It has here been attempted to bring together some notes touching the -extent and duration of leprosy during the Middle Ages, as affecting -the provision and maintenance of leper-hospitals. Into the nature of -the disease itself we have not endeavoured to inquire, that being a -scientific rather than an historical study. Those who would go further -into the subject must gain access to the writings of Sir James Simpson, -Dr. C. Creighton, Dr. George Newman and others. - -[Illustration: 6. SEAL OF THE LAZAR-HOUSE, MILE END] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[23] Patent 12 Ed. IV, pt. II, m. 6. - -[24] Pat. 8 Edw. II, pt. ii. m. 5. Close 9 Edw. II, m. 18 _d_. - -[25] Pat. 15 Edw. III, pt. i. m. 49, 48. - -[26] J. Thorpe, _Custumale Roffense_, p. 39 et sq.; _Reg. Roff._ p. 113. - -[27] Pat. 27 Edw. III, pt. ii. m. 16. - -[28] Surtees Soc. 46, ii. 130. - -[29] Cited Vict. Co. Hist. _Kent_. - -[30] One deed of reformation speaks of “the diminution of the means of -the hospital and the small number of lepers who resort thither.” (_Pap. -Lett._ 1430–1.) - -[31] Hist. MSS. 5th R. p. 527 a. - -[32] Ecclesiastical Memorials, II, 248. - - - - -[p048] - -CHAPTER V - -THE LEPER IN ENGLAND - - - “_From the benefactions and possessions charitably bestowed upon the - hospital, the hunger, thirst and nakedness of those lepers, and other - wants and miseries with which they are incessantly afflicted . . . - may be relieved._” - - (Foundation Charter of Sherburn.) - -We now turn from leper-asylums to consider the leper himself—a sadly -familiar figure to the wayfaring man in the Middle Ages. He wears a -sombre gown and cape, tightly closed; a hood conceals his want of hair, -which is, however, betrayed by the absence of eyebrows and lashes; his -limbs are maimed and stunted so that he can but hobble or crawl; his -features are ulcerated and sunken; his staring eyes are unseeing or -unsightly; his wasted lips part, and a husky voice entreats help as he -“extends supplicating lazar arms with bell and clap-dish.” - - * * * * * - -At the outset it is necessary to state that inmates of lazar-houses -were not all true lepers. Persons termed _leprosi_, _infirmi_, -_elefantuosi_, _languidi_, _frères malades_, _meselles_, do not -necessarily signify lepers in a strict sense. Gervase of Canterbury, -writing about 1200, speaks of St. Oswald’s, Worcester, as intended -for “_Infirmi, item leprosi_”; and these words are used synonymously -in Pipe Rolls, charters, seals, etc. “Leprosy” was an elastic term as -commonly used. In the statutes of one hospital, [p049] the patriarch -Job was claimed as a fellow-sufferer—“who was so smitten with the -leprosy, that from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head there -was no soundness in him.” A _lazar_ was one “full of sores,” and any -person having an inveterate and loathsome skin-eruption might be -considered infected. Disfiguring and malignant disorders were common. -Victims of _scrofula_, _lepra_, _lupus_, _tuberculosis_, _erysipelas_ -(or “St. Anthony’s fire”) and persons who had contracted disease -as the baneful result of a life stained with sin, would sometimes -take advantage of the provision made for lepers, for in extremity -of destitution this questionable benefit was not to be despised. In -foreign lands to-day, some are found not unwilling to join the infected -for the sake of food and shelter; we are told, for example, that the -Hawaiian Government provides so well for lepers that a difficulty -arises in preventing healthy people from taking up their abode in the -hospitals. On the other hand, it often happens that those who are -actually leprous refuse to join a segregation-camp. - -No one, however, can deny that leprosy was once exceedingly prevalent, -and after weighing all that might be said to the contrary, Sir J. -Y. Simpson and Dr. George Newman were convinced that the disease -existent in England was for the most part true leprosy (_elephantiasis -Græcorum_). - - -1. PIONEERS OF CHARITY - -One practical outcome of the religious revival of the twelfth century -was a movement of charity towards the outcast. The Lazarus whom Jesus -loved became linked in pious minds with that [p050] _Lazarus ulceribus -plenus_ neglected by men, but now “in Abraham’s bosom,” and the thought -took a firm hold of the heart and imagination. Abandoned by relatives, -loathed by neighbours, the famished leper was now literally fed with -crumbs of comfort from the rich man’s table. - -The work of providing for “Christ’s poor,” begun by the great churchmen -Lanfranc and Gundulf, was carried into the realm of personal service by -Queen Maud (about 1101), the Abbot of Battle (before 1171) and Hugh, -Bishop of Lincoln (about 1186). Queen Maud is the brightest ornament -of the new movement. Like St. Francis of Assisi a century later, -she “adopted those means for grappling with the evil that none but -an enthusiast and a visionary would have taken.” Aelred of Rievaulx -relates how Prince David visited her and found the house full of -lepers, in the midst of whom stood the queen. She washed, dried and -even kissed their feet, telling her brother that in so doing she was -kissing the feet of the Eternal King. When she begged him to follow her -example, he withdrew smiling, afterwards confessing to Aelred:—“I was -sore afraid and answered that I could on no account endure it, for as -yet I did not know the Lord, nor had His spirit been revealed to me.” -Of Walter de Lucy, the chronicler of Battle Abbey writes:— - - “He especially compassionated the forlorn condition of those - afflicted with leprosy and _elephantiasis_, whom he was so far from - shunning, that he frequently waited upon them in person, washing - their hands and feet, and, with the utmost cordiality, imprinting - upon them the soothing kisses of love and piety.” - -St. Hugh used to visit in certain hospitals, possibly those at -Peterborough and Newark connected with the [p051] See or the Mallardry -at Lincoln.[33] He would even dwell among the lepers, eating with them -and ministering to them, saying that he was inspired by the example -of the Saviour and by His teaching concerning the beggar Lazarus. On -one occasion, in reply to a remonstrance from his Chancellor, he said -that these afflicted ones were the flowers of Paradise, pearls in the -coronet of the Eternal King.[34] - - -2. PUBLIC OPINION - -These noble pioneers were doubtless important factors in moulding -public opinion. They may often have outstepped the bounds of prudence, -but, as one has observed, “an evil is removed only by putting it for -a time into strong relief, when it comes to be rightly dealt with and -so is gradually checked.” As long as possible the world ignored the -existence of leprosy. The thing was so dreadful that men shut their -eyes to it, until they were shamed into action by those who dared to -face the evil. The Canon of the Lateran Council of 1179 acknowledged -that unchristian selfishness had hitherto possessed men with regard to -lepers. We need not suppose that the heroism of those who ministered -to lepers was that which boldly faces a terrible risk, but it was -rather that which overcomes the strongest repulsion for hideous and -noisome objects. There is no hint in the language of the chroniclers of -encountering danger, but rather, expressions of horror that any should -hold intercourse with such loathsome creatures. The remonstrances of -Prince David and of William de Monte were not primarily on account of -contagion.—“What is it that thou doest, O my lady? [p052] surely if -the King knew this, he would not deign to kiss with his lips your mouth -thus polluted with the feet of lepers!” “When I saw Bishop Hugh touch -the livid face of the lepers, kiss their sightless eyes or eyeless -sockets, I shuddered with disgust.”—If St. Francis raised an objection -to inmates wandering outside their precincts, it was because people -could not endure the sight of them. The popular opinion regarding the -contagious nature of the disease developed strongly, however, towards -the close of the twelfth century. The Canon _De Leprosis_ (Rome, 1179; -Westminster, 1200) declares emphatically that lepers cannot dwell with -healthy men. Englishmen begin to act consistently with this conviction. -The Prior of Taunton (1174–85) separates a monk from the company of -the brethren “in fear of the danger of this illness”; and the Durham -chronicler mentions an infirmary for those “stricken with the contagion -of leprosy.” - - -3. CIVIL JURISDICTION - - -(a) _The Writ for Removal._—The right to expel lepers was acknowledged -before it was legally enforced. An entry upon the statute-book may be -merely the official recognition of an established custom. The fact that -where use and wont are sufficiently strong, law is unnecessary, is -illustrated to-day in Japan, where public opinion alone enforces the -separation of lepers. At length English civil law set its seal upon -the theory of infection by the writ _De Leproso Amovendo_, authorizing -the expulsion of lepers on account of manifest peril by contagion. -An early instance of removal occurs in the Curia Regis Rolls (1220). -It is mentioned that William, son of Nicholas Malesmeins, had been -consigned with the assent [p053] of his friends to a certain Maladria -in Bidelington, where he abode for two years. This was the leper-house -near Bramber, mentioned four years previously in a Close Roll as “the -hospital of the infirm of St. Mary Magdalene of Bidelington.” - -Legislation on this subject was chiefly local. The Assizes of London -had proclaimed in 1276 that “no leper shall be in the city, nor come -there, nor make any stay there.” Edward III supplemented existing -measures by an urgent local edict for London and Middlesex. The royal -proclamation sets forth that many publicly dwell among the citizens, -being smitten with the taint of leprosy; these not only injure people -by the contagion of their polluted breath, but they even strive to -contaminate others by a loose and vicious life, resorting to houses of -ill-fame, “that so, to their own wretched solace, they may have the -more fellows in suffering.”[35] All persons proved leprous—citizens -or others, of whatever sex or condition—are to quit the city within -fifteen days, “and betake themselves to places in the country, -solitary, and notably distant from the city and suburbs.” This order, -sent to the mayor, was followed by a proclamation to the sheriff of -the county. Lepers are to abandon the highways and field-ways between -the city and Westminster, where several such persons sit and stay, -associating with whole men, to the manifest danger of passers-by.[36] - -This social problem continued to vex municipal authorities. A -precept was issued (1369) “that no leper beg in the street for fear -of spreading infection.” The porters of the eight principal gates -of the city were sworn [p054] to refuse them admittance. (That -_barbers_—forerunners of the barber-chirurgeons—were included among -the gate-keepers in 1310 and 1375, was perhaps due to their supposed -capability of recognizing diseases.) If a leper tried to enter, he -should forfeit his horse or his outer garment, and if persisting, be -taken into custody. The foreman at “le loke” and an official at the -Hackney lazar-house were also bound to prevent their entry into the -city. - -The “Customs of Bristol,” written down by the recorder in 1344, declare -“that in future no leper reside within the precincts of the town.” -Imprisonment was the penalty—a plan of doubtful wisdom. The measures -ordained by the burgesses of Berwick-on-Tweed were summary:— - - “No leper shall come within the gates of the borough; and if one gets - in by chance, the serjeant shall put him out at once. If one wilfully - forces his way in, his clothes shall be taken off him and burnt, and - he shall be turned out naked. For we have already taken care that a - proper place for lepers shall be kept up outside the town, and that - alms shall be there given to them.”[37] - -It was comparatively easy for the civic authorities to control the -ejection of lepers when the asylum was under their supervision, as -it frequently was. At Exeter, ecclesiastical leniency permitted a -continuance of the custom (which was already “ancient” in 1163) -of allowing lepers to circulate freely in the town. In 1244 the -bishop seems to have agreed with the mayor and corporation about the -inadvisability of the practice; and he resigned the guardianship of the -lazar-house, accepting in its stead that of St. John’s hospital. [p055] - -Municipal documents record the expulsion of lepers. In Gloucester -(1273), Richard, Alice and Matilda gave trouble and would remain within -the town “to the great damage and prejudice of the inhabitants.” John -Mayn, after repeated warnings to provide for himself some dwelling -outside London, was sworn to depart forthwith and not return, on pain -of the pillory (1372). A Leet Roll among the records of Norwich states -that “Thomas Tytel Webstere is a leper, therefore he must go out of the -city” (1375). In the following instances, the infected were consigned -to hospitals. Margaret Taylor came before the keepers of Beverley in -the Gild Hall, and asked by way of charity permission to have a bed -in the lepers’ house outside Keldgate Bar, which request was granted -(1394). The town-clerk of Lydd makes an entry of ten shillings “Paied -for delyvere of Simone Reede unto the howse of Lazaris” (_circa_ 1460). -The manorial court sometimes dealt with such cases. That of the Bishop -of Ely at Littleport recorded (1321):—“The jurors say upon their oath -that Joan daughter of Geoffrey Whitring is leprous. Therefore be she -set apart.”[38] - -The law evidently had no power to touch a leper unless he made himself -a source of public danger. No one interfered with him as long as he -remained in a quiet hiding-place, quitting it, perhaps, only at night. -Individuals, sheltered by the affection or self-interest of relatives, -might never come under the ban of the law: in the Norwich records, for -example, Isabella Lucas seems to have been allowed to remain at home -(1391). Judge Fitz-Herbert, commenting on the writ of removal, observes -[p056] that it lies where a leper is dwelling in a town, and will come -into the church or amongst his neighbors.[39] - -English legislation was never severe regarding lepers. We may believe -that the tolerant spirit of a certain thirteenth-century Scottish canon -prevailed throughout Great Britain. Lepers, it was declared, might well -fulfil their parochial obligations, but “if they cannot be induced -to do so, let no coercion be employed, seeing that affliction should -not be accumulated upon the afflicted, but rather their misfortunes -commiserated.”[40] In France, however, upon one terrible occasion, -Philip V was guilty of the abominable cruelty of burning lepers on the -pretext that they had maliciously poisoned wells. Mezeray says:—“they -were burned alive in order that the fire might purify at once the -infection of the body and of the soul.” The report of this inhuman act -reached England and was recorded both in the Chronicle of Lanercost -(under date 1318) and also by John Capgrave, who says:— - - “And in this same yere [1318] the Mysseles [lepers] thorow oute - Cristendam were slaundered that thei had mad couenaunt with Sarasines - for to poison alle Cristen men, to put uenym in wellis, and alle - maner uesseles that long to mannes use; of whech malice mony of hem - were conuicte, and brent, and many Jewes that gave hem councel and - comfort.”[41] - - -(b) _Property._—The legal status of the leper must now be examined. -When pronounced a leper in early days, a man lost not only his liberty, -but the right to inherit or bequeath property. A manuscript Norman -law-book [p057] declares “that the mezel cannot be heir to any one.” -In the days of Stephen, for example, Brien Fitz-Count was lord of -Wallingford and Abergavenny. “He had two sons, whom, being lepers, he -placed in the Priory of Bergavenny and gave lands and tithes there to -for their support,” bequeathing his property to other kinsmen. Again, -two women of the Fitz-Fulke family appeared in the King’s Court (1203) -in a dispute about property at Sutton in Kent: Avice urged that Mabel, -having a brother, had no claim—“but against this Mabel says that he -is a leper.”[42] Even a grant made by such a person was void. In 1204 -King John committed the lands of William of Newmarch to an official who -should answer for them at the Exchequer, but “if he have given away -any of his lands after he fell sick of the leprosy, cause the same to -be restored to his barony.”[43] This illustrates Bracton’s statement -that “a leprous person who is placed out of the communion of mankind -cannot give . . . as he cannot ask,” and, again, “if the claimant be -a leper and so deformed that the sight of him is insupportable, and -such that he has been separated . . . [he] cannot plead or claim an -inheritance.”[44] - -On the other hand, Lord Coke declares that “ideots, leapers &c. may -be heires,” and he comments thus upon Bracton and Britton:—“if these -ancient writers be understood of an appearance in person, I think -their opinions are good law; for [lepers] ought not to sue nor defend -in proper person, but by attorney.”[45] Possibly the Norman custom of -disinheritance prevailed in England at one time and then died out. The -case of Adam [p058] de Gaugy proves that in 1278 this Northumbrian -baron was not liable to forfeiture. He was excused, indeed, from -appearing in the presence of Edward I, but was directed to swear fealty -to an official. Although spoken of as his brother’s heir, Adam did not -long enjoy his property. He died the same year, childless, but leaving -a widow (_Eve_), and the barony passed to a kinsman.[46] - -The Norman maxim that the leper “may possess the inheritance he had -before he became a leper” is illustrated by the story of the youthful -heir of Nicholas de Malesmeins. Having attained full age, he left the -hospital where he had been confined, appeared before his feudal lord, -did homage, made his payment, and entered his fief.[47] - - -4. ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION - -Although leprosy was a penal offence, only laymen could be cited and -dealt with by the king, mayor or feudal lord. Clerks in holy orders -had to answer to their bishop. In the case of parochial clergy, the -diocesan was responsible for their suspension from office, as stated -by the Canon _De Leprosis_. Lucius III (1181–1185) decreed that they -must serve by coadjutors and wrote to the Bishop of Lincoln on this -subject.[48] The episcopal registers of Lincoln afterwards record -the case of the rector of Seyton (1310). Several leprous parish -priests are named in other registers, e.g. St. Neot, 1314 (Exeter), -Colyton, 1330 (Exeter), Castle Carrock, 1357 (Carlisle). In the latter -instance, the bishop having learned with sorrow that the rector was -infected and unable to [p059] administer the sacraments, cited him -to appear at Rose with a view to appointing a coadjutor.[49] It was -ordered by Clement III that when clergy were thus removed, they should -be supported from the fruits of their benefices. Sir Philip, the -leper-priest of St. Neot in Cornwall, was allowed two shillings a week, -besides twenty shillings a year for clothing. He was permitted to keep -the best room in his vicarage and the adjoining chambers, except the -hall. The rest of the house was partitioned off for the curate, the -door between them being walled up.[50] - - -5. EXAMINATION OF SUSPECTED PERSONS - -The duty of reporting and examining cases fell to the clergy, doctors, -civil officers or a jury of discreet men. (Cf. Fig. 7.) A curiously -complicated lawsuit brought into the King’s Court in 1220 relates how a -certain man had custody of the children of Nicholas de Malesmeins. When -the eldest-born became a leper, his perplexed guardian took the young -man to the King’s Exchequer, and before the barons of the Exchequer he -was adjudged a leper, and consigned to a hospital. (See pp. 52, 58.) - -[Illustration: 7. LEPER AND PHYSICIAN] - -In ordinary cases, the leper would show himself to the parish priest -as the only scholar. It was the village priest who helped the stricken -maiden to enter “Badele Spital” near Darlington, and afterwards -attested her [p060] cure, as related by Reginald of Durham. (See p. -97.) The register of Bishop Bronescomb of Exeter declares that “it -belongs to the office of the priest to distinguish between one form of -leprosy and another.” It was the duty of the clergy to take cognizance -of cases, but it was not always politic to interfere. In 1433 the -parson of Sparham endeavoured to get a parishioner, John Folkard, to -withdraw from the company of other men because he was “gretely infect -with the sekeness of lepre.” The vicar advertised him to depart, for -“his sekenes was contagious and myght hurte moche people.” After much -disputing, John went off to Norwich and took an action for trespass -against the parson before the sheriffs. Whereupon the vicar had to -appeal in chancery.[51] - -The writ of removal ordered the careful investigation of cases in the -presence of discreet and lawful men having the best knowledge of the -accused person and his disease. Probably the best was not very good, -for many judged by the outward appearance only. The Bishop of Lincoln, -directing the resignation of a clergyman (1310), says that he is -besprinkled with the spot of leprosy. The decree of 1346 condemns “all -those who are found infected with leprous spots” to be removed. Anthony -Fitz-Herbert, writing in 1534, points out that the writ is for those -“who appear to the sight of all men that they are lepers,” by their -voice, disfigurement and noisome condition. - -In medical treatises, great stress was laid on the necessity of -investigation with pondering and meditation. The _Rosa Anglica_ of -John of Gaddesden (physician to Edward II) declares that “no one is -to be adjudged a leper, and separated from intercourse of mankind, -until [p061] the figure and form of the face is actually changed.” The -contemporary French doctor, Gordon, uses almost the same words; and, -repeating his precautions, observes that “lepers are at the present day -very injudiciously judged.” A later writer, Guy de Chauliac (_circa_ -1363) says:— - - “In the examination and judgement of lepers, there must be much - circumspection, because the injury is very great, whether we thus - submit to confinement those that ought not to be confined, or allow - lepers to mix with the people, seeing the disease is contagious and - infectious.” - -Sir J. Simpson gives copious extracts from Guy’s _Chirurgia_, which has -also been translated into modern French (1890). Guy describes fully -the examination of a suspected person, giving in detail all possible -symptoms. It may here be observed that Bartholomew _Anglicus_, his -contemporary, enumerates among the causes predisposing to leprosy, -dwelling and oft talking with leprous men, marriage and heredity, evil -diet—e.g. rotten meat, measled hogs, flesh infected with poison, and -the biting of a venomous worm: “in these manners and in many other the -evil of _lepra_ breedeth in man’s body.” Guy advises the doctor to -inquire if the person under examination comes of tainted stock, if he -have conversed with lepers, etc. He must then consider and reconsider -the equivocal and unequivocal signs of disease. After a searching -investigation—not to be confined to one day—the patient must either -be set free (_absolvendus_) with a certificate, or separated from the -people and conducted to the lazar-house. - -About the time that John of Gaddesden was professor of medicine at -Oxford (1307–1325), and was writing upon [p062] leprosy, “experienced -physicians” were summoned to examine a provincial magnate. The mayor -and bailiffs of royal Winchester had been over-zealous “under colour -of the king’s late order to cause lepers who were amongst the healthy -citizens to be expelled.” It was surely a bitter hour to Peter de -Nutle, late mayor of the grand old city, when his successor and former -colleagues hounded him out! But there was justice for one “falsely -accused”; and subsequently an order of redress was sent, not without -rebuke to the civic authorities for their malicious behaviour towards a -fellow-citizen:— - - “as it appears, from the inspection and examination before our - council by the council and by physicians expert in the knowledge of - this disease, that the said Peter is whole and clean, and infected in - no part of his body.” - -A few days later the sheriff of Hampshire was directed to make a -proclamation to the same effect, so that Peter might dwell as he was -wont unmolested.[52] - -The royal mandate of 1346 reiterated the stipulation that men of -knowledge should inquire into suspected cases. It therefore seems -unlikely that a London baker ejected in 1372 was merely suffering -from an inveterate eczema, as has been suggested. Careless as were -the popular notions of disease, medical diagnosis was becoming more -exact; four kinds of leprosy were distinguished, of which “leonine” and -“elephantine” were the worst. - -There is an interesting document extant concerning a certain woman who -lived at Brentwood in 1468. She was indicted by a Chancery warrant, -but acquitted on the [p063] authority of a medical certificate of -health. The neighbours of Johanna Nightingale petitioned against -her, complaining that she habitually mixed with them and refused to -retire to a solitary place, although “infected by the foul contact -of leprosy.” A writ was therefore issued by Edward IV commanding a -legal inquiry. Finally, Johanna appeared before a medical jury in the -presence of the Chancellor. They examined her person, touched and -handled her, made mature and diligent investigation, going through -over forty distinctive signs of disease. She was at length pronounced -“utterly free and untainted,” and the royal physicians were prepared to -demonstrate this in Chancery “by scientific process.”[53] - - -6. TREATMENT OF THE BODY - -Alleviation was sometimes sought in medicinal waters. Here and there -the site of a hospital seems to have been selected on account of -its proximity to a healing spring, e.g. Harbledown, Burton Lazars, -Peterborough, Newark, and Nantwich. In various places there are springs -known as the Lepers’ Well, frequented by sufferers of bygone days. - -Tradition ascribes to bathing some actual cures of “leprosy.” Bladud -the Briton, a prehistoric prince, was driven from home because he was a -leper. At length he discovered the hot springs of Bath, where instinct -had already taught diseased swine to wallow: Bladud, too, washed and -was clean. The virtue of the mineral waters, well known to the Romans, -was also appreciated by the Saxons; possibly the baths were frequented -by lepers [p064] from early days, for there was long distributed in -Bath “an ancient alms to the poor and leprous of the foundation of -Athelstan, Edgar and Ethelred.” A small bath was afterwards set apart -for their use, to which the infected flocked. Leland notes that the -place was “much frequentid of People diseasid with Lepre, Pokkes, -Scabbes, and great Aches,” who found relief. A story similar to that of -Bladud, but of later date, comes from the eastern counties: a certain -man, sorely afflicted with leprosy, was healed by a spring in Beccles, -near which in gratitude he built a hospital. - -[Illustration: 8. ELIAS, LEPER MONK] - -There was rivalry between the natural water of Bath and the -miraculous water of Canterbury; the latter consisted of a drop of St. -Thomas’ blood many times diluted from the well in the crypt of the -cathedral.[54] William of Canterbury, a prejudiced critic, is careful -to relate how a leper-monk of Reading, Elias by name, went with his -abbot’s approval to Bath desiring to ease his pain, and there sought -earnestly of the physicians whatever he was able to gather from -them. “He set his hope in the warmth of the sulphur and not in the -wonder-working martyr,” says William. After forty days in Bath, Elias -set out for Canterbury, but secretly, pretending to seek medicine in -London; because (adds the chronicler) the abbot honoured [p065] the -martyr less than he ought to have done, and might not have countenanced -the pilgrimage. On his way, Elias met returning pilgrims, who gave him -some of the water of St. Thomas (Fig. 8); he applied this externally -and internally and became well.[55] Lest any should doubt the miracle, -Benedict of Canterbury tells us that many who were especially skilled -in the art of medicine used to say that Elias was smitten with a -terrible leprosy, and he proceeds to detail the horrible symptoms. In -the end, however, William declares that he who had been so ulcerated -that he might have been called another Lazarus, now appeared pleasant -in countenance, as was plain to all who saw him. What the Bath doctors -and Bath waters could not do, that the miraculous help of St. Thomas -had achieved. - -We see from the story of the monk Elias that the ministrations of the -physician and the use of medicine were sought by lepers. Bartholomew -says that the disease, although incurable “but by the help of God” when -once confirmed, “may be somewhat hid and let, that it destroy not so -soon”; and he gives instructions about diet, blood-letting, purgative -medicines, plasters and ointments. Efficacious too was (we are told) -the eating of a certain adder sod with leeks. - -There is no information forthcoming as to the remedial treatment of -lepers in hospital. The only narrative we possess is Chatterton’s -lively description of St. Bartholomew’s, Bristol, the Roll of which he -professed to find; it satisfied Barrett, a surgeon, and a local, though -uncritical, historian. A father of the Austin Friary came to shrive the -lepers (for which he received ten marks) and to dress [p066] their -sores (for which he was given fifty marks) saying, “lette us cure both -spryte and bodye.” When barber-surgeons came for an operation—“whanne -some doughtie worke ys to bee donne on a Lazar”—friars attended “leste -hurte ande scathe bee done to the lepers.” The friars’ knowledge was -such that barber-surgeons were willing to attend “wythoute paye to -gayne knowleche of aylimentes and theyr trew curis.” - - -7. TREATMENT OF THE SPIRIT - -Disease was sometimes regarded as an instrument of divine wrath, as -in the scriptural case of Gehazi. Thus Gilbert de Saunervill after -committing sacrilege was smitten with leprosy, whereupon he confessed -with tears that he merited the scourge of God. The popular view that -it was an expiation for sin is shown in the romance of Cresseid false -to her true knight. But except in signal cases of wrong-doing this -morbid idea was not prominent; and the phrase “struck by the secret -judgement of God” implies visitation rather than vengeance. Indeed, -the use of the expression “Christ’s martyrs” suggests that the leper’s -affliction was looked upon as a sacrifice—an attitude which illuminated -the mystery of pain. St. Hugh preached upon the blessedness of such -sufferers: they were in no wise under a curse, but were “beloved of God -as was Lazarus.” - -Those responsible for the care of lepers long ago realized exactly what -is experienced by those who carry on the same extraordinarily difficult -work to-day, namely, that leprosy develops to a high degree what is -worst in man. Bodily torture, mental anguish, shattered nerves almost -amounting to insanity, render lepers wearisome [p067] and offensive -to themselves no less than to others. These causes, together with -the absence of the restraining influences of family life, make them -prone to rebellious conduct, irritability, ingratitude and other evil -habits. Hope was, and is, the one thing to transform such lives, else -intolerable in their wintry desolation. St. Hugh therefore bade lepers -look for the consummation of the promise:—“Who shall change our vile -body, that it may be fashioned like unto His glorious Body.”[56] - -Alleviation of the agonized mind of the doomed victim was undertaken -first by the physician and afterwards by the priest. A recognized part -of the remedial treatment advocated by Guy was to comfort the heart. -His counsel shows that doctors endeavoured to act as physicians of the -soul, for they were to impress upon the afflicted person that this -suffering was for his spiritual salvation. The priest then fulfilled -his last duty towards his afflicted parishioner:— - - “The priest . . . makes his way to the sick man’s home and addresses - him with comforting words, pointing out and proving that if he - blesses and praises God, and bears his sickness patiently, he may - have a sure and certain hope that though he be sick in body, he may - be whole in soul, and may receive the gift of eternal salvation.” - -The affecting scene at the service which followed may be pictured from -the form in _Appendix A_. There was a certain tenderness mingled with -“the terrible ten commandments of man.” The priest endeavours to show -the leper that he is sharing in the afflictions of Christ. For [p068] -his consolation the verse of Isaiah is recited:—“Surely He hath borne -our griefs and carried our sorrows, yet did we esteem Him as a leper, -smitten of God and afflicted.” The same passage from the Vulgate is -quoted in the statutes for the lepers of St. Julian’s:—“among all -infirmities the disease of leprosy is more loathsome than any . . . yet -ought they not on that account to despair or murmur against God, but -rather to praise and glorify Him who was led to death as a leper.” - -[Illustration: 9. A LEPER] - -After separation the fate of the outcast is irrevocably sealed. -Remembering the exhortation, he must never frequent places of public -resort, nor eat and drink with the sound; he must not speak to them -unless they are on the windward side, nor may he touch infants or young -folk. Henceforth his signal is the clapper, by which he gives warning -of his approach and draws attention to his [p069] request. (Fig. 26.) -This instrument consisted of tablets of wood, attached at one end with -leather thongs, which made a loud click when shaken. In England, a -bell was often substituted for this dismal rattle. Stow and Holinshed -refer to the “clapping of dishes and ringing of bels” by the lazar. -The poor creature of shocking appearance shown in Fig. 9 holds in his -one remaining hand a bell. His piteous cry is “Sum good, my gentyll -mayster, for God sake.” This was the beggar’s common appeal: in an -_Early English Legendary_, a _mesel_ cries to St. Francis, “Sum good -for godes love.” - -Compelled to leave home and friends, many a leper thus haunted the -highway—his only shelter a dilapidated hovel, his meagre fare the -scraps put into his dish. To others, the lines fell in more pleasant -places, for in the hospital pain and privation were softened by -kindness. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[33] See p. 180. - -[34] Chron. and Mem. 37, _Magna Vita_, pp. 162–5. - -[35] Riley, _Memorials of London_, 230. - -[36] Close 1346 pt. i. m. 18 _d_, 14 _d_, and 1348 pt. i. m. 25 _d_. - -[37] Toulmin Smith, _Gilds_, 241. - -[38] Selden Soc., _Court Baron_, p. 134. - -[39] _Natura Brevium_, ed. 1652 p. 584. - -[40] Wilkins, _Concil. Mag._ i. 616. - -[41] Chron. and Mem., 1. 186. - -[42] Selden Soc., 3, No. 157. - -[43] Rot. Litt. Claus. 6 John m. 21. - -[44] Chron. and Mem., 70, i. 95; vi. 325. - -[45] First Institutes, p. 8a., 135b. - -[46] Inquisition, cf. Rot. Curia Scacc. Abb., i. 33. - -[47] Curia Regis Rolls, 72, m. 18 _d_. - -[48] _Conciliorum Omnium_, ed. 1567, III, 700 (cap. 4). - -[49] Reg. Welton. Cited Vict. Co. Hist. - -[50] Reg. Stapeldon, p. 342. - -[51] P.R.O. Early Chancery Proceedings, Bundle 46, No. 158. - -[52] Close 6 Edw. II, m. 21 _d_. - -[53] Close Roll, Rymer, ed. 1710, ix. 365. Translated, Simpson, _Arch. -Essays_. - -[54] Chron. and Mem., 67, i. 416. - -[55] Id. ii. 242. - -[56] Compare the title of a modern leper-house at Kumamoto in Kiushiu, -known as “The Hospital of the Resurrection of Hope”: and in Japanese -_Kwaishun Byōin_—“the coming again of spring.” - - - - -[p070] - -CHAPTER VI - -FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS - - - “_Hospitals . . . founded as well by the noble kings of this realm - and lords and ladies both spiritual and temporal as by others of - divers estates, in aid and merit of the souls of the said founders._” - - (Parliament of Leicester.) - -As our period covers about six centuries, some rough subdivision is -necessary, but each century can show patrons of royal birth, benevolent -bishops and barons, as well as charitable commoners. The roll-call is -long, and includes many noteworthy names. - - -FIRST PERIOD (BEFORE 1066) - -First, there is the shadowy band of Saxon benefactors. ATHELSTAN, on -his return from the victory of Brunanburh (937), helped to found St. -Peter’s hospital, York, giving not only the site, but a considerable -endowment. (See p. 185.) Among other founders was a certain noble and -devoted knight named ACEHORNE, lord of Flixton in the time of the -most Christian king Athelstan, who provided a refuge for wayfarers -in Holderness. Two Saxon bishops are named as builders of houses for -the poor. To ST. OSWALD (Bishop of Worcester, died 992) is attributed -the foundation of the hospital called after him; but the earliest -documentary reference to it is by Gervase of Canterbury (_circa_ 1200). -ST. WULSTAN (died 1094) [p071] provided the wayfarers’ hostel at -Worcester which continued to bear his name. Wulstan, last of the Saxon -founders, forms a fitting link with Lanfranc, foremost of those Norman -“spiritual lords” who were to build hospitals on a scale hitherto -unknown in England. - - -SECOND PERIOD (1066–1272) - -[Illustration: 10. “THE MEMORIAL OF MATILDA THE QUEEN”] - -LANFRANC erected the hospitals of St. John, Canterbury, and St. -Nicholas, Harbledown; these charities remain to this day as memorials -of the archbishop. His friend Bishop GUNDULF of Rochester founded a -lazar-house near that city. In QUEEN MAUD, wife of Henry I, the bishop -found a ready disciple. Her mother, Margaret of Scotland, had trained -her to love the poor and minister to them. St. Margaret’s special -care had been for pilgrims, for whom she had provided a hospital at -Queen’s-ferry, Edinburgh. The “holy Queen Maud,” as we have seen, -served lepers with enthusiasm, and she established a home near London -for them. (Fig. 10.) HENRY I caught something of his lady’s spirit. -“The house of St. Bartholomew [Oxford] was founded by our lord old King -Henry, who married the good queene Maud; and it was assigned for the -receiving and susteyning of infirme leprose folk,” says Wood, quoting -a thirteenth-century Inquisition. Henry endowed his friend Gundulf’s -foundation at Rochester, and probably also “the king’s hospital” near -Lincoln, which had possibly been begun by Bishop Remigius; that of -Colchester was built by his steward [p072] Eudo at his command, and -was accounted of the king’s foundation. Matilda, daughter of Henry and -Maud, left a benefaction to lepers at York. - -KING STEPHEN reconstructed St. Peter’s hospital, York, after a great -fire. (Cf. Pl. XXIV, XXV.) His wife, MATILDA of BOULOGNE, founded St. -Katharine’s, London, which continues to this day under the patronage of -the queens-consort. Henry II made considerable bequests for the benefit -of lazars, but it is characteristic that his hospital building was in -Anjou. RICHARD I endowed Bishop Glanvill’s foundation at Strood. KING -JOHN is thought to have founded hospitals near Lancaster, Newbury and -Bristol. He is sometimes regarded as the conspicuous patron of lepers. -Doubtless this may be partly attributed to the fact that at the outset -of his reign the Church secured privileges to outcasts by the Council -of Westminster (1200). There seems, however, to be some ground for his -charitable reputation. Bale, in his drama _Kynge Johan_, makes England -say concerning this king:— - - “Never prynce was there that made to poore peoples use - So many masendewes, hospytals and spyttle howses, - As your grace hath done yet sens the worlde began.” - . . . . . . - “Gracyouse prouysyon for sore, sycke, halte and lame - He made in hys tyme, he made both in towne and cytie, - Grauntynge great lyberties for mayntenaunce of the same, - By markettes and fayers in places of notable name. - Great monymentes are in Yppeswych, Donwych and Berye, - Whych noteth hym to be a man of notable mercye.”[57] - -Indeed, as the Suffolk satirist knew by local tradition, King John did -grant the privilege of a fair to the lepers of Ipswich. [p073] - - -[Illustration: _PLATE VI._ - -a. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S, GLOUCESTER - -b. ST. MARY’S, CHICHESTER] - -HENRY III erected houses of charity at Woodstock, Dunwich and Ospringe, -as well as homes for Jews in London and Oxford. He refounded St. John’s -in the latter city, and laid the first stone himself; he seems also to -have rebuilt St. John’s, Cambridge, and St. James’, Westminster. The -king loved Gloucester—the place of his coronation—and he re-established -St. Bartholomew’s, improving the buildings (Pl. VI) and endowment. -The new hospitals of Dover and Basingstoke were committed to his care -by their founders. Of Henry III’s charities only that of St. James’, -Westminster, was for lepers; but St. Louis, who was with him while on -crusade, told Joinville that on Holy Thursday (i.e. Maundy Thursday) -the king of England “now with us” washes the feet of lepers and then -kisses them. The ministry of the good queen Maud was thus carried on to -the fifth generation. - - * * * * * - -If history tells how Maud cared for lepers and provided for them in St. -Giles’, London, tradition relates that ADELA of LOUVAIN, the second -wife of Henry I, was herself a leper, and that she built St. Giles’, -Wilton. A Chantry Certificate reports that “Adulyce sometym quene of -Englande” was the founder. The present inmates of the almshouse are -naturally not a little puzzled by the modern inscription _Hospitium S. -Egidii Adelicia Reg. Hen. Fund_. The local legend was formerly to be -seen over the chapel door in a more intelligible and interesting form:— - - “This hospitall of St. Giles was re-edified (1624) by John Towgood, - maior of Wilton, and his brethren, adopted patrons thereof, by the - gift of Queen Adelicia, wife unto King Henry [p074] the First. This - Adelicia was a leper. She had a windowe and dore from her lodgeing - into the chancell of the chapel, whence she heard prayer. She lieth - buried under a marble gravestone.” - - Although in truth the widowed queen made a happy marriage with -William d’Albini, and, when she died, was buried in an abbey in -Flanders, she did endow a hospital at that royal manor—maybe to shelter -one of her ladies, whose affliction might give rise to the tale of “the -leprosy queen” and her ghost. When a person of rank became a leper, the -terrible fact was not disclosed when concealment was possible. This is -illustrated by another Wiltshire tradition—that of the endowment of the -lazar-house at Maiden Bradley by one of the heiresses of Manser Bisset, -dapifer of Henry II. The story is as old as Leland’s day; and Camden -says that she “being herselfe a maiden infected with the leprosie, -founded an house heere for maidens that were lepers, and endowed the -same with her owne Patrimonie and Livetide.” MARGARET BISSET was -certainly free from all taint of leprosy in 1237, when she sought and -gained permission to visit Eleanor of Brittany, the king’s cousin. She -was well known at court at this time, and a Patent Roll entry of 1242 -records that:—“At the petition of Margery Byset, the king has granted -to the house of St. Matthew [_sic_], Bradeleg, and the infirm sisters -thereof, for ever, five marks yearly . . . which he had before granted -to the said Margery for life.” Another contemporary deed (among the -_Sarum Documents_) may support the legend of the leper-lady. It sets -forth how Margaret Bisset desired to lead a celibate and contemplative -life; and therefore left her lands to the leper-hospital of Maiden -Bradley on condition that she herself was maintained there. [p075] - -Many famous churchmen, statesmen and warriors were hospital builders. -Among the episcopal founders who figured prominently in public affairs -were the following. RANULF FLAMBARD—“the most infamous prince of -publicans” under William Rufus—founded Kepier hospital, Durham. The -warlike HENRY de BLOIS, half-brother of Stephen, erected St. Cross near -Winchester. HUGH de PUISET, being, as Camden says, “very indulgently -compassionate to Lepres,” gathered them into his asylum at Sherburn, -but it is hinted that his bounty was not altogether honestly come by. -Again, “the high-souled abbot” SAMPSON—he who dared to oppose Prince -John and also visited Richard in captivity—was the founder of St. -Saviour’s, at Bury St. Edmunds. - -Even in the troublous days of Stephen there were barons who were tender -towards the afflicted. WILLIAM LE GROS, lord of Holderness, was one of -these. He was the founder of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Newton-by-Hedon, for -a charter speaks of “the infirm whom William, Earl of Albemarle, placed -there.” The _Chartulary of Whitby_ relates how the earl—“a mighty -man and of great prowess and power”—was wasting the eastern parts of -Yorkshire. Nevertheless he “was a lover of the poor and especially of -lepers and was accustomed to distribute freely to them large alms.” -Abbot Benedict therefore bethought him of a plan whereby he might save -the threatened cow-pastures of the abbey from devastation: he permitted -the cattle belonging to the Whitby hospital to join the herds of the -convent; consequently the earl was merciful to that place on account of -the lepers, and the herds fed together henceforth undisturbed. - -[Illustration: 11. THE TOMB OF RAHERE - -(Founder and first prior of St. Bartholomew’s)] - -Another charitable lord was RANULF de [p076] GLANVILL—“justiciary -of the realm of England and the king’s eye”—who with his wife Berta -founded a leper-hospital at West Somerton upon land granted to him by -Henry II. His nephew GILBERT de GLANVILL built St. Mary’s, Strood, -near his cathedral city of Rochester (_circa_ 1193); the loyal bishop -declaring in his charter that it was founded amongst other things -“for the reformation of Christianity in the Holy Land and for the -liberation of Richard the illustrious king of England.” After the royal -captive had been freed, he endowed his faithful friend’s foundation -with seven hundred acres of land. Among the leading men of the day -who built hospitals were Geoffrey Fitz-Peter and William Briwere, -Peter des Roches and Hubert de Burgh, together with Hugh and Joceline -of Wells. Yet another distinguished bishop of this period must be -[p077] mentioned, namely, WALTER de SUFFIELD, who was very liberal to -the poor, especially in his city of Norwich. During his lifetime he -established St. Giles’ and drew up its statutes. He directed that as -often as any bishop of the See went by, he should enter and give his -blessing to the sick, and that the occasion should be marked by special -bounty. His will shows a most tender solicitude for the welfare of the -house, which he commended to his successor and his executors. - -Benefactors included not only men eminent in church and state, but -“others of divers estates,” clerical and lay commoners. Foremost -of these stands RAHERE, born of low lineage, but court-minstrel -and afterwards priest. In obedience to a vision, he determined to -undertake the foundation of a hospital. He sought help from the Bishop -of London, by whose influence he obtained from Henry I the site of -St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield. While many founders are forgotten, men -delight to honour Rahere. The chronicler, who had talked with those who -remembered him, records how he sympathized with the tribulation of the -wretched, how he recognized their need, supported them patiently, and -finally helped them on their way. Rahere’s character is delightfully -portrayed in the _Book of the Foundation_:— - - “whoose prouyd puryte of soule, bryght maners with honeste probyte, - experte diligence yn dyuyne seruyce, prudent besynes yn temperalle - mynystracyun, in hym were gretely to prayse and commendable.” - -Other clerical founders include William, Dean of Chichester (St. -Mary’s), Walter the Archdeacon (St. John’s, Northampton), Peter the -chaplain (Lynn), Guarin the [p078] chaplain (Cricklade), Walter, -Vicar of Long Stow, etc. HUGH THE HERMIT was reckoned the founder of -Cockersand hospital, which grew into an abbey:— - - “Be it noted that the monastery was furst founded by Hugh Garthe, an - heremyt of great perfection, and by such charitable almes as [he] dyd - gather in the countre he founded an hospitall.” - -The leading townsfolk of England have long proved themselves -generous. GERVASE of Southampton is in the forefront of a line of -merchant-princes and civic rulers who have also been benefactors of -the needy. Gervase “le Riche” was evidently a capitalist, and it is -recorded that he lent moneys to Prince John. His responsible office was -that of portreeve; it may be that while exercising it, he witnessed -sick pilgrims disembark and was moved to help them. Certainly, about -the year 1185, Gervase built God’s House (Pl. VII) beside the quay, -and his brother Roger became the first warden. Leland’s version is as -follows:— - - “Thys Hospitale was foundyd by 2 Marchauntes beyng Bretherne - [whereof] the one was caullyd Ge[rvasius] the other Protasius. . . . - These 2 Brethern, as I there lernid, dwellyd yn the very Place wher - the Hospitale is now. . . . These 2 Brethern for Goddes sake cause[d] - their House to be turnid to an Hospitale for poore Folkes, and - endowed it with sum Landes.” - -Among other citizen-founders of this period may be named Walter and -Roesia Brune, founders of St. Mary’s, Bishopsgate, London; Hildebrand -le Mercer, of Norwich; and William Prodom and John Long, of Exeter. -[p079] - -[Illustration: _PLATE VII._ GOD’S HOUSE, SOUTHAMPTON] - - -THIRD PERIOD (1272–1540) - -Few royal builders or benefactors can be named at this time. EDWARD -I, who, from various motives, set his face like a flint against the -Jews, was a beneficent patron to those who were prepared to submit to -Baptism; and he reorganized and endowed his father’s House of Converts. -His charity, however, was of a somewhat belligerent character and -partook of the nature of a crusade. He was always extremely harsh -towards the unconverted Jew; his early training as champion of the -Cross in the Holy Land helped to make him zealous in ridding his own -kingdom of unbelievers. But before finally expelling them, he did -his best for their conversion, enlisting the help of the trained -and eloquent Dominican brethren. Edward with justice ordained that -as by custom the goods of the converts became the king’s, he should -henceforth “provide healthfully for their maintenance”; and he granted -them a moiety of their property when they became, by Baptism, “sons -and faithful members of the Church.” The chevage, or Jewish poll-tax, -and certain other Jewish payments, were appropriated to the _Domus -Conversorum_, over £200 being paid annually from the Exchequer. -Edward took an interest in “the king’s converts” and drew up careful -regulations for them. ELEANOR, his consort, was a benefactor of the -royal hospital near the Tower, and she was also by tradition the -founder of St. John’s, Gorleston. - -The unhappy RICHARD II desired in his will that five or six thousand -marks should be devoted to the maintenance of lepers at Westminster and -Bermondsey.[58] [p080] The reference to “the chaplains celebrating -before them for us” seems to imply that the king was the patron if -not the founder; possibly one house was that of Knightsbridge. The -will of HENRY VII provided for the erection of three great charitable -institutions. He was at least liberal in this, that he began in his -lifetime the conversion of his palace of Savoy into a noble hospital. -(Pl. XIV.) Its completion at the cost of 10,000 marks was the only -part of his plan carried out, and of the 40,000 marks designed to be -similarly expended at York and Coventry, nothing more is heard. - -The great lords of this period who were founders are led by two -distinguished kinsmen and counsellors of Edward III—each a HENRY of -LANCASTER and Steward of England. The father, when he was becoming -blind, erected St. Mary’s at Leicester for fifty poor (1330), and -his son doubled the foundation. RICHARD, EARL of ARUNDEL—the victor -of Sluys—began to found the Maison Dieu, Arundel, in 1380, but he -was executed on a charge of treason; and the work ceased until his -son, having obtained fresh letters-patent from Henry V (1423), set -himself to complete the design. Several notable veterans of the French -campaign may be mentioned as hospital builders, namely, MICHAEL de la -POLE (Kingston-upon-Hull), SIR ROBERT KNOLLES (Pontefract), WALTER, -LORD HUNGERFORD (Heytesbury) and WILLIAM de la POLE (Ewelme); when -the latter became unpopular and was executed as a traitor, his wife -Alice—called on her tomb _fundatrix_—completed the building and -endowment of God’s House. (Pl. XVII.) - -[Illustration: _PLATE VIII._ HOSPITAL OF ST. CROSS, WINCHESTER - -GATEWAY AND DWELLINGS BUILT BY CARDINAL BEAUFORT] - -Although the benevolence of bishops now chiefly took the form of -educational institutions, some well-known prelates [p081] erected -hospitals. BUBWITH—Treasurer of England under Henry IV—planned St. -Saviour’s, Wells, but it was not begun in his lifetime. BEAUFORT—Lord -Chancellor and Cardinal—refounded St. Cross, but, owing to the York and -Lancaster struggle, the design was not fully carried out. His rival -CHICHELE—the faithful Primate of Henry V—built not only All Souls, -Oxford, but the bede-house at Higham Ferrers. There is a tradition -that while keeping the sheep by the riverside he was met by William of -Wykeham, who recognized his talents and provided for his education. -He afterwards desired to found a college in the place where he was -baptized, and of this the almshouse formed part. WILLIAM SMYTH—founder -of Brasenose—restored St. John’s during his short episcopate at -Lichfield. When translated to Lincoln, he turned his attention to St. -John’s, Banbury, and bequeathed £100 towards erecting and repairing its -buildings, in addition to £60 already bestowed upon it. “This man,” -says Fuller, “wheresoever he went, may be followed by the perfume of -Charity he left behind him.” - -It was undoubtedly townsfolk who were the principal founders of -the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The name of many an old -merchant-prince is still a household word in his native place, where -some institution remains as a noble record of his bounty. St. John’s, -Winchester, for example, was erected by an alderman, JOHN DEVENISH, its -revenues being increased by another of the family and by a later mayor; -and the memory of benefactors was kept fresh by a “love-feast and merry -meeting” on the Sunday after Midsummer Day. WILLIAM ELSYNG established -a large almshouse near Cripplegate. He was a mercer of influential -position, being given a licence to travel in the [p082] king’s -service beyond seas with Henry of Lancaster; and it may have been this -nobleman’s charitable work in Leicester that inspired the foundation -known as “Our Lady of Elsyngspital.” - -A more famous London mercer, RICHARD WHITTINGTON, proved himself the -“model merchant of the Middle Ages”; Lysons records his manifold -beneficent deeds. Although he did not live long enough to carry out -all his schemes, his executors completed them, and in particular, the -almshouse attached to St. Michael Royal. In a deed drawn up after -his death (1423) and now preserved in the Mercers’ Hall, is a fine -pen-and-ink sketch which depicts the passing of this “father of the -poor.” (Pl. IX.) John Carpenter and other friends stand round the sick -man; nor are we left in doubt as to the significance of the group at -the foot of the bed—evidently twelve bedemen, led by one who holds a -rosary in token of his intercessory office—it being recorded in the -document that:— - - “the foresayde worthy and notable merchaunt, Richard Whittington, the - which while he leued had ryght liberal and large hands to the needy - and poure people, charged streitly on his death bed us his foresayde - executors to ordeyne a house of almes, after his death . . . and - thereupon fully he declared his will unto us.”[59] - -The same benefactor not only repaired St. Bartholomew’s, but added a -refuge for women to St. Thomas’, Southwark, as is set forth by William -Gregory, one of Whittington’s successors in the mayoralty:— - -[Illustration: _PLATE IX._ THE DEATH OF RICHARD WHITTINGTON] - - “And that nobyl marchaunt Rycharde Whytyngdon, made a new - chamby[r] with viij beddys for yong weme[n] that hadde done a-mysse - in truste of a good mendement. And he [p083] commaundyd that alle - the thyngys that ben don in that chambyr shulde be kepte secrete - with owte forthe, yn payne of lesynge of hyr leuynge; for he wolde - not shame no yonge women in noo wyse, for hyt myght be cause of hyr - lettyng of hyr maryage.” - -“Verily,” we exclaim with Lysons, “there seems to be no end to the good -deeds of this good man.” - -Nor were other places without their public-spirited townsmen. Unlike -“Dick” Whittington who died childless, THOMAS ELLIS left twenty-three -sons and daughters: nevertheless this large-hearted draper provided an -almshouse for his poorer neighbours in Sandwich. - -The wealth of WILLIAM BROWNE of Stamford and of ROGER THORNTON -of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was proverbial when Leland visited those -industrial centres and saw the charities which they had established. -Browne, founder of the bede-house (Fig. 5), “was a Marchant of a very -wonderful Richeness.” Thornton, a very poor man, reported to have been -a pedlar, who rose to be nine times mayor, was remembered as “the -richest Marchaunt that ever was dwelling in Newcastelle.” While in -this way many that were rich made offerings of their abundance, there -were those, too, who gave of their penury. Such was “ADAM RYPP, of -Whittlsey, a poor man, who began to build a Poor’s Hospital there, but -had not sufficient means to finish it.” His work was commended to the -faithful by briefs from Bishop Fordham of Ely (1391–4). - - -TOMBS OF FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS - -[Illustration: 12. JOHN BARSTAPLE - -(Burgess of Bristol)] - -Many benefactors associated themselves so closely with their bedemen -that they desired to be buried within the precincts of the hospital. -Robert de Meulan, one of the [p084] Conqueror’s lords, is said to have -founded and endowed Brackley hospital, where his heart was embalmed. -His descendant, Roger, Earl of Winchester, a considerable benefactor in -the time of Henry III, “ordered a measure to be made for corn in the -shape of a coffin, and gave directions that it should be placed on the -right side of the shrine, in which the heart of Margaret his mother -lay intombed,” providing that it should be filled thrice in a year for -ever for the use of the hospital.[60] The chapel [p085] continued to -be a favourite place of interment, for Leland says:—“There ly buryed in -Tumbes dyvers Noble Men and Women.” Bishop Suffield directed that if he -should die away from Norwich—as he afterwards did—his heart should be -placed near the altar in the church of St. Giles’ hospital. The blind -and aged Henry of Lancaster and Leicester was buried in his hospital -church, the royal family and a great company being present (1345); and -there likewise his son was laid. Few founders’ tombs remain undisturbed -in a spot still hallowed by divine worship, but some have happily -escaped destruction. Rahere has an honoured place at St. Bartholomew’s. -The mailed effigy of Sir Henry de Sandwich—lord warden of the Cinque -Ports—remains in the humbler St. Bartholomew’s near Sandwich. The -fine alabaster monument of Alice, Duchess of Suffolk, is in perfect -preservation at Ewelme. The rebuilt chapel of Trinity Hospital, -Bristol, retains a monumental brass of the founder (Fig. 12) and his -wife. - - -AIMS AND MOTIVES OF BENEFACTORS - -It is sometimes asserted that the almsgiving of the Middle Ages was -done from a selfish motive, namely, that spiritual benefits might be -reaped by the donor. Indeed it is possible that the giver then, like -some religious people in every age, was apt to be more absorbed in the -salvation of self than in the service of others; but the testimony -of deeds and charters is that the threefold aim of such a man was to -fulfil at once his duty towards God, his neighbour, and himself. That -he was often imbued with a true ministering spirit is shown by his -personal care for the comfort of [p086] inmates. Doubtless the hidden -springs of charity were as diverse as they are now: not every name on -a modern subscription list represents one that “considereth the poor.” -No one could imagine, for instance, that Queen Maud and King John had a -common motive in their charity to lepers; or that the bishops Wulstan -and Peter des Roches were animated by the same impulse when they -provided for the wants of wayfarers. - -The alleged motives of some benefactors are revealed in documents. -Henry de Blois, Bishop of Winchester, refers to St. Cross—“which I for -the health of my soul and the souls of my predecessors and of the kings -of England have founded . . . that the poor in Christ may there humbly -and devotedly serve God.” Herbert, Bishop of Salisbury, in making a -grant to clothe the lepers of a hospital in Normandy, says that:—“Among -all Christ’s poor whom a bishop is bound to protect and support, those -should be specially cared for whom it has pleased God to deprive -of bodily power,” and these poor inmates “in the sorrow of fleshly -affliction offer thanks to the Lord for their benefactors with a joyous -mind.” Matthew Paris writes of Henry III that “he being touched with -the Holy Ghost and moved with a regard to pity, ordained a certain -famous hospital at Oxon.” - -In the case of Rahere, the foundation of St. Bartholomew’s was an act -of gratitude for deliverance from death, and the practical outcome of a -vision and a sick-bed vow. While Rahere tarried at Rome, - - “he began to be uexed with greuous sykenesse, and his doloures, - litill and litill, takynge ther encrese, he drew to the extremyte of - lyf. . . . Albrake owte in terys, than he auowyd yf helthe God hym - wolde grawnte, that he myght lefully returne to his contray, [p087] - he wolde make and hospitale yn recreacion of poure men, and to them - so there i gaderid, necessaries mynystir, after his power.” - -Now and again a benefactor evinces deep religious feelings, as shown in -the charter of Bishop Glanvill at the foundation of St. Mary’s, Strood:— - - “Bearing in mind the saying of the Lord: ‘I was an hungred, and ye - gave Me meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave Me drink; I was a stranger, - and ye took Me in;’ . . . And seeing that the Lord takes upon Himself - the needs of those who suffer . . . we have founded a hospital in - which to receive and cherish the poor, weak and infirm.” - -Another founder showed the zeal of Apostolic days; a layman of -Stamford, Brand by name, made an offering to God and held nothing back. -This we learn from a papal document (_circa_ 1174):— - - “Alexander the bishop to his beloved son Brand de Fossato, greeting - . . . we having, been given to understand . . . that you, guided by - divine inspiration, having sold all you did possess, have erected a - certain hospital and chappel . . . where you have chose to exhibit a - perpetual offering to your creator.”[61] - -The meritorious aspect of almsgiving was sometimes uppermost. Hugh -Foliot, Bishop of Hereford, in founding his hospital at Ledbury, sets -forth the importance and advantage of exercising hospitality. He -illustrates the point by the case of the patriarchs, who were signally -rewarded for their hospitality:— - - “Bearing in mind therefore that . . . almost nothing is to be - preferred to hospitality, and that so great is its value that Lot and - [p088] Abraham who practised it were counted worthy to receive angels - for guests . . . we have built a certain hospital for strangers and - poor people.” - -The Church continued to teach the imperative duty of almsgiving. It is -stated in the will of Henry VII that in the one act of establishing a -hospital the Seven Works of Mercy might be fulfilled:— - - “And forasmuch as we inwardly consideir, that the vij. workes of - Charite and Mercy bee moost profitable, due and necessarie for - the saluation of man’s soule, and that the same vij. works stand - moost commonly in vj. of theim; that is to saye in uiseting the - sik, mynistring mete and drinke and clothing to the nedy, logging - of the miserable pouer, and burying of the dede bodies of cristen - people. . . . We therefor of our great pitie and compassion . . . - have begoune to erecte, buylde and establisshe a commune Hospital in - our place called the Sauoie . . . to the laude of God, the weale of - our soule, and the refresshing of the said pouer people, in daily, - nightly and hourely exploytyng the said vj. works of Mercy, Pitie, - and Charity.” - -To the hospital which he had provided, the founder looked not only -for spiritual and temporal profit in this life, but above all for -help to his soul in the world to come. The desire for the prayers -of generations yet unborn was a strong incentive to charity. The -bede-houses testify to a purposeful belief in the availing power of -intercession. Thus the patrons of Ewelme speak in the statutes of -“prayoure, in the whiche we have grete trust and hope to oure grete -relefe and increce of oure merite and joy fynally.” The same faith is -expressed by the action of the merchants and mariners of Bristol in -1445. Because - - “the crafte off maryners is so auenturous that dayly beyng in ther - uiages ben sore vexed, trobled and deseased and [p089] distried, - the which by gode menys of the prayers and gode werkes might be - graciously comforted and better releced of such trobles,” - -they wished to found a fraternity to support, within the old hospital -of St. Bartholomew (Fig. 13), a priest and twelve poor seamen who -should pray for those labouring on the sea, or passing to and fro into -their port. - -[Illustration: 13. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S HOSPITAL, BRISTOL - -(Called in 1387 _the Domus Dei by Frome Bridge_)] - -An earnest desire to make the world better is shown in one foundation -deed, dating probably from the middle of the fourteenth century. It -concerns Holy Trinity, Salisbury, erected by Agnes Bottenham on a spot -where a [p090] house of evil repute had existed “to the great perils -of souls”:— - - “The founders, by means of the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, have - ordained thirty beds to the sustentation of the poor and infirm - daily resorting thither, and the seven works of charity are there - fulfilled. The hungry are fed, the thirsty have drink, the naked are - clothed, the sick are comforted, the dead are buried, the mad are - kept safe until they are restored to reason, orphans and widows are - nourished, lying-in women are cared for until they are delivered, - recovered and churched.” - -The aim of pious benefactors was indeed the abiding welfare of their -bedemen. The hard-headed, warm-hearted business men of Croydon and -Stamford, no less than the ladies of Heytesbury and Ewelme, expressed -a hope that the _Domus Dei_ on earth might be a preparation for the -eternal House of God. In the words of the patrons of Ewelme, they -desired the poor men so to live:— - - “that aftyr the state of this dedely [mortal] lyf they mowe come - and inhabit the howse of the kyngdome of heven, the which with oure - Lordes mouth is promysed to all men the which bene pore in spirit. So - be yt.” - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[57] Camden Soc., 1838, pp. 82, 85. - -[58] Rolls of Parl. 1 Henry IV, vol. iii. 421. - -[59] T. Brewer, _Carpenter’s Life_, p. 26. - -[60] Bridges’ _History_, I, 146, - -[61] F. Peck’s _Annals of Stanford_, v. 15. - - - - -[p091] - -CHAPTER VII - -HOSPITAL INMATES - - - “_To the master and brethren of the hospital of St. Nicholas, - Scarborough.—Request to admit John de Burgh, chaplain, and grant - him maintenance for life, as John has been suddenly attacked by the - disease of leprosy, and has not wherewith to live and is unable - through shame to beg among Christians._” (Close Roll, 1342.) - -Though a visit to a modern infirmary calls forth in us, doubtless, -passing thoughts of admiration for the buildings and the arrangements, -what draws most of us thither is the bond of brotherhood. It is the -inmates of the wards who are to us the centre of attraction. Looking -upon the sufferers, we desire to know their circumstances, their -complaints, their chance of cure. Nor is it otherwise in studying the -history of ancient institutions. The mere site of an old hospital may -become a place of real interest when we know something of those who -once dwelt there, when we _see_ the wayworn pilgrim knocking at the -gate, the infirm man bent with age, the paralysed bedridden woman, and -the stricken leper in his sombre gown, and realize what our forefathers -strove to do in the service of others. - -In many cases the link between the first founder and first inmate was -very close, being the outcome of personal relations between master and -servant, feudal lord and tenant. It was so in the case of Orm, the -earliest hospital inmate whose name has been handed down to us. [p092] -This Yorkshireman, who lived near Whitby eight hundred years ago, -“was a good man and a just, but he was a leper.” The abbot, therefore, -having pity on him, founded a little asylum, in which Orm spent the -rest of his days, receiving from the abbey his portion of food and -drink. In the same way Hugh Kevelioc, Earl of Chester, built a retreat -outside Coventry for William de Anney, a knight of his household, which -was the origin of Spon hospital for the maintenance of such lepers as -should happen to be in the town. - - -(i) PERSONS MIRACULOUSLY CURED - -In dealing with mediæval miracles it may not unnaturally be objected -that we are wandering from the paths of history into the fields of -fiction; but it is absolutely necessary to allude to them at some -length because they played so important a part in the romantic tales -of pilgrim-patients. We shall see that sufferers were constantly being -carried about in search of cure, and in some cases were undoubtedly -restored to health. This was an age of faith and therefore of infinite -possibilities. It would appear that “marvels” were worked not only -on certain nervous ailments, but on some deep-seated diseases. It is -a recognized fact that illness caused by emotion (as of grief) has -oftentimes been cured by emotion (as of hope). Possibly, too, not a -few of the persons restored to health were suffering from hysteria -and nervous affections, which complaints might be cured by change of -scene and excitement. In the _Book of the Foundation_ is the story of -a well-known man of Norwich who would not take care of his health, -and therefore “hadde lost the rest of slepe,” which alone keeps the -nature sound and whole. His [p093] insomnia became chronic, and by the -seventh year of his misfortune he became very feeble, and so thin that -his bones could be numbered. At length he betook himself to the relics -of St. Bartholomew; there, grovelling on the ground, he multiplied his -prayers and began to sleep—“and whan he hadde slepte a grete while he -roys up hole.” - -On the other hand the conviction is forced upon us that many, perhaps -most, of the so-called miracles were not genuine. Some diseases might -have been feigned by astute beggars. Although experienced doctors and -skilled nurses to-day are quick to detect cases, cleverly simulating -paralysis, epilepsy, etc., the staff in a mediæval hospital would -probably not discover the deception. When one such person became the -hero of a dramatic scene of healing, the officials would joyfully -acknowledge his cure, without intention of fraud. The narratives come -down to us through monk-chroniclers, whose zeal for their home-shrines -made them lend a quick ear to that which contributed to their fame. In -those days people were uncritical and were satisfied without minute -investigation. - -[Illustration: 14. ST. BARTHOLOMEW - -(Twelfth-century seal)] - -There is, indeed, little information about early hospital inmates -unless they were fortunate enough to receive what was universally -believed in those days to be miraculous [p094] healing. Startling -incidents are related by contemporary writers, whose vivid and -picturesque narratives suggest that they had met witnesses of the -cures related. The twelfth-century chronicler of St. Bartholomew’s, -Smithfield, gives us eyes to see some of the patients of that famous -hospital. - - -(1) _Patients of St. Bartholomew’s._—The cripple Wolmer, a well-known -beggar who lay daily in St. Paul’s, was a most distressing case. He -was so deformed as to be obliged to drag himself along on all fours, -supporting his hands on little wooden stools. (Cf. Pl. XX.) His story -is extracted from Dr. Norman Moore’s valuable edition of the faithful -English version of the _Liber Fundacionis_, dating about the year 1400. - - “There was an sykeman Wolmer be name with greuous and longe langoure - depressid, and wrecchid to almen that hym behylde apperyd, his feit - destitute of naturall myght hyng down, hys legges cleuyd to his - thyis, part of his fyngerys returnyd to the hande, restynge alwey - uppon two lytyll stolys, the quantite of his body, to hym onerous, he - drew aftir hym. . . .” - -For thirty winters Wolmer remained in this sad condition, until at -length he was borne by his friends in a basket to the newly-founded -hospital of St. Bartholomew, where his cure was wrought by a miracle as -he lay extended before the altar in the church:— - - “. . . and by and by euery crokidness of his body a litill & - litill losid, he strecchid un to grownde his membris & so anoon - auawntynge hym self up warde, all his membris yn naturale ordir was - disposid. . . .” - -The scene of this incident was, presumably, that noble building which -we still see (Fig. 11), and which was then [p095] fresh from the hand -of the Norman architect and masons. - -Aldwyn, a carpenter from Dunwich, once occupied a place in St. -Bartholomew’s. His limbs were as twisted and useless as those of -Wolmer; his sinews being contracted, he could use neither hand nor -foot. Brought by sea to London, the cripple was “put yn the hospitall -of pore men,” where awhile he was sustained. Bit by bit he regained -power in his hands, and when discharged was able to exercise his craft -once more. - -Again the veil of centuries is lifted and we see the founder himself -personally interested in the patients. A woman was brought into the -hospital whose tongue was so terribly swollen that she could not close -her mouth. Rahere offered to God and to his patron prayer on her behalf -and then applied his remedy:— - - “And he reuolvynge his relikys that he hadde of the Crosse, he depid - them yn water & wysshe the tonge of the pacient ther with, & with the - tree of lyif, that ys with the same signe of the crosse, paynted the - tokyn of the crosse upon the same tonge. And yn the same howre all - the swellynge wente his way, & the woman gladde & hole went home to - here owne.” - -Perhaps the most startling cure was that of a maid deaf, dumb, blind -of both eyes and crippled. Brought by her parents to the festival of -St. Bartholomew in the year 1173, she was delivered from every bond of -sickness. Anon she went “joyfull skippyng forth”; her eyes clear, her -hearing repaired, “she ran to the table of the holy awter, spredyng -owte bothe handys to heuyn and so she that a litill beforne was dum -joyng in laude of God [p096] perfitly sowndyd her wordes”; then weeping -for joy she went to her parents affirming herself free from all -infirmity. - -In the foregoing narratives it will be noticed that hospital and shrine -were adjacent. This convenient combination not being found elsewhere, -incurable patients were carried to pilgrimage-places. Two of the -chief wonder-workers were St. Godric of Finchale and St. Thomas of -Canterbury, who both died in 1170. Reginald of Durham narrates the cure -by their instrumentality of three inmates from northern hospitals.[62] - - -(2) _The Paralytic Girl and the Crippled Youth._—A young woman who had -lost the use of one side by paralysis, was brought from the hospital -of Sedgefield (near Durham) to Finchale, where the same night she -recovered health. The poor cripple of York was not cured so rapidly. -Utterly powerless, his arms and feet twisted after the manner of -knotted ropes, this most wretched youth had spent years in St. Peter’s -hospital. At length he betook himself as best he could to Canterbury, -where he received from St. Thomas health on one side of his body. -It grieved him that he was not worthy to be completely cured, but -learning from many witnesses the fame of St. Godric, he hastened to -his sepulchre; falling down there, he lay in weakness for some time, -then, rising up, found the other side of his body absolutely recovered. -The lad returned home whole and upright, and this notable miracle was -attested by many who knew him, and by the procurator of the hospital. - - -(3) _A Leper Maiden._—The touching tale of a girl who was eventually -released from the lazar-house near [p097] Darlington (Bathelspitel) is -also related by Reginald, and transcribed by Longstaffe. - - “There is a vill in the bishopric called Hailtune - [Haughton-le-Skerne] in which dwelt a widow and her only daughter - who was grievously tormented with a most loathsome leprosy. The - mother remarried a man who soon began to view the poor girl with the - greatest horror, and to torment and execrate her. . . . She fled for - aid to the priest of the vill, who, moved with compassion, procured - by his entreaties the admission of the damsel to the hospital of - Dernigntune [Darlington], which was almost three miles distant, and - was called Badele.” - -There the maiden remained three years, growing daily worse. After -describing her horrible symptoms and wasted frame, the chronicler -narrates her marvellous cure at Finchale. Thrice did the devoted mother -take her thither until the clemency of St. Godric was outpoured and -“he settled and removed the noxious humours.” When at length the girl -threw back the close hood, her mother beheld her perfectly sound. The -scene of this pitiful arrival and glad departure was that beautiful -spot at the bend of the river Weir, now marked by picturesque ruins. -The complete recovery was attested by all, including the sheriff and -the kind priest, Normanrus. We reluctantly lose sight of the delivered -damsel, wondering whether the cruel step-father received her less -roughly when she got home. It is simply recorded that never did the -disease return, and that she lived long to extol the power given by God -to His servant Godric. - - -(4) _A Taunton Monk._—Seldom do we know the after-life of such -patients, but a touching picture shows us one cleansed of his leprosy, -serving his former fellow-inmates. This was John King, a monk of -Taunton Priory. Prior [p098] Stephen tells how he was smitten with -terrible and manifest leprosy, on which account he was transferred to -a certain house of poor people, where he stayed for more than a year -among the brethren. The prior’s letter, after declaring how the fame of -St. Thomas was growing throughout the world, refers to divers miracles, -by one of which John was completely cured. Returning from Canterbury, -he was authorized to gather alms for his former companions:— - - “We . . . earnestly implore your loving good will for the love of God - and St. Thomas, that you listen to the dutiful prayer of our brother - John, wonderfully restored to health by God, if you have power to - grant it. For he earnestly begs you to help by your labour and your - alms the poverty of those sick men whose company he enjoyed so - long.”[63] - -Two similar instances of service are recorded. Nicholas, a cripple -child cured at St. Bartholomew’s, was sent for a while to serve in -the kitchen,—“for the yifte of his helth, he yave the seruyce of his -body.” In the same way a blind man who had been miraculously cured by -the merit of St. Wulstan (1221), afterwards took upon himself the habit -of a professed brother in the hospital of that saint in Worcester. He -had been a pugilist and had lost his sight in a duel, but having become -a peaceable brother of mercy, he lived there honourably for a long -while.[64] - - -(ii) CROWN PENSIONERS - -Leaving the chronicles, and turning to state records, we find that -the sick, impotent and leprous were recipients of royal favour. An -early grant of maintenance was [p099] made in 1235 to Helen, a blind -woman of Faversham whom Henry III caused to be received as a sister -at Ospringe hospital. Similar grants were made from time to time to -faithful retainers, veteran soldiers or converted Jews (who were the -king’s wards). - - -_Old Servants, Soldiers, etc._—The most interesting pensioners were -veterans who had served in Scotland and France. The year of the battle -of Bannockburn (1314), a man was sent to Brackley whose hand had been -inhumanly cut off by Scotch rebels.[65] There are several instances of -persons maimed in the wars who were sent for maintenance to various -hospitals. One of the many grants of Richard II was made—“out of -regard for Good Friday”—to an aged servant, that he should be one of -the king’s thirteen poor bedemen of St. Giles’, Wilton. Another of -Richard II’s retainers, a yeoman, was generously offered maintenance at -Puckeshall by Henry IV.[66] - - -_Jewish Converts._—The House of Converts was akin to a modern -industrial home for destitute Jewish Christians, inmates being kept -busily employed in school and workshop. During the century following -the foundation of these “hospitals,” many converts are named, _Eve_, -for instance, was received at Oxford, and _Christiana_ in London. -Usually admitted after baptism, they were enrolled under their new -names. _Philip_ had been baptized upon St. Philip and St. James’ Day, -and _Robert Grosseteste_ was possibly godson of the bishop. Converts -were brought from all parts. We find John and William of Lincoln, -Isabel of Bristol and her boy, [p100] Isabel of Cambridge, Emma of -Ipswich, etc.[67] A century later pensioners must have been immigrants, -since all Jews resident in England had been expelled in 1290. A Flemish -Jew, baptized at Antwerp in the presence of Edward III, was granted -permission to dwell in the London institution with a life-pension of -2_d._ a day:— - - “Inasmuch as our beloved Edward of Brussels has recently abandoned - the superstitious errors of Judaism . . . and because we rejoice in - Christ over his conversion, and lest he should recede from the path - of truth upon which he has entered, because of poverty . . . we have - granted to him a suitable home in our House of Converts.” - -Theobald de Turkie, “a convert to the Catholic Faith,” was afterwards -received, together with pensioners from Spain, Portugal, France, and -Italy. A chamber was granted to Agnes, an orphan Jewess of tender -age and destitute of friends, the child of a convert-godson of -Edward II. A later inmate, of whose circumstances we would fain know -more, was Elizabeth, daughter of Rabbi Moyses, called “bishop of the -Jews” (1399). Converts frequently had royal sponsors. Henry V stood -godfather to Henry Stratford, who lived in the _Domus Conversorum_ -from 1416–1441. There was a certain risk in being called after the -sovereign, nor was it unknown for the king’s converts to change their -names. As late as 1532 Katharine of Aragon and Princess Mary stood -sponsor to two Jewesses. - - -(iii) INMATES OF SOME LAZAR-HOUSES - - -(1) _Lincoln Invalids._—Near Lincoln is a spot still pointed out as -the “Lepers’ Field.” Formerly it was known as the Mallardry or as Holy -Innocents’ hospital. [p101] Had one visited this place in the days of -Edward I, ten of the king’s servants—lepers or decrepit persons—would -have been found there, together with two chaplains and certain -brethren and sisters. Thomas, a maimed clerk, was one of the staff, -but after thirty years he incurred the jealousy of his companions, who -endeavoured to ruin his character while he was absent on business. -Brother Thomas appealed to the king, and justice was administered -(1278). Some time afterwards the household became so quarrelsome that -the king issued a writ, and a visitation was held in 1291 to set -matters straight. In 1290 William le Forester was admitted to the -lepers’ quarters, his open-air life not having saved him from disease. -Dionysia, a widow, took up her abode as a sister the same year, and -remained until her death, when another leper was assigned her place. -An old servant of the house past work was admitted as pensioner, and -also a blind and aged retainer whose faithfulness had reduced him to -poverty, he having served in Scotland and having moreover lost all his -horses, waggons and goods in the Welsh rebellion. But strangest of -all the residents in the hospital of Holy Innocents was the condemned -criminal Margaret Everard. She was not a leper, but had once been -numbered among the dead. Mistress Everard, of Burgh-by-Waynflete, was -a widow, convicted of “harbouring a thief, namely, Robert her son, -and hanged on the gallows without the south gate of Lincoln.” Now the -law did not provide interment for its victims, but it seems that the -Knights Hospitallers of Maltby paid a yearly sum to the lepers for -undertaking this work of mercy at Canwick.[68] On this memorable [p102] -occasion, however, the body being cut down and already removed near -the place of burial—the lepers’ churchyard—the woman “was seen to draw -a breath and revive.” We learn from a Patent Roll entry (1284) that -pardon was afterwards granted to Margaret “because her recovery is -ascribed to a miracle, and she has lived two years and more in the said -hospital.” - - -(2) _The Lancastrian falconer and Yorkist yeoman._—A certain Arnald -Knyght, who had been falconer to Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI, -caused a habitation to be built for himself on the site of the hospital -by the Whiteditch, near Rochester, in order that there he might spend -his days in divine service. In consideration of his age and of his -infirmity of leprosy, Henry VI granted to Arnald and Geraldine his -wife not only the building recently erected, but the lands and rents -of St. Nicholas’ hospital. Edward IV afterwards granted a parcel of -land between Highgate and Holloway to a certain leper-yeoman “to the -intent that he may build a hospital for the relief of divers persons -smitten with this sickness and destitute.” This man—half-founder, -half-inmate—soon succumbed, for a record four years later states that -“the new lazar-house at Highgate which the king lately caused to be -made for William Pole . . . now deceased” was granted for life to -another leper, Robert Wylson, a saddler, who had served well “in divers -fields and elsewhere.”[69] - - -(3) _The Mayor of Exeter._—Shortly before 1458, St. Mary Magdalene’s, -Exeter, had a prominent inmate in the sometime mayor, Richard Orenge. -In 1438 Richard William, [p103] _alias_ Richard Orenge, is mentioned -as a tailor; he is also described as being a man of French extraction -and of noble family. Once he had been official patron of the asylum, -but when the blow fell, he threw in his lot with those to whom he had -formerly been bountiful. There, Izacke says, he finished his days and -was buried in the chapel. - -[Illustration: 15. SEAL OF KNIGHTSBRIDGE HOSPITAL] - - -(4) _Two Norfolk lepers._—We learn incidentally through a lawsuit -that about the year 1475 the vicar of Foulsham, Thomas Wood, was in -seclusion in a London lazar-house:—“and nowe it is said God hathe -visited the seid parsone with the sekenes of lepre and is in the -Spitell howse of knygtyes brygge beside Westminster.”[70] Why the -priest came up from the country to Knightsbridge does not appear; it -would seem, however, that the Norfolk manor was temporarily in the -king’s hands, so that possibly the crown bailiff procured his removal. -One of the latest leper-inmates whose name is recorded ended his days -at Walsingham. The patron of the Spital-house left it in 1491 to John -Ederyche, a leper of Norwich, and Cecily his wife, stipulating that -after their decease, one or two lepers—“men of good conversation and -honest disposition”—should be maintained there. [p104] - - -(iv) SOLITARY OUTCASTS - -It must not be supposed that there were no lepers save those living -in community. To use the old phrase, there was the man who dwelt in a -several house and he who was forced to join the congregation without -the camp. To lepers “whether recluses or living together” the Bishop of -Norwich bequeathed five pounds (1256). Hermit-lazar and hospital-lazar -alike fulfilled the legal requirement of separation. It may be noticed -that the service at seclusion implies that the outcast may dwell alone. -In early records, before the king habitually imposed “corrodies” on -charitable institutions, pensioners are named who were not inhabiting -lazar-houses. Philip the clerk was assigned a tenement in Portsmouth, -which was afterwards granted to God’s House on condition that Philip -was maintained for life, or that provision was made for him to go to -the Holy Land (1236). Long afterwards, in 1394, Richard II pensioned a -groom of the scullery from the Exchequer, but provided for one of his -esquires in a hospital.[71] - -In hermitage and hospital alike service was rendered to the leper in -his loneliness. The little cell and chapel at Roche in Cornwall is said -to have been a place of seclusion for one “diseased with a grievous -leprosy.” Since no leper might draw from a spring, his daughter Gundred -fetched him water from the well and daily ministered to his wants. - -Mediæval poems tell of solitary or wandering lepers as well as of those -residing in communities. In the romance _Amis and Amiloun_, the gentle -knight is stricken with [p105] leprosy. His lady fair and bright -expels him from his own chamber. He eats at the far end of the high -table until the lady refuses to feed a _mesel_ at her board—“he is so -foule a thing.” His presence becoming intolerable, a little lodge is -built half a mile from the gate. The child Owen alone is found to serve -Sir Amiloun, fetching food for his master until he is denied succour -and driven away. Knight and page betake themselves to a shelter near -a neighbouring market-town, and depend for a time upon the alms of -passers-by. The next stage is that of wandering beggars.[72] - -In the _Testament of Cresseid_ the leper-heroine begged to go in secret -wise to the hospital, where, being of noble kin, they took her in with -the better will. She was conveyed thither by her father, who daily -sent her part of his alms. But Cresseid could not be resigned to her -affliction, and in a dark corner of the house alone, weeping, she made -her moan. A leper-lady, an old inmate, tries in vain to reconcile her -to her fate—it is useless to spurn herself against the wall, and tears -do but double her woe—but in vain:— - - “Thus chiding with her drerie destenye, - Weiping scho woik the nicht fra end to end.” - -This “Complaynt of Cresseid” is affecting in its description of the -lamentable lot of a woman whose high estate is turned into dour -darkness: for her bower a leper-lodge; for her bed a bunch of straw; -for wine and meat mouldy bread and sour cider. Her beautiful face is -deformed, and her carolling voice, hideous as a rook’s. Under these sad -conditions, Cresseid dwells for the rest of her life in the spital.[73] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[62] Surtees Soc., Vol. 20, pp. 376, 432–3, 456–7. - -[63] Chron. and Mem., 67, i. 428–9. - -[64] Chron. and Mem., 36, iv. p. 413. - -[65] Close 8 Edw. II, m. 35 _d_. - -[66] Pat. 8 Ric. II, pt. ii. m. 22; 9 Hen. IV, pt. ii. m. 14. - -[67] Close Rolls _passim_. - -[68] P.R.O. Chanc. Misc. Bundle 20, No. 10. - -[69] Pat. 21 Hen. VI, pt. i. m. 35, pt. ii. m. 16; 12 Edw. IV, pt. ii. -m. 6; 17 Edw. IV, pt. i. m. 1. - -[70] P.R.O., Early Chancery Proceedings, Bundle 60, No. 93. - -[71] Pat. 20 Hen. III, m. 13; 17 Ric. II, pt. ii. m. 14. - -[72] H. M. Weber, _Metrical Romances_, II, 269. - -[73] R. Henryson, _Testament of Cresseid_ (Bannatyne Club). - - - - -[p106] - -CHAPTER VIII - -HOSPITAL DWELLINGS - - - “_He_” [_Lanfranc_] “_built a fair and large house of stone, and - added to it several habitations for the various needs and convenience - of the men, together with an ample plot of ground._” (Eadmer’s - History.) - -The Canterbury monk mentions the foundation of Archbishop Lanfranc’s -two hospitals. The lepers’ dwellings on the hill-side at Harbledown -were merely wooden houses. The architecture of St. John’s was more -striking: _lapideam domum decentem et amplam construxit_. The edifice -(_palatium_) was divided in two parts, to accommodate men and women. -As Eadmer was living until 1124, he saw the hospital shortly after its -erection. He may even have watched the Norman masons complete it, and -the first infirm occupants take up their abode. - -Before considering the plan of hospital buildings, it will be -of interest to learn how they impressed men of those days. The -twelfth-century writer of the _Book of the Foundation_ betrays his -unfeigned admiration of St. Bartholomew’s. The hospital house was at a -little distance from the church, which was “made of cumly stoonewerke -tabylwyse.” The traditional commencement of the work was that Rahere -playfully acted the fool, and thus drew to himself a good-natured -company of children and servants: “with ther use and helpe stonys and -othir thynges profitable to the bylynge, lightly he gaderyd to [p107] -gedyr,” until at length “he reysid uppe a grete frame.” When all was -finished and he had set up the sign of the cross “who shulde not be -astonyd, ther to se, constructe and bylyd thonorable byldynge of pite.” - -Matthew Paris gives sketches and brief descriptions of three hospitals -in his _Chronica Major_.[74] St. Giles’, near London—“the memorial of -Matilda the Queen”—seems to consist of hall and chapel with an eastern -tower and another small tower at the south-west (Fig. 10); of the -_Domus Conversorum_, London, he says, “Henry built a decent church, fit -for a conventual congregation, with other buildings adjoining” (Fig. -3); St. John’s, Oxford, he calls _quoddam nobile hospitale_. (Fig. 1.) -The chronicler died in 1259, and these sketches were probably made -about ten years previously, when the two latter houses were newly built. - -[Illustration: 16. HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN, EXETER] - -[Illustration: 17. HOSPITAL OF ST. ALEXIS, EXETER] - -Two thirteenth-century seals depict hospitals at Exeter. Mr. Birch -describes that of St. John’s as “a church-like [p108] building of -rectangular ground-plan, with an arcade of three round-headed arches -along the nave, roof of ornamental shingles, and crosses at the -gable-ends.” The artist contrives to show not only one side, but one -end, apparently the west front, with entrance. (Fig. 16.) The other -seal is that of the neighbouring hospital of St. Alexis “behind St. -Nicholas.” (Fig. 17.) The beautiful seal of St. John’s, Stafford -(reproduced by the kindness of the Society of Antiquaries) shows -architectural features of the transition period between the Early -English and Decorated styles. The windows are triple-lancets with a -delicately-pierced trefoil above; and an arcade runs round the base. -(Fig. 18.) - -[Illustration: 18. ST. JOHN’S, STAFFORD] - -Casual references to building in progress occur in records, but they -give little information. As early as 1161–3 Pipe Rolls mention works -going on at the houses of the infirm at Oxford; there is one entry of -over £8 spent on repairs. In 1232 timber was being sent to Crowmarsh -to make shingles for the roof of the hospital [p109] church. Land was -granted to St. Bartholomew’s, Gloucester, for the widening of their -chancel (1265); it is of interest to compare this fact with the elegant -Early English work shown in Lysons’ view. (Pl. VI.) There occurs on -another roll a licence to lengthen the portico of the Maison Dieu, -Dover (1278). - -The arrangement of most of these buildings is unknown, for frequently -not a vestige remains. In many cases they grew up with little definite -plan. A private dwelling was adapted, further accommodation being -added as funds permitted. The domestic buildings were usually of wood -and thatched, which accounts for the numerous allusions to fire. Even -St. John’s, Canterbury, which was chiefly of stone, was burnt in the -fourteenth century, but some traces of Norman work remain. (Pl. III.) - -In time of war, houses near the Border or on the South Coast suffered. -The buildings of God’s House, Berwick-on-Tweed, were cast down by -engines during a siege. The master and inmates implored aid in their -sore extremity, declaring that in spite of all efforts to repair the -buildings, the work was unfinished, and that they could not endure -the winter without being utterly perished.[75] The same year (1333) -the destroyed hospital at Capelford-by-Norham was being rebuilt. St. -Nicholas’, Carlisle, was levelled to the ground more than once, and -Sherburn was partly demolished at the time of the Battle of Neville’s -Cross. The same story of attack and fire comes from houses at -Southampton and Portsmouth. - -Before proceeding to any classification of buildings, some of the -component parts may be mentioned. The precincts were often entered by -a gateway beneath a [p110] tower. (Pl. VIII, XVI.) Sometimes, as at -Northallerton, there was a hospice near the gate, especially intended -for wayfarers who were too feeble to proceed; and an almonry, as at St. -Cross, for the distribution of out-relief. - -The mode of life in different hospitals affected their architectural -arrangement. The warden and professed members of the staff were -expected to live in community. The master of St. John’s, Ely, was -charged not to have delicate food in his own chamber, but to dine in -the refectory. In most houses the rule was relaxed, and the warden -came to have private apartments, and finally, a separate dwelling. -(Pl. XVI, XXI.) In large institutions, the dining-hall was a fine -building. The “Brethren Hall” at St. Cross (about 36 × 20 feet) -consists of four bays, and has a handsome chestnut ceiling. (Pl. X.) -The beautiful refectory at St. Wulstan’s, Worcester (48 feet × 25 feet -8 inches), adjoins another long, narrow hall; these buildings present -interesting features—such as the screen, a coved canopy over the dais, -and a loft from which reading was given during meals. The screen, -gallery and oriel are reproduced in _Domestic Architecture during -the Tudor Period_. The title of “minstrels’ gallery,” given by J. H. -Parker to the screen at the western end of the hall, has been called -in question; but as the same name is found at St. Cross it may be -remarked that in such institutions minstrels were called in to perform -on festal days, for the account rolls of St. Leonard’s, York (1369), -and St. John’s, Winchester[76] (1390), allude to it. The hospital was -a semi-secular house, and such halls were occasionally used for public -affairs. Permission was granted in 1456 that the hall and kitchen of -St. Katherine’s Maison Dieu, [p111] Newcastle, might be used by -young couples for their wedding dinner and the reception of gifts, -because at that time houses were not large. Leland notes that Thornton -“buildid St. Katerines Chapelle, _the Towne Haulle_, and a Place for -poor Almose Menne.” If the above-mentioned kitchen was as magnificent -as that of St. John’s, Oxford (now incorporated into Magdalen College), -a wedding-feast or civic banquet might well take place there. - -[Illustration: _PLATE X._ HALL OF ST. CROSS, WINCHESTER] - -The transaction of business was conducted in the chapter-house or in -an audit-room. At Ewelme, for example, there was a handsome chamber -above the steps leading from the almshouse into the church, and the -audit-room at Stamford is still in use. - -The development of hospital buildings has been admirably dealt -with by F. T. Dollman. In his earlier work (_Examples of Domestic -Architecture_, 1858), he illustrates in great detail seven ancient -institutions; a reprint with additions followed (1861). The subject -calls for a more exhaustive study, which is now being undertaken by -a competent architect. In this chapter nothing is attempted beyond a -brief indication of the prevalent styles. Frequently, however, the -original construction can be barely conjectured, for only a part -is left, and that has probably suffered from alteration. Dollman -distinguishes four principal modes of arrangement:— - - (i) Great hall—infirmary or dormitory—with chapel at the eastern end. - - (ii) As above, with chapel detached, and entered from without. - - (iii) Suite of buildings, usually quadrangular; chapel apart. - - (iv) Narrow courtyard. [p112] - -i. HALL WITH TERMINATING CHAPEL - -[Illustration: 19. ST. MARY’S, CHICHESTER] - - -(a) _Infirmary._—The early form of a hospital was that of a church. -A picturesque fragment of St. James’, Lewes, is figured in _Beauties -of Sussex_;[77] the foundations remained within memory, consisting, -apparently, of nave, aisles and chancel, the dimensions of the latter -being about 34 × 15 feet. From an ancient deed in the Record Office, -this building is shown to have been the sick-ward with its chapel; -it refers to the “sick poor in the great hall of the hospital of -Suthenovere.” Mention is frequently made of chapels “within the -dormitory” or “in the infirmary,” and of beds “in the hospital on -the west of the church.” The statutes of Kingsthorpe show how this -arrangement met the patients’ spiritual wants:— - - “In the body of the house adjoining the chapel of the Holy Trinity - there should be three rows of beds joined together in length, in - which the poor and strangers and invalids may lie for the purpose - of hearing mass and attending to the prayers more easily and - conveniently.” [p113] - -[Illustration: 20. ST. NICHOLAS’, SALISBURY - - _Black._ Extant remains (xiii. cent.). - _Tint._ Site of destroyed walls. - _Dotted lines._ Probable arrangement of original buildings. - _AA._ The Chapels. - _BB._ Cubicles. - _C._ Latrines. - _D._ Porch. - _E._ Old Hospital. - _F._ Covered way.] - -The finest remaining example of such an infirmary is St. Mary’s, -Chichester. (Pl. XVIII.) It is now a great hall of four bays, and seems -originally to have been longer by two bays. (See Ground-plan, Fig. -19.) The hall measures over 84 feet, and opens into a chapel 47 feet -in length. A wide and lofty roof with open timbers spans the whole -building, the pitch of the roof being such that the north and south -walls are unusually low. (Pl. VI.) The Domus [p114] Dei, Portsmouth, -was of similar construction. Its thirteenth-century chapel still exists -as the chancel of the Royal Garrison Church, the nave and aisles of -which replace the infirmary, or “Nurcery” as it is called in one -document. - -The early French hospitals were usually of three wings, as at St. -Jean, Angers, built by Henry II. It is probable that the same design -was commonly adopted in England. St. Bartholomew’s, London, had three -chapels—besides those now called “St. Bartholomew’s the Great” and -“the Less”—and possibly these three were terminating chapels of an -infirmary. At St. Nicholas’, Salisbury, a double-hall opened into two -chapels. (Fig. 20, Ground-plan.) Here there are some traces of Early -English work, which can almost be dated, for an entry of 1231 records a -grant of timber,[78] and Bishop Bingham completed the hospital before -1244. Buckler’s sketches (Pl. XV) give some idea of the charm of the -existing buildings, which are mainly of the fourteenth century. - - -(b) _Almshouse._—The infirmary-plan became a model for some of the -later almshouses. A fine example remains at Higham Ferrers (about -1423). The dimensions of this building were as follows:—Hall, 63 × 24 -feet; Chapel, 17 feet, 10 inches × 20 feet. Wooden screens subdivided -the dormitory; and the statutes directed that each bedeman should join -in evening prayers at his chamber door. Although not so secluded as the -separate-tenement type, the early arrangement was good, for inmates -had the benefit of air from the spacious hall, with its fine and lofty -oak ceiling. Modern examples of this cubicle-system are still seen at -Wells, St. Mary’s, Chichester, and St. Giles’, Norwich. In the latter -case, the dormitory forms [p115] part of a church adapted for the -purpose; the compartments communicate with a corridor-hall and are -open above to the panelled ceiling of St. Helen’s church with its -heraldic devices. The early fifteenth-century Maison Dieu at Ripon was -not unlike that of Higham Ferrers. The ruined chapel exists, with the -arch which led into the domicile. By means of a partition, four men, -four women and two casual guests were accommodated, and the priest had -apartments at the west end. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XI._ ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, GLASTONBURY - -(_a_) VIEW FROM THE WEST. (_b_) GROUND-PLAN] - -St. Saviour’s, Wells, was a contemporary foundation. Leland -remarks:—“The Hospitale and the Chapelle is buildid al in lenghth under -one Roofe.” This interesting old dwelling-place still exists, but has -lost its former character, as has also the Glastonbury almshouse for -men, of which a view and ground-plan are shown on Plate XI. - -Slightly different again was the plan of a two-storied block, having -a chancel-like chapel with a roof of lower pitch. Sherborne almshouse -(Dorset) was built thus. It opens to both stories of the adjoining -domicile; this is done on the upper floor, by means of a gallery in -which the women sit during service. - -Later, it was customary for the chapel to extend to the height of the -whole building under one roof, as at Browne’s hospital, Stamford. (Fig. -5.) Although the lofty chapel corresponded in height to both stories, -only the lower one—which in this case was the dormitory—communicated -with it. This block formed part of a suite ranging round a quadrangle. -A ground-plan and views of this imposing almshouse, with descriptions -of its architectural features, are found in Wright’s history. There is -a striking similarity of construction between it and [p116] Wigston’s -hospital, Leicester (figured by Nichols[79]). Both were good specimens -of the domestic Perpendicular style. - -The earlier almshouse in Leicester, called the “Newark” (afterwards -known as Trinity) was a large building. Nichols’ view (1788)[80] shows -a range of dwellings below, others above with dormer windows in the -roof, clumsy chimneys, a bell-cote, and at one end a chancel-like -extension. There must originally have been extensive buildings to -accommodate the hundred poor. Leland says: “The large Almose House -stondith also withyn the Quadrante of the Area of the College”; and -of the church associated with it Camden says that “the greatest -ornament of Leicester was demolished when the religious houses were -granted to the king.” Bablake hospital, Coventry (_circa_ 1508), which -was somewhat similar to the Leicester almshouse, still exists. This -“Hospitall well builded for ten poore Folkes,” as Leland reports, -formed a simple parallelogram; below, ambulatory, hall, dining-room, -and kitchen; above, dormitories. - - -ii. HALL WITH DETACHED CHAPEL - -Of a great hall with separate chapel, Dollman cites one instance, St. -John’s, Northampton. Here the hospital was a parallelogram, the chapel -touching it at one corner, but not communicating with it; another -detached building, sometimes called the Master’s House, was probably -the refectory. (Plan and details, Dollman; see also T. H. Turner, -_Domestic Architecture_, Vol. III.) From the engraving (Frontispiece) -it would seem that the Maison [p117] Dieu, Dover, was similarly -designed; at the north-east angle is the chapel, three bays of which -may still be seen. The various apartments existing in 1535 are -mentioned in the Inventory.[81] “The Great Chamber called the Hoostrye” -(hostelry or guest-hall) was probably the common-room and refectory, -but besides trestle-tables, settle and seats, the furniture included -a great bedstead and a little one; this hall contained an inner room. -There were four other small bed-chambers, a _fermery_ (infirmary) with -accommodation for fifteen persons, besides day-room, kitchens, etc. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XII._ - -PLAN OF THE LEPER HOSPITAL OF ST. GILES, LONDON - -(_a_) GATE. (_b_) CHAPEL AND PARISH CHURCH. (_c_) HOSPITAL MANSION. -(_d_) POOL CLOSE. (_e_) ORCHARD. (_f_) COTTAGES. (_g_) HOUSES, ETC., OF -DR. BORDOY. (_h_) GARDENS. (_i_) WALLS. (_l_) GALLOWS. - -THE CHURCH OF ST. GILES IN THE FIELDS - -(_a_) PARISH CHURCH. (_b_) HOSPITAL CHURCH. (_c_) BELL TOWER. (_d_, -_e_) ALTARS. (_f_) ST. MICHAEL’S CHAPEL. (_g_) SCREEN DIVIDING -CHURCHES. (_h_) WESTERN ENTRANCE.] - - -iii. GROUP OF BUILDINGS AND CHAPEL - - -(a) _Leper-house._—Although originally lepers had a common dormitory, -the plan began to be superseded as early as the thirteenth century, -when a visitation of St. Nicholas’, York, shows that each inmate had -a room to himself. The rule at Ilford was that lepers should eat and -sleep together “so far as their infirmity permitted.” The dormitory -afterwards gave place to tenements. The Harbledown settlement in -the eighteenth century is shown in Pl. II, the buildings being -named by Duncombe, master and historian of the hospital. Facing the -“hospital-chapel” were the “frater-house” and domestic quarters. -The chantry-house by the gateway was, doubtless, the residence of -the staff. (See p. 147.) The original dwellings must have been more -extensive, for they sheltered a hundred lepers. The view of Sherburn -(Durham) may reproduce the later mediæval design. (Fig. 21.) In some -cases a cloister ran round the buildings. The statutes of St. Julian’s -leper-hospital ordained “that there be no standing in the corridor -(_penticio_), which extends in [p118] length before the houses of the -brothers in the direction of the king’s road.” - -[Illustration: 21. SHERBURN HOSPITAL, NEAR DURHAM] - -The Winchester leper-house was quadrangular. It existed until 1788, and -was drawn and described in _Vetusta Monumenta_. (Fig. 22, Pl. XXI.) A -row of habitations extended east and west, parallel to them was the -chapel; the master’s house connected the two; the fourth side being -occupied by a common hall. Probably St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, was -of a similar character. (Pl. XXII.) The long building which remains -north of the chapel has four windows above and four below, as though -to accommodate the eight brethren. When dwellings ranged round an -[p119] enclosure, it was usual to have a well in the centre. Such -“lepers’ wells” may still be seen on the site of St. Mary Magdalene’s, -Winchester, and at Lyme Regis. - -[Illustration: 22. PLAN OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, WINCHESTER] - -The lepers’ chapel was almost invariably a detached building. Sherburn -had a fair-sized church, which is still in use, besides two chapels, -one of which communicated with the quarters of the sick (_capella -interior infra domum infirmorum_). The above were large institutions; -but at St. Petronilla’s, Bury St. Edmunds—which might be described as -a cottage-hospital for lepers—the chapel and hall were under one roof. -The projection on the right (more clearly seen in Yates’ engraving) was -the [p120] refectory. The window of the chapel shown in Pl. XXVIII -still exists, though the ruin is not _in situ_. - - -(b) _Almshouse._—The modern design of almshouse, consisting of cottages -each with its own fireplace and offices, developed during the fifteenth -century. Thus about the year 1400, Grendon’s new charity in Exeter -became known as the “Ten Cells.” It was directed by the founder at -Croydon (1443) that every inmate have “a place by himsilf in the -whiche he may ligge and reste.” Some of these tenement almshouses were -quadrangular, whilst others consisted of a simple row of dwellings. -The contemporary charities established at Ewelme and Abingdon -illustrate the two variations of what was in reality the same type. The -picturesque almshouse at Ewelme, dating about 1450, is shown in Pl. -XVII. The founder’s intention was thus expressed in the statutes:— - - “We woll and ordeyne that the minister . . . and pore men have and - holde a certeyn place by them self within the seyde howse of almesse, - that is to sayng, a lityl howse, a celle or a chamber with a chemeney - and other necessarys in the same, in the whiche any of them may by - hym self ete and drynke and rest, and sum tymes among attende to - contemplacion and prayoure.” - -The buildings (of which Dollman gives views, ground-plan, etc.) were -quadrangular, consisting of sitting-rooms below, with bedrooms above. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIII._ FORD’S HOSPITAL, COVENTRY] - -Formerly, inmates gathered round an open hearth (compare Pl. X) or -in a capacious ingle-nook, like that in use at St. Giles’, Norwich. -The chimney—which originally signified fireplace—is a new feature -indicating a change of life. At Ludlow, for example, Hosyer’s almshouse -was constructed with thirty-three chambers [p121] and in every -chamber a chimney. Those at St. Cross are slender and unobtrusive, but -the later erections at St. John’s, Lichfield, are oppressive in size. - -Of the simple row of tenements, a beautiful example remains at -Abingdon. (Pl. XXVI.) It was founded by the Gild of the Holy Cross -for thirteen impotent men and women. The present hospital consists -of fourteen dwellings (with a central hall reconstructed in Jacobean -times); the timbered cloister has recently been carefully repaired. -The Spital Almshouse near Taunton, rebuilt by Abbot Beere about 1510, -consists of a simple two-storied row of cottages, with a covered way in -front. - - -iv. NARROW COURTYARD - -Ford’s hospital at Coventry (Pl. XIII) is placed in a class by itself. -This half-timbered house is a perfect gem of domestic architecture. The -oaken framework, the elaborately-carved verge-boards of the gables, the -varied tracery of the windows, the slender pinnacled-buttresses, alike -call for admiration. Entering the doorway, a narrow court (39 × 12 -feet) is reached, perhaps the most beautiful part of the building. Each -dwelling communicates with the bed-chamber above, and at either end -were the chapel and common hall. Dollman gives the ground-plan, etc.; -Garner and Stratton’s recent work on Tudor Domestic Architecture also -contains lovely plates of the western front, courtyard and rich details. - - -v. CRUCIFORM PLAN - -The ground-plan of the great Savoy hospital was cruciform, which is -unusual. It would appear from the [p122] following extract from Henry -VII’s will, that he himself superintended the architectural design:— - - “We have begoune to erecte, buylde and establisshe a commune Hospital - . . . and the same we entende with Godd’s grace to finish, after the - maner, fourme and fashion of a plat which is devised for the same, - and signed with our hande.” - -When completed, this was one of the most notable things of the -metropolis. In 1520, some distinguished French visitors were -entertained at a civic banquet. “In the afternoon, inasmuch as they -desired amonge other things to see the hospital of Savoy and the king’s -chapell at the monastery of Westminster, they were conueyed thither -on horseback.”[82] The engraving (Pl. XIV) shows an imposing pile of -buildings. - - * * * * * - -Hospital buildings were good of their kind, and the chapels were of -the best that could be provided. In Leland’s eyes Burton Lazars had -“a veri fair Hospital and Collegiate Chirch”; Worcester could show -“an antient and fayre large Chappell of St. Oswald”; St. John’s, -Bridgwater, was “a thing notable” even to that insatiable sight-seer. -Of the finest examples, most have vanished. At St. Bartholomew’s the -Great, Smithfield, however, a portion survives of those “honourable -buildings of pity” which astonished twelfth-century onlookers; and -the noble church and quadrangles of St. Cross, Winchester (Pl. VIII), -show the scale upon which some were designed. The church of the -Dunwich leper-house (Pl. XXVIII) was 107 feet in length. (Ground-plan, -_Archæologia_, XII.) Part of the apse remains, showing a simple arcade -of semicircular arches, the [p123] chancel being ornamented with -intersecting arches. A treatise of Queen Mary’s time describes this -church as “a great one, and a fair large one, after the old fashion -. . . but now greatly decayed.”[83] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIV._ SAVOY HOSPITAL, LONDON - -(_a_) HOSPITAL BUILDINGS (_c_) CHAPEL] - -The most ancient, and, from an architectural point of view, one of -the most interesting chapels remaining, is that of St. Bartholomew, -Rochester; the domed apse with its own arch, writes the chaplain, is -rare even in the earliest Norman churches. (Ground-plan, see _Journal -Arch. Assoc._, XI.) Norman work may be seen in chapels at Sherburn, -Gloucester and Stourbridge, and in the fine hospital-hall at High -Wycombe. Beautiful specimens of the Early English style remain at St. -Bartholomew’s, Sandwich; the Domus Dei, Portsmouth; and St. Edmund’s, -Gateshead. The latter chapel, built by Bishop Farnham about 1247, is -still in use, for the graceful ruin drawn by Grimm (Pl. XXX) has been -restored. It is described in Boyle’s _Guide to Durham_:—“The west front -has a deeply-recessed central doorway, flanked by two tiers of arcades, -whilst over these is an upper arcade, the alternative spaces of which -are pierced by lancet lights”, etc. The chapel at Bawtry has a fine -Early English window and a handsome niche at the eastern end. - -Among disused or misused chapels may be named St. Mary Magdalene’s, -Gloucester; St. Laurence’s, Crediton; Stourbridge; Poor Priests’, -Canterbury; St. Mary Magdalene’s, Durham; some, like the last-named, -are beyond restoration. St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, and St. James’, -Tamworth, long desecrated or deserted, are now being restored as houses -of prayer. St. Katherine’s, [p124] Exeter, has recently been given to -the Church Army, for the use of the destitute poor resorting to the -Labour Home. - -[Illustration: 23. CHAPEL OF ABBOT BEERE’S ALMSHOUSE, GLASTONBURY - -(For interior see Fig. 25)] - -Ancient chapels remain attached to almshouses in the following places:— - - Bawtry; Bristol (Three Kings of Cologne); Canterbury (St. John, St. - Thomas); Chichester; Gloucester (St. Margaret); Honiton; Ilford; - Lichfield; Oakham; Ripon (St. John Baptist, St. Mary Magdalene); - Rochester; Salisbury; Sandwich; Sherborne; Sherburn; Stamford; - Wimborne; Winchester (St. John’s); Glastonbury (2); Leicester - (Trinity); Tiverton; Wells. - -Those of Wilton (St. John), Taddiport near Torrington, and Holloway -near Bath, are now chapels-of-ease; that of St. John and St. James, -Brackley, is used in connection with Grammar School and Parish -Church; Roman Catholics worship in St. John’s, Northampton, and -French Protestants use the Anglican liturgy in [p125] St. Julien’s, -Southampton; the chapel of the Domus Dei, Portsmouth, is part of the -Garrison Church; St. Mark’s, Bristol, is the Lord Mayor’s Chapel; St. -Edmund’s, Gateshead (Holy Trinity), and St. Cross, Winchester, are -Parish Churches. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[74] Chron. and Mem., 57, iii. 262–3. - -[75] Cal. of Documents relating to Scotland, III, p. 199. - -[76] The original hall stands west of the chapel, and is let as a -public dining-hall. - -[77] J. Rouse, 1825, Pl. 76. - -[78] Close 16 Hen. III, m. 17. - -[79] Leicestershire, Vol. I, pt. ii. 495. - -[80] Bibliographica Top. Brit., viii. facing p. 718. - -[81] M. E. C. Walcott, _Arch. Cant._, VII, pp. 273–80. - -[82] B.M., MS. Calig. D. vii. f. 240. - -[83] Weever, _Funeral Mon._, ed. 1767, p. 459. - - - - -[p126] - -CHAPTER IX - -THE CONSTITUTION - - - “_It is agreed amongst men of religion that order be observed, - because without order there is no religion._” (Rules of St. John’s, - Nottingham.) - -We now turn to the inner working of the hospital and inquire how the -lives of inmates were ordered. - -Early charitable institutions were under a definite rule, either that -of the diocesan bishop or of the monastic order with which they were -in touch. In the Constitutions of Richard Poore of Sarum (_circa_ -1223), one clause is headed: “Concerning the Rule of Religion, how -it is lawful to found a _xenodochium_.” Persons desiring so to do -shall receive a form of government from the bishop, “since too great -diversity of forms of religion brings in confusion to the church of -God.” Laymen therefore applied for an episcopal constitution; the -burgesses of Nottingham, for instance, charged Archbishop Gray with -the drawing up of an “Ordination” for St. John’s (1231–4). Even when -a community was under a monastic house, the diocesan was often asked -to compile statutes, as Grossetête did for Kingsthorpe and Bishop -Stratford for Ilford; but the abbot of St. Albans drew up his own -code for St. Julian’s. There was apparently a definite Anglican Rule, -for “The Statutes of St. James’ according to the Use of the Church of -England” were promulgated at Canterbury in 1414. [p127] - -Founders and patrons also had a voice in the matter, sometimes drawing -up the rule and submitting it to their Father in God; thus the -Ordinances of St. Mark’s, Bristol, made by the patron and “exhibited to -the Bishop” (1268) are entered in the registers. - -Most hospitals followed a definite system, at least in theory, as to -admission, observation of regulations and penalties for disobedience. - - -1. NOMINATION AND ADMISSION - - -(_a_) Appointments to all offices were usually in the patron’s hands. -In a few privileged houses (e.g. Dover, Gloucester, Oxford, Cambridge, -Norwich) the staff brothers had licence to elect their superior from -amongst themselves, and to nominate him to the patron. Officials and -inmates alike were admitted by a religious ceremony, of which the vow -formed a prominent part. At St. Katherine’s, Bedminster, the following -oath was taken before induction by the master:— - - “I,——, promise perpetual observance of good morals, chastity, and - denial of property . . . according to the rule of the Hospital St. - Katherine, near Bristol, in the diocese of Bath and Wells, which I - henceforth profess as ordained by the holy fathers . . . and I will - lead my life according to regular discipline.” - -The selection of honorary workers on the hospital staff is dealt with -in one of the deeds of St. Mary’s, Chichester (formerly preserved at -University College, Oxford, but now in the Bodleian):— - - “If any one seeks the Hospital of St. Mary, at Chichester, let the - Warden examine whether he is in sound or in infirm health. If in - sound health, whether male or female, let the [p128] Warden consider - whether he is a person of good conversation, of honest life and - character, likely to be useful to the House, whether in serving or - labouring for the poor. If he should be found such, the Warden shall - first point out to him the poverty of the House, the poorness of the - food, the gravity of the obedience, and the heavy duties, which may - possibly deter him and induce him to recall his purpose. But if he - perseveres in knocking, then with the counsel of the Lord Dean and - the brethren of the House, he may be received in the name of the - Lord, without the intervention of any money or any compact, unless - he has any property of his own and is disposed to resign it into - the hands of the Warden. But if the character of the man who seeks - admission be insufficient he must be repelled entirely.”[84] - -A brother or sister being admitted to St. John Baptist’s, Reading, was -professed in the adjoining church. _Veni Creator_ and certain prayers -were said as the candidate knelt before the altar; after the sprinkling -with holy water he or she then received the habit or veil, a kiss -of charity being bestowed by the rest of the household. A discourse -followed upon the rules and benefits of the society. The Office for the -admission of members to the staff of St. John’s, Nottingham, is given -in the _Records of the Borough_. One prayer, at the benediction of the -religious habit, shows the spirit in which hospital officials were -expected to enter upon their duties:— - - “O Lord Jesus Christ, who didst deign to put on the covering of our - mortality, we beseech the immense abundance of Thy goodness, that - Thou mayst so deign to bless this kind of vestment, which the holy - fathers have decreed should be borne by those who renounce the world, - as a token of innocence and humility, that this Thy servant, who - shall [use it], may deserve to put on Thee,” etc. [p129] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XV._ HOSPITAL OF ST. NICHOLAS, SALISBURY - -(_a_) SOUTH-EAST VIEW. (_b_) WEST VIEW] - -As the brother changed his dress, the Scripture was repeated concerning -putting off the old man and putting on the new in righteousness. The -versicles “Our help is in the name of the Lord,” “Save Thy servant,” -etc., were also used, together with prayers for the Gift, for increase -of virtue, for light and life. - - -(_b_) Almsmen, too, were usually admitted by a solemn oath. That taken -at Oakham is typical:— - - “I.—— the which am named into a poor man to be resceyued into this - Hospital after the forme of the Statutes and ordanacions ordeyned - . . . shall trewly fulfille and obserue all the Statutes . . . in - as moche as yey longen or touchen me to my pour fro hensuorthwardys - . . . without ony fraude soe helpe me God and my Holydom and by these - holy Euangelies the whiche y touche and ley my honde upon.” - -At Sandwich, after being sworn in, the person was introduced by the -mayor to the rest of the fraternity, and was saluted by them all; -and after paying the customary gratuities, the new inmate was put in -possession of his chamber. - -The ancient form of admission to St. Nicholas’, Salisbury, contains -such injunctions as:— - - “N. thu shalt be trewe and obedient to the maistre of this place. - - “Item, thu shalt kepe pees yn thy self, and do thy deuoyrs that euery - brother and sustre be in parfyte pees, loue and charite, eche with - othre.” - -Few foundations have retained their religious and social life with -less change than this hospital, of which Canon Wordsworth has given -us a complete history. Following the old traditions, the present -inmates give a new member the right hand of fellowship when he is duly -installed. [p130] - - -(_c_) Lepers, like other paupers, were admitted either at the patron’s -will or at the warden’s discretion. The custody of the Crown hospital -at Lincoln was at one time committed to the sheriffs, who were -charged to notify a vacancy to the king or his chancellor “so that -he might cause a leper to be instituted in place of the deceased, in -accordance with the ancient constitution.” Later it was stated that -they were admitted of the king’s gift, or by the presentation of the -mayor. In some instances the right of nomination was held jointly. -There were eight beds in the Hexham Spital, four being open to poor -leper-husbandmen born within the Liberty, whilst the archbishop and -prior might each appoint two tenants. - -A patron or donor often kept the nomination to one bed or more. Thus -the founder of St. Sepulchre’s lazar-house, Hedon, reserved the right -to present one man or woman, whole or infirm; he even made prudent -provision to sustain any afflicted object allied to the patron within -the fourth degree of blood. As early as 1180, a subscriber to St. -Nicholas’, Carlisle, stipulated that two lepers from Bampton should -be received. According to some statutes the candidate had also to be -approved by his future companions; “without the consent and will” of -the Colchester lepers, no brother could gain entrance, and the same -rule obtained at Dover. The little Sudbury hospital maintained three -lepers; when one died or resigned, his comrades chose a third; if they -disagreed, the mayor was informed, and the selection devolved upon the -vicar. An examination by the warden into the candidate’s condition -and circumstances was sometimes ordered, as at Dover. At Harbledown -sufficient knowledge of the simple formulas of the faith was required. -[p131] - -To enter a leper-hospital in early days practically involved the -life of a “religious,” especially in hospitals attached to monastic -houses. The vow of an in-coming brother at St. Julian’s is given in the -Appendix to Matthew Paris:— - - “I, brother B., promise, and, taking my bodily oath by touching - the most sacred Gospel, affirm before God and all His saints . . . - that all the days of my life I will be subservient and obedient to - the commands of the Lord Abbot of St. Albans and to his archdeacon; - resisting them in nothing, unless such things should be commanded, - as would militate against the Divine pleasure. I will never commit - theft, nor bring a false accusation against any one of the brethren, - nor infringe the vow of chastity.” - -He goes on to promise that he will not hold or bequeath anything -without leave; he will be content with the food, and keep the rules on -pain of punishment, or even expulsion. The oath at St. Bartholomew’s, -Dover, is found in the register:— - - “I,——, do promise before God and St. Bartholomew and all saints, - that to the best of my power I will be faithful and useful to the - hospital, . . . to be obedient to my superior and have love to - my brethren and sisters. I will be sober and chaste of body; and - a moiety of the goods I shall die possessed of, shall belong to - the house. I will pray for the peace of the church and realm of - England, and for the king and queen, and for the prior and convent - of St. Martin, and for the burgesses of Dover on sea and land, and - especially for all our benefactors, living and dead.” - -After making this vow, the brother was sprinkled with holy water and -led to the altar, where he received the warden’s blessing on bended -knees. The form of general benediction was prescribed (with special -collects if the [p132] candidate were a virgin or a widow), and a -prayer was said at the consecration of the habit.[85] - - -2. REGULATIONS - -The general rule of poverty, chastity and obedience was supplemented by -detailed statutes. - - -(a) _Rules concerning Payment and Property._—There are some instances -of compulsory payment by statute. If the candidate at Dover satisfied -the warden’s inquiries, he might be received into the community after -paying 100 shillings, or more if he could. Even then gratuities were -expected; half a mark was offered to the warden and half a mark -distributed among the brethren and sisters. The entrance fee sounds -prohibitive, but the _Liber Albus_ records a similar custom in London -under the title _Breve de C solidis levandis de tenemento Leprosorum_. -This edict authorized the levying of 100_s._ from lepers’ property to -be delivered to their officers for their sustenance. - -Sometimes hospital statutes provided against this practice. Thus the -chancellor’s ordinances for St. Nicholas’, York (1303), forbade the -admission of any one by custom or by an agreement for money or goods, -but without fear of simony the property of an in-coming brother might -be received if given spontaneously and absolutely. The statutes are of -special interest because evidently framed to reform abuses recently -exposed; and the details of the cross-questioning by the jury and the -replies of witnesses in that visitation are recorded. We learn, for -example, that most of the inmates had been received for money “each for -himself 20 marks more or less”; one, indeed, [p133] with the consent -of the community, paid 23 marks (£15. 6_s._ 8_d._), a considerable -sum in those days. Under special circumstances the patron sometimes -countenanced a bargain. Thus when a healthy candidate for admission to -St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, promised repairs to the chapel, the timber -of which was decayed, he was received contrary to rules by the king’s -express permission (1321). - -The question of the property of the warden, officials and inmates now -comes before us. The staff were frequently under the three-fold vow -which included poverty. The rule at St. John’s, Nottingham, was as -follows:— - - “And no one shall be a proprietor, but if any one have any property, - he shall resign it to the warden or master before seven days . . . - otherwise he shall be excommunicated. . . . But if it shall be found - that any one has died with property, his body shall be cast out from - Christian burial, and shall be buried elsewhere, his property being - thrown upon him by the brethren, saying, ‘Thy money perish with - thee.’” - -The same enactment is found at St. Mary’s, Chichester, unless, indeed, -the offender make a death-bed confession. But poor people sojourning -there retained their possessions, and could dispose of them by will:— - - “If he has anything of his own let the warden take charge of it and - of his clothes, until he is restored to health; then let them be - given to him without diminution, and let him depart, unless, of his - own accord, he offer the whole, or part, to the house. If he die, - let his goods be distributed as he hath disposed of them. If he die - intestate, let his property be kept for a year, so that if any friend - of the deceased shall come and prove that he has a claim upon it, - justice may not be denied to him. If no one claim within the year, - let it be merged into the property of the hospital.” [p134] -A total renunciation of personal goods was required of the inmates of -leper-hospitals in early days. Alms received by the wayside went into -the common chest, as did money found within the enclosure; if picked up -outside, the finder might keep it. The lepers of St. Julian’s might not -appropriate or bequeath anything without the consent of the community. -A singular article in the oath of admission was this:—“I will make it -my study wholly to avoid all kinds of usury, as a monstrous thing, and -hateful to God.” In the Dover statutes trading and usury were strictly -forbidden. - -The leper’s clothing and furniture were all that he could call his own. -In the disposal of such meagre personal effects, a precedent was found -in the _heriot_—the best chattel of a deceased man due to the feudal -lord. An ancient French deed relating to St. Margaret’s, Gloucester, -ordains that “when a brother or sister is dead, the best cloth that -he hath the parson shall have in right of heriot.” At Lynn, the bed -in which he died, and his chest, if he had one, were appropriated by -the hospital, as well as his best robe and hood. These rules indicate -that the leper furnished his own apartment. The Office at seclusion -enumerates the clothing, furniture and other articles necessary. -(_Appendix A._) - -One of the questions asked by the official visitor of St. Mary -Magdalene’s, Winchester, was whether the goods of deceased inmates -went to the works of the church after the settlement of debts. In some -hospitals, the rule of poverty was not held, or it was relaxed as -time went on. By the will of William Manning, _lazer_, of the house -of Monkbridge, York (1428), he requests that half a pound of wax be -burnt over his coffin; he leaves 6_d._ to the [p135] works going on -at the Minster, 6_d._ to the Knaresburgh monks, and the residue to his -wife. In the old Scottish version of Troylus and Cresseid, the latter -makes her testament before dying in the spital-house. She had lived in -poverty, but a purse of gold had lately been thrown to her in alms. Her -cup and clapper and her ornament and all her gold the leper folk should -have, when she was dead, if they would bury her. The ruby ring, given -her long ago by her lover, was to be carried back to him by one of her -companions. - -Pensioners of the better class were expected to provide all necessary -articles, and to contribute what they could to the funds. Money -acquired during residence was divided, a portion being retained by the -individual; at his death, either half his goods or the whole belonged -to the community. The Heytesbury statutes directed:— - - “that euery poreman in his first Admyssion all such moueable goodes - as he hath, pottis, pannys, pewter vessel, beddyng, and other - necessaries, if he haue eny such thynges, to bryng hit within into - the hous. And if he haue eny quycke catell, that hit be made monay - of. And halfe the saide monay to be conuerted to y^e use of y^e hous, - and y^e other halfe to y^e poreman to haue to his own propre use.” - -The goods of a deceased member were distributed to those who should -“happe to overlyve,” whether “gownes, hodys, cotys, skertys, hosyn or -shone.” It was ordained at Higham Ferrers that when an almsman died, -his goods were taken into the storehouse, and either dealt out to the -other poor men, or sold to a new inmate for the benefit of the rest. - - -(b) _Rules of Conduct._—Social intercourse within the house and with -the outside world was clearly defined. Among [p136] habited brethren -and sisters, the sexes were rigidly separated, excepting at worship or -work. In the case of inmates who were not professed, men and women seem -to have lived a common life, meeting in refectory, day room, etc. - -As to the intercourse of lepers with the outside world, there was a -curious admixture of strictness and laxity. The ordinances of early -lazar-houses show that the theory of contagion had little place in -their economy. They recognized that the untainted need not be harmed -by slight communication with the infected. When visitors came from a -distance to Sherburn they were permitted to stay overnight. The lepers -of St. Julian’s were allowed to see friends—“if an honest man and true -come there, for the purpose of visiting an infirm brother, let him -have access to him, that they may mutually discourse on that which -is meet”—but no woman was admitted except a mother, sister or other -honest matron. The general public was protected, inmates not being -permitted to frequent the high-road or speak to passers-by (1344). At -the time of seclusion, the leper was forbidden henceforth to enter -church, market or tavern. At St. Julian’s, the mill and bakehouse were -likewise forbidden. The statutes of Lynn required that the infirm -should not enter the quire, cellar, kitchen or precincts, but keep the -places assigned in church, hall and court. So long as they did not eat -or drink outside their own walls, lepers might roam within a defined -area. The Reading lepers might never go out without a companion. At -Harbledown they might not wander without permission, which was granted -for useful business, moderate recreation, and in the event of the -grievous sickness or death of parents and friends. [p137] - -Such rules were more a matter of discipline than of public health. -It was not merely lepers who were required to keep within bounds, -for ordinary almsmen had similar restrictions. At Croydon they were -forbidden to walk or gaze in the streets, nor might they go out of -sight of home, excepting to church. - -The rules of St. Katherine’s, Rochester, were drawn up by the innkeeper -Symond Potyn. He stipulates that if the almsmen buy ale, it shall be -consumed at home:— - - “also that none of them haunt the tauerne to go to ale, but when - theie have talent or desier to drynke, theire shall bye theare - drynke, and bringe yt to the spitell; - - “also that none of them be debator, baretor, dronkelew, nor rybawde - of his tounge.”[86] - -If any thus offend, the prior with twain good men of Eastgate shall go -to the Vicar of St. Nicholas’ and the founder’s heirs, who “shall put -them oute of the same spittle for euermore, withoute anie thing takinge -with them but theare clothinge and their bedde.” - - -(c) _Supervision._—In ecclesiastical hospitals, the approved method of -maintaining order was by weekly chapter, at which correction was to be -justly administered without severity or favour. The injunctions at St. -John’s, Nottingham, were as follows:— - - “They shall meet at least once in each week in chapter, and excesses - shall be there regularly proclaimed and corrected by warden or - master; and the chapter shall be held without talking or noise, and - those who have transgressed shall humbly and obediently undergo - canonical discipline.” [p138] -At stated periods of a month or a quarter, the statutes were openly -recited, usually in the vulgar tongue. After the revision of the -ordinance of St. Nicholas’, York, it was ordered that the keepers -should read the articles aloud in their church on the eve of St. -Nicholas. - -Internal authority was vested in the warden, whose power was sometimes -absolute; but in the case of hospitals dependent upon a religious -house, grave offences were taken to head-quarters. For external -supervision, the hospital was dependent upon the patron or his agents, -who were supposed to inspect the premises, accounts, etc., yearly. -This civil visitation was frequently neglected, especially that of the -chancellor on behalf of the Crown. Abuses were apt to accumulate until -a royal commission of inquiry and reformation became obligatory. Where -an institution was under the commonalty, their representatives acted -as visitors. At Bridport (1265), the town administered the endowment -of the manorial lord; the provosts conducted a yearly investigation -whether the brethren and lepers were well treated and the chaplains -lived honestly. In London, there were officials who daily inspected the -lazar-houses; these “overseers” and “foremen” seem to have been busy -citizens who undertook this work on behalf of the corporation (1389). -As late as 1536 a gentleman was appointed to the office of visitor of -“the spyttel-howses or lazar cotes about thys Citye.” - - -3. PENALTIES - -The punishments inflicted by the warden were chiefly flogging, fasting -and fines, but he could also resort to the stocks, suspension and -expulsion. The regulations of [p139] St. Mary’s, Chichester, show the -discipline suggested for offenders:— - - “If a brother shall have a quarrel with a brother with noise and - riot, then let him fast for seven days, on Wednesdays and Fridays, - on bread and water, and sit at the bottom of the table and without a - napkin. . . . If a brother shall be found to have money or property - concealed from the warden, let the money be hung round his neck, and - let him be well flogged, and do penance for thirty days, as before.” - -The rules were particularly rigorous in lazar-houses. Among the lepers -of Reading, if a brother committed an offence, he was obliged to sit -during meals in the middle of the hall, fasting on bread and water, -while his portion of meat and ale was distributed before his eyes. -The penalties to which Exeter lazars were liable were fasting and the -stocks. Punishment lasted one day for transgressing the bounds, picking -or stealing; three days for absence from chapel, malice, or abusing a -brother; twelve days for reviling the master; thirty days for violence. -At Sherburn the prior did not spare the rod. “After the manner of -schoolboys” chastisement was to be meted out to transgressors, and -the lazy and negligent awakened. “But if any shall be found to be -disobedient and refractory, and is unwilling to be corrected with the -rod, let him be deprived of food, as far as bread and water only.” -Equally severe was the punishment at Harbledown for careless omission -of appointed prayers. Delinquents made public confession the following -Friday, and received castigation. “Let them undergo sound discipline, -the brethren at the hands of the prior, and the sisters from the -prioress.” The following day the omitted devotions were to be repeated -twice. [p140] - -In the case of almsmen of a later period corporal punishment was never -practised. If a poor pensioner at Heytesbury, after instruction, -could not repeat his prayers properly, he must be put to “a certayne -bodely payne, that is to say of fastyng or a like payne.” In most -fifteenth-century almshouses, however, the inmates were no longer -boarded, but received pocket-money, which was liable to forfeiture. An -elaborate system of fines was worked out in the statutes of Ewelme. -The master himself was fined for any fault “after the quality and -quantitye of his crime.” The fines were inflicted not only upon those -who were rebellious, or neglected to clean up the courtyard and weed -their gardens, but also upon those who arrived in church without their -tabards, or were unpunctual:— - - “And if it so be that any of theym be so negligent and slewthfull - that the fyrst psalme of matyns be begon or he come into his stall - that than he lese i_d._, and yf any of thayme be absent to the - begynnyng of the fyrst lesson that thanne he lese ii_d._; And for - absence fro prime, terce, sext and neynth, for ich of thayme i_d._ - Also if any . . . be absent from the masse to the begynnyng of the - pistyll . . . i_d._, and yf absent to the gospell . . . ii_d._” etc. - -Industry, punctuality and regularity became necessary virtues, since -the usual allowance was but 14_d._ weekly. - -The rules of the contemporary almshouse at Croydon were stringent. -After being twice fined, the poor man at his third offence was to be -utterly put away as “incorrectable and intolerable.” When convicted -of soliciting alms, no second chance was given:—“if man or woman -begge or aske any silver, or else any other good . . . let him be -[p141] expellid and put oute at the first warnyng, and never be of the -fellowship.” - -Expulsion was usually reserved for incorrigible persons. “Brethren -and sisters who are chatterboxes, contentious or quarrelsome,” sowers -of discord or insubordinate, were ejected at the third or fourth -offence. Summary expulsion was the punishment for gross crimes. The -town authorities of Beverley discharged an inmate of Holy Trinity for -immorality. The ceremony which preceded the expulsion of an Ilford -leper is described by a writer who obtained his information from the -leger-book of Barking Abbey:— - - “The abbesse, beinge accompanyed with the bushop of London, the - abbot of Stratford, the deane of Paule’s, and other great spyrytuall - personnes, went to Ilforde to visit the hospytall theere, founded for - leepers; and uppon occacion of one of the lepers, who was a brother - of the house, having brought into his chamber a drab, and sayd she - was his sister. . . . He came attyred in his lyvery, but bare-footed - and bare-headed . . . and was set on his knees uppon the stayres - benethe the altar, where he remained during all the time of mass. - When mass was ended, the prieste disgraded him of orders, scraped - his hands and his crown with a knife, took his booke from him, gave - him a boxe on the chiek with the end of his fingers, and then thrust - him out of the churche, where the officers and people receyved him, - and putt him into a carte, cryinge, _Ha rou, Ha rou, Ha rou_, after - him.”[87] - -This public humiliation, violence and noise, although doubtless -salutary, are a contrast to the statute at Chichester, where pity and -firmness are mingled:— - - “If a brother, under the instigation of the devil, fall into - immorality, out of which scandal arises, or if he be disobedient - [p142] to the Superior, or if he strike or wound the brethren or - clients . . . then, if he prove incorrigible, he must be punished - severely, and removed from the society like a diseased sheep, lest - he contaminate the rest. But let this be done not with cruelty and - tempest of words, but with gentleness and compassion.” - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVI._ - -THE WARDEN’S HOUSE, SHERBURN - -HOSPITAL OF ST. GILES, KEPIER] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[84] Sussex Arch. Coll., 24, pp. 41–62. - -[85] _Lieger Book_, Bodl. Rawl. MS. B. 335. - -[86] Hist. of Rochester, ed. 1817, p. 215. - -[87] Hearne, _Curious Discourses_, ed. 1775, i. 249. - - - - -[p143] - -CHAPTER X - -THE HOUSEHOLD AND ITS MEMBERS - - - “_No more brethren or sisters shall be admitted than are necessary to - serve the infirm and to keep the goods of the house._” (St. John’s, - Nottingham.) - -The hospital family varied widely in size and in the arrangement of its -component parts, but this chapter, like the preceding, is concerned -chiefly with the type of institution which had a definite organization. -The establishments for infected persons will first be considered. - - -(i) THE LEPER HOUSEHOLD - - -(a) _The Master._—“The guidance of souls is the art of arts,” says -St. Gregory: particularly difficult is the guidance of souls in -ailing bodies. Lanfranc realized that men of special gifts should be -selected for the care of his Harbledown lepers. He not only arranged to -supply all they might need on account of the nature of their illness, -but appointed men to fulfil this work “of whose skill, gentleness -and patience no one could have any doubt.” The Oxford statutes -ordained that the master be “a compassionate priest of good life and -conversation, who shall reside personally and shall celebrate mass -daily, humbly and devoutly.” He was required to visit the infirm, to -console them as far as possible, and confer upon them the Sacraments -of the Church.[88] The priest [p144] serving lepers was permitted to -dispense rites which did not pertain to other unbeneficed clergy; thus -the Bishop of London commanded the lepers’ chaplain at Ilford to hear -their confessions, to absolve the contrite, to administer the Eucharist -and Extreme Unction. The ideal man to fill the unpleasant post of -lepers’ guardian as pictured in foundation deeds and statutes was hard -to find: men of the type of St. Hugh and Father Damien—separated indeed -by seven centuries, but alike in devotion—are rare. Two Archbishops of -Canterbury witness to the scarcity in a deed referring to Harbledown -(1371, 1402). After stating that clergy are required to celebrate the -divine offices in St. Nicholas’ Church, the document declares:— - - “It may be at present, and very likely will be in future, difficult - to find suitable stipendiary priests who shall be willing to have - intercourse in this way with the poor people, especially as some of - these poor are infected with leprosy; and this hospital was founded - especially for sick persons of this sort.” - -The master might himself be a leper. An inquisition of 1223 showed -that at St. Leonard’s, Lancaster, it had formerly been customary for -the brethren to elect one of the lepers as master.[89] In 1342 the -prior of St. Bartholomew’s, Rochester, was a leper. The regulations -at Ilford provided for a leper-master and secular master, but those -of Dover merely said that the master may be a leper. Although the law -offered privileges to communities governed by a leper-warden (see p. -196), it does not appear to have been a common custom to appoint one. -In hospitals dependent upon a monastery, some monk was selected to -superintend the lazar-house. - - -(b) _The Staff._—It has been said that leper-hospitals [p145] were -“heavily staffed with ecclesiastics.” There were indeed three at -Lincoln, Ilford and Bolton to minister to ten or twelve men, but they -conducted the temporal as well as spiritual affairs of the society. At -Bolton, for example, the priests had to administer the manor which was -held by the hospital. It was more usual to have only one chaplain in a -household of thirteen. This was a favourite number, the figure being -regarded with reverence as suggestive of the sacred band of Christ and -His Apostles: “for thirteen is a convent as I guess,” writes Chaucer. -There were to be at Sherburn “five convents of lepers, that is of the -number of sixty-five at the least”; five priests ministered to them, of -whom one acted as confessor, and used also to visit the bedridden and -read the Gospel of the day to them. - -The collection of alms also fell upon the staff, for as it was said at -Bridport “lepers cannot ask and gather for themselves.” The procurator -or proctor therefore transacted their business. It was ordained at -St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, that the clerk serving in the chapel -should collect alms and rents and act as proctor. The staff sometimes -included other untainted persons. Two healthy brethren at this Oxford -leper-house were to be skilled agricultural labourers, able also to -make enclosures and cover houses. - - -(c) _Attendants._—Domestic and farm service was also done by paid -attendants. There were female-servants in the Sherburn leper-house, -who undertook laundry and other work, and one old woman cared for the -bedridden. - - -(d) _Leper Inmates._—Among the larger asylums, the approximate -accommodation was as follows:—Harbledown 100, Sherburn 65, St. Giles’, -London 40, St. Nicholas’, [p146] York 40, Thanington near Canterbury -25, Dover 20, Plymouth 20, Bodmin 19, Winchester 18. There were 13 beds -at Carlisle, Exeter, Gloucester, Reading, etc. In some towns there were -several small hospitals. Numbers were of course liable to fluctuation, -and often apply to a company of infected and healthy persons, as at St. -Nicholas’, York. “They used to have, and ought to have, forty brethren -and sisters, as well lepers as others; now they have thirty-two only.” -(1285.) By an inquisition taken in 1291, it was reported that a former -master had admitted thirty-six, of whom four were received _pro Deo_ -because they were lepers, but the rest for money. The king commanded -that henceforth none should be received without special mandate, -inasmuch as the funds scarcely sufficed for the multitude already -maintained. The same abuse is noticeable a century earlier, for in -1164 Pope Alexander III forbade the patrons of St. James’, Thanington, -to admit into the sisterhood any who were not infected, for healthy -women had been importunately begging admission.[90] It was complained -in 1321, that St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, was occupied by healthy and -sturdy men; and that at St. Leonard’s, Lancaster, there were six whole -and three lepers (1323). Both were originally intended solely for the -diseased, the inmates of St. Leonard’s being called by Henry III “our -lepers of Lancaster.” - -It has been represented, as a proof that isolation was non-existent, -that lepers and untainted persons lived a common life, eating and -sleeping together. This was evidently not the case. The sheriff of -Lincoln received orders that at Holy Innocents’ “the chaplains and -brethren are to reside in one house, the lepers by [p147] themselves -and the sisters by themselves.”[91] The statutes at Ilford and Dover -give similar directions. The priests at Sherburn slept apart in a -chamber adjoining the church, but the Harbledown staff lacked such -accommodation until in 1371 it was ordained that they should henceforth -dwell in a clergy-house—“a home separate from the sick persons and near -to them.” - -[Illustration: 24. SEAL OF THE LEPER-WOMEN OF WESTMINSTER] - -When both sexes were admitted, they lived apart, a woman with the title -of prioress being selected to rule the female community. Some houses -were set apart for women, e.g. Alkmonton, Thanington, Bristol (St. -Mary Magdalene), Newbury (St. Mary Magdalene), Bury (St. Petronilla), -Woodstock, Clattercot, Hungerford, Arundel, Westminster, whilst one -left behind it the name of “Maiden” Bradley. It sometimes happened -that a married couple contracted the disease. A clerk smitten with -leprosy and his wife with the same infirmity were seeking admission -to St. Margaret’s, Huntingdon, in 1327. By the Ilford statutes, no -married man was admitted unless his wife also vowed chastity. On no -account was a married person received at Dover without the consent of -the party remaining _in seculo_, and then only upon similar conditions. -In this connection a passing reference may be made to the marriage -laws. Although by the laws of the Franks leprosy was a valid reason for -[p148] divorce, later Norman laws considered separation unjustifiable; -this latter was the attitude of the Church, which is given fully in -the Appendix to the Lateran Council of 1179.[92] Yet the pathos of the -leper’s lot is suggested by the declaration of Amicia, a woman of Kent -in 1254—that in truth at one time she had a certain Robert for husband, -but that now he had long been a leper and betook himself to a certain -religious house, to wit, the leper-hospital at Romney.[93] - -For many reasons the leper-household was most difficult to control: -it is small wonder that abuses crept in. Men forcibly banished were -naturally loth to submit to rigorous discipline. They were persons -who would never have dreamed of the religious life save by pressure -of circumstances; moreover, the nature of their infirmity caused them -to suffer from bodily lassitude, irritability and a mental depression -bordering upon insanity; in the life of St. Francis is a description -of his ministry to a leper so froward, impious, abusive and ungrateful -that every one thought him possessed by an evil spirit. London lepers -were evidently not less refractory. From early days the city selected -two men as keepers and overseers at St. Giles’, the Loke and Hackney; -these officials, who were accustomed to visit the lazar-houses daily -and to chastise offenders, were granted exemption from inquests, -summonses, etc., on account of this “their meritorious labour, their -unpleasant and onerous occupation.” (1389.) The London edict of 1346 -confirms the undoubted fact that lepers are specially tempted to a -loose life. Banished from the restraining influences of home and public -opinion, they [p149] were found in haunts of vice. The master of the -lazar-house had no means of enforcing control. If the leper escaped -and fell into evil habits none could prevent it: indeed, this did but -ensure the liberty he craved, for the ultimate punishment of inmates -was expulsion. - - -(ii) THE HOUSEHOLD OF THE INFIRMARY AND ALMSHOUSE - - -(a) _The Master_ or Warden, who was also known as prior, _custos_, -keeper or rector, was usually a priest, but occasionally a layman. One -of the early masters of St. Mark’s, Bristol, was a knight, Henry de -Gaunt, whose mailed effigy remains in the chapel. Crown hospitals were -often served by chaplains and clerks, but the appointment of “king’s -servants,” yeomen or knights, is noticeable during the fourteenth -century. - -It is rarely recorded that the custodian of the sick was a physician, -but the absence of the title _medicus_ in no way proves that he and his -helpers were ignorant of medicine. In early days, indeed, it was only -the clergy, religious or secular, who were trained in the faculty, and -the master and his assistants must have acquired a certain intimacy -with disease; they would have a knowledge of the herbals, of the system -of letting blood, and other simple remedies. An important medical work, -_Breviarium Bartholomæi_, was written late in the fourteenth century by -John Mirfield of St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield. He acknowledges that -it is a compilation for the benefit of those who could not afford to -buy the treatises whence it was derived; but he adds that part had been -personally communicated to him and was supported by the experience of -others. The fine manuscript copy in Pembroke [p150] College, Oxford, -includes a list of medical ingredients, herbs, etc.[94] - -In some instances the warden _is_ described as a physician. When the -chaplain of St. John’s, Bridport, was incapacitated, Master John de -Brideport, physician, was deputed to act for him (1265). The Duke of -Lancaster presented his foreign doctor, Pascal de Bononja, to the -Preston hospital (1355). “Louis the physician,” who held St. Nicholas’, -Pontefract (1399–1401), may be identified with Louis Recouchez, king’s -physician, who was then appointed to the hospital at Westminster. It is -possible that visiting doctors and barber-surgeons attended hospitals. -In an inventory of Elsyng Spital a debt of xxxvij_s._ ij_d._ was due -to Robert the leech, and of x_s._ to Geoffrey the barber. One of the -inquiries at the Dissolution of religious houses was:—“Whether the -maister of the house doo use his brethren charitably when they be syke -and diseased; and whether, in tyme of their sykenes, he doo procure -unto them physicions.” - -The duties—and temptations—of a warden are suggested by the “Articles -of Inquisition touching the Savoy” (1535). Not only was inquiry made -whether the master visited the poor at least twice a week, and the sick -twice daily, but also:— - - “Whether he be mercifull, beningne and louyng to the poore; and not - skoymys [squeamish] or lothesome to uisite theym or to be among theym. - - “Whether he or his ministers by his sufferance do take in suche as - they reken moste clene of the poore, and repell theym that they reken - most sore or deseased, for auoydyng of their owne lothesomenes or - contagion.” [p151] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVII._ GOD’S HOUSE, EWELME] - -The qualifications and duties of the head of an almshouse are defined -in the minute regulations of fifteenth-century founders. The master -of Ewelme must be an able and well-disposed person in body and soul, -one who could counsel and exhort the poor men to their comfort and -salvation. He had to conduct frequent services, and was warned to omit -none—not even “for plesaunce of lorde or lady”—save “if he be let by -sekenesse or prechyng of the worde of God, or by visitacion of Fadyre -and modir.” The master of God’s House, Exeter, might not be absent -more than once or twice a year, his recess never exceeding three weeks -and three days. At Wells, a chaplain of commendable life, manners -and learning was sought—one “circumspect and expert in spiritual and -temporal things, and free from all infamous vice.” The ale-house -and hunting were forbidden to the warden of Heytesbury, as well as -“inhonest playes, as of the Dees, cartes or of the hande-ball.” He must -never be absent at night, nor for long by day, although it was lawful -for recreation to walk a mile or two at certain times. He had, indeed, -little leisure, for he conducted certain services both in the chapel -and parish church, and kept school, besides ruling the almshouse. - -The model master did not exist only in the imagination of founders, -although he occurred rarely. Among good men who are not forgotten where -they fulfilled their duty, mention must be made of John de Campeden, -warden and benefactor of St. Cross. His friend William of Wykeham -placed him in charge of that despoiled and dilapidated institution. He -ruled wisely and spent large sums upon restoration. After a faithful -stewardship of twenty-eight years, his death occurred in 1410. His -memorial brass [p152] retains its place before the altar. The brasses -of several wardens are also preserved at Greatham. - - -(b) _The Staff: Brethren and Sisters._—These offices became in some -cases mere honorary posts; there was no salary attached to them, but -officials were supplied with food and clothing. The sisterships at St. -Katharine’s-near-the-Tower used to be given by the queen to her ladies. -Of the eight sisters at St. Leonard’s, York, some were workers (see -p. 154), but others lived apart from the rest in a place built for -them near the hospital, and were mere pensioners enjoying provision of -food, clothing, fuel and bedding. Unprotected women were often glad -to relinquish some little property by arrangement, and be settled for -life. “Brothers” might be priests, monks or lay-brethren. The staff -of St. John’s, Oxford, consisted of three Augustinian chaplains—one -being elected master—with six lay-brethren and six sisters. At Lechlade -two brothers distinguished for kindness and courtesy were selected to -exercise hospitality with charity and cheerfulness, and to watch over -the sick.[95] Of thirteen brethren at Kepier, six were chaplains, and -the rest acted as steward, keeper of the tannery, miller, etc. The -brethren of St. John’s, Ely, were forbidden to play with dice, or to be -present at such play, but were to give themselves to contemplation and -study of Scripture, one or two being deputed to wait upon the infirm. -Each lettered brother of St. Leonard’s, York, was directed to study at -his desk in the cloister two or three times a day. - -The “proctor” was the financial agent of the community. He held -an important post, and had occasionally an official seal. It was -sometimes his duty to deliver a [p153] charity-sermon—“to preach and -to collect alms.” When the traffic in indulgences began, the proctor -became a “pardoner.” (See p. 189.) Spurious agents abounded, for the -post was lucrative. A man was arrested as feigning himself proctor of -St. Thomas’, Canterbury; another was convicted of receiving money, -beasts, legacies and goods ostensibly for that house.[96] The collector -received gifts in kind, and the following appeal was put forward by -St. John’s, Canterbury:—“if any one wishes to give . . . ring, brooch, -gold, silver, cows, heifer, sheep, lamb or calf, let him send and -deliver it to our proctor.” Sister Mariana Swetman was licensed to -collect alms on behalf of that hospital (1465), an interesting instance -of a woman virtually holding the office of proctor. - -Ministering women have long laboured in our infirmaries for the -benefit of the sick, carrying on their works of mercy side by side -with men. “The lay sisters shall observe what we have above ordained -to be observed by the brethren, as far as befits their sex,” decreed -Archbishop Gray for St. John’s, Nottingham (1241). One of the men, -corresponding to the monastic _infirmarer_, was responsible for -the sick ward; thus a brother of Northallerton held the office of -_procurator infirmorum in lectulis_, whilst two sisters watched by the -sick, especially at night, and a third attended to household affairs. -At Bridgwater, women “not of gentle birth but still fit for the -purpose” assisted in nursing; they lodged in a chamber adjoining the -infirmary and were to be always careful and ready both by night [p154] -and day to help the sick and to minister to them in all things. - -The work of women among the sick developed further during the fifteenth -century; they evidently took a prominent part in the management of -the larger infirmaries. A lady, corresponding perhaps to the matron -of to-day, was in authority at York. By a will of 1416, money was -bequeathed for distribution among the helpers and inmates of St. -Leonard’s at the discretion of Alice _materfamilias_. Long before -(1276) the officers had included not only a brother called Gamel -_de Firmaria_, but a sister named Ann _medica_;[97] and in 1385 the -principal sister was known as Matilda _la hus-wyf_.[98] In some -institutions there were already distinct ranks among nursing women. The -pious poet Gower remembers in his will (1408) the staff and patients of -four London hospitals; he leaves sums of money not only to the master -and priests of St. Thomas’, Southwark, but “to every sister professed” -and “to each of them who is a nurse of the sick.” - -Woman’s sphere in hospital life was confined to work by the bedside and -domestic duties. Occasionally they were found to undertake what was not -fitting. The prior of Christchurch, Canterbury, made a visitation of -the daughter-hospital of St. James, Thanington, after which he issued a -deed of reformation (1414). A curious clause occurs in these statutes:— - - “We command that no one of the sisters . . . or any other woman - soever while divine service is being celebrated in the chapel should - stand or sit in any way round or near the altars or should presume to - serve the priests celebrating the [p155] divine offices or saying the - canonical hours, since, according to the first foundation of the said - hospital its chaplains or priests ought to have a clerk who ought to - officiate in the aforesaid matters.” - -In addition to regular brethren and sisters, there were -under-officials. The staff of the larger institutions included clerks -in minor orders, who assisted in worship and work. In almshouses where -there was no resident master, a trustworthy inmate held a semi-official -post. Thus at Donnington there were thirteen pensioners, and “one at -their head to be called God’s minister of the poor house.” When the -“tutor” at Croydon went out of doors, he ordained “oon of his fellawes -moost sadde [serious] and wise to occupy his occupacion for him till he -come ageyne.” - - -(c) _Attendants_, etc. Serving men and women were employed to wait -upon the infirm and upon the staff. Lanfranc ordered that the poor of -St. John’s, Canterbury, should have careful servants and guardians, -lest they should need anything. When the poll-tax was levied in Oxford -(1380), there were twelve servants, artisans and farm-labourers working -at St. John’s. In the immense establishment at York there were sixteen -male and female servants, besides a host of other stipendiaries—two -or three cooks, bakers, brewers, smiths and carters, a ferrywoman, -twelve boatmen, etc. Working-class officials called the “man harbenger” -and “woman harbenger” were employed to attend to beggars passing the -night at St. John’s, Sandwich. At the Maison Dieu, Dover, two women -made the beds, served the poor and washed their clothes. The position -of the female attendant in an almshouse is well described by the name -[p156] “sister-huswiff” used at Heytesbury. The ideal woman to hold -the post is pictured in the statutes of Higham Ferrers; of good name -and fame, quiet and honest, no brawler or chider, she should be “glad -to please every poor man to her power.” She had minute directions as to -housekeeping and other duties which would fill the day, and in illness -she must visit the patients at night. The keeper of the five married -couples at Ford’s hospital, Coventry, was required “to see them clean -kept in their persons and houses, and for dressing their meats, washing -of them, and ministering all things necessary to them.” - - -(d) _The Sick and Infirm._—Having described the officials, it will -be well to form some idea of the number of the infirm to whom they -ministered. The largest establishment of this kind was St. Leonard’s, -York; and at Easter 1370, there were 224 sick and poor in the -infirmary, besides 23 children in the orphanage. About the same time -there were 100 brothers and sisters at St. John’s, Canterbury. A large -number of patients were cared for in the London hospitals of St. -Bartholomew, St. Thomas and St. Mary. St. Giles’, Norwich, accommodated -30 poor besides 13 aged chaplains, and 40 persons were maintained -at Greatham. The majority of permanent homes were smaller, thirteen -beds being a usual number. Many hospitals were obliged to reduce the -number of patients as the revenues diminished. In the year 1333, St. -Bartholomew’s, Gloucester, supported 90 sick, lame, halt and blind; but -two centuries later Leland notes that it once maintained 52, but now -only 32. - -Of pilgrim, patient and pensioner, little can be recorded. Temporary -inmates came and went, receiving refreshment and relief according to -their needs. Some of the resident [p157] poor were chronic invalids, -but others were not too infirm to help themselves and assist others. - -The frequent attendance at prayers certainly gave the almsfolk constant -occupation, and they were required to be busy at worship or work. The -poor men of Croydon were charged “to occupy themsilf in praying and in -beding, in hering honest talking, or in labours with there bodies and -hands.” Inmates at Ewelme must be restful and peaceable, attending to -prayer, reading or work; their outdoor employment was to “kepe clene -the closter and the quadrate abowte the welle fro wedis and all odyr -unclennesse.” (Pl. XVII.) It was directed at Higham Ferrers that in -springtime each poor man should help to dig and dress the garden, or if -absent, give the dressers a penny a day. In the same way, at Sandwich, -an inmate’s allowance was stopped if he failed to render such service -as he could. Those brothers at Ewelme who were “holer in body, strenger -and mightier” were commanded to “fauer and soccour and diligently -minister to them that be seke and febill in all behofull tyme. - - - - -[p158] - -CHAPTER XI - -THE CARE OF THE SOUL - - - “_The brothers and sisters must pray continually, or be engaged in - work, that the devil may not find them with nothing to do._” - - (Statutes of St. Mary’s, Chichester.) - -The daily life in a hospital was essentially a religious life. -From warden to pauper, all were expected to pay strict attention -to the faith and give themselves to devotion. “The brethren and -sisters serving God” were fully occupied with prayer and work. “A -representation of a mediæval hospital shows the double hall, the priest -is administering the last rites of the Church to one patient, the -sisters are sewing up the body of another just dead, mass is being sung -at the altar, a visitor is kneeling in prayer.”[99] - - -1. THE SERVICES - -The offices consisted of mass and the canonical hours. All who could -rise attended the chapel on bended knees, the bedridden worshipping -simultaneously. Even sick people could join in the intercessions; thus -the master of St. John Baptist’s, Bath, agreed that the name of a late -canon of Wells should be daily recited before the brethren, sisters and -poor in the infirmary (1259). - -[Illustration: _PLATE XVIII._ ST. MARY’S HOSPITAL, CHICHESTER] - - -(a) _The Staff._—In regular hospitals helpers were directed to keep -the canonical hours unless reasonably hindered, [p159] each being -expected to pray according to his powers and education. The lettered -repeated the _Hours_ and _Psalter_ of the Blessed Virgin, _Placebo_ -and _Dirige_, penitential psalms and litany. Those who did not know -the offices said _Paternoster_, _Ave Maria_, _Gloria Patri_, and -_Credo_. The brethren rose early for mattins; after prime and tierce, -mass was celebrated; sext and none followed. They then gave themselves -to household duties, until the day closed with vespers and compline. -Attendance at the night offices sometimes caused them to fall sick with -the cold, on which account the brethren of St. John’s, Bridgwater, -asked the bishop for relief (1526). Accordingly they were allowed to -hold their first service at 5 a.m. in summer and 6 a.m. in winter, -provided that they first rang a bell to waken travellers, workmen and -others, that they might attend mass and ask God’s blessing before going -about their work.[100] - - -(b) _Lepers._—When a leper was solemnly set apart, he was counselled -to say devoutly every day _Paternoster_, _Ave Maria_, _Credo in Deum_, -_Credo in Spiritum_; he was to say often _Benedicite_ and protect -himself with the sign of the Cross. In most leper-houses inmates were -required to hear mass daily and keep the canonical hours. At Dover, -they were instructed not only to say their two hundred _Paternosters_ -and _Aves_ by day, but as many at night; one brother roused the -slumbering by ringing the dormitory bell, and the prayers were repeated -sitting erect in bed. At St. James’, Chichester, a similar custom was -confirmed in 1408; the first hour after midnight, the brethren (unless -too feeble) had to rise together from their cubicles and say the night -office. The prayers included not only [p160] the Creed, Lord’s Prayer -and Salutation, but intercessions for the Catholic Church, king and -queen and benefactors; if omitted, they must be said next day. Bishop -Stratford of London, in compiling regulations for Ilford (1346) writes:— - - “We also command, that the lepers omit not attendance at their church - . . . unless prevented by grievous bodily infirmity: they are to - preserve silence there, and hear mattins and mass throughout, if they - are able; and whilst there, to be intent on prayer and devotion, as - far as their infirmity permits them.” - -At Sherburn those unfit to leave their beds were to raise themselves at -the sound of the bell and join in worship, or in extreme weakness, to -lie still and pray. - - -(c) _Almsmen._—Inmates of almshouses were frequently under a solemn -vow regarding religious exercises. By the oath upon admission to St. -Bartholomew’s, Sandwich, (Pl. XIX) each individual bound himself to - - “be obedient w^t hooly deuocyon prayyng for the founder of this - place . . . and in especiall I shall be at the bedys [bedes] in the - churche, and at matynys, and atte messe, and euensong and complyne, - as the custome of maner is and usage—so help me God, and all holy - dome, and all seints of heuen.” - -[Illustration: _PLATE XIX._ ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S HOSPITAL, SANDWICH - -(_a_) CHAPEL. (_b_) GATEWAY] - -The offices were sometimes grouped into morning and evening worship. -Potyn directed that his almsmen at Rochester should say at a certain -hour morning and evening “our ladie sawter.” As this Psalter of the -Blessed Virgin was the standard form of worship for the unlettered, -a knowledge of it was required before admission to a hospital. At -Heytesbury, the examination was conducted after entrance:—“and if he -cannot perfitely, we wull that he be charged to cunne [learn] sey -[p161] y^e said Sawter, his Pater Noster, Ave and Credo, as well -as he canne.” The keeper was to teach the ignorant, and if he were -still found defective in repetition, penance was prescribed until his -knowledge were amended. - - “We wull also that euerich of y^e poremen other tymes of y^e day - when they may beste entende and have leyser, sey for y^e state and - all y^e sowlis abovesaide, iij sawters of y^e most glorious Virgyne - Mary. Every sawter iii times, 50 aues, with xv paternosters & iii - credes. . . . And furthermore, that thei say euery day onys our Lady - Sawter for all Christen soulis.” - -After supper when the household attended chapel, all that could joined -in _De Profundis_ “with y^e versicles and orisons accustomed to be -saide for dede men.” At the close a bedeman said openly in English the -bidding prayer. - -The almsmen of Ewelme after private prayer by their bedside, attended -mattins and prime soon after 6 a.m., went at 9 a.m. to mass, at 2 p.m. -to bedes, at 3 p.m. to evensong and compline. About 6 o’clock the final -bidding prayer was said around the founders’ tombs:— - - “God have mercy of the sowle of the noble prince Kyng Harry the Sext - and of the sowles of my lord William sum tyme Duke of Suffolke, and - my lady Alice Duchesse of Suffolke his wyfe, oure fyrst fownders, and - of theyr fadyr and modyr sowles & all cristen sowles.” - -The ministry of intercession was fostered in hospital chapels. A -collect, breathing humble and trustful petitions, was drawn up by -Wynard, Recorder of Exeter, who built God’s House in that city:— - - “O Lord Jesu Christ, Son of the Living God, have mercy upon Thy - servant William founder of this place, as Thou wilt and as Thou - knowest best; bestow upon him strong hope, [p162] right faith and - unshadowed love, and grant to him a good end, which is a gift above - all others. _Amen._” - -The bidding prayer directed for the use of almsmen at Lichfield -included petitions for the founder and for the royal family:— - - “O God, who by the grace of the Holy Spirit, the Comforter, pourest - the gifts of charity into the hearts of the faithful, grant to Thy - servant William the bishop, our founder, and grant to Thy servants - and to Thy handmaids, for whom we implore Thy clemency, health of - mind and of body; that they may love Thee with all their strength, - and with all joyfulness perform such things as please Thee, through - Christ our Lord. _Amen._” - -The pious custom of remembering benefactors is continued at Lambourn. -The little almshouse was founded in 1501 by John Isbury, who is buried -in the adjoining church. Every morning at 8, the senior almsman repeats -the prayer for the soul of the founder, after which the pensioners -attend mattins. The vicar recently recovered a part of the original -prayer (in brass) from off the tomb. - - -2. THE CHAPEL - -The life of the community centred in the chapel. Of the chaplains at -St. John’s, Chester, two served in the church and “the third in the -chapel before the poor and feeble sustained in the said hospital.” -There were three chapels in St. Leonard’s, York (Pl. XXV), including -“St. Katherine in the sick hospital” and “St. Michael in the -infirmary.” Henry III was present at the dedication of the Maison Dieu, -Dover,[101] and again long afterwards when an altar was consecrated to -St. Edmund by Richard [p163] of Chichester. Every hospital had one or -more altars. Portable super-altars were occasionally kept, these being -probably used when the infirmary did not adjoin the chapel. - -In order to gain an idea of the external side of worship, some -account of the accessories of a chapel, such as lights, decoration -and ornaments, must be given. Lights were kept burning day and night -before the altar. For this purpose oil lamps with rush wicks, and wax -tapers were required. The two Sandwich hospitals obtained their supply -of tapers thus. When the mayor and townsmen came in procession to St. -Bartholomew’s on the patronal festival, many bore wax lights which they -left in the chapel for use during the year. St. John’s hospital, not -being equally favoured, arranged otherwise, for the inmates agreed that -if any one reviled another with vicious language, brawling in ungodly -fashion, he should pay four lb. of wax to the light of the church. -The altar expenses at Holy Trinity, Bristol, included payments for -standards, candlesticks and lamps. The wax-maker received 5_s._ 10_d._ -for ten lb. of new wax for the Sepulchre light, and 8½_d._ for a -“wachyng tapir for the Sepulcre” (1512).[102] - -The chapel was adorned with paintings and carvings. The figure of -St. Giles now preserved in Lincoln Cathedral was brought there from -the hospital of that name. When St. Mary Magdalene’s chapel, Durham, -was being rebuilt, the sum of 15_s._ 1_d._ was paid for painting an -image of the patron-saint. Alabaster heads of the Baptist were kept at -St. John’s, Exeter, and Ewelme. The inventory and valuation of Holy -Trinity, Beverley, [p164] enable one to picture the appearance of the -sanctuary. The ornaments included an alabaster representation of the -Trinity with painted wooden tabernacle, a well-carved and gilded image -of the Blessed Virgin and Child (worth 40s.) with sundry small pictures -and crucifixes. - -Books, plate and vestments were frequently the gift of benefactors by -will. The founder bequeathed to St. Giles’, Norwich, “the gilt cup -which was the blessed Saint Edmund’s” (i.e. probably the Archbishop’s); -he left a Bible to the hospital and a missal to the master. -Office-books were costly, the manual and missal at Holy Trinity, -Beverley, being valued at £4 each. A master of Sherburn bequeathed to -that house a richly-illuminated New Testament (_Argenteus Textus_), -besides cloths of gold and brocade. John of Gaunt gave to his Leicester -foundation “his red garment of velvet embroidered with gold suns.” -When festal services were held at St. Mary’s, Newcastle (Pl. XXVII), -three gold chalices were seen upon the altar, whilst the celebrant -wore one of the beautifully-embroidered garments of the hospitals, -which included one wrought with peacocks, another bordered with roses, -and “one entire vestment of bloody velvet, woven about with a golden -fringe.” - -Many valuables fell a prey to dishonest wardens. Frequent allusions -are made to defects in the books, jewels, etc., of hospital chapels -and of their being withdrawn, put into pledge, or sold. The treasures -had often dwindled considerably before the final pillage, which partly -accounts for entries in Chantry Surveys, etc., “plate and ornaments -none.” But as late as the sixth year of Edward VI, some traces -remained of ornate services. St. John’s, [p165] Canterbury, possessed -ecclesiastical robes of black velvet, red velvet and white fustian, -and a cope of Bruges satin. Some of these were removed, but amongst -articles left for the ministration of divine service were “one cope of -blewe saten of bridgs, one cope of whytt fustyan.” - -[Illustration: 25. ANCIENT HOSPITAL ALTAR, GLASTONBURY] - -The fittings of such chapels have seldom survived, but original -altar-stones remain in two hospitals at Ripon, as well as at Stamford -and Greatham; the ancient slab found in the floor at Trinity Hospital, -Salisbury, has this year been restored to its place. The altar (Fig. -25) in the women’s almshouse at Glastonbury (Fig. 23) has a recess -in the masonry under the south end of the altar-slab. At [p166] -Chichester and Stamford sedilia and stalls with misericords may be -seen. Wall-paintings remain at Wimborne, and fragments of ancient glass -at St. Cross; St. Mark’s, Bristol; St. Mary Magdalene’s, Bath; Trinity, -Salisbury; Sherborne; and Stamford. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[88] Close 9 Edw. II, m. 18 _d_. - -[89] Cited Vict. Co. Hist. _Lancs._ ii. 165. - -[90] Chron. and Mem., 85, pp. 75–6. - -[91] Pat. 12 Edw. I, m. 16. - -[92] Cap. 2, 3, _vide Conciliorum Omnium_, ed. 1567, III, 700. - -[93] Assize Roll No. 361, 39 Hen. III, m. 28. - -[94] Hist. MSS., 6th R. 550. - -[95] Bishop Giffard’s Register, ii. 391. - -[96] Pat. 6 Edw. II, pt. i. m. 15. Pat. 17 Edw. II, pt. i. m. 10. -Compare inscription upon Watts’ Almshouse, Rochester (1579); poor -people to be sheltered “provided they be not rogues nor proctors.” -The law authorizing proctors was repealed in 1597. Cf. _Fraternity of -Vagabonds_. - -[97] Chron. and Mem., 71, _Historians of York_, iii. 202–3. - -[98] _Arch. Journ._ 1850. - -[99] Besant, _London, Med. Ecc._, p. 256. - -[100] W. Hunt, _Diocesan Hist._, pp. 158–9. - -[101] Charter Roll 16 Hen. III, m. 19. - -[102] MS. in Municipal Charities Office. - - - - -[p167] - -CHAPTER XII - -THE CARE OF THE BODY - - - “_Let there be in the infirmary thirteen sick persons in their beds, - and let them be kindly and duly supplied with food and all else - that shall tend to their convalescence or comfort._” (Statutes of - Northallerton.[103]) - -In considering the provision for material comfort in hospitals, one -must distinguish between residents and sojourners. Board and clothing -had to be found for the leper or the almsman, and the sick needed food -and shelter for a time. Travellers either called for doles in passing, -or required supper, bed and breakfast. Upon every pilgrim, sick or -well, spending the night at St. Thomas’, Canterbury, four-pence was -expended from the goods of the hospital. Bodily necessaries of life may -be classified under the headings food, fuel, baths, bedding and clothes. - - -1. FOOD - - -(a) _Food for resident pensioners._—There was of course a wide -difference between the lot of the ill-fed lazar who lodged in some -poor spital dependent upon the chance alms of passers-by, and that of -the occupant of a well-endowed institution. At the princely Sherburn -hospital, each person received daily a loaf (weighing five marks) and -a gallon of beer; he had meat three times a week, and on other days -eggs, herrings and cheese, besides [p168] butter, vegetables and salt. -The statutes laid stress upon the necessity of fresh food, and it was -forbidden to eat the flesh of an animal which had died of disease. -This was wise, for the constant consumption in the Middle Ages of -rotten meat, decayed fish and bread made from blighted corn predisposed -people to sickness and aggravated existing disease. Forfeited victuals -were granted to the sick in hospitals at Oxford, Cambridge, Sandwich, -Maldon, etc. The Forest law directed that if any beast were found dead -or wounded, the flesh was to be sent to the leper-house if there were -one near, or else be distributed to the sick and poor; Dr. Cox in his -_Royal Forests_ cites instances of the lepers of Thrapston and Cotes -benefiting by this statute. - -Salt meat was largely consumed, but it was insufficiently cured on -account of the scarcity of salt. Bacon was a most important article -of food; one of the endowments of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester, -consisted of four flitches annually. About Christmas-tide, according to -the “Customal of Sandwich,” each person at St. Bartholomew’s received a -hog with the inwards and all its parts. The lepers at St. Albans had a -similar custom, but they made their own selection for the salting-tub -at Martinmas:—“we desire that the pigs may be brought forward in their -presence . . . and there each, according to the priority of entering -the hospital, shall choose one pig.” - -In some households, a meat-allowance was given to each person, perhaps -two-pence a week, or a farthing a day. There were vegetarians among -the residents at Southampton, for the account-rolls mention Sister -Elena who for a time “ate nothing that had suffered death”, [p169] and -Sister Joan, “who does not eat flesh throughout the year.” In those -days of murrain they were prudent, for it is recorded that an ox was -killed for consumption in the house “because it was nearly dead.” - -In the later almshouses the inmates received wages and provided their -own victuals, which were cooked by the attendant. It was directed at -Higham Ferrers:— - - “That every poor man shall buy his meat upon the Saturday . . . and - deliver it to the woman, and she shall ask them which they will have - against Sunday, and the rest she shall powder up against Wednesday; - she shall upon Sunday set on the pot and make them good pottage, and - shall give every man his own piece of meat and a mess of pottage in - his dish, and the rest of the pottage shall be saved until Monday.” - -The remainder was served up on Wednesday by the careful housewife, who -was directed to buy barm on Fridays for the bread-making. - -Baking was done once a fortnight at St. Bartholomew’s, Sandwich, -the allowance to each person being seven penny loaves. The exact -provision of brown and white bread is sometimes given in regulations. -Oats “called La Porage” was provided for the poor in the Leicester -almshouse, where there was a porridge-pot holding sixty-one gallons. -Ancient cooking utensils are preserved at St. Cross, Winchester, at St. -John’s, Canterbury, and at Harbledown. - -In most hospitals there was a marked difference between daily diet -and festival fare. Festal days, twenty-five in number, were marked at -Sherburn by special dinners. St. Cuthbert was naturally commemorated; -his festival [p170] in March and the day of his “Translation” in -September were two-course feasts; but the first falling in Lent, Bishop -Pudsey provided for the delicacy of fresh salmon, if procurable. Both -at Sherburn, and at St. Nicholas’, Pontefract, there was a goose-feast -at Michaelmas, one goose to four persons. The “Gaudy Days” at St. Cross -were also marked by special fare. - - -(b) _Food for casuals._—Out-door relief was provided in many hospitals. -St. Mark’s, Bristol, was an almonry where refreshment was provided for -the poor. Forty-five lb. of bread made of wheat, barley and beans, was -given away among the hundred applicants; the resident brethren “each -carrying a knife to cut bread for the sick and impotent” ministered to -them for two or three hours daily. A generous distribution of loaves -and fishes took place at St. Leonard’s, York, besides the provision of -extra dinners on Sundays. - -Special gifts were also provided occasionally, on founders’ days or -festivals. At St. Giles’, Norwich, on Lady Day, one hundred and eighty -persons had bread and cheese and three eggs each. Maundy Thursday was -a day for almsgiving, when all lepers who applied at the Lynn hospital -were given a farthing and a herring. “Obits” were constantly celebrated -in this way. The eve of St. Peter and St. Paul, being the anniversary -of Henry I’s death, was a gala-day for lepers within reach of York; -bread and ale, mullet with butter, salmon when it could be had, and -cheese, were provided by the Empress Matilda’s bounty, in memory of her -father. The ancient glass reproduced on Pl. XX depicts hungry beggars -to whom food is being dealt out. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XX._ THE BEGGARS’ DOLE] - -The Maison Dieu, Dover, kept the memorial days of [p171] Henry III -and of Hubert de Burgh and his daughter. The fare and expenses on such -occasions are recorded, _viz._:— - - “Also in the daye of Seynt Pancre yerely for the soule - of Hughe de Burgo one quarter of whete vj. viij_d._ - - Also the same daye if it be flesshe day one oxe and if it - be fisshe day ij barells of white heryng xx_s._”[104] - -Probably the annual distribution of three hundred buns at St. -Bartholomew’s Hospital, Sandwich, is handed down from some ancient -custom on the patronal festival, but almost all these charities came -to an end at the Dissolution. The Commissioners who visited St. Cross, -however, (1535) allowed the continuation of daily dinners to the -hundred poor, on condition that distribution was made - - “to them who study and labour with all their strength at handywork to - obtain food; and in no case shall such alms be afforded to strong, - robust and indolent mendicants, like so many that wander about such - places, who ought rather to be driven away with staves, as drones and - useless burdens upon the earth.” - -The “Wayfarer’s Dole” still given at St. Cross is the only survival of -the former indiscriminate entertainment of passers-by. - - -2. FIRING AND LIGHTS - -The wood necessary for firing was collected from the vicinity by -permission of the manorial lord. In Henry III’s charter to St. John’s, -Oxford (1234), he granted wood from Shotover “to cook the portions -of the poor and to warm the poor themselves.” He also permitted the -gathering of faggots for St. John’s, Marlborough, one [p172] man going -daily for dry and dead wood “to collect as much as he can with his -hands only without any iron tool or axe, and to carry the same to the -hospital on his back for their hearth.” Early rolls record constant -grants of firewood. St. Leonard’s, York, was supplied with turves from -Helsington Moor. - -The supply of fuel was regulated by the calendar. A benefactor (_circa_ -1180) granted to the lepers of St. Sepulchre’s near Gloucester, a load -of firewood “such as a horse can carry” daily from November 1 to May -3, and thrice a week for the rest of the year. From Michaelmas to All -Saints, the lepers of Sherburn—unconscious of the coalfield all around -them—had for their eight fires two baskets of peat daily, after which -until Easter four baskets were supplied; on festivals extra fuel was -given, and at Christmas great logs were specially provided. Finally it -was directed that:—“if any leprous brother or sister shall be ill so -that his life is despaired of, he shall have fire and light and all -things needful until he amend or pass away.” - - -3. BEDDING - -In early days, the sick and poor were laid on pallets of straw, but -wooden bedsteads were probably introduced late in the twelfth century. -A dying benefactor left to the brethren of St. Wulstan’s, Worcester, -the bed on which he lay and its covering of _bys_, or deer-skin -(1291).[105] A Durham founder bequeathed money to “amend the beds what -tyme they shall happyne to be olde or defective” (1491). A strange -civic duty was performed at Sandwich. It was customary for the mayor -and townsmen, as [p173] “visitors” of St. John’s House, to examine the -condition and number of the feather-beds, and bedding, and to ascertain -if all was kept very clean. Where travellers came and went, it was no -light task to supply fresh linen. At St. Thomas’, Canterbury, an annual -payment of xlvj_s._ viij_d._ was made “to Rauf Cokker keper of the seid -hospitall and his wif for kepyng wasshyng of the bedds for poure peple” -(1535). The same year, the inquiry made into the condition of the Savoy -hospital included these items:— - - “Whether the hundred beddes appoynted by the founder be well and - clenely kept and repayred, and all necessaries to theym belongyng. - - “Whether any poore man do lie in any shetes unwasshed that any other - lay in bifore.” - - -4. TOILET - -Bathing and laundry arrangements are occasionally mentioned. The -regulations for the Sherburn lepers direct a strict attention to -cleanliness. Two bath-tubs (_cunæ ad balneandum_) were supplied; heads -were washed weekly; and two laundresses washed the personal clothing -twice a week. In the fifteenth-century statutes of Higham Ferrers -matters of health and toilet are detailed. None might be received “but -such as were clean men of their bodies”; and if taken ill, a bedeman -was removed until his recovery. Every morning the woman must “make -the poor men a fire against they rise and a pan of fair water and a -dish by it to wash their hands.” The barber came weekly “to shave them -and to dress their heads and to make them clean.” When the Savoy was -officially visited in 1535, the authorities were asked [p174] “whether -the bathes limitted by the founder be well obserued and applyed.” - -As to hair-dressing, “tonsure by the ears” was commonly used by the -staff. After profession at Chichester it was directed:—“then let the -males be cropped below the ear; or the hair of the women be cut off -back to the middle of the neck.” Among the instructions in the register -of St. Bartholomew’s near Dover is one about the round tonsure, and -there is a marginal note as to the mode of shaving the head. The -visitation of St. Nicholas’, York (_temp._ Edward I), showed that -formerly brethren and sisters were tonsured, but that Simon, recently -master, had allowed them to change both habit and tonsure.[106] - - -5. CLOTHING - - -(a) _The habit of the staff._—The dress worn by the master and his -fellow-workers was usually monastic or clerical, but it varied -considerably, for the priests might be regulars or seculars, the -brethren and sisters religious or lay persons. Occasionally the warden -was not in orders; it was directed at St. Leonard’s, York, that “when -the master is a layman, he shall wear the habit of the house.” In an -ecclesiastical type of foundation, the dress was commonly after the -Augustinian fashion, consisting of black or brown robe, cloak and hood, -with a cross on the outer garment; white and grey were occasionally -worn by officials of both sexes. The Benedictine brethren of St. -Mark’s, Bristol, were clothed in a black habit with a quaint device, -namely, “a white cross and a red shield with three white geese in -the [p175] same.” Secular clerks had more latitude in costume; the -sombre mantles were enlivened by a coloured badge, a pastoral staff at -Armiston, a cross at St. John’s, Bedford, etc. - - -(b) _The almsman’s gown._—The early type of pensioner’s habit is -perpetuated at St. Cross. Ellis Davy, having sober tastes, provided -for his poor men at Croydon that “the over-clothing be darke and -browne of colour, and not staring neither blasing, and of easy price -cloth, according to ther degree.” This stipulation was probably copied -from the statutes of Whittington’s almshouse, which as a mercer he -would know. The usual tendency of the fifteenth century was to a -cheerful garb. The bedeman of Ewelme had “a tabarde of his owne with -a rede crosse on the breste, and a hode accordynge to the same.” The -pensioners at Alkmonton received a suit every third year, alternately -white and russet; the gown was marked with a tau cross in red. At -Heytesbury the men’s outfit included “2 paire of hosyn, 2 paire of -shone with lether and hempe to clowte theme, and 2 shertys”; the woman -had the same allowance, with five shillings to buy herself a kirtle. -The two servitors at St. Nicholas’, Pontefract, wore a uniform “called -white livery.” - - -(c) _The leper’s dress._—The theory of the leper’s clothing is -described in the statutes of St. Julian’s; they ought “as well in -their conduct as in their garb, to bear themselves as more despised -and as more humble than the rest of their fellow-men, according to the -words of the Lord in Leviticus: ‘Whosoever is stained with the leprosy -shall rend his garments.’” They were forbidden to go out without the -distinctive habit, which covered them almost entirely. The outfit named -in the _Manual_ consisted of [p176] cloak, hood, coat and shoes of -fur, plain shoes and girdle. - -The hospital inmate in his coarse warm clothing was readily -distinguished from the ragged mendicant. The brothers and sisters -at Harbledown were supplied with a uniform dress of russet, that is -to say, a closed tunic or super-tunic; the brethren wore scapulars -(the short working dress of a monk), and the sisters, mantles. At St. -Julian’s hospital, the cut of the costume was planned; thus the sleeves -were to be closed as far as the hand, but not laced with knots or -thread after the secular fashion; the upper tunic was to be worn closed -down to the ankles; the close black cape and hood must be of equal -length. The amount of material is recorded in the case of Sherburn, -_viz._ three ells of woollen cloth and six ells of linen. At Reading -the leper’s allowance was still more liberal, for the hood or cape -contained three ells, the tunic three, the cloak two and a quarter; -they also received from the abbey ten yards of linen, besides old -leathern girdles and shoes. - -Lepers were forbidden to walk unshod. At Sherburn, each person was -allowed fourpence annually for shoes, grease being regularly supplied -for them. Inmates of both sexes at Harbledown wore ox-hide boots, -fastened with leather and extending beyond the middle of the shin. High -boots were also worn by the brethren at St. Julian’s “to suit their -infirmity”; if one was found wearing low-cut shoes—“tied with only one -knot”—he had to walk barefoot for a season. - -For headgear at Harbledown, the men used hoods, and the women covered -their heads with thick double veils, white within, and black without. -Hats were sometimes [p177] worn, both in England (Fig. 9) and in -France. (Fig. 26.) In the Scottish ballad (_circa_ 1500), Cresseid is -taken to the lazar-house dressed in a mantle with a beaver hat. This -was probably a secular fashion. - -[Illustration: 26. A LEPER - -(With clapper and dish)] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[103] Surtees, Vol. 56. Gray’s Register, p. 181. - -[104] _Val. Ecc._, i. 56. - -[105] Giffard’s Register, p. 388. - -[106] P.R.O. Chanc. Misc. 20, No. 13. - - - - -[p178] - -CHAPTER XIII - -HOSPITAL FUNDS - - - “_To the which hospitals the founders have given largely of their - moveable goods for the building of the same, and a great part of - their lands and tenements therewith to sustain impotent men and - women._” - - (Parliament of Leicester.) - -Endowments were to a certain extent supplied by the patron, but were -supplemented by public charity. The emoluments included gifts of money, -food and fuel, grants of property, admission fees, the profits of -fairs, and collections. Receipts in kind are seldom recorded, and the -changing scale of values would involve points beyond the scope of this -volume. Particulars may be found in the extant manuscripts of certain -hospitals and abbeys, in _Valor Ecclesiasticus_, etc. Extracts from the -account-books of St. Leonard’s, York, have been published in a lecture -by Canon Raine. The finance of such an institution, with scattered and -extensive property, necessitated a department which required a special -clerk to superintend it, and the exchequer had its particular seal. -Reports of the Historical MSS. Commission give details of the working -expenses of hospitals at Southampton and Winchester. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXI._ ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, WINCHESTER - -(_a_) MASTER’S HOUSE AND CHAPEL. (_b_) CHAPEL] - - -1. ENDOWMENTS - - -(a) _Endowments in money._—The earliest subscriptions are recorded -in the Pipe Rolls, consisting of royal alms [p179] (_Eleemosynæ -Constitutæ_) paid by the Sheriff of the county from the profits of -Crown lands. Three entries in the year 1158 will serve as specimens:— - - _Infirmis de Dudstan. xxs._ _Infirmis super Montem. lxs._ _Infirmis - de Lundon. lxs._ - -At first sight this seems not to concern hospitals; but a closer -examination proves that sums are being paid to sick communities—in fact -to lazar-houses. For the lepers of Gloucester dwelt in the suburb of -Dudstan, and the infected inmates of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester, -were known locally as “the infirm people upon the hill”—now Maun Hill. -The grant was paid out of the farm of the city until, in 1442, the -citizens were unable to contribute that and other sums on account of -pestilence and depopulation. The infirm of London were the lepers of -St. Giles’; and the sixty shillings, originally granted by Henry I and -Maud, was still paid in Henry VII’s reign, for a writ of 1486 refers -“to the hospitallers of St. Giles for their annuity of lx_s._” Between -the years 1158 and 1178 subscriptions were paid to _infirmi_ at the -following places:— - - Regular payments—“Dudstan,” Hecham, Hereford, Lincoln, London, - Maldon, Newport, Richmond, Rochester, St. Albans, St. Edmunds, - Shrewsbury, “Super Montem.” Occasional payments—Barnstaple, Barnwell - or Stourbridge, Bradley, Burton Lazars, Chichester, Clattercot, - Derby, Canterbury and Harbledown, Ely, Ilford, Leicester, Liteport, - Newark, Northampton, Oxford, Saltwood, and Windsor. - -Of the latter, some were grants on account of a vacant bishopric. -In addition to the above, sums were given to [p180] _leprosi_ of -Southampton and Peterborough, and to hospitals of Gravesend, of -Norwich, and “of the Queen.” These contributions vary from 12_d._ -paid to Hereford up to £6 given to Hecham (Higham Ferrers). In some -cases corn and clothing were also contributed. There is a contemporary -representation of one of these “infirm” persons on the seal of the -lepers of Lincoln, dating from the days of Henry II and St. Hugh. The -document to which it is attached contains a covenant between Bullington -Priory and the hospital of the Holy Innocents, Lincoln, concerning a -rent of three shillings from the hospital. - -[Illustration: 27. DOCUMENT AND SEAL OF THE LEPERS OF LINCOLN] - -Revenues also consisted largely in annual rents arising from land and -house property, some being appropriated to specific works. An early -grant to St. Bartholomew’s, Gloucester (_circa_ 1210), was to be -expended upon the maintenance of a lamp in the chapel, and shoes for -inmates, whilst the sum of 5_d._ was to go towards the provision of -five beds. - - -(b) _Endowments in kind._—The kings were generous in grants from royal -forests. Henry III granted one old oak from Windsor to the sick of St. -Bartholomew’s, London (1224). He afterwards gave to St. Leonard’s, -[p181] York, “licence to take what they need in the forest of -Yorkshire for building and burning, and also of herbage and pasture for -flocks and anything needful for their ease, as they had in the time of -Henry II.” Food was also supplied by patrons, especially in what might -be termed manorial hospitals, consisting generally of a grant of tithes -on produce. Another form of endowment was to impropriate livings. St. -Giles’, Norwich, owned six manors and the advowson of eleven churches. -When funds were low at Harbledown, the archbishop impropriated Reculver -church, thus augmenting the income by parochial tithes. This disgusted -the parishioners who sought redress, thinking it “ill to be subject to -lepers.” - - -2. BEQUESTS - -The money chest, larder and wardrobe were replenished largely by -legacies. Amongst the earliest recorded are those of Henry II and his -son, William Longespée. Henry left a large sum to religious houses in -England and Normandy, and particularly to lepers. Longespée bequeathed -cows to lepers in the hospitals of Salisbury, Maiden Bradley and -Wilton, as well as to St. John’s, Wilton, and St. Bartholomew’s, -Smithfield (1225). Men in humbler circumstances were likewise generous. -A certain William de Paveli left 12_d._ each to eight hospitals in -Northampton, Brackley, Towcester, Newport Pagnell, Hocclive and -Stra[t]ford (_circa_ 1240).[107] Wills abound in references of a -similar character. Early legacies were made to the hospital as a body, -but when the renunciation of individual property by the staff ceased, -money was given to individuals; a benefactor of St. [p182] Giles’, -Norwich, left 20 marks to the master and brethren, 40_d._ each to other -officials, and 2_s._ to each bed (1357).[108] Gifts were frequently -made to patients; Stephen Forster desired that 100_s._ should be given -away in five city hospitals, besides five marks in pence to inmates -of St. Bartholomew’s, Bristol (1458). An endowment of penny doles -was provided by Lady Maud Courtenay in Exeter, namely thirteen pence -annually for twenty years “to xiii pore men of Symon Grendon is hous” -(1464). Testamentary gifts were also made in the form of clothes, -bedding, utensils, etc. The founder of St. Giles’, Norwich, left to it -“the cup out of which the poor children drank,” probably some vessel of -his own hitherto lent for the scholars daily meal. - - -3. PROFITS BY TRADING - -The fair was a great institution in mediæval England, and the funds of -privileged charities were assisted in this way. At Maiden Bradley the -leprous women and their prior held a weekly market and an annual fair. -The Chesterfield fair was exchanged for a yearly payment of six pounds -of silver from the royal Exchequer, which indicates the value set upon -it. The most notable hospital-fairs were that of the leper-house near -Cambridge (originally held in the close and still held on Stourbridge -Common), and those connected with St. Bartholomew’s and St. James’ -near London. The story of the former has been told by H. Morley; and -the “May-Fair” of St. James’ leper-house was also famous. These galas -were usually at the patronal festival and lasted two or three days, -but occasionally these profitable festivities were carried on for a -fortnight. Fairs were held at the following hospitals:— [p183] - - Aynho, Bath (Holloway), Bury (St. Nicholas, St. Saviour), Baldock, - Colchester (St. Mary Magdalene), Devizes (St. James & St. Denys), - Dover (Buckland), Harting, Ipswich, Lingerscroft, Newbury, Newport, - Newton Garth, Racheness, Royston (St. Nicholas), Swinestre near - Sittingbourne, Thetford (St. John), Wycomb (2), etc. - -This curious and interesting custom survives in connection with St. -Bartholomew’s, Newbury. The fair, originally granted by charter of King -John (1215),[109] still takes place annually on the day and morrow of -St. Bartholomew (_Old Style_), upon lands belonging to the hospital. -A “Court of Pie Powder” is held on the morrow of St. Bartholomew’s -day; the proctor of this ancient charity with the steward and bailiff -attend, and proclamation is made opening the Court. Tolls derived from -stallages are collected, together with an impost of 2_d._ on every -publican in Newbury (the latter due being resisted in a few cases). -The following day the Court meets again, when the proceeds are divided -amongst the almsmen.[110] - - -4. ADMISSION FEES - -A considerable pecuniary benefit accrued to hospitals by the custom of -receiving contributions from newly-admitted members of the household. -In some cases a benefaction was made when persons were received into a -community; thus Archbishop Wichwane as patron granted permission for a -certain Gilbert and his wife to bestow their goods upon Bawtry hospital -and dwell there (1281).[111] [p184] - - -5. INVOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS - -Rates were levied for hospital maintenance on an organized system in -some foreign countries. Sometimes a compulsory Hospital Sunday Fund was -instituted, one penny being demanded from the richer, one halfpenny -from the middle-class, and a loaf from lesser folk. In England, -however, the only obligatory support was an occasional toll on produce, -perhaps first ordered by the feudal lord, but afterwards granted by -custom. The Bishop of Exeter (1163) confirmed to lepers their ancient -right to collect food twice a week in the market, and alms on two -other days,—a custom resented by the citizens. (See p. 54.) King John -conferred upon Shrewsbury lazars the privilege of taking handfuls of -corn and flour from sacks exposed in the market (1204). By charter of -the Earls, the Chester lepers were entitled to extensive tolls—upon -salt, fish, grain, malt, fruit and vegetables, to a cheese or salmon -from every load, and even one horse from the horse-fair. The lepers of -St. Mary Magdalene’s, Southampton, received “from time immemorial” a -penny upon every tun of wine imported. - -The mayor and commonalty of Carlisle granted every Sunday to the lepers -a pottle of ale from each brew-house of the city, and a farthing -loaf from every baker who displayed his bread for sale on Saturday. -Their hospital was also endowed “time out of mind” with a corn-tax -known as the “thraves of St. Nicholas” from every carucate of land in -Cumberland. (The _thrave_ is variously computed at twelve, twenty or -twenty-four sheaves.) This county had a heavy poor-rate, for the great -York hospital collected likewise from every plough working in [p185] -the northern Archiepiscopate (Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire and -Yorkshire). These “thraves of St. Leonard,” or “Petercorn,” belonged to -the hospital by virtue of Athelstan’s gift, which had been originally -granted to him by his northern subjects in recognition of his -destruction of wolves. The lands of the Durham Bishopric contributed -“thraves of St. Giles” to Kepier hospital. The collection of such tolls -was a constant difficulty, for it was resented by landowners, who had -also the ordinary tithes to pay. - - -(6) VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS - - -(a) _Donations._—At first, freewill-offerings were mainly in kind. The -earliest collector whose name occurs is Alfune, Rahere’s friend. While -the founder was occupied at St. Bartholomew’s, Alfune was wont “to -cumpasse and go abowte the nye placys of the chirche besily to seke -and prouyde necessaries to the nede of the poer men, that lay in the -hospitall.” It fell on a day that as Alfune visited the meat-market, -he came to a butcher whose persistent refusal of help grieved him. -After working what was regarded as a miracle, Alfune won him over, and -departed with flesh in his vessel: henceforth butchers were more prompt -to give their alms. Almsmen used sometimes to collect in person. It -was customary for some of the brothers of St. John’s House to “attend -the churches in Sandwich every Sunday, with a pewter dish, soliciting -money to buy meat for dinner on that day.” Another brother was deputed -to travel on an ass through Kent asking alms—“and he collects sometimes -ten shillings a year, sometimes a mark, above his expenses.” - -All save richly-endowed houses were dependent upon [p186] casual -charity. In St. Mary’s, Yarmouth, it is recorded “live a multitude of -poor brethren and sisters, for whose sustenance a daily quest has to be -made.” One of the London statutes, enrolled in _Liber Albus_, directs -that lepers shall have a common attorney to go every Sunday into the -parish-churches to gather alms for their sustenance. Lest charitable -offerings should diminish when lepers were removed from sight, a clause -was added to the proclamation of 1348:—“it is the king’s intention -that all who wish to give alms to lepers shall do so freely, and the -sheriff shall incite the men of his bailiwick to give alms to those so -expelled from the communion of men.” It would appear from a London will -of 1369, that special chests were afterwards provided; for bequests are -then made to the alms-boxes (_pixidibus_) for lepers around London. -Alms-boxes were carried about by collectors, and also hung at the gate -or within the hospital. The proctor of the staff went on his mission -with a portable money-box; upon one occasion, a false proctor was -convicted of pretending to collect for St. Mary of Bethlehem, for which -fraud he was pilloried, the iron-bound box with which he had paraded -the streets being tied round his neck. Boxes of this kind, sometimes -having a chain attached, remain in almshouses at Canterbury, Leicester -and Stamford. It was directed by the statutes of Higham Ferrers that -a common box with a hole in the top should be set in the midst of the -dormitory so that well-disposed people might put in their charity; at -certain times also two of the poor men were to “go abroad to gather -up the devotions of the brotherhood,” the contents being afterwards -divided. - - -(b) _Small Subscriptions._—Some fraternities formed [p187] -associations for the maintenance of charities. That of St. John -Baptist, Winchester, helped to support St. John’s hospital with the -shillings contributed by its 107 members. The modern hospital of St. -Leonard, Bedford, is kept up on this principle. - - -(c) _Appeals authorized by the King._—The work of the proctor was -not confined to the neighbourhood. Having first possessed himself of -letters-testimonial, he journeyed in England, or even in Wales and -Ireland. A “protection” or warrant was necessary, for unauthorized -collectors were liable to arrest; it was in the form of a royal letter -addressed to the archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, bailiffs, -lieges, etc. Henry III pleads with his subjects the cause of St. -Giles’, Shrewsbury:—“that when the brethren come to you to beg alms, -you will favourably admit them, and mercifully impart to them your alms -of the goods conferred by God upon you.” Many letters-patent license -the proctors, messengers or attorneys to collect in churches, or, as at -St. Anthony’s, Lenton (1332), in towns, fairs and markets. Sometimes -the collector went forth supported by Church and State; as when the -king issued mandates (1317, 1331) to welcome the proctor of the Romsey -lepers “authorized by John, Bishop of Winchester and other prelates.” - - -(d) _Appeals authorized by the Church, as Briefs, Indulgences, -etc._—Bishops likewise issued briefs, or letters of recommendation, -on behalf of institutions in their own dioceses or beyond. The infirm -of Holy Innocents’, Lincoln, received from their diocesan a mandate -(1294), ordering the parochial clergy to allow their agent to solicit -alms after mass on three Sundays or festivals each year; later, the -stipulation was added, that the Cathedral [p188] fabric fund should -not suffer thereby. A typical document is found in the Winchester -Register in favour of St. Leonard’s, Bedford (1321). The mandate was -addressed to the archdeacons, deans, rectors, vicars and chaplains, -commanding them to receive accredited messengers of that needy -hospital, to cause their business to be expounded by the priest during -mass, after which the collection should be delivered without deduction. -The brief was in force for two years and the clergy were bidden to help -effectually by word and example at least once a year. - -Episcopal Registers include many such documents, some being granted on -special occasions, to make good losses by murrain, to enlarge premises, -or to rebuild after fire, flood or invasion. Some briefs were not -unlike modern appeals, with their lists of presidents and patrons; -for that on behalf of Romney hospital (1380) was signed by both -archbishops and eleven bishops. It was a recognized source of raising -funds. John de Plumptre in making arrangements for his almshouse at -Nottingham (1414), provided that the widows, for the bettering of their -sustenance, should “have and hold an episcopal bull and indulgence -. . . procured from the archbishops and bishops of England, Wales and -Ireland.”[112] - -It is curious to watch the increase of the privileges offered. The -earlier bishops remitted penance for seven or thirteen days, those of -a later period, for forty days. Roman indulgences knew no such limits. -The form of a papal brief (1392) was as follows:— - - “Relaxation of seven years and seven _quadragene_ to penitents who - on the principal feasts of the year and those of [p189] St. James in - the month of July and the dedication, the usual octaves and six days; - and of a hundred days to those who during the said octaves and days - visit and give alms for the sustentation and recreation of the chapel - of St. James’ poor hospital without the walls, London.” - -William, Lord Berkeley directed the executors of his will (1492):— - - “to purchase a pardon from the court of Rome, as large as may be had, - for this Chapple [Longbridge], from evensonge to evensonge, in the - feast of Trinity for ever, for pleyne remission to them that will be - confessed and contrite.” - -Offerings stimulated by such pardons were in money or in kind. A deed -belonging to the Bridport Corporation sets forth that the writer has -seen letters from famous ecclesiastics—including St. Thomas and St. -Edmund of Canterbury—in favour of Allington leper-house, one being an -indulgence of Alexander IV:— - - “Item, to alle thos that gevyn broche, rynge, boke, belle, candell, - vestimente, bordclothe, towelle, pygge, lambe, wolle, peny, or - penyworthe, be whiche the sayde hows and hospitale is amended and - mentaynde, the sayd Pope grauntethe the remission of the vijth parte - of penance injunct[ed].” - -Thus the questionable trade of the pardoner[113] was often carried on -by the hospital proctor; moreover, spurious bulls were circulated. -The abuses to which the practice gave rise were recognized by Bishop -Grandisson, who announced that questors collecting alms in the diocese -of Exeter were forbidden to preach, or to sell fictitious privileges, -or unauthorized pardons. A papal exhortation [p190] on behalf of -St. Anne’s, Colchester (1402), forbids these presents to be sent by -pardoners (_questuarii_). Those who bought a pardon from the proctor -of St. John’s, Canterbury, were informed that the benefit of 30,000 -_Paternosters_ and _Ave Marias_ was freely imparted to them. But -although indulgences were liable to abuse, it must be remembered that -authorized pardons extended to penitents only—to those who, being -contrite, had already confessed and received absolution and penance. -Upon the indulgenced feast of St. Michael, so many people flocked -to St. Mary’s, Leicester, that a special staff of confessors became -necessary. - - -7. ALMS OF PILGRIMS - -Such visits to hospitals lead to the further consideration of -pilgrimage and devotion to relics, which directly affected charity. -An indulgence was offered to penitents visiting Yarmouth hospital -and the sacred relics therein and giving a helping hand to the poor -inhabitants. The Maison Dieu at Dunwich possessed a holy cross of great -reputation “whither many resorted to adore it, who bestowed much alms.” -When the precious relic was carried away and detained “by certain -evil-wishers” connected with St. Osith’s Abbey, the inmates were -greatly impoverished.[114] The abbot having been prosecuted, came into -chancery in person and rendered the cross to the king, who restored it -to the master and brethren “to remain in the hospital for ever.” Holy -Cross, Colchester, claimed to keep a portion of the true Cross; an -indulgence was offered by various bishops to those paying pilgrimage -visits and contributing to the hospital. (See pp. 248–9.) [p191] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXII._ LEPER HOSPITAL OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, -OXFORD] - -Other treasures visited by pilgrims were of a more personal character. -Anthony à Wood found records of choice things formerly preserved in -St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, whereby it was enriched:—“they were possest -of St. Edmund the Confessor’s combe, St. Barthelmew’s skin, the bones -of St. Stephen, and one of the ribbes of St. Andrew.” The first and -foremost of the sacred relics was evidently a personal possession of -the local saint, Archbishop Edmund Rich, a native of Abingdon:—“Those -that were troubled with continuall headaches,” (University students, -perhaps) “frenzies, or light-headed, were by kembing their heads with -St. Edmund’s combe restored to their former health.” On high days -and holy days these treasures were exposed to view in the chapel. -(Pl. XXII.) They were of so great value that the authorities of Oriel -College, having acquired the patronage, appropriated them, “which -caused great complaints from these hospitalliers.” - -[Illustration: 28. A HOSPITAL ALMS-BOX] - -The alms of pilgrims and other travellers were a valuable asset in -the funds, for it was customary for those so journeying to spend much -in charity by the way. On the penitential pilgrimage of Henry II to -Canterbury (1174) “as he passed on his way by chapels and hospitals -he did his duty as a most devout Christian and son of Holy Church -by confession of sin and distribution of offerings and gifts.”[115] -Halting at Harbledown he left the sum of forty marks, probably -because the hospital belonged to the bereaved archbishopric. Long -afterwards, another king—John of France—passed along the road, leaving -at sundry hospitals a substantial proof of his gratitude for release -from captivity. Among his [p192] expenses are included gifts to -“les malades de 4 maladeries depuis Rocestre jusques à Cantobérie, -pour aumosne”; also to the communities of St. James’, St. John’s at -the Northgate, St. Mary’s, and Harbledown, and to the brethren of -Ospringe; whilst the king gave as much as twenty nobles to the Maison -Dieu, Dover, where he was received as a guest.[116] Situated close to -the highway, on the hill which eager travellers were about to climb -to catch their first sight of the grand tower of Canterbury, the -Harbledown lepers benefited by the gifts of pilgrims for three and -a half centuries. Treasured in the hospital (Pl. V) was a relic of -“the glorious martyr” to whose shrine they wended. “This fragment -of his [p193] shoe supports this little community of poor men,” says -Ogygius in the _Colloquy on Pilgrimages_,[117] where Erasmus describes -his visit to Canterbury with Dean Colet sometime before the year -1519. Shortly after leaving the city, where the road becomes steep -and narrow, there is, he says, a hospital of a few old men. One of -the brethren runs out, sprinkles the travellers with holy water, and -presently offers them the upper part of a shoe, set with a piece of -glass resembling a jewel. This the strangers are invited to kiss. (Bale -satirizes this custom where he says, “here ys the lachett of swett -seynt Thomas shewe.”) Colet is indignant, but Erasmus, to appease the -injured brother, drops a coin into his alms-box. The quaint old box is -still kept at Harbledown, and is figured above. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[107] Madox, _Formulare Ang._, p. 424. - -[108] P.R.O. Ancient Deeds, A 11562. - -[109] Charter Roll 17 John, m. 8. - -[110] Communicated by the Town Clerk. - -[111] Surtees Soc., 114, p. 278. - -[112] Records of Nottingham, ii. 99. - -[113] The word was retained after the Reformation, e.g. 1573, “paid -to a pardoner that gathered for the hospital of Plympton” (T. N. -Brushfield, _Devonshire Briefs_). - -[114] Prynne, _Usurpation of Popes_, p. 1137, and Close 34 Edw. I, m. 1. - -[115] Chron. and Mem., 67, i. 487. - -[116] Soc. de l’Histoire de France, 1851, p. 194. - -[117] Pilgrimages of Walsingham and Canterbury—Ed. Nichols, 1849, p. 63. - - - - -[p194] - -CHAPTER XIV - -RELATIONS WITH CHURCH AND STATE - - - “_As to other hospitals, which he of another foundation and patronage - than of the King, the Ordinaries shall enquire of the manner of the - foundation, estate and governance of the same . . . and make thereof - correction and reformation according to the laws of Holy Church, as - to them belongeth._” - - (Parliament of Leicester.) - -Attention having been already called to the internal constitution of -hospitals, we must now consider their relation to those in authority. -The position of such a house was necessarily complicated; there arose -a difficulty in reconciling its subordinate, yet partly independent -character. We must see, first, how its welfare depended to a certain -extent on king and bishop; secondly, its position with regard to the -parochial system; and thirdly, how far it was affected by monasticism. - - -(i) RELATIONS WITH THE KING AND THE BISHOP - -The hospitals of England have never been exclusively in the hands -of Church or State. The relations which they bore to each may be -subdivided under the headings of Constitution, Jurisdiction and Finance. - - -(a) _Constitution._—As we have seen, the Church, usually represented by -the diocesan bishop, was responsible for the rule and statutes by which -a hospital was guided. - - -(b) _Jurisdiction._—In the province of administration, visitation and -reform, king and bishop played their [p195] respective parts. Speaking -generally, the bishop was administrator, and the king protector; -to the former, matters of religious observance and conduct were -referred, to the latter, questions of temporal privilege, immunity from -taxation, etc. Both had rights as “visitors.” Faithfully conducted, -ecclesiastical visitation might be of great use, but owing to the huge -extent of dioceses, it was infrequent and inadequate, and where the -king was patron, the diocesan bishop’s visitation was prohibited. Under -Henry III, the royal almoner undertook the keeping of Crown hospitals, -but afterwards this duty fell to the Chancellor, who alone had the -right of visitation; the diocesan bishop had no jurisdiction in such -houses except by special arrangement, as in the Statute directing that -ordinaries “by virtue of the king’s commission to them directed” shall -take inquisitions and return them into chancery. Royal interposition -was not customary unless the king were patron; thus an order to inquire -into waste at certain hospitals was cancelled because the king had -erred in believing that they were founded by his progenitors. When -investigations were commanded, they were committed to a local jury, who -were to find by inquisition on oath of the good men of the county how -far rules had been observed, and they possessed full power “to deal -with the hospital as well in the head as in the members.” Detailed -accounts of such special visitations may be found among _Chancery -Miscellanea_ in the Record Office. - - -(c) _Finance._—The Lateran Council of 1179 decreed that -leper-communities should not pay tithe from gardens and orchards, nor -of the increase of cattle, and this was ratified in the Provincial -Council of Westminster in 1200. The [p196] Church wished to go a -step further and ordain that neither lazar-house, Domus Dei nor poor -hospital should pay taxes, which was set forth by Gregory X; entries -upon Papal Registers in 1278 declare that certain English houses, -including Ospringe, should share this immunity. But the decree was -not necessarily accepted in England, remission of taxation being a -royal prerogative; Ospringe was a Crown hospital to which exemption -was renewed from time to time of the king’s grace. In the cases of -lazar-houses, a curious distinction was made, witnessing incidentally -to national independence—“And let not the goods of lepers be taxed -where they are governed by a leper” (_par Sovereyn meseal_). This -rule occurs in the First Statute of Westminster (3 Edw. I),[118] and -afterwards in rolls and writs dated 1297, 1307, etc.[119] It was -evidently in allusion to this custom that, in remitting a wool-tax, it -is stated that St. Bartholomew’s, Rochester, was governed by a leprous -prior (1342), but a few years later the king granted it freedom from -taxation for ever. Many houses were freed by charter from local and -general contributions and tolls. - -Land-tenure may be included under finance. Before the enactment of -the Statute _De Religiosis_, benefactors met with no hindrance in -promoting any plan for endowment, but after 1279 permission was sought -“to alienate land in mortmain.” On payment of a small fine, communities -were empowered to accept property to a certain value. This developed -into the “licence to found” named in fourteenth-century rolls, and -subsequently into incorporation. [p197] - - -(ii) RELATIONS WITH THE PARISH PRIEST - -Before the foundation of a hospital chapel, special permission -was required from the bishop, with a guarantee that it should not -interfere with the parochial system. It was necessary clearly to -define privileges, lest friction should arise. Grants in civil and -ecclesiastical registers include “a chapel, bell and chaplain,” -oblations, sepulture and “the cure of souls.” - - -(a) _Oblations._—One quarter of the offerings received at St. -Katharine’s, Ledbury, was reserved for parochial use. Unless some -definite scheme was arranged, disputes quickly arose. A serious -collision of interests occurred at Brough. The tiny hostel, founded -with the sanction of bishop and archbishop (1506), developed into a -pilgrimage-place. The injured vicar, with solemn ritual, cursed with -bell, book and candle all concerned with such oblations as were made -in the chapel. The founder, however, called forth upon his parson -the archbishop’s censure “as an abandoned wretch and inflated with -diabolical venom for opposing so good a work.” The priest in turn -appealed to the Pope. At length it was agreed that 20s. yearly should -be paid to the mother-church.[120] - - -(b) _Public and private Worship, Bells, etc._—Agreements as to -public worship on certain occasions were made between the parish and -institutions within its boundary. The biographer of the Berkeley -family, quoting from the episcopal register (1255), records:— - - “That all the seculars in the hospitall of Longbridge, exceptinge - a Cooke, and one person to kepe sick folkes, should in the spetiall - solemne dayes, come to Berkeley Church and there [p198] should - receive all the ecclesiasticall Sacraments, (except holy bread and - holy water) unles it bee by the dispensation and leave of the Vicar - of Berkeley.”[121] - -To infringe such rules meant trouble. One Easter (1439), the chaplain -of St. Leonard’s, Leicester, permitted two of the warden’s servants -to receive the Sacrament from him there, instead of repairing to the -parish church; but the following Sunday he was forced to do public -penance. - -The curious restriction of repeating divine service with closed doors -and in an undertone was made at St. John’s, Nottingham, when the -patronal feasts were being celebrated in the parish. The rule for -ordinary days was that of St. James’ near Canterbury (1414), namely, -that the canonical hours be said audibly after the sounding of the -handbells or bells according to ancient custom. - -[Illustration: 29. GLASTONBURY] - -The possession of a bell in a turret required a special licence, lest -outside worshippers should attend. A chapel being added to St. Mary -Magdalene’s, Bristol (1226), the stipulation was made [p199] “but the -leprous women shall have no bells except handbells, and these shall not -be hung up.” It was agreed at Portsmouth (1229) that the two bells in -God’s House should not exceed the weight of those of the parish church, -and should only ring at set hours. The _Annals of Dunstable Monastery_ -show how important the matter was considered:— - - “In the same year (1293) the lepers of Dunstaple set up a mighty bell - outside the precincts of their house on two timbers; but the prior - . . . brought that bell within our jurisdiction; which afterwards he - restored to them yet so that they should by no means use that or any - other bell for calling together our parishioners or other people.” - - -(c) _Burial Rights._—The privilege of sepulture rendered the community -more independent, and secured to it certain fees and legacies. A -popular institution like St. Leonard’s, York, or St. John’s, Exeter, -derived benefits from the burial of benefactors. There is a will -entered on the Patent Roll of 1341 whereby a certain Vincent de -Barnastapolia requested to be interred in the cemetery of St. Mark’s, -Bristol, to which house he left a considerable legacy.[122] The -conferring or denial of a place of sepulture seems to have been without -rule, and was a matter of favour and circumstance. Thus St. Oswald’s, -Worcester, had a cemetery (probably because it was originally a -leper-house), whilst St. Wulstan’s had none. - - -(d) _Worship and Burial of Lepers._—To lepers both chapel and graveyard -were willingly granted. This was an early custom in England, as the -Norman architecture of several chapels shows (e.g. Rochester, _circa_ -1100). The [p200] Gloucester lazars were granted burial rights before -1160, when they already possessed a chapel, the chancel of which still -stands; the bishop’s licence made the usual stipulation that none but -lepers should be interred.[123] A fresh impetus was given to spiritual -provision for outcasts by the Lateran Council of 1179. Pope Alexander -III decreed as follows:— - - “Seeing that it is very remote from Christian piety that those who - seek their own and not the things of Jesus Christ do not permit - lepers . . . to have churches or burial places of their own, nor to - be assisted by the ministry of a priest of their own, we ordain that - these lepers be permitted to have the same without any contradiction.” - -This privilege, it was declared, must not be prejudicial to the rights -of ancient churches. - - * * * * * - -Digressing from the immediate subject of spiritual provision for the -outcast, one point must be made clear. It is sometimes thought that -the strict parochial discipline of mediæval England would insist upon -the attendance of the leper at his parish church on certain occasions; -others on the contrary suppose that the leper was excommunicate. -The popular belief is that the Church provided for his worship the -so-called “leper’s window,” frequently shown in old edifices. The -existence of low-side-windows at such places as Bridgnorth and Spondon, -where there were leper-colonies, is considered circumstantial evidence -of their origin and purpose. But name and idea alike are of entirely -modern growth, arising from a misinterpretation of a wall-painting at -Windsor, which Mr. Street took to represent the [p201] communicating -of a leper through an aperture. Administration would have been both -difficult and irreverent; the opening, moreover, is often so situated -that any such act would be physically impossible. A manuscript -chronicle, indeed, records how Blase Tupton, who was dwelling near St. -Chad’s, Shrewsbury, about the year 1409, had a gallery made so that she -might join in public worship:— - - “Blase . . . cam by chance to be a leeper, and made the oryell which - goythe allong the west side of the churche-yarde, throughe which - she cam aloft to heare serveys throughe a doore made in the churche - wale, and so passyd usually uppon the leades unto a glasse wyndowe, - throughe which she dayly sawe and hard dayly serveys as longe as shee - lyvyd.”[124] - -Now Blase was doubtless a privileged person, being the daughter of the -well-known townsman who had founded the almshouse adjoining St. Chad’s; -and though now and again a lazar might make his way to a churchyard to -gaze upon the holy mysteries, it is certain that only those living in a -community with a chapel and priest could be confessed and receive the -Blessed Sacrament. Most antiquaries are of opinion that the popular -theory of the object of lowside-windows is untenable. - - * * * * * - -Careful provision was made for the religious observances of the -untainted inmates of a hospital as well as for the leprous. They might -use the chapel except on the greater festivals when they were required -to attend the parish church and make oblations there. At St. Mary -Magdalene’s, Bristol, the infected confessed to their chaplain, but the -rest to the parish priest. No parishioner of Bedminster might attend -the chapel on Sundays or [p202] festivals to receive the blessed -bread and holy water, the distribution of which to other than inmates -would infringe parochial rights.[125] It was provided by the founder’s -statutes at Sherburn that on Sundays the lepers should receive “the -sprinkling of holy water, blessed bread, and other things which are -fitting.” - - -(e) _Free Chapels._—These were “places of worship exempted from all -relation to the mother church and also from episcopal jurisdiction, -an exemption which was an equivocal privilege, obtained immediately -from the Crown, or appended to ancient manors originally belonging -to the Crown.”[126] St. John’s, Oxford, was a privileged proprietary -chapel. The king withheld the right of visitation from the bishop -of the diocese, who, in turn, seems to have refused to sanction and -consecrate a graveyard. Henry III called in the Roman Pontiff to -arbitrate; whereupon “the pope at the instance of the king commanded -the Bishop of Lincoln to provide a burial ground for the hospital -of Oxford, for the brethren of the hospital and for the poor dying -therein, the indemnity of the mother church and of the king as patron -being provided for.”[127] The kings contrived to evade the Bishop -of Lincoln’s rightful authority. Edward I wrote to request Bishop -Giffard of Worcester to confer holy orders upon a brother “because the -same hospital is the king’s free chapel where the diocesan ought to -exercise no jurisdiction.” The Close Roll of 1304 emphasizes the fact -that the house was wholly independent and therefore “quit of payments, -procurations and other exactions of the ordinary.”[128] [p203] - -A few royal hospitals were subordinate to the Crown and the papal see. -That of Basingstoke, with its “free chapel of the king”, was granted -immunity from episcopal control by Cardinal Ottobon (1268). The Maison -Dieu, Dover, was taken under immediate papal protection by a bull of -Nicholas III (1277). A unique case occurs where the lay founder of an -almshouse at Nottingham gained for it freedom from the jurisdiction -of the ordinary or judges, and subjection alone “to St. Peter and the -Apostolic See” (1402).[129] - - -(f) “_The Cure of Souls._”—Whereas the “free chapel” had no parochial -obligations, there were hospital churches to which full parochial -rights were attached. How or why such houses as St. Paul’s, Norwich, -and Armiston came to possess “the cure of souls” is uncertain; -the little chapel of St. Mary Magdalene, Durham (now a ruin), was -also a rectorial parish church. More curious is the fact that -several _leper-hospitals_ acquired this peculiar advantage. Thus in -Northampton, although St. John’s was “no parish church, but only for -the company there inhabiting,” St. Leonard’s was a “liberty” having -parochial rights, not only of burial, but of Baptism. St. Nicholas’, -York, required as master, “a fit clerk who shall be able to answer for -the cure of souls belonging to the parish church of that hospital.” The -Lincoln leper-house had similar rights. - - -(g) _Almshouses and the Parish Church._—Many of the later almshouses -were closely connected with the parish. At Ewelme, for example, the -almsmen resorted to the church constantly, and their presence was -regarded as so important that even absence on pilgrimage was [p204] -deprecated. Those institutions which had no chaplain of their own were -brought into close touch with the parish priest, as at Croydon, where -the poor men went every day to the church to “here all manner divine -service there to be songe and saide.” - - -(h) _Collegiate Foundations._—Several large almshouses possessed -collegiate rights or formed part of a college (e.g. St. Mary’s, -Leicester; Shrewsbury, Tong, Heringby). Sometimes, as at Higham -Ferrers, there existed side by side a parish church, a bede-house for -pensioners, and a college for the priests and clerks. - - -(iii) RELATIONS WITH MONK, KNIGHT AND FRIAR - -Inquiry must now be made concerning the relation between hospitals -and monastic life. Although the religious orders directly influenced -certain houses, others were totally unconnected with them. Canon -Raine says that St. Leonard’s, York, was more of a secular than an -ecclesiastical establishment; he regards it as principally a lay -institution, although religion was, of course, a strong element in its -working. In this hospital “which is of no order” (says a Papal Letter, -1429) the master might be a layman. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXIII._ ST. JOHNS HOSPITAL, WILTON - -(_a_) SOUTH-EAST VIEW. (_b_) NORTH VIEW] - - -1. _The Monastic Orders_ - -Here it must be borne in mind that we have nothing to do with -the infirmary and guest-house within conventual walls. Only such -institutions are included as had an individual, though it may be -subordinate, existence. Some hospitals were founded by an abbot -or prior; these were chiefly dependent upon the mother-house for -staff, income, food and clothing; they had an individual [p205] -dedication-name, but often no common seal (e.g. Bury, Peterborough). -Others had a more independent existence, as indicated by the possession -of separate seals (e.g. Reading, Abingdon). A community which was -under the direct control of a religious house was of a more monastic -type than others. There was also the hospital established by a private -patron, and merely placed under the administration of some monastery; -here the endowment was distinct, and the staff might or might not be -members of the convent. - -It is in truth often difficult to discriminate between hospital -and priory; sometimes they are indistinguishable in aim and scope. -This was especially the case with the English Order of St. Gilbert; -the two Gilbertine houses at Lincoln and that of Clattercot were -actual infirmaries. Similarly, several foundations of the Order of -the Holy Sepulchre were pilgrims’ hostels served by a few canons. -In certain cases hospitals developed into priories, some losing -their distinctively eleemosynary character (e.g. Tandridge, Creak, -Cockersand), while in others a mere change of name took place, as at -Maiden Bradley. In the case of St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield, priory -and hospital existed side by side, with separate organization, revenue -and seals. Sometimes the titles were used interchangeably; and at -Wilton the “priory” (Pl. XXIII) was merely a hospital governed by a -prior. - -Many institutions observed the Augustinian rule. Austin canons, -according to Canon Venables, were “regular clergy, holding a middle -position between monks and secular canons, almost resembling a -community of parish priests living under rule.” The five largest -London infirmaries were served by Augustinians. [p206] Those of St. -Thomas’, Southwark, dressed after the manner of clergy of secular -cathedrals and collegiate churches. The case of an Augustinian master -of St. Thomas’ shows that constitutions differed widely; with the -Bishop of Winchester’s consent, he was transferred to Sandon hospital -(Surrey); but being uneasy, he applied to the pope for absolution -from his vow and sought permission to live “according to the custom -of Sandon.” St. Bartholomew’s was likewise governed by Austin canons, -although a papal document states that it “has not been approved by the -apostolic see and is not subject to any regular order.” Elsyngspital -was founded for secular clergy, but, “taught by experience”, regulars -were substituted within twelve years. Among other Augustinian houses -may be named Newcastle (St. Mary’s), Brackley, Newstead, Bridgwater, -Southampton, and Dover. The Benedictine rule was followed by the staff -of St. Mark’s, Bristol, Strood, and of course in all hospitals under -Benedictine monasteries. - - -2. _The Military Orders_ - -Of the origin and introduction of these Orders more will be said under -the heading of St. John Baptist and St. Lazarus in Part Two. Here we -are rather concerned with the relations which existed between the -knightly brethren and hospitals in general. - - -(a) _Knights Hospitallers and Templars._—Both Orders were the -recognized guardians of travellers, and much of their work was akin -to that of the hospital for wayfarers. Thus King Stephen gave the -Yorkshire manor of Steynton upon Blakhommer to the Master of the -Temple:—“to find a chaplain to celebrate divine service daily and to -[p207] receive and entertain poor guests and pilgrims there, and to -ring and blow the horn every night at dusk lest pilgrims and strangers -should lose their way.” (Richard I afterwards re-granted the land to -the Hospitallers.)[130] Similar hospitality was doubtless provided in -all commanderies and preceptories. Although these were often called -“hospitals” (e.g. at Greenham in Berks, Sutton-at-Hone, etc.) they are -not included among the foundations enumerated in this volume. - -Indeed, although these Orders exercised a certain influence upon -hospitals, there was little actual intercourse. St. Cross, Winchester, -was originally placed under the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, but -the connection was of short duration; the habit and cross worn by the -present pensioners serve as a reminder of this fact. The patronage -of St. Saviour’s, Stydd by Ribchester, and St. Leonard’s, Skirbeck, -afterwards came into the hands of the Order. St. Thomas’ hospital in -Cheapside was under the Templars, but since it was not suppressed with -their preceptories (_circa_ 1312), it may be classed among independent -foundations. The full title remained (1340) “the master and brethren -of the Knights Templars of the Hospital of St. Thomas the Martyr of -Aeon of Canterbury.” It may be here observed that the misleading title -“Commandery” often accorded to St. Wulstan’s, Worcester, suggests -a link with the Knights of St. John which did not exist; although, -curiously enough, the masters of both the Worcester hospitals were -frequently named “preceptor.” - - -(b) _Knights of St. Lazarus._—Although, as has been said, commanderies -and preceptories proper are not included, the leper-hospitals of the -Order of St. Lazarus must of [p208] necessity find a place. The -principal one was at Burton Lazars, founded by a crusading Mowbray. -Two important hospitals, those of London and Lincoln, were annexed -to it by Edward I and Henry VI respectively. The staff of the former -are referred to (1337) as the master and brethren of St. Giles of the -Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem in England; soon after it appeared -that the master of St. Giles’ was not carrying out the traditions of -the charitable Knights, having “ousted the lepers and put in brethren -and sisters of his Order who were not diseased.” It is said that all -English leper-houses were in some way subject to Burton Lazars, but in -truth this was not so. It was the parent-house of cells at Carlton in -Moreland, Choseley and Tilton, the property at the former place being -charged with the support of four lepers, but whether maintained there -or at Burton Lazars is not stated. Spondon (or Locko) was originally -subordinate to a French house. In time of war, Edward III ordered that -the money hitherto paid over to the foreign superior, should henceforth -be given to King’s Hall, Cambridge (1347). That same year the master of -Burton was also preceptor of “la Maudeleyne,” Locko. - -[Illustration: 30. SEAL OF ST. ANTHONY’S, LONDON] - - -(c) _Monks of St. Anthony._—The Order of St. Anthony was likewise an -offshoot of that of St. John. Two of the hospitals in honour of this -saint were definitely under Antonine monks, _viz._ London and Hereford. -St. Anthony’s, London, was frequently called a [p209] preceptory. At -first it was “alien,” subject to the mother-house of Vienne, but it -afterwards became naturalized. It was stated in 1424 that on account -of international war and of the Schism (i.e. in the Papacy, 1378–1417) -few or none of the French canons had come to England; in 1431 a canon -of Vienne was appointed warden, but was subsequently replaced by one of -the King’s clerks. St. Anthony’s, York, was independent of the Order. - - -(d) _“Alien” Hospitals._—There were other hospitals subordinate to -foreign convents. The Great St. Bernard in Savoy established an -offshoot at Hornchurch; Altopassu in Italy maintained St. James’, -Thurlow; the leper-house near Rye was affiliated to Fécamp. Farley, -near Luton, was under Suntingfield by Boulogne; the staff were at one -time brethren of the Order of St. William of the Desert.[131] The -varying fortunes of the hospital near Charing Cross may be learnt from -Dr. Jas. Galloway’s _Story of St. Mary Roncevall_. Alien houses had -a chequered history, being confiscated in time of war, and most were -suppressed before the general Dissolution. - - -3. _The Friars_ - -By word and deed, St. Francis preached the duty of serving lepers. “He -appointed that the friars of his Order, dispersed in various parts of -the world, should for the love of Christ diligently attend the lepers -wherever they could be found. They followed this injunction with the -greatest promptitude.”[132] In England, however, it would appear -that there was not that close association between [p210] friars and -hospitals which existed in Italy. Led by national reformers, the work -of tending lazars had long been carried on. The great majority of -refuges for them were founded between 1084 and 1224 before the brethren -arrived in this country. Speaking of the friars’ labours, Green says -that “their first work lay in the noisome lazar-houses,” and Brewer -alludes to “their training for the leper-hospitals,” but there seems to -be little or no definite record of such service in this country. There -were, however, many individual outcasts, who had not the comfort of the -hospital, and to these the new-comers may have ministered. - -A few hospitals—not for lepers—were indeed appropriated to the -Mendicant Orders, or served by them. The association is of the -slightest, and usually of short duration. Thus the Bamburgh spital had -probably disappeared when Richard II gave its chapel to the Friars -Preachers, “in part remuneration for a cross made from the wood of the -Holy Cross presented by them to the king” (1382). The Crutched Friars -once had some connection with Holy Cross, Colchester. The relation -between hospitals and the Bethlehemite and Maturin Orders was closer, -and dated from the friars’ first century of work. St. Mary of Bethlehem -in London was founded upon land belonging to that community, members -of which were its original officials. Deeds of 1348 call them “the -Order of the Knighthood of St. Mary of Bethlehem”; possibly the link -with the Holy Land led them to adopt this military title. Maturin or -Trinitarian houses were more akin to the infirmary and pilgrim-hostel -than were any other friaries; one-third of their revenue was spent -in relieving local poor. Their houses (often called “hospitals”) are -[p211] not included in the present volume, save when they were not -merely friaries. For example, Stephen, Archdeacon of Wilts, who was -rector and patron of Easton Royal, founded there a house for indigent -travellers (1246).[133] The master was a Trinitarian brother, but he -was presented by the patron, to whom he and the other priests owed -obedience; in 1287 the same man was minister of Easton and of the -house of St. Mary Magdalene by Hertford. St. Laurence’s, Crediton, was -served by the Hounslow Maturin convent. The almsmen of God’s House, -Donnington, worshipped in the adjacent Trinitarian Chapel. - - * * * * * - -To recapitulate: the hospital was a semi-independent institution, -subject to royal and episcopal control in matters of constitution, -jurisdiction and finance, yet less trammelled in organization than most -religious houses. It formed a part of the parochial system, and had -also links of one kind and another with monastic life. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[118] Chron. & Mem., 72, _Reg. Malmes._ i. 232. - -[119] Pat. 25 Edw. I, pt. ii. m. 11; Rolls of Parl. I, 239_b_. - -[120] Nicolson and Burn, _Antiq. of Westmorland_, ed. 1777, i. 574. - -[121] J. Smyth, _Lives of Berkeleys_, i. 70. - -[122] Pat. 15 Edw. III, pt. i. m. 14. - -[123] Chron. and Mem., 33, i. 147. ii. 7. - -[124] Owen and Blakeway, _Hist. of Shrewsbury_, 1825, ii. p. 257. - -[125] Chron. and Mem., 97, p. 173. - -[126] Chetham Soc. F. R. Raines, _Lancashire Chantries_. - -[127] Pat. 22 Edw. I, m. 3. - -[128] Close 32 Edw. I, m. 2 _d_. - -[129] Cal. Pap. Reg. vol. v. p. 489. - -[130] Close 14 Edw. III, m. 13. - -[131] Pat. 37 Hen. III, m. 17. - -[132] Chron. & Mem. 4. _Monumenta Franciscana_, vol. i. p. xxv., from -“Mirror.” - -[133] Chron. and Mem., 97, pp. 301–6. - - - - -[p212] - -CHAPTER XV - -DECLINE OF THE HOSPITALS - - - “_Many hospitals . . . be now for the most part decayed, and the - goods and profits of the same, by divers persons, spiritual and - temporal, withdrawn and spent to the use of others, whereby many men - and women have died in great misery for default of aid, livelihood - and succour._” - -Such is the preamble to the Statute for the reformation of hospitals -(1414). Responsibility for use and abuse rested with the patron, but -more immediately with the warden into whose hands he committed the -administration. If this chapter is necessarily devoted to the seamy -side of hospital life, let no one suppose that officials were all bad, -or even all careless. There were men “in whose purity of conscience -the king confides,” chosen for “probity, character and knowledge.” Yet -upright, thrifty and faithful wardens were far from common, and it -does not sound hopeful when one and another was appointed “during good -behaviour.” - - -_Abuses by Patrons._—On the whole hospitals were well-treated by -their patrons. Their first founders especially showed both generosity -and care, but in many cases the descendants became indifferent and -neglected that careful selection of wardens which would have done much -to avert evils. But one of the outstanding grievances against patrons -was their claim to “maintenance” free of charge whenever they desired -it. They and the official “visitors” [p213] sometimes used these -institutions as hostelries for themselves and their retinue. In the -regulations of St. John’s, Bridgwater (1219), which the bishop drew up -for the manorial lord, it is said:—“We expressly forbid that either -the rich or powerful, whether of diocesan rank or ordinary people, or -the ministers and stewards of the patron, should lodge, sojourn or be -entertained and be a burden.” It was rather to be a _Domus libera Dei_, -founded only for the poor of Christ. The kings exercised their right to -lodge at the Maison Dieu, Dover (see Frontispiece), on their journeys -to France. The hospital made a complaint, however, when Edward, eldest -son of Edward I, was suddenly lodged there with the chancellor and -their suite by the marshal of the household. - -The “corrody” was an even greater, because a permanent, burden. The -privilege of board and lodging was frequently given away by patrons -as a reward for service, but sometimes it was created by grant of the -community itself, or sold by greedy officials. This grievance marks -a period of decline. Whereas Henry III pensioned his nurses from the -Exchequer, Edward I imposed upon hospitals the maintenance of old -servants of the Crown, sending a former damsel of the queen-mother and -her man-servant to Ospringe to be maintained for life. He appointed -only to houses of royal foundation, but his son went further, demanding -admission, for example, to the episcopal hospital at Worcester. Caring -little that Bishop Wulstan was the founder, Edward II declares that -“the hospitals in the realm were founded by the king’s progenitors for -the admission of poor and weak persons, and especially of those in the -king’s service who were unable to work.” An order is sent to Oxford to -admit the king’s [p214] chaplain to St. John’s, finding him and his -clerk food, drink, robes, shoe-leather, wood, litter, and a fitting -dwelling-place. The Statute of 1314–15 condemned the tyrannous practice -of burdening religious houses in this manner. - -Edward III was checked in the first year of his reign by a more -forcible enactment entitled, “There shall be no more grants of -Corrodies at the King’s Requests.” It states that many have been -hitherto grieved by such requests “which have desired them by great -threats, for their clerks and other servants, for great pensions and -corrodies.” Edward declares that he “will no more such things desire, -but where he ought”; and henceforth letters patent of this character -are less numerous. Where the demand was considered unjust, resentment -sometimes took the form of violence. Thus in 1341 the master of St. -John’s, Oxford, with eight men, assaulted and imprisoned a certain -Alice Fitz-Rauf; they carried her off by night with veiled face, threw -her into a filthy place, and so left her, having taken away the writ -requesting her reception into the hospital. More often a mild protest -was made by officials; they acquiesce “of mere courtesy,” but beg to be -excused in future. Forgetting that the courtesy of one generation may -be the custom of the next, the much-abused York hospital submits (1331) -provided the demand shall not form a precedent. Fifty years later, -a strong-minded master of that house refuses to admit a man at King -Richard’s command, replying that it was “founded for the bed-ridden and -not for the able-bodied.” - -Cases of oppression “by divers persons spiritual and temporal” are -recorded. Even the mitred abbot of St. [p215] Albans was more than -once at fault. In 1223 the pope commanded him not to lay burdens on -the leper women of St. Mary’s by virtue of patronage; and an early -Chancery Proceeding shows that another abbot had oppressed the poor -sick brethren and feeble folk of St. Julian’s. The Rolls of Parliament -reveal that an abbot of Colchester (_temp._ Edward I) withheld the -accustomed pension and tithe from “les povere freres malades” of St. -Mary Magdalene’s; by cunning and force he abstracted their common seal -and muniments, and flung their charters into the fire. At Durham the -inmates of St. Mary Magdalene’s begged redress of grievances (_temp._ -Edward II). Some previous almoner of the priory, they declared, had -defrauded them of food and clothing; he had even obtained their -muniments by bribing the guardian with the gift of a fur cloak. The -prior and convent, however, endorse the petition: “but be it known that -this complaint does not contain truth for the most part.”[134] - -Monastic houses were not as zealous as formerly in the service of -the needy. The great abbey of St. Augustine, Canterbury, had built -and maintained the daughter hospital of St. Laurence; but in 1341 -this is declared to be of a foundation so weak that it falls very far -short of what is sufficient for their sustenance. The lay patron of -West Somerton leper-house entrusted its custody to Butley Priory on -condition that the usual number of inmates were maintained. A later -prior withdrew the victuals and reduced the revenue from £60 to 10 -marks, until after twenty years of neglect, it was said (1399) “the -place where the hospital of old time was is now desolate.” [p216] -Reading Abbey, which once cherished its charitable institutions, -treated them ill in later days. When Edward IV travelled through the -town (1479), wrongs were reported to him, including “howsys of almes -not kept”; the abbot had appropriated the endowments and destroyed the -buildings. The prior and convent of Worcester themselves suppressed -St. Mary’s, Droitwich, in 1536, and “expelled the poor people to their -utter destruction.” - -Contention about patronage was another very serious evil, causing -continual litigation. The representatives of the first founder, and -those of subsequent benefactors, fell out as to their respective -claims. The Crown was ever ready to usurp patronage, on plea of -foundation, wardship, voidance of See, etc. Thus from generation to -generation, St. Leonard’s, York, was claimed by the Crown, whereas much -of its property had been a gift to the clergy of the minster by Saxon -and Norman sovereigns. A jury of 1246 decided in favour of the Dean and -Chapter against royal patronage, but subsequently the Crown recovered -it once more.[135] Such disputes were not limited to words. The See -of Winchester being void, Edward II nominated a warden to St. Cross, -afterwards declaring that he had recovered the presentation against -the bishop. The writ was seized and the arm of the king’s messenger -was broken in the contest. The practice of keeping important posts -unfilled was another abuse. A petition made in Parliament concerning -this evil (1314–15)[136] maintained that hospitals were impoverished -and destroyed during vacancy by temporary guardians, in reply to which, -remedy was promised. The warden of St. [p217] Nicholas’, Pontefract -(in Queen Philippa’s patronage), complained that during the last -voidance, goods had been lost to the value of £200. - -Patrons neglected personal supervision. The founders of Ewelme inserted -in the statutes one clause concerning the imperative duty of visitation -by their representatives; for, in their experience:— - - “Diuerse places of almesse had been yfounded of grete pite and - deuocion to be rewled by many ryght resonable rewlis and statutis - . . . yitte for defaute of dew execucion of the same and of dew - uisitacion and correccion of the brekers of them such sede howses - haue bene by myslyuyng and negligence ybought to grete heuynesse and - at the last to grete desolacon.” - - -_Abuse by Wardens and Officials._—Doubtless wardens were responsible -for the chief part of maladministration. Misrule by incapable and -untrustworthy men was as frequent as it was fatal. The masters and -their deputies had not the moral qualities of wisdom and honesty to fit -them for so difficult a post. Master Hugh, warden of St. John and St. -Thomas’ at Stamford, reduced it to such a condition that he petitioned -for liberty to resign (1299). The abbot of Peterborough committed it -to a neighbouring rector until “through the blessing of God its most -high guardian, it shall arrive at a more flourishing estate.” After -four months, however, Hugh was restored to office, and matters became -worse. He defrauded the poor of their alms, locked up the rooms where -strangers and sick should have been accommodated, and neglected the -chapel. Meanwhile the mild abbot died; a new superior interfered and -Hugh was again deposed. But having enlisted the mediation of the bishop -and archdeacon, he, after a solemn oath of “reformation of all my -excesses,” [p218] was actually entrusted for the third time with the -wardenship.[137] - -A more interesting figure is the incorrigible Thomas de -Goldyngton—warden of St. Nicholas’, Carlisle, and St. Leonard’s, -Derby—who appears upon the roll as a flagrant offender, although a -keen medical man. In 1341 he is perilously near forfeiting his Crown -appointments for acting as leech to Scottish rebels; in 1348 he -“exercises the office of the surgery of the commonalty [of Derby], -neglects the duties of the wardenship and has dissipated and consumed -the goods and alienated the lands to the great decay of the hospital.” -Thomas had been previously warned after sundry visitations, for -instance (1343): “the king commands the master at his peril to observe -all the rules, constitutions and ordinances of the hospital [Carlisle] -in their entirety.”[138] It seems doubtful whether this energetic -person ever became an exemplary house-surgeon and physician at that -mediæval royal infirmary of Derby. - -The staff like the warden defied authority, as is shown by visitation -reports. The brethren and sisters of St. Nicholas’, York, were -cross-questioned by the jury. The general evidence was that they were -living as they pleased, carrying on business, omitting services, -and wandering. The sisters mostly confessed to knowing nothing, but -one deposed that the brethren were disobedient; whilst the chaplain -reported that “all are disobedient and do not observe humility.”[139] - -Community life was doubtless trying to the temper, and there were -occasionally disturbances serious enough [p219] to reach the king’s -ears. Throughout the reign of Edward II, the name of Nicholas de Staple -occurs periodically on Close Rolls. Brother Nicholas first appears as -an official of the Maison Dieu, Ospringe, who had become intolerable to -his fellows. The king, in response to an appeal, orders him to transfer -himself promptly to St. John’s, Oxford, to remain until further notice: -“the king wishing to avoid damages and dangers and dilapidations of -the goods of the hospital that, it is feared, will arise if Nicholas -remain there any longer, on account of the dissensions between him and -the other brethren.” The disturber of the peace retires from parchment -publicity for thirteen years, when an order is sent to retain him for -life as a chaplain-brother. Finally, after a visit of twenty years -to Oxford (whither he was “lately sent to stay for some time”), the -life-sentence is remitted, and he is allowed to return to Ospringe. -Two years before Nicholas vanishes, Oxford becomes a reformatory for -another Ospringe brother, Thomas Urre, whom the king caused to be -amoved on account of bad conduct, and because he excited all manner -of disputes. Small wonder that a subsequent visitation of St. John’s -should reveal misrule, dissolute living, disobedient and quarrelsome -brothers, sisters and ministers. - -A few years later, the household at Newton in Holderness is in a like -condition, witness the following entry:— - - “Commission . . . to make inquisition and certify the king whether, - as he is informed, William Lulleman, chaplain, (who pretends to be - deaf and for that cause has at the king’s request been admitted to - his hospital of Newton to have his sustenance there,) is sometimes - lunatic and mad, and daily stirs up dissension between the brothers - and sisters of the hospital, and [p220] so threatens them and the - poor residing there, and bears himself so importunately that he - cannot have his conversation among the master and brethren, nor can - the brethren and sisters live in peace while he is conversant among - them.”[140] - -The offender was then removed, but imagine with what feelings the -warden of Newton received the king’s messenger four years later, and -unfastening the roll read as follows:— - - “To the master and brethren, etc. Request to admit William Lulleman - of Bernleye, chaplain, who is detained by severe sickness, and to - give him maintenance for life.”{140} - -Edward III, wishing to guard against the reception of unworthy -men, forbade the master of Ospringe to admit any brother without -special orders; and he removed one for notorious excesses and -disobediences.[141] St. Thomas’, Birmingham, was found in a miserable -plight, because “vile reprobates assumed the habit that they might -continue their abominable lives _sub velamine Religiositatis_, and then -forsake it, and cause themselves to be called hermits.”[142] No clerk -could be ordained without a “title,” but hospitals were apt to offer -this to unproved persons, which was fatal to the tone of the household. -St. John’s, Ely, was usually governed by clergy under rule, but in -1454 the Bishop of Dunkeld was collated to the mastership, because no -regulars could be found capable of effecting its recovery from ruin and -wretchedness. - -The decline of hospitals was largely owing to the fact that many -wardens were non-residents and pluralists. It was actually possible to -represent one as having died; [p221] several appointments are revoked -because the master is discovered to be “alive and well,” so that it was -by “false suggestion that the office was reported as void.” Meanwhile -such men were being supported from the hospital funds; an absentee -governor of God’s House, Southampton, took his share of the best of its -goods, living at its expense in a private mansion in the country. The -king nominated to Crown foundations men constantly employed on service -elsewhere, and a mastership was a mere stepping-stone to preferment. - -Not only did clergy hold a benefice and hospital together, but -sometimes one man held no less than three hospitals. About 1350, the -“lack of clergy by reason of the pestilence” was a serious matter. On -this plea the Bishop of Winchester appointed his nephew, a youth in his -eighteenth year, as warden at Portsmouth; before long the latter held -also the mastership of St. Cross, an archdeaconry, and two canonries. -Such practices, begun of necessity, were continued in the century of -lax Church life which followed. “One of the boys of the king’s chapel” -was given the wardenship of Ilford hospital in 1405. The mischief -that happened through the plurality and non-residence of parochial -and hospital clergy was at length insisted on in Parliament, when -in response to the petition of the Commons, reformation was ordered -(1425). St. Nicholas’, Pontefract, had been “ruled by secular masters, -some of whom hardly ever went there”; but in 1438 the management was -undertaken by the prior of Nostell. - -Dispensations from Rome were answerable for many bad appointments, -as is shown by entries in the papal registers of 1427. The master of -Newton Garth, for [p222] example, was Thomas Bourgchier—“who is in -his sixteenth year only, is of a race of great nobles, and holds the -said hospital, without cure, wont to be assigned to secular clerks”; -moreover it was granted that after his twentieth year he might hold two -houses, resigning or exchanging them at will. This youthful official -seems to have been following in the footsteps of his ambitious namesake -and contemporary, who secured constant promotion and finally “wore the -mitre full fifty-one years,” and died Primate and Cardinal. Well might -the founders of Ewelme almshouse provide that, if possible, the master -should be “a degreed man passed thirty winters of age.” - -Money was at the root of most ill-doing. Among the articles concerning -ecclesiastical reform set forth by Henry V and published by the -University of Oxford is one (No. 42) _De Reformatione hospitalium_, -stating that the poor and needy of the hospitals have been cast out, -whilst the officials convert the goods to their own purposes. The roll -of “evil dispenders” is a long one. - -St. Leonard’s, York, is a notable example of the reduction of income -by abuse and misfortune. In Canon Raine’s lecture upon its history, -he gives extracts from its account-books, which are here given in -brief. The receipts for the year 1369–1370 amounted to over £1,369, the -expenditure to £938. By 1409 the income had fallen to £546. The number -of patients declined proportionably, falling from 224 in 1370 to 199 -in 1377; and though it rose to 206 in 1423, it was reduced to 127 in -1462. From these facts several conclusions are drawn. The industrial -and self-supporting character of the hospital was relaxed because war -and pestilence left England shorthanded; land was uncultivated and -the hospital lost its thraves of [p223] corn. All this is true, but -much of the misery lay at the door of the wardens. One unscrupulous -master made 500 marks yearly by the traffic in pensions; in 1391 the -hospital was “charged with corrodies[143] sold and given, oppressed by -the excessive expenditure of its heads, and laden with debt, so that -its remaining revenues are insufficient to support master, brethren -and sisters or the poor and needy inmates, whereby the hospital is -threatened with extinction.” On another occasion the poor “Cremettes” -(as the inmates were called[144]) made a petition to the king because -their master had put the chalices and ornaments of the hospital in -pledge, etc. There are preserved in the Record Office a number of -documents relating to visitations of this house; these confirm the -evidence of contemporary Patent Rolls. - -At Gloucester the sale of pensions, jewels, corn, and even of beds, -is reported; bed-money was extracted from the poor (20_s._ from one, -and 6_s._ 8_d._ from another, who had lost his legs). Part of St. -Bartholomew’s was unroofed, pigs had access to it, the inmates lacked -food and clothing, whilst the utmost depravity prevailed in the -household (1380). One extravagant warden of God’s House, Portsmouth, -spent eight or nine hundred marks yearly, yet kept no hospitality:— - - “butt the master will not obey to that and so seruys the powr pepull - at hys pleysure, that ys, with uere cowrse bred and smaller drynke, - wiche ys contrary to all good consyens.” - -When a warden was to be elected to the Maison Dieu, Dover (1533), a -certain John de Ponte announced to Cromwell:—“The master is dead, and -a great benefice [p224] is fallen unto the king, with which you may -oblige your friends or take it yourself, and I will serve the same.” If -such was the prevalent tone of those in authority, it is small wonder -that Brinklow wrote about the year 1536:—“I heare that the masters of -your hospitals be so fat that the pore be kept leane and bare inough.” -There is strong censure upon the administration of the London hospitals -in the petition for their re-foundation (1538); they had been provided -to relieve the poor, but “nowe a smalle nomber of chanons, preestes and -monks be founden for theyr own synguler proffytt lucre and commodytye -onely,” and these do not regard “the myserable people lyeing in the -streete offendyng every clene person passyng by the way.” About the -year 1536, Robert Copland, in _The hye way to the Spyttell hous_, says:— - - “For I haue sene at sondry hospytalles - That many haue lyen dead without the walles - And for lacke of socour haue dyed wretchedly - Vnto your foundacyon I thynke contrary. - Moche people resorte here and have lodgyng, - But yet I maruell greatly of one thyng - That in the nyght so many lodge without.” - -Many charitable institutions were in a languishing condition. Some, -of course, had never been endowed, whilst others had only slender -resources. Frequently the depreciation in money had caused a shrinkage -in a once-adequate revenue; sometimes the land had been filched away by -neighbouring landowners. Writing of Sherborne, Leland observes that the -almshouse “stondith yet, but men get most of the land by pece meales.” -He notes the dilapidated state of houses here and there; at Beverley -“ther was an Hospital of St. Nicholas, but [p225] it is dekayid,” -and at St. Michael’s, Warwick, “the Buildings of the House are sore -decayed.” The condition of St. John’s, Lutterworth, described in the -Certificate of 1545, was such that no hospitality was kept;[145] there -were “noe pore men within the same Hospytal remaynyng or inhabityng; -and the house, with the chapel, gretly in decaye and ruyne.” At -Stoke-upon-Trent, it appeared that there was a priest called master -of St. Loye’s hospital, but he did not know to what intent or deed of -charity it was founded.[146] Frequently the possessions had dwindled -until they barely sufficed to support a chaplain, and no charity was -distributed. The Certificate of St. John’s, Calne, states that abuse -is apparent, because there are no paupers, but all profits go to the -master; these, however, only amounted to 66_s._ 5_d._ St. John’s, -Bedford, was worth 20_s._ a year, and “there is found neuer a poore -person nor hath not ben by the space of many yeres.” In some cases the -foundation had entirely dropped out of existence, as at Winchcombe, -where Leland notes that “now the Name onely of Spittle remaineth.” - -The Statute of 1545 stated that it was well known that the governors -and wardens of hospitals, or the greatest number of them, did not -exercise due authority nor expend the revenues in alms according to the -foundation. The avowed object of the Act was “to reduce and bring them -into a more decent and convenient order. - - - - -[p226] - -CHAPTER XVI - -THE DISSOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS HOUSES AND ITS EFFECT UPON HOSPITALS - - - “_The hospital . . . is like to go to utter decay. . . . For my own - part I think often, that those men which seek spoil of hospitals - . . . did never read the twenty-fifth chapter of Matthew; for if they - did, and believed the same, how durst they give such adventure?_” - - (Archbishop Grindal, letter to Burleigh, 1575.) - -When the Primate wrote thus to the Lord Treasurer, he added:—“that if -any hospitals be abused (as I think some are) it were a more Christian -suit to seek reformation than destruction.” Although the decline of -some hospitals led to the dissolution of many, it by no means follows -that such a course was justifiable. - -Speaking generally, charities which had outlived their usefulness -had already been suppressed before the general Dissolution and their -property transferred to other purposes. The leper-houses of Windsor -and Huntingdon, for example, were evidently deserted and ruinous when -they were annexed to Colleges at Cambridge (1462); and the hospitals of -Romney, Aynho and Brackley had been appropriated to Magdalen College, -Oxford (1481–5) because they were no longer carrying out the founder’s -intentions. St. John’s, Reading, and St. Bartholomew’s, Bristol, had -already been converted into schools, the latter as recently as 1532. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXIV._ AMBULATORY OF ST. LEONARD’S, YORK] - -In most of the existing hospitals good work was being [p227] -done; the _Valor Ecclesiasticus_ and Chantry Surveys show that -money was expended upon useful charities. Layton’s report of St. -Mary’s, Leicester, that it was “well kept and honest men therein” -was true of many almshouses throughout the land. Where evils are -complained of, they were not so much breaches of morality on the part -of the household, as neglect and wastefulness in administration. A -carefully-regulated commission to inquire into matters of finance -could well have rectified abuses in ill-managed institutions. -Had justice and magnanimity held sway instead of rapacity and -selfishness, the old houses of mercy would have been refreshed and -their utility doubled just when a far wider charity was needful on -account of the annihilation of benevolent monasteries. This was done -in some foreign countries. Through the protection of Gustavus Vasa, -Swedish lazar-houses survived the Reformation. In Denmark, Dominican -and Franciscan friaries were transformed into hospitals, and the -leper-houses subsequently became places of isolation for contagious -diseases. In France, where there was no ecclesiastical upheaval, -decayed hospitals were reformed (1545) and put under the control of the -bourgeois class (1561). - -The various Acts of Henry VIII’s reign show that the oppression of the -poor was not at first intended. The Statute for the suppression of -vagrancy (1530–1) approved the charitable work of hospitals. One clause -in that of 1535–6 required that those who entered into possession of -the lands of religious houses should provide hospitality and service -for the poor as of old. In the draft for the bill of 1539 the Commons -proposed that the greater monasteries not dissolved should build -bede-houses in which [p228] to maintain for life ten poor men over -sixty years of age. - -Here, indeed, was a golden opportunity to increase the benevolent -institutions of the country. Much that was becoming useless might have -been transformed into a great and permanent benefit. Charitable relief -might have been placed under public control upon a sound religious -and financial basis. But reformation too often proved to be mere -destruction, as “Mors” shrewdly remarks:— - - “Your pretence of putting downe abbeys, was, to amend that was amisse - in them. . . . It is amended euen as the deuell amended his dames - legge (as it is in the prouerbe) whan he shuld haue set it ryght, he - bracke it quyte in peces.”[147] - -It is evident that the monastic system had been gradually losing its -hold on the nation. The idea of partial disendowment had also been -working in men’s minds, no one foreseeing that the plunder of rich -foundations would ultimately lead to the robbery of poor people. In -1410 the Commons petitioned in the Parliament of Westminster that the -surplus wealth of ecclesiastics might be transferred to other uses, -and that destitute persons might benefit by the provision of new -hospitals. Henry IV replied that he would deliberate upon the matter, -and although no revised appropriation of funds then took place, he did -afterwards suppress certain alien priories, a policy which was followed -by Henry V. In 1414 the above proposal was renewed in the Parliament -of Leicester, but the astute Chichele undertook that the clergy -should supply money for the wars:—“a thrust was made at all [p229] -Abbies,” says Fuller, “which this Archbishop, as a skilful Fencer, -fairly put by.” In the following century Wolsey, not anticipating the -wholesale destruction which was to follow, sought to dissolve certain -small priories in order to assist educational institutions (1523). A -contemporary writer observes that by this precedent “he did make loose -in others the conscience towardes those houses.” - -The people desired the reformation of hospitals and an extension of the -system. Sir John Oldcastle’s bill in 1414 proposed the foundation of -new institutions each to be endowed with one hundred marks yearly. The -Commons suggested that money now wasted by churchmen might maintain a -standing army and also suffice to provide:— - - “an hundred houses of alms, to the relief of poor people . . . with - oversight of two true seculars unto every house. And also with - provision that every township should keep all poor people of their - own dwellers, which could not labour for their living, with condition - that if more fell in a town than the town could maintain, then the - said almshouses to relieve such townships.”[148] - -A similar plan was proposed by Brinklow about the year 1542. He -probably uttered what was in the minds of many when he suggested -measures for the re-distribution of ecclesiastical wealth. One chapter -of his _Complaint_ contains “A Godly aduisement howe to bestowe the -goodes and landes of the Bisshops &c. after the Gospell, with an -admonytion to the Rulers, that they loke better upon the hospitals.” A -part might, he thought, be given in alms to the blind, sick and lame, -to free schools, or to needy maidens for marriage portions, etc. [p230] -Poorhouses and parish doctors should be provided, and he adds:— - - “Item, part of these forsayde goodes may be employed to this use, - that in euery hundreth, good towne or citie, certein houses be - mainteined, to lodge and kepe pore men in, such as be not able to - labour, syck, sore, blind, and lame, and euery one of them to haue - wherwith to liue, and to haue poore whole women to minister unto - them. . . . Let Physycians and Chyrurgians be founde in euery suche - town or cyte, where such houses be, to loke uppon the Poore in that - Town, and in all other Joyninge unto it and they to lyue uppon their - stipend onely, without taking any penny of their pore, uppon payne of - lousing both his eares and his stipend also.” - -Henry VIII proposed to the Commons very much what their predecessors -had suggested to Henry IV and Henry V, omitting, nevertheless, the -clause relating to a hundred new almshouses. If they would grant him -the religious houses, these should not be converted to private uses, -and the army would be strengthened and taxes reduced. No provision, -however, was made for these projects, but the king was put in -possession of the monasteries, and then of the chantries, hospitals and -free chapels. The Parliament, in granting the hospitals to the king and -his heirs for ever, expressed its confidence in the royal benevolence -towards them and desire for their improvement:— - - “The Kinges Highnes of his most godlie and blessed disposicion - entendeth to have the premisses used and exercised to more godlie and - uertuouse purposes and to reduce and bringe them into a more decent - and convenient order, for the commoditie and welthe of this his - realme and for the suertie of the subjects.” - -When the king went to prorogue Parliament, he seems to [p231] have -alluded in his “Oration,” as set forth by Foxe, to the above expression -of their hopes and wishes:— - - “Surely if I, contrary to your expectation, should suffer the - ministers of the church to decay; . . . or poor and miserable people - to be unrelieved; you might say that I, being put in so special - a trust, as I am in this case, were no trusty friend to you, nor - charitable man to mine even-christened, [fellow Christians], neither - a lover of the public wealth, nor yet one that feared God, to whom - account must be rendered of all our doings. Doubt not, I pray you, - but your expectation shall be served more godly and goodly than you - will wish or desire, as hereafter you shall plainly perceive.” - -But although Henry VIII thus professed to remember the higher court of -justice, his conduct gave no evidence of it. Brinklow ventured upon -a reminder in _A Supplication of the Poore Commons_,[149] published -shortly after the king’s speech:— - - “We beseke you (most deare Soueraine) euen for the hope you haue - in the redemption of Christ, that you call to remembraunce that - dreadfull daye, whan your Highnesse shall stande before the judgement - seat of God in no more reputation then one of those miserable - creatures which do nowe daylye dy in the stretes for lack of theyr - dwe porsion.” - -He continues to point out in forcible language that the portion -due by God’s ordinance to poor impotent folk, the lame, blind, lazar -and sore members of Christ—who once had been lodged in hospitals and -almshouses—is now given by the king and his nobles to “reward those -gnatonical elbowhangers, your chaplaines.” In spite of the vehement -abuse of parasitical clergy in which the above writer indulges, it was -in the main lay-people rather than churchmen who divided the spoils. -Fuller—who quaintly [p232] writes that “this king made three meals, or -(if you will) one meal of three courses, on Abbey-lands, besides what -Cardinal Wolsey (the king’s taster herein) had eaten beforehand”—goes -on to say “yet surely more tendernesse was used to hospitalls,” and -finds “very few of them finally suppressed.” But hospital endowments -did certainly form a substantial dish at Henry’s feast, to which many -royal favourites were bidden. Some fell with the smaller priories -(1536), a few with the greater houses (1539), and others were -extinguished under the Act for dissolving chantries, free chapels, -hospitals, and guilds (1545); a further Act of confiscation marked -the first year of Edward VI’s reign (1547). In some places charities -were indiscriminately swept away. A manuscript history of Gorleston -records, for example, that “Henry VIII ordered that all the premises of -. . . the Hospitals of St. James, St. John, St. Bartholomew, St. Luke, -and the church and hospital of St. Nicholas . . . should be sold.” No -consistent plan was followed, but—whether under ecclesiastical or lay -control—charities were destroyed or spared at will. Speaking generally, -institutions in private hands were suppressed, those in the possession -of corporate bodies, retained. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXV._ ST. LEONARD’S, YORK] - -Few houses of Crown patronage escaped. The Commissioners, announcing -to Cromwell (1537) the dissolution of certain northern monasteries, -add:—“We have also altered the howse of Sancte Leonerdes in Yourke, -after suche ordre and fassion as we trust shall appeir to your lordship -to be to the kinges honour and contentacion.”[150] In truth the -alteration meant annihilation for St. Leonard’s; and St. Nicholas’ -hospital in the same city also [p233] disappeared. In London, the -Savoy, fresh from the hand of the builder, was dissolved. The sisters -of St. James’, Westminster, surrendered (receiving life-pensions), -whereupon “the king builded there a goodly Mannor, annexing thereunto -a Parke.”[151] The Maison Dieu, Dover, a rich foundation with good -buildings near the quay, was declared suitable for a victualling yard -(1544) which it eventually became. - -Hospitals attached to a cathedral or see were usually, but not always, -spared. In the bishopric of Durham, for example, the houses of Sherburn -and Greatham survived, but neither Kepier nor the bishop’s hospital at -Northallerton. God’s House, Portsmouth, was surrendered and became an -armoury; in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries is a document of -1547 concerning “Munycions within the Churche at Goddeshouse.”[152] St. -John’s, Ely, was spared, yet only for a while. The episcopal hospitals -at Bath and Norwich remained in use, but under the municipality. - -If directly dependent upon a monastic house, the fate of a hospital was -practically sealed. Take, for instance, the case of St. James’, near -the gate of Lewes Priory. From the monastery now demolished thirteen -men and one woman had had all their living; wherefore Peter Thompson -and the bedefolk begged relief (1538).[153] Hospitals of lay-foundation -which had been subsequently placed under monastic supervision, but -with distinct endowments, fell as forming part of the sequestrated -property. In some cases the Crown kept up charities for a time. The -[p234] return of pensions in 1552 shows that sums were paid out of the -tenements of Nostell Priory to inmates of St. Nicholas’, Pontefract. -The poor dwelling in the so-called “Kings Majesty’s almshouses” at -Glastonbury (formerly abbey-pensioners) were also granted weekly -allowances. This was generous, for although Henry VIII and Edward VI -were fond of giving their names to charitable institutions, they too -often gave little else. - -The two Statutes authorizing the dissolution of Chantries, etc. -(1545–1547) extinguished or reduced in means, some houses of charity. -When an almshouse was spared, the Crown sometimes demanded an -acknowledgment; at Beverley the rents in 1545 include a new item of £4 -paid by the town to the king and queen for the Trinity Maison Dieu. -“Hospitals” were not rightfully within the scope of the second Act. -Thus Foster’s almshouse in Bristol being, as the certificate states:— - - “for the helpynge relief and comforte of a certeyn nomber of poore - people there to contynue and haue their liuinge from tyme to tyme for - euer, is without the compasse of the statute and the King’s Majestie - not entitled thereunto by force of the same.” - -In the preface to the _Yorkshire Chantry Surveys_, it is stated -that most, if not all, of the hospitals which were returned on the -certificates there printed were left undissolved, save that in a few -cases funds were transferred to educational purposes. Testimony is -borne in 1552 to the usefulness of one of the Pontefract almshouses, -where fourteen bedemen were supported:— - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXVI._ ABINGDON ALMSHOUSES] - - “Thes persons be called cremettes and le pore and agyd people, - and placyd in a howse, callyd Seynt Nycoles Hospytell, [p235] and - when any of them dyeth another ys placyd in the dedes roome, and ys - very convenyent to be contynuyd, as well for the helpe of the pore - and agyd people of the towne as for others.” - -In many places, however, endowments were seized by virtue of this Act. -A sixteenth-century MS. states:— - - “Item, there ar within the towne and parishe of Taunton xliiij^{or} - almshowses full of poore people whereunto there was certen Lande - belonginge which by the Suppression of Chaunteries was taken - awaie soe that now thinhabitaunts doe beare the whole burden them - selues.”[154] - -The dissolution of fraternities also affected the maintenance of the -poor. Of almshouses associated with gilds at Colchester, Stratford -and Abingdon, none survived save the latter, which was incorporated -by Edward VI. St. John’s hospital in Winchester outlived the -fraternity annexed to it. St. Thomas’, York, which had been united to -Corpus Christi Gild, weathered the storm, its officials afterwards -diplomatically inviting the mayor and aldermen “to be brether with us -in the same hospital.” - -Those houses were fairly secure which were already the property of -municipal authorities, who indeed received fresh patronage at this -time (e.g. at Canterbury, Norwich, Bath)—a policy which obtained the -support of the great middle-class. At this crisis the public-spirited -action of more than one corporation saved charities from extinction. -In the Survey for Wiltshire (1548), quoted by Mr. Leach in _English -Schools at the Reformation_, the following entry is made:—“There is -an Hospitall within Marleborowe . . . wiche the sayd mayre and commons -humbly desyre the Kingis Highnes and his mooste Honourable councell -[p236] to conuerte into a Free scole for the inducement of youth.” But -before the townsmen obtained their school, it was necessary to sell -the stock of plate intended to pass from mayor to mayor, “as hath byn -credibly reported,” says a book formerly belonging to the Chamber. To -cite another example, the corporation of Bristol received St. Mark’s -as a “gift,” that is, the sum of £1000 was paid into the treasury -of the Court of Augmentations, besides an annual rent of £20. The -city obtained part of the property in return on easy terms, for, as -Fuller would observe, there were “many good bargains, or rather cheap -pennyworths, bought of abbey lands.” It is said that more than half the -purchase-money was raised by the sale of church plate. - -In London, the citizens, under the leadership of the Lord Mayor, made -an urgent petition to Henry VIII (1538) for the re-foundation of -certain hospitals:— - - “for the ayde and comforte of the poore sykke, blynde, aged and - impotent persones, beyng not able to helpe theymselffs, nor - hauyning any place certeyn whereyn they may be lodged, cherysshed - and refresshed tyll they be cured and holpen of theyre dyseases - and syknesse. For the helpe of the said poore people, we enforme - your grace that there be nere and w^{t}yn the cytye of London three - hospytalls or spytells, comenly called Saynt Mary Spytell, Saynt - Bartylmews Spytell, and Saynt Thomas Spytell, . . . fownded of good - devo[~c]on by auncyent fathers, and endowed w^t great possessions and - rents.” - -The petitioners promise that if the king will grant the governance of -these hospitals to them with their possessions, they shall be reformed -and their usefulness increased:— - - “A greatter nombre of poore nedy sykke and indygent persones shalbe - refresshed maynteyned comforted fownde heled [p237] and cured of - theyre infyrmytyes frankly and frely, by phisicions, surgeons, and - appotycaryes, . . . so that all impotent persones not able to labor - shall be releued . . . and all sturdy beggars not willing to labor - shalbe punisshed, so that w^t Godd’s grace fewe or no persones shalbe - seene abrode to begge or aske almesse.” - -It appears that no response was made to this appeal until 1544. St. -Mary’s had been dissolved, never to be restored, St. Thomas’ was -deserted, and St. Bartholomew’s, “vacant and altogether destitute of -a master and all fellows or brethren.” After six years’ delay, the -king heeded the petition. He was exceedingly anxious to emphasize -his compassionate character and eager desire for the improvement of -hospitals. If the petitioners had invited him to win the name of -conservator, defender and protector of the poor, he writes as though he -were indeed all these:— - - “We being of the same [hospital] so seised, and, divine mercy - inspiring us, desiring nothing more than that the true works of piety - and charity should not be abolished there but rather fully restored - and renewed according to the primitive pattern . . . and the abuses, - in long lapse of time lamentably occurring, being reformed, we have - endeavoured . . . that henceforth there be comfort to the prisoners, - shelter to the poor, visitation to the sick, food to the hungry, - drink to the thirsty, clothes to the naked, and sepulture to the dead - administered there . . . we determine to create, erect, found and - establish a certain hospital.” - -By virtue of these letters-patent the name of the ancient institution -was to be “The House of the Poor in West Smithfield of the foundation -of King Henry VIII.” The noble “founder” is commemorated by the gateway -and by a portrait in the Common Room; whilst a window in [p238] the -hall depicts Sir R. Gresham receiving the “foundation-charter.” - -If the “creation” of St. Bartholomew’s—after above four hundred years -of usefulness—was due to Henry VIII, its preservation was due almost -entirely to the good citizens of London. Its former possessions -being now vested in the Crown, the king agreed by an Act of Common -Council to endow it to the extent of 500 marks a year (about £333). -The citizens—“thinkying it for their partes rather to litle then -enough”—gladly met the offer with a similar sum annually; they also -raised nearly £1000 for initial expenses and opened the repaired and -refitted hospital for one hundred patients. They agreed henceforth -to buy and provide all manner of apothecary’s ware, and all that was -necessary for making salves and all other things touching physic -or surgery, for the healing of inmates. From this time onwards the -citizens interested themselves in this great institution which they -supported nobly. It did not become a municipal hospital, but was under -the guidance of the Lord Mayor and Governors. - -By the same covenant the king “gave” St. Mary’s of Bethlehem to the -city. Stow says:—“It was an Hospitall for distracted people. . . . -the Mayor and Communalty purchased the patronage thereof with all the -landes and tenementes thereunto belonging, in the yeare 1546, the same -yeare King Henry the eight gave this Hospitall unto the Cittie.” In -other words, the citizens bought back that which had already been in -the guardianship of the city for about two hundred years. - -In “The Ordre of St. Bartholomewes”[155] drawn up in [p239] 1552, a -report is given, so that all might know how things were administered -and support the work. During the preceding five years, eight hundred -persons had been discharged healed, and ninety-two had died. The -charity had been carried on in spite of great difficulties, and now -there was a design to increase it:— - - “The Citie of their endlesse good wil toward this most necessarie - succour of their pore brethren in Christ, . . . wyshe al men to be - most assuredly perswaded, that if by any meanes possible thei might, - they desire to enlarge the benefyght to a thousand.” - -A wish is expressed that all almoners and houses of alms might be -stirred up to do likewise “at this tyme namely, when the mysery of -the poore moste busily semeth to awake.” This same year the manor of -Southwark was purchased and St. Thomas’ repaired, so that whereas it -lately accommodated forty sick, it was reopened with 260 beds for the -aged, sick and sore. This “Hospitall of great receite for the poore, -was suppressed but againe newly founded and indowed by the benevolence -and charitie of the citizens,” says Stow. King Edward’s letters-patent -(1551) describe the miserable condition of the sick poor lying and -begging in the streets, “to their no small grief and pain and to the -great infection and molesting of his subjects. The king desiring the -health of the citizens in general no less than the cure of the sick, -therefore grants permission to the mayor and corporation to undertake -the work.” - -The work of the re-founded houses of St. Bartholomew, St. Thomas, and -Bethlehem was supplemented in 1553 by Christ’s Hospital for fatherless -children, and Bridewell for the correction of idle vagabonds. These -institutions [p240] were provided partly from Edward VI’s private -purse and partly from the dissolved Savoy Hospital and Grey Friars. -Their initiation was due to the influence of Ridley, Bishop of London, -who took counsel with the Lord Mayor as to the condition of the poor, -and reported it to the young king. With the charitable provision after -1547 we are not, however, concerned, and only the ultimate effect of -the general Dissolution remains to be shown. - - * * * * * - -For, happily, this volume is no history of obsolete institutions. The -heritage of the past is to a certain extent ours to-day, and we can -rejoice in the uninterrupted beneficence of St. Bartholomew’s which -receives in the twentieth century as in the twelfth, “languishing men -grieved with various sores.” Words spoken by the Prince Consort in -reference to another foundation at once ancient and modern, are equally -true of St. Bartholomew’s and of the sister-hospital of St. Thomas:— - - “It holds to this day the same honourable position in the estimation - of the country which it did in the time of its first formation, - exemplifying the possibility, in this happy country, of combining - the general progress of mankind with a due reverence for the - institutions, and even forms, which have been bequeathed to us by the - piety and wisdom of our forefathers.”[156] - -More has come down to us than perhaps we realize. Canterbury retains -three venerable houses of alms. St. Mary’s, Chichester; St. Nicholas’, -Salisbury; and St. Giles’, Norwich, are still peaceful retreats in old -age. In the city of Winchester—St. Cross is not merely a monument of -unchangeable usefulness, but increased funds [p241] enable it to give -pensions in various parts of England to the value of £1200; the site of -St. Mary Magdalene’s is occupied by an isolation hospital, a portion of -the original endowment maintaining a small almshouse; while St. John’s -has been greatly enlarged. - -[Illustration: 31. GATEWAY OF ST. JOHN’S, CANTERBURY] - -Even where no ancient stones bear witness, modern bricks or coins -may be eloquent, for a part of the original [p242] endowment may -be applied to a renewed institution. For instance, the funds of the -demolished leper-hospital at Chichester are applied to a modern -infirmary. Sums arising from the “Lazarhouse Charity” (Launceston) or -“Magdalene Lands” (in Devonshire) are now and again expended upon food -and fuel for the poor. And although York shows in the fragment of St. -Leonard’s but a memorial of fallen greatness, what appears to be a -remnant of its rich revenues is still paid to thirty-one poor people, -for the curious name “Cremitt Money” is surely derived from the inmates -of that hospital, commonly known as “cremettes” (a corruption of -_eremites_). The connection is clear enough in the case of the “Almsmen -of St. Bartholomew” at Oxford, and “St. Nicholas’ Almsmen” at Carlisle, -who represent former occupants of leper-houses. Again, the relation may -be intimate even when a modern charity perpetuates the ancient only by -force of association and memory. St. Leonard’s, Bedford, was revived in -1889, the original charity for the sick, paralysed, and lepers having -lapsed at the Dissolution. No endowments survived, but it is supported -locally. The present foundation is an association of religious and -philanthropic persons who supply nourishing diet to invalids in their -homes and assist them when convalescent. Thus, although the sole trace -of old buildings is one pillar-shaft serving as a sun-dial, the charity -itself is a living memorial of the ancient hospital.[157] - -Finally, St. Leonard’s, Sudbury, and Sherburn House, Durham, illustrate -to what advantage the old order may yield place to new. The income -of St. Leonard’s, originally designed for three lepers, supplemented -by [p243] voluntary contributions, is applied to the maintenance of -fourteen beds for sick patients, the hospital being fully equipped with -modern medical and surgical appliances whilst maintaining the former -religious traditions. Sherburn, once a home for sixty-five outcasts, -was transformed into an almshouse when the scourge was removed. In -that “haunt of ancient peace” many are now sheltered in time of age -or chronic sickness; they worship daily in the old church; they are -visited and cheered by a master who has devoted his life to them, and -whose work is a labour of love. The revenues and practical benefits of -the hospital continue to increase; a modern dispensary is fitted up -there, by means of which hundreds of out-patients from the neighbouring -city are relieved. - - “It is this renewing of itself which brings to English institutions - greatness, stability, and permanence. Thus the great traditions of - the past can be happily, wisely, and usefully combined with the - highest aspirations of the present and future.” - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[134] Surtees Soc., 95, p. 238. - -[135] Chron. and Mem., 71, iii. 162–5. - -[136] Rot. Parl., i. 303. - -[137] Peck, _Annals of Stanford_, ix. 32. - -[138] Pat. 17 Edw. III, pt. i. m. 25_d_. - -[139] Yorks. Arch. Assn. Record Series, xxiii. Inq. ii. p. 123 et sq. - -[140] Pat. 16 Edw. III, pt. ii. m. 22 _d_. Close 20 Edw. III, pt. i. m. -4 _d_. - -[141] Close 6 Edw. III, m. 29 _d_. - -[142] Lichfield Reg., 1344, Wm. Salt, Soc. i. - -[143] See p. 213. - -[144] See p. 242. - -[145] It had been declining for above a century; a Papal Letter -(1435–6) states that for fifty years, on account of the diminution of -its fruits, etc., there were no brethren in the hospital. - -[146] Aug. Off., Chantry Certificate 40 (36). - -[147] _Complaint of Roderyk Mors_, ch. xiiij. - -[148] Fabyan, _Chronicles_, ed. 1811, p. 578. - -[149] Early Eng. Text Soc., 77. - -[150] Camden Soc., 1843, p. 166. - -[151] Stow, _Survey of City of Westminster_, bk. vi. p. 4. - -[152] MS. Soc. Antiq. cxxix. f. 274. - -[153] Cal. of Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII, 13. i. 383. - -[154] B.M. Add. 30277, f. 3. - -[155] Early Eng. Text Soc. Extra liii. App. xvi. - -[156] Speeches, p. 104. - -[157] Communicated by the Secretary. - - - - -[p244] - -PART TWO - -NOTES ON HOSPITAL PATRON SAINTS - - - “_Hospitals . . . founded to the honour of God and of His glorious - Mother._” (Parliament of Leicester.) - -The words “GOD’S HOUSE,” and “MAISON DIEU” were familiar enough in -mediæval England. A hospital was the house of God, for therein Christ -was received in the person of the needy:—“I was a stranger and ye took -Me in, sick, and ye visited Me.” It was also built in His Name and to -His honour, for the principle underlying all dedications was, says -Hooker, that they “were consecrated unto none but the Lord only.” But -with God’s Name that of one of His saints was often associated, and by -this the hospital was commonly called; thus a charter of Basingstoke -ran:—“I have given and granted to God and to the glorious Virgin His -Mother, and to my venerable patron St. John the Baptist the house -called St. John.” - - -THE HOLY TRINITY.—Hospitals bearing this title are not very numerous, -though it often occurs as first of a group. There are a few single -dedications early in the thirteenth century, which may be partly -attributed to the institution of the Feast of Trinity by St. Thomas -of Canterbury. Two hundred years later it was a fairly common [p245] -dedication for almshouses. The seals depict various symbols. The -“majesty” representing the Three Persons, occurs at Walsoken; the -Almighty seated upon a rainbow (Salisbury); our Lord enthroned -(Berkeley); whilst a triple cross ornaments the Dunwich seal. Bonde’s -almsmen at Coventry bore upon their gowns “the cognizance of the -Trinity.” - - -THE HOLY SAVIOUR; CHRIST; CORPUS CHRISTI.—The Second Person of the -Godhead is seldom commemorated, but the dedication to the Blessed -Trinity was regarded as synonymous, for the almshouse at Arundel -occurs indifferently as Christ’s or Holy Trinity. The Maison Dieu at -York, commonly called Trinity, was properly that of the Holy Jesus—or -Christ—and the Blessed Virgin, and the chantry certificate is headed -“The Hospital of the Name of Jhesus and Our Blessyd Ladye.” St. -Saviour was the invocation of houses at Norwich and Bury, and the -fair in connection with the latter charity was held at the feast of -the Transfiguration. “Y^e masendew of Chryste” at Kingston-upon-Hull -was originally “Corpus Christi,” but it is remarkable to find that -rarely-preserved dedication-name upon an Elizabethan table of rules. -The seal of the Holloway hospital, near London, shows Christ (with the -orb) and St. Anthony. - - -THE HOLY GHOST.—This sacred title, closely associated with the mediæval -charities of Germany and famous in Rome, was rarely used in England. -At Sandon (Surrey) was a hospital “commonly called of the Holy -Ghost,”[158] though an alternative name occurs. A hidden dedication -is sometimes revealed, for the houses usually known as St. Thomas’, -Canterbury, St. Margaret’s, Taunton, [p246] St. John’s, Warwick, and -St. John’s, Hereford, are mentioned once in documents as being built -in honour of the Holy Ghost as well as of the saints named; all the -above instances refer to the years 1334–1353. At Lyme there was the -suggestive commemoration of the “Blessed Virgin and Holy Spirit.” - - -THE ANNUNCIATION; ST. GABRIEL; ST. MICHAEL; THE HOLY ANGELS.—Two -fourteenth-century foundations at Leicester and Nottingham commemorate -the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin. The seal of the former house -depicts St. Gabriel delivering his salutation. A kindred thought -underlies the dedication “to our lady St. Mary the Mother of Christ and -to St. Gabriel the Archangel” at Brough. (It is noteworthy that the -parish church was St. Michael’s.) Another institution, built by Bishop -Bronescombe of Exeter, who had a special devotion to the Archangel, -left its name to Clist Gabriel. The more ancient dedication to St. -Michael occurs at Whitby and elsewhere in Yorkshire. Michael de la Pole -founded an almshouse at Kingston-upon-Hull, partly in honour of “St. -Michael the Archangel and all archangels, angels and holy spirits.” A -fraternity at Brentford commemorated “The Nine Orders of Holy Angels,” -and in the Valor it is termed _hospitalis Angelorum_. - - -THE BLESSED VIRGIN; THE THREE KINGS OF COLOGNE; THE HOLY INNOCENTS.—The -statement referring to hospitals in general as “founded to the honour -of God and of His glorious Mother” explains more than one difficult -point. First, numerous as are the dedications to St. Mary, they -are fewer than those of some other saints, for instance, St. Mary -Magdalene. Secondly, a certain number of houses are set down as having -two patrons, yet the second [p247] saint appears to eclipse the -Blessed Virgin; that of Newport in Essex (given as St. Mary and St. -Leonard) usually bore St. Leonard’s name and kept its fair on his -festival. In many such cases there was in truth no double dedication; -and although gifts were made by charter to found a hospital at Bristol -“in honour of God, St. Mary and St. Mark”, later documents omit the -formula and call it “the house of St. Mark.” - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXVII._ HOSPITAL OF ST. MARY THE VIRGIN, -NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE] - -On the other hand many houses were dedicated solely in honour of the -Blessed Virgin, including five important institutions in London alone. -In addition to St. Mary (without Bishopsgate), St. Mary of Roncevalles -(Charing Cross) and Our Lady of Elsyng (Cripplegate), there was St. -Mary’s hospital or the House of Converts,—a witness to the doctrine -of the Incarnate Christ,—and St. Mary of Bethlehem, a name chosen on -account of the founder’s intense reverence for the holy Nativity. Stow -quotes the deed of gift made by Simon, “son of Mary”:— - - “having speciall and singulor deuotion to the Church of the glorious - Virgin at Bethlehem, where the same Virgin brought forth our Saviour - incarnate . . . and where [to] the same Child to us there borne, - the Chiualrie of the heavenly Company sang the new Hymne _Gloria in - excelsis Deo_.” - -The Holy Innocents were commemorated in the ancient leper-house outside -Lincoln. The existing chapel of an almshouse in Bristol built “in the -honour of God and the Three Kings of Cologne” (Leland’s _fanam trium -regum_) is the sole witness in the way of dedication in England to the -veneration of the Magi. The title is said to have been the choice of an -Abbot of Tewkesbury at the close of the fifteenth century. [p248] - - -HOLY CROSS AND HOLY SEPULCHRE.—Names commemorating the Death and -Burial of the Saviour are not infrequent. The history of St. Cross, -Winchester, touches that of the Knights of Jerusalem, with whom both -name and badge are connected. (See p. 207.) On the common seal the -master and priests are shown kneeling at the foot of the Cross; the -descent from the Cross is depicted upon the walls of the church. -This dedication is also appropriately associated with the hospitals -usually known as St. Mary Magdalene’s at Stourbridge and near Bath, -the fairs of which houses were held on the festivals of the Invention -and Exaltation of the Holy Cross. The chapel of St. Thomas of Acon -in Cheapside—under the Knights Templars—was dedicated to St. Cross. -The church attached to St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield, was probably -named out of veneration for the relics of “the tree of life” which the -founder used in healing (see p. 95); and once exemptions were granted -“out of the king’s reverence for the Holy Cross, in honour of which the -church of the hospital of St. Bartholomew is dedicated.”[159] - -The connection between St. Helen and the Holy Cross is best told in -reference to the hospital at Colchester. Although authentic records -only carry its history back to 1251, an illustrious antiquity is -claimed in an episcopal indulgence purporting to be issued about -1406. The tradition is quoted (but with modernized spelling) from the -_Antiquarian Repertory_:— - - “Moreover, in the year of our Lord 670, Constantine, the son of the - blessed and holy woman Saint Elyn, sent his mother unto Jerusalem to - inquire of the Holy Cross that our Saviour Christ Jesu died upon, - likewise as it was shewed to him by [p249] token in the air and also - by revelation of the Holy Ghost. Then the holy woman, seeing the Will - of Almighty God, departed out of the town of Colchester where she - was born (there where the said hospital is founded in the honour of - Almighty God, the holy Cross and St. Elyn) and took her journey unto - Jerusalem and there . . . did win the same Cross. . . . Then the holy - victorious woman gave laud and loving to God and took one part of the - Holy Cross and closed it with gold and sent it to her hospital to - Colchester evermore to be abiding, with her ring, her girdle, and her - purse, with other 24 curious reliques.” - -Finally, after relating a visit of St. Thomas of Canterbury to that -house, the story of the relic, inciting to devotion, pilgrimage visits -and contributions, is brought up to date:— - - “Also in the year of our Lord 1401, there came thieves unto the - hospital by night and brake up the locks where the glorious relique - was, and took it away . . . then they took the blessed Holy Cross (as - it was, closed in gold the weight of 21 ounces) and cast it into the - pond, but it would not sink . . . and so the folks that did pursue - took it up and brought it home to the place again.” - -This Colchester foundation was associated with the gild of St. -Cross (p. 18) and other gilds of that name maintained charities at -Stratford-on-Avon, Abingdon and Hedon. In the latter place the hospital -of St. Sepulchre gave its title to Newton St. Sepulchre. There were -pilgrim-houses at Nottingham and Stamford with the same dedication. - - -ST. JOHN BAPTIST, ST. MARY MAGDALENE AND ST. LAZARUS.—The cult of -these saints is intertwined with the history of the Religious Military -Orders of Jerusalem. The work of the Knights Hospitallers was to care -for sick and [p250] needy pilgrims. They maintained two important -infirmaries at Jerusalem, St. John’s for men, and St. Mary Magdalene’s -for women. Grateful guests returning from pilgrimage bore the report -of these houses far and wide; thus it came to pass that, throughout -Europe, hospitals unconnected with the order were founded, and by -force of association consecrated in honour of these saints. That of -St. John Baptist, Lechlade, is referred to in one deed as “St. John -of Jerusalem.” Such “houses of St. John” were usually for travellers. -One writer remarks that almost every town had a place to accommodate -the sick and wayfarers, and that they “were invariably dedicated to -St. John Baptist in connection with his wandering life.” Although this -saint did not monopolize the protection of strangers, he was certainly -adopted as patron by some hundred hospitals (excluding commanderies of -the Order of St. John). - -Lanfranc’s foundation in his cathedral city was placed by him under -the patronage of St. John Baptist, on one of whose festivals (August -29) the archbishop had been consecrated. The hospital at Thetford kept -a fair on that day called “The Decollation of St. John Baptist”; but -the lepers of Harting celebrated their wake on June 24, “The Nativity -of St. John Baptist.” The strange customs connected with this latter -festival were especially observed in houses of which he was patron; -in memory of St. John Baptist it was usual at Sherborne for a garland -to be hung up on Midsummer Eve at the door of St. John’s, which the -almsmen watched till morning. - -Seals usually depict the saint with his symbol of the Holy Lamb; -sometimes he points to a scroll (_Ecce Agnus Dei_). In two instances -(Banbury and Bristol) a patriarchal [p251] cross, one of the symbols -of the Knights Hospitallers, is shown; this double-armed cross is -likewise found on the gable of St. John’s, Northampton, where it is -considered a unique architectural feature. - -St. Lazarus became the guardian of lepers partly through the influence -of the Order whose aim was to relieve the sick, and especially the -leprous, members of their brotherhood. They were introduced into -England in Stephen’s reign, when the hospital of the Blessed Virgin -and St. Lazarus was founded at Burton, afterwards known as Burton St. -Lazarus. The seal of this house depicts a bishop carrying in one hand a -fork or trident,[160] in the other a book; Dugdale ascribes the figure -to St. Augustine, but Mr. de Gray Birch attributes the mitred effigy to -St. Lazarus, traditional Bishop of Marseilles. Of the other dedications -to St. Lazarus little is known, some being of doubtful authenticity. - -[Illustration: 32. SEAL OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, BRISTOL] - -The question naturally arises—why were lepers called _lazars_ in -common parlance, and why was _Lazarus_ chosen as their patron? A -curious confusion of ideas is revealed. The original person intended -was he who lay full of sores at the rich man’s gate. The banner of a -Flemish lazaretto displays scenes from the life of this Lazarus, who -appears clad as a mediæval leper, and carries a clapper.[161] The same -idea was familiar in England. David of Huntingdon having founded a -leper-house, Aelred the chronicler prays at his death:—“Receive his -soul into the bosom of Abraham with Lazarus whom he did not despise -but cherished.” A similar allusion occurs in Langland’s [p252] _Piers -the Plowman_: “And ich loked in hus lappe · a lazar lay ther-ynne.” -The _lazarus ulceribus plenus_ of the allegory, however, soon became -associated with the historical Lazarus of Bethany. Thus a colony of -north-country lepers dwelt in Sherburn hospital founded “in honour of -the Saviour, the Blessed Virgin, St. Lazarus, and his sisters Mary and -Martha.” This dedication was abbreviated into St. Mary Magdalene, and -the principal altar was in her honour. St. Mary Magdalene, universally -identified with St. Mary of Bethany, was thus commonly involved in the -curious double personality of St. Lazarus. In England, she was the most -popular of leper-patrons, no one save St. Leonard attaining to half her -number of dedications. We are told that St. Lazarus held this place -in France, St. James in central Europe, St. George in the North; but -in England, the Magdalene was supreme. The “Maudlin-house” was almost -synonymous with leper-hospital. Place-names testify to the devotion of -our forefathers to St. Mary Magdalene, and in several places “Mawdlyn -lands” mark the site of a leper-colony. - - -ST. BARTHOLOMEW had sixteen hospitals in England, chiefly in the South. -An old hymn, quoted by Dr. Norman Moore, describes the Apostle’s -medical powers. “Lepers he cleanses”—and to him were dedicated ancient -lazar-houses at Rochester, Oxford, Dover, etc. “The sick [p253] he -restores”—the Apostle having appeared to Rahere, sick with fever in -Rome (perhaps, it is suggested, upon the island of St. Bartholomew in -the Tiber), he builds upon his recovery a house of healing near London, -which for nearly eight hundred years has been a place of restoration. -“The lunatic are made whole”—and the _Book of the Foundation_ tells of -such a cure at St. Bartholomew’s:— - - “ther yn a shorte space his witte was recoueryd, where a litill - tyme he taried, blessyng God that to his apostles hath uouchsaf to - commytte his excellent power, to hele syke, to clense lepers, and to - caste owte feendys.” - -At St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, a relic was treasured, namely, a portion -of the saint’s skin. The legend of his martyrdom is depicted upon the -seal of the Gloucester foundation, and he is shown knife in hand on the -Rochester seal. (Tail-piece of this chapter.) - - -ST. JAMES.—Of all the Apostles, St. James has the largest number of -hospitals, namely, twenty-six partly or wholly dedicated to him. This -is doubtless due to the fact that his shrine at Compostella was the -goal of Christendom, and the miracles of “Santiago” world-famous. St. -James’, Northallerton, was named as the direct result of a pilgrimage -to Compostella in the year 1200 by Philip, Bishop of Durham. Several -ports (Dunwich, Seaford, Shoreham) had houses in his honour. Hospital -seals depict the saint as a pilgrim, with water-bottle and scrip, -whilst one shows the token of escallop shells. - - -ST. JAMES & ST. JOHN.—Whereas there was apparently no parish in England -commemorating the brother-apostles, three hospitals (Aynho, Royston, -and Brackley) bore this double name. About Brackley, indeed, there is -some [p254] uncertainty. It occurs as “St. John and St. James” (1226), -“St. James and St. John Apostle” (1227); but also as “St. John Baptist” -(1301, 1471). The seal shows two figures, of which one scantily clad -and bearing a palm suggests the Baptist. - - -ST. JOHN EVANGELIST & ST. JOHN BAPTIST appear in conjunction at Exeter, -Sherborne, Newport Pagnell, Northampton, and Leicester. The original -and usual title at Exeter was St. John Baptist; but in 1354 Bishop -John de Grandisson, a benefactor, mentions “St. John the Baptist -and Fore-runner of Christ and St. John His Evangelist and Apostle.” -The seal of Northampton shows both saints with their symbols, and -the appellations BAPTI and EWA are placed over the figures. On the -Leicester seal the eagle of the Apostle is shown, and the scroll in -its talons may represent the _Ecce Agnus Dei_. When “St. John” occurs, -the dedication commonly proves to be to the Baptist; and even where -the Evangelist is expressly named, some later document reverts to his -namesake, e.g. Blyth, Burford, Castle Donington, Cirencester. - -[Illustration: 33. SEAL OF ST. MARK’S, BRISTOL] - - -ST. MATTHEW, ST. MARK, and ST. LUKE were not uncommemorated. “The -house of St. Matthew” at Maiden Bradley, which occurs on one Patent -Roll (1242), was commonly called St. Mary’s; the double dedication is -mentioned in the Obituary Roll of Prior Elchester of Durham (1484), -viz.: _Eccles. B. Mar. et S. Math. Ap._ The fair, granted [p255] in -1215, was upon the vigil and feast of St. Matthew the Apostle. The -name of St. Mark’s, Bristol, is preserved in the existing chapel of -the hospital; the seal (Fig. 33) shows the saint writing his gospel, -the lion by his side. “The lepers of St. Luke the Evangelist at the -bridge-end of Beghton” are mentioned in 1334, but the locality is not -identified. There was also a hospital of St. Luke at Gorleston. - - -ST. ANDREW; _St. Thomas_; ST. STEPHEN.—There were dedications to St. -Andrew at Flixton, Denwall, Cokesford, and Hythe. It seems probable -that the last named was a re-foundation of St. Bartholomew’s, for “St. -Andrew” only occurs during the few years following its restoration -by Hamo, Bishop of Rochester, of which See that saint was patron. -It is improbable that any of the hospitals of St. Thomas were under -the patronage of that Apostle, although Tanner erroneously gives an -instance at Birmingham. They sprang up when St. Thomas the Martyr -of Canterbury was of paramount popularity. The ambiguous “St. -Thomas-on-the-Green” at Sherborne, for example, is referred to by -Leland as the “free chapel of Thomas Becket.” St. Stephen, the almoner -of the Early Church, was the appropriate patron of several houses of -charity, including three in the eastern counties. One was at Bury St. -Edmunds, where there were preserved in the abbey “certain drops of St. -Stephen’s blood which sprung from him at such time as he was stoned.” -The seals of Norwich and Hempton show their patron respectively as -martyr and minister. - - -ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE; ST. PAUL THE HERMIT; ST. PETER; ST. -PETRONILLA.—Although St. Peter and St. Paul are commemorated in -hundreds of parish-churches, their [p256] hospitals number only nine, -including those in York and London which were adjuncts of cathedrals -and borrowed their dedication-names. At Norwich, St. Paul the Hermit -was associated with his namesake. St. Peter and his daughter St. -Petronilla were patrons of leper-houses for priests and maidens at Bury -St. Edmunds. The virgin saint was famous locally and the skull of St. -Petronilla or Pernell, which was preserved in the abbey, was considered -efficacious in sickness. Indeed, the eastern counties were rich in her -relics, for a casket from the treasury of a Norwich priory, lent to -Henry III, contained, it was said, “of St. Petronella, one piece.” - -[Illustration: 34. SEAL OF ST. CLEMENT’S, HODDESDON] - - -ST. CLEMENT; ST. LAWRENCE.—There were dedications to the Bishop of Rome -in Oxford, Norwich and Hoddesdon. On one seal, the last-named house -is called “the hospital of St. Clement” (Fig. 34), upon another “of -St. Anthony”; both depict not only the hermit but a mitred saint in -vestments, with hammer and horse-shoe. The connection with the forge -is not clear, but St. Clement is referred to as patron of ironworkers -in Sussex, and of blacksmiths in Hampshire. He was popularly regarded -rather as the seamen’s saint, and was invoked by mariners of a -fraternity of St. Clement connected with St. Bartholomew’s hospital, -Bristol. St. Lawrence the deacon, whose liberality [p257] towards -the sick and poor was proverbial, was guardian of twelve hospitals, -chiefly for lepers. This beloved martyr of Rome was venerated in -Canterbury, and the lepers dependent upon St. Augustine’s Abbey were -under his protection on a site now marked by St. Lawrence’s Cricket -Ground. “Lawrence Hill,” Bristol, also preserves the memory of a -leper-house. The old seal of St. Lawrence’s, Bodmin, shows the martyr -with his gridiron. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXVIII._ - -HOSPITAL OF ST. PETRONILLA, BURY ST. EDMUNDS - -HOSPITAL OF ST. JAMES, DUNWICH] - - -ST. NICHOLAS.—The dedications in this name amount to twenty-nine, -eleven being in Yorkshire. St. Nicholas’, leper-house, Harbledown, was -founded by the Italian Lanfranc, whose native land had just acquired -the bones of the benevolent bishop, translated to Bari in 1087. The -hospitals of Royston and Bury St. Edmunds kept their fairs at the -festival of his “Translation.” So great was his popularity that Miss -Arnold-Forster remarks that if any dedication to St. Nicholas could -be traced in Derbyshire, he would have the distinction of being found -in every county. This one lack among the parish churches to which she -refers, is supplied by the existence of a hospital in his honour at -Chesterfield, and of an almshouse chapel at Alkmonton. - - -ST. ANTHONY.—Whereas few churches were consecrated in memory of this -hermit, twenty-one houses of charity were partly or wholly dedicated -to him. His aid was invoked when pestilence (_feu sacré_) wasted -France, and the initiation of the Order of St. Anthony spread his -fame. The French priory at Lenton maintained a hospital for “such as -were troubled with St. Anthony’s fire,” i.e. erysipelas. An indulgence -offered to contributors towards St. Anthony’s in London refers to -inmates “of whom [p258] some are so tortured and scorched by burnings -as of the pit, that being deprived of all use of their limbs, they -seem to be rather horrible deformities than human beings.” The saint -was invoked against contagion and all diseases. In England most of his -foundations were for lepers. One of the latest lazar-houses (Holloway, -1473) had a chapel of St. Anthony; but the full title on the seal is -“Holy Jesus and St. Anthony.” - -The seals of the London, Hoddesdon, and Holloway hospitals (Figs. 30, -34) show St. Anthony with his tau cross, bell, and pig. When it was -forbidden for swine to roam in the streets, the Antonine monks retained -the right to turn out their pigs, which were distinguished by a bell. -Although the York hospital was not under the Order, the master claimed -one pig out of every litter. As late as 1538, when the London house of -St. Anthony had been appropriated to Windsor, licence was given “to -collect and receive the alms of the faithful, given in honour of God -and St. Anthony, . . . together with swine and other beasts.” - - -ST. AUGUSTINE; ST. BENEDICT; ST. BERNARD.—Whether the “hospital -for lepers of St. Augustine” at Newport (Isle of Wight) should be -considered a true dedication is hard to say; like the “Papey” in -London it may merely have been a community under the Austin Rule. -A leper-house in Norwich bore the name of St. Bennet’s; although -situated in St. Benedict’s parish, this must be regarded as a genuine -dedication, for the common seal depicts the patron. “St. Nicholas and -St. Bernard’s” at Hornchurch took its designation from the Great St. -Bernard in Savoy. (See p. 209.) [p259] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXIX._ THE HOSPITALITY OF ST. JULIAN - -FROM THE PAINTING BY C. ALLORI] - - -ST. JULIAN THE HOSPITALLER was a singularly appropriate guardian. -Gervase of Southampton was himself following the example of St. Julian -when he turned his home into a resting-place for travellers. Leland -refers to God’s House, Southampton, as “dedicate to Saynct Juliane the -Bisshop,” but it was rather the “good harbourer” who was renowned in -mediæval England. The saint has been depicted in art helping a leprous -youth out of the ferryboat and welcoming him to his house. (Pl. XXIX.) -At the passage of the river at Thetford was a hospital, the chapel of -which commemorated St. Julian; and the leper-house near St. Albans was -in his honour. - - -ST. ALEXIS.—The story of Alexis himself is some clue to the unique -dedication found at Exeter. He forsook his home for many years, and -when at last he returned he was recognized by no one, but his parents -welcomed the ragged stranger for the sake of their wandering son. St. -Alexis was therefore regarded as the patron of mendicants. - - -ST. GEORGE AND ST. CHRISTOPHER.—There were hospitals of St. George at -Tavistock and Shrewsbury; the latter gave his name to one of the gates -and contributed his cross to the arms of the town. That of Yeovil -was dedicated to “St. George and St. Christopher the Martyrs”; each -pensioner was to wear upon his breast a red cross “as a sign and in -honour of St. George the Martyr, patron of the house of alms.” The -squire of Thame put his bedemen under the care of St. Christopher, as -is set forth upon his tomb:— - - “that founded in the church of Thame a chantrie, vi pore men and a - fraternitye, In the worship of Seynt Cristofore to be relevid in - perpetuyte.” [p260] - -[Illustration: 35. SEAL OF ST. KATHERINE’S, BRISTOL] - - -ST. MARGARET; ST. KATHERINE; ST. URSULA.—There are eighteen houses in -honour of St. Margaret, and they are chiefly for lepers. It is possible -that in the case of Huntingdon the name may enshrine the memory of the -saintly lady of Scotland, who died in 1093, although, it is true, she -was not canonized until 1250; her son, David of Huntingdon, built St. -John’s in that town, and he may have founded St. Margaret’s, of which -his daughter and grandson were benefactors. The hospitals dedicated to -St. Katherine also number about eighteen. That royal saint was chosen -by Stephen’s queen as the protector of her charitable foundation for -women. Katharine of Aragon obtained for this house a gift of relics, -including part of the tomb of the saint sent by the Pope, “out of -respect for the Hospital of St. Katharine.” The seal of this house and -of that at Bristol (Fig. 35) show the saint crowned, [p261] with sword -and wheel, and the latter device was also worn on the habit. Wigston’s -hospital, Leicester, was named “St. Ursula and St. Catherine.” -Bonville’s almshouse at Exeter includes in its unique dedication St. -Ursula’s famed companions; it was in honour of “The Blessed Virgin, the -Eleven Thousand Virgins and St. Roch.” - - -ST. ANNE; ST. HELEN.—The mother of the Blessed Virgin was commemorated -at Ripon, and together with other saints at Norwich, Oakham, -Stoke-by-Newark, Brentford and Hereford. St. Helen, the mother of -Constantine, had hospitals at Derby and Braceford, besides that alluded -to under the title “Holy Cross.” - - -SAINTS OF FRANCE - - -ST. LEONARD.—The attitude of France to this hermit-saint was one of -deep devotion. Our Norman kings and nobles shared this veneration. -Foundations bearing his name at Chesterfield, Derby, Lancaster and -Nottingham, had privileges in the adjoining royal forests; and St. -Leonard’s, Launceston, was dependent on the Duchy. The hospital -at Northampton showed a crown upon its seal, and that of York -(re-dedicated to this saint by Stephen) bore the arms of England. St. -Leonard’s, Alnwick, was erected on the spot where the Scottish king -Malcolm fell. This saint had a reputation as a healer: “il était le -médecin des infirmes.” Some fifty-five charitable foundations had -St. Leonard for patron; they were mainly for lepers, and in certain -counties (notably Derby and Northampton) even St. Mary Magdalene had -to give place to him in this capacity. [p262] The “Hospital of St. -Leonard the Confessor” in Bedford was revived twenty years ago by a -band of brothers who met on St. Leonard’s Day and resolved to restore -the lapsed memory of this patron saint. - - -ST. GILES; ST. THEOBALD.—The houses of St. Giles number about -twenty-five. The chief one was that “in the fields” near London. He was -the cripples’ (and therefore the lepers’) patron, partly because he -himself suffered from lameness, and partly on account of the legend of -the wounded hart which fled to him, an incident depicted upon seals at -Norwich, Wilton and Kepier. Another French hermit, St. Theobald, shares -the dedication of the leper-house at Tavistock with St. Mary Magdalene. - - -ST. DENYS; ST. MARTIN; ST. LEGER; ST. LAUD; ST. ELIGIUS.—The hospital -at Devizes built by the Bishop of Salisbury was in honour of St. James -and St. Denys; the fair granted to the lepers was held on the vigil and -day of St. Dionysius. The charitable St. Martin occurs, with or without -St. John Baptist, at Piriho. St. Leger was commemorated at Grimsby. St. -Laud (or Lo) is an alternative patron at Hoddesdon. St. Eligius (or -Eloy) was venerated in houses at York, Stoke-upon-Trent, Cambridge and -Hereford. - - -ST. LOUIS; ST. ROCH.—These unique dedications are welcome among our -patron saints. That to the saintly king occurs in the Ely Registers, -contributions being invited in 1393 towards a chapel newly constructed -at Brentford (_Braynford_) in honour of the Blessed Anne and St. Louis -(_Ludovicus_) with houses for the reception of travellers. St. Roch, -who ministered to the plague-stricken of Italian hospitals in the -fourteenth century, [p263] was commemorated at Bonville’s almshouse in -Exeter, Rock Lane being a reminder of its chapel of St. Roch. - - -SAINTS OF ENGLAND - - -ST. OSWALD; ST. WULSTAN.—One hospital at Worcester “beareth the name -of St. Oswald as a thinge dedicate of ould tyme to him.” (See p. 2.) -The foundation of the other is ascribed to St. Wulstan himself. The -house grew in importance after the saint’s canonization in the year -1203, which followed a fresh display of miracles at his shrine. The -possession of the faithful bishop’s famous staff was disputed between -hospital and priory.[162] - -The common seal shows the patron in the act of benediction, staff in -hand. - - -ST. GODWALD; ST. DAVID.—The chapel of St. Wulstan’s was dedicated to -St. Godwald. “Some say he was a bishop” is Leland’s commentary. Miss -Arnold-Forster identifies him with Gulval, hermit-bishop in Wales. -St. David, the Welsh Archbishop (canonized 1120), was commemorated at -Kingsthorpe, by Northampton, the house being frequently called “St. -Dewi’s.” - - -_St. Brinstan_; ST. CHAD; _St. Cuthbert_, _etc._—Although Leland had -read that “St. Brinstane foundid an hospitale at Winchester,” nothing -is known of it. “Here is a hospital of St. Chadde,” he remarks at -Shrewsbury, referring to the church and almshouse. Two dedications -sometimes ascribed to St. Cuthbert, namely at Gateshead and Greatham, -within “the patrimony of St. Cuthbert,” hardly justify his inclusion -among patrons, although he is named in the deed of gift. The same may -be said [p264] of documentary allusions to St. Erkenwald, St. Hilda -and St. Richard in connection with foundations at Ilford, Whitby and -Chichester. - - -ST. ETHELBERT; ST. EDMUND, KING & MARTYR; ST. EDMUND, ARCHBISHOP & -CONFESSOR.—The royal Ethelbert and Edmund are included among our -saints. St. Ethelbert’s, Hereford, is attached to the cathedral and -shares its patron. In the case of the ten houses of St. Edmund, it is -not always possible to determine whether the Saxon king is intended or -Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury. The “spital on the street” in -Lincolnshire and the hospital by Doncaster Bridge were in honour of the -royal martyr; whilst those of Leicester and Windeham commemorated the -archbishop, the latter being founded by his devoted friend, St. Richard -of Chichester, who had recently attended the solemn “Translation” at -Pontigny. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XXX._ - -CHAPEL OF ST. EDMUND THE KING, SPITAL-ON-THE-STREET - -CHAPEL OF ST. EDMUND THE ARCHBISHOP, GATESHEAD] - -St. Edmund’s, Gateshead, has puzzled historians because the -designations vary between King, Archbishop, Bishop and Confessor. -Surtees and others concluded that all had reference to one foundation, -but Mr. J. R. Boyle proves that there were two with distinct -endowments, and that both chapels were standing a century ago. Now -it is recorded that Nicholas of Farnham was the founder of that of -“St. Edmund the Bishop.” A sidelight is thrown upon the subject by -Matthew Paris, whose narrative of the miraculous recovery of Nicholas -in 1244 through the agency of St. Edmund has escaped the notice of -local topographers. The emaciated sick man bade farewell and received -the last rites when he was restored by the application of a relic of -the archbishop. From this incident it seems likely that the hospital -was a [p265] votive offering and that it was consecrated soon after -Archbishop Edmund was enrolled among the saints. The papal letter -of canonization (1246) describes his beautiful character and the -miraculous events which followed his death. When it declares that “he -healed the swelling dropsy by reducing the body to smaller dimensions,” -the allusion is surely to the recent recovery of Bishop Nicholas, who -had been suffering from that infirmity. - -[Illustration: 36. A PILGRIM’S SIGN] - - -ST. THOMAS THE MARTYR OF CANTERBURY was believed to surpass all others -in powers of healing. His miracles were usually wrought by means of -water mixed with a drop of the martyr’s blood; this was carried away -in a leaden _ampulla_, and its contents worked wonders. (See Fig. 8.) -Others would purchase a “sign,” upon which was announced in Latin:—“For -good people that are sick Thomas is the best of physicians.” (Fig. 36.) -Many of these pilgrims to Canterbury lodged in the hospital of [p266] -St. Thomas (Pl. II), said to have been founded by the archbishop -himself, whose martyrdom is depicted on the walls of the hall. The -chapel was dedicated to his special patron, the Blessed Virgin. St. -Thomas’, Southwark, also claimed him as founder, and two other houses -were intimately connected with him. One was Becket’s early home in -Cheapside, enlarged by his sister Agnes and her husband, whose charter -grants land “formerly belonging to Gilbert Becket, father of the -blessed Thomas the Martyr . . . being the birthplace of the blessed -martyr.” Privileges were accorded to it long afterwards “from devotion -to the saint, who is said to have been born and educated in that -hospital.” (This foundation was usually called St. Thomas of Acon, but -it is believed that the designation had at first no connection with -Acres, but rather with the original owner of the property.) The second -house with family associations was at Ilford, for while Becket’s sister -was abbess of Barking, the lepers’ chapel was re-consecrated with the -addition of the name of St. Thomas. - -Nor were his friends less faithful, for when Becket’s chancellor -Benedict (afterwards his biographer) was transferred from Canterbury -to Peterborough, he completed a foundation in his honour. Probably -Benedict was also concerned in the choice of name at Stamford, -especially as that dependent house adopted St. John Baptist and St. -Thomas as joint patrons; for the fact that the new martyr’s body -was laid near the altar of the Baptist called forth from several -chroniclers (as Stanley points out) the remark that St. John Baptist -was the bold opponent of a wicked king. In a document relating to the -Stamford house, St. Thomas is referred to as “the proto-martyr,” but -the claim is hard to justify. He was [p267] commemorated with St. -Stephen at Romney, a dedication which would have given him abundant -satisfaction; for previous to his flight in 1164 he celebrated, -as having a special portent, the mass “in honour of the blessed -proto-martyr Stephen.” - -It is a far cry from Kent to Northumberland, but there existed at -Bolton a hospital of St. Thomas. Within a few miles had been fought the -Battle of Alnwick, a victory won, it was believed, as the result of -the king’s public penance the same day (1174). The date of foundation -is not recorded, but it was begun before 1225. About the same time -a hospital of St. Thomas was being built at Hereford, by one of -the Warennes, whose father had bitterly opposed the then unpopular -Chancellor. The new devotion to St. Thomas was fanned into flame by -the magnificent ceremony of 1220 on the removal of his body to its -wonderful shrine. Soon after this, a hospital was founded at Bec, and -the patronage annexed to the See of Norwich; it was consecrated by -Bishop Pandulph, who had taken a leading part in the “Translation,” -an event which was henceforth celebrated on July 7. For centuries the -shrine was held in high honour. The Letter Books of Christ Church, -Canterbury, record miracles in 1394 and 1445.[163] So notable was the -first of these that Richard II wrote to congratulate the archbishop, -acknowledging his thankfulness to “the High Sovereign Worker of -miracles who has deigned to work this miracle in our days, and upon a -foreigner, as though for the purpose of spreading . . . the glorious -fame of His very martyr,” adding a pious wish that it might result in -the conversion of those in error at a time when “our faith and belief -[p268] have many more enemies than they ever had time out of mind.” -Such signs were, in fact, an antidote to Lollardy, as is implied by the -public testimony of the Chapter to the cure of a cripple from Aberdeen -in 1445. - -The kings continued to pay pilgrimage visits, and even Henry VIII -sent the accustomed offerings to Canterbury. His subsequent animosity -towards St. Thomas was a political move, as is shown by the report of -Robert Ward in 1535; having spied at the hospital of St. Thomas of Aeon -a window depicting the flagellation of Henry II by monks at the shrine, -he pointed out to Thomas Cromwell that Becket was slain “in that he -did resist the king.” Bale afterwards alludes thus to this burning -question:— - - “A trayterouse knave ye can set upp for a saynte, - And a ryghteouse kynge lyke an odyouse tyrant paynte. - - * * * * * - - In your glasse wyndowes ye whyppe your naturall kynges.”[164] - -In 1538 Henry thought it expedient to inform his loving subjects that -notwithstanding the canonization of St. Thomas “there appeareth nothing -in his life and exteriour conversation whereby he should be called a -saint, but rather . . . a rebel and traitor to his prince.” Henceforth -few windows remained depicting the acts of the martyr,—though one -representation of the penance of Henry II is familiar to readers at the -Bodleian. The name was to be no longer perpetuated; “St. Thomas the -Martyr, Southwark,” becomes “Becket Spital” and then “St. Thomas the -Apostle,” whilst “Thomas House” is found at Northampton. [p269] - - -ALL SAINTS.—In spite of many general references to All Saints, the -invocation by itself was as rare for a hospital as it was common for -a church. Leland and the _Valor Ecclesiasticus_ give the dedication -of the Stamford bede-house as “All Saints.” The founder had willed -that “there be for ever a certain almshouse, commonly called William -Browne’s Almshouse, for the invocation of the most glorious Virgin Mary -and of All Saints, to the praise and honour of the Name Crucified.” -The almsmen’s special chapel in the parish church of All Saints was -in honour of the Blessed Virgin. The existing silver seal shows the -Father, seated, supporting between His knees the Saviour upon the -Cross, whilst the Spirit appears as a Dove. - - -_Alternative Dedications, etc._ - -There is frequently an uncertainty as to the invocation, even with -documentary assistance. A Close Roll entry (1214) mentions a foundation -at Portsmouth in honour of Holy Trinity, the Blessed Virgin, St. Cross, -St. Michael and All Saints. Usually the name is simply “God’s House,” -but often St. John Baptist or St. Nicholas. The seal seems to suggest -the original designation, for it shows a Cross, with the Divine Hand, a -scroll and angels. Again, God’s House at Kingston-upon-Hull was called -Holy Trinity or St. Michael’s, or from its situation “the Charterhouse -hospital”; but its full title was “in honour of God, and the most -glorious Virgin Mary His Mother, and St. Michael the Archangel, and -all archangels, angels and holy spirits, and of St. Thomas the Martyr, -and all saints of God.” It may be observed that inasmuch as the -founder Michael Pole was Chancellor of England, [p270] he looked to -his predecessor in office St. Thomas as patron, no less than to his -name-saint. By the foundation-deed of Heytesbury almshouse, it was in -honour of “the Holy Trinity, and especially of Christ our Redeemer, -the Blessed Virgin Mary His Mother, St. Katherine and all saints.” -The almsmen wore the letters JHU. XRT. upon their gowns. The Chantry -Certificate, nevertheless, gives St. John’s. The original seal shows a -Cross and the name _domus elimosinaria_, but the post-Reformation seal -has St. Katherine. Varying dedications are sometimes merely mistakes. -It must, however, be remembered that occasionally hospital and chapel -had different patrons, and that both were sometimes rebuilt and, -re-consecrated. As civil and ecclesiastical archives continue to reveal -their long-hidden information, the dedication-names of many houses -will doubtless come to light, together with notices of foundations at -present unknown to us. - - * * * * * - -Some seventy titles of hospitals are here recorded, as compared with -over six hundred different dedications of parish churches. In some -instances the patron of a charitable institution bequeathed his name to -a parish. At Tweedmouth, St. Bartholomew of the hospital was powerful -enough to dispossess St. Boisil, the rightful patron of the place. The -parishes of St. Mary Magdalene, Colchester, St. Giles-in-the-Fields, -London, and St. Giles, Shrewsbury, have grown up round a former -leper-house. Several modern churches, such as St. John’s, Bridgwater, -occupy the site and carry on the name of an old foundation. - -In conclusion, it must be observed that since the subject of England’s -Patron Saints has been fully dealt with by [p271] Miss Arnold-Forster, -no attempt has here been made to make more than passing allusions -to the lives of hospital saints. The foregoing notes on saints were -suggested by her _Studies in Church Dedications_. - -[Illustration: 37. SEAL OF THE HOSPITAL OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, ROCHESTER] - - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[158] Pat. 14 Hen. VI, pt. i. m. 4. - -[159] Pat. 16 Hen. VI, pt. ii. m. 17. - -[160] Probably intended to represent the clappers; compare design on -seal of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester. - -[161] Lacroix, _Military and Religious Life_, 353. - -[162] F. T. Marsh, _Annals of St. Wulstan’s_, p. 5. - -[163] Chron. and Mem. 85, iii. 27–29. - -[164] Camden Society, _Kynge Johan_, p. 88. - - - - -[p273] - -APPENDIX A - -OFFICE AT THE SECLUSION OF A LEPER - - - [Translated from the _Manuale ad Usum Insignis Ecclesiæ Sarum_, - printed in _York Manual, &c._, _Appendix_, Surtees Society, Vol. 63, - p. 105^*.] - -_The Manner of casting out or separating those who are sick with -leprosy from the whole._[165] - -First of all the sick man or the leper clad in a cloak and in his usual -dress, being in his house, ought to have notice of the coming of the -priest who is on his way to the house to lead him to the Church, and -must in that guise wait for him. For the priest vested in surplice and -stole, with the Cross going before, makes his way to the sick man’s -house and addresses him with comforting words, pointing out and proving -that if he blesses and praises God, and bears his sickness patiently, -he may have a sure and certain hope that though he be sick in body -he may be whole in soul, and may reach the home[166] of everlasting -welfare. And then with other words suitable to the occasion let the -priest lead the leper to the Church, when he has sprinkled him with -holy water, the Cross going before, the priest following, and last -of all the sick man. Within the Church let a black cloth, if it can -be had, be set upon two trestles at some distance apart before the -altar, and let the sick man take his place on bended knees beneath it -between the trestles, after the manner of a dead man, although [p274] -by the grace of God he yet lives in body and spirit, and in this -posture let him devoutly hear Mass. When this is finished, and he has -been sprinkled with holy water, he must be led with the Cross through -the presbytery to a place where a pause must be made. When the spot is -reached the priest shall counsel him out of Holy Scripture, saying: -“Remember thine end and thou shalt never do amiss.” [Ecclus. vii. 36.] -Whence Augustine says: “He readily esteems all things lightly, who -ever bears in mind that he will die.” The priest then with the spade -(_palla_) casts earth on each of his feet, saying: “Be thou dead to the -world, but alive again unto God.” - -And he comforts him and strengthens him to endure with the words of -Isaiah spoken concerning our Lord Jesus Christ:—“Truly He hath borne -our griefs and carried our sorrows, yet did we esteem Him as a leper -smitten of God and afflicted” [Isa. liii. 4, Vulgate]; let him say -also: “If in weakness of body by means of suffering thou art made like -unto Christ, thou mayest surely hope that thou wilt rejoice in spirit -with God. May the Most High grant this to thee, numbering thee among -His faithful ones in the book of life. Amen.” - -It is to be noted that the priest must lead him to the Church, from -the Church to his house as a dead man, chanting the _Responsorium_ -Libera me, Domine, in such wise that the sick man is covered with a -black cloth. And the Mass celebrated at his seclusion may be chosen -either by the priest or by the sick man, but it is customary to say the -following:— - - _Introitus._ Circumdederunt me. _Quære in Septuagesima._ - - _Collecta._ Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, salus æterna credentium. - - _Epistola._ Carissimi, Tristatur quis vestrum. - - _Resp._ Miserere mei. - - _Vers._ Conturbata sunt. Alleluya. _V._ Qui sanat. - - _Si in Quadragesima, Tractus._ Commovisti. - - _Evangelium._ Intravit Jesus in Capharnaum. - - _Offertorium._ Domine, exaudi. - - _Secreta et Postcommunio in communibus orationibus._ - - _Communio._ Redime, Deus, Israel ex omnibus angustiis nostris. [p275] - -When leaving the Church after Mass the priest ought to stand at the -door to sprinkle him with holy water. And he ought to commend him to -the care of the people. Before Mass the sick man ought to make his -confession in the Church, and never again; and in leading him forth -the priest again begins the _Responsorium_ Libera me, Domine, with the -other versicles. Then when he has come into the open fields he does -as is aforesaid; and he ends by imposing prohibitions upon him in the -following manner:— - -“I forbid you ever to enter Churches, or to go into a market, or a -mill, or a bakehouse, or into any assemblies of people. - -Also I forbid you ever to wash your hands or even any of your -belongings in spring or stream of water of any kind; and if you are -thirsty you must drink water from your cup or some other vessel. - -Also I forbid you ever henceforth to go out without your leper’s dress, -that you may be recognized by others; and you must not go outside your -house unshod. - -Also I forbid you, wherever you may be, to touch anything which you -wish to buy, otherwise than with a rod or staff to show what you want. - -Also I forbid you ever henceforth to enter taverns or other houses if -you wish to buy wine; and take care even that what they give you they -put into your cup. - -Also I forbid you to have intercourse with any woman except your own -wife. - -Also I command you when you are on a journey not to return an answer to -any one who questions you, till you have gone off the road to leeward, -so that he may take no harm from you; and that you never go through a -narrow lane lest you should meet some one. - -Also I charge you if need require you to pass over some toll-way -(_pedagium_) through (?) rough ground (_super apra_), or elsewhere, -that you touch no posts or things (_instrumenta_) whereby you cross, -till you have first put on your gloves. - -Also I forbid you to touch infants or young folk, whosoever they may -be, or to give to them or to others any of your possessions. [p276] - -Also I forbid you henceforth to eat or drink in any company except that -of lepers. And know that when you die you will be buried in your own -house, unless it be, by favour obtained beforehand, in the Church.” - -And note that before he enters his house, he ought to have a coat -and shoes of fur, his own plain shoes, and his signal the clappers, -a hood and a cloak, two pair of sheets, a cup, a funnel, a girdle, a -small knife, and a plate. His house ought to be small, with a well, a -couch furnished with coverlets, a pillow, a chest, a table, a seat, a -candlestick, a shovel, a pot, and other needful articles. - -When all is complete the priest must point out to him the ten rules -which he has made for him; and let him live on earth in peace with his -neighbour. Next must be pointed out to him the ten commandments of God, -that he may live in heaven with the saints, and the priest repeats -them to him in the presence of the people. And let the priest also -point out to him that every day each faithful Christian is bound to say -devoutly _Pater noster_, _Ave Maria_, _Credo in Deum_, and _Credo in -Spiritum_, and to protect himself with the sign of the Cross, saying -often _Benedicite_. When the priest leaves him he says:—“Worship God, -and give thanks to God. Have patience, and the Lord will be with thee. -Amen. - - - - -[p277] - -APPENDIX B - - -TABULATED LIST OF MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS IN ENGLAND - - _i.e. Houses for Wayfarers, Sick, Aged and Infirm, Insane, and - Lepers, founded before 1547_. - - -EXPLANATION OF HEADINGS, REFERENCES, SIGNS, ETC. - - Dedication. When names are stated thus: “St. John [& St. Anthony],” - this signifies that the name in brackets is less - frequently used. - - Date. The date given is that of the first accredited reference. - The foundation was frequently earlier. _c._=_circa_; - _bef_=before. - - Founder. This term includes benefactor and re-founder. - - Patron. In the majority of cases entered as “Private,” the - advowson was vested in the Lord of the Manor. Where two - names are inserted they represent a change of patronage. - - L. i.e. Leper; this denotes the nominal aim of the charity, - which was not necessarily confined to lepers. - - * An asterisk signifies that there are considerable - architectural remains (chapel, hall, etc.). - - † Indicates slight architectural remains (e.g. masonry, - windows). - - ‡ This sign before a dedication-name implies that some - endowment exists under that name or the name of the - founder. - - Seal. Denotes that either a matrix or an impression is in - existence. A specimen is usually to be found in the - British Museum. _Soc. Antiq._ refers to the Society of - Antiquaries, London. - - Italics. The use of italics implies uncertainty. - - Foot-notes. “Patent” and “Close” refer to the printed Calendars of the - Public Record Office, space not permitting of fuller - details. - - -[p278] - -I. BEDFORDSHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - Bedford | ‡St. John | 1216 | R. de | Town | — - | Baptist (Seal) | | Parys | | - | | | | | - Bedford | ‡St. Leonard | 1207 | — | Town, | - | | | | Private | L - | | | | | - Dunstable | St. Mary | 1209 | Prior | Priory | L - | Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Eaton,[167] | — | 1291 | — | — | — - nr. Dunstable | | | | | - | | | | | - Farley,[168] by | St. John | 1198 | — | Various[169]| — - Leighton Buzzard| Baptist | | | | - | | | | | - Hockcliffe | St. John | 1227 | — | Various[170]| — - (Occleve) | Baptist | | | | - | | | | | - Luton | St. John | 1287 | — | — | L - | Baptist | | | | - | | | | | - Luton | St. Mary | _bef_ | — | — | — - | Magd. (Seal) | 1377 | | | - | | | | | - _Stocwell,_ | _St. Mary_[171]| 1232 | — | — | — - _nr. Bedford_ | | | | | - | | | | | - Toddington | ‡St. John | 1443 | J. | — | — - | | | Broughton | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p279] - -II. BERKSHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - Abingdon |‡St. John B. | 1280 | Abbot | Abbey | — - |(Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Abingdon(without)|St. Mary | 1336 | — | — | — - |Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Abingdon |*‡Almshouse[172]| 1441 | G. Barbar | Gild | — - | | | & J. de | | - | | | St. Helena | | - | | | | | - Childrey |‡Holy Trinity | 1526 | W. | — | — - |& St. Katharine | | Fettiplace | | - | | | | | - Donnington, |‡God’s House | 1393 | R. | Private | — - near Newbury | | | Abberbury | | - | | | | | - Fyfield |St. John Baptist| 1442 | J. Golafre | — | — - | | | | | - Hungerford |St. John Baptist| 1232 | King | Duchy of | — - | | | | Lancaster | - | | | | | - Hungerford |St. Laurence | 1228 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Lambourn |‡Holy Trinity | 1501 | J. Isbury | New Coll. | — - |(Seal) | | | Oxford | - | | | | | - Newbury |‡St. | 1215 | King[173] | Town | — - |Bartholomew | | | | - | | | | | - Newbury |St. Mary | 1232 | — | — | L - |Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Reading |St. Mary | _bef_ |Abbot Auchar| Abbey | L - |Magdalene | 1175 | | | - | | | | | - Reading |St. John B. | _c._ | Abbot Hugh | Abbey | — - |(Seal) | 1190 | | | - | | | | | - Reading |Almshouse | — | W. Barnes | — | — - | | | | | - Reading |Almshouse | _bef_ | Leche or | — | — - | | 1477 | Larder | | - | | | | | - Thatcham |Almshouse | 1433 | T. Lowndyes| Parish | — - | | | | | - Wallingford |St. John B. | 1224 | — | Town | — - |(Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Wallingford or |St. Mary | 1226 | — | Town | L - Newnham[174]|Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Windsor |St. John | 1316 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Windsor (without)|St. Peter | 1168 | — | Crown, Eton | L - | | | | College | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p280] - -III. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Aylesbury |St. John | xii | Townsmen | — | _L_ - | Baptist[175] | cent. | | |(_?_) - | | | | | - Aylesbury |St. Leonard{175}| xii | Townsmen | — | L - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Buckingham |St. John | _c._ | — | — | — - | Baptist[176] | 1200 | | | - | | | | | - Buckingham |St. Laurence | 1252 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Buckingham |Almshouse | 1431 | J. Barton | — | — - | | | | | - Lathbury |St. | 1252 | — | — | — - | Margaret[177] | | | | - | | | | | - Ludgershall | — | 1236 | — | Alien[178] | — - | | | | | - _Marlow, Great_ |_St. | 1384 | — | — | — - | Thomas_[179] | | | | - | | | | | - Newport Pagnell |St. Margaret | _c._ | — | — | - | | 1240 | | | L - | | | | | - Newport Pagnell |‡St. John B. | 1220 |J. de Somery| Private | L - (Bridge[180]) | [& St. John | | | | - | Ev.][181] | | | | - | (Seal[182]) | | | | - | | | | | - Newport Pagnell |_St. | _1232_|_J. de | — | — - | Leonard_[183] | |Peynton_ | | - | | | | | - Stratford, Stony | | | | | - (without) |St. John Baptist| _c._ | — | — | L - | | 1240 | | | - | | | | | - Wendover |St. John Baptist| 1311 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Wycombe, High |*St. John | _c._ | — | Town 1344 | — - |Baptist | 1180 | | | - | | | | | - Wycombe, High |St. Margaret & | 1229 | — | Crown | L - near | St. Giles[184]| | | | - | | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p281] - -IV. CAMBRIDGESHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Barnwell, _v._ | | | | | - Stourbridge | | | | | - | | | | | - Cambridge | ‡St. Anthony | 1392 | — | — | L - | & St. Eligius | | | | - | | | | | - Cambridge | St. John Ev. | xii | H. Frost | Town, Bishop| - | (Seal[185]) | cent. | | | — - | | | | | - Cambridge | _St. Anne_ | 1397 | H. Tangmer | — | L - | | | | | - Cambridge | ‡Almshouse | 1469 | T. Jakenett| — | — - | | | | | - Ely | St. John | 1169 | Bishop | Bishop, | — - | Baptist[186] | | Nigel | Priory | - | | | | | - Ely | St. Mary | _bef_ | — | Bishop | — - | Magdalene{186} | 1240 | | | - | | | | | - Fordham | — | 1279 | — | Priory | — - | | | | | - Leverington | St. John | 1487 | — | — | — - | Baptist[187] | | | | - | | | | | - Long Stow | St. Mary B. V. | 1272 | Walter, | — | — - | | | Vicar | | - _Newton-by-Sea_ | _St. Mary B._ | 1401 | J. Colvill | Bishop | — - | _V._[188] | | | | - | | | | | - Royston, _v._ | | | | | - Herts | | | | | - | | | | | - Stourbridge by | *St. Mary Magd.| _bef_ | King | Town, Bishop| L - Cambridge | or St. | 1172 | | | - | Cross[189] | | | | - | | | | | - Thorney | — | 1166 | — | Abbey | — - | | | | | - _Whittlesea_ | _Poor’s | 1391 | Adam Ryppe | — | — - | Hospital_[190] | | | | - | | | | | - Whittlesford | St. John | 1307 | W. Colvill | Bishop | — - (Duxford) | Baptist | | | | - | | | | | - Wicken | St. John[191] | 1321 | Lady | Spinney | — - | | | Basingburn | Priory | - | | | | | - Wisbech | St. John | 1343 | — | Bishop | — - | Baptist[192] | | | | - | | | | | - Wisbech (near | Spital | 1378 | — | — | L - Elm) | | | | | - | | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p282] - -V. CHESHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Bebington | St. Thomas | 1183 | — | Private | L - | à Becket | | | | - | | | | | - Chester (without)| ‡St. Giles[193]| — | Earl | Earldom | L - | (_Seal_) | | | | - | | | | | - Chester (without | ‡St. John | 1232 | Earl | Earldom and | — - Northgate) | B.[194] (Seal) | | Randle | Birkenhead | - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Chester | St. Ursula V | 1532 | R. and T. | — | — - | | | Smith | | - | | | | | - Denwall in Nesse | St. Andrew | 1238 | — | Bishop of | — - | | | | Lichfield | - | | | | | - Nantwich | St. Nicholas | _c._ | _W. | Private | — - | | 1087 | Malbank_ | | - | | | | | - Nantwich | St. Laurence | 1354 | — | Private | L - | | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p283] - -VI. CORNWALL[195] - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Bodmin | St. Anthony | 1500 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Bodmin | St. George | 1405 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Bodmin |St. | — | — | — | — - | Margaret[196] | | | | - | | | | | - Bodmin(Pontaboye)| ‡†St. Laurence | 1302 | — | — | L - | (Seal[197]) | | | | - | | | | | - Fowey, St. Blaise| — | | — | — | — - by | | | | | - | | | | | - Gild Martyn, | | | | | - _v._ Launceston| | | | | - | | | | | - Helston in | St. Mary M. or | 1411 | Archdeacon | Knights | — - Sithney | St. John | | or | Hosp. | - | Baptist | | Killigrew | | - | | | | | - Launceston | †St. Leonard | 1257 | Richard, | Earldom or | L - | (Seal[198]) | | Earl | Priory | - | | | | | - Launceston | St. Thomas à | | — | — | L - Newport by | Becket[199] | | | | - | | | | | - Liskeard, | St. Mary | 1400 | — | — | L - Menheniot nr. | Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Newport, _v._ | | | | | - Launceston | | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p284] - -VII. CUMBERLAND - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - _Bewcastle_ | _“Hospitale | 1294 | — | — | — - | de Lennh”_ | | | | - | | | | | - _Caldbeck_ | _Hospital | _bef_ | Gospatric | Carlisle | — - | House_ | 1170 | | Priory | - | | | | | - Carlisle | St. Nicholas | _bef_ | King | Crown, | L - (without) | | 1201 | | Priory | - | | | | | - Carlisle | House of St. | 1251 | — | — | — - | Sepulchre[200] | | | | - | | | | | - Carlisle | St. Catherine | xvi | — | — | — - (Castlegate) | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - _Keswick, | _House of | xvi | — | — | — - near_[201] | St. John_ | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Wigton, near |St. Leonard[202]| 1383 | — | Private | L - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p285] - -VIII. DERBYSHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Alkmonton or |St. Leonard[203]| _c._ | R. de | Private | L - Bentley | | 1100 | Bakepuze, | | - | | | Blount | | - | | | | | - Ashbourne[204] | _St. John | 1251 | — | — | L - | Baptist_ | | | | - | | | | | - Castleton or | St. Mary B.V. | _bef_ | Peverell | Private, | — - High Peak[205] | | 1330 | | Crown | - | | | | | -Chesterfield, near| St. Leonard | 1195 | — | Crown, etc. | L - | | | | | - Chesterfield | St. Nicholas | 1276 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Chesterfield | St. John | 1334 | — | Manor | L - | Baptist | | | | - | | | | | - Derby | St. Leonard | 1171 | King | Crown | L - | (Domus Dei) | | | | - | | | | | - Derby | St. Helen | _c._ | R. de | — | — - | | 1160 | Ferrers | | - | | | | | - Derby | St. James [& | _c._ | Waltheof | Darley Abbey| — - |St.Anthony[206]]| 1140 | Fitz-Sweyn | | - | | | | | - Derby | St. John | 1251 | — | — | — - | Baptist | | | | - | | | | | - Derby | St. Katherine | 1329 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Peak, _v._ | | | | | - Castleton | | | | | - | | | | | - Spondon or Locko | ‡St. Mary | 1306 | — | Order of St.| L - | Magdalene[207] | | | Lazarus | -------------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p286] - -IX. DEVONSHIRE[208] - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Barnstaple | St. Mary | 1158 | — | — | L - | Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Barnstaple | Holy Trinity | 1410 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Clist Gabriel | St. Gabriel the| 1276 | Bishop | Bishop | — - (Farringdon) | Archangel[209] | | Bronescombe| | - | | | | | - Collumpton | Almshouse | 1522 | J. Trott | — | — - | | | | | - Crediton | †St. Laurence | 1242 | — | Manor | — - | | | | (Bishop) | - | | | | | - Exeter (without | St. Mary M. | _bef_ | Bishop | Bishop, Town| L - Southgate) | (Seal) | 1163 | | | - | | | | | - Exeter | St. Alexis[210]| 1164 | W. Prodom | — | — - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Exeter |St. John B.[211]| 1220 | G. & J. | Town, Bishop| — - | [& St. John | | Long | | - | Ev.] (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Exeter | *‡God’s | 1436 | W. Wynard | — | — - | House[212] | | | | - | | | | | - Exeter | *‡St. | 1457 | J. Stevyns | — | — - | Katharine | | | | - | | | | | - Exeter | ‡St. Mary V., | 1407 | W. Bonvile | — | — - |Eleven Thousand | | | | - |Virgins | | | | - |& St. Roch[213] | | | | - | | | | | - Exeter |St. Anthony[214]| 1429 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Exeter | “Ten Cells” | 1399 | S. Grendon | — | — - | | | | | - Exeter | Almshouse | 1479 | J. Palmer | — | — - | | | | | - Exeter | Almshouse | 1514 | Moore | — | — - | | | Fortescue | | - | | | | | - Heavitree |‡_St. Loye_[215]| — | — | — | — - (Wonford) | | | | | - | | | | | - Honiton | *‡St. | 1374 | — | _Ford Abbey_| L - | Margaret | | | | - | | | | | - Moreton Hampstead| Almshouse | xv | — | — | — - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - [p287] | | | | | - | | | | | - Newton Bushell | — | 1538 | J. Gilberd | Mayor | L - | | | | Exeter | - | | | | | - Pilton | ‡St. | 1197 | — | — | L - | Margaret | | | | - | (Seal[216]) | | | | - | | | | | - Plymouth | [Holy Trinity | 1374 | — | — | L - | &] St. Mary M. | | | | - | | | | | - Plymouth | St. Mary B. V. | 1501 | — | — | — - | (Our Lady) | | | | - | | | | | - Plymouth | _Hospital | — | — | — | — - | House_ | | | | - | | | | | - Plympton | ‡[Holy | 1329 | — | _Priory_ | L - | Trinity &] St. | | | | - | Mary M. | | | | - | | | | | - Tavistock, near | St. Mary M. [& | 1338 | — | — | L - | St. Theobald] | | | | - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Tavistock | St. George | — | Tremayne | — | — - | | | | | - Teignmouth, near | ‡St. Mary | 1307 | — | — | L - | Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Teignton, Kings, | | | | | - _v._ Newton | | | | | - Bushell | | | | | - | | | | | - Tiverton |*‡Almshouse[217]| 1520 | J. Greneway| Wardens of | — - | | | | Tiverton | - | | | | | - Torrington | Holy Trinity, | 1400 | re-f. R. | — | — - | St. John Ev. & | | Colyn | | - | St. John B. | | | | - | | | | | - Torrington, | *‡St. Mary | 1344 | Ann Boteler| Private | L - Little | Magdalene | | | | - (Taddiport) | | | | | - | | | | | - Totnes | ‡St. Mary M. | 1302 | — | — | L - | (Seal[218]) | | | | - | | | | | - Totnes | _Our Lady_ | xvi | — | — | — - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p288] - -X. DORSET - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Allington, _v._ | | | | | - Bridport | | | | | - | | | | | - Blandford, by | St. Leonard | 1282 | — | Private | L - | | | | | - Blandford |God’s House[219]| xvi | — | — | — - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Bridport | St. John | 1240 | — | Town | — - | Baptist | | | - | | | | | - Bridport or | St. Mary M. [& | 1232 | re-f. W. de| Private | L - Allington | St. Anthony] | | Legh | | - | | | | | - Dorchester | St. John | 1324 | — | Crown, Eton,| — - | Baptist | | | etc. | - | | | | | - Dorchester | Hospital | xvi | — | — | L - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Lyme | †St. Mary | 1336 | — | — | L - | B.V. & the | | | | - | Holy Spirit | | | | - | | | | | - Rushton, _v._ | | | | | - Tarrant | | | | | - | | | | | - Shaftesbury | ‡St. John B. | 1223 | — | Abbey, Crown| — - | (Seal[220]) | | | | - | | | | | - Shaftesbury | St. Mary | 1386 | — | Abbey | — - | Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Sherborne | *‡SS. John | 1437 | Bishop, &c.| Governors | — - | B. & John Ev. | | | | - | | | | | - Sherborne | †St. Thomas | 1228 | — | Abbey, Crown| — - | à Becket | | | | - | | | | | - Tarrant Rushton | St. Leonard | 1298 | — | Private, | — - | | | | Twynham | - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Wareham | Hospital{219} | xvi | — | — | — - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Wimborne | *†St. | 1241 | — | Manor (Duchy| L - | Margaret V. [& | | | of | - | St. Anthony] | | | Lancaster) | - | | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p289] - -XI. DURHAM - - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._ | _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Barnard Castle | ‡St. John | _c._ | J. Balliol | Private | — - | Baptist | 1230 | | | - | | | | | - Darlington, near |“Bathele Spital”| _c._ | — | — | L - | | 1195 | | | - | | | | | - Durham |St. Leonard[221]| _c._ | — | — | L - | | 1200 | | | - | | | | | - Durham | †St. Mary | 1326 | J. Fitz | Priory | — - | Magdalene | | Alexander | | - | | | | | - Durham (Silver |Pilgrim | 1493 | — | — | — - Street) | House[222] | | | | - | | | | | - Durham _v._ | | | | | - Kepier, | | | | | - | | | | | - Sherburn | | | | | - | | | | | - Friarside, | †Hospital or | 1312 | — | Private | — - nr. Derwent | Hermitage | | | | - | | | | | - Gainford | — | 1317 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Gateshead | Holy | _c._ | H. de | — | — - | Trinity[223] | 1200 | Ferlinton | | - | | | | | - Gateshead |*St.Edmund, Abp.| _c._ | Bp. N. | Bishop, | — - | & Conf.{223} | 1247 | Farnham | Newcastle | - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Gateshead | ‡St. Edmund, | 1315 | — | Bishop | — - | K. & M.[224] | | | | - | | | | | - Greatham | ‡St. Mary | 1272 | Bp. R. de | Bishop | — - | B.V.{224} | | Stichill | | - | (Seal[225]) | | | | - | | | | | - Kepier, by Durham| *St. Giles | 1112 | Bp. R. | Bishop | — - | (Seal) | | Flambard | | - | | | | | - Pelawe, by | St. Stephen | 1260 | — | — | — - | | | | | - _Sedgefield_[226]| — | _c._ | — | — | — - | | 1195 | | | - | | | | | - Sherburn | *‡Christ, B.V. | _c._ | Bp. H. | Bishop | L - | Mary, SS. | 1181 | Puiset | | - | Lazarus, Mary| | | | - | [Magd.] & | | | | - | Martha[227] | | | | - | | | | | - Staindrop | St. Mary B.V. | 1378 | Earl Nevill| — | — - | | | | | - _Werhale_[228] | — | 1265 | — | Bishop | — - | | | | | - Witton Gilbert | †St. Mary | _bef_ | Gilbert de |Durham Priory| L - | Magdalene | 1180 | la Ley | | - | | | | | - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p290] - -XII. ESSEX - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Bocking | Maison Dieu | 1440 | J. Doreward| — | — - | | | | | - Braintree | St. James | 1229 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Colchester | ‡St. Mary | _bef_ | Henry I & | Abbey | L - (suburbs) | Magdalene | 1135 | Eudo | | - | | | | | - Colchester | Holy Cross [& | 1235 | W. de | _re-f_ St. | — - | St. Helen][229]| | Lanvalle | Helen’s Gild| - | (Seal[230]) | | | | - | | | | | - Colchester by | St. Katharine | 1352 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Colchester | _St. Anne_[231]| 1402 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Hedingham, Castle| — | _c._ | De Vere | — | — - | | 1250 | | | - | | | | | - Hornchurch | SS. Nicholas & | 1159 | Henry II | Alien,[232] | — - (Havering) | Bernard | | | New Coll. | - | | | | Ox. | - | | | | | - Ilford, Great | *‡St. Mary | _c._ | Adelicia, | Barking | L - | B.V. [and St. | 1150 | Abbess | Abbey | - | Thomas M.] | | | | - | | | | | - Layer Marney | St. Mary B.V. | 1523 | Lord Marney| — | — - | | | | | - Maldon, Little | †St. Giles[233]| _c._ | — | Various[234]| L - | | 1164 | | | - | | | | | - Newport | St. Leonard | 1157 | — | Dean of St. | L - (Birchanger) | | | | Martin’s | - | | | | | - South Weald,[235]| St. John | 1233 | Bruin | Private | L - Brook Street | Baptist | | | | - | | | | | - Tilbury, East | St. Mary[236] | _bef_ | Earl | Earldom | — - | | 1213 | Geoffrey | | - | | | | | - Walthamstow | ‡Almshouse | xvi | G. Monnox | — | — - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p291] - -XIII. GLOUCESTERSHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Berkeley, | Holy Trinity | 1189 | Maurice de | Private | — - Longbridge, near| (Seal) | | Berkeley | | - | | | | | - | | | | | - Bristol, without | St. Laurence | _bef_ | Prince John| Various[237]| L - Lawfords Gate | | 1208 | | | - | | | | | - Bristol Frome | †St. | _bef_ | — | Private | L(?) - Bridge |Bartholomew[238]| 1207 | | | - | | | | | - Bristol | *St. Mark | 1229 | Maurice de | Private | — - Billeswick | (Seal) | | Gaunt | | - | | | | | - Bristol | St. Katherine | 1219 | Robert de | Private | — - Bedminster[239] | (Seal) | | Berkeley | | - | | | | | - Bristol | St. Mary M. | 1219 | Thomas de | Private | L - Brightbow{239} | (Seal) | | Berkeley | | - | | | | | - Bristol | St. John B. | 1242 | King or | Crown, Town | — - Redcliffe{239} | (Seal) | | John Farcey| | - | | | | | - Bristol Lawfords | †Holy Trinity | ┌1396 | J. | Town | — - Gate | | └1408 | Barstaple | | - | | | | | - Bristol Steep | *‡Three Kings | 1492 | J. Foster | — | — - Street | of Cologne | | | | - | (chapel) | | | | - | | | | | - Bristol Long Row | ‡Almshouse | _c._ | S. Burton | — | — - | | 1292 | | | - | | | | | - Bristol Redcliffe| Almshouse | 1422 | W. Canynge | — | — - | | | | | - Bristol without | Almshouse | — | R. Magdalen| — | — - Temple Gate | | | | | - | | | | | - Bristol Lewin’s | _Trinity_ | 1460 | W. Spencer | — | — - Mead | | | | | - | | | | | - Bristol Redcliffe| — | 1471 | R. Forster | — | — - Gate | | | | | - | | | | | - [p292] | | | | | - | | | | | - Cirencester | *‡St. John |_bef_ |Henry I |Crown, Abbey | — - | Ev.[240] | 1135 | | | - | | | | | - Cirencester | ‡St. Laurence |xiii |Edith Bisset|Abbey | L - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Cirencester | ‡St. Thomas M. |1427 | W. |Weavers | — - | | | Nottingham | | - | | | | | - Gloucester | *‡S. Mary |_bef_ | — |_Lanthony | L - | Magdalene | 1160 | | Priory_ | - | | | | | - Gloucester or | *‡St. Margaret |_bef_ | — |Abbey, Town | L - Dudstan |or St. Sepulchre| 1163 | | | - | | | | | - Gloucester |‡St. | 1200 |Townsmen, |Crown | — - |Bartholomew[241]| | Henry III | | - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Lechlade |St. John | 1228 |Peter Fitz |Private | — - | Baptist[242] | |Herbert[243]| | - | | | | | - Longbridge, _v._ | | | | | - Berkeley | | | | | - | | | | | - Lorwing[244] | — | 1189 |Maurice de | — | — - | | | Berkeley | | - | | | | | - Redcliffe, _v._ | | | | | - Bristol | | | | | - | | | | | - St. Briavels |St.Margaret[245]| 1256 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Stow-in-Wold |Holy Trinity | — |Aylmer, Earl| — | — - | | | of Cornwall| | - | | | | | - Stow-in-Wold |Almshouse | 1476 | W. Chestre | — | — - | | | | | - Tewkesbury[246] | — | 1199 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Tewkesbury |Almshouse | — | — | Abbey | — - | | | | | - Winchcombe |Spital | — | — | — | — - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p293] - -XIV. HAMPSHIRE - - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - Alton | St. Mary Magdalene | 1235 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Andover | St. John B.[247] | 1247 | — | Town | — - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Andover | St. Mary | 1248 | — | — | L - | Magdalene{247} | | | | - | | | | | - Basingstoke | St. John Baptist |_bef_ | W. de Merton|Merton | — - | | 1240| | College | - | | | | | - Christchurch | — | 1318 | — | — | L - [248] | | | | | - | | | | | - _Fareham_[249] | — | 1199 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Fordingbridge | St. John Baptist | 1283 | — |Bishop, St. | — - | | | | Cross, etc.| - | | | | | - Portsmouth | *God’s House or St. | 1224 | Peter des | Bishop | — - | John B. and St. | | Roches | | - | Nicholas[250] (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Portsmouth by | St. Mary M. [and St. | 1253 | — | — | — - | Anthony[251]] | | | | - | | | | | - Romsey | St. Mary M. and St. | 1317 | — | — | L - | Anthony[252] | | | | - | | | | | - Southampton | St. Mary Magdalene | 1173 | Townsmen |Town, Priory| L - (without) | | | | | - | | | | | - Southampton | *‡St. Julian or |_c._ | Gervase |Crown, | — - | God’s House (Seal) | 1197| | Queen’s | - | | | | College, | - | | | | Oxford. | - | | | | | - Southampton | St. John[253] | 1315 | — | — | — - | | | | | - [p294] | | | | | - | | | | | - Winchester |*‡St. Cross (Seal) |_c._ |Henry de |Knights, | — - (near) | | 1136| Blois| Bishop | - | | | | | - Winchester | ‡St. Mary Magd. | 1158 | Bishop | Bishop | L - (without) | (Seal[254]). | | | | - | | | | | - Winchester | *‡St. John B. |_c._ |John Devenish| Town | — - | (Seal[255]) | 1275| | | - | | | | | - Winchester | “Sisters’ Hospital” | 1393 | — |St. | — - | | | | Swithin’s| - | | | | | - Newport (Isle of| _St. Augustine_[256] | 1352 | — | Town | L - Wight) | | | | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - - -XV. HEREFORDSHIRE - - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - Blechelowe, _v._| | | | | - Richards Castle| | | | | - | | | | | - Hereford (Wye | St. Thomas | 1226 |W. de Warenne| — | — - Bridge) | | | | | - | | | | | - Hereford | ‡St. Ethelbert | 1231 | — | Dean and | — - | | | | Chapter | - | | | | | - Hereford | St. Giles | 1250 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Hereford | ‡St. Giles | — | — | Town | L - | | | | | - Hereford |[Holy Ghost[257] &] | 1340 | — | Knights | — - | St. John | | | Hosp. | - | | | | | - Hereford | St. Anthony | 1294 | — | Order | — - | | | | (Vienne) | - | | | | | - Hereford | St. Anne and St. |xvi | — | — | L - | Loye[258] | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Ledbury | ‡St. Katharine | 1232 | Foliot, | Dean and | — - | | | Bishop | Chapter | - | | | | | - Richards Castle | St. John & St. Mary| 1397 | — | — | — - (Blechelowe) | M.[259] | | | | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - - -[p295] - -XVI. HERTFORDSHIRE - - ----------------+-------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+-------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - Anstey (Biggin) | St. Mary | 1325 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Baldock | | | | | L - (Clothall, by)| St. Mary Magdalene| 1226 | — | — | - | | | | | - Berkhampstead | St. John Baptist | 1216 | Fitz Piers, |Private; St.| — - | | |Earl of Essex|Thomas of | - | | | |Acon, London| - | | | | | - Berkhampstead | St. John Ev. | 1216 | — |Private; St.| L - | | | |Thomas of | - | | | |Acon, London| - | | | | | - Berkhampstead | St. James | — | — | — | — - | | | | | - Berkhampstead | St. Leonard | — | — | — | — - | | | | | - Berkhampstead |_St.Thomas M._[260]| 1317 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Broxbourne, _v._| | | | | - Hoddesdon | | | | | - | | | | | - Hertford | St. Mary | 1287 | — | — | — - (without) | Magdalene[261] | | | | - | | | | | - Hoddesdon | SS. Anthony & | 1391 | — | — | L - | Clement or St. | | | | - | Laud & St. Anthony| | | | - | (Seals) | | | | - | | | | | - Hoddesdon | Almshouse | xv | R. Rich | — | — - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Royston | [St. Mary B.V. & | 1227 | — | Private | — - | St. James or] St.| | | | - | John & St. James | | | | - | | | | | - Royston | St. Nicholas[262] | 1213 | Ralph | Private | L - | | | | | - [p296] | | | | | - | | | | | - St. Albans | St. Julian the | 1146 | Abbot | Abbey | L - (Eywood) | Confessor | | Geoffrey | | - | | | | | - St. Albans | St. Mary de la | 1202 | — | Abbey | L - (without) | Pré[263] (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - St. Albans | St. Giles[264] | 1327 | — | Abbey | — - | | | | | - Stevenage | All Christian | 1501 | Hellard, | Parish | — - | Soul House | | Rector | | - | | | | | - Wymondley, | St. Mary[265] | 1232 | — | — | — - Little | | | | | - ----------------+-------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - - -XVII. HUNTINGDONSHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - Huntingdon | St. John | 1153 | Earl David | Earldom, | — - | Baptist | | | Town | - | | | | | - Huntingdon | St. Margaret | 1165 | King | Crown | L - (without[266]) | | | Malcolm | (Scotland, | - | | | (_ben_) | England, | - | | | | etc.) | - | | | | | - | | | | | - Huntingdon | St. Giles[267] | 1328 | — | — | L - -----------------+----------------+-------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p297] - -XVIII. KENT - - -----------------+---------------------+-------+------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+---------------------+-------+------------+-----------+--- - _Bapchild_[268] | — | _c._ | — | — | — - | | 1200 | | | - | | | | | - _Blean_{268} |_St. John_ | _c._ | — | — | — - | | 1200 | | | - | | | | | - _Bobbing_ |_Spital_ | — |_George | _Private_ | L - | | | Clifford_ | | - | | | | | - Boughton-under- |Holy Trinity[269] | 1384 |Thomas atte | — | L - Blean | | | Herst | |etc. - | | | | | - Buckland, _v._ | | | | | - Dover | | | | | - | | | | | - Canterbury |*‡St. John B. | _bef_ |Lanfranc |Archbishop | — - (Northgate) | (Seal) | 1089 | | | - | | | | | - Canterbury |*‡St. Thomas M.[270] | _c._ Becket, |Archbishop | — - (Eastbridge) | [and the Holy Ghost]| 1170 | Langton | | - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Canterbury |St. Nicholas and St. | 1293 |W. Cokyn | — | — - | Katharine[271] | | | | - | | | | | - Canterbury |*‡[St. Mary B. V. | 1225 |_re-f._ S. |Archdeacon | — - | or] Poor Priests’ | | de Langton| | - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Canterbury |‡St. Mary B. V. | 1317 |J. Maynard |Town | — - | | | | | - Canterbury near |St. Laurence | 1137 |Hugh, Abbot |St. | L - | | | |Augustine’s| - | | | | | - Canterbury |*‡St. Nicholas | _bef_ |Lanfranc |Archbishop | L - Harbledown | (Seal) | 1089 | | | - | | | | | - Canterbury |St. James (_Seal_) | _bef_ | — |Christ- | L - Thanington | | 1164 | | church | - or Wynchepe | | | | | - | | | | | - Chatham, _v._ | | | | | - Rochester | | | | | - | | | | | - Dartford |St. Mary Magdalene | 1256 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Dartford |Holy Trinity | 1453 | Townsmen | Parochial | — - | | | | Governors | - | | | | | - [p298] | | | | | - | | | | | - Dover, Buckland | St. Bartholomew | 1141 | Monks | Priory | L - in | | | | | - | | | | | - Dover | *St. Mary B. V. | 1221 | Hubert de | Crown | — - | (Seal) | | Burgh | | - | | | | | - Gravesend, | | | | | - _v._ Milton | | | | | - | | | | | - Harbledown, _v._ | | | | | - Canterbury | | | | | - | | | | | - Hythe | ‡St. John Baptist | 1426 | — | Town | — - | | | | | - Hythe | ‡St. Bartholomew |┌1276 | Townsmen | — | — - Saltwood[272] nr.|(Seal)[or St. Andrew]|└1336 |Bishop Haymo| — | - | | | | | - _Ivychurch_,[273]| — | 1229 | — |Private | — - near New Romney | | | | | - | | | | | - _Lullingstone_ | _Almshouse_ | — |Sir J. Peche| — | — - [274] | | | | | - | | | | | - Maidstone |*St. Peter & St. Paul| — |Abp. |Archbishop | — - |[& St.Thomas M.][275]| | Boniface | | - |(Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Maidstone(bridge)| Almshouse[276] | 1422 | Hessynden | — | — - | | | | | - Milton nr. | — | 1189 | — | Private | — - Gravesend | | | | | - | | | | | - Mepham | — | 1396 | Archbishop | — | — - | | | | | - Ospringe | ‡St. Mary B. V. | 1234 | Henry III | Crown | — - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Ospringe(without)| St. Nicholas[277] | 1241 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Ospringe | St. John[278] | 1343 | — | — | — - | | | | | - _Otford_ | — | _1228_| — | — |_L_ - | | | | | - Puckeshall | St. James | 1202 | — | — | L - or Tong | | | | | - | | | | | - Rochester | *‡St. Bartholomew |_bef_ | Bishop | Priory | L - (Langeport) | (Seal) | 1108 | Gundulf | | - | | | | | - [p299] | | | | | - | | | | | - Rochester | St. Nicholas[279] | 1253 | — | — | L - (Whiteditch) | | | | | - | | | | | - Rochester | ‡St. Katharine | 1316 | S. Potyn | Governors | L - (Eastgate) | | | | |etc. - | | | | | - Romney | St. Stephen and St. |_c._ | Adam de | Private | L - |Thomas M. (Seal[280])| 1180 | Cherring | | - | | | [281] | | - | | | | | - Romney | St. John Baptist | 1396 | — | Town | — - | | | | | - Sandwich | *‡St. Bartholomew | _bef_ |Crawthorne, | Town | — - | (Seal) | 1227 | etc. | | - | | | | | - Sandwich | ‡St. John B. | _bef_ | — | Town | — - | (Seal[282]) | 1287 | | | - | | | | | - Sandwich | ‡St. Thomas M. | 1392 |Thos. Ellys | Town | — - | | | | | - Sandwich (Each | St. Anthony[283] | 1472 | — | — | L - End) | | | | | - | | | | | - Sevenoaks | St. John Baptist | 1338 | _re-f._ |Archbishop | — - | | |Cherwode & | | - | | | Multon | | - | | | | | - Sevenoaks | ‡Almshouse | 1418 | Sir W. | Parochial | — - | | | Sevenoke | Governors | - | | | | | - Sittingbourne | — | 1216 | Samuel | — | — - [284] | | | | | - | | | | | - Sittingbourne, | St. Leonard[285] | 1232 | — | — | L - Swinestre nr. | | | | | - | | | | | - Sittingbourne | Holy Cross{285} | 1225 | — | — | — - Swinestre nr. | | | | | - | | | | | - Strood | St. Mary B. V.[286] | 1193 | Bp. G. | Bishop or | — - | (Seal) | | Glanvill | Priory | - | | | | | - Sutton-at-Hone | Holy Trinity, St. | 1216 |FitzPiers & | — | — - | Mary, and All SS. | | W. de | | - | | | Wrotham | | - | | | | | - Thanington, _v._ | | | | | - Canterbury | | | | | - | | | | | - Tong, _v._ | | | | | - Puckeshall | | | | | - | | | | | - Wynchepe, _v._ | | | | | - Canterbury | | | | | - -----------------+---------------------+-------+------------+-----------+--- - - -[p300] - -XIX. LANCASHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._ | _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - Burscough | — | _bef_ | — | Priory | L - | | 1311 | | | - | | | | | - Clitheroe[287] | St. Nicholas | 1211 | Townsmen | Town | L - | | | | | - Cockersand | Hospital[288] | 1184 | Hugh Garth | — | L - | | | | |etc. - | | | | | - Conishead | Hospital{288} | 1181 | Penington | Priory | L - | | | or W. de | | - | | | Lancaster | | - | | | | | - Lancaster | St. Leonard | 1189 | Prince John| Various[289]| L - | | | | | - Lancaster | Almshouse, _St.| 1483 | J. Gardyner| Town | — - | Mary B. V._ | | | | - | | | | | - Lathom (Ormskirk)| — | 1500 | Sir | — | — - | | | T. Stanley | | - | | | | | - Preston in | St. Mary Magd. | _c._ | — | Honor, | L - Amounderness | (Seal[290]) | 1177 | | Crown | L - | | | | | - Stydd nr. |St. Saviour[291]| _bef_ | — | Knights | — - Ribchester | | 1216 | | | - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p301] - -XX. LEICESTERSHIRE - - --------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - --------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - Burton Lazars |[St. Mary B. V. and] | 1146 |R. de Mowbray|Order of | L - | St. Lazarus (Seal) | | | St. Lazarus| - | | | | | - Castle- |St. John Ev.[292] | xii |John Lacy |Earldom, | — - Donington | | cent. | | Crown | - | | | | | - Leicester |St. Leonard (Seal) | 1199 |William of |Earldom, | L - | | | Leicester | Crown, etc.| - | | | | | - Leicester |‡St. John Ev. and | 1200 | — | — | — - | St. John B. (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Leicester |St. Edmund Abp. and | 1250 | — | — | — - | Conf. | | | | - | | | | | - Leicester |St. Mary M. and St. | 1329 | — | — | L - | Margaret | | | | - | | | | | - Leicester |*‡Annunciation of | 1330 |Henry of |Duchy | — - |B. V. Mary[293] (Seal)| | Lancaster | (Collegiate| - | | | | Foundation)| - | | | | | - Leicester |‡St. Ursula [and | 1513 |W. Wigston | — | — - | St. Catherine] | | | | - | | | | | - Lutterworth |St. John B.[& St. | 1218 |Roise de | Private | — - | Anthony[294]] | | Verdon | | - | | | | | - Stockerston |St. Leonard | 1307 | — | Earldom | — - | | | | | - Stockerston |St. Mary [and All | 1465 |J. Boyvile | — | — - | Saints] | | | | - | | | | | - _Tilton_ | — | _1189_|_W. Burdett_ |_Burton | _L_ - | | | | Lazars_ | - --------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - - -[p302] - -XXI. LINCOLNSHIRE - - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--- - Boothby Pagnell |St. John Baptist | xii |Hugh of | — | L - | | cent. | Boothby | | - | | | | | - Boston[295] |St. John Baptist | 1282 | — |Private | — - (without) | | | |(Multon{295})| - | | | | | - _Carleton in_ |_St. Lazarus_ | _1301_|_De_ |_Order of_ | — - _Moreland_ | | |_Amundeville_|_St.Lazarus._| - | | | | | - Dunston, _v._ | | | | | - Mere | | | | | - | | | | | - _Edenham_[296] | — | 1319 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Elsham by |St. Mary & St. | 1166 | B. de | — | — - Thornton | Edmund[297] | | Amundeville | | - | | | | | - Glanford Bridge | |xii |Paynell |Selby Abbey | — - (Wrauby) | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Glanford Bridge |[Our Lord &] St. | 1441 |W. Tirwhit | — | — - (Wrauby) | John B. | | | | - | | | | | - Grantham by |St. Margaret | 1328 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Grantham |St. Leonard | 1428 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Grimsby |St. Mary M. & St. | 1291 | — | — | L - (without) | Leger | | | | - | | | | | - Grimsby |St. John[298] | 1389 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Holbeach |All Saints | 1351 |J. de | — | — - | | | Kirketon | | - | | | | | - Langworth |St. Margaret | 1313 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Lincoln without |Holy Innocents | _bef_ |Henry I |Crown, Burton| L - | [& St. Mary M.] | 1135 | | Lazars | - | (Seal)[299] | | | | - | | | | | - Lincoln without |†‡St. Giles | _c._ | — |Dean & | — - | | 1275 | | Chapter | - | | | | | - Lincoln |St. Leonard | 1300 | — | — |L - | | | | |etc. - | | | | | - Lincoln without |St. Bartholomew | 1314 | — | — |L - | | | | |etc. - | | | | | - Lincoln |St. Mary B. V. or | 1311 | — | — | — - | St. Mary M. | | | | - | | | | | - [p303] | | | | | - | | | | | - Lincoln without |Holy Sepulchre[300] | 1123 |Bp. Robert |Gilbertine | — - | | | Bloet | Order | - | | | | | - Lincoln without |St. Katherine{300} | 1123 |Bp. Robert |Gilbertine | — - | (Seal) | | Bloet | Order | - | | | | | - Louth |Spital | 1314 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Louth |Trinity Bedehouse |xvi | — |Gild | — - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Louth |_St. Mary B. V._ |xvi | — |Gild | — - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Mere or Dunston |St. John Baptist | 1243 |S. de Roppele|Bishop | L - | | | | | - Newstead by |St. Mary B. V.{300} |xii |W. d’Albini | — | — - Stamford[301] | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Partney |St. Mary Magdalene |_bef_ | — |Bardney | — - | | 1138| | Abbey | - | | | | | - Skirbeck |‡St. Leonard, | 1230 |T. de Multon |Knights | — - | afterwards St. | | | Hosp. | - | John Baptist | | | | - | | | | | - Spalding |St. Nicholas | 1313 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Spittal-on- |St. Edmund K.M. | 1322 |_re-f._ T. |Dean & | — - Street, Hemswell| | | Aston | Chapter | - | | | | | - Stamford, _v._ | | | | | - Northants | | | | | - | | | | | - Tattershall[302]|Holy Trinity | 1438 |R. Cromwell |Collegiate | — - | (Seal){302} | | | Foundation | - | | | | | - Thornton |St. James (chapel) | 1322 | — |Abbey | — - | | | | (probably) | - | | | | | - _Threckingham_ |_St. Lazarus_[303] | 1319 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Uffington, _v._ | | | | | - Newstead | | | | | - | | | | | - Walcot |St. Leonard | 1312 | — | — | L - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--- - - -[p304] - -XXII. MIDDLESEX AND LONDON - - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - Brentford[304] | St. Anne & | 1393 | — | — | — - | St. Louis{304} | | | | - | | | | | - Brentford |Nine Orders of Holy | _c._ | J. Somerset | Fraternity | — - Syon by | Angels (_Seal_) | 1447 | | | - | | | | | - Hackney or | St. Katherine[305] | 1334 | — | — | L - Kingsland | | | | | - | | | | | - Holborn | | | | | - v. London | | | | | - | | | | | - Holloway | [Holy Jesus &] St. | 1473 | W. Pole | Crown | L - or Highgate | Anthony(Seal[306]) | | | | - | | | | | - _Hounslow_[307] | — | 1200 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Kingsland, | | | | | - _v._ Hackney | | | | | - | | | | | - Knightsbridge | St. Leonard[308] | 1485 | — |_Westminster| L - | (Seal) | | | Abbey_ | - | | | | | - London,[309] |St. Giles[310] | _bef._| Queen Maud |Crown, | L - Holborn | (Seal) | 1118 | | Burton | - | | | | Lazars | - | | | | | - London West |*‡St. | _c._ | Rahere | — | — - Smithfield | Bartholomew[311] | 1123 | | | - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - London by Tower | ‡St. Katharine | 1148 |Queen Matilda| Crown | — - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - London Cheapside| [St. Mary &] St. | _c._ |Fitz Theobald| Knights | — - | Thomas M. “of | 1190 | | Templars | - | Acon”[312] (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - London | St. John B.[313] | 1505 | Henry VII. | Crown | — - | (Seal) or “Savoy” | | | | - | | | | | - London | St. Anthony (Seal) | 1254 | — |Order of | — - Threadneedle St.| | | |Vienne, | - | | | |Crown, etc. | - | | | | | - London | St. Paul | 1190 | Henry, Canon| Dean & | — - Churchyard | | | | Chapter | - | | | | | - London |Holy Ghost, B.V.M., | 1424 | R. |Collegiate | — - Paternoster |St. Michael & All | | Whittington |Foundation | - | SS. | | | | - | | | | | - [p305] | | | | | - | | | | | - London, nr. | “St. Charity & St. | 1442 | 3 Priests | Fraternity | — - Aldgate | John Ev.”[314] | | | | - | | | | | - London without | St. Mary B. V. | 1197 | W. Brune | — | — - Bishopsgate | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - London without | St. Mary or “Domus | 1231 | Henry III. | Crown | — - Temple Bar | Conversorum”[315] | | | | - | | | | | - London nr. | St. Mary, | 1329 | W. Elsyng |Dean, etc., | — - Cripplegate | “ElsyngSpital” | | | of St. | - | (Seal) | | | Paul’s | - | | | | | - London without | ‡St. Mary of | 1247 | S. FitzMary | Order of | — - Bishopsgate | Bethlehem | | | Bethlehem, | - | (_Seal_[316]) | | | City | - | | | | | - London Charing | St. Mary “of |_bef_ | — | Alien | — - Cross | Rouncevall” (Seal) | 1231 | | | - | | | | | - London Crutched | Almshouse, St. | _c._ | J. Millborn | Drapers | — - Friars | Mary | 1524 | | | - | | | | | - — | St. James, | | | | - | _v._ Westminster | | | | - | | | | | - — | St. Thomas, | | | | - | _v._ Southwark, | | | | - | Surrey | | | | - | | | | | - Mile End[317] or|St. Mary Magd. | 1274 | — | — | L - Stepney | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Shoreditch[318] | Spital House | xvi | — | — | — - | |cent. | | | - | | | | | - Westminster | St. James (Seal) | xii | _re-f._ | Abbey, | L - | |cent. | Henry III. | Crown | - | | | | | - Westminster | Almshouse | xvi |Lady Margaret| — | — - | | cent. | | | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - - -[p306] - -XXIII. NORFOLK - - ---------------+------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._ | _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ---------------+------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+--- - | | | | | - Bec |St. Thomas M.[319]| 1224 | William de | Bishop | — - (Billingford) | (Seal) | | Bec | | - | | | | | - Boycodeswade, | | | | | - _v._ Cokesford | | | | | - | | | | | - Burnham Overy | St. Peter[320] or| 1200 | Cheney | — | — - or Peterstone | St. Nicholas | | | | - | | | | | - _Choseley_ | _St. Lazarus_ | _1291_ | — |_Burton | _L_ - | | | | Lazars_ | - | | | | | - Cokesford[321] | St. Andrew | _c._ | Hervey Beleth| Cokesford | — - | | 1181 | | Priory | - | | | | | - Creak, North | St. Mary[322] | 1221 | Robert de | — | — - (Lingerscroft) | | | Nerford | | - | | | | | - Croxton | Domus Dei | 1250 | — | Hospital, | — - | | | | Thetford | - | | | | | - Gaywood, _v._ | | | | | - Lynn | | | | | - | | | | | - Hardwick | St. Laurence | 1327 | — | Private | L - (S. Lynn)[323]| | | | | - | | | | | - Hautbois, Great| St. Mary (God’s | 1235 | Peter de | Horning | — - | House) | | Hautbois | Hospital | - | | | | | - Hempton | St. Stephen[324] | 1135 |De S. Martin | Private | — - (Fakenham) | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Heringby |God’s House (Seal)| 1447 |H. Attefenne | Collegiate | — - | | | | Foundation | - | | | | | - Hingham | Almshouse | 1483 | S. Lyster | — | — - | | | | | - Horning | St. James | 1153 |Abbot Daniel | Hulme Abbey,| — - | | | | Bishop | - | | | | | - Ickburgh or | SS. Mary & | 1323 | W. Barentun | Private | L - Newbridge | Laurence | | | | - | | | | | - Langwade | — | 1380 | — | — | L - (Oxburgh) | | | | | - | | | | | - [p307] | | | | | - | | | | | - Lingerscroft, | | | | | - _v._ Creak | | | | | - | | | | | - Lynn or Gaywood| ‡St. Mary Magd. | 1145 | Peter, | — | L - | (Seal{328}) | | Chaplain | |etc. - | | | | | - Lynn, Bishops | St. John Baptist | _c._ | Ulfketel |Town, Bishop | — - | | 1135 | | | - | | | | | - Lynn, West Lynn| — | — | — | — | L - | | | | | - Lynn, Cowgate | — | 1352 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Lynn, _v._ | | | | | - Hardwick | | | | | - | | | | | - Massingham | Domus Dei[325] | 1260 | — | Crown | — - | | | | | - Newbridge, | | | | | - _v._ Ickburgh | | | | | - | | | | | - Norwich | St. Paul Ap.[326]| _bef._ | Bishop | Bishops and | — - | [&St. Paul, | 1119 | Herbert | Priory | - | Hermit] (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Norwich | *‡St. Giles, | 1246 |Bishop W. de | Bishops and | — - | etc.[327] (Seal)| | Suffield | Priory | - | | | | | - Norwich | St. Mary B.V. | 1200 | Hildebrond | Bishop | — - Conisford | (_Seal_[328]). | | | | - | | | | | - Norwich in | St. Saviour | 1297 |R. de Brekles| — | — - Coselany | | | | | - | | | | | - Norwich | God’s House | xiii |John le Grant| Bishop | — - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Norwich | God’s House | 1292 | Robert de | — | — - | | | Aswardby | | - | | | | | - Norwich | Almshouse | — | Croom | — | — - | | | | | - Norwich | Almshouse | 1418 | Danyel | — | — - | | | | | - Norwich | Almshouse | — | Hugh Garzon | — | — - | | | | | - Norwich | St. Mary Magd. | _bef._ | Bishop | Bishop | L - (Sprowston) | (Seal{328}) | 1119 | Herbert | | - | | | | | - Norwich St. | [St. Mary &] St. | 1312 | Bishop | — | L - Austin’s Gate | Clement | | | | - | | | | | - Norwich | _St. Mary | 1448 | — | — | L - Fybridge Gate | Magdalene_ | | | | - | | | | | - Norwich | St. Bennet | — | — | — | L - Westwick Gate | (_Seal_{328}) | | | | - | | | | | - [p308] | | | | | - | | | | | - Norwich Newport| _St. Giles_ | 1308 | Balderic | — | L - | | | | | - Norwich Nedham | St. Stephen | — | — | Horsham | L - | (_Seal_[329]) | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Norwich |_St. Leonard_[330]| _1335_ | — | — | — - _without_ | | | | | - | | | | | - Racheness | St. Bartholomew | xii | — | Castleacre | L - (Southacre) | | cent. | | Priory | - | | | | | - Somerton, West | St. Leonard | 1189 | R. de | Crown, | L - | | | Glanvill |Butley Priory| - | | | | | - Snoring Parva | — | 1380 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Sprowston, | | | | | - _v._ Norwich | | | | | - | | | | | - Thetford | St. John | xii | Roger Bigod | — | L - | Baptist{330} | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Thetford | St. Mary | xiii |J. de Warenne|Earldom, Town| L - | Magdalene{330} | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Thetford |St. Mary B.V.[331]| 1325 | — | Private | — - | | | | | - Thetford | St. Margaret | 1304 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Thetford | St. John[332] | — | — | Private | L - | | | | | - Thetford | God’s House{332} | 1319 | Earl of | Private, | — - | | | Surrey |Priory, etc. | - | | | | | - Walsingham | — | 1486 | — | Private | L - | | | | | - Walsoken | Holy Trinity | _bef._ | — | — | — - | (Seal) | 1200 | | | - | | | | | - Wymondham | — | — | — |Burton Lazars| L - (Westwade) | | | | | - | | | | | - Yarmouth | St. Mary B.V. | 1278 | T. Fastolf |Private, Town| — - | (Seal[333]) | | | | - | | | | | - Yarmouth | — | 1386 | Townsmen | Town | — - | | | | | - Yarmouth | — | 1349 | — | — | L - (Northgate) | | | | | - | | | | | - Yarmouth | — | 1349 | — | — | L - (Northgate) | | | | | - | | | | | - Yarmouth, | | | | | - Little, _v._ | | | | | - Gorleston, | | | | | - Suffolk | | | | | - ---------------+------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+--- - - -[p309] - -XXIV. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE - - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_|_Date._ | _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - Armston (in |St. John Baptist| 1231 | R. de | Private | — - Polebrook) | | | Trubleville| | - | | | | | - Aynho | St. James & | 1208 | Roger Fitz | Private, | — - | St. John [or | | Richard | Magd. Coll. | - | St. Mary & | | | Oxford | - | St. James] | | | | - | | | | | - Brackley |*St. James & St.| _c._ | Robert Earl| Private, | — - | John Ap. & | 1150 | of | Magd. Coll. | - | Ev.[334] (Seal)| | Leicester | Oxford | - | | | | | - Brackley | St. Leonard | 1280 | — | Private | L - (without) | (Seal[335]) | | | | - | | | | | - _Byfield_ | _St. John_[336]| _1313_ | — | — | — - | | | | | - Cotes by | St. Leonard | 1229 | — | Peterborough| L - Rockingham | | | | Abbey | - | | | | | - Fotheringhay | — | — | — | — | — - | | | | | - Grimsbury, _v._ | | | | | - Banbury, Oxon | | | | | - | | | | | - Higham Ferrers | St. James | 1163 | Ferrers | Private | — - [337] | [338] | | | | - | | | | | - Higham Ferrers |*‡Bede House | 1423 | Abp. | Collegiate | — - | | | Chichele | Foundation | - | | | | | - Kingsthorpe by |†St. David | 1200 | Peter Fitz | St. Andrew’s| — - Northampton | (Dewy) or | | Adam or | Priory | - | Holy Trinity | | King John | | - | | | | | - Northampton | St. Leonard | _c._ | King | Town | L - (Cotton) | (Seal) | 1150 | | | - | | | | | - [p310] | | | | | - | | | | | - Northampton |*‡St. John B. | _c._ | William, | Bishop of | — - |[& St. John Ev.]| 1140 | Archdeacon | Lincoln | - |(Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Northampton |‡St. | _c._ | Townsmen | Town | — - Northampton |Thomas-à-Becket | 1450 | | | - | | | | | - Northampton | Hospital | 1301 | — | — | L - (Northgate) | of Walbek | | | | - | | | | | - Northampton _v._ | | | | | - Kingsthorpe | | | | | - | | | | | - Peryho |[St. John B. &] | 1258 | Knyvet | Private, | — - (in Southwick) | St. Martin, | | | Cotherstoke | - | Bp.[339] | | | Coll. | - | | | | | - Peterborough | St. Thomas M. | _bef_ | Abbot | Abbey | — - | | 1194 | Benedict | | - | | | | | - Peterborough | St. Leonard | 1125 | Abbot | Abbey | L - near | | | | | - | | | | | - Rushden, _v._ | | | | | - Higham Ferrers | | | | | - | | | | | - Southwick, | | | | | - _v._ Peryho | | | | | - | | | | | - Stamford (Baron) | St. Giles | _bef_ | — | Peterborough| L - | | 1189 | | Abbey | - | | | | | - Stamford |†St. John B. & | _c._ |Siward, | Abbey | — - (without) |St. Thomas M. | 1174 |Brand de | | - | | |Fossato,etc.| | - | | | | | - Stamford | Holy Sepulchre | _bef_ | — | Abbey | — - | | 1189 | | | - | | | | | - Stamford |“_St. Logar_” | _bef | _W. de | — | — - (without) | [340] | 1199_ | Warenne._ | | - | | | | | - Stamford |*‡Bedehouse | _bef_ | W. Browne | — | — - | or All Saints | 1485 | | | - | (Seal)[341] | | | | - | | | | | - Thrapston | St. Leonard | 1246 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Towcester | St. Leonard | 1200 | — | Earl of | L - | | | | Pembroke | - -----------------+----------------+--------+------------+-------------+--- - - -[p311] - -XXV. NORTHUMBERLAND - - ----------------+---------------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+---------------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--- - Alnwick, near |St. Leonard | xii |Eustace de |Private, | — - | | cent. | Vesci | Abbey | - | | | | | - Alribourn |St. Leonard | 1331 | — | Private | — - | | | | | - _Alwynton_ | — |_1272_ |_Bishop | — | — - | | | Philip_ | | - | | | | | - Bamborough |St. Mary Magdalene | 1256 | — | Crown | L - | | | | | - Berwick-on- |St. Mary | 1301 | — | — | — - Tweed[342] | Magdalene[343] | | | | - | | | | | - Berwick-on-Tweed| God’s House[344] | 1286 |Philip de | — | — - | | | Rydale | | - | | | | | - Berwick-on-Tweed| _St. Edward_[345] | 1246 | — | — | — - | | | | | - _Bolam_[346] | _St. Mary_ | 1285 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Bolton (in |Holy Trinity or St. | 1225 |Robert de Ros|Rievaulx, | L - Allendale) | Thomas M. (Seal) | | | Kirkham | - | | | | | - Capelford by |St. Mary Magdalene | 1333 | — | — | — - Norham | | | | | - | | | | | - Catchburn nr. |St. Mary Magdalene | 1282 |Roger de | Private | — - Morpeth | | | Merlay | | - | | | | | - Corbridge | — | 1378 | — | — | L - | | | | | - _Eglingham, | — | 1331 | — | — | — - Harehope by_ | | | | | - [347] | | | | | - | | | | | - Elleshaugh by | — | 1240 | Umfreville | Bishop | — - Otterburn[348] | | | | | - | | | | | - Embleton[349] | — | 1314 | — | — | — - near | | | | | - | | | | | - Hertford | — | 1256 | Merlay | Private | — - Bridge[350] | | | | | - | | | | | - Hexham |St. Giles | 1200 | Archbishop |Archbishop, | L - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Hexham |Pilgrims’ Hospital | xiv | — | — | — - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Mitford nr. |St. Leonard | xii |William | Barony | — - Morpeth | | cent.| Bertram | | - | | | | | - [p312] | | | | | - | | | | | - Morpeth, _v._ | | | | | - Catchburn | | | | | - | | | | | - Newbiggin-by- | — | 1391 | — | Private | — - Sea[351] | | | | | - | | | | | - Newcastle-upon- |‡St. Mary Magdalene |_bef_ | _Henry I_ |Town | L - Tyne (without) | (Seal) | 1135 | | | - | | | | | - Newcastle-upon- |‡St. Mary B.V. (Seal)| _bef_ | Aselack |St. | — - Tyne | [& St. John Ev.] | 1189 | |Bartholomew’s| - (Westgate) | | | |Priory, Town | - | | | | | - Newcastle-upon- |St. Katherine | ┌1403 |R. Thornton |Private, | — - Tyne | (Maison Dieu) | └1412 | | Town | - (Sandhills) | | | | | - | | | | | - Newcastle-upon- | Trinity Almshouse | 1492 | — |Seamen’s | — - Tyne | | | | Gild | - | | | | | - Newcastle-upon- | Maison Dieu | 1475 | J. Ward | — | — - Tyne | | | | | - | | | | | - Newcastle-upon- | Maison Dieu | 1504 | C. Brigham | — | — - Tyne | | | | | - | | | | | - Newcastle-upon- | Maison Dieu | 1360 | W. Acton | — | — - Tyne | | | | | - | | | | | - Rothbury | — | xvi | — |Hulparke | — - | | cent. | | Priory | - | | | | | - Shipwash | — | 1379 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Tweedmouth | St. Bartholomew | 1234 | — | Bishop | L - (Spittal) | | | | | - | | | | | - Tynemouth, near | St. Leonard | 1293 | — | Priory | — - | | | | | - Warenford | _St. John Baptist_ | 1253 | — | Private | L - | | | | | - Warkworth | St. John Baptist | 1292 | — | Private, | — - | (Seal[352]) | | | Hulparke | - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Wooler | St. Mary Magdalene | 1302 | — | Private | — - ----------------+---------------------+-------+-------------+-------------+--- - - -[p313] - -XXVI. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE - - ---------------------+------------------+-------+-----------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._|_Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ---------------------+------------------+-------+-----------+------------+--- - Bawtry (without) | *‡St. Mary | 1280 | _re-f._ | Archbishop | — - | Magdalene | | Robert | | - | | | de Morton | | - | | | | | - Blyth (without) | ‡St. John. | 1226 | W. de | Private | L - | Ev.[353] | | Cressy | | - | | | | | - Blyth (without) | St. Edmund | 1228 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Bradebusk, | | | | | - _v._ Gonalston | | | | | - | | | | | - Gonalston | St. Mary | 1252 | W. Heriz | Private | L - | Magdalene | | | | - Harworth, | | | | | - _v._ Bawtry | | | | | - | | | | | - Hodsock, | | | | | - _v._ Blyth | | | | | - | | | | | - Lenton | St. Anthony[354] | 1330 | — | Alien | — - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Newark | ‡St. Leonard | 1125 | Bishop | Bishop of | — - (without N. gate) | | | Alexander | Lincoln | - | | | | | - Newark | | | | | - _v._ Stoke by N. | | | | | - | | | | | - Newark (Milnegate) | Almshouse | 1466 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Newark (Churchyard) | Almshouse | 1466 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Newark (Appiltongate)| Almshouse | 1466 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Nottingham | St. John Baptist | 1202 | — | Town | — - | | | | | - Nottingham | St. Leonard | 1189 | — | Town | L - | | | | | - Nottingham | St. Sepulchre | 1267 | — | _Palmers_ | — - | | | | | - Nottingham |_St. Michael_[355]| _1335_| — | — | — - | | | | | - Nottingham | St. Mary | 1330 | — | — | L - (Westbarre) | | | | | - | | | | | - Nottingham (Leen | ‡Annunciation | 1390 | J. | — | — - Bridge) | of B.V.M.[356] | | Plumptre | | - | | | | | - Southwell, near | St. Mary | 1255 | — | Archbishop | L - | Magdalene | | | | - | | | | | - Stoke-by-Newark, | St. Leonard & | _bef_ | — | Private, | — - within | St. Anne[357] | 1135 | | Crown | - ---------------------+------------------+-------+-----------+------------+--- - - -[p314] - -XXVII. OXFORDSHIRE - - - --------------------+------------------+-------+------------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - --------------------+------------------+-------+------------+------------+--- - Banbury | St. John B. | 1241 | R. Whiting | Bishop of | — - | (Seal) | | | Lincoln | - | | | | | - Banbury | New Almshouse | 1501 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Banbury | St. Leonard | _bef_ | — | — | L - or Grimsbury[358] | | 1307 | | | - | | | | | - | | | | | - _Bicester_ | _St. Mary B. V. &| 1355 | N. Jurdan | — | — - | St. John B._[359]| | | | - | | | | | - Burford | S. John Ev.[360] | 1226 | — | Private | — - | (_Seal_)| | | | - | | | | | - Burford | Great Almshouse | 1457 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Clattercote in | St. Leonard | 1166 | — | Bishop, | L - Claydon[361] | (Seal)| | | Priory | - | | | | | - Cold Norton | _St. Giles_ | _c._ | — | Priory | — - | | 1158 | | | - | | | | | - Crowmarsh[362] in | St. Mary | 1142 | — | Osney | L - Bensington | Magdalene | | | Abbey | - | | | | | - Ewelme | *‡God’s House | 1437 |De la Pole | Private | — - | (Seal)| | | | - | | | | | - Eynsham | — | 1228 | — | Abbey | — - | | | | | - Newnham Murren, _v._| | | | | - Wallingford, Berks | | | | | - | | | | | - Oxford (without | *St. John B. | _c._ | _re-f._ | Crown | — - E. gate) | (Seal)| 1180 | Henry III | | - | | | | | - Oxford (without) | *St. Bartholomew | 1126 | Henry I | Crown, | L - | | | | Oriel Coll.| - | | | | | - Oxford (suburbs) | St. Giles[363] | 1330 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Oxford | St. Peter | 1338 | — | — | — - | | | | | - [p315] | | | | | - | | | | | - Oxford | St. Clement[364] | 1345 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Oxford | Domus Conversorum| 1234 | Henry III | — | — - | | | | | - Oxford | “_Bethlem_”[365] | 1219 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Thame | _St. | 1460 | R. | | — - | Christopher_[366]| |Quartermayne| | - | | | | | - Woodstock[367] | St. Mary V. & | 1339 | — | | - | St. Mary M.[368]| | | | - | | | | | - Woodstock (without) | St. Cross{368} | 1231 | — | — | L - --------------------+------------------+-------+------------+------------+--- - - -XXVIII. RUTLAND - - --------------------+-------------------+-------+-----------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._| _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - --------------------+-------------------+-------+-----------+------------+--- - Casterton, Great | St. Margaret | 1311 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Oakham | *‡St. John Ev. | 1398 | W. Dalby | Private | — - | & St. Anne | | | | - | | | | | - Tolethorpe[369] | — | 1301 | John de | — | — - | | | Tolethorpe| | - --------------------+-------------------+-------+-----------+------------+--- - - -[p316] - -XXIX. SHROPSHIRE - - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - | | | | | - Bridgnorth | “Vetus Maladeria” | — | — | — | L - (without[370]) | | | | | - | | | | | - Bridgnorth |S. James (Seal[371])| 1224 | — | — | L - (without) | | | | | - | | | | | - Bridgnorth | St. John Ev. or | |R. le Strange|Crown, | — - | Holy Trinity, | | | Lilleshall | - | B.V.M. and St. John| | | Abbey | - | B. (Seal[372]) | | | | - | | | | | - Ludlow | Holy Trinity, St. | 1253 |P. Undergod | — | — - | Mary & St. John B. | | | | - | | | | | - Ludlow | _St. Giles_[373] | — | — | — | — - | | | | | - | | | | | - Ludlow | ‡Almshouse | 1486 | J. Hosyer |Palmers’ | — - | | | | Gild | - | | | | | - Nesscliff, | “_St. Mary de | _c._ |Le Strange | Private | — - Great Ness | Rocherio_” | 1250 | | | - | | | | | - Newport[374] | S. Giles | 1337 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Newport | ‡St. Nicholas[375] | 1446 | W. Glover, | Town | — - | | | etc. | | - | | | | | - Oswestry | St. John Baptist | 1210 |Bishop Reyner|Haughmond | L - | | | | Abbey | - | | | | | - Richards Castle,| | | | | - _v._ Hereford- | | | | | - shire | | | | | - | | | | | - Shrewsbury |St. Giles | 1136 | King |Crown, Abbey| L - (without) | (Seal[376]) | | | | - | | | | | - Shrewsbury |S. John B. | 1221 | — |Crown, St. | — - (Frankvill) | (Seal[377]) | | | Chad’s | - | | | | | - Shrewsbury | St. George M.[378] | 1162 | — | — | — - | | | | | - | | | | | - Shrewsbury |St. Chad’s Almshouse| 1409 | B. Tuptun |Mercers’ | — - | | | | Fraternity | - | | | | | - [p317] | | | | | - | | | | | - Shrewsbury | ‡St. Mary’s | _c._ | Degory Watur|Drapers’ | — - | Almshouse | 1444 | | Fraternity | - | | | | | - Tong | St. Bartholomew | _c._ | De Bohun, |Private, | — - | | 1410 | Penbridge | Collegiate | - | | | | Foundation | - | | | | | - Wenlock, Much | St. John | 1267 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Whitchurch | — | xiii | Le Strange |Private, | — - | | cent. | (_ben._) | Haughmond | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - - -[p318] - -XXX. SOMERSET - - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - Bath | †‡ St. John | _c._ |Bishop John |Bishop, | — - | Baptist[379] | 1180 | or Reginald | Prior | - | | | | | - Bath Holloway | *‡ [St. Cross &] |_bef_ |Walter Hosate| Priory | L - or Lyncomb | St. Mary Magdalene | 1100 | | | - | | | | | - Beckington | Almshouse | 1502 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Bedminster, | | | | | - _v._ Glos | | | | | - | | | | | - Bridgwater | St. John B. (Seal) | 1214 | W. Briwere | Private | — - | | | | | - Bridgwater | St. Giles | xiv | — | — | L - | | cent. | | | - Bristol _v._ | | | | | - Glos. | | | | | - | | | | | - Bruton[380] | — | 1291 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Croscombe | Almshouse[381] | xvi | — | — | — - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Glastonbury | *Almshouse |_bef_ | _re-f._ | Abbey | — - | (Women’s) | 1246 | Abbot Beere | | - | | | | | - Glastonbury | *‡St. Mary | xiii | — | Abbey | — - | Magdalene[382] | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Holloway, _v._ | | | | | - Bath | | | | | - | | | | | - Ilchester[383] | St. Margaret{383} | 1212 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Ilchester | Holy Trinity | 1217 | W. Dacres | Private | — - | | | | | - Ilchester | Almshouse | 1426 | R. Veal | — | — - | | | | | - [p319] | | | | | - | | | | | - Keynsham | St. John B. | xv | — | — | — - | (Seal[384]) | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Langport,[385] | St. Mary Magdalene | 1280 | — | Private, | L - near | | | | Glastonbury| - | | | | Abbey | - | | | | | - _Selwood_[386] | — | 1212 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Taunton (W. |*‡[Holy Ghost | 1185 | Abbot Beere | Priory | L - Monkton) |&[387]] St. Margaret| | (_ben_) | | - | | | | | - Wells | †St. John B. (Seal)| 1206 | Hugh & | Bishop | — - | | | Jocelyn | | - | | | | | - Wells |*‡St. Saviour[B.V.M.| 1436 | Bishop |Dean, Mayor,| — - | & All Saints] | | Bubwith | etc. | - | | | | | - Yeovil | ‡St. George & St. | 1477 | J. Wobourne | — | — - | Christopher | | | | - ----------------+--------------------+-------+-------------+------------+--- - - -[p320] - -XXXI. STAFFORDSHIRE - - ------------------+------------------+-------+-----------+----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._|_Founder._ |_Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ------------------+------------------+-------+-----------+----------+--- - | | | | | - _Cannock_ | _St. Mary_[388] | 1220 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Freeford, _v._ | | | | | - Lichfield | | | | | - | | | | | - Lichfield | *‡St. John B. | — | Bishop | Bishop | — - | (Seal) | | Roger | | - | | | | | - Lichfield | St. Leonard | 1257 | — | — | L - (Freeford) | | | | | - | | | | | - Lichfield | ‡Almshouse | 1504 | Milley | — | — - (Bacon Street) | | | | | - | | | | | - Radford, _v._ | | | | | - _infra_ | | | | | - | | | | | - Stafford | †St. John B. | 1208 |Earl Ralph | Private | — - (Forebridge) | (Seal[389]) | | | | - | | | | | - Stafford | St. Leonard | — |Earl Ralph | Private | — - | | | | | - Stafford | Holy Sepulchre | 1254 | — | Private | L - (Retford) | [or St. Lazarus] | | | | - | | | | | - Stoke-upon-Trent | St. Loye[390] | xvi | — | — | — - | | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Tamworth or | †St. James | 1285 | P. de | Private | — - Wigginton | | | Marmyon | | - | | | | | - Wigginton, _v._ | | | | | - _supra_ | | | | | - | | | | | - Wolverhampton | St. Mary B.V. | 1392 | Luson, | — | — - | | | Waterfall,| | - | | | etc. | | - ------------------+------------------+-------+-----------+----------+--- - - -[p321] - -XXXII. SUFFOLK - - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - Beccles |St. Mary M. | 1327 | — | — | L - | [& St. Anthony] | | | | - | | | | | - Bury St. Edmunds| St. John Ev. | 1256 |Abbot Edmund | Abbey | — - | (God’s House) | | | | - | | | | | - Bury without | †St. Nicholas | _c._ | — | Abbey | — - Eastgate | | 1215| | | - | | | | | - Bury without | †St. Saviour[391] | _c._ |Abbot Sampson| Abbey | — - Northgate| | 1184 | | | - | | | | | - Bury without | St. Peter | xii |Abbot Anselm | Abbey | L - Risbygate| | cent.| | |etc. - | | | | | - Bury at | †St. Petronilla | xvi | — | Abbey | L - Southgate| | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Bury | St. Stephen[392] | — | — | Abbey | — - | | | | | - Clare | Almshouse | 1462 |J. Bingley | — | — - | | | | | - Dunwich | *‡St. James (Seal) | 1199 |Prince John | — | L - | | | or W. de | | - | | | Riboff | | - | | | | | - Dunwich | ‡Holy Trinity or | 1251 | — | Crown | — - | Maison Dieu | | | | - | (Seal{392}) | | | | - | | | | | - Eye (without) | ‡St. Mary Magdalene | 1329 | — | Town | L - | | | | | - Gorleston[393] | St. Mary & St. | 1331 | — | — | L - |Nicholas (_Seal_[394])| | | | - | | | | | - Gorleston | St. James | — | — | — | L - | | | | | - Gorleston | St. John Baptist | xiii |_Queen | — | — - | | cent.| Eleanor_ | | - | | | | | - Gorleston | St. Mary Magdalene | xvi | — | — | — - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Gorleston | _St. Luke_ | xvi | — | — | — - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - [p322] | | | | | - | | | | | - Gorleston | _St. Bartholomew_ | xvi | — | — | — - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Hadleigh | Almshouse | 1497 |W. Pykenham, | — | — - | | | Rector | | - | | | | | - Ipswich | St. James[395] | 1199 | — | Bishop | L - | | | | | - Ipswich | St. Mary | 1199 | — | Bishop | L - | Magdalene{395} | | | | - | | | | | - Ipswich near | St. Leonard[396] | xvi | — | — | L - | | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Ipswich | _St. Thomas_{396} | — | — | — | L - | | | | | - Ipswich | Almshouse | 1515 |E. Dandy | — | — - | | | | | - Orford | St. Leonard | 1320 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Orford | St. John Baptist | 1389 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Sibton | †Hospital | 1264 | — | Abbey | — - | | | | | - _Stratton-in- | — | — | — | — | L - Leverington_ | | | | | - | | | | | - Sudbury | Holy Sepulchre | 1206 |Wm. Earl of |Earldom of | — - | | | Gloucester | St. Clare,| - | | | | etc. | - | | | | | - Sudbury | Jesus Christ & St. | — |Countess | — | — - | Mary B.V. | | Amicia | | - | | | | | - Sudbury | ‡St. Leonard | 1372 |John Colneys | Governors | L - | | | | | - Thetford, _v._ | | | | | - Norfolk | | | | | - | | | | | - Thurlow, Great | St. James | 1291 | — |Alien, etc.| — - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - - -[p323] - -XXXIII. SURREY - - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - _Bermondsey_ | — | 1399 |_Richard II_ | — | L - | | | | | - Croydon | ‡St. John Baptist | 1443 |Ellis Davy |Governors | — - | | | | | - Guildford | St. Thomas M.[397] | 1231 | — | — | — - | (Spital) | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-on- | | | | | - Thames |St. Leonard, Domus Dei| 1227 |King |Crown | L - | | | | | - Newington Butts | Our Lady & St. | xvi | — | — | — - | Katherine | cent.| | | - | | | | | - Reigate | St. Mary V. & Holy |_bef_ |W. de Warenne| — | — - | Cross[398] (Seal) | 1240 | | | - | | | | | - Sandon by Cobham|The Holy Ghost[399] | xii |R. de |Bishop; St.| — - | [or St. Mary M.] | cent. | Wateville | Thomas’, | - | (Seal[400]) | | | Southwark| - | | | | | - Southwark | ‡St. Thomas M.[401] | _bef_ |Becket, Peter| — | — - | (Seal) | 1215 | des Roches | | - | | | | | - Southwark | [St. Mary &] St. | 1315 | — | — | L - (Kent Street) | Leonard[402] | | | | - | | | | | - Tandridge | St James{398} | xii |Odo de | — | — - | | cent.| Dammartin | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - - -[p324] - -XXXIV. SUSSEX - - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - Arundel | St. James | 1189 | Fitzalan | Earldom | L - | | | | | - Arundel | Holy Trinity or | 1380 | Fitzalan | Earldom | — - | Christ (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Battle | Pilgrim House, | 1076 | — | Abbey | — - | afterwards St. | | | | - | Thomas M.[403] | | | | - | | | | | - Bramber | St. Mary Magdalene | 1216 | — | Private | L - (Bidlington) | | | | | - | | | | | - _Buxsted_ | — | _1404_| _W. Heron_ | — | — - | | | | | - Chichester | *‡St. Mary | 1172 | William, | Dean & | — - | B. V. (Seal) | | Dean | Chapter | - | | | | | - Chichester | †‡St. James & | 1202 | Bp. | Crown | L - without Eastgate| St. Mary Magdalene | | Seffrid II | | - | (Seal[404]) | | | | - | | | | | - Chichester | St. Mary Magdalene | — | — | — | L - Loddesdown | | | | | - | | | | | - Chichester | — | — | — | — | L - _Rumboldswyke_ | | | | | - | | | | | - Chichester | — | — | — | — | L - _Stockbridge_ | | | | | - | | | | | - Cookham in | [St. Mary V. &] | 1272 | W. |Various | — - Sompting | St. Anthony | | Bernchius | [405] | - | | | | | - Harting | St. John Baptist | 1162 | H. Hoese | Private, | L - (Dureford) | | | |_Dureford | - | | | | Abbey_ | - | | | | | - Hastings | ‡St. Mary | 1293 | Petronilla | Town | — - | Magdalene | | de Cham | | - | | | | | - [p325] | | | | | - | | | | | - Hemsworth | St. Mary | 1251 | — | — | — - (in Burn) | Magdalene[406] | | | | - | | | | | - Lewes | St. James | — |W. de Warenne| Priory | — - | | | | | - Lewes (Westout) | St. Nicholas | _c._ |W. de Warenne| Priory | — - | | 1085 | | | - | | | | | - Pevensey | Holy Cross | 1292 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Pevensey | ‡St. John Baptist | 1302 | — | Town | — - or Westham[407]| | | | | - | | | | | - Playden, _v._ | | | | | - Rye | | | | | - | | | | | - Rye or Playden | St. Bartholomew | 1219 | — | Alien, | L - | | | |Crown, Town| - | | | | | - Seaford, near | St. James | 1171 | Roger de | Chichester| L - | | | Fraxeto | Cathedral | - | | | | | - Seaford, without| St. Leonard | _bef_ | Roger de | Chichester| — - | | 1256 | Fraxeto | Cathedral | - | | | | | - Shoreham | St. James | 1249 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Shoreham | St. Katherine[408] | 1366 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Sompting, | | | | | - _v._ Cookham | | | | | - | | | | | - Westham, | | | | | - _v._ Pevensey | | | | | - | | | | | - West Tarring | St. Mary | 1277 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Winchelsea[409] | †St. Bartholomew | 1292 | — | Town | — - | | | | | - Winchelsea | †St. John | 1292 | — | Town | — - | | | | | - Winchelsea | Holy Cross[410] | 1253 | — | — | — - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - Windeham | St. Edmund, | 1253 | Bishop | Bishop | — - | Conf.[411] | | Richard | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - - -[p326] - -XXXV. WARWICKSHIRE - - ----------------+-----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+-----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - Birmingham | [St. Mary V.[412] &] | 1286 | — | — | — - | St. Thomas M. | | | | - | | | | | - Bretford | St. Edmund[413] | 1180 | Turville | Private | L - (Wolstan) | | | | | - | | | | | - Coventry | St. John B. (Seal) | 1175 | Archdn. & | Priory | — - | | | Prior | | - | | | | | - Coventry |St. Mary Magd. | 1181 | Hugh | Various | L - Spon near | (Seal[414]) | | Keveliog | [415] | - | | | | | - Coventry | St. Leonard[416] | 1252 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Coventry | Hospital[417] | 1370 | William | — | — - | | | Walssh | | - | | | | | - Coventry Bablake| *‡Holy Trinity | 1507 | T. Bonde | Gild, etc.| — - | | | | | - Coventry | *‡Almshouse[418] | 1529 | W. Ford | — | — - | | | | | - Henley in Arden | — | _re-f_| — | Gild | — - | | 1449 | | | - | | | | | - Stratford-on- | Holy Cross (Seal)[419]| 1269 | — | Fraternity| — - Avon | | | | | - | | | | | - Studley | — | — | W. de | Priory | — - | | | Cantilupe | | - | | | | | - Warwick | [Holy Ghost[420] &] | _c._ | Earl Wm. | — | — - | St. John B. | 1183 | or Henry | | - | | | | | - Warwick | St. Michael | _c._ | Earl Roger | Earldom | L - | | 1135 | | | - | | | | | - Warwick | St. Thomas of | — | Earl | Knights | — - (without) | Canterbury | | | Templars| - | | | | | - Warwick | St. Laurence | 1255 | — | — | L - ----------------+-----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - - -[p327] - -XXXVI. WESTMORLAND - - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - Appleby | St. Nicholas | _bef_ | — | Private, | L - | | 1240 | |Shap Abbey | - | | | | | - Brough under | St. Mary V. & | 1506 | J. | Shap Abbey| — - Stanemoor | St. Gabriel | | Brunskill | | - | | | | | - Kendal | St. Leonard | 1189 | De Ros | Private, | L - (Kirkby-in-) | | | | Conishead | - [421] | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Kirkby, _v._ | | | | | - Kendal | | | | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+-------------+-----------+--- - - -[p328] - -XXXVII. WILTSHIRE - - ----------------+----------------------+-------+--------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+--------------+-----------+--- - Bedwin | St. John Baptist[422]| — | — | — | — - | | | | | - Bradford-on-Avon| St. Margaret[423] | 1235 | King |Shaftesbury| L - | | | | Abbey | - | | | | | - Bradford-on-Avon| St. Katherine[424] | — | — | — | — - | | | | | - Bradley, Maiden | St. Mary V. [and | _c._ | Manser and | — | L - | St. Matthew[425]] or | 1190 | Margery | | - | [St. Lazarus] (Seal) | | Bisset | | - | | | | | - Calne, near | St. John B. | 1202 | Lord Zouche | — | — - | [& St. Anthony[426]]| | | | - | | | | | - Chippenham | St. Laurence[427] | 1338 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Cricklade | St. John Baptist | 1231 | Guarin | Bishop of | — - | | | | Sarum | - | | | | | - Devizes | St. John Baptist | 1207 | — | Town | — - | | | | | - Devizes | St. James & St. Denys| 1207 | — | — | L - (Southbroom) | | | | | - | | | | | - Easton | — | 1246 | Stephen, | Private | — - Royal[428] | | | Archdeacon | | - | | | | | - Fugglestone, | | | | | - _v._ Wilton | | | | | - | | | | | - Heytesbury | †St. John or St. | _c._ | Walter, Lord | Various | — - | Katherine (Seal) | 1449 | Hungerford | | - | | | | | - Malmesbury |†St. John Baptist[429]| — | — | — | — - | | | | | - Malmesbury | St. Anthony[430] | 1245 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Malmesbury |St. Mary | _bef_ | — | — | L - (Burton by) | Magdalene[431] | 1222 | | | - | | | | | - [p329] | | | | | - | | | | | - Marlborough[432]| St. John Baptist | 1215 | Levenoth | Town | — - | | | | | - Marlborough | St. Thomas M. | _bef_ | — | Manor | — - | | 1246 | | (Crown), | - | | | | Gilbertine| - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Salisbury | *‡St. Nicholas[433] | 1214 | Bishop | Bishop, | — - (Harnham Bridge)| (Seal) | | | Dean & | - | | | | Chapter | - | | | | | - Salisbury | ‡Holy Trinity [& St. | _bef_ | Agnes | Town | — - | Thomas M.] (Seals) | 1379 |Bottenham[434]| | - | | | | | - Salisbury (East | — | 1361 | — | — | L - Harnham)[435]| | | | | - | | | | | - Sarum, Old[436] | — | 1195 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Sarum, Old or | St. John Baptist | 1231 | — | — | — - Stratford[437]| | | | | - | | | | | - Southbroom, | | | | | - _v._ Devizes | | | | | - | | | | | - Stratford, | | | | | - _v._ Sarum | | | | | - | | | | | - Trowbridge | Almshouse | 1483 | J. Terumber | — | — - | | | | | - Wilton or | †‡St. Giles [& St. | _c._ | Queen Adela |Crown, Town| L - Fugglestone | Anthony[438]] (Seal) | 1135 | | | - | | | | | - Wilton | *‡St. John Baptist | 1190 |Bishop Hubert | — | — - (Ditchampton) | | | | | - | | | | | - Wilton | ‡St. Mary Magdalene | 1307 | — | Abbey | — - | | | | | - Wootton Bassett | St. John Baptist | 1266 | P. Basset & | Various | — - | | | Rector | [439] | - ----------------+----------------------+-------+--------------+-----------+--- - - -[p330] - -XXXVIII. WORCESTERSHIRE - - ----------------+-------------------+-------+---------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+-------------------+-------+---------------+-----------+--- - Droitwich or | St. Mary B.V.[440]| _bef_ | Wm. de Dover, | Worcester | — - Dodderhill | (_Seal_) | 1285 | Rector | Priory | - | | | | | - Worcester, near | ‡St. Oswald[441] | _bef_ |_Bishop Oswald_| Worcester | L - | | 1205 | | Priory | - | | | | | - Worcester | _St. Mary_{441} | 1257 | — | — | L - | | | | | - Worcester | *St. Wulstan[442] | _c._ | Bishop Wulstan| Bishop | — - (without) | (Seal) | 1085 | | | - | | | | | - Worcester | Trinity Hall | xvi | — | Gild | — - | Almshouses | cent. | | | - ----------------+-------------------+-------+---------------+-----------+--- - - -[p331] - -XXXIX. YORKSHIRE - - ----------------+-------------------+-------+---------------+-----------+--- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ |_Date._| _Founder._ | _Patron._ | - | _Description._ | | | | - ----------------+-------------------+-------+---------------+-----------+--- - _Aberford_[443] | — | _bef_ | — | — | — - | | 1454 | | | - | | | | | - Allerton, _v._ | | | | | - Northallerton | | | | | - | | | | | - Bagby[444] | — | _c._ | Mowbray | St. | — - | | 1200 | | Leonard’s,| - | | | | York | - | | | | | - Bawtry, _v._ | | | | | - Notts | | | | | - | | | | | - Beverley | St. Giles | _bef_ | Wulse | Abp., | — - | | 1223 | | Wartre | - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Beverley in | St. Nicholas | _bef_ | — | Town | — - Friary by | | 1286 | | | - | | | | | - Beverley | | 1392 | — | Town | L - without | | | | | - Keldgate Bar | | | | | - | | | | | - | | | | | - Beverley | Holy Trinity | 1398 | John Ake | Town | — - Crossbridge | | | | | - | | | | | - Beverley | St. John _Baptist_| 1454 | — | — | — - Laithgate | | | | | - | | | | | - Beverley | St. Mary B.V. | 1442 | — | Gild, Town| — - without N. Bar| | | | | - | | | | | - Blyth, _v._ | | | | | - Notts | | | | | - | | | | | - Braceford[445], | St. Helen | _bef_ | — | Private | — - nr. Harpham | | 1389 | | | - | | | | | - Bridlington[446]| — | 1342 | — | Priory | — - | | | | | - Brompton, | | | | | - Brough, _v._ | | | | | - Catterick | | | | | - | | | | | - Broughton | St. Mary Magdalene| 1154 | Eustace | — | — - nr. Malton | | | FitzJohn | | - | | | | | - Catterick nr. | St. Giles | 1231 | _H. | Private | — - Brompton-on- | | | FitzRandolph_| | - Swale | | | | | - | | | | | - [p332] | | | | | - | | | | | - Clitheroe, | | | | | - _v._ Lancs | | | | | - | | | | | - Doncaster | St. Nicholas | 1213 | — | Beigham | — - | | | | Abbey | - | | | | | - Doncaster | St. James (Seal) | 1227 | — | Private, | L - | | | | St. Thos. | - | | | | of Acon | - | | | | | - Doncaster (by | St. Edmund K.[447]| 1318 | — | — | — - bridge) | | | | | - | | | | | - Doncaster | _St. Leonard_ | — | — | — | — - | | | | | - Edisford, | | | | | - _v._ Lancs | | | | | - | | | | | - Flixton[448] | St. Mary V. & | x | Acehorne | — | — - | St. Andrew | cent. | | | - | | | | | - Foulsnape, _v._ | | | | | - Pontefract | | | | | - | | | | | - Fountains | — | 1247 | Abbot John | Abbey | — - | | | (_ben._) | | - | | | | | - Gainsborough | Almshouse | 1495 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Hedon, Newton by| St. Sepulchre | 1205 | Alan | Private | L - | | | FitzHubert | | - | | | | | - Hedon or Newton | St. Mary Magd. | 1162 | Wm. le Gros | Earls of | L - Garth[449] | (Seal) | | | Albemarle,| - | | | | Crown | - | | | | | - Hedon | _St. Leonard_ | 1413 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Hessle | St. James[450] | — | — | — | — - | | | | | - _Hoperton_ | _Bedehouse_ | 1500 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Hutton Locras, | | | | | - _v._ Lowcross | | | | | - | | | | | - Killingwold- | St. Mary Magdalene| _c._ | — | Archbishop| — - grove[451] | | 1169 | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | God’s House | 1344 | J. de Kingston| — | — - Hull | | | | | - | | | | | - [p333] | | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | ‡Maison Dieu, or | 1365 | W. and | Private | — - Hull (Myton) | St. Michael, St. | | Michael Pole | | - | Thomas M., etc. or| | | | - | Holy Trinity | | | | - | (Seal)[452] | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- |Mariners or Trinity| 1369 | — | Fraternity| — - Hull |and Blessed Virgin | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- |Corpus Christi[453]| _1416_| John Gregg | — | — - Hull | | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- |Holy Trinity or New| 1482 | — | — | — - Hull | Maison Dieu | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | Maison Dieu or | 1380 | Ravenser | — | — - Hull | Almshouse | | & Selby | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | Maison Dieu or | 1400 | Simon | — | — - Hull | Almshouse | | de Grimsby | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | Maison Dieu or | 1412 | Bedforth | — | — - Hull | Almshouse | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | Maison Dieu or | 1439 | Aldwick | — | — - Hull | Almshouse | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | Maison Dieu or | 1503 | Adrianson | — | — - Hull | Almshouse | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | Maison Dieu or | 1509 | Riplingham | — | — - Hull | Almshouse | | | | - | | | | | - Kingston-upon- | St. James | 1513 | — | — | — - Hull | | | | | - | | | | | - Laysingby nr. | St. Mary B.V | 1294 | J. | Bishop of | — - Northallerton | | | Lythegrayns | Durham | - | | | | | - Lowcross[454] | St. Leonard | — | — | Private, | L - | | | |Guisborough| - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Malton, | | | | | - _v._ Norton | | | | | - | | | | | - Myton, | | | | | - _v._ Kingston | | | | | - | | | | | - Newton, _v._ | | | | | - Hedon | | | | | - | | | | | - [p334] | | | | | - | | | | | - Northallerton | St. James (Seal) | _bef_ | Bishop Philip | Bishop of | — - (Romanby) | | 1208 | | Durham | - | | | | | - Northallerton | ‡Maison Dieu | 1476 | Moore & | — | — - | | | Strangways | | - | | | | | - Norton nr. | St. Nicholas | 1189 | R. de | — | — - Malton | | | Flamvill | | - | | | | | - Otley | — | 1311 | Abp. | Archbishop| L - | | | _Thurstan_ | | - | | | | | - Pickering | St. Nicholas | 1325 | — | Duchy of | — - | | | | Lancaster,| - | | | | Crown | - | | | | | - Pontefract | ‡St. Nicholas | _bef_ | _re-f._ | Duchy, | — - | | 1135 | R. de Lacy | Nostell | - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Pontefract by | St. Mary Magdalene| 1286 | Henry de Lacy | — | L - | | | | | - Pontefract | St. Mary B.V. | 1335 | Tabourere | — | — - | | | | | - Pontefract | ‡Holy Trinity & | 1385 | R. Knolles | Duchy, | — - | B.V.M.[455] | | | Nostell | - | (_Seal_) | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Pontefract or | St. Michael the | 1220 | — | St. John’s| L - Foulsnape | Archangel | | | Priory or | - | | | | Burton | - | | | | Lazars | - | | | | | - Rerecross, | | | | | - _v._ Stanemoor | | | | | - | | | | | - Richmond, near | St. Nicholas | 1172 | Henry II. or | Various | — - | (Seal[456]) | | Glanvill[457] | [458] | - | | | | | - Richmond, by | St. Giles | 1402 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Ripon | *‡St. John Baptist| 1114 | Abp. Thomas II| Archbishop| — - | | | | | - Ripon | *‡St. Mary M. | _bef_ | Abp. Thurstan | Archbishop| L - (Stammergate) | (Seal[459]) | 1139 | | | - | | | | | - Ripon (Bondgate)| St. Nicholas[460] | 1350 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Ripon | *‡St. Anne | 1438 | Neville | — | — - | (Maison Dieu) | | | | - | | | | | - [p335] | | | | | - | | | | | - Scarborough, by | St. Nicholas | _bef_ | — | Town | — - | | 1298 | | | - | | | | | - Scarborough | ‡St. Thomas M. | 1189 | H. de Bulemore| Town | — - | | | | | - Sheffield | St. Leonard | 1189 | W. de Lovetot | — | — - | | | | | - Sherburn-in- | St. Mary Magdalene| 1311 | — | Archbishop| — - Elmet | | | | | - | | | | | - Skipton | St. Mary Magdalene| 1306 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Sprotburgh, near| St. Edmund | 1363 | Fitzwilliam | Private | — - | | | | | - Stanemoor or | “Spital upon | 1171 | — | Private, | — - Rerecross | Stanemoor” | | | Marrick | - | | | | Nunnery | - | | | | | - Terrington[461] | — | 1288 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Tickhill | St. Leonard | 1225 | — | — | L - (without) | | | | | - | | | | | - Tickhill | Maison Dieu | 1326 | — | Humberston| — - | | | | Priory | - | | | | | - Tickhill | Maison Dieu | — | John of Gaunt | — | — - (Blyth Road) | | | | | - | | | | | - Well, nr. Bedale| ‡St. Michael the | 1342 | _re-f._ | — | — - | Archangel | | R. de Neville | | - | | | | | - _Wentbridge_ | _St. Mary_[462] | 1348 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Whitby | St. Michael[463] | 1109 | Abbot William | Abbey | L - | | | | | - Whitby | St. John Baptist | 1320 | — | — | — - | | | | | - Yarm, near | St. Nicholas | 1185 | Brus | Private, | — - | | | | Helaugh | - | | | | Park | - | | | | | - York | St. Peter (Seal) | x | Athelstan | Minster | — - | *St. Leonard[464] | cent. | | | - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - York | St. Peter (Seal) | _re-f_| Stephen | Crown | — - | *St. Leonard | 1135 | | | - | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - York without | St. Nicholas | 1142 | King & Abbot | Crown | L - Walmgate | | | | | - | | | | | - York | St. Giles | 1274 | — | — | — - | | | | | - York without | ‡St. Thomas M. | 1390 | — | — | — - Micklegate | (Seal) | | | | - | | | | | - [p336] | | | | | - | | | | | - York, Boothum | St. Mary B. V. | 1318 | R. de | — | — - | (Seal[465]) | |Pickering, Dean| | - | | | | | - York, Boothum | St. Mary B.V. | 1481 | J. Gysburgh, | — | — - | “the Less” | | Precentor | | - | | | | | - York, | ‡St. | 1333 | — | — | L - Dringhouses | Katherine[466] | | | | - | | | | | - York, Fossgate | ‡[Holy Jesus & | 1365 | John | Merchant | — - | B. V. M. or] | | de Roucliff |Adventurers| - |Trinity[467] (Seal)| | | | - | | | | | - York, Monkbridge| St. Loy[468] | — | — | — | — - | | | | | - York, Monkbridge| St. Leonard[469] | 1350 | — | — | _L_ - | | | | | - York, Gillygate,| ‡St. Anthony[470] | _bef_ | J. Langton | — | — - Peasholm | | 1429 | & Gild | | - | | | | | - York, Fishergate| Spital | 1399 | — | — | — - | | | | | - York, | Maison Dieu | — | Bygod | — | — - Laithorpegate | | | | | - | | | | | - York, Ousebridge| Maison Dieu | 1319 | — | — | — - | | | | | - York, Markyate | Maison Dieu | 1406 | R. Howme | — | — - | | | | | - York, Hestergate| Maison Dieu | 1390 | T. Howme | — | — - | | | | | - York, Mickelgate| Maison Dieu | — | Sir R. | — | — - | | | de York | | - | | | | | - York, | Maison Dieu | 1481 | — | — | — - Whitefriars | | | | | - | | | | | - York, Peterlane | Maison Dieu | 1390 | J. de | — | — - | | | Derthyngton | | - | | | | | - York, | Maison Dieu | 1397 | J. Acastre | — | — - Northstreet | | | | | - | | | | | - York, S. | Maison Dieu | 1397 | R. Duffield | — | — - Andrew’s Lane | | | | | - ----------------+-------------------+-------+---------------+-----------+--- - -N.B.—The County of Monmouth is not included as it formed part of Wales -until the sixteenth century. - - -[p337] - -UNIDENTIFIED - - ----------------+---------------------+---------------+----------------- - _Locality._ | _Dedication or_ | _Date._ | _County_ - | _Description._ | | - ----------------+---------------------+---------------+----------------- - | | | - Beghton[471] | St. Luke Ev. (L) | Pat. 1335 | — - | | | - Chestnuts, | (L) | Pat. 1256 | ? Kent - Wood of[472] | | | - | | | - Cheston | St. Erasmus & | — | — - | St. Mary M.[473] | | - | | | - Clayhanger | — | Pat. 1253 | ? Middlesex - | | | - Clelecombe[474] | St. John Baptist | Pat. 1332 | — - | | | - Hareford[475] | St. Mary | Close 1309 | — - | | | - Lanford[476] | (L) | Will 1307 | Exeter Diocese - | | | - Langeford | (L) | Pat. 1275 | — - | | | - Merston, |St. John Baptist[477]| _temp._ | Wilts - nr. Chelworth | | Henry III. | - | | | - Newenham |St. Mary Magdalene(L)| Pat. 1256 | Newnham Regis, - | | | Warwick, or - | | | Newnham-on-Severn, - | | | Glos. Cf. Newnham - | | | Murren, Oxon. - | | | - Newenham | St. Mary Magdalene | Pat. 1226 | Newnham Regis, - | | | Warwick, or - | | | Newnham-on-Severn, - | | | Glos. Cf. Newnham - | | | Murren, Oxon. - | | | - Newenham | St. Margaret | Pat. 1332–3–4 | Newnham Regis, - | | | Warwick, or - | | | Newnham-on-Severn, - | | | Glos. Cf. Newnham - | | | Murren, Oxon. - | | | - “Novus Locus” | — | Close 1235 | Cf. New Place by - | | | Guildford - | | | - Scevenloke, | St. Leonard | Pat. 1232 | — - de la[478] | | | - | | | - Teneleshend[479]| St. Leonard | _c._ 1270 | Yorks - ----------------+---------------------+---------------+----------------- - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[165] This is identical with the 3rd Ordo given in Martene, lib. iii. -c.x., from the Ritual of Bourges and Sens issued by the command of -Cardinal Borbonius (Henderson). - -[166] _Domum_ (Henderson); or, reading _Donum_ (with Martene, etc.) we -may translate this:—“may obtain the gift of everlasting salvation.” - -[167] Lincoln Taxation. - -[168] In parish of Luton, _q.v._ - -[169] “Order of St. William in the Desert” (Patent 1253); -Suntingfield-by-Boulogne (Charter Roll 1285, Pat. 1393); Crown; King’s -Coll. Camb. There was “a house of St. Cross belonging to them” (Pat. -1393); possibly Ludgershall, Bucks? - -[170] Private; Bishop of Lincoln; Dunstable Priory. - -[171] Pat. 1232. - -[172] Re-founded as “Christ’s.” - -[173] Called “King John’s” locally. - -[174] In Oxfordshire; cf. Crowmarsh. - -[175] United 1384. - -[176] Gervase of Canterbury. - -[177] Pat. 1252. - -[178] Under Suntingfield-by-Boulogne; cf. Farley, Beds. - -[179] Pat. 1384. - -[180] Cf. “House of lepers by bridge,” Tickfort by Newport (Pat. 1275). - -[181] Now “Queen Anne’s.” - -[182] Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8. - -[183] Probably Newport, Essex, but one called New Hospital existed _c._ -1240. - -[184] St. Giles (Pat. 1228), St. Margaret (Close 1229). Cf. Pat. 1392. -St. Gilbert & St. Margaret (Bp.’s Reg. 1368). Or the Loke. - -[185] Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8. - -[186] United _c._ 1240. - -[187] Or Hermitage. - -[188] Or Fraternity. - -[189] Cf. Pat. 1256. Fair, Exaltation of Holy Cross. - -[190] Bp. Fordham Reg. 1391, 1394. - -[191] Or Knights Hospitallers. - -[192]? Now “King John’s.” - -[193] Boughton Spital. Seal(?) B.M. Cat. 2687. - -[194] Or God, St. Mary and All Saints (Pat. 1283). - -[195] Lepers also at Redruth, Mousehole near Penzance, Dynmur near -Bodmin, Truro, Glas, etc. (_Vide_ will of Bishop Bitton, 1307; -_Lancet_, 1890.) - -[196] Oliver. - -[197] _Archæologia_ xxiv. 178. - -[198] Drawing in Pigott Collection, Taunton Castle. - -[199] Carew. - -[200] See Pipe Rolls. Also Charter Roll 1290. - -[201] In Vale of St. John. - -[202] Cf. Pat. 1383. - -[203] St. Nicholas’ chapel added 1406. - -[204] Leper hospital, Pat. 1251, 1255, 1258. For St. John cf. _Rot. -Hundredorum_, vol. ii. 298, 3 Edw. I. - -[205] Or Spittel-on-Peak. - -[206] Pat. 1258. - -[207] Locko Charity exists. - -[208] Lepers also at Okehampton, Sutton, Cleve, Modbury, Chadelynton, -Dartmouth, Newton Ferrers, Topsham, Denbury, Tremeton, St. German’s, -etc. (Will 1307, cf. Cornwall.) - -[209] Or B.V.M., St. Gabriel & All Angels. - -[210] Or “Hospital behind St. Nicholas,” afterwards united with St. -John. - -[211] B.V.M., St. John B. & All Saints (Charter) - -[212] Chapel, Holy Trinity. - -[213] Or Combrew; chapel, St. Roch. - -[214] Will (Somerset Rec. Soc. xvi. 129). - -[215] Present Almshouse St. Loye. - -[216] _Archæologia_, xii. 211. - -[217] Chapel, St. John Ev. - -[218] Seal B.M., lxii. 13. Cat. 4203 ascribes to Ben. Priory. - -[219] Chantry Cert. - -[220] Seal B.M. Mediæval Room, Case D, matrix. - -[221] Durham Convent’s Almoner’s Book, p. 139. In St. Oswald’s parish -(Pat. 1292). - -[222] Will, Mickleton MSS., vol. 47. - -[223] United. - -[224] St. Cuthbert added in charter. - -[225] Seal, Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 7. - -[226] _Vita S. Godrici._ - -[227] Now “Christ’s.” - -[228] Between Wear and Tyne. - -[229] Holy Cross (Pat. 1283). Afterwards “Almighty God, Mary the Mother -of Jesus Christ, St. Helen, St. Katherine and All Saints.” - -[230] Seal of Gild. - -[231] Pap. Letter 1402. Ely Reg. 1404. “Hermitage,” Pat. 1402. - -[232] Under Mont Joux, Savoy. - -[233] Cf. St. Mary (Pat. 1349). - -[234] Private, Crown, Bykenacre Priory, Beeleigh Abbey. - -[235] Or Sydeburnebrok (Pat. 1341), near Brentwood. - -[236] Chapel, St. Margaret. - -[237] Manor of Bristol, Crown, Westbury College, etc. - -[238] Domus Dei by Frome Bridge (Pat. 1387). - -[239] In Somerset. - -[240] Or Baptist (Pat. 1306). - -[241] Chapel, St. Ursula. - -[242] “St. John of Jerusalem” (Papal Letters 1291). - -[243] Or Isabel Ferrers. - -[244] Lorrenge, near Dursley. - -[245] Pat. 1256. - -[246] Charter, 1 John. - -[247] United (Pat. 1340). - -[248] Close 1318. - -[249] Charter to lazars of Ferham (Pemb. Coll. Camb.). - -[250] Or Holy Trinity, B.V.M., St. Cross, St. Michael & All SS. (Close -1215); cf. Seal. - -[251] Pat. 1340. - -[252] Pat. 1317. - -[253] Pat. 1315. - -[254] Soc. Antiq., and _Vet. Mon._ III 12. - -[255] Seal, Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8., _v._ also Cal. Anc. Deeds II. - -[256] “Hospital for lepers of St. Augustine” (Pat. 1352). - -[257] Pat. 1340. - -[258] Hist. MSS. 13th R. (4) 314. - -[259] Pat. 1397. - -[260] Pat. 1317 may refer to one of above hospitals. - -[261] Cf. Cal. of Inquisitions I 538; cf. also Trinitarian Friary (Pat. -1287). - -[262] In Cambridgeshire. - -[263] Afterwards Priory. - -[264] Close 1327. - -[265] Charter 1232 and _Liber Antiq. Hugonis Wells_ (1209–35); or -Priory. - -[266] In Great Stukeley (Pat. 1391). - -[267] Pat. 1328. - -[268] Gervase of Canterbury mentions hospitals of Bakechild and St. -John in Blen; cf. Blien, Pipe Rolls and _Rot. Cancell._ - -[269] Or St. Nicholas (Harris). - -[270] Chapel St. Mary V. (Pat. 1326). Double Dedication Pat. 1353. - -[271] United with St. Thomas M. - -[272] Cf. “Infirmis de Salt Wuda” (Pipe Rolls, 1168–9). - -[273] Close 1299. - -[274] Harris. - -[275] Thus _Gent. Mag._, 1842; also called Newark. - -[276] Papal Lett. 1422. - -[277] Pat. 1241. - -[278] Close 1343. - -[279] Lepers “de Albo Fossato” (Pat. 1253) or “Wyddych” (Pat. 1443) or -“next Strood” (Wills). - -[280] Canterbury Chapter Library. - -[281] _Re-f._ 1363 by J. Fraunceys (_Lit. Cant._ ii. 436). - -[282] Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8. - -[283] Or “Maldry.” - -[284] Chapel, St. Thomas, M. (V.C.H.) - -[285] Possibly identical. - -[286] Or “Newark.” - -[287] In Yorkshire; called “Edisford.” - -[288] Afterwards Priory. - -[289] Honor of Lancaster, Crown, Seton Nunnery. - -[290] Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. - -[291] Or St. Mary and Holy Saviour, or “under Longridge”; afterwards -under Templars or Hospitallers. - -[292] St. John B. in Valor Ecc. - -[293] Or Newark; now Trinity. - -[294] Pap. Lett. 1435–6. - -[295] Close 1294, 1335. Cf. Skirbeck. - -[296] Pat. 1319. - -[297] Afterwards Priory. - -[298] Hist. MSS., 14th R. (8), 258. - -[299] Double dedication Pat. 1346; chapel, St. Mary Magd. (Pat. 1339). -Called Mallardly. - -[300] Or Priory. - -[301] Or Uffington. - -[302] Collegiate Church of Holy Trinity, SS. Mary, Peter, John Ev. & -John B. - -[303] Pat. 1319. - -[304] Braynford, “S. Ludowicus,” Ely Reg. Fordham f. 180. - -[305] Cf. St. Bartholomew’s Chapel, Hackney, called Loke. - -[306] Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 9. - -[307] “Hundeslawe,” Rot. Chart., 2 John, m. 32 _d._ - -[308] Cf. Seal. B.V.M. & St. Leonard. Chapel, Holy Trinity. - -[309] Stow mentions Alien Hospitals at Holborn, Aldersgate, Cripplegate. - -[310] Parish church, St. Giles; chapel, St. Michael. - -[311] Chapels, SS. Catherine, Nicholas & Andrew. - -[312] Or “of Acres.” Chapel, St. Cross (Pap. Let. 1365). - -[313] Or Blessed Jesus, B.V.M. & St. John B. - -[314] “The Papey,” or St. Augustine’s, for Priests. - -[315] Chapel, Holy Trinity. - -[316] Dugdale. - -[317] Between Mile End and Stratford. - -[318] Between Shoreditch and Stoke Newington. - -[319] Chapel, St. Paul. - -[320] Afterwards Priory. - -[321] Or Boycodeswade in E. Rudham. - -[322] Chapel, St. Bartholomew; afterwards Abbey. - -[323] Or Setche Parva. - -[324] Or St. Mary & St. Stephen; sometimes Priory. - -[325] Or Priory. - -[326] Norman’s Spital. - -[327] Holy Trinity, B.V.M., St. Anne, St. Giles and All Saints, or St. -Mary and St. Giles (Pap. Lett. 1255). - -[328] _Index Monasticus._ - -[329] Close 1335, but probably Benedictine Cell. - -[330] United. - -[331] Chapel, St. Julian. - -[332] In Suffolk. - -[333] B.M. lxvi. 10, Cat. 3974, unidentified, but cf. _Sigilla Antiq. -Norfolc._ (Ives); also Palmer I, 368. - -[334] Originally St. John Ap.; St. John B. occurs 1301. - -[335] B. M. Mediæval Room, Case D, matrix. - -[336] Cal. of Inq. V, p. 256. - -[337] Cf. “Infirmis de Hecham” (Pipe Rolls). - -[338] Probably identical with St. James’, Rushden, 1230, Reg. of Hugh -of Wells (Cant. and Yk. Soc., p. 153). - -[339] Pat. 1258, Bridges II, 473. - -[340] Peck, _Antiq. Annals_, vii. pp. 7, 12; _Survey_, p. 5. - -[341] In Lincolnshire. - -[342] In Scotland. - -[343] Segden by Berwick. - -[344] Cf. Papal Letters, 1290, Pat. 1348. - -[345] Pat. 1246. Cf. Trinitarian House on Bridge, but J. Scott mentions -three hospitals besides Friary. - -[346] Cal. Inquisitions II. - -[347] Pat. 1331. - -[348] In Redesdale. - -[349] Spiteldene. - -[350] Upon Blyth. - -[351] Pat. 1391. - -[352] _History of Northumberland_, V, 237. - -[353] Occasionally “Baptist.” - -[354] Pat. 1330, 1332. - -[355] _Records_, i, 126. - -[356] Chapels, St. Mary, St. Thomas M. - -[357] Chapel St. Mary B.V. (1311). - -[358] In Northants. - -[359] Possibly never completed. - -[360] Occasionally “Baptist.” - -[361] Near Cropredy; Gilbertine Priory. - -[362] Cf. Wallingford and Newnham. - -[363] Pat. 1330, 1346, at Rotherweye. - -[364] Pat. 1345. - -[365] See Wood. - -[366] Fraternity. - -[367] Also House of SS. Nonne and Sonndaye, _c._ 1560 (W. A. Bewes, -_Briefs_). - -[368] One almshouse built 1220 (Close Rolls). Cf. Leper women of -Woodstock (Close, 234). - -[369] Afterwards College. - -[370] Towards Oldbury. Cf. “St. Lazarus,” Close 1231. - -[371] Eyton’s _Salop_, I 16, 349. - -[372] Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 7. - -[373] Existing 1554, Hist. MSS. 13th R. (4) 281. - -[374] “Del Path by Newport.” - -[375] St. Nicholas, Christ, B.V.M. and All SS. - -[376] Owen and Blakeway’s _Hist._ ii. 173. - -[377] id. ii, 470. cf. B.M. lxxi 34. - -[378] Annexed to St. John’s. - -[379] Chapel of St. Michael attached. - -[380] Cf. Lincoln Taxation. - -[381] Chant. Cert. - -[382] W. Phelps gives St. Margaret’s; cf. Warner. - -[383] Will of Bishop Hugh, 1212, Pat. 1235. - -[384] B.M. civ. 13. Cf. Soc. Antiq. _Minutes_ iv. 189. - -[385] In Curry Rivell. - -[386] Will, _supra._ - -[387] Pat. 1334. - -[388] Rot. Claus. 1220. - -[389] Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 9. - -[390] Chant. Cert. - -[391] Chapel, St. Thomas M. - -[392] Index Mon. - -[393] Southtown or Little Yarmouth. See B. M. Egerton, 2130. - -[394] B.M. lxxi, 103. Cat. 3216. - -[395] United. - -[396] N. Bacon’s _Annalls_. - -[397] Pat. 1231, 1331. - -[398] Afterwards Priory. - -[399] “Commonly called of the Holy Ghost” (Pat. 1436); St. Mary & All -SS. (Stow). - -[400] Seal shows St. Michael. Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8. - -[401] Originally Holy Trinity & St. Thomas; now in Lambeth. - -[402] “Le Loke”; “atte Stonlok”; without St. George’s Bar; or the -lepers of St. Thomas Wateryng. - -[403] Occurs 1345. - -[404] Lewes Museum (64). - -[405] Private, Heringham Priory, Knights Hosp. - -[406] Pat. 1251. - -[407] Called Gorogltown. - -[408] Afterwards St. Saviour (Seal). Cf. Leper-house, 1287. - -[409] Leper-house mentioned 1287. - -[410] Pat. 1253; or Holy Rood, Pat. 1426. - -[411] Or with St. Mary. - -[412] Pap. Lett., 1437. - -[413] There was Leper-house, _c._ 1180; cf. Pat. 1274. St. Edmund -occurs Pat. 1257. - -[414] Soc. Antiq. E. II, 4 B. 8. - -[415] Priories of Basingwerk, Coventry, and Studley. - -[416] Pat. 1252, 1256. - -[417] W. Salt Arch. Trans. 8, New Series. - -[418] Called Greyfriars. - -[419] Cf. Papal Petition, 1364; Pap. Lett., 1427, 1432. - -[420] Double dedication, Pat. 1337. - -[421] Cf. “Haye” (Pat. 1297). - -[422] P. R. O. Ancient Deeds, _C._ 3000. - -[423] Pat. 1235, _Wilts Mag._, v. 36. - -[424] _Wilts Mag._, xx. 316. - -[425] Pat. 1242. Fair on Feast of St. Matthew (Charter 1215); cf. -Surtees Soc. xxxi. 83, 91. - -[426] Pat. 1248. - -[427] Pat. 1338. - -[428] Served by Maturin Friars. - -[429] _Reg. Malmes._ ii. 75; cf. Pat. 1344–5 and _Wilts Mag._, xxix. -122. - -[430] Pat. 1245; cf. leper-house, near South Bridge (Leland). - -[431] _temp._ Abbot Walter, _Reg. Malmes._ ii. 80; cf. Pat. 1235. Pat. -1344; cf. note 9. - -[432] Leper-house, 1221. - -[433] Chapels, St. Nicholas, St. Mary V. - -[434] _Re-f._ J. Chaundeler (Pat. 1394). - -[435] Wills, Hoare vi. 92. - -[436] Feet of Fines, 7 Ric. 1. - -[437] By the Castle. - -[438] Pat. 1465. - -[439] Despenser, Crown, etc., Bradenstoke Priory. - -[440] “Wichio,” Pat. 1285. - -[441] Probably identical. - -[442] Chapel, St. Godwald. - -[443] Yks. Arch. Soc. Record Ser. 39, p. 108. - -[444] In Kirkby Knowle. - -[445] Cf. Breydeford (Linc. Tax., 1291). - -[446] Pap. Letters, 1342. - -[447] Pat., 1318. - -[448] Or Carman’s Spital. - -[449] Neuton by Overpaghele in Holderness (Charter, 1301). - -[450] Guisboro’ Chartulary. - -[451] In Bishop Burton. - -[452] Seal, Soc. Antiq. E. II, 4 B. 8. Now Charterhouse Charity. - -[453] Or Maison Dieu of Christ. - -[454] Or Giseburn. - -[455] Or Hardwick Spital. - -[456] Yks. Arch. Journ. XIII 45. - -[457] _Re-f._ W. Ascogh 1448. - -[458] Earls of Richmond, Crown, Private. - -[459] C. Hallett, Bell’s Cath. Series, p. 138. - -[460] Pat. 1350. - -[461] Cal. of Inq. p.m. II, 666. - -[462] Pat. 1348. - -[463] Whitby Chartulary. - -[464] Or Cremet-house Chapels. St. Katherine, St. Michael. - -[465] B.M. lx. 69. Cat. of Seals 2685, ascribed to Boughton, Chester. - -[466] Pat. 1333. - -[467] St. John & Our Lady (Drake). - -[468] Drake. - -[469] Pat. 1350. Probably for lepers, cf. _Test. Ebor._ I. 414. - -[470] Pap. Lett. 1429. Cf. Pat. 1446. - -[471] “atte briggesende.” Cf. Beighton, Derbs. - -[472] “Chastynners.” Cf. note 3. - -[473] Seal,? Bodleian; cf. Soc. Antiq. E. II, 4 B. 9. “Sig hospitalis -Scōrum Erasemi et marie magdalene de Chestoñ.” Cf. note 2. - -[474] Cf. Chilcombe, Dorset. - -[475] Cf. Hertford, Hereford. - -[476] Cf. Lamford, Cornwall; drawing of seal in Taunton Castle, Pigott -Coll. - -[477] Walcott, Eng. Minsters II 275. - -[478] Cf. St. Leonard “atte Loke” in Southwark. - -[479] Bodleian Charter, No. 160. - - - - -[p339] - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - -_Monasticon Anglicanum._ . . . Dugdale. - -_Notitia Monastica._ . . . Tanner. - -_Monasticon Diœcesis Exon._ . . . G. Oliver, 1846. - -_Index Monasticus._ . . . R. C. Taylor, 1821. - -English Minsters, etc., Vol. II. . . . M. E. C. Walcott, 1879. - -Dictionary of National Biography. - -Itinerary. . . . Leland, ed. Hearne. - -Calendars of Patent and Close Rolls, Papal Registers, Chronicles and -Memorials and others of Rolls Series. - -Rolls of Parliament, Statutes, _Valor Ecclesiasticus_. - -Calendar of Letter-books, London. . . . R. R. Sharpe. - -Calendar of Wills, London. . . . R. R. Sharpe. - -Royal Wills (Nichols). _Testamenta Vetusta_ (Nicolas). - -Hospitals and Asylums of the World [Early Systems, etc.]. . . . H. -Burdett. - -Hospitals of Middle Ages, etc. [Architecture]. . . . F. T. Dollman, -1858. - -The Builder. Oct. 1908 to July 1909 [Architecture]. . . . Sidney Heath. - -Catalogue of Seals in British Museum. I. . . . W. de Gray Birch. - -Studies in Church Dedications. . . . F. E. Arnold-Forster, 1899. - -County Histories of Durham (Surtees), Leicester (Nichols), Wilts -(Hoare), etc. - -History of Northumberland, 1893. - -Victoria County History. - -Hedon (J. R. Boyle, 1895), Higham Ferrers (J. Cole, 1838), -Kingston-upon-Hull (G. Hadley, 1788), Newark (C. Brown, 1904), Sandwich -(W. Boys, 1792), Survey of London (Stow), etc. - - -[p340] - -MONOGRAPHS ON HOSPITALS - -Canterbury. . . . _Bibliotheca Topographica Brit._, Vol. I, No. xxx. -. . . J. Duncombe and N. Battely. - -Canterbury. See also Ancient Cities. . . . —— . . . J. C. Cox. - -Chichester. . . . Domus Dei. . . . H. P. Wright, 1885. - -Croydon. . . . _Bib. Top. Brit._, II. . . . Ducarel. - -Durham. . . . Kepier, etc. . . . Surtees Society, Vol. 95. - -Gretham. . . . Collections, 1770. - -Kingsthorpe. . . . —— . . . C. A. Markham. - -London. . . . Book of the Foundation of St. Bartholomew. . . . Norman -Moore. - -London. . . . Domus Conversorum. . . . Michael Adler, 1900. - -London. . . . Domus Conversorum. Rolls House, etc. . . . W. J. Hardy, -1896. - -London. . . . Royal Hospital of St. Katharine. . . . F. S. Lea, 1878. - -London. . . . St. Mary Roncevall. . . . James Galloway, 1907. - -London. . . . Memorials of the Savoy. . . . W. J. Loftie, 1878. - -London. . . . St. Thomas M. of Acon. . . . J. Watney, 1892. - -Portsmouth. . . . Domus Dei. . . . H. P. Wright, 1873. - -Salisbury. . . . Cartulary of St. Nicholas’ Hospital (_Wilts Record -Soc._) . . . C. Wordsworth, 1902. - -Sherburn. . . . Collections, 1773. . . . G. Allan. - -Southampton. . . . God’s House. . . . J. A. Whitlock, 1894. - -Stamford. . . . Domus Dei. . . . H. P. Wright, 1890. - -Wells. . . . Archit. History of. . . . J. H. Parker and T. Serel. - -Winchester. . . . Memorials of St. Cross. . . . L. M. Humbert, 1868. - -Winchester. . . . Hospital of St. Cross. . . . W. T. Warren. - -Worcester. . . . Annals of St. Wulstan’s. . . . F. T. Marsh, 1890. - -York. . . . Account of . . . St. Leonard’s Hospital. . . . Raine, 1898. - - -[p341] - -RECORDS, REGISTERS, ETC. - -Camden Soc., 1876, XI, Historical Collections of Citizen. . . . [W. -Gregory]. - -Canterbury and York Society. - -Exeter, Episcopal Registers of. . . . Ed. F. C. Hingeston-Randolph. - -Pipe Roll Society. - -Record Soc. of Hampshire (Winchester Registers). . . . Ed. F. J. -Baigent. - -Record Soc. of Lincoln. . . . Ed. A. W. Gibbons. - -Record Soc. of Somerset. - -Record Soc. of York (Arch. Assn.), Vols. 17, 23. - -Surtees Soc. (York Manual, York Wills, _Vita S. Godrici_, Gray’s -Register, Chantry Surveys, etc.) - -Worcester Historical Society. . . . Ed. J. Willis Bund. - -City Records of Gloucester. . . . Ed. Stevenson, 1893. - -City Records of Northampton, II. . . . Ed. J. C. Cox. - -City Records of Norwich . . . Ed. Hudson and Tingey, 1906. - -City Records of Nottingham. - - -HISTORICAL MSS. COMMISSION - -4th R.—Aynho, Blyth, Brackley, Marlborough, Oxford, Romney, etc. - -5th and 8th R.—Romney. - -6th R.—Bridport, Hythe, Southampton, Winchester. - -9th R.—Canterbury, Ewelme. - -12th R.—Gloucester. - -14th R.—Bury St. Edmunds. - -1900, Beverley. 1907, Wells, Exeter. - - -COMMISSION FOR ENQUIRING CONCERNING CHARITIES - -R. vi.—Bath. R. viii.—Northallerton. - -R. xxxii., Pt. vi.—London: Bethlehem, St. Bartholomew’s, St. Thomas’. - - -[p342] - -TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES - -Bristol and Glos. Arch., VIII, XVII (Cirencester). . . . E. A. Fuller. - -Bristol and Glos. Arch., XX (Gloucester). . . . S. E. Bartleet. - -Clifton Antiq. Club, I (St. Katherine’s Hospital). . . . A. E. Hudd. - -Clifton Antiq. Club, III (Seals). . . . R. H. Warren. - -Cumb. and Westm., X (Leper Hospitals). . . . H. Barnes. - -Arch. Cantiana, VII (Dover), VIII (Canterbury). - -Arch. Æliana, 1892 (Newcastle). . . . W. H. Knowles. - -Somerset, XVIII, ii. (Taunton). . . . T. Hugo. - -W. Salt Arch. Soc., 8 (Stafford). . . . T. J. de Mazzinghi. - -Sussex, XXIV (St. Mary’s, Chichester). . . . C. A. Swainson. - -Sussex, LI (St. Mary’s, Chichester). . . . A. Ballard. - -Wilts, XI (Heytesbury) X, XXVI (Wilton). - -Yorks, XII (Pontefract). . . . R. Holmes - - -ON LEPROSY - -Archæological Essays, II, “On Leprosy and Leper Hospitals,” etc. . . . -J. Y. Simpson, ed. John Stuart, 1872. - -British Arch. Assn., XI, 1855. . . . T. J. Pettigrew. - -New Sydenham Soc., Prize Essay. . . . George Newman, 1895. - -History of Epidemics, Vol. I, ch. II. . . . Chas. Creighton. - -Nineteenth Century, 1884, “Leprosy: Present and Past.” . . . Agnes -Lambert. - -Leprosy and Segregation. . . . H. P. Wright, 1885. - -[Cf. Statuts d’hotels-dieu et de léproseries. . . . Léon Le Grand, 1901. - - Les Maisons-Dieu et léproseries de Paris. . . . Léon Le Grand, 1898. - - Un règlement intérieur de Léproserie (Noyon) . . . A. Lefranc, 1889. - - Danish Lazar-houses (New Syd. Soc.). . . . E. Ehlers, 1901. - - Die Aussatzhäuser des Mittelalters. . . . E. Lesser, 1896.] - - - - -[p343] - -GENERAL INDEX - -N.B.—Appendix B is not included in the following Index. For references -to Saints see also under Dedications. - -Abbots, 9, 10, 38, 50, 75, 92, 121, 126, 131, 141, 190, 204, 215–7, 247 - -Abingdon, 37, 205 - -— almshouse, 120–1, 235, 249 - -Abuses, 39, 41, 141, 146, 164, 195, ch. xv, ch. xvi, _passim_ - -Acehorne, 70 - -Adam Rypp, 83 - -Adela, Queen, 73–4 - -Admission of inmates, 39, 41, 52–3, 55, 59, ch. viii _passim_, 127 _et -sq._ - -Aelred of Rievaulx, 50, 251 - -Agnes Bottenham, 89 - -Alfune, 185 - -Alien houses, 208–9, 228, 257, 258 - -Alkmonton, 44, 147, 175, 257 - -Alms, 41, 54, 64, 75, 78, 98, 134, 135, 145, 170, ch. xiii; oblations, -197 - -Alms-box, 186, 192–3 - -Alnwick, 261, 267 - -Altars, 85, 128, 152, 162 _et sq._, 252 - -_Amis and Amiloun_, 40, 104–5 - -Andrew, St., 191, _v._ Dedications - -Anthony, St., 208–9; fire of, 49, 257; pigs of, 258, _v._ Dedications - -Architecture, ch. viii - -Armiston, 175, 203 - -Arundel— - -— Holy Trinity, 19, 80, 245 - -— [St. James], 147 - -— Earls of, 80 - -Athelstan, 2, 64, 70 - -Augustine, St., _v._ Dedications, Order, Rule - -Aynho, 5, 183, 226, 253 - - -Baldock, 183 - -Bale, Bishop, 72, 193, 268 - -Bamburgh, 210 - -Banbury, 28, 81, 250 - -Barnstaple, 179 - -Barstaple, John, 18, 84, 85 - -Bartholomew, St., 93, 95, 191, _v._ Dedications, London - -— Anglicus, 43, 61, 65 - -Basingstoke, 24, 73, 203, 244 - -Bath— - -— St. John, 158, 233 - -— St. Mary M., Holloway, 34, 124, 166, 183, 248 - -— physicians of, 64 - -— prior of, 34 - -— waters, 34, 63–5 - -Battle, 3, 50 - -Bawtry, 123, 124, 183 - -Beaufort, Cardinal, 25, 81 - -Bec, 5, 267 - -Beccles, 46, 64 - -Becket, 266, 268, _v._ Thomas, St. - -Bede-houses, 15, 18, 29 - -Bedford, 17 - -— St. John, 17 n., 175, 225 - -— St. Leonard, 187, 188, 242, 262 - -Beere, Richard, 10, 121, 124 - -Beggars, begging—6, 10, 12–14, 25, 28, 53, 69, 140, 170–1, 237, 239, 259 - -Bells, 197–9; leper’s bell, 48, 68, 69 - -Benedict, St., _v._ Dedications, Order, Rule of - -Benedict of Canterbury, 65, 266 - -Bequests, 33, 154, 164, 172, 181–2, 186, 199; to lepers, ch. iv, 72, -79, 104 - -Berkeley (Longbridge), 189, 197–8, 245 - -Bermondsey, 79 - -Berwick-on-Tweed, 54, 109 - -Beverley, 6, 16, 55 - -— Holy Trinity, 141, 163–4, 234 - -— St. Giles, 2 n. - -— St. Nicholas, 224 - -Bidlington, 53, [59] - -Bishops, 2–3, 16, 126–7, 187 _et sq._, ch. xiv - -Bisset, Margaret, 74 - -Bladud, 63 - -Blind, 4, 12, 15, 24, 25, 31, 80, 95, 98, 156, 229, 231 - -Blyth, 8, 44, 254 - -Bodmin, 46, 146, 257 - -Bolton (Northumberland), 145, 267 - -_Book of the Foundation_, 77, 92, 106–7, 253 - -Boughton-under-Blean, 42 - -Brackley, 8, 84–5, 99, 124, 181, 206, 226, 253–4 - -Bracton, 57 - -Brand, 87 - -Brentford, fraternity, 246; hospital, 8, 261–2 - -Brentwood, 62 - -Bridgwater, 5, 27, 122, 153, 159, 206, 213, 270 - -Bridport— - -— St. John, 150 - -— St. Mary M., Allington, 138, 145, 189 - -Briefs, 34, 41, 187 _et sq._ - -Brinklow, (Mors), 14, 224, 228–9, 231 - -Bristol, 22, 32, 54, 88, 99 - -— Foster’s almshouse, 124, 234, 247 - -— Holy Trinity, 18, 85, 163 - -— St. Bartholomew, 19, 65, 89, 182, 226, 256 - -— St. John, 250 - -— St. Katherine, 127, 260 - -— St. Lawrence, 72, 257 - -— St. Mark, 125, 127, 149, 166, 170, 174, 199, 206, 236, 247, 254–5 - -— St. Mary M., 147, 198–9, 201, 252 - -Briwere, William, 76 - -Brough, 11, 197, 246 - -Browne, William, 83, (90), 269 - -Bubwith, Nicholas, 17, 81 - -Burgesses, founders, 78, 81–3, 84; patrons, 16–17, 18, 163, 172–3, 184; -pensioners, 17, 42 - -Burton Lazars, 37, 63, 122, 179, 208, 251 - -Bury St. Edmunds, 6, 7, 72, 179, 205, 255 - -— St. Nicholas, 183, 257 - -— St. Petronilla, 119–20, 147, 256 - -— St. Saviour, 75, 183, 245 - -— lepers, 44, 46, 256 - - -Calne, 225 - -Cambridge, 99–100, 262 - -— St. John, 73, (127, 168) - -— Colleges, 208, 226 - -— _v._ Stourbridge - -Camden, 74, 116 - -Canterbury, 179, 192–3 - -— Priests’ hosp., 23, 123 - -— St. John, 15, 71, 106, 109, 124, 153, 155, 156, 164–5, 169, (186), -190, 192, (240), 241, 250 - -— St. Laurence, 215, 257 - -— St. Thomas, 1, 4, 7, 8, 11, 124, 153, 167, 173, (240), 245, 265–6 - -— Abbey, 215, 257 - -— Archbishops of, 4, 7, 10, 81, 144, 181, 222, 228–9, 267, _v._ Edmund, -St., Thomas, St. - -— Priory, Cathedral, 31, 64, 192, 266–8 (Prior) 154 - -— _v._ Harbledown, Pilgrimage, Thanington - -Capelford-by-Norham, 109 - -Capgrave, John, 56 - -Carlisle, 37, 38, 109, 130, 146, 184, 218, 242 - -— Bishop of, 58 - -Carpenter, John, 33, 44, 82 - -Castle Carrock, 58 - -Cathedral foundations, 2, 16, 216, 233, 256, 264 - -Cemetery, burial, 133, 197, 199–200, 202, cf. 276 - -Chantry, 24, 29–30, 232, 234–5, 259 - -— Survey, 164, 225, 227, 234, 245, 270 - -Chapel, ch. viii, 133, ch. xi, 180, 197 _et sq._ - -— ornaments, 163 _et sq._, 223 - -Chatterton, 65–6 - -Chaucer, 145 - -Chester— - -— St. Giles, 184 - -— St. John, 162 - -— St. Ursula, 17 - -— Earls of, 92, 184 - -Chesterfield, 257, 261 - -Chichele, Henry, 19, 27, 81, 228–9 - -Chichester, 179 - -— St. James, 34, 159, (264) - -— St. Mary, 5, 16, 77, 112, 113, 124, ch. ix, 158, 166, 174, 240 - -— Bishops of, 34, 162–3, 264, _v._ Richard, St. - -— Dean of, 77, 128 - -Children, cured, 4, 98; maintained, 22–3, 26–8, 182 - -Chroniclers, 15, 20–1, 23, 36, 37, 40, 48, 50, 52, 56, 60, 64–5, 86, 92 -_et sq._, 106–7, 131, 264–5, _v._ _Book of Foundation_ - -Clappers, 68–9, 135, 251, 251 n., 276 - -Clattercot, 147, 179, 205 - -Clergy, 77, 205–6, 220–2, _v._ Masters, Priests - -Clist Gabriel, 24, 246 - -Clothing, 21, 33, 134–5, 137, 140, 152, 174–7, 207, 259, 270, 273, 275, -276 (habit), 128–9, 131–2, 141 - -Cockersand, 78, 205 - -Coke, Lord, 57 - -Colchester— - -— Holy Cross, 18, 190, 210, 235, 248–9 - -— St. Anne, 190 - -— St. Mary M., lepers, 71–2, 130, 183, 215, 270 - -Colet, Dean, 193 - -Colleges, 25, 81, 204, _v._ Cambridge, Oxford - -Colyton (Devon), 58 - -Commandery, 207, 250 - -Compostella, 7, 253 - -Constitution, ch. ix, ch. xiv - -Copland, Robert, 12–13, 224 - -Corrody, (98 _et sq._, 104), 213–4, 223 - -Council (Lateran), 51, 52, 148, 195, 200 (Westminster), 195 - -Coventry, 12, 80 - -— Bablake, 116, 245 - -— Ford’s, 121, 156 - -— St. John, 34 - -Crediton, 123, 211 - -Cricklade, 78 - -Cripples, lame, etc.—6, 8, 15, 25, 34, 36, 94–6, 98, 99, 101, 156, 223, -262, 268 - -Cromwell, Thomas, 223, 232, 268 - -Crowmarsh, 108 - -Croydon, 17, 34, 90, 120, 137, 140, 155, 157, 175, 204 - -Crusades, 4, 36–7, 73, 76, 79 - -Cuthbert, Billingham, 11, (172) - - -Darlington, 59, 97 - -David, Prince, 50, 251, 260 - -Davy, Ellis, (90, 120), 175 - -Deaf and dumb, 3–4, 15, 31, 95 - -Dedication of Hospitals— - -— Alexis, St., 259 - -— All Saints, 269 - -— Andrew, St., 255 - -— Anne, St., 261, 262 - -— Annunciation of B.V.M., 246 - -— Anthony, St., 245, 256–8 - -— Augustine, St., 258 - -— Bartholomew, St., 252–3 - -— Benedict, St., 258 - -— Bernard, St., 258 - -— Brinstan, St., 263 - -— Chad, St., 263 - -— Christ’s, 245, 270 - -— Christopher, St., 259 - -— Clement, St., 256 - -— Corpus Christi, 245 - -— Cuthbert, St., 263 - -— David (Dewi), St., 263 - -— Denys, St., 262 - -— Domus Dei, 47, 90, 244 - -— Edmund, K.M., St., 264 - -— Edmund, Abp., St., 264–5 - -— Eligius (Loy), St., 262 - -— Ethelbert, St., 264 - -— Gabriel, St., 246 - -— George, St., 252, 259 - -— Giles, St., 262 - -— God’s House, 89, 90, 244–5 - -— Godwald, St., 263 - -— Helen, St., 248, 261 - -— Holy Angels, 246 - -— Holy Cross, 248–9 - -— Holy Ghost, 245–6 - -— Holy Innocents, 246–7 - -— Holy Jesus, 245 - -— Holy Saviour, 245, 252 - -— Holy Sepulchre, 248–9 - -— Holy Trinity, 244–5, 269, 270 - -— James, St., 252, 253 - -— John Baptist, St., 244, 246, 249–51, 254, 266 - -— John Evangelist, St., 253–4 - -— Julian, St., 259 - -— Katherine, St., 260–1, 270 - -— Laudus, St., 262 - -— Lawrence, St., 256–7 - -— Lazarus, St., 249–52 - -— Leger, St., 262 - -— Leonard, St., 247, 252, 261–2 - -— Louis, St., 262 - -— Loy, St., _v._ Eligius, St. - -— Luke, St., 254–5 - -— Margaret, St., 245, 260 - -— Mark, St., 247, 254–5 - -— Martha, St., 252 - -— Martin, St., 262 - -— Mary, St., the Blessed Virgin, 244, 246–7, 251, 266, 269 - -— Mary Magdalene, St., 47, 246, 249–52, 261 - -— Matthew, St., 254–5 - -— Michael, St., 246, 269 - -— Nicholas, St., 257, 258 - -— Oswald, St. (Bishop), 263 - -— Paul, Ap., St., 255–6 - -— Paul the Hermit, St., 255–6 - -— Peter, St., 255–6 - -— Petronilla, St., 255–6 - -— Roch, St., 262–3 - -— Stephen, St., 255, 267 - -— Theobald, St., 262 - -— Thomas, Ap., St., 255 - -— Thomas the Martyr of Canterbury, St., 245, 265–9 - -— Three Kings of Cologne, 246–7 - -— Ursula, St., 260–1 - -— Virgins, Eleven Thousand, 261 - -— Wulstan, St., 263 - -Denwall, 255 - -Derby, 179, 218, 261 - -Diseases, 36, 49, 54, 62, 63, 93, 150, 168, 258 - -— Black Death, 24, 42–3 - -— dropsy, 4, 36, 265 - -— elephantiasis, 48, 49, 50 - -— epilepsy, falling sickness, 3–4, 13, 32 - -— erysipelas, 49, 257 - -— fever, 4, (86), 253 - -— insomnia, 92–3 - -— leprosy, ch. iv, ch. v - -— paralysis, 4, 24, 31, 32, 96 - -— pestilence, 24, 42–3, 45–6, 179, 222, 257 - -Disendowment, 29, 228 _et sq._ - -Dissolution, 14, 150, 171, 209, ch. xvi - -Donnington, 19, 155, 211 - -Dover— - -— St. Bartholomew, Buckland, 4, 37, 130–2, 134, 144, 146, 147, 159, -174, 183, 252 - -— St. Mary, 4, 11, 73, 109, 116–7, 127, 155, 162, 170–1, 192, 203, 206, -213, 223, 233 - -Droitwich, 216 - -Dunstable, 199 - -Dunwich, 95 - -— Holy Trinity, 73, 190, 245 - -— St. James, 72, 122, 253 - -Durham, 6 - -— Maison Dieu, 11, 172 - -— St. Mary M., 123, 163, 203, 215 - -— Bishops, diocese of, 16, 44, 97, 123, 170, 185, 233, 253, 264–5 - -— Prior of, 215, 254 - - -Eadmer, 15, 106 - -Easton Royal, 211 - -Edinburgh, 71 - -Edmund the Archbishop, St., 162, 164, 189, 191, 264 - -Education, 21, 26–8, 80–1, 151, 226 - -Edward the Confessor, 37 - -— I, 21, 79, 208, 213 - -— II, 60, 213, 216 - -— III, 53, 80, 208, 214, 220 - -— IV, 45, 63, 102, 216 - -— VI, 10, 46, 164, ch. xvi - -Eleanor, Queen, 79 - -Ellis, Thomas, 83 - -Elsyng, William, 24, 81 - -Ely, 179 - -— St. John, 110, 152, 220, 233 - -— Bishop of, 8, 55, 83 - -Endowments, ch. vi, ch. xii, ch. xiii - -Erasmus, 45, 193 - -Eudo, 72 - -Ewelme, 19, 27, 34, 80, 88, 90, 111, 120, 140, 151, 157, 161, 163, 175, -203, 217, 222 - -Exeter, 3, 78 - -— Bonville’s, 261, 263 - -— Grendon’s, 120, 182 - -— Wynard’s, 27, 151, 161 - -— St. Alexis, 107, 108, 259 - -— St. John, 16, 27, 54, 107, 108, 163, 199, 254 - -— St. Katherine, 123–4 - -— St. Mary M., lepers, 37, 46, 54, 102–3, 139, 146, 184 - -— Bishops, diocese of, 24, 26, 38, 54, 58, 60, 184, 189, 246, 254 - -— Mayor of, 102 - - -Fairs, 72, 182–3, Part II _passim_ - -Famine, 36, 40 - -Farley, 209 - -Festivals, 164, 169–71, 197–8, 202, Part II _passim_ - -Finchale, 96–7 - -Fitz-Herbert, Judge, 55, 60 - -Flixton, 2, 70, 255 - -Food and drink, 33, 41, 84, 128, 131, 136–7, 139, 185, 223, ch. xii, -275–6 - -Forster, Stephen, 33, 182 - -Foulsham, 103 - -Founders, ch. vi, 95, 127, 161, 178 _et sq._, 236, 237, etc., _v._ -Patronage - -France, 261–2 - -— hospitals in, 86, 114, 209, 227 - -— kings of, 45, 56, 73, 191–2, 262 - -— lepers in, 56, 72, 86, 147–8, 177, 181 - -— war with, 80, 99, 109, 208–9 - -Francis, St., 50, 52, 69, 148, 209 - -Fraternity, 18–19, 25, 186–7, 235, 246, 256, 259 - -Friars, 21, 65–6, 79, 209–11, 227 - -Fuller, Thomas, 36, 81, 229, 231–2 - -Funds, ch. xii, 225, 229, 238, 242 - -Furniture, 117, 134–5, 276 - -— beds, etc., 8, 117, 134, 135, 137, 172–3, 180, 276 - -— utensils, 135, 169, 173, 177, 182, 276 - - -Gateshead, 16, 123, 125, 263, 264–5 - -Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, 76 - -— de Vinsauf, 36 - -Gervase of Canterbury, 48 - -— of Southampton, 78, 259 - -Gilds, 18, 121, 232, 235 - -Glanvill, Gilbert, 72, 76, 87 - -— Ralph, 75–6 - -Glastonbury, 9–10, 234 - -— St. Mary M., 115, (124), 198, (234) - -— Women’s almshouse, 124, 165, (234) - -— Abbots of, 9, 10, 121, 124 - -Gloucester— - -— St. Bartholomew, 73, 109, 127, 156, 180, 223, 253 - -— St. Margaret, St. Sepulchre, 124, 134, 146, 172 - -— St. Mary M., 123, 200 - -— lepers of, 55; Dudstan, 179 - -Godric, St., 96–7 - -Gorleston, 79, 232, 255 - -Gower, John, 154 - -Grandisson, John, 26, 189, 254 - -Gravesend, 180 - -Greatham, 16, 152, 156, 165, 233, 263 - -Gregory, St., 143 - -— William, 9, 25, 33, 82 - -Grendon, Symon, 120, 182 - -Grimsby, 10, 262 - -Grindal, Edmund, 226 - -Guarin, 77 - -Gundulf, 50, 71 - -Guy de Chauliac, 61, 67 - - -Hackney, 45, 54, 148 - -Harbledown, 37, 40, 42, 63, 71, 106, 117, 130, 136, 139, 143, 144, 145, -147, 169, 176, 179, 181, (186), 192–3, (240), 257 - -Harting, 183, 250 - -Hawaii, 49 - -Hedon, 130, 249, _v._ Newton - -Hempton, 255 - -Henry I, 71, 170, 179 - -— II, 72, 74, 114, 180, 181, 191, (267), 268 - -— III, 20, 73, 74, 99, 107, 146, 162, 171, 180, 187, 195, 202, 213, 256 - -— IV, 99, 102, 228, 230 - -— V, 100, 102, 222, 228, 230 - -— VI, 45, 102, 161, 208 - -— VII, 12, 80, 88, 122, 179 - -— VIII, 10, ch. xvi, 268; Commissioners of, 171, 227, 232 - -— de Blois, Bishop, 75, 86 - -— of Lancaster, 80, 82, 85 - -— de Sandwich, 85 - -Hereford— - -— St. Anthony, 208 - -— St. Ethelbert, 16, 264 - -— St. John, 246 - -— Leper-hosp., 46, 179–80, 261 - -— Bishop of, 87 - -Heringby, 204 - -Hertford, 211 - -Hexham, 5, 41, 130 - -Heytesbury, 19, 27–8, 80, 90, 135, 140, 151, 156, 160–1, 175, 270 - -Higham Ferrers— - -— Bedehouse, 19, 27, 81, 114, 115, 135, 156, 157, 169, 173, 186, 204 - -— lepers, 179–80 - -Highgate, _v._ Holloway - -Hocclive, 181 - -Hoddesdon, 256, 258, 262 - -Holderness, 2, 70, 75, 219 - -Holloway (Middlesex), 35, 102, 245, 258, Highgate, 45, 102 - -Holloway (Somerset), _v._ Bath - -Holy Land, 7, 76, 104, _v._ Crusades, Jerusalem - -Honiton, 46, 124 - -Hooker, Richard, quoted, 244 - -Hornchurch, 209, 258 - -Hospitality, ch. i, 87–8, 152 - -Hubert de Burgh, 76, 171 - -Hugh, St., 50–1, 66, 67, 144, 180; “little St. Hugh,” 21 - -— Foliot, 87 - -— Garth, 78 - -— d’Orivalle, 37 - -— Pudsey, 75, 170 - -Hungerford, 147; Lord and Lady of, 80 (90) - -Huntingdon— - -— St. John, 260 - -— St. Margaret, 41, 147, 226, 260 - -— David, Earl of, 50, 251, 260 - -_Hye Way to the Spyttell hous_, 12, 255 - -Hythe, 16, 255 - - -Indulgences, 188 _et sq._, 248 - -Infants maintained, 9, 26 - -Ilford, 37, 117, 124, 126, 141, 144, 145, 147, 160, 179, 221, 264, 266 - -Infirmary, 111 _et sq._, 117, 149, 153, 154, 162, 167, 250 - -_Infirmi_, 48, 179 - -Inmates, 15, 22, 90, 145–6, 156, 182, 239 - -— named, ch. v, ch. vii, 134, 183, etc. - -Insane, 4, ch. iii, 57, 90, 219, 238, 253 - -Inventory of hospital, 117, 163 - -Ipswich, 72, 100, 183 - -Isbury, John, 162 - - -Japan, 52, 67 n. - -Jerusalem, 36, 248–50, _v._ Knights of St. John - -Jews, 19–23, 56, 73, 79, 99–100 - -John Baptist, St., 163, 206–7, _v._ Dedications - -John, King of England, 57, 72, 75, 78, 86, 183, 184, _v._ Bale - -— King of France, 191–2 - -— of Campeden, 151 - -— of Gaddesden, 60, 61 - -— of Gaunt, 42, 164 - -— Mirfield, 149 - -Jurisdiction, ch. xiv - - -Katharine of Aragon, 100, 260 - -Kepier, 16, 75, 152, 185, 233, 262 - -Kingsthorpe, 112, 126, 263 - -Kingston (Surrey), 39 - -Kingston-upon-Hull— - -— Corpus Christi, 245 - -— Maison Dieu, 80, 246, 269 - -— fraternity, 19 - -Knghtsbridge, 80, 103 - -Knights of St. John, 101, 206–7, 248, 249–51 - -— of St. Lazarus, 207–8 - -— Templars, 206–7, 248 - -Knolles, Robert, 80 - - -Lambourn, 162 - -Lancaster— - -— St. Leonard, 72, 144, 146, 261 - -— Dukes of, 80, 82, 150, _v._ John of Gaunt - -Lanfranc, 50, 71, 106, 143, 155, 250, 257 - -Langland, 29, 32, 251–2 - -Launceston, 242, 261 - -Lazar, 49, 251–2, _v._ Leper - -Lazarus, St., 66, 207–8, _v._ Dedications - -— the beggar, 49, 51, 65, 251–2 - -Lechlade, 152, 250 - -Ledbury, 5, 197 - -Legislation— - -— ecclesiastical, 51, 52, 56, 58–9 - -— local, 41–3, 53, 55, 132, 148, 186 - -— national, 38, 46, 52, 56–8 - -Leicester, 179, 198, 254, 264 - -— St. Mary, Trinity, 80, 116, 124, 164, 169, 190, 204, 227, 246 - -— Wigston’s hosp., 116, 186, 261 - -— Parliament of, _v._ Parliament - -Leland, John, _Itinerary_ of, 2 n., 11, 19, 22–3, 64, 74, 78, 85, 111, -115, 116, 122, 156, 224, 225, 247, 255, 259, (263), 269 - -Lenton, 187, 257 - -Leper-houses, ch. iv, 117–9, _passim_ - -Lepers, 4, ch. iv, ch. v, 130 _et sq._, 143–9, 167–70, 172, 173, 175–7, -179–80, 184, 209–10, 262, etc., 273–6 - -— charity to, 37, ch. v, ch. vi, 209–10 - -— examination of, 43, 59–63 - -— expulsion of, 52 _et sq._, ch. vii, 186 - -— illustrations of, 47, 59, 64, 68, 177, 180 - -— laws, 52 _et sq._, _v._ Legislation - -— married, 58, 102, 103, 134–5, 147–8, 275 - -— miraculous cures, 64, 97–8 - -— named, 36, 37, ch. v, 74, ch. vii, 134, 141, 148, 201 - -— services for, 67, 159–60, 199–201, 203, 273–6 - -Leprosy, _supra_— - -— contagion, 51–2, 98, 136, 275–6 - -— decline of, 28, 34, 36, 42–7, 226 - -— extent, 35–6 - -Lewes, 37, 112, 233 - -Lichfield— - -— St. John, 28, 81, 124, 162 - -— Bishop of, 28, 81, 162 - -Lincoln, 38 - -— Holy Innocents, lepers, 37, 39, 45, 51, 71, 100–2, 130, 145–7, 179, -180, 187, 203, 208, 247 - -— St. Giles, 24, 163 - -— St. Katherine, 26, 205 - -— St. Sepulchre, 26, 205 - -— Bishops of, 58, 60, 71, 187, 202, _v._ Hugh, St., Robert Grossetête - -— Cathedral, 163, 187–8 - -— Jews of, 21, 99 - -Lingerscroft, Creak, 183, 205 - -London, 6, 12–14, 31, 32, 43, 53, 148, 205 - -— Bedlam, _v._ St. Mary of Bethlehem - -— Domus Conversorum, 19–23, 73, 79, 99–100, 107, 247 - -— Elsyng Spital, 24, 82, 150, 206, 247 - -— Papey, 25, 258 - -— Queen’s hosp., 180 - -— St. Anthony, 208–9, 257–8 - -— St. Bartholomew, ch. i _passim_, 31, 76, 77, 82, 85, 86, 92 _et sq._, -98, 106–7, 114, 122, 149, 156, 180–2, 185, 205–6, 236–40, 248, 253 - -— St. Giles, Holborn, 38, 42, 45, 71, 73, 107, 145, 148, 179, 208, 262, -270 - -— St. James, _v._ Westminster - -— St. Katharine-by-the Tower, 25, 27, 72, 79, 152, 260 - -— St. Mary of Bethlehem, 32–4, 186, 210, 238–9, 247 - -— St. Mary without Bishopsgate, 5, 8, 78, 156, (205), 236–7, 247 - -— St. Mary of Roncevall, 209, 247 - -— St. Paul’s almshouse, 16, 256 - -— St. Thomas of Acon, 207, 248, 266, 268 - -— St. Thomas, _v._ Southwark - -— Savoy, 12, 80, 88, 121–2, 150, 173, 233, 240 - -— Whittington’s almshouse, 82, 175 - -— Bishops of, 37, 38, 77, 126, 141, 144, 160, 240 - -— Cathedral, St. Paul’s, 16, 94, 256; Dean of, 141 - -— Jews, _v._ Domus Conversorum - -— Lepers in or near, 42–3, 45, 47, 53, 55, 62, 138, 148, 179, 186, -_v._ St. Giles (_supra_), Hackney, Holloway, Knightsbridge, Mile End, -Westminster - -— Lord Mayor, citizens, 6, 34, 41–2, 52, 53, 138, 238 - -Long Stow, 78 - -Louis, St., 73, _v._ Dedications - -Ludlow, 18, 120 - -Lunatics, 4, ch. iii, 90, 219, 253 - -Lutterworth, 225 - -Lydd, 45, 55 - -Lyme Regis, 119, 246 - -Lynn, lepers of St. Mary M., 16, 77, 134, 136, 170 - - -Madmen, _v._ Insane - -Maiden Bradley, 74, 147, 179, 181, 182, 205, 254 - -Maison Dieu, 29, 72, 244, etc. - -Maldon, 42, 168, 179 - -Mallardry, 51, 53, 100, 192 - -Manual (Sarum), 175, 273 - -Margaret of Scotland, St., 71, 260 - -Marlborough, 171–2, 235–6 - -Master (Warden, etc.), 21, 27, 78, 110, 116, ch. ix, ch. x, 161, 164, -174, 182, 196, 198, 203, 204, 248, ch. xiv. - -Matilda of Boulogne, 72 - -— the Empress, 72, 170 - -— _v._ Maud - -Matthew Paris, 20–21, 23, 86, 107, 131, 264–5 - -Maud, Queen, 50, 71, 86, 107, 179 - -Maundy Thursday, 73, 170 - -Medical writers— - -— Bartholomew, 43, 61, 65 - -— Gordon, 61 - -— Guy de Chauliac, 61, 67 - -— John of Gaddesden, 60, 61 - -— John Mirfield, 149 - -Medicine, 64, 65, 149–50, 238 - -“Meselle,” 48, 57, 69, 105, _v._ Leper - -Mile End, 46–7 - -Miracles of healing, 3, 64–5, 92 _et sq._, 97, 98, 102, 267–8 - -Monasteries, 3, 11, 41, 50, 57, 74, 75, 78, 97, 122, 131, 204 _et sq._, -215–6, 227–8, 232, 233, 234, 256, 266, _v._ Abbot, Alien Houses, Prior - - -Newark, 50, 63, 179 - -Newbury— - -— St. Bartholomew, 72, 183 - -— St. Mary M., 147 - -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 19 - -— St. Katherine, (83), 110–1 - -— St. Mary B. V., 164, 206 - -— St. Mary M., lepers, 44, 46 - -— Mayor of, 44, 83 - -Newport (Essex), 179, 183, 247 - -— (Isle of Wight), 258 - -— Pagnell, 181, 254 - -Newstead, 206 - -Newton Bushell, 46 - -— Garth (Holderness), 75, 183, 219, 221, _v._ Hedon - -Nicholas of Farnham, 16, 123, 264–5 - -Norman period, 3, 37, 109, 123, 199 - -Northallerton— - -— almshouse, 11 - -— St. James, 16, 110, 153, 167, 233, 253 - -Northampton, 179, 181 - -— St. John, 16, 77, 116, 124, 203, 251, 254 - -— St. Leonard, 203, 261 - -Norwich, 78, 180, 255, 256, 258 - -— St. Giles, 24, 27, 77, 85, 114, 120, 127, 156, 164, 170, 181, 182, -233, 240, 261, 262 - -— St. Paul, 203, 256 - -— St. Saviour, (78), 245 - -— Bishops of, 77, 85, 104, 267 - -— lepers, 55, 103, 104 - -Nottingham— - -— Plumptre’s almshouse, 188, 203, 246 - -— St. John, 16, 126, 128, 133, 137, 143, 153, 198 - -— St. Leonard, 261 - -— St. Sepulchre, 249 - -Nurses, 153–4, _v._ Sisters, Women - - -Oakham, 124, 129, 261 - -Offices, _v._ Services - -Order of— - -— Holy Sepulchre, 205 - -— Holy Trinity, Maturin, 210–11 - -— Mendicant, 209–11 - -— St. Anthony, 208–9, 257–8 - -— St. Augustine, 152, 205–6, 258 - -— St. Benedict, 174, 206 - -— St. Gilbert, 26, 205 - -— St. John of Jerusalem, 206–7, 249–50 - -— St. Lazarus, 207–8, 251 - -— St. Mary of Bethlehem, 210 - -— St. William, 209 - -— The Temple, 206–7, 248 - -Orphans, 26, 90, 100, 239 - -Ospringe, 73, 99, 192, 196, 213, 219 - -Oswald, St., 70, _v._ Dedications - -Oxford, 61, 108, 155, 179, 222, 256 - -— Domus Conversorum, 22, 73, 99 - -— St. Bartholomew, 38, 39, 71, 118, 123, 133, 143, 145, 146, 191, 242, -252–3 - -— St. John, 1, 5, 73, (86), 107, 111, 127, 152, 155, 168, 171, 202, -213–4, 219 - -— Colleges, 24, 81, 111, 127, 149–50, 191, 226 - - -Pardoner, 153, 189 - -Parliament, 29, 38, 196, 214, 216, 221, 225, _v._ Statutes of -Leicester, 8, 15, 31, 34, 70, 178, 194, 212, 228, 244 - -Patronage, 212–7, _v._ Founders— - -— Cathedral, 15–6, 216, 256, 264 - -— Crown, 71, 130, (146), 202, 216, 217, 232–3, 261 - -— Episcopal, 15–6, 179, 183, 216, 233 - -— Town, 15–17, 73, 130, 163, 172–3, 235–40 - -Penalties, 54, 55, 138 _et sq._, 161, 163 - -Pestilence, _v._ Diseases - -Peter, Bishop of Winchester, 76, 86 - -— Chaplain, 77 - -— Mayor of Winchester, 62 - -Peterborough, 50, 63, 205, 266 - -— lepers, 50, 180 - -Philip, Bishop of Durham, 16, 253 - -Philippa, Queen, 217 - -Physicians (leech, surgeon), 4, 59–67, 149–50, 218, 230, 237, 265, _v._ -Medical writers - -Pilgrim, ch. i, 65, 71, 78, 167, 190–2, 205, 207, 249, 265 - -— poem called, 5 - -— sign, 265 - -Pilgrimage, ch. i, 31, 190 _et sq._, 197, 203, 249 - -— Bury St. Edmunds, 6, 7 - -— Canterbury, 1, 4, 7, 10, 11, 64–5, 96, 98, 191–3, 265, 268 - -— Compostella, 7, 253 - -— Finchale, 96–7 - -— Glastonbury, 9–10 - -— Holy Land, 4, 7, 36, 104, 250 - -— Rome, 1, 3, 7, 8 - -— Walsingham, 5, 7 - -Pipe Rolls, 48, 178–80 - -Plumptre, John, 188, (203) - -Plymouth, 146 - -Pole, Alice, 80, 85, (90), 161 - -— Michael, 80, 246, 269 - -— William, 80, 161 - -Pontefract— - -— Knolles’ hospital, 27, 80 - -— St. Nicholas, 2n., 150, 170, 175, 217, 221, 234 - -Pope, 7, 58, 59, 87, 146, 188, ch. xiv, 221, 260 - -Portsmouth— - -— God’s House, 104, 113–4, 123, 125, 199, 221, 233, 269 - -— [St. Mary M.], 109 - -Potyn, Symond, 137, 160 - -Poverty, 14, 29, 40, 239, _v._ Beggars, begging - -Prayers for benefactors, 29, 70, 82, 86, 88, 131, 160, 161–2 - -Preston, 150 - -Priests (chaplains, etc.)— - -— hospital staff, 19, 115, ch. x, 174–5, 211, 224, _v._ Clergy, Master - -— parochial clergy, 17, 58–60, 67, 78, 103, 130, 137, 187–8, 197–8, -204, 211, 273–6 - -— leprous, 58–9, 91, 103, 256 - -— sick and poor, 23–5, 32, 156, 213–4, 219–20 - -Prior, 76, 130, 154, 199, 204, 205, 215–6, 221, 254 - -Proctor, 46–7, 96, 145, 152–3, 186, 187, 189 - -Puckeshall, 99 - - -Racheness, 183 - -Rahere, 76, 77, 85, 86, 95, 106, 185, (248), 253 - -Ranulf Flambard, 16, 75 - -Reading— - -— St. John, 25, 128, (205), 226 - -— [St. Mary M.], lepers, 136, 139, 146, 176 - -— Elias, monk of, 64–5 - -Reformation of hospitals, 34, 194–5, 212, 221, 222, 226, 229, 236–9, -_v._ Visitation - -Reginald of Durham, 52, 60, 96–7 - -Relics, 190–3, 255, 256, 260, 263, 264 - -— of Holy Cross, 95, 190, 210, 248–9 - -— of St. Bartholomew, 93, 191, 253 - -Richard, St., 162, 264 - -— I, 36, 72, 76, 207 - -— II, 42, 79, 99, 104, 210, 214, 267 - -— Orenge, 102–3 - -Richmond, 179 - -Ripon— - -— St. Anne, 115, 165, 261 - -— St. John B., 124 - -— St. Mary M., 5, 41, 124, 165 - -Robert Grossetête, 99, 126 - -— de Meulan, 83 - -— de Stichill, 16 - -Roche, 104 - -Rochester, 153 n. - -— St. Bartholomew, 32, 37, 39, 71, 123, 124, 144, (179), 196, (199), -252–3, 271 - -— St. Katherine, 17, 39, 137, 160 - -— St. Nicholas, 39, 102 - -— Bishops of, 71, 76, 87, 255 - -— infirm, lepers, 39, 71, 102, 179, 192 - -Roger of Hoveden, 37 - -— Earl of Winchester, 84 - -Rome, 1, 3, 7, 8, 86, 188, 221, 245, 253, 256, 257, _v._ Council, Pope - -Romney, 45; leper-hospital, 148, 188, 226, 267 - -Romsey, 187 - -Royston— - -— SS. John and James, 253 - -— St. Nicholas, 39, 183, 257 - -Rule of religion, 126, 131, 220, _v._ Orders - -— of St. Augustine, 152, 174, 205–6, 258 - -— of St. Benedict, 174, 206 - -Rye, 17, 209 - - -Sacraments, 143–4, 198, 201, 203, 274–5 - -St. Albans, 6 - -— St. Julian, lepers, 40, 68, 117, 131, 134, 136, 168, 175, 176, 179, -215, 259 - -— St. Mary, 215 - -— Abbot of, 40, 126, 131, 214–5 - -St. Neot (Cornwall), 58–9 - -Salisbury— - -— Holy Trinity, 8, 26, 33, 89, 165–6, 245 - -— St. Nicholas, 5, 16, 113, 114, 124, 129 - -— Bishop of, 16, 86, 114, 126, 262 - -— lepers, 181 - -Saltwood, 179 - -Sampson, Abbot, 75 - -Sandon (Surrey), 206, 245 - -Sandwich, 17 - -— St. Bartholomew, 19, 85, 123, 124, 129, 160, 163, 168, 169, 171 - -— St. John, 11–12, 155, (157), 163, 168, 172–3, 185 - -— St. Thomas, 83 - -— lepers, 44 - -Sarum, Use of, 3, 273 - -Saxon period, 2–3, 37, 63–4, 70–1 - -Scarborough, 16, 37, 91 - -Schools, 22–3, 26–8, 151, 226 - -Scotland— - -— lepers in, 56 - -— war with, 41, 99, 101, 109, 218 - -Seaford, 253 - -Seals, 18, 47, 93, 103, 107, 108, 147, 152, 178, 180, 205, 208, Part II -_passim_ - -Seamen, 9, 19, 88–9 - -Sedgefield, 96 - -Services, 67, 140, 143–4, 151, ch. xi - -— of admission, 128–9, 131–2 - -— at seclusion, 104, 134, 136, 273–6 - -— at expulsion, 141 - -_Seven Works of Mercy_, 88, 90, 237 - -Sherborne (Dorset)— - -— St. John, 115, 166, 224, 250, 254 - -— St. Thomas, 255 - -Sherburn (Durham), 44, 48, 75, 109, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 136, 139, -145, 147, ch. xi, ch. xii, 202, 233, 242–3, 252 - -Shoreham, 253 - -Shrewsbury— - -— St. Chad, 201, (204), 263 - -— St. George, 259 - -— St. Giles, lepers, 179, 184, 187, 270 - -Shrines, _v._ Pilgrimage, Relics - -Simon Fitz-Mary, 247 - -Sisters, 99, 101, 136, 142, 146, 147, 152–6, 168–9, 233, _v._ Women - -Skirbeck, 207 - -Smyth, Bishop, 28, 81, 162 - -Soldiers, 8, 9, 13, 99 - -Southampton— - -— God’s House, St. Julian, 11, 78, 125, 168, 178, 206, 221, 259 - -— St. Mary M., lepers, 16, 180, 184 - -Southwark, St. Thomas, 22, 82, 154, 156, 206, 236–40, 266, 268 - -Sparham (Norfolk), 60 - -Spital-on-the-Street, 264 - -Spondon, 200, 208 - -Springs, Healing, 31, 63–4 - -Stafford— - -— St. John, 108 - -— [St. Sepulchre, Retford], 40–1 - -Staindrop, 25 - -Stamford— - -— Bede-house, 29, 83, 90, 111, 115, 124, 165–6, 186, 269 - -— SS. John and Thomas, 5, (87), 217, 266 - -— St. Sepulchre, 249 - -Statutes, 8, 194–6, 212, 214, 225, 227, 234, _v._ Legislation, -Parliament, Vagrancy - -— of hospitals, 7, 34, 38, 77, 132 _et sq._, 143, 147, 151, 154, 157, -217, 218, etc. - -Stephen, St., 191, _v._ Dedications - -— King, 57, 72, 75, 206, 261 - -— , Archdeacon, 211 - -Stoke-upon-Trent, 225, 262 - -Stourbridge, 123, 179, 182, 248 - -Stow, John, 69, 233, 239, 247 - -Stratford-on-Avon, 24, 235, 249 - -— Stony, 181 - -Strood, 4, 72, 76, 206 - -Stubbes, Philip, 30 - -Stydd by Ribchester, 207 - -Sudbury, 42, 130, 242 - -_Supplication of Poore Commons_, 14, 231 - -Swinestre, 183 - - -Tamworth, 123 - -Tandridge, 205 - -Taunton, 235 - -— St. Margaret, Spital, (?98), 121, 245–6 - -— monk of, 97; prior of, 52, 98 - -Tavistock, 259, 262 - -_Testament of Cresseid_, 66, 105, 135, 177 - -Thame, 19, 259 - -Thanington, St. James (Canterbury), 146, 147, 154, 192, 198 - -Thetford— - -— St. John, 183, 250 - -— St. Mary, 5, 259 - -Thomas the Martyr, St., 4, 189, 244, 249, _v._ Dedications - -— Jubilee of, 7, 10 - -— miracles of, 65, 96, 98, 267–8 - -— relics of, 64, 192–3, 265 - -— shrine of, 4, 31, 266–8, _v._ Pilgrimage - -— sign of pilgrimage, 265 - -Thornton, Roger, 83, 111 - -Thrapston, 168 - -Thurlow, 209 - -Tiverton, 124 - -Tong (Salop), 204 - -Torrington (Taddiport), 124 - -Towcester, 181 - -Tweedmouth, 270 - - -Vagrancy, 6–7, 10, 13, 14, 28, 171, 227, 239 - -Visitation of hospitals (inquisitions), 33, 41, 132, 138, 150, 173, -174, 195, 202, 218 - -Voltaire, quoted, 36 - - -Wallingford, 16, 57 - -Walsingham, 5, 7, 103 - -Walsoken, 245 - -Walter de Lucy, 50 - -— de Suffield, 77, 85 (164, 182) - -— Archdeacon, 77 - -— Vicar, 78 - -Warden, _v._ Master - -Warwick, St. John, 246; - -— St. Michael, 225 - -Wayfarers, ch. i, 70, 110, 167, 171, 206, 207, 211, _v._ Pilgrim, -Vagrancy - -Well, lepers’, 63, 104, 119, 276, _v._ Springs, Healing - -Wells, 158 - -— St. Saviour, Bubwith’s, 17, 81, 114, 115, 124, 151 - -— Bishops of, 76, 81 - -Westminster, 6, 53, 79, 122 - -— St. James, 43, 73, 147, 150, 182, 188–9, 233 - -— Council of, 52, 72 - -— Statute of, 7 - -West Somerton, 76, 215 - -Whitby, 75, 92, 246, 264 - -Whittington, Richard, 82–3, 175 - -Whittlesea, 83 - -William, Dean, 77 - -— Earl of Albemarle, 75 - -— Earl of Salisbury, 181 - -— of Canterbury, 64–5 - -— de Monte, 51–2 - -— of Wykeham, 81, 151 - -Wills, of benefactors, _v._ Bequests, of inmates, 133, 134 - -Wilton, 17 - -— St. Giles, 73, 99, 125 (181), 262 - -— St. John, 124, 181, 205 - -Wimborne, 124, 166 - -Winchcomb, 225 - -Winchelsea, 17 - -Winchester, 3, 263 - -— St. Cross, 75, 81, 86, 110, 121, 122, 125, 151, 166, 169, 170, 171, -175, 207, 216, 221, 240, 248 - -— St. John, 81, 110, 124, 178, 187, 235, 241 - -— St. Mary M., lepers, 118, 119, 134, 146, 168, 179, 241, 251 n. - -— Bishop of, 187, 206, 216, 221, _v._ Beaufort; Henry; Peter; William -of Wykeham - -— Earl of, 84 - -— Mayor of, 62, 81 - -Windeham, 24, 264 - -Windsor, 180, 258 - -— lepers of, 179, 226 - -Wolsey, Cardinal, 229, 232 - -Women— - -— inmates, 8–9, 12, 13, 25, 26, 33, 74, 82–3, 90, ch. vii, 132, 139, -146, 147, 176 - -— on staff, 139, 145, 147, 152 _et sq._, 168–9, 173, 174 - -Woodstock, 73, 147 - -Worcester— - -— St. Oswald, 2, 48, 70, 122, 199, 263 - -— St. Wulstan, 2, 24, 70–1, 98, 110, 172 - -— Bishop of, 127, 202, _supra_ - -Wulstan, St., 2, 24, 70–1, 86, 98, _v._ Dedications - -Wycomb, High [St. John], 123, 183 [St. Margaret], 183 - -Wynard, William, 161 - - -Yarmouth, 186, 190 - -Yeovil, 259 - -York, 2, 3, 12, 72, 80 - -— Holy Trinity, 245 - -— Monkbridge, 134 - -— St. Leonard or St. Peter, 2, 26, 70, 72, 96, 110, 152, 154–6, 162, -170, 172, 174, 178, 180–1, 184–5, 199, 204, 214, 216, 222–3, 232, 242, -256, 261 - -— St. Loy, 262 - -— St. Mary, Bootham, 24 - -— St. Nicholas, lepers, 28, 39, 117, 132, 138, 145–6, (170), 174, 203, -218, 232 - -— St. Peter, _v. supra_ - -— St. Thomas, 235 - -— Archbishop of, 41, 126, 130, 153, 183, 197 - -— Dean of, 24, 26, 216 - -— Minster, 2, 26, 21 - - - - -PRINTED BY - -WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD. - -PLYMOUTH - - - - -THE ANTIQUARY’S BOOKS - -_Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net each._ - -“The ‘Antiquary’s Books’ makes an excellent commencement in the first -volume. 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Nothing like it has been published before.”—_Liverpool Post._ - - -THE BELLS OF ENGLAND Second Edition - -By CANON J. J. RAVEN, D.D., F.S.A., of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. - -With 60 Illustrations - -“The history of English bells, of their founding and hanging, of their -inscriptions and dedications, of their peals and chimes and carillons, -of bell legends, of bell poetry and bell law, is told with a vast -amount of detailed information, curious and quaint.”—_Tribune._ - -“The illustrations, as usual in this series, are of great -interest.”—_Country Life._ - - -THE DOMESDAY INQUEST - -By ADOLPHUS BALLARD, B.A., LL.B., Town Clerk of Woodstock. - -With 27 Illustrations - -“In point of scholarship and lucidity of style this volume should take -a high place in the literature of the Domesday Survey.”—_Daily Mail._ - -“Replete with information compiled in the most clear and attractive -fashion.”—_Liverpool Post._ - -“The author holds the balance freely between rival -theories.”—_Birmingham Post._ - -“Most valuable and interesting.”—_Liverpool Mercury._ - -“A brilliant and lucid exposition of the facts.”—_Standard._ - -“A vigorous and independent commentary.”—_Tribune._ - - -PARISH LIFE IN MEDIÆVAL ENGLAND Second Edition - -By ABBOT GASQUET, O.S.B., D.D., PH.D., D.LITT. - -With 39 Illustrations - -“A rich mine of well-presented information.”—_World._ - -“A captivating subject very ably handled.”—_Illustrated London News._ - -“A worthy sequel to the Abbot’s scholarly work on monastic -life.”—_Liverpool Post._ - -“Essentially scholarly in spirit and treatment.”—_Tribune._ - - -THE BRASSES OF ENGLAND Second Edition - -By HERBERT W. MACKLIN, M.A., St. John’s Coll. Cambridge. President of -the Monumental Brass Society - -With 85 Illustrations - -“There is no volume which covers the ground so fully as this -study.”—_Birmingham Post._ - -“Mr. Macklin writes with enviable lucidity.”—_Standard._ - -“Reveals the value of English brasses as historical -documents.”—_Westminster Gazette._ - -“The illustrations are plentiful and excellent.”—_Spectator._ - - -ENGLISH CHURCH FURNITURE Second Edition - -By J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A., & A. HARVEY, M.B. - -With 121 Illustrations - -“A mine of carefully ordered information, for the accuracy of which Dr. -Cox’s name on the title page is a sufficient guarantee.”—_Athenæum._ - -“This new volume fully maintains the high repute of its predecessors. -Dr. Cox is one of our ablest ecclesiologists, and he and Mr. Harvey -have collected a mass of valuable information of the greatest -importance to antiquaries and architects. . . . There is a fine index -of seventy-five columns, truly a pious work.”—_The Architectural -Review._ - -“This volume is one of the ‘Antiquary’s Books’ series, and is more than -worthy of its distinguished association. There has been an unsparing -expenditure of time and labour upon it.”—_Spectator._ - - -FOLK-LORE AS AN HISTORICAL SCIENCE - -By GEORGE LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk to the London County Council - -With 28 Illustrations - -“No one will read Mr. Gomme’s thoughtful treatise without being the -better able to understand the significance of popular tales and -customs.”—_Scotsman._ - -“A learned and most interesting volume. We can imagine no more -fascinating subject for study.”—_Daily Mail._ - -“An excellent piece of work.”—_Dundee Advertiser._ - -“All will find much that stimulates thought and adds to the inherent -attractiveness of tradition.”—_Athenæum._ - - -ENGLISH COSTUME - -By GEORGE CLINCH, F.G.S. - -With many Illustrations - -In this important work an attempt is made to trace the origin and -development of all the chief phases of English Costume from prehistoric -times down to the end of the eighteenth century. Illuminated MSS., -sepulchral effigies, monumental brasses, ancient statuary, mediæval -wills, inventories, and the contents of the chief museums, are the -authorities upon which the author has relied in his attempts to get -at the actual facts about this interesting subject. The result is a -volume containing a large amount of original and valuable information. -The book is primarily intended for the use of the antiquary and the -artist, but the accurate and precise information which it gives, -and the abundant illustrations and diagrams with which the text is -interspersed, can hardly fail to make “English Costume” a valuable -hand-book for the promoters of historical pageants and theatrical -representations. - - -These Volumes will follow - -THE GILDS AND COMPANIES OF LONDON. By GEORGE UNWIN - -HERALDRY. By THOMAS SHEPARD - -THE ROMAN OCCUPATION. By JOHN WARD, F.S.A. - -CASTLES AND WALLED TOWNS OF ENGLAND. By ALFRED HARVEY, M.B. - -SCHOOLS IN MEDIÆVAL ENGLAND. By A. F. LEACH - -THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND. By MISS ROTHA M. CLAY - -OLD ENGLISH INSTRUMENTS OF MUSIC. By F. W. GALPIN, M.A., F.L.S - - - - -METHUEN & CO., 36 ESSEX STREET, LONDON, W.C - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - -Original printed spelling and grammar are retained, with a few -exceptions noted below. Illustrations have been moved from their -original locations to nearby places between paragraphs. Footnotes have -been renumbered 1–479, and changed to endnotes. Original italics _look -like this_. Original small caps are all capitals. Text originally -printed in boldface are all capitals in this simple text format edition. - -The original LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS and LIST OF PLATES were formatted -in loose tabular form. These have been converted to list form, with -ellipses suggesting the original columns. The word “ditto” was replaced -by repeated text. - -Ditto marks were used extensively in the original Appendix B, and in -the Bibliography. The original intended scope of these marks is often -questionable, and would be even more so if they were to be retained -in an ebook. 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In this edition, em dashes have been substituted for -the initial spaces. The original index already employed em dashes -to indicate repetition of a first word in several distinct topics. -For instance, topics “Hugh, St., — Foliot, — Garth, — D’Orivalle, and -— Pudsey”. These em dashes have been retained. - -Page 154. Removed unmatched double quotation mark from the end of the -first paragraph. - -Page 168. Added right double quotation mark to the phrase ‘who for a -time “ate nothing that had suffered death’. - -Page 236. There is a glyph that has no unicode point. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Mediæval Hospitals of England - -Author: Rotha Mary Clay - -Contributor: G. F. Bristol - -Editor: J. Charles Cox - -Release Date: November 19, 2015 [EBook #50501] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, RichardW, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="imctr01" id="coverpage"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="600" height="800" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="transnote section"> -<div class="signature">to <a href="#transnote">transcriber's note</a></div> -<div class="signature">to <a href="#toclist">table of contents</a></div> -</div> - -<h1 title="THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND, -BY ROTHA MARY CLAY">The Mediæval Hospitals of England, -by Ro­tha Mary Clay</h1> - -<div class="front"> -<div class="fsize4">THE ANTIQUARY’S BOOKS</div> -<div class="fsize5">GENERAL EDITOR: J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A.</div> - -<div class="fsize4 padtopa">THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS</div> -<div class="fsize4">OF ENGLAND</div> -</div> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="imctr03" id="frontis"> -<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="798" height="456" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> - ST. MARY’S HOSPITAL, DOVER</div> -</div></div> - -<div class="front"> -<div class="fsize4">THE</div> -<div class="fsize2">MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS</div> -<div class="fsize2">OF ENGLAND</div> - -<div class="fsize7 padtopa">BY</div> -<div class="fsize4">ROTHA MARY CLAY</div> - -<div class="fsize6 padtopa">WITH A PREFACE BY</div> -<div class="fsize5">THE LORD BISHOP OF BRISTOL</div> - -<div class="fsize7 padtopa">WITH 78 ILLUSTRATIONS</div> - -<div class="padtopa">METHUEN & CO.</div> -<div>36 ESSEX STREET W.C.</div> -<div>LONDON</div> -</div> - -<div class="front"> -<div class="fsize5"><i>First Published in 1909</i></div></div> - -<div class="front"> -<div class="fsize6">DEDICATED TO</div> - -<div class="fsize5 padtopb">FRANCES ARNOLD-FORSTER</div> - -<div class="fsize6 padtopb">WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION</div></div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="p-vii">PREFACE</h2> - -<p class="first"> -<span class="chap-fst-wd">W<span>HEN</span></span> -the able author of this book asked me to -write a Preface to a work on Hospitals, I replied -that I must first see the sheets in proof. This was not -due to any doubt of the ability of the writer, it was -due to some doubt as to the adequacy of the material -at her disposal. This doubt has been much more than -removed. The mass of the material collected is remarkable. -Still more remarkable is the evidence of the very -large part played by Hospitals—in the widest senses of -the word—in the social life of the people of this land in -the earlier Middle Ages. For the fuller understanding of -the social life of our ancestors, this book contributes -information of the most luminous character. It will -serve also as an example and pattern for young and -earnest students of real history, the history of ordinary -human beings rather than of generals and of kings. -And it must be added that, although the division into -numerous headings leads to frequent repetitions of the -names and characters of institutions of the nature of -Hospitals, it has the great advantage of reducing to -order a mass of material which might under less careful -treatment have had a chaotic appearance. As a book of -reference for readers and writers, this treatise on the -Mediæval Hospitals of England ought to hold a distinguished -place.</p></div> - -<p class="signature">G. F. BRISTOL</p> - -<p class="fsize6">    <i>July, 1909.</i></p> - -<div class="chapter laynarrow"> -<table id="toclist" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="3"><h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2></th></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hangd">Preface by the Lord Bishop of Bristol</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p-vii">vii</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hangd">Introduction</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p-xvii">xvii</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hangd"><em>PART I</em></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER I</em> - Hospitals for Wayfarers and the Sick</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p001">1</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER II</em> - Homes for the Feeble and Destitute</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p015">15</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER III</em> - Homes for the Insane</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p031">31</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER IV</em> - The Lazar-House</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p035">35</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER V</em> - The Leper in England</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p048">48</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER VI</em> - Founders and Benefactors</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p070">70</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER VII</em> - Hospital Inmates</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p091">91</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER VIII</em> - Hospital Dwellings</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p106">106</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER IX</em> - The Constitution</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p126">126</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER X</em> - The Household and its Members</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p143">143</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER XI</em> - Care of the Soul</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p158">158</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER XII</em> - Care of the Body</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p167">167</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER XIII</em> - Hospital Funds</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p178">178</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER XIV</em> - Relations with Church and State</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p194">194</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER XV</em> - Decline of the Hospitals</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p212">212</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td>    </td> - <td><p class="hangd"><em>CHAPTER XVI</em> - The Dissolution of Religious Houses and its Effect - upon Hospitals</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p226">226</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hangd"><em>PART II</em> -Hospital Patron-Saints</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p244">244</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hangd"><em>APPENDIX A</em> -Office at the Seclusion of a Leper</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p273">273</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hangd"><em>APPENDIX B</em> -Tabulated List of Foundations</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p278">278</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hangd">Bibliography</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p339">339</a></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hangd">General Index</p></td> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#p343">343</a></p></td></tr> -</table> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter laynarrow"> -<table id="loilist" summary=""> -<tr><th colspan="4"> -<h2 class="nobreak">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS <small>IN THE TEXT</small></h2> - -<p class="first fsize7 laynarrow">* Asterisk denotes that buildings remain in -much the same condition as shown. ¶ The -seals are copied mainly from impressions in the British Museum.</p></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig01">1</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">St. John’s Hospital, Oxford</p><p class="hanga">[After M. Paris, B.M. Roy. 14 C. vii. f. 221.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">1</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig02">2</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">A Pilgrim </p><p class="hanga">[B.M. 17 C. xxxviii. f. 39, xiv. cent.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall </p></td> - <td><p class="pright">6</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig03">3</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Domus Conversorum, London </p><p class="hanga">[Idem.] Home for Jews, founded 1232. Site occupied by Rolls Chapel, Chancery Lane.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">20</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig04">4</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Poor Priests’ Hospital, Canterbury</p><p class="hanga">[From <i>Ancient Cities</i> Series.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">B. C. Boulter</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">23</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig05">5</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*The Bede-House, Stamford</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">29</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig06">6</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of the Lazar-House, Mile End</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">47</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig07">7</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">The Leper and the Physician</p><p class="hanga">[Trin. Coll. Camb. O.I. 20, by permission of the Librarian.]</p><p class="hanga">Represents, perhaps, the examination of a suspected person.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">59</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig08">8</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Elias, a Leper-monk</p><p class="hanga">[Notes on Painted Glass in Canterbury Cathedral; from window in the Trinity Chapel, partly new, partly fragments of old glass.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">64</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig09">9</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">A Leper</p><p class="hanga">[Exeter Pontifical, B.M. Lands. 451 f. 127; xiv. cent. MS., marginal sketch possibly xv. cent.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">68</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig10">10</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">“The Memorial of Matilda the Queen”</p><p class="hanga">[After Matthew Paris, <i>Hist. Major</i>, Corp. Chr. Coll. Camb., MS. xvi, xxvi, by permission of the Librarian.] </p><p class="hanga"><i>Memoriale Matildis reginæ scilicet hospitale Sancti Egidii quod est Londoniæ.</i></p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">71</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig11">11</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Tomb of Rahere in St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">76</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig12">12</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Memorial Brass of John Barstaple</p><p class="hanga">[By kind permission of Mr. J. W. Arrowsmith.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">84</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig13">13</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Bristol</p><p class="hanga">[By kind permission of the Proprietor of the <i>Western Daily Press</i>.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">S. J. Loxton</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">89</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig14">14</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. Bartholomew’s, London</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">93</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig15">15</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of Knightsbridge Hospital</p><p class="hanga">Depicts Blessed Virgin and Child with St. Leonard.</p><p class="hanga">Inscribed: <i>Sigillum: ospici sci: lenarde (?): kynght brigge</i>.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">103</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig16">16</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. Alexis, Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">107</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig17">17</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. John’s, Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">107</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig18">18</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. John’s, Stafford</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">108</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig19">19</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Plan of St. Mary’s, Chichester</p><p class="hanga">[Dollman’s Domestic Architecture.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">112</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig20">20</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Plan of St. Nicholas’, Salisbury</p><p class="hanga">Drawn by Mr. J. Arthur Reeve, architect. By kind permission of Canon Wordsworth.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">113</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig21">21</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Sherburn Hospital, near Durham</p><p class="hanga">[Hutchinson’s Durham, 1787.]</p><p class="hanga">The gateway and chapel remain.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">118</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig22">22</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Plan of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester</p><p class="hanga">[After Schnebbelie.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">119</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig23">23</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Chapel of Abbot Beere’s Almshouse, Glastonbury</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">124</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig24">24</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of the leper-women of Westminster</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">147</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig25">25</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Ancient Hospital Altar at Glastonbury</p><p class="hanga">[By kind permission of Mr. George Gregory, Bath, from Rev. C. L. Marson’s <i>Glastonbury</i>.]</p><p class="hanga">In the chapel of the almshouse founded or re-founded by Abbot Beere.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">165</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig26">26</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">A Leper with clapper and dish</p><p class="hanga">[After a Miniature in the Bibl. de l’Arsenal, Paris, MS. 5060; xiii. cent.; from La Vie Privée d’Autrefois, “L’Hygiène,” A. Franklin, 1890.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">177</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig27">27</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Document and Seal of Holy Innocents’, Lincoln</p><p class="hanga">[B.M. Harl. ch. 44 A. 29.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">180</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig28">28</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Alms-box, Harbledown Hospital</p><p class="hanga">Erasmus dropped a coin into it on his visit to Harbledown.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">192</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig29">29</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Bell-turret of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Glastonbury</p><p class="hanga">[From <i>Ancient Cities</i> Series.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">E. H. New</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">198</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig30">30</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. Anthony’s, London</p><p class="hanga">[<i>Gent. Mag.</i> 1784 ii.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">208</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig31">31</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Gateway of St. John’s, Canterbury</p><p class="hanga">[From <i>Ancient Cities</i> Series.]</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">B. C. Boulter</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">241</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig32">32</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Bristol</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">252</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig33">33</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. Mark’s, Bristol</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">254</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig34">34</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. Clement’s, Hoddesdon</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">256</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig35">35</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. Katherine’s, Bristol</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">260</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig36">36</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">A Pilgrim’s Sign</p><p class="hanga">[<i>Collectanea Antiqua.</i>]</p><p class="hanga">Canterbury souvenir found at York.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">265</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#fig37">37</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Seal of St. Bartholomew’s, Rochester</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Charles Wall</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">271</p></td></tr> -</table> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter laynarrow"> -<table id="loplist" summary=""> -<tr><th colspan="3"><h2 class="nobreak">LIST OF PLATES</h2></th></tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td><p class="first"><span class="txtright fsize7"><a href="#frontis"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></span> - *Maison Dieu, Dover</p> <p class="hanga">[Buck’s engraving, 1735.]</p> - <p class="hanga">S.E. view of St. Mary’s Hospital. The restored buildings form part of the Town Hall; the chapel on the N.E. is used as a police-court.</p> </td> - <td></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-i">I</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Refreshment for Wayfarers</p><p class="hanga">[“The Pilgrim.” B.M. Tib. A. vii. f. 90, xv. cent.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">5</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-ii">II</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Pilgrims’ Hospital, Canterbury</p><p class="hanga">[Drawn by J. Raymond, engraved by Cook.]</p><p class="hanga">N. view of St. Thomas’, Eastbridge. The windows are those of the chapel, rebuilt <i>circa</i> 1363.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">8</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-iii">III</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*St. John’s, Canterbury</p><p class="hanga">[Idem.] The chapel exists, but altered. The hall contains charters, alms-box, account-books, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">15</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-iv">IV</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Cloister of St. Giles’, Norwich</p><p class="hanga">[Photograph, London and Co. Photo Press.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">24</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-v">V</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Harbledown Hospital</p><p class="hanga">[Drawn by Nelson, 1766, engraved by Cook.]</p><p class="hanga">Church remains, dwellings rebuilt; hall contains ancient utensils, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">35</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td rowspan="2"><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-vi">VI</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">(<i>a</i>) St. Bartholomew’s, Gloucester</p><p class="hanga">[From Lysons’ <i>Antiquities</i>.]</p><p class="hanga">S.E. view. Hospital rebuilt <i>temp.</i> Henry III.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">73</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">(<i>b</i>) *St. Mary’s, Chichester</p><p class="hanga">[S.H. Grimm, B.M. Add. Burrell.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">73</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-vii">VII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*God’s House, Southampton</p><p class="hanga">[Woodward and Wilks, Hampshire.]</p><p class="hanga">St. Julian’s Chapel and God’s House Gate.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">78</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-viii">VIII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Hospital of St. Cross</p><p class="hanga">[From Guide, J. Wilkes, 1780.]</p><p class="hanga">The southern wing has disappeared.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">81</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-ix">IX</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">The Death of Richard Whittington</p><p class="hanga">[Life of John Carpenter, by T. Brewer, p. 26; original in Mercers’ Hall.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">82</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-x">X</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Hall of St. Cross, Winchester</p><p class="hanga">[Woodward.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">110</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xi">XI</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*St. Mary Magdalene’s, Glastonbury</p><p class="hanga">(<i>a</i>) View from the West. [Drawn by E. H. New.]</p><p class="hanga">(<i>b</i>) Ground-plan. [Drawn by J. Charles Wall.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">115</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xii">XII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">St. Giles-in-the-Fields, London</p><p class="hanga">[From a map about 1566, B.M. Crace Collection.]</p><p class="hanga">(<i>a</i>) Plan of the Leper Hospital. (<i>b</i>) Church of St. Giles.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">117</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xiii">XIII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Ford’s Hospital, Coventry</p><p class="hanga">[Photograph by Frith.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">121</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xiv">XIV</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">The Savoy Hospital, London</p><p class="hanga">[G.V. 1736, Vetusta Monumenta.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">122</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xv">XV</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*Hospital of St. Nicholas, Salisbury</p><p class="hanga">[Original drawings by J. Buckler, B.M. K. xliii.]</p><p class="hanga">(<i>a</i>) S.E. view; the present chapel is shown, and to the right a former chapel, now a kitchen.</p><p class="hanga">(<i>b</i>) W. view; the weathering of the original porch is seen.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">129</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td rowspan="2"><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xvi">XVI</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">(a) The Warden’s House, Sherburn</p><p class="hanga">[Original drawing by Grimm, B.M.]</p><p class="hanga">This residence was destroyed in 1833.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">143</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">(b) *Gateway, Kepier</p><p class="hanga">[Surtees’ Durham.]</p><p class="hanga">This fine gateway (1333–45) has a groined ceiling with beautiful bosses.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">143</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xvii">XVII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*The Almshouse, Ewelme</p><p class="hanga">[Photograph by Taunt.]</p><p class="hanga">“The Pratie Hospitale of poore Men” with its “very fair Welle” was visited by Leland.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">151</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xviii">XVIII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*St. Mary’s, Chichester</p><p class="hanga">[Photograph by Valentine.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">158</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xix">XIX</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">St. Bartholomew’s, Sandwich</p><p class="hanga">[Drawn by G. Maxwell, engraved in W. Boys’ <i>Collections</i>, 1787.]</p><p class="hanga">(<i>a</i>) Chapel. (<i>b</i>) Gateway.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">160</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xx">XX</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">The Beggars’ Dole</p><p class="hanga">[<i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, 1793, from stained glass.]</p><p class="hanga">Food distributed to the hungry; one cripple uses a “stool” or support.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">170</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxi">XXI</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester</p><p class="hanga">[J. Schnebbelie, 1788, Vetusta Monumenta.]</p><p class="hanga">(<i>a</i>) Master’s House and Chapel. (<i>b</i>) Chapel from West.</p><p class="hanga">A Norman doorway from this destroyed chapel was removed to St. Peter’s Street.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">179</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxii">XXII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford</p><p class="hanga">[Drawn by Hollis, <i>Gent. Mag.</i>, 1833, i.]</p><p class="hanga">The chapel and buildings remain at Bartlemas Farm, Cowley Road.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">191</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxiii">XXIII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*St. John’s, Wilton</p><p class="hanga">[Original drawings by J. Buckler, B.M.]</p><p class="hanga">(<i>a</i>) S.E. view. (<i>b</i>) N. view.</p><p class="hanga">The “Priory” is still picturesque and ivy-clad. The walls are of flints, with large quoins; the original buttresses and windows remain. The chapel (<i>a</i>) is in use.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">205</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxiv">XXIV</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*St. Leonard’s, York (ambulatory)</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">227</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxv">XXV</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*St. Leonard’s, York (chapel)</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">232</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxvi">XXVI</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">*The Almshouse, Abingdon</p><p class="hanga">[Photograph by Taunt]</p><p class="hanga">Now called Christ’s Hospital.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">235</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxvii">XXVII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">St. Mary’s, Newcastle</p><p class="hanga">[After lithograph, J. Storey, 1844; reproduced by permission of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, from Transactions, 1892.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">247</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td rowspan="2"><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxviii">XXVIII</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">(<i>a</i>) St. Petronilla’s, Bury St. Edmunds</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">256</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">(<i>b</i>) *Lepers’ Chapel, Dunwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">256</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxix">XXIX</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">The Hospitality of St. Julian</p><p class="hanga">[By Cristofano Allori, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, photograph by Brogi.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">259</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td rowspan="2"><p class="pright"><a href="#plt-xxx">XXX</a>.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">(<i>a</i>) Spital-on-the-Street</p><p class="hanga">[S.H. Grimm, B.M.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">264</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">(<i>b</i>) *St. Edmund’s, Gateshead</p><p class="hanga">[Idem.] The chapel was built <i>circa</i> 1247, and restored 1837; now Holy Trinity Church, High Street.</p></td> - <td><p class="pright">264</p></td></tr> -</table> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="p-xvii">INTRODUCTION</h2> - -<blockquote> -<div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse"><i>“And to relief of lazars and weak age,</i></p> -<p class="pverse"><i>Of indigent faint souls, past corporal toil,</i></p> -<p class="pverse"><i>A hundred almshouses, right well supplied.”</i></p> -</div><p class="signature">(Shakespeare: Henry V., i. 1.)</p> -</blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">W<span>HILE</span></span> -we are justly proud of our institutions for -the amelioration of the lot of the infirm and destitute, -we are apt to forget that they are not the -outcome of any modern philanthropic movement, but -are rather England’s inheritance for above a thousand -years.</p></div> - -<p>Much has been written of the regular monastic houses. -These are situated, as it were, upon the high-roads of -ecclesiastical history; but comparatively little attention -has been paid to the existence and development of -the foundations known as “Hospitals.” Although it -is with some trepidation that we tread the less-frequented -by-paths of history, an attempt will be made in this volume -to illustrate the place of the hospital in pre-Reformation -times, and by this means to secure a fuller recognition of -the widespread activity of the Church of England in -former days. Hospitals played an important part in the -social life of the Middle Ages, and from the study of them -much may be learnt of the habits of a distant past.</p> - -<p>At the outset it will be well to make clear what the -hospital was, and what it was not. It was an ecclesiastical, -not a medical, institution. It was for care rather than -cure: for the relief of the body, when possible, but pre-eminently -for the refreshment of the soul. By manifold -religious observances, the staff sought to elevate and discipline -character. They endeavoured, as the body decayed, -to strengthen the soul and prepare it for the future life. -Faith and love were more predominant features in hospital -life than were skill and science.</p> - -<p>It will surprise many to learn that—apart from actual -monasteries and friaries—there existed upwards of 750 -such charitable institutions in Mediæval England.<a id="fnanchor_1" href="#fn_1" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 1; go to footnote">1</a> -To appreciate the relative magnitude of this number, -it must be remembered that the total population was -smaller than that of London at the present day. The -fact proves that clergy and laity were battling bravely -with social problems. There existed a sense of responsibility, -causing real charitable effort, although mediæval -methods may appear mistaken in the light of modern -scientific and economic principles.</p> - -<p>The study of these ancient charities calls attention to -the following points. The first is the extent of leprosy in -England. There are, indeed, conflicting opinions concerning -the prevalence of the disease, but it is certain -that the figure mentioned above includes over 200 hospitals -occupied at one time by lepers. Secondly, a number of the -early foundations were in the main houses of hospitality -for strangers; and this testifies to the widespread -practice of pilgrimage. There were also general hospitals -in which temporary and permanent relief was -given to needy persons of all sorts and conditions. Some -were very small institutions, mere cottage-hospitals. It -is often impossible to ascertain the character of an ancient -charity. As long ago as 1594, it was reported concerning -St. Edmund’s, Gateshead: “the poor . . . are -and have been indifferently of both kindes as men and -women; but whether sicke or wholl, lepers or way -fairinge, so they be poore, needie, and indigente, is note -respected.” On the other hand, in the case of large -towns, hospitals were often differentiated. Situated in the -main street, perhaps, was an infirmary-almshouse for the -sick and helpless; near a frequented gate stood a hostel -for passing pilgrims and others; outside the walls there -would be at least one leper-hospital.</p> - -<p>It is not possible to be precise in chronology, or even -to give approximate dates. In Chantry Surveys there is -often a memorandum that no foundation can be shown, -this being lost in obscurity, and the house founded “before -time of memory.” Probably the earliest authentic -fact relating to charitable houses other than monasteries -is that concerning the Saxon hospital at York, for although, -in the words of Canon Raine, “its beginning is -enveloped in an atmosphere of historical romance,” the -munificence of Athelstan enables us to date its origin -about the year 937.</p> - -<p>The year 1547 serves as a useful limit to our period, and -may well for the purposes of this book denote the close -of the Middle Ages in England. Its selection in no way -implies a lack of continuity in the Church with which -every hospital was intimately associated,—yet it marks -a time of transition. Charity was crippled for a time by -the confiscations of endowments designed for the relief -of the destitute, until a new generation of philanthropists -arose and endeavoured to replace them. Thomas Fuller -truly says, “the reformed Religion in England hath -been the Mother of many brave Foundations.” To support -this he instances certain famous hospitals, as that at -Warwick, built by the Earl of Leicester (1571); Croydon, -by Archbishop Whitgift (1596); Guildford, by Archbishop -Abbot (before 1617), and Sutton’s Charterhouse -(1611). There is, indeed, no fundamental difference between -the earlier and later almshouses of the sixteenth -century. The author of <i>A History of English Philanthropy</i> -gives two reasons for using the period of the -dissolution of monasteries as a starting-point. “It was -then,” he says, “that modern problems began to formulate -themselves with great precision; and charity was -then ceasing to be under the immediate direction and -tutelage of the Church.” For the same reasons, the year -1547 is here used to conclude the earlier philanthropic era.</p> - -<p>A tabulated list of hospitals will be found in Appendix -B. Additions and corrections are earnestly invited -by the author, as local and particular knowledge is required -to make it accurate and exhaustive. From this -list are excluded such infirmaries as formed an integral -part of a monastic house; but in cases where some abbey -maintained a separate institution outside its gates (with -distinct constitution, separate dedication-name, and sometimes -a separate seal), the foundation is set down as a -hospital. The institutions known as Colleges have no -place unless, indeed, they maintained bedemen. The -“House of Converts” does, however, rightly belong to -our subject, for it was an almshouse and industrial home. -“Hospitals” of the Orders of the Temple and St. John -of Jerusalem are excluded, because they differ in -character, although the work they carried on was partly -the same. Moreover, as they formed part of great -societies, famous in and beyond Europe, they have their -own historians. Houses of the Knights of St. Lazarus -must, however, consistency notwithstanding, find a -place, because any account of relief provided for lepers -would be incomplete if that comparatively small Order -were passed over. “Hospital” was a wide-embracing -term, and the occasional application of the word to -religious foundations of one kind or another has not -always been accounted a reason for their inclusion.</p> - -<p>The history of many houses is obscure, limited in some -cases to a single reference. The great scholars Bishop -Tanner and Sir William Dugdale reaped harvests, which -are garnered in their Monasticons; yet even a humble -student may now glean after them by means of the invaluable -printed Calendars of the Public Record Office. -The labours of the Historical Manuscripts Commission -are likewise fruitful. Wills are useful as showing the -period up to which these institutions had popular support. -Although Appendix B was mainly compiled before -the issue of the Victoria County History, certain shires -have received several additions from that great work, the -forthcoming volumes of which will doubtless supplement -the present list. Episcopal archives throw light upon -hospital-life, as upon every department of ecclesiastical -history; fresh information and confirmatory evidence -about which will be forthcoming when, by means of the -Canterbury and York Society and other Record Societies, -more Registers become accessible. It is much to be -desired that local Archæological Societies should take up -and develop the history of particular houses. It is -difficult to ascertain which ancient charities still continue, -but an attempt has been made to record approximately -in the appended table such endowments as now -exist.</p> - -<p>Grateful thanks are due to those who have assisted -the writer in her task. And first, to the Lord Bishop of -Bristol, whose kind offer to contribute the Preface to -this volume is only the latest proof of the ever-helpful -interest he has taken in the whole work. Mention must -also be made of Mr. R. C. Fowler, of the Public -Record Office, who, after personally examining the -List of Foundations, gave hints for its improvement. -The Rev. C. S. Taylor, <span class="smmaj">F.S.A.</span> and the Rev. Canon -Wordsworth have given invaluable assistance, particularly -by the translation of the Office found in Appendix -A. In various ways help has been rendered by Miss -Arnold-Forster, Professor G. H. Leonard, Mr. W. F. -Rawnsley, and by friends and correspondents too numerous -to mention. Lastly, it remains for the writer to -acknowledge her indebtedness to the Rev. Dr. Cox, -General Editor of the Series, without whose kindly encouragement -she would never have ventured to go -beyond a private study of the subject in hand.</p> - -<div class="chapter imctr02"> - <img class="fsize4" src="images/ia029title.jpg" width="528" height="96" - alt="The Spyttell hous." /><a id="fnanchor_2" href="#fn_2" class="fnanchor" - title="footnote anchor 2; go to footnote">2</a> - - <img src="images/ia029poem.jpg" width="600" height="800" - alt="¶ Copland. - ¶ Syr, I pray you, who hath of you relefe? - ¶ Porter. ¶ Forsoth they that be at suche myschefe - That for theyr lyuyng can do no labour - And haue no frendes to do them socour - As old people seke and impotent - Poore women in chyldbed haue here easement - Weyke men sore wounded by great vyolence - And sore men eaten with pockes and pestylence - And honest folke fallen in great pouerte - By mischaunce or other infyrmyte - Way faryng men and maymed souldyours - Haue theyr relyef in this poore hous of ours - And all other which we seme good and playne - Haue here lodgyng for a nyght or twayne - Bedred folke, and suche as can not craue - In these places moost relyef they haue - And yf they hap within our place to dye - Than are they buryed well and honestly - But not euery unseke stoborne knaue - For than we shold ouer many haue." /> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"><li> - -<h3>Notes — Introduction</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> -<p><a id="fn_1" href="#fnanchor_1" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 1; go to anchor">1</a> -Nearly 800 are set down in the appended -list, but some are uncertain.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> -<p><a id="fn_2" href="#fnanchor_2" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 2; go to anchor">2</a> -From <i>The hye way to the Spyttell hous</i> (circa 1536), -in which Robert Copland speaks with the Porter of a London hospital, -probably St. Bartholomew’s.</p></li></ul></li></ul> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p001">p001</div> - -<div class="fsize3">MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS</div> -<div class="fsize3">OF ENGLAND</div> - -<div class="fsize3 padtopb">PART ONE</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak padtopb" title="PART ONE. CHAPTER I. -HOSPITALS FOR WAYFARERS AND THE SICK."> -CHAPTER I<small>HOSPITALS FOR WAYFARERS AND THE SICK</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>Founded for the maintenance of poor pilgrims and other infirm persons -resorting thither to remain until they are healed of their infirmities.</i>”</p> - -<p class="hangb">“<i>For the poor, for persons going to Rome, for others coming to Canterbury and -needing shelter, and for lying-in women.</i>” (St. Thomas’, -Canterbury.)</p></blockquote> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p class="first"> -<span class="chap-fst-wd">T<span>HE</span></span> earliest charitable -institutions of England -were houses of hospitality. -In sketching the development -of these guest-houses -we must bear in mind -that the hospital (derived from -<i>hospes</i>, a host or guest) was -a wayside shelter for all comers.</p> - -<h3>FIRST PERIOD <span class="fsize6">(<i>circa</i> 925–1170)</span></h3> - -<div class="figleft imwth07" id="fig01"> - <img src="images/ib001.jpg" width="288" height="215" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of - Illustrations">♦  </a> -1. ST. JOHN’S HOSPITAL, OXFORD</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">Travellers were exposed to peril by the rudeness of the -times, but in those early days hospitality was regarded as -a solemn obligation. To receive any stranger was a -<span class="xxpn" id="p002">p002</span> -duty: to welcome the passing pilgrim was a sacred privilege. -Al­though the private ent­er­tain­ment of guests was -widely prac­tised, some public ins­ti­tu­tions were required. -Tradition tells of at least two “hospitals” or hospices -founded in the tenth century (925–940). Both were in -Yorkshire,<a id="fnanchor_3" href="#fn_3" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 3; go to footnote">3</a> -one being in the distant country parts, the -other in the populous town. At Flixton in Holderness -was a house of refuge “to preserve travellers from being -devoured by the wolves and other voracious forest -beasts.”<a id="fnanchor_4" href="#fn_4" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 4; go to footnote">4</a> -The city of York, on the other hand, was so -great a place of thoroughfare that it was impossible to -entertain all who came. Athelstan, recognizing that the -Canons of the Minster were men of holy life, active in -helping the needy who flocked to them, assisted them -in their hospitality by the foundation of St. Peter’s -hospital.</p> - -<p>Two other early houses of charity are ascribed to the -Saxon bishops Oswald and Wulstan of Worcester. In -the eleventh century at least we emerge from tradition, -for it seems clear that St. Wulstan founded that hospital -near his cathedral city which afterwards bore his name. -It will be remembered that bishops were especially bound -by their vows at consecration to be given to hospitality. -In pre-Norman days, the solemn question was in substance -what is asked to-day: “Wilt thou shew mercy and -kindness, for the name of the Lord, to the poor, the -stranger, and all in want?” (<i>pauperibus et peregrinis -omnibusque indigentibus</i>). To this the elected bishop <span class="xxpn" id="p003">p003</span> -replied, “I will.” This formula occurs in the Exeter -Pontifical, compiled about nine hundred years ago, and -is repeated in Osmund’s Sarum Use.</p> - -<p>There were, of course, pilgrims among those who -sojourned in early hostels. Englishmen have always -loved travel. Not only did our Saxon forefathers journey -to Rome (receiving shelter by the way in hospitals of -English foundation), but they constantly visited their -national shrines. Probably a fresh impetus was given to -pilgrimage by the coming of the Normans. Monastic -life was strengthened, and this was a guarantee of hospitality. -“Guests are to be received as if they were -Christ Himself,” said the rule of St. Benedict. In the -century after the Conquest, as in those which preceded it, -the chief works of mercy were done in the monastery. -There was the <i>hospitium</i> within the abbey-gate, as at -St. Mary’s, York; and the “Strangers’ Hall” at -Winchester. Then followed the shelter outside the -walls, as at Battle, referred to (<i>circa</i> 1076) as “the -house of the pilgrims which is called the hospital.” -During the twelfth century more independent foundations -became common. All sorts and conditions -of men were lodged—wayfarers, invalids, and even -lepers.</p> - -<p>About the year 1148, St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield, -was the resort of sick pilgrims, of whom “many and -innumerable were schewid tokynnys of myracles.” The -patients who flocked to the famous shrine and hospital -were “langwissyng men greuyd with uariant sorys”; one -sought “remedie of his akynge hede,” another suffered -from “bleriednes of yen” (eyes), and yet another from -“ryngyng of his erys.” Victims of the falling sickness <span class="xxpn" id="p004">p004</span> -(epilepsy), paralysis, dropsy, fevers, insanity, found -relief; deaf and dumb were healed; a child born blind -received sight from “the heuenly leche.”</p> - -<p>Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, about 1141, invited -help for “the hospital house of Dover, which two -brethren, Osbern and Godwin, are diligently building for -the reception of the poor and strangers.” This hospital -of St. Bartholomew (Buckland) was also used for lepers. -The need of further provision for travellers was felt, and -a benefactor made extensive grants on condition that a -house was provided for the reception of needy people -disembarking from ships: before 1163 reference is made -to the <i>hospitium</i> for strangers. It was doubtless frequented -by voyagers returning from the Crusades; but -before long an event occurred which brought multitudes -to Dover, and then the old hospital proving insufficient, -became chiefly the resort of lepers, and a new Maison -Dieu was built near the quay. (See Frontispiece.)</p> - -<h3>SECOND PERIOD <span class="fsize6">(<i>circa</i> 1170–1270)</span></h3> - -<p>The year 1170 marks an epoch, ushering in the great -pilgrimage within and towards England. When the -shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury became the goal of -pious wayfarers it was necessary to find accommodation -for them. The hospitals of Canterbury and Southwark -bearing the martyr’s name were among the earliest. -Within a few years such houses (often called <i>Domus Dei</i>) -were founded in most of the southern ports and along the -Pilgrims’ Way, as at Dover, Ospringe, and Maidstone. -At Strood “the poor, weak, infirm and impotent, as well -neighbouring inhabitants as travellers from distant <span class="xxpn" id="p005">p005</span> -places,” were cared for “until they die or depart healed.” -Norfolk, like Kent, was studded with houses of charity, -especially near the highway to Walsingham. Thirteen -pilgrims were lodged at Bec, near Billingford. At -Thetford there was a hospital near the passage -of the river. Among other early hostels we may -enumerate those of Newcastle, Hexham, Ripon, Stamford, -Aynho, London (St. Mary’s), Bridgwater, and -Ledbury.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-i"> -<img src="images/i005.jpg" width="600" height="445" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE I.</i> REFRESHMENT FOR WAYFARERS</div> -</div> - -<p>The hospital was a guest-house and infirmary in one. -That on the outskirts of Oxford was called in a charter -(<i>circa</i> 1194) <i>Herebergeria Hospitalis S. Joh. Bapt.</i>; in -1233 this was refounded (Fig. 1) “that therein infirm -people and strangers might receive remedy of their health -and necessity.” The inmates of St. Nicholas’, Salisbury, -are described as passengers (<i>transeuntes</i>) and as sick -and infirm (<i>egroti et infirmi</i>). The same two-fold work -of charity was carried on at Chichester, as shown by -St. Mary’s statutes:—</p> - -<blockquote title="from St. Mary's statutes"> -<p>“If anyone in infirm health and destitute of friends should -seek admission for a term, until he shall recover, let him be -gladly received and assigned a bed. . . . In regard to the -poor people who are received late at night, and go forth -early in the morning, let the warden take care that their -feet are washed, and, as far as possible, their necessities -attended to.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>There is a MS. in the British Museum entitled <i>The -Pilgrim</i>. It is an allegorical poem in the manner of the -“Pilgrim’s Progress,” and sets forth the adventures of -the traveller. The illustration (Pl. I) and description -were probably taken from experience of earthly pilgrimage. -“Charity” is seen welcoming strangers, <span class="xxpn" id="p006">p006</span> -at which work she was always busy in mediæval -England:—</p> - -<blockquote><div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse">“And I suppose for my beste</p> -<p class="pverse">There to herborewe and to reste</p> -<p class="pverse">On ther cam and preyed me</p> -<p class="pverse">And her name was <i>Charite</i></p> -<p class="pverse">To pylgrymes in goodly wyse</p> -<p class="pverse">Sche dyde moste trewely the seruyse</p> -<p class="pverse">With chere benygne and glad uysage</p> -<p class="pverse">She brought hem to ther herbergage.”<a id="fnanchor_5" href="#fn_5" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 5; go to footnote">5</a></p> -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="continue">Among shrines which the pious Englishman visited may -be mentioned Bury St. Edmunds, Westminster, Durham, -Beverley, St. Albans, -Waltham.<a id="fnanchor_6" href="#fn_6" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 6; go to footnote">6</a></p> - -<h3>THIRD PERIOD <span class="fsize6">(1270–1470)</span></h3> - -<div class="figleft imwth06" id="fig02"> - <img src="images/ib006.jpg" width="312" height="354" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> - <a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> - 2. A PILGRIM</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">(a) <i>Pilgrimage and Vagrancy.</i>—The greatest century -of pilgrimage was past, but vagrancy was an ever-increasing -problem, and inasmuch as -it affected the social life of England, it -affected hospitals, directly or indirectly. -In the Statute of Labourers, drawn up -in 1350, an attempt had been made to -restrain desultory wandering, idleness, -mendicancy and indiscriminate almsgiving. -This was followed by many -ordinances, local and general. By a -proclamation in 1359 the municipal -authorities of London declared -that such unworthy -beggars “do waste divers -alms, which would otherwise -be given to many poor folks, such as lepers, blind, halt, <span class="xxpn" id="p007">p007</span> -and persons oppressed with old age and divers other -maladies.” In 1369 they issued a precept “for mendicants, -vagrants and pilgrims to leave the city.” The -Statute of Westminster (1383) ordered inquiry concerning -vagabonds “wandering from place to place, running -in the country more abundantly than they were wont in -times past.” The Act of 1388 declared that those who “go -in pilgrimage as beggars” when fit for employment, -should be dealt with according to the previous Statute. -It will be observed that these measures were framed from -an economic standpoint, not to check pilgrimage as such.</p> - -<p>Although pilgrimage was declining, there were still -many pilgrims. Some of these were professional palmers, -and hirelings fulfilling vows by proxy; for there are -numerous bequests in the fourteenth century to persons -undertaking journeys on the testator’s behalf to Canterbury, -Walsingham, and Bury St. Edmunds, as well as to -St. James of Compostella, Rome, or the Holy Land. -The special “Jubilee” at Canterbury in 1420 was attended -by 100,000 persons, and in 1434 thousands set sail for -Compostella.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>Provision for temporary relief.</i>—Existing houses of -hospitality were kept up, but a growing tendency to -discriminate amongst applicants may be noticed. In -many cases more beds were reserved for chronic invalids -than for casual comers. St. Thomas’ hospital, Canterbury, -carried on its old work, but the renewed statutes -of Archbishop Stratford (1342) direct “that poor pilgrims -in good health shall be entertained only for one night . . . -that greater regard shall be had for the sick than for the -well pilgrims.” With some diplomacy it describes itself, -in a petition to the Pope, as designed “for persons going <span class="xxpn" id="p008">p008</span> -to Rome (<i>Romipete</i>), for others coming to Canterbury -and needing shelter,”<a id="fnanchor_7" href="#fn_7" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 7; go to footnote">7</a> -etc.</p> - -<p>The chief building period was over, as far as this particular -kind of temporary provision is concerned, but one -or two new foundations must be mentioned. St. John’s, -Winchester, was built about 1275 “for the relief of sick -and lame soldiers, poor pilgrims, and necessitous wayfaring -men, to have diet and lodging thereto fit and convenient -for one night or longer, as their abilities to travel -gave leave.” In 1393, the Bishop of Ely offered an indulgence -to persons contributing to the sustentation of -a hospital at Brentford, which consisted of a chapel, -newly constructed, “with two houses built there, furnished -with beds and other necessaries for the entertainment -of poor travellers.” The old hospital at Brackley -was reconstituted for the same purpose (1425). It was, -however, suppressed sixty years later, because hospitality -was being neglected.</p> - -<p>One special form of temporary relief came to the front -about this time. The assistance of women in childbirth -was named in the Petition and Statute of 1414 as part of -the recognized aim and scope of hospital charity. The -heading to this chapter alludes to the work undertaken at -St. Thomas’, Canterbury, in 1363. The foundation deed -of Holy Trinity, Salisbury, sets forth that “lying-in -women are cared for until they are delivered, recovered -and churched.” The Spital near Blyth was newly constructed -in 1446 for the lodging of strangers and distressed -women.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-ii"> -<img src="images/i008.jpg" width="600" height="485" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE II.</i> HOSPITAL OF ST. THOMAS, CANTERBURY -FOR PILGRIMS</div> -</div> - -<p>It is recorded that the two London infirmaries of St. -Mary without Bishopsgate and St. Bartholomew <span class="xxpn" id="p009">p009</span> undertook -this work; in both institutions the touching provision -was made that if the mother died, her child should be -brought up there until the age of seven.<a id="fnanchor_8" href="#fn_8" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 8; go to footnote">8</a> -In the year 1437 -privileges were granted to the latter hospital “in consideration -of their great charges in receiving the poor, -feeble and infirm, keeping women in childbirth until -their purification, and sometimes feeding their infants -until weaned.” William Gregory, a citizen of London, -describing in his commonplace book various foundations, -says of “Bartholomewe ys Spetylle”:—</p> - -<blockquote title="William Gregory says:"> -<p>“Hyt ys a place of grete comforte to pore men as for hyr -loggyng, and yn specyalle unto yong wymmen that have mysse -done that ben whythe chylde. There they ben delyueryde, and -unto the tyme of puryfycacyon they have mete and drynke of the -placys coste, and fulle honestely gydyd and kepte.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>General hospitals for the sick were thus in process of -development. St. Bartholomew’s was steadily fulfilling -its founder’s vow to provide a place for the “recreacion of -poure men.” After three and a half centuries of usefulness, -a roll of 1464 records with approbation “works done -within the hospital in relief of poor pilgrims, soldiers, -sailors and others of all nations.”</p> - -<h3>FOURTH PERIOD <span class="fsize6">(<i>circa</i> 1470–1547)</span></h3> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) It is evident that pilgrimage was no longer an -important factor in the social life of the country. The -daily resort to shrines had practically ceased, but the -special anniversaries were kept. Such pious travellers as -there were, lodged chiefly in inns. At Glastonbury a -Pilgrims’ Inn was built by Abbot John, about the year -1475, to accommodate those visiting the holy places of <span class="xxpn" id="p010">p010</span> -St. Joseph of Arimathæa and St. Dunstan. A later abbot, -Richard Beere, writing to Archbishop Warham to defend -the genuineness of St. Dunstan’s relics, stated that -people had come from far and near to visit the new shrine, -especially upon St. Dunstan’s Day (1508).<a id="fnanchor_9" href="#fn_9" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 9; go to footnote">9</a> -Although -the regular stream of pilgrims to Canterbury was no -longer seen day by day, the great “Jubilee” celebrations -were popular, the last one being kept in 1520. At that -time the needs of visitors were met by special provision, -a post being set up in the main street with “letters -expressing the ordering of uitell and lodyng for pylgrymes.” -Probably the bailiffs and citizens made all -arrangements for bed and board as they had done in 1420.</p> - -<p>Vagrancy still constituted an increasingly grave problem. -By “An Acte agaynst vacabounds and beggers,” in -1495 (re-enacted 1503), previous legislation was amended -and “every vagabound heremyte or pilgryme,” partially -exempt hitherto, was henceforth compelled to fare like -wandering soldier, shipman or university clerk. In a -letter from Henry VIII to the Mayor of Grimsby it is -observed that the relief of the impotent is much diminished -by the importunate begging of the sturdy and idle, and it -is required that measures be taken “that the weedes over -growe not the corne.”<a id="fnanchor_10" href="#fn_10" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 10; go to footnote">10</a> -The Statutes became increasingly -stern, and able-bodied beggars were scourged with the lash -from town to town by the Act of 1530–1. But “the greatest -severities hitherto enacted were mild in comparison with -the severe provisions of the enactment” of the first year -of Edward VI (1547). If the young king’s father had -literally chastised beggars with whips, his own counsellors -desired that they should be chastised with <span class="xxpn" id="p011">p011</span> -scorpions. They might be reduced to the condition of -slaves: their owners might put a ring round their necks -or limbs, and force them to work by beating and chains, -whilst a runaway could be branded on the face with a -hot iron.<a id="fnanchor_11" href="#fn_11" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 11; go to footnote">11</a> -This brutal law was repealed two years later.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) Where towns were few and far between, the need of -shelter for strangers was especially felt. Extensive works -of hospitality were done by religious houses, particularly -in the northern counties. That fresh provision, although -on a small scale, was still made for shelter, indicates its -necessity. When an almshouse was built at Northallerton -(1476), accommodation was made not only for thirteen -pensioners, but for two destitute and distressed travellers, -who should stay a night and no longer. A hostel solely -for temporary shelter was founded at Durham (1493). One -Cuthbert Billingham directed the provision of eight beds -in a “massendeue or spittel,” where “all poore trauellyng -people ther herbery or logyng asking for the loue of -Gode shall be herbered and logide.” In Westmorland, -a little hospital, with two beds for passers-by, was built -by John Brunskill at Brough-under-Stainmoor (1506): it -was situated on the pass into Yorkshire.</p> - -<p>At seaports and in places of thoroughfare, shelter was -still provided for travellers. God’s House, Southampton, -expended £28 annually upon “daily hospitality to wayfarers -and strangers from beyond the sea,” and similar -charity was provided at Dover. Leland describes St. -Thomas’, Canterbury, as “An Hospital within the Town -on the Kinges Bridge for poore Pylgrems and way faring -men.” At Sandwich there was a “Harbinge” attached -to St. John’s almshouse. Provision was made for lodgers, <span class="xxpn" id="p012">p012</span> -and the buildings included “the chambre of harber for -strange wemen, the gentilmen chambre and the long -harbur chamber” (1489). The town authorities ordered -“that no persons do harbour beggars, who are to resort -to St. John’s Hospital” (1524).</p> - -<p>The existing provision for temporary relief was in fact -wholly inadequate. In the metropolis, for example, there -was a crying need. It was stated by Henry VII in 1509 -that:—</p> - -<blockquote title="Henry VII says"> -<p class="first">“there be fewe or noon such commune Hospitalls within -this our Reame, and that for lack of them, infinite nombre of -pouer nedie people miserably dailly die, no man putting hande -of helpe or remedie.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The king, recognizing the need, planned to convert the -old Savoy Palace into a magnificent institution (Pl. XIV) -in which “to lodge nightly one hundred poor folks.” If -this charity corresponded with the recent Statute, it would -relieve those vagrants who alone were exempt, namely, -women in travail and persons in extreme sickness. The -king contemplated building institutions similar to the -Savoy in York and Coventry, but the design was not -carried out.</p> - -<p>The problems arising from true poverty and false mendicancy -were, of course, intimately connected with hospital -life. A graphic picture of the difficulties which beset -administrators of charity about the year 1536 is given by -Robert Copland in <i>The hye way to the Spyttell hous</i>. The -author states that one wintry day, he took refuge from -the snow-storm in the porch of a hospital, probably St. -Bartholomew’s. Here he got deep into conversation with -the porter of the house. While they talked, there gathered -at the gate people of very poor estate,—lame, blind, <span class="xxpn" id="p013">p013</span> -barefoot—and Copland, who does not despise the honest poor, -only those who live in need and idleness, inquires whether -they admit all who ask for lodging. The porter at first -answers, “Forsooth, yes,” and Copland goes on to protest -against indiscriminate hospitality:—</p> - -<blockquote><div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse">“Me thynk that therin ye do no ryght</p> -<p class="pverse">Nor all suche places of hospytalyte</p> -<p class="pverse">To confort people of suche iniquyte.</p> -<p class="pverse">But syr I pray you, of your goodnes and fauour</p> -<p class="pverse">Tell me which ye leaue, and which ye do socour.”</p> -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="continue">The porter replies that the house is no supporter of -sham beggars. There are some who counterfeit leprosy, -and others who put soap in their mouth to make it -foam, and fall down as if they had “Saynt Cornelys -euyll.” He goes on to describe those who hang about by -day and sleep at night at St. Bartholomew’s church door—drunkards, -spendthrifts, swearers and blasphemers, -those who wear soldiers’ clothing, but are vagabonds, -and men who pretend to have been shipwrecked. Many -of these live by open beggary, with bag, dish and staff:—</p> - -<blockquote><div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse">“And euer haunteth among such ryf raf</p> -<p class="pverse">One tyme to this spyttell, another to that.”</p> -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="continue">The porter -intimates that an effort is made to discriminate -among those daily harboured, but he confesses that -they are obliged to receive many unsatisfactory men, and -disreputable women so numerous that they are weary of -them; but they refuse stubborn knaves who are not ill, for -they would have over many. Indeed, the aim of the -hospital is to relieve those who cannot work and are -friendless—the sick, aged, bedridden, diseased, wayfaring -men, maimed soldiers, and honest folk fallen into poverty. -(See p. xxiv.) <span class="xxpn" id="p014">p014</span></p> - -<p>It is clear, however, that during the sixteenth century -there was much genuine distress besides unthrifty beggary -and sham sickness. From various economic causes there -was a considerable increase of destitution. Legislation -entirely failed to solve the problem of an ever-shifting -population. The Statute of 1530–1 had recognized the -value of charitable foundations by its clause:—“provided -also, that it be lawful to all masters and governors of -hospitals, to lodge and harbour any person or persons of -charity and alms.” Although hospitals had been abused, -the neglect of the sick and homeless which their reduction -involved was a far worse evil. One writer after another -breaks out into descriptions of the increased poverty and -pain. Brinklow, in <i>The Lamentacyon of a Christian -agaynst the Cytye of London</i> (1545), bewails the condition -of the poor:—</p> - -<blockquote title="Brinklow says"> -<p>“London, beyng one of the flowers of the worlde, as touchinge -worldlye riches, hath so manye, yea innumerable of poore -people forced to go from dore to dore, and to syt openly in the -stretes a beggynge, and many . . . lye in their howses in most -greuous paynes, and dye for lacke of ayde of the riche. I -thinke in my judgement, under heaven is not so lytle prouision -made for the pore as in London, of so riche a -Cytie.”<a id="fnanchor_12" href="#fn_12" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 12; go to footnote">12</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>Again, referring to the old order and the new, <i>A Supplication -of the Poore Commons</i> (1546) speaks of poor impotent -creatures as “now in more penurye then euer they were.” -Once they had scraps, now they have nothing. “Then -had they hospitals, and almeshouses to be lodged in, but -nowe they lye and storue in the stretes. Then was their -number great, but nowe much greater.”</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-iii"> -<img src="images/i015.jpg" width="600" height="470" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE III.</i> ST. JOHN’S HOSPITAL, CANTERBURY</div> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"><li> -<h3>Notes — Chapter I</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_3" href="#fnanchor_3" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 3; go to anchor">3</a> -There were probably other Saxon hospitals. Leland -notes the tradition that St. Giles’, Beverley, and St. Nicholas’, -Pontefract, were founded “afore the Conquest.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_4" href="#fnanchor_4" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 4; go to anchor">4</a> -Dugdale, charter temp. Henry VI.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_5" href="#fnanchor_5" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 5; go to anchor">5</a> -Cott. Tib. A., vii. f. 90.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_6" href="#fnanchor_6" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 6; go to anchor">6</a> -See also J. C. Wall, <i>Shrines of British Saints</i> -in this Series.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_7" href="#fnanchor_7" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 7; go to anchor">7</a> -Cal. Pap. Letters, 4, p. 36.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_8" href="#fnanchor_8" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 8; go to anchor">8</a> -Close Rolls 1344, 1353.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_9" href="#fnanchor_9" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 9; go to anchor">9</a> -Chron. and Mem. 63, p. 434.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_10" href="#fnanchor_10" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 10; go to anchor">10</a> -Hist. MSS. 14th R. (8) 249.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_11" href="#fnanchor_11" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 11; go to anchor">11</a> -C. J. Ribton-Turner, <i>Vagrants and Vagrancy</i>, 1887.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_12" href="#fnanchor_12" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 12; go to anchor">12</a> -Early Eng. Text Soc. Extra Series 22, p. 90.</p></li></ul></li></ul> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p015"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p015</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER II -<small>HOMES FOR THE FEEBLE AND DESTITUTE</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>Hospitals in cities, boroughs and divers other places . . . -to sustain blind -men and women . . . and people who have lost their goods and are fallen -into great misfortune.</i>”<a id="fnanchor_13" href="#fn_13" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 13; go to footnote">13</a></p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">T<span>HE</span></span> -majority of hospitals were for the support of -infirm and aged people. Such a home was called -indiscriminately “hospital,” “Maison Dieu,” -“almshouse” or “bedehouse.” It was, as in the case -of Kingston-upon-Hull, “God’s House . . . to provide -a habitation for thirteen poor men and women broken -by age, misfortune or toil, who cannot gain their own -livelihood.” It occupied the place now filled by almshouses, -union workhouses, and homes for chronic invalids -or incurables.</p></div><!--chapter--> - -<h3>(1) ALMSHOUSES IN CITIES</h3> - -<p>One of the most ancient hospitals for permanent relief -was St. John’s, Canterbury, founded about 1084, and -still existing as an almshouse. (Pl. III.) Eadmer tells us -that it was intended for men suffering from various infirmities -and for women in ill health. The inmates are -described as a hundred poor, who by reason of age and -disease cannot earn their bread; and again, as a hundred -brothers and sisters blind, lame, deaf and sick. It is <span class="xxpn" id="p016">p016</span> -characteristic that the earliest foundation of this type -should be found in the chief cathedral city of England: -every such town had a hospital in connection with the -See. The prince-bishops of Durham, for example, -provided houses of charity around the city and at their -manors. Ralph Flambard built St. Giles’, Kepier; Philip -of Poitiers founded St. James’ near Northallerton; -Robert de Stichill, St. Mary’s, Greatham; and Nicholas -of Farnham, St. Edmund’s, Gateshead. The most -famous episcopal hospital remaining is that of St. Cross, -near Winchester. (Pl. VIII.)</p> - -<p>Other charities were associated with cathedral clergy. -There was a hospital for the poor in the precincts of -St. Paul’s Cathedral. Before the year 1190, one of the -canons gave his house for the purpose, and the Dean -endowed it with certain tithes. St. Nicholas’, Salisbury, -founded by the Bishop, was afterwards committed to -the Dean and Chapter. The existing almshouses in -Chichester and Hereford were likewise associated with -those cathedrals.</p> - -<h3>(2) ALMSHOUSES IN BOROUGHS</h3> - -<p>The municipal control of charity is an ancient custom. -Before burgesses were called to Parliament, townsmen -of Exeter, Northampton, Nottingham and Wallingford -were trustees of the hospitals of St. John in those -places. The leper-houses of Lynn and Southampton -were also early instances of municipal administration. In -the reign of Edward I the hospitals in Scarborough were -declared to have been “founded by burgesses of the -town of old.” During the fourteenth century, if not -before, the “keepers” of Beverley, the “jurats” of Hythe, <span class="xxpn" id="p017">p017</span> -and the commonalties of Bedford, Gloucester, Huntingdon, -Pevensey, Sandwich, Wilton, etc., controlled almshouses -in those towns.<a id="fnanchor_14" href="#fn_14" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 14; go to footnote">14</a> -Old deeds of the Winchester -corporation refer to Devenish’s hospital as “oure hous -of Synt John.” Freemen had an advantage, if not a -monopoly, when seeking entrance into houses under -municipal supervision. The “Customals” of Rye and -Winchelsea show that men and women “who have been -in good love and fame all their time, and have neither -goods nor chattels whereof to live” were received without -payment into the hospitals of the town. Bubwith’s -almshouse, Wells, was to receive men so poor that they -could not live except by begging, and so decrepit that -they were unable to beg from door to door. Reduced -burgesses were assigned “the more honourable places -and beds.” At St. Ursula’s, Chester, candidates were -preferred who had been one of “the twenty-four,” or the -widows of aldermen and common council-men.</p> - -<p>In some towns charities were not directly connected -with the municipality but with local trustees. St. -Katherine’s, Rochester, was under the governance and -correction of the parish priest, the city bailiff and the -founder’s heirs. Davy of Croydon put his almshouse -under the vicar and other townsmen, answerable ultimately -to the Mercers’ Company, and provided that his -pensioners should be “householderers or trewe laborers” -from within four miles, preference being given to residents -of long standing, if of good character and destitute. <span class="xxpn" id="p018">p018</span></p> - -<h3>(3) GILD ALMSHOUSES</h3> - -<p>The gilds were an important factor in the economy of -towns, and their works of piety sometimes included -hospital maintenance. St. Cross, Colchester, having -been practically disendowed—the advowson was granted -to the commonalty in aid of the repair of the town -walls—was revived in 1407 as an almshouse under the -auspices of St. Helen’s gild. Barstaple of Bristol -founded his almshouse for twenty-four poor, (granting -the advowson to the mayor and commonalty,) and also a -fraternity for himself, his wife and others who wished to -join. The institutions were incorporated separately. -Each community was ruled by a warden, possessed a -common seal, and had power to make ordinances.<a id="fnanchor_15" href="#fn_15" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 15; go to footnote">15</a> -In -other cases a private individual attached his charity -to an existing association to secure continuity of rule. -Hosyer’s almshouse in Ludlow, e.g., “appertained” to the -Palmers’ gild. These religious societies often began in -connection with some trade. At Winchester, financial -assistance was given to St. John’s by “the fraternity of -St. John, in the hospital there by providence of the -Tailors of Winton first ordained.”</p> - -<p>The craft-gilds and city companies supported disabled -members in places like the Maison Dieu of the Shoemakers -at York, called also the Bedehouse of the Cordyners. -There are countless references in wills to the poor -of the Drapers’ or Fullers’ Halls, etc. Although such -institutions were really almshouses, they are not (with -certain exceptions) included in the appended list, and their -history must be sought in connection with the trades. <span class="xxpn" id="p019">p019</span></p> - -<p>In ports, special provision was made for seafaring men. -Leland remarks that St. Bartholomew’s, Sandwich, was -“fyrst ordened for Maryners desesid and hurt.” The -Fraternity of the Blessed Trinity at Kingston-upon-Hull -maintained “an house of alms of poor mariners,” and a -similar institution was incorporated with Trinity House, -Newcastle-upon-Tyne. A society of merchants at Bristol -provided for poor seamen within the old hospital of St. -Bartholomew (1445). Upon arrival in port, masters and -mariners alike contributed to the charity because “the -wheche prest and pore peple may nott be founden ne -susteyned withoute grete coste.” This fraternity was -in fact a benefit-club, for members became eligible for -admission after paying their dues for seven years. The -community was especially bound to pray for seamen in -time of peril.</p> - -<h3>(4) PRIVATE ALMSHOUSES</h3> - -<p>In villages, the lord of the manor or squire provided a -charity for his retainers, tenants or neighbours. This -was done at Arundel, Donnington near Newbury, Heytesbury, -Ewelme, Thame, etc. A man who had risen to -prosperity occasionally remembered his birthplace in this -way, as Chichele did at Higham Ferrers.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">Although most hospitals were of a general character, -some were designed for particular classes of persons, such as -homeless Jews, poor clergy, decayed gentle-people, women -and children.</p> - -<h3>(5) HOMES FOR JEWS</h3> - -<p>The chief “hospital” for Jewish converts was in London. -The inmates were not ailing in health, but they -needed succour because they were unable to earn a <span class="xxpn" id="p020">p020</span> -living, and were cut off from their own families as apostates. -Converts were often sent to monasteries for maintenance. -The names of almost five hundred, together with -the particular houses that received them, are recorded in -one roll of 39 Henry III.<a id="fnanchor_16" href="#fn_16" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 16; go to footnote">16</a></p> - -<div class="imctr04" id="fig03"> -<img src="images/ib020.jpg" width="408" height="388" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -3. HOUSE OF CONVERTS, LONDON</div></div> - -<p>Special provision for the maintenance of converted Jews -was made in 1232, when Henry III founded the House -of Converts, Hospital of St. Mary or “Converts’ Inn,” -near the Old Temple. Within twenty years Matthew -Paris described its purpose, also making a drawing -(Fig. 3) in the margin:—</p> - -<blockquote title="Matthew Paris says"> -<p>“To this house converted Jews retired, leaving their Jewish -blindness, and had a home and a safe refuge for their whole -lives, living under an honourable rule, with sufficient sustenance -without servile work or the profits of usury. So it <span class="xxpn" id="p021">p021</span> -happened that in a short time a large number were collected there. -And now, being baptized and instructed in the Christian law, -they live a praiseworthy life under a rector specially deputed to -govern them.”<a id="fnanchor_17" href="#fn_17" class="fnanchor" -title="footnote anchor 17; go to footnote">17</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>The year of this chronicler’s death (1256), upwards of -160 convert brothers received tunics from the king’s -almoner. Probably about half were inmates, and half -unattached pensioners. The number may have been -increased from interested motives on account of the persecution -of Jews which followed the supposed “horrible -crime lately perpetrated in the city of Lincoln, of a -Christian boy crucified.” In January 1256, pardon was -granted to John the convert, who was a Jew of Lincoln -when the so-called “little St. Hugh” was put to death.</p> - -<p>The <i>Domus Conversorum</i> was rebuilt by Edward I, who -bestowed much attention upon it. By his ordinance, the -pensioners were taught handicrafts and trained to support -themselves. He ordered that school should be kept and -that suitable converts might be educated as clerks or -chaplains. St. Mary’s was an industrial home or training -institution for persecuted Jewish Christians, who were -safe only under royal protection. Another roll of the -same year shows that a special effort was made at that -time to evangelize the Jews. Orders had recently been -given to repress notorious blasphemers, and those who -after baptism had been “perverted to Jewish wickedness.” -Edward also directed that strenuous efforts should be -made by the Friar Preachers for their conversion. -Finally he set himself to improve the endowments of the -institution:—</p> - -<blockquote title="Edward I says"> -<p>“He therefore, in order that those who have already turned <span class="xxpn" id="p022">p022</span> -from their blindness to the light of the Church may be -strengthened in the firmness of their faith, and those who still -persist in their error may more willingly and readily turn to the -grace of the faith, has taken measures, under divine guidance, -to provide healthfully for their maintenance.”<a id="fnanchor_18" href="#fn_18" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 18; go to footnote">18</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>The House of Converts was then supporting ninety-seven -persons. Of these fifty-one remained in 1308. -After the great expulsion in 1290, the numbers were -quickly reduced. In 1327, there were twenty-eight. In -1344, the institution supported eight converts and seven -admitted for other causes. After that date the pensioners -dwindled to two. During the fifteenth century, a few -foreign Jews were received from time to time, the household -varying between eight and three. The hospital was -empty in the days of Edward VI, and remained so until -1578; its subsequent history is related by Adler.</p> - -<p>The <i>Domus Conversorum</i> in Oxford was likewise founded -by Henry III. There, says Wood, “all Jews and infidells -that were converted to the Christian faith were ordained -to have sufficient maintenance. By which meanes it -was soe brought about that noe small number of these -converts had their abode in this place and were baptized -and instructed.” The building (figured in Skelton’s -<i>Oxonia Antiqua</i>) subsequently became a Hall for scholars.</p> - -<p>According to Leland and Stow there were homes, or, at -least, schools, for Jews in London and Bristol before -Henry III turned his attention to this work. Stow, referring -to the original foundation of St. Thomas’ hospital, -Southwark (1213), says that it was a house of alms for -converts and poor children. Leland, quoting from a -manuscript of the Kalendars’ Gild in Bristol, states that <span class="xxpn" id="p023">p023</span> -in the time of Henry II there were “Scholes ordeyned in -Brightstow by them for the Conversion of the Jewes.” -The information (which he gleaned from the <i>Little Red -Book</i>) originated in the bishop’s inquisition made in 1318, -which found that Robert Fitz-Harding and the Kalendars -“established the schools of Bristol for teaching Jews and -other little ones under the government of the same gild -and the protection of the mayor.” It should be noticed -that <i>scola</i> also refers to a Jewish synagogue, but the -term <i>Schola Judæorum</i> is applied by Matthew Paris to -the House of Converts in London.</p> - -<div class="imctr02" id="fig04"> -<img src="images/ib023.jpg" width="528" height="394" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -4. POOR PRIESTS’ HOSPITAL, CANTERBURY</div></div> - -<h3>(6) HOMES FOR POOR CLERGY AND FOR -LAY GENTLEFOLK</h3> - -<p>Diocesan clergy-homes were provided during the -thirteenth century in most ecclesiastical centres. At -Canterbury, the Archdeacon built (before 1225) the Poor -Priests’ hospital (Fig. 4). St. Richard of Chichester began <span class="xxpn" id="p024">p024</span> -a similar charity at Windeham in his diocese. Walter de -Merton designed a small institution at Basingstoke for -“ministers of the altar whose strength is failing,” and -incurables of Merton College. There were three beds for -chaplains at St. Wulstan’s, Worcester, and the Stratford -gild intended to initiate a hospital for the diocesan clergy. -To St. Giles’, Lincoln, were admitted “needy ministers -and servants and canons not able to work.”</p> - -<p>Similar retreats arose in the following century. The -Bishop of Exeter built near his palace at Clist Gabriel a -home for twelve blind, infirm, ancient or disabled priests, -deacons and sub-deacons. The Dean of York maintained -six infirm chaplains in St. Mary’s, Bootham. Clergy-homes -were usually founded by ecclesiastics; but in 1329, -a London layman, Elsyng by name, touched by the -sufferings of the clergy in that time of scarcity, began his -almshouse, ordaining that among the hundred pensioners, -blind, paralytic and disabled priests should be specially -cared for. The need is evident from a deed concerning -St. Giles’, Norwich (1340). The house had been founded -for the poor “and principally to minister the necessaries -of life to priests of the diocese of Norwich, who, broken -down with age, or destitute of bodily strength, or labouring -under continual disease, cannot celebrate divine -service”; but the number of such priests and infirm -persons “flocking to the hospital hath so grown and -daily groweth” that assistance was urgently required. -Although the priesthood was temporarily diminished by -the pestilence of 1349, clerks acting as chantry priests were -again numerous during the fifteenth century. These -unbeneficed clergy, it was said, “when depressed by the -weight of old age, or labouring under weak health . . . -<span class="xxpn" id="p025">p025</span> -are by necessity compelled to wander about, begging -miserably for food and raiment . . . to the displeasure of -Him whose ministers they are.” To put an end to this -scandal, “the fraternity of St. Charity and St. John -Evangelist” was founded in London (1442), and this -clerical almshouse was commonly called “The Papey.” -Gregory, who was mayor in 1451, describes it in his note-book:—</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-iv"> -<img src="images/i024.jpg" width="600" height="446" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE IV.</i> HOSPITAL OF ST. GILES, NORWICH -FOR AGED CHAPLAINS AND OTHER POOR</div></div> - -<blockquote title="Gregory, mayor 1451, says"> -<p>“Pappy Chyrche in the Walle be twyne Algate and Beuysse -Markes. And hyt ys a grete fraternyte of prestys and of othyr -seqular men. And there ben founde of almys certayne prestys, -both blynde and lame, that be empotent.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Persons of gentle birth who had suffered reverses of -fortune often retreated into convents, or were received -into hospitals with a semi-official position. During the -fifteenth century one or two institutions arose to benefit -those decayed gentlefolk who, as one has said, are of all -people “most sensible of want.” Staindrop College -maintained a staff of priests and clerks, and certain gentlemen -(<i>certi pauperes generosi</i>) and yeomen (<i>pauperes -valecti</i>) who had been in the Earl of Westmorland’s -service. The “New Almshouse of Noble Poverty” (<i>Nova -Domus Eleemosynaria Nobilis Paupertatis</i>), which Cardinal -Beaufort intended to add to the original establishment of -St. Cross, was never fully completed, but there are still -four brethren of the professional class on the Cardinal’s -foundation.</p> - -<h3>(7) HOMES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN</h3> - -<p>One of the earliest permanent homes for women was -St. Katharine’s-by-the-Tower, London. The sisters of -St. John’s, Reading, are described as “certyn relygyous <span class="xxpn" id="p026">p026</span> -women, wydowes in chast lyuyngg in God’s seruyce -praying nygt and day.” To provide for fatherless children -and widows was part of the design of Holy Trinity, -Salisbury. In two hospitals outside Lincoln this particular -work was carried on. Originally served by the -Gilbertine Order, they became entirely eleemosynary institutions -under the care of lay-sisters. Many wills about -the year 1400 allude to St. Katharine’s asylum or hospital -for widows, orphans, and bedemen. The daughter-house -was a home for waifs and strays, namely, “certain -orphans placed in danger through the negligence of their -friends, and deserted, and brought into the hospital of -St. Sepulchre, guarded and educated there.”</p> - -<p>A further reason for the adoption of children into the -hospital family was this: that when women died in confinement, -their infants were frequently kept and cared -for. (See p. <a href="#p009" title="go to page 9">9</a>.) -In connection with St. Leonard’s, York, -mention is made of “ministering to the poor and sick -and to the infants exposed there.” In 1280 there were -twenty-three boys in the orphanage, with a woman in -charge. Education was provided for them and for the -thirty choristers. Two schoolmasters taught grammar and -music. The Dean and Chapter were forbidden by the -King on one occasion (1341) to meddle with the grammar -school in the hospital. Among the expenses in 1369 is -a gratuity to the bishop of the choir-boys. This shows, -says Canon Raine, that there was a “boy-bishop” at -St. Leonard’s as well as in the Minster.</p> - -<p>Nor was it uncommon thus to find young and strong -side by side with aged and infirm inmates. Several -almshouses maintained children. Bishop Grandisson -carried out his predecessor Stapeldon’s intention of <span class="xxpn" id="p027">p027</span> -adding twelve boys to the foundation of St. John’s, -Exeter, and Archbishop Chichele attached a boarding-school -to his bedehouse at Higham Ferrers. There were -children and adult pensioners in St. Katharine’s, London, -and in Knolles’ almshouse, Pontefract.</p> - -<p>Some hospitals had boarders or day-boarders whose -studies were conducted in neighbouring schools. St. -John’s, Bridgwater, maintained thirteen scholars—such -as were <i>habiles ad informandum in grammatical</i>—who -were excused from full ritual that they might keep schools -daily in the town (1298).<a id="fnanchor_19" href="#fn_19" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 19; go to footnote">19</a> -In some cases, like St. Giles’, -Norwich, food was provided for children who were -getting free education elsewhere. At St. Cross, Winchester, -seven choristers were boarded and instructed. -Thirteen poor scholars from the Grammar School also -received a substantial meal daily.</p> - -<p>In other instances we find that instruction was provided -without board and lodging. The lads taught in -God’s House, Exeter, were not inmates, like those of -St. John’s in that city. The master of the hospital was -required to teach from three to nine boys, beginning -with the alphabet and going on to the “great psalter -of the holy David.” In the almshouses of Ewelme and -Heytesbury also there were non-resident pupils. Only -the more advanced at Ewelme aspired to “the faculty -of grammar.” It was directed that should the schoolmaster -have no more than four “childer that actually -lernes gramer, besides petettes [i.e. beginners] and reders,” -he should assist at matins and evensong. He must so -rule his scholars that none be tedious, noisome, or troublous -to the almspeople. Payment was forbidden at <span class="xxpn" id="p028">p028</span> -Heytesbury except as a free gift, or by pupils whose friends -had a yearly income of over £10. Bishop Smyth, a -patron of learning, added a schoolmaster and usher to -his restored almshouse at Lichfield, where very poor -children were to be taught. The Grammar School connected -with St. John’s hospital, Banbury, became -famous.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">Lastly, the development of these institutions must be -considered. Many of the almshouses built during the -twelfth and thirteenth centuries were intended from their -foundation for life-pensioners. In other cases, however, -on account of necessity or expediency, the permanent home -was evolved from one originally of a temporary character. -Charities underwent a change during the fourteenth and -fifteenth centuries. This may be attributed to various -social and economic causes—the decline of leprosy, legislation -regarding vagrancy, and the redistribution of -wealth. As the number of lepers decreased, the alms -formerly bestowed upon them were available for other -necessitous persons, and some lazar-houses gradually -became retreats for aged invalids. This was chiefly -during the fifteenth century, but even about 1285 St. -Nicholas’, York, is said to be “founded in the name of -lepers, and for the support of the old and feeble of the -city.” Again, when it was realized that indiscriminate -hospitality encouraged vagrancy, the character of some -hospitals gradually altered. The Statute of 1388 helped -to develop local administration of charity by ordaining -that beggars unable to work must either remain in the -town where they found themselves or return to their birthplace -and abide there for life. <span class="xxpn" id="p029">p029</span></p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="fig05"> -<img src="images/ib029.jpg" width="600" height="436" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -5. BEDE-HOUSE, STAMFORD</div></div> - -<p>The crying need for the permanent relief of genuine -distress made itself heard. Langland, the poet of the -people, called attention to the necessity of rebuilding -hospitals. In his <i>Vision</i> “Truth” begs rich merchants to -put their profits to good uses and “amenden meson-dieux” -therewith. In 1410, and again in 1414, the -Commons suggested that new almshouses might be -founded if some ecclesiastical property were confiscated. -Although this was not done, many were provided through -private liberality. By the redistribution of wealth and -the rise of the middle classes, a fresh impetus was given -to building. The chantry system also had an increasingly -powerful influence upon the charity of this period. -The newer foundations, even more explicitly than the -older, were “bede-houses” or houses of prayer. All <span class="xxpn" id="p030">p030</span> -charitable foundations were to a certain extent chantries. -Many, alas! were solely on this account marked with the -stigma of superstition, and fell under the two Acts for the -dissolution of chantries: the plea of usefulness, however, -happily prevailed in several cases.<a id="fnanchor_20" href="#fn_20" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 20; go to footnote">20</a> -For a time the -work of building almshouses ceased, but revived after a -while. In 1583 Philip Stubbes complained that although -in some places the poor were relieved in hospitals, yet -more provision was required:—</p> - -<blockquote title="Philip Stubbes in 1583 said"> -<p>“For the supplie whereof, would God there might be in -euerie parish an almes house erected, that the poore (such as are -poore indeede) might be maintained, helped, and relieued. For -until the true poore indeed be better provided for, let them -neuer thinke to please God.”<a id="fnanchor_21" href="#fn_21" -class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 21; go to footnote">21</a></p></blockquote> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"><li> -<h3>Notes — Chapter II</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_13" href="#fnanchor_13" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 13; go to anchor">13</a> -Rolls of Parl. 2 Hen. V, Vol. IV, p. 19b Petitions, No. III.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_14" href="#fnanchor_14" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 14; go to anchor">14</a> -St. John’s, Bedford, was intended only for townsmen; all -such applying to the master for relief were to be received, but “all -poore folkes dwellyng without the same town to be expulsed and put -out.” <i>Chantry Cert.</i> (ed. J. E. Brown).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_15" href="#fnanchor_15" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 15; go to anchor">15</a> -Pat. 9 Hen. IV, Pt. i. m. 8.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_16" href="#fnanchor_16" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 16; go to anchor">16</a> -Tovey, <i>Anglia Judaica</i>, 227.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_17" href="#fnanchor_17" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 17; go to anchor">17</a> -Chron. and Mem. 44, iii. 262.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_18" href="#fnanchor_18" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 18; go to anchor">18</a> -Pat. 8 Edw. I, m. 17.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_19" href="#fnanchor_19" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 19; go to anchor">19</a> -Bishop Drokensford’s Reg. p. 268.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_20" href="#fnanchor_20" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 20; go to anchor">20</a> -See Chapter XVI.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_21" href="#fnanchor_21" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 21; go to anchor">21</a> -Anatomie of Abuses, Pt. II, 43.</p></li></ul></li></ul> - -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p031"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p031</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER III -<small>HOSPITALS FOR THE INSANE</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>Hospitals . . . to maintain men and women who had lost their wits and -memory.</i>” (Rolls of Parliament, 1414.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">L<span>ITTLE</span></span> -is known regarding the extent and treatment -of insanity during the Middle Ages. Persons -“vexed with a demon” were taken to holy places -in the hope that the <span class="nowrap">“fiends”</span> might be cast out. An -early thirteenth-century window at Canterbury shows -a poor maniac dragged by his friends to the health-giving -shrine of St. Thomas. He is tied with ropes, and they -belabour him with blows from birch-rods. In the second -scene he appears in his right mind, returning thanks, all -instruments of discipline cast away. Even in the sixteenth -century we read of pilgrimage by lunatics, especially to -certain holy wells.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>Formerly, all needy people were admitted into the -hospital, mental invalids being herded together with those -weak or diseased in body. From the chronicle of St. -Bartholomew’s, Smithfield, we learn that in the twelfth -century mad people were constantly received as well as -the deaf, dumb, blind, palsied and crippled. One young -man lost “his resonable wyttys” on his journey to -London. He wandered about running, not knowing -whither he went. Arriving in London, he was brought -to the hospital and “ther yn shorte space his witte <span class="xxpn" id="p032">p032</span> -was recoueryd.” Another patient was taken with the -“fallynge euill” [epilepsy], which is described as a -sickness hindering the operation of the senses. It -would seem that persons subject to fits were sometimes -placed in a lazar-house, for at St. Bartholomew’s, -Rochester (1342), was one patient “struck with the -epilepsy disease.”</p> - -<p>The public did not make itself responsible for the -custody of the lunatic, whose own people were required -to guard him and others from harm. One of the -“Customs of Bristol” (1344) orders that the goods and -chattels of demented men be delivered to their friends -until they come to a good state of mind (<i>ad bonam -memoriam</i>). The sad condition of “lunatick lollers” is -described by Langland, who speaks compassionately of -this class of wanderers.</p> - -<p>In London, the question of making special provision -for the insane came to the front about this time, for in -1369 one Denton intended to found a hospital “for poor -priests and others, men and women, who in that city -suddenly fell into a frenzy (<i>in frenesim</i>) and lost their -memory,” but his plan was not carried out. Stow -mentions that the earliest asylum for distraught and -lunatic persons was near Charing Cross, “but it was said, -that some time a king of England, not liking such a kind -of people to remain so near his palace, caused them to be -removed farther off, to Bethlem without Bishopsgate.”</p> - -<p>St. Mary of Bethlehem was the most famous refuge for -the mentally disordered. In 1403 there were confined six -men deprived of reason (<i>mente capti</i>), and three other -sick, one of whom was a paralytic patient who had been -lying in the hospital for over two years. The good work <span class="xxpn" id="p033">p033</span> -done in the institution was fully recognized. A bequest -was made in 1419 to the sick and insane of St. Mary de -Bedlam. A Patent Roll entry of 1437 speaks of “the -succour of demented lunatics” and others, and of the -necessity of cutting down these works of piety unless -speedy help were forthcoming. The then town clerk, John -Carpenter, recalled this need and remembered in his will -(1441) “the poor madmen of Bethlehem.” Another citizen, -Stephen Forster, desired his executors to lay out ten -pounds in food and clothing for the poor people “detained” -there. Gregory, citizen and mayor, describes in -his <i>Historical Collections</i> (about 1451) this asylum and its -work of mercy, and it is satisfactory to hear that some -were there restored to a sound mind:—</p> - -<blockquote title="Gregory, about 1451, said"> -<p>“A chyrche of Owre Lady that ys namyde Bedlam. And -yn that place ben founde many men that ben fallyn owte of -hyr wytte. And fulle honestely they ben kepte in that place; -and sum ben restoryde unto hyr witte and helthe a-gayne. -And sum ben a-bydyng there yn for evyr, for they ben falle soo -moche owte of hem selfe that hyt ys uncurerabylle unto man.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Probably the utterly incurable were doomed to those -iron chains, manacles and stocks mentioned in the inventory -of 1398 and quoted at the visitation of 1403:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Item, vj cheynes de Iren, com vj lokkes. Item iiij peir -manycles de Iren. ij peir stokkys.”<a id="fnanchor_22" href="#fn_22" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 22; go to footnote">22</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>In other parts of the country it was customary to -receive persons suffering from attacks of mania into -general infirmaries. At Holy Trinity, Salisbury, not -only were sick persons and women in childbirth received, -but mad people were to be taken care of (<i>furiosi -custodiantur donec sensum adipiscantur</i>). This was at the <span class="xxpn" id="p034">p034</span> -close of the fourteenth century. In the petition for the -reformation of hospitals (1414) it is stated that they exist -partly to maintain those who had lost their wits and -memory (<i>hors de lour sennes et memoire</i>). Many almshouse-statutes, -however, prohibited their admission. -A regulation concerning an endowed bed in St. John’s, -Coventry (1444), declared that a candidate must be “not -mad, quarrelsome, leprous, infected.” At Ewelme “no -wood man” (crazy person) must be received; and an -inmate becoming “madd, or woode” was to be removed -from the Croydon almshouse.</p> - -<p>Such disused lazar-houses as were inhabitable might -well have been utilized as places of confinement. This, -indeed, was done at Holloway near Bath. At what period -the lepers vacated St. Mary Magdalene’s is not known, -but it was probably appropriated to the use of lunatics by -Prior Cantlow, who rebuilt the chapel about 1489. At -the close of the sixteenth century, St. James’, Chichester, -was occupied by a sad collection of hopeless cripples, -among whom were found two idiots. A hundred years -later the bishop reported that this hospital was of small -revenue and “hath only one poor person, but she a -miserable idiot, in it.”</p> - -<p>Bethlehem Hospital was rescued by the Lord Mayor -and citizens at the Dissolution of religious houses and -continued its charitable work. In 1560 Queen Elizabeth -issued on behalf of this house an appeal of which a -facsimile may be seen in Bewes’ <i>Church Briefs</i>. “Sume -be straught from there wyttes,” it declares, “thuse be -kepte and mayntend in the Hospital of our Ladye of -Beddelem untyle God caule them to his marcy or to ther -wyttes agayne.”</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-v"> -<img src="images/i035.jpg" width="600" height="334" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE V.</i> HARBLEDOWN HOSPITAL, -NEAR CANTERBURY ONCE USED FOR LEPERS</div></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"><li> -<h3>Note — Chapter III</h3> -<ul><li class="footnote"> -<p><a id="fn_22" href="#fnanchor_22" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 22; go to anchor">22</a> -Char. Com. Rep., xxxii. vi. 472.</p></li></ul></li></ul> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p035"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p035</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER IV -<small>THE LAZAR-HOUSE</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>For the relief of divers persons smitten with this sickness and destitute -and walking at large within the realm.</i>”<a id="fnanchor_23" href="#fn_23" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 23; go to footnote">23</a> -(Holloway, 1473.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">O<span>N</span></span> -the outskirts of a town seven hundred years ago, -the eye of the traveller would have been caught -by a well-known landmark—a group of cottages -with an adjoining chapel, clustering round a green -enclosure. At a glance he would recognize it as the -lazar-house, and would prepare to throw an alms to the -crippled and disfigured representative of the community.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>It is a startling fact that there is documentary evidence -for the existence of over 200 such institutions -in this country in the Middle Ages, though historians -disagree in their conclusions on this subject, as they -do on the extent and duration of the disease itself. -To some, leprosy is a phantom playing upon the -imagination of a terror-stricken nation; to others, an -all-devouring giant stalking through the land. One -writer surmises that all the <i>British</i> leper-hospitals together -did not exceed fifty, for “there might have been a leper in -a village here and there, one or two in a market-town, -a dozen or more in a city, a score or so in a whole diocese.” -Another says that “the number of these lazar-houses, -however great, was insufficient to accommodate <span class="xxpn" id="p036">p036</span> -more than a small proportion of those suffering from the -disease. The rest flocked to the high roads, and exposed -their distorted limbs and sores, and sought by attracting -the notice of travellers to gain alms for their support.”</p> - -<p>Speaking broadly, one may say that leprosy raged from -the eleventh to the middle of the thirteenth century, when -it abated; that it was inconsiderable after the middle of -the fourteenth; that, though not extinct, it became rare in -the fifteenth; and had practically died out by the sixteenth -century, save in the extreme south-west of England.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">It is commonly supposed that leprosy was introduced -into this country by returning crusaders. “The leprosy -was one epidemical infection which tainted the pilgrims -coming thither,” says Fuller; “hence was it brought -over into England—never before known in this island—and -many lazar-houses erected.” Voltaire makes this -satirical epigram:—“All that we gained in the end by engaging -in the Crusades, was the leprosy; and of all that we -had taken, that was the only thing that remained with us.” -This theory, however, is no longer accepted, and Dr. C. -Creighton expresses an opinion that it is absurd to suppose -that leprosy could be “introduced” in any such -way. Geoffrey de Vinsauf, the chronicler who accompanied -Richard I, says, indeed, that many perished from -sickness of a dropsical nature. He was an eyewitness of -the famine which led to the consumption of abominable -food, but there is little proof that these wretched conditions -engendered leprosy among the pilgrim-warriors. Only -once is a leper mentioned in his <i>Itinerary</i>, and then it is -no less a personage than Baldwin IV, the young prince -who became seventh King of Jerusalem and victor over <span class="xxpn" id="p037">p037</span> -Saladin. It is, moreover, an undeniable fact that there -were lepers in Saxon and early Norman England. The -Anglo-Saxon equivalent is found in the vocabulary -attributed to Aelfric. Roger of Hoveden tells the story -of a poor leper whom Edward the Confessor was instrumental -in curing. Aelfward, Saxon Bishop of London, -retired into a monastery because of this affliction; and -Hugh d’Orivalle, Bishop of London, a Norman, died a -leper in 1085. Finally, at least two lazar-houses were -established within twenty years of the Conquest, and -before the first Crusade.</p> - -<h3>(a) <i>Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries</i></h3> - -<p>Leprosy was rampant during the Norman period. By -a happy providence, charity was quickened simultaneously -by the religious movement which illuminated a dark age, -so that the need was met. Two leper-houses were rivals in -point of antiquity, namely, Rochester and Harbledown, -both founded before 1100. These were followed (before -1135) by foundations at Alkmonton, Whitby, London, -Lincoln, Colchester, Norwich, Newark, Peterborough, -Oxford, Newcastle, Wilton, St. Alban’s, Bury, Warwick. -Within the next twenty years hospitals are mentioned at -Canterbury (St. Laurence), Buckland by Dover, Lynn, -Burton Lazars, Aylesbury, York, Ripon, and Northampton; -there were also other early asylums at Carlisle, -Preston, Shrewsbury, Ilford, Exeter, etc. The chief building -period was before the middle of the thirteenth century. -A glance at <i>Appendix B</i> will show how such houses -multiplied. Moreover, many not specifically described as -for lepers, were doubtless originally intended for them. -(Cf. Lewes, Abingdon, Scarborough, etc.) <span class="xxpn" id="p038">p038</span></p> - -<h3>(b) <i>Fourteenth Century</i> (1300–1350)</h3> - -<p>During the first part of the fourteenth century, leprosy -was widespread, but by no means as common as formerly. -Directly or indirectly, testimony is borne to the fact of -its prevalence by national laws, by hospital authorities -and by the charitable public.</p> - -<p>In the first place there is the witness of external legislation, -which is two-fold. Schemes of taxation refer -constantly to lepers (<i>Rolls of Parliament</i>, 1307–1324). -Measures were repeatedly taken for their expulsion from -towns. An ordinance was made in the Parliament of -Lincoln (1315) commanding that houses founded for the -infirm and lepers should be devoted to their use. The -admission of other persons was now refused, as, for -example, at St. Giles’, London, and St. Bartholomew’s, -Oxford.<a id="fnanchor_24" href="#fn_24" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 24; go to footnote">24</a></p> - -<p>There is, secondly, the phraseology of contemporary -leper-house statutes, e.g. those drawn up by the Abbot of -St. Alban’s (1344), and by the Bishop of London for Ilford -(1346). Here it is right to note a case where infected inmates -were already in a minority. A summary of the -history of St. Nicholas’, Carlisle (1341), includes this -definite statement:—“until by lapse of time the greater -part of the lepers died, when . . . their places were -filled by poor impotent folk.”<a id="fnanchor_25" href="#fn_25" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 25; go to footnote">25</a></p> - -<p>Thirdly, it is evident from the gifts of charitable -persons that there were still many outcasts in need of -assistance. Bishop Bitton of Exeter left money to lazars -in thirty-nine localities within his diocese (1307). <span class="xxpn" id="p039">p039</span> -Practically all the wills of the period allude to the presence of -lepers in the neighbourhood. Although there already -existed two asylums outside Rochester (St. Bartholomew’s -and St. Nicholas’ at Whiteditch), to which bequests -were continuously made until far into the next century,<a id="fnanchor_26" href="#fn_26" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 26; go to footnote">26</a> -St. Katherine’s hospital was founded in 1316 for lepers -and other mendicants:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“if it happe anie man or woman of the cittie of Rouchester -to be uisited with lepre, or other suche diseases that longe to -impotence, with unpower of pouertie, there sholde be -receaued.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>If leper-houses were empty, the fact is largely accounted -for by the mismanagement and poverty of charitable -institutions at that period. This aspect of the subject -has never received adequate attention. Destitute persons -were ousted to make way for paying inmates. One -thirteenth-century master of St. Nicholas’, York, admitted -thirty-six brethren and sisters, of whom four -were received <i>pro Deo</i>, because they were lepers, but the -rest for money. This practice was sadly common, and -notorious instances might be cited from Lincoln (Holy -Innocents’), London (St. Giles’), and Oxford (St. -Bartholomew’s).</p> - -<p>Moreover, the leper would probably not be anxious for -admission, because at this time, when hospitals were barely -able to supply the necessaries of life, it meant restriction -without the corresponding comfort which sometimes -made it welcome. It is related that in 1315, the lepers of -Kingston showed their independence by quitting the -hospital and demolishing it. A Close Roll entry relating -to St. Nicholas’, Royston (1359), declares that the “lepers -for a great while past have refused to come or to dwell <span class="xxpn" id="p040">p040</span> -there.” About the year 1350 the chronicler of St. -Alban’s states that at St. Julian’s hospital “in general -there are now not above three, sometimes only two, and -occasionally one.” Possibly they had rebelled against -the strict life enforced: in 1353 the master and lepers -were made semi-independent by grant of the abbot and -convent.<a id="fnanchor_27" href="#fn_27" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 27; go to footnote">27</a></p> - -<p>In truth, hospitals were in great straits during this distressful -century, and retrenchment was necessary. Leper-houses -in particular were seldom on a sound financial -basis. Even if they possessed certain endowments in -kind there was rarely money to spend on the fabric, -and buildings became dilapidated. Experience teaches -the difficulty of maintaining old-established charities. -Much of the early enthusiasm had passed away, and -charity was at a low ebb.</p> - -<p>It was indeed a poverty-stricken period. Heavy taxation -drained the country’s resources. War, famine and -pestilence were like the locust, palmerworm and caterpillar -devastating the land. These were cruel times for -the poor, and also for houses of charity. The mediæval -tale of Sir Amiloun shows that, so long as the land had -plenty, the leper-knight and his companion fared well, -but that when corn waxed dear, they were driven by hunger -from town to town, and could barely keep themselves -alive.</p> - -<p>A few instances will show how charity suffered. At -the Harbledown leper-house (1276), voluntary offerings -were so diminished that inmates were come to great want, -and it was feared the sick would be compelled to leave. -In 1301 the authorities of the Stafford hospital were <span class="xxpn" id="p041">p041</span> -said to be accustomed to receive lepers with goods and -chattels, but they were not bound to support them, and the -prior himself had been driven away by destitution. St. -Giles’, Hexham, was suffering from the Scotch wars. An -inquiry ordered by the archbishop (1320) showed that the -numbers were reduced, that none were admitted without -payment, and that they had to work hard. The allowance -of bread and beer from the priory was diminished, oxen -were borrowed for ploughing, and there was scarcely -enough corn to sow the land.<a id="fnanchor_28" href="#fn_28" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 28; go to footnote">28</a> -Wayfaring lepers had -ceased to frequent St. Mary Magdalene’s, Ripon (where -they used to receive food and shelter), because applicants -went away empty-handed (1317); and a later inquiry -showed that none came there “because it was fallen down.” -In 1327, the Huntingdon lepers had barely sufficient to -maintain their present company, admittance being refused -to applicants solely on that account, and they were -excused taxation in 1340, because if payment were made, -they would have to diminish the number of inmates and -disperse them to seek their food. Civil and ecclesiastical -registers alike, in issuing protections and briefs for -leprous men collecting alms for hospitals, tell a tale of -utter destitution.</p> - -<h3>(c) <i>Fourteenth Century</i> (1350–1400)</h3> - -<p>Having discussed that portion of the century which -preceded the fateful year 1349, we now inquire to what -extent leprosy existed during the fifty years that followed. -It is no longer mentioned in legislation, and there are -indications that it had come to be regarded chiefly as a -question for local government: the <i>Letter Books</i> -of the <span class="xxpn" id="p042">p042</span> -Corporation of London record edicts of expulsion. There -are other proofs that the number of sufferers was decreasing. -If, for example, the language be compared of two -Harbledown deeds, dated 1276 and 1371, an appreciable -difference can be discerned. In the first it is declared -that there “a hundred lepers are confined to avoid contagion,” -but a century later it is merely stated that “some of -these poor are infected with leprosy.” It was said at -Maldon in 1402 that there had been no leper-burgesses -for twenty years and more. The mention of burgesses is, -however, inconclusive, for there may have been mendicant -lazars who would gladly have accepted the shelter of -St. Giles’; but the town was not bound to support -them.</p> - -<p>The gifts and bequests of this period testify to the fact -that although there were lepers—notably in the vicinity -of towns—yet the institutions provided for them were -small in comparison with former asylums. A new lazar-house -was built at Sudbury in 1373, to accommodate -three persons. Shortly before 1384 a house for lepers -and other infirm was founded at Boughton-under-Blean.<a id="fnanchor_29" href="#fn_29" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 29; go to footnote">29</a> -Richard II left money to complete two hospitals near -London. The will of his uncle, John of Gaunt, who -died the same year (1399), indicates the smallness of -existing institutions within five miles of the city, for -he bequeaths to every leper-house containing five -<i>malades</i>, five nobles, and to lesser hospitals, three nobles -each.</p> - -<p>For a time, the pestilence of 1349 had brought financial -ruin to houses dependent upon charity. In London, for -example, in 1355, the full complement at St. Giles’ should <span class="xxpn" id="p043">p043</span> -have been fourteen—it had originally been forty—but the -authorities complained that they could not maintain even -the reduced number, for their lands lay uncultivated “by -reason of the horrible mortality.” St. James’ hospital—which -used to support fourteen—was empty, save for the -sole survivor of the scourge who remained as caretaker, -nor does it appear to have been reorganized as a leper-asylum.</p> - -<p>This diminution in numbers may be attributed to various -causes. An increase of medical knowledge with improved -diagnosis, together with the strict examination which now -preceded expulsion, doubtless prevented the incarceration -of some who would formerly have been injudiciously -classed as lazars. Possibly, too, the disease now took -a milder form, as it is apt to do in course of time. Again, -the Black Death (1349) had not merely impoverished -leper-hospitals, but must surely have been an important -factor in the decline of leprosy itself. If it reduced the -population by two-thirds, or even by one-half, as is computed, -it also carried off the weakest members of society, -those most prone to disease. When the plague reached -a lazar-house, it found ready victims, and left it without -inhabitant. The same may be said of the terrible though -lesser pestilences which followed (1361–76). The attempt -to purify towns by sanitary measures contributed to the -improvement of public health. In Bartholomew’s <i>De -Proprietatibus Rerum</i> (<i>circa</i> 1360) it is declared, among -divers causes of leprosy that:—“sometyme it cometh . . . -of infecte and corrupte ayre.” Steps were taken in -London to improve sanitation (1388) because “many and -intolerable diseases do daily happen.” <span class="xxpn" id="p044">p044</span></p> - -<h3>(d) <i>Fifteenth Century</i></h3> - -<p>Having admitted that leprosy was steadily declining, so -that by the year 1400 it was rare, we are not prepared -to echo the statement that its disappearance “may be -taken as absolute.” Certain lazar-houses were, indeed, -appropriated to other uses, as at Alkmonton (1406), -Sherburn (1434), and Blyth (1446). In remembrance of -the original foundation, accommodation was reserved at -Sherburn for two lepers “if they could be found in those -parts” [i.e. in the Bishopric of Durham] “or would -willingly come to remain there,” the place of the sixty-five -lepers being now taken by thirteen poor men unable -of their own means to support themselves.<a id="fnanchor_30" href="#fn_30" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 30; go to footnote">30</a> -This was a -period of transition, and although ruins already marked -the site of many a former settlement, yet there were -places where a few lepers occupied the old habitations.</p> - -<p>Leprosy certainly lurked here and there. The testimony -of wills may not be considered wholly trustworthy -evidence, yet they show that the public still recognized -a need. In 1426 a testator left money for four lepers to -receive four marks yearly for ten years. Bequests were -made to lepers of Winchester (1420); to “eche laseer of -man and woman or child within Bury” (1463); to “the -leprous men now in the house of lepers” at Sandwich -(1466). There were, perhaps, cases where testators had -little personal knowledge of the charities. We cannot, -however, doubt that a real need existed when the former -mayor of Newcastle leaves forty shillings to “the lepre -men of Newcastell” (1429), or when <span class="xxpn" id="p045">p045</span> John -Carpenter—for over twenty years town-clerk of London—bequeaths -money to poor lepers at Holborn, Locks and Hackney -(1441).</p> - -<p>In 1464, when confirming Holy Innocents’, Lincoln, to -Burton Lazars, Edward IV renewed Henry VI’s stipulation -that three leprous retainers should still be supported:—“to -fynde and susteyn there yerely for ever, certeyn -Lepurs of oure menialx Seruauntez and of oure Heires -& Successours, yf eny suche be founde.” The king -relinquished some property near Holloway (Middlesex), -in order to provide a retreat for infected persons. In -the year 1480 there were a few lepers at Lydd, who were -allowed to share in the festivities when the quarrels between -Edward IV and Louis XI came to an end. The -ships of the Cinque Ports had been requisitioned, including -“the George” of Romney. The town-clerk of Lydd -makes an entry of 4<i>d.</i> “Paid to the leperys, whenne the -George was fette home fro Hethe.”<a id="fnanchor_31" href="#fn_31" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 31; go to footnote">31</a></p> - -<h3>(e) <i>Sixteenth Century</i></h3> - -<p>Cases of true leprosy were now of rare occurrence. -Probably leper hospitals were in the main only nominally -such, as a testator hints in 1519, bequeathing a legacy -“to every Alms House called Lepars in the Shire of -Kent.” But although the social conditions of the country -improved during the Tudor period, they were still low -enough continually to engender pestilence. When -Erasmus visited England, he was struck by the filthy -habits which were prevalent; but the avengers of -neglect of cleanliness were now plague and the sweating -sickness. In some few cases old hospitals were <span class="xxpn" id="p046">p046</span> -utilized for the sufferers. The plague having lately raged -in Newcastle, it was recorded in the Chantry Certificate of -St. Mary Magdalene’s (1546) that it was once used for -lepers, but “syns that kynde of sickeness is abated it is -used for the comforte and helpe of the poore folks that -chaunceth to fall sycke in tyme of pestilence.”</p> - -<p>The south-west corner of England was now the last -stronghold of leprosy. St. Margaret’s, Honiton, had -been refounded about 1530. A new leper-hospital was -built at Newton Bushell near Exeter in 1538:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“for the releff -of powre lazar-people, whereof grete nomber -with that diseas be now infectid in that partis, to the grete -daunger of infection of moche people . . . for lacke of conueayent -houses in the county of Devonshire for them.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Even in 1580, none were admitted to St. Mary Magdalene’s, -Exeter, except “sick persons in the disease of -the leprosy.” About the same time it was reported that -“for a long time there had been a great company of -lazar-people” at Bodmin.</p> - -<p>A few of the old hospitals were kept up in different -parts. In the first year of Edward VI (1547) it was -enacted that all “leprouse and poore beddred creatures” -who were inmates of charitable houses should continue -in the places appointed, and be permitted to have -proctors to gather alms for them. The Corporation MSS. -of Hereford include a notification that year of the appointment -of collectors for “the house of leprous persons -founded in the worship of St. Anne and St. Loye.” -Strype records similar licences granted to Beccles and -Bury; and he also cites<a id="fnanchor_32" href="#fn_32" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 32; go to footnote">32</a> -“A protection to beg, -granted to <span class="xxpn" id="p047">p047</span> -the poor lazars of the house of our Saviour Jesus Christ -and Mary Magdalene, at Mile-end [in Stepney], and -J. Mills appointed their proctor” (1551). The sixteenth-century -seal of this <i>Domus Dei et S. Marie Magd. de -Myle End</i> (figured below) shows a crippled leper and an -infirm woman of the hospital. In 1553, £60 was given to -the lazar-houses round London on condition that inmates -did not beg to people’s annoyance within three miles.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">It has here been attempted to bring together some -notes touching the extent and duration of leprosy during -the Middle Ages, as affecting the provision and maintenance -of leper-hospitals. Into the nature of the disease -itself we have not endeavoured to inquire, that being -a scientific rather than an historical study. Those who -would go further into the subject must gain access to -the writings of Sir James Simpson, Dr. C. Creighton, -Dr. George Newman and others.</p> - -<div class="imctr05" id="fig06"> -<img src="images/ib047.jpg" width="348" height="388" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -6. SEAL OF THE LAZAR-HOUSE, MILE END</div></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Chapter IV</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_23" href="#fnanchor_23" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 23; go to anchor">23</a> -Patent 12 Ed. IV, pt. II, m. 6.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_24" href="#fnanchor_24" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 24; go to anchor">24</a> -Pat. 8 Edw. II, pt. ii. m. 5. Close 9 Edw. -II, m. 18 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_25" href="#fnanchor_25" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 25; go to anchor">25</a> -Pat. 15 Edw. III, pt. i. m. 49, 48.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_26" href="#fnanchor_26" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 26; go to anchor">26</a> -J. Thorpe, <i>Custumale Roffense</i>, -p. 39 et sq.; <i>Reg. Roff.</i> p. 113.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_27" href="#fnanchor_27" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 27; go to anchor">27</a> -Pat. 27 Edw. III, pt. ii. m. 16.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_28" href="#fnanchor_28" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 28; go to anchor">28</a> -Surtees Soc. 46, ii. 130.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_29" href="#fnanchor_29" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 29; go to anchor">29</a> -Cited Vict. Co. Hist. <i>Kent</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_30" href="#fnanchor_30" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 30; go to anchor">30</a> -One deed of reformation speaks of “the -diminution of the means of -the hospital and the small number of lepers who resort thither.” (<i>Pap. -Lett.</i> 1430–1.)</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_31" href="#fnanchor_31" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 31; go to anchor">31</a> -Hist. MSS. 5th R. p. 527 a.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_32" href="#fnanchor_32" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 32; go to anchor">32</a> -Ecclesiastical Memorials, II, 248.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p048"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p048</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER V -<small>THE LEPER IN ENGLAND</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>From the benefactions and possessions charitably bestowed upon the hospital, -the hunger, thirst and nakedness of those lepers, and other wants and -miseries with which they are incessantly afflicted . . . may be relieved.</i>”</p> -<p class="signature">(Foundation Charter of Sherburn.)</p> -</blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">W<span>E</span></span> -now turn from leper-asylums to consider the -leper himself—a sadly familiar figure to the wayfaring -man in the Middle Ages. He wears a -sombre gown and cape, tightly closed; a hood conceals -his want of hair, which is, however, betrayed by the -absence of eyebrows and lashes; his limbs are maimed -and stunted so that he can but hobble or crawl; his -features are ulcerated and sunken; his staring eyes are -unseeing or unsightly; his wasted lips part, and a -husky voice entreats help as he “extends supplicating -lazar arms with bell and clap-dish.”</p> -</div> - -<p class="padtopb">At the outset it is necessary to state that inmates of -lazar-houses were not all true lepers. Persons termed -<i>leprosi</i>, <i>infirmi</i>, <i>elefantuosi</i>, <i>languidi</i>, <i>frères malades</i>, -<i>meselles</i>, do not necessarily signify lepers in a strict sense. -Gervase of Canterbury, writing about 1200, speaks of -St. Oswald’s, Worcester, as intended for “<i>Infirmi, item -leprosi</i>”; and these words are used synonymously in Pipe -Rolls, charters, seals, etc. “Leprosy” was an elastic -term as commonly used. In the statutes of one hospital, <span class="xxpn" id="p049">p049</span> -the patriarch Job was claimed as a fellow-sufferer—“who -was so smitten with the leprosy, that from the sole of his -foot to the crown of his head there was no soundness in -him.” A <i>lazar</i> was one “full of sores,” and any person -having an inveterate and loathsome skin-eruption might -be considered infected. Disfiguring and malignant -disorders were common. Victims of <i>scrofula</i>, <i>lepra</i>, <i>lupus</i>, -<i>tuberculosis</i>, <i>erysipelas</i> (or “St. Anthony’s fire”) and -persons who had contracted disease as the baneful result -of a life stained with sin, would sometimes take advantage -of the provision made for lepers, for in extremity -of destitution this questionable benefit was not to be -despised. In foreign lands to-day, some are found not -unwilling to join the infected for the sake of food and -shelter; we are told, for example, that the Hawaiian -Government provides so well for lepers that a difficulty -arises in preventing healthy people from taking up their -abode in the hospitals. On the other hand, it often -happens that those who are actually leprous refuse to join -a segregation-camp.</p> - -<p>No one, however, can deny that leprosy was once -exceedingly prevalent, and after weighing all that might -be said to the contrary, Sir J. Y. Simpson and Dr. George -Newman were convinced that the disease existent in -England was for the most part true leprosy (<i>elephantiasis -Græcorum</i>).</p> - -<h3>1. PIONEERS OF CHARITY</h3> - -<p>One practical outcome of the religious revival of -the twelfth century was a movement of charity towards -the outcast. The Lazarus whom Jesus loved became -linked in pious minds with that <span class="xxpn" id="p050">p050</span> -<i>Lazarus ulceribus plenus</i> neglected by men, but now “in Abraham’s -bosom,” and the thought took a firm hold of the heart -and imagination. Abandoned by relatives, loathed by -neighbours, the famished leper was now literally fed -with crumbs of comfort from the rich man’s table.</p> - -<p>The work of providing for “Christ’s poor,” begun by -the great churchmen Lanfranc and Gundulf, was carried -into the realm of personal service by Queen Maud (about -1101), the Abbot of Battle (before 1171) and Hugh, -Bishop of Lincoln (about 1186). Queen Maud is the -brightest ornament of the new movement. Like St. -Francis of Assisi a century later, she “adopted those -means for grappling with the evil that none but an -enthusiast and a visionary would have taken.” Aelred of -Rievaulx relates how Prince David visited her and found -the house full of lepers, in the midst of whom stood the -queen. She washed, dried and even kissed their feet, -telling her brother that in so doing she was kissing the -feet of the Eternal King. When she begged him to -follow her example, he withdrew smiling, afterwards -confessing to Aelred:—“I was sore afraid and answered -that I could on no account endure it, for as yet I did not -know the Lord, nor had His spirit been revealed to me.” -Of Walter de Lucy, the chronicler of Battle Abbey -writes:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“He especially compassionated the forlorn condition of those -afflicted with leprosy and <i>elephantiasis</i>, whom he was so far from -shunning, that he frequently waited upon them in person, -washing their hands and feet, and, with the utmost cordiality, -imprinting upon them the soothing kisses of love and -piety.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -St. Hugh used to visit in certain hospitals, possibly -those at Peterborough and Newark connected with the <span class="xxpn" id="p051">p051</span> -See or the Mallardry at Lincoln.<a id="fnanchor_33" href="#fn_33" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 33; go to footnote">33</a> -He would even dwell -among the lepers, eating with them and ministering to -them, saying that he was inspired by the example of the -Saviour and by His teaching concerning the beggar -Lazarus. On one occasion, in reply to a remonstrance -from his Chancellor, he said that these afflicted ones were -the flowers of Paradise, pearls in the coronet of the -Eternal King.<a id="fnanchor_34" href="#fn_34" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 34; go to footnote">34</a></p> - -<h3>2. PUBLIC OPINION</h3> - -<p>These noble pioneers were doubtless important factors -in moulding public opinion. They may often have outstepped -the bounds of prudence, but, as one has observed, -“an evil is removed only by putting it for a time -into strong relief, when it comes to be rightly dealt with -and so is gradually checked.” As long as possible the -world ignored the existence of leprosy. The thing was -so dreadful that men shut their eyes to it, until they were -shamed into action by those who dared to face the evil. -The Canon of the Lateran Council of 1179 acknowledged -that unchristian selfishness had hitherto possessed men -with regard to lepers. We need not suppose that the -heroism of those who ministered to lepers was that which -boldly faces a terrible risk, but it was rather that which -overcomes the strongest repulsion for hideous and noisome -objects. There is no hint in the language of the -chroniclers of encountering danger, but rather, expressions -of horror that any should hold intercourse with such -loathsome creatures. The remonstrances of Prince David -and of William de Monte were not primarily on account -of contagion.—“What is it that thou doest, O my lady? <span class="xxpn" id="p052">p052</span> -surely if the King knew this, he would not deign to kiss -with his lips your mouth thus polluted with the feet of -lepers!” “When I saw Bishop Hugh touch the livid -face of the lepers, kiss their sightless eyes or eyeless -sockets, I shuddered with disgust.”—If St. Francis -raised an objection to inmates wandering outside their -precincts, it was because people could not endure the sight -of them. The popular opinion regarding the contagious -nature of the disease developed strongly, however, towards -the close of the twelfth century. The Canon <i>De -Leprosis</i> (Rome, 1179; Westminster, 1200) declares emphatically -that lepers cannot dwell with healthy men. -Englishmen begin to act consistently with this conviction. -The Prior of Taunton (1174–85) separates a monk -from the company of the brethren “in fear of the danger -of this illness”; and the Durham chronicler mentions -an infirmary for those “stricken with the contagion of -leprosy.”</p> - -<h3>3. CIVIL JURISDICTION</h3> - -<p>(a) <i>The Writ for Removal.</i>—The right to expel lepers -was acknowledged before it was legally enforced. An -entry upon the statute-book may be merely the official -recognition of an established custom. The fact that -where use and wont are sufficiently strong, law is unnecessary, -is illustrated to-day in Japan, where public -opinion alone enforces the separation of lepers. At length -English civil law set its seal upon the theory of infection -by the writ <i>De Leproso Amovendo</i>, authorizing the expulsion -of lepers on account of manifest peril by contagion. -An early instance of removal occurs in the Curia Regis -Rolls (1220). It is mentioned that William, son of -Nicholas Malesmeins, had been consigned with the assent <span class="xxpn" id="p053">p053</span> -of his friends to a certain Maladria in Bidelington, where -he abode for two years. This was the leper-house near -Bramber, mentioned four years previously in a Close Roll -as “the hospital of the infirm of St. Mary Magdalene of -Bidelington.”</p> - -<p>Legislation on this subject was chiefly local. The -Assizes of London had proclaimed in 1276 that “no -leper shall be in the city, nor come there, nor make any -stay there.” Edward III supplemented existing measures -by an urgent local edict for London and Middlesex. The -royal proclamation sets forth that many publicly dwell -among the citizens, being smitten with the taint of -leprosy; these not only injure people by the contagion -of their polluted breath, but they even strive to contaminate -others by a loose and vicious life, resorting to houses -of ill-fame, “that so, to their own wretched solace, they -may have the more fellows in suffering.”<a id="fnanchor_35" href="#fn_35" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 35; go to footnote">35</a> -All persons -proved leprous—citizens or others, of whatever sex or condition—are -to quit the city within fifteen days, “and -betake themselves to places in the country, solitary, and -notably distant from the city and suburbs.” This order, -sent to the mayor, was followed by a proclamation to the -sheriff of the county. Lepers are to abandon the highways -and field-ways between the city and Westminster, -where several such persons sit and stay, associating with -whole men, to the manifest danger of passers-by.<a id="fnanchor_36" href="#fn_36" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 36; go to footnote">36</a></p> - -<p>This social problem continued to vex municipal authorities. -A precept was issued (1369) “that no leper -beg in the street for fear of spreading infection.” The -porters of the eight principal gates of the city were sworn <span class="xxpn" id="p054">p054</span> -to refuse them admittance. (That <i>barbers</i>—forerunners of -the barber-chirurgeons—were included among the gate-keepers -in 1310 and 1375, was perhaps due to their supposed -capability of recognizing diseases.) If a leper -tried to enter, he should forfeit his horse or his outer -garment, and if persisting, be taken into custody. The -foreman at “le loke” and an official at the Hackney -lazar-house were also bound to prevent their entry into -the city.</p> - -<p>The “Customs of Bristol,” written down by the recorder -in 1344, declare “that in future no leper reside within the -precincts of the town.” Imprisonment was the penalty—a -plan of doubtful wisdom. The measures ordained by the -burgesses of Berwick-on-Tweed were summary:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“No leper shall come within the gates of the borough; and -if one gets in by chance, the serjeant shall put him out at once. -If one wilfully forces his way in, his clothes shall be taken off -him and burnt, and he shall be turned out naked. For we have -already taken care that a proper place for lepers shall be kept -up outside the town, and that alms shall be there given to -them.”<a id="fnanchor_37" href="#fn_37" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 37; go to footnote">37</a></p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -It was comparatively easy for the civic authorities to control -the ejection of lepers when the asylum was under their -supervision, as it frequently was. At Exeter, ecclesiastical -leniency permitted a continuance of the custom (which -was already “ancient” in 1163) of allowing lepers to -circulate freely in the town. In 1244 the bishop seems to -have agreed with the mayor and corporation about the inadvisability -of the practice; and he resigned the guardianship -of the lazar-house, accepting in its stead that of -St. John’s hospital. <span class="xxpn" id="p055">p055</span></p> - -<p>Municipal documents record the expulsion of lepers. -In Gloucester (1273), Richard, Alice and Matilda gave -trouble and would remain within the town “to the great -damage and prejudice of the inhabitants.” John Mayn, -after repeated warnings to provide for himself some -dwelling outside London, was sworn to depart forthwith -and not return, on pain of the pillory (1372). A Leet -Roll among the records of Norwich states that -“Thomas Tytel Webstere is a leper, therefore he must -go out of the city” (1375). In the following instances, -the infected were consigned to hospitals. Margaret -Taylor came before the keepers of Beverley in the Gild -Hall, and asked by way of charity permission to have -a bed in the lepers’ house outside Keldgate Bar, which -request was granted (1394). The town-clerk of Lydd -makes an entry of ten shillings “Paied for delyvere of -Simone Reede unto the howse of Lazaris” (<i>circa</i> 1460). -The manorial court sometimes dealt with such cases. -That of the Bishop of Ely at Littleport recorded (1321):—“The -jurors say upon their oath that Joan daughter of -Geoffrey Whitring is leprous. Therefore be she set -apart.”<a id="fnanchor_38" href="#fn_38" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 38; go to footnote">38</a></p> - -<p>The law evidently had no power to touch a leper unless -he made himself a source of public danger. No one -interfered with him as long as he remained in a quiet -hiding-place, quitting it, perhaps, only at night. Individuals, -sheltered by the affection or self-interest of relatives, -might never come under the ban of the law: in -the Norwich records, for example, Isabella Lucas seems -to have been allowed to remain at home (1391). Judge -Fitz-Herbert, commenting on the writ of removal, observes <span class="xxpn" id="p056">p056</span> -that it lies where a leper is dwelling in a town, and will -come into the church or amongst his neighbors.<a id="fnanchor_39" href="#fn_39" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 39; go to footnote">39</a></p> - -<p>English legislation was never severe regarding lepers. -We may believe that the tolerant spirit of a certain -thirteenth-century Scottish canon prevailed throughout -Great Britain. Lepers, it was declared, might well fulfil -their parochial obligations, but “if they cannot be induced -to do so, let no coercion be employed, seeing that -affliction should not be accumulated upon the afflicted, -but rather their misfortunes commiserated.”<a id="fnanchor_40" href="#fn_40" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 40; go to footnote">40</a> -In France, -however, upon one terrible occasion, Philip V was guilty -of the abominable cruelty of burning lepers on the pretext -that they had maliciously poisoned wells. Mezeray -says:—“they were burned alive in order that the fire -might purify at once the infection of the body and of the -soul.” The report of this inhuman act reached England -and was recorded both in the Chronicle of Lanercost -(under date 1318) and also by John Capgrave, who -says:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“And in this same yere [1318] the Mysseles [lepers] thorow -oute Cristendam were slaundered that thei had mad couenaunt -with Sarasines for to poison alle Cristen men, to put uenym in -wellis, and alle maner uesseles that long to mannes use; of -whech malice mony of hem were conuicte, and brent, and many -Jewes that gave hem councel and comfort.”<a id="fnanchor_41" href="#fn_41" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 41; go to footnote">41</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>(b) <i>Property.</i>—The legal status of the leper must now -be examined. When pronounced a leper in early days, -a man lost not only his liberty, but the right to inherit -or bequeath property. A manuscript Norman law-book <span class="xxpn" id="p057">p057</span> -declares “that the mezel cannot be heir to any one.” -In the days of Stephen, for example, Brien Fitz-Count -was lord of Wallingford and Abergavenny. “He had -two sons, whom, being lepers, he placed in the Priory -of Bergavenny and gave lands and tithes there to for -their support,” bequeathing his property to other kinsmen. -Again, two women of the Fitz-Fulke family -appeared in the King’s Court (1203) in a dispute about -property at Sutton in Kent: Avice urged that Mabel, -having a brother, had no claim—“but against this -Mabel says that he is a leper.”<a id="fnanchor_42" href="#fn_42" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 42; go to footnote">42</a> -Even a grant made by -such a person was void. In 1204 King John committed -the lands of William of Newmarch to an official who should -answer for them at the Exchequer, but “if he have given -away any of his lands after he fell sick of the leprosy, -cause the same to be restored to his barony.”<a id="fnanchor_43" href="#fn_43" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 43; go to footnote">43</a> -This -illustrates Bracton’s statement that “a leprous person -who is placed out of the communion of mankind cannot -give . . . as he cannot ask,” and, again, “if the claimant -be a leper and so deformed that the sight of him is insupportable, -and such that he has been separated . . . -[he] cannot plead or claim an inheritance.”<a id="fnanchor_44" href="#fn_44" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 44; go to footnote">44</a></p> - -<p>On the other hand, Lord Coke declares that “ideots, -leapers &c. may be heires,” and he comments thus upon -Bracton and Britton:—“if these ancient writers be understood -of an appearance in person, I think their opinions -are good law; for [lepers] ought not to sue nor defend -in proper person, but by attorney.”<a id="fnanchor_45" href="#fn_45" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 45; go to footnote">45</a> -Possibly the -Norman custom of disinheritance prevailed in England -at one time and then died out. The case of Adam <span class="xxpn" id="p058">p058</span> -de Gaugy proves that in 1278 this Northumbrian baron -was not liable to forfeiture. He was excused, indeed, from -appearing in the presence of Edward I, but was directed -to swear fealty to an official. Although spoken of as his -brother’s heir, Adam did not long enjoy his property. -He died the same year, childless, but leaving a widow -(<i>Eve</i>), and the barony passed to a kinsman.<a id="fnanchor_46" href="#fn_46" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 46; go to footnote">46</a></p> - -<p>The Norman maxim that the leper “may possess the -inheritance he had before he became a leper” is illustrated -by the story of the youthful heir of Nicholas de -Malesmeins. Having attained full age, he left the hospital -where he had been confined, appeared before his feudal -lord, did homage, made his payment, and entered his -fief.<a id="fnanchor_47" href="#fn_47" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 47; go to footnote">47</a></p> - -<h3>4. ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION</h3> - -<p>Although leprosy was a penal offence, only laymen -could be cited and dealt with by the king, mayor or -feudal lord. Clerks in holy orders had to answer to their -bishop. In the case of parochial clergy, the diocesan -was responsible for their suspension from office, as stated -by the Canon <i>De Leprosis</i>. Lucius III (1181–1185) decreed -that they must serve by coadjutors and wrote to the -Bishop of Lincoln on this subject.<a id="fnanchor_48" href="#fn_48" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 48; go to footnote">48</a> -The episcopal registers -of Lincoln afterwards record the case of the rector -of Seyton (1310). Several leprous parish priests are -named in other registers, e.g. St. Neot, 1314 (Exeter), -Colyton, 1330 (Exeter), Castle Carrock, 1357 (Carlisle). -In the latter instance, the bishop having learned with -sorrow that the rector was infected and unable to -<span class="xxpn" id="p059">p059</span> -administer the sacraments, cited him to appear at Rose with -a view to appointing a coadjutor.<a id="fnanchor_49" href="#fn_49" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 49; go to footnote">49</a> -It was ordered by -Clement III that when clergy were thus removed, they -should be supported from the fruits of their benefices. -Sir Philip, the leper-priest of St. Neot in Cornwall, was -allowed two shillings a week, besides twenty shillings -a year for clothing. He was permitted to keep the best -room in his vicarage and the adjoining chambers, except -the hall. The rest of the house was partitioned off for the -curate, the door between them being walled up.<a id="fnanchor_50" href="#fn_50" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 50; go to footnote">50</a></p> - -<h3>5. EXAMINATION OF SUSPECTED PERSONS</h3> - -<div class="figright imwth08" id="fig07"> - <img src="images/ib059.jpg" width="252" height="247" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> - 7. LEPER AND PHYSICIAN</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">The duty of reporting and examining cases fell to the -clergy, doctors, civil officers or a jury of discreet men. -(Cf. Fig. 7.) A curiously complicated -lawsuit brought into the -King’s Court in 1220 relates how -a certain man had custody of the -children of Nicholas de Malesmeins. -When the eldest-born -became a leper, his perplexed -guardian took the young man -to the King’s Exchequer, and -before the barons of the Exchequer -he was adjudged a -leper, and consigned to a hospital. (See pp. -<a href="#p052" title="go to page 52">52</a>, -<a href="#p058" title="go to page 58">58</a>.)</p> - -<p class="clearnone">In ordinary cases, the leper would show himself to the -parish priest as the only scholar. It was the village -priest who helped the stricken maiden to enter “Badele -Spital” near Darlington, and afterwards attested her -<span class="xxpn" id="p060">p060</span> -cure, as related by Reginald of Durham. (See p. -<a href="#p097" title="go to page 97">97</a>.) The -register of Bishop Bronescomb of Exeter declares that -“it belongs to the office of the priest to distinguish between -one form of leprosy and another.” It was the duty -of the clergy to take cognizance of cases, but it was not -always politic to interfere. In 1433 the parson of Sparham -endeavoured to get a parishioner, John Folkard, to withdraw -from the company of other men because he was -“gretely infect with the sekeness of lepre.” The vicar -advertised him to depart, for “his sekenes was contagious -and myght hurte moche people.” After much disputing, -John went off to Norwich and took an action for trespass -against the parson before the sheriffs. Whereupon the -vicar had to appeal in chancery.<a id="fnanchor_51" href="#fn_51" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 51; go to footnote">51</a></p> - -<p>The writ of removal ordered the careful investigation -of cases in the presence of discreet and lawful men having -the best knowledge of the accused person and his disease. -Probably the best was not very good, for many judged by -the outward appearance only. The Bishop of Lincoln, -directing the resignation of a clergyman (1310), says that -he is besprinkled with the spot of leprosy. The decree of -1346 condemns “all those who are found infected with -leprous spots” to be removed. Anthony Fitz-Herbert, -writing in 1534, points out that the writ is for those “who -appear to the sight of all men that they are lepers,” by -their voice, disfigurement and noisome condition.</p> - -<p>In medical treatises, great stress was laid on the necessity -of investigation with pondering and meditation. -The <i>Rosa Anglica</i> of John of Gaddesden (physician to -Edward II) declares that “no one is to be adjudged a -leper, and separated from intercourse of mankind, until <span class="xxpn" id="p061">p061</span> -the figure and form of the face is actually changed.” -The contemporary French doctor, Gordon, uses almost -the same words; and, repeating his precautions, observes -that “lepers are at the present day very injudiciously -judged.” A later writer, Guy de Chauliac (<i>circa</i> 1363) -says:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“In the examination and judgement of lepers, there must be -much circumspection, because the injury is very great, whether -we thus submit to confinement those that ought not to be confined, -or allow lepers to mix with the people, seeing the disease -is contagious and infectious.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Sir J. Simpson gives copious extracts from Guy’s <i>Chirurgia</i>, -which has also been translated into modern French -(1890). Guy describes fully the examination of a suspected -person, giving in detail all possible symptoms. -It may here be observed that Bartholomew <i>Anglicus</i>, -his contemporary, enumerates among the causes predisposing -to leprosy, dwelling and oft talking with leprous -men, marriage and heredity, evil diet—e.g. rotten meat, -measled hogs, flesh infected with poison, and the biting -of a venomous worm: “in these manners and in many -other the evil of <i>lepra</i> breedeth in man’s body.” Guy -advises the doctor to inquire if the person under examination -comes of tainted stock, if he have conversed with -lepers, etc. He must then consider and reconsider the -equivocal and unequivocal signs of disease. After a -searching investigation—not to be confined to one day—the -patient must either be set free (<i>absolvendus</i>) with a -certificate, or separated from the people and conducted to -the lazar-house.</p> - -<p>About the time that John of Gaddesden was professor -of medicine at Oxford (1307–1325), and was writing upon <span class="xxpn" id="p062">p062</span> -leprosy, “experienced physicians” were summoned to -examine a provincial magnate. The mayor and bailiffs of -royal Winchester had been over-zealous “under colour -of the king’s late order to cause lepers who were amongst -the healthy citizens to be expelled.” It was surely a -bitter hour to Peter de Nutle, late mayor of the grand old -city, when his successor and former colleagues hounded -him out! But there was justice for one “falsely accused”; -and subsequently an order of redress was sent, not without -rebuke to the civic authorities for their malicious -behaviour towards a fellow-citizen:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“as it appears, from the inspection and examination before our -council by the council and by physicians expert in the knowledge -of this disease, that the said Peter is whole and clean, -and infected in no part of his body.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -A few days later the sheriff of Hampshire was directed -to make a proclamation to the same effect, so that Peter -might dwell as he was wont unmolested.<a id="fnanchor_52" href="#fn_52" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 52; go to footnote">52</a></p> - -<p>The royal mandate of 1346 reiterated the stipulation -that men of knowledge should inquire into suspected -cases. It therefore seems unlikely that a London baker -ejected in 1372 was merely suffering from an inveterate -eczema, as has been suggested. Careless as were the -popular notions of disease, medical diagnosis was becoming -more exact; four kinds of leprosy were distinguished, -of which “leonine” and “elephantine” were -the worst.</p> - -<p>There is an interesting document extant concerning a -certain woman who lived at Brentwood in 1468. She was -indicted by a Chancery warrant, but acquitted on the <span class="xxpn" id="p063">p063</span> -authority of a medical certificate of health. The neighbours -of Johanna Nightingale petitioned against her, -complaining that she habitually mixed with them and -refused to retire to a solitary place, although “infected by -the foul contact of leprosy.” A writ was therefore issued -by Edward IV commanding a legal inquiry. Finally, -Johanna appeared before a medical jury in the presence -of the Chancellor. They examined her person, touched -and handled her, made mature and diligent investigation, -going through over forty distinctive signs of disease. She -was at length pronounced “utterly free and untainted,” -and the royal physicians were prepared to demonstrate -this in Chancery “by scientific process.”<a id="fnanchor_53" href="#fn_53" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 53; go to footnote">53</a></p> - -<h3>6. TREATMENT OF THE BODY</h3> - -<p>Alleviation was sometimes sought in medicinal waters. -Here and there the site of a hospital seems to have been -selected on account of its proximity to a healing spring, -e.g. Harbledown, Burton Lazars, Peterborough, Newark, -and Nantwich. In various places there are springs -known as the Lepers’ Well, frequented by sufferers of -bygone days.</p> - -<p>Tradition ascribes to bathing some actual cures of -“leprosy.” Bladud the Briton, a prehistoric prince, was -driven from home because he was a leper. At length he -discovered the hot springs of Bath, where instinct had -already taught diseased swine to wallow: Bladud, too, -washed and was clean. The virtue of the mineral waters, -well known to the Romans, was also appreciated by the -Saxons; possibly the baths were frequented by lepers <span class="xxpn" id="p064">p064</span> -from early days, for there was long distributed in Bath “an -ancient alms to the poor and leprous of the foundation of -Athelstan, Edgar and Ethelred.” A small bath was afterwards -set apart for their use, to which the infected flocked. -Leland notes that the place was “much frequentid of -People diseasid with Lepre, Pokkes, Scabbes, and great -Aches,” who found relief. A story similar to that of -Bladud, but of later date, comes from the eastern -counties: a certain man, sorely afflicted with leprosy, was -healed by a spring in Beccles, near which in gratitude he -built a hospital.</p> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="figleft imwth07" id="fig08"> -<img src="images/ib064.jpg" width="288" height="334" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -8. ELIAS, LEPER MONK</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">There was rivalry between the natural water of Bath -and the miraculous water of Canterbury; the latter -consisted of a drop of St. -Thomas’ blood many times -diluted from the well in the -crypt of the cathedral.<a id="fnanchor_54" href="#fn_54" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 54; go to footnote">54</a> -William of Canterbury, a -prejudiced critic, is careful -to relate how a leper-monk -of Reading, Elias by name, -went with his abbot’s approval -to Bath desiring to -ease his pain, and there -sought earnestly of the physicians -whatever he was able -to gather from them. “He set his hope in the warmth -of the sulphur and not in the wonder-working martyr,” -says William. After forty days in Bath, Elias set out for -Canterbury, but secretly, pretending to seek medicine in -London; because (adds the chronicler) the abbot honoured <span class="xxpn" id="p065">p065</span> -the martyr less than he ought to have done, and might -not have countenanced the pilgrimage. On his way, -Elias met returning pilgrims, who gave him some of the -water of St. Thomas (Fig. 8); he applied this externally -and internally and became well.<a id="fnanchor_55" href="#fn_55" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 55; go to footnote">55</a> -Lest any should doubt -the miracle, Benedict of Canterbury tells us that many -who were especially skilled in the art of medicine -used to say that Elias was smitten with a terrible leprosy, -and he proceeds to detail the horrible symptoms. In the -end, however, William declares that he who had been so -ulcerated that he might have been called another Lazarus, -now appeared pleasant in countenance, as was plain to all -who saw him. What the Bath doctors and Bath waters -could not do, that the miraculous help of St. Thomas -had achieved.</p></div> - -<p>We see from the story of the monk Elias that the -ministrations of the physician and the use of medicine -were sought by lepers. Bartholomew says that the -disease, although incurable “but by the help of God” -when once confirmed, “may be somewhat hid and let, -that it destroy not so soon”; and he gives instructions -about diet, blood-letting, purgative medicines, plasters -and ointments. Efficacious too was (we are told) the -eating of a certain adder sod with leeks.</p> - -<p>There is no information forthcoming as to the remedial -treatment of lepers in hospital. The only narrative we -possess is Chatterton’s lively description of St. Bartholomew’s, -Bristol, the Roll of which he professed to find; it -satisfied Barrett, a surgeon, and a local, though uncritical, -historian. A father of the Austin Friary came to shrive -the lepers (for which he received ten marks) and -to dress <span class="xxpn" id="p066">p066</span> -their sores (for which he was given fifty marks) saying, -“lette us cure both spryte and bodye.” When barber-surgeons -came for an operation—“whanne some doughtie -worke ys to bee donne on a Lazar”—friars attended “leste -hurte ande scathe bee done to the lepers.” The friars’ -knowledge was such that barber-surgeons were willing to -attend “wythoute paye to gayne knowleche of aylimentes -and theyr trew curis.”</p> - -<h3>7. TREATMENT OF THE SPIRIT</h3> - -<p>Disease was sometimes regarded as an instrument of -divine wrath, as in the scriptural case of Gehazi. Thus -Gilbert de Saunervill after committing sacrilege was smitten -with leprosy, whereupon he confessed with tears that -he merited the scourge of God. The popular view that it -was an expiation for sin is shown in the romance of Cresseid -false to her true knight. But except in signal cases -of wrong-doing this morbid idea was not prominent; and -the phrase “struck by the secret judgement of God” implies -visitation rather than vengeance. Indeed, the use -of the expression “Christ’s martyrs” suggests that the -leper’s affliction was looked upon as a sacrifice—an attitude -which illuminated the mystery of pain. St. Hugh -preached upon the blessedness of such sufferers: they -were in no wise under a curse, but were “beloved of God -as was Lazarus.”</p> - -<p>Those responsible for the care of lepers long ago -realized exactly what is experienced by those who carry -on the same extraordinarily difficult work to-day, namely, -that leprosy develops to a high degree what is worst in -man. Bodily torture, mental anguish, shattered nerves -almost amounting to insanity, render lepers wearisome <span class="xxpn" id="p067">p067</span> -and offensive to themselves no less than to others. These -causes, together with the absence of the restraining -influences of family life, make them prone to rebellious -conduct, irritability, ingratitude and other evil habits. -Hope was, and is, the one thing to transform such lives, -else intolerable in their wintry desolation. St. Hugh -therefore bade lepers look for the consummation of the -promise:—“Who shall change our vile body, that it may -be fashioned like unto His glorious Body.”<a id="fnanchor_56" href="#fn_56" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 56; go to footnote">56</a></p> - -<p>Alleviation of the agonized mind of the doomed victim -was undertaken first by the physician and afterwards by -the priest. A recognized part of the remedial treatment -advocated by Guy was to comfort the heart. His counsel -shows that doctors endeavoured to act as physicians of -the soul, for they were to impress upon the afflicted person -that this suffering was for his spiritual salvation. The -priest then fulfilled his last duty towards his afflicted -parishioner:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“The priest . . . makes his way to the sick man’s home -and addresses him with comforting words, pointing out and -proving that if he blesses and praises God, and bears his sickness -patiently, he may have a sure and certain hope that -though he be sick in body, he may be whole in soul, and may -receive the gift of eternal salvation.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The affecting scene at the service which followed may -be pictured from the form in <i>Appendix A</i>. There was a -certain tenderness mingled with “the terrible ten commandments -of man.” The priest endeavours to show the -leper that he is sharing in the afflictions of Christ. For <span class="xxpn" id="p068">p068</span> -his consolation the verse of Isaiah is recited:—“Surely He -hath borne our griefs and carried our sorrows, yet did we -esteem Him as a leper, smitten of God and afflicted.” -The same passage from the Vulgate is quoted in the -statutes for the lepers of St. Julian’s:—“among all infirmities -the disease of leprosy is more loathsome than any . . . -yet ought they not on that account to despair or -murmur against God, but rather to praise and glorify Him -who was led to death as a leper.”</p> - -<div class="imctr06" id="fig09"> -<img src="images/ib068.jpg" width="312" height="375" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -9. A LEPER</div></div> - -<p>After separation the fate of the outcast is irrevocably -sealed. Remembering the exhortation, he must never -frequent places of public resort, nor eat and drink with -the sound; he must not speak to them unless they are on -the windward side, nor may he touch infants or young -folk. Henceforth his signal is the clapper, by which he -gives warning of his approach and draws attention to his <span class="xxpn" id="p069">p069</span> -request. (Fig. 26.) This instrument consisted of tablets of -wood, attached at one end with leather thongs, which -made a loud click when shaken. In England, a bell -was often substituted for this dismal rattle. Stow and -Holinshed refer to the “clapping of dishes and ringing -of bels” by the lazar. The poor creature of shocking -appearance shown in Fig. 9 holds in his one remaining -hand a bell. His piteous cry is “Sum good, my gentyll -mayster, for God sake.” This was the beggar’s common -appeal: in an <i>Early English Legendary</i>, a <i>mesel</i> cries -to St. Francis, “Sum good for godes love.”</p> - -<p>Compelled to leave home and friends, many a leper -thus haunted the highway—his only shelter a dilapidated -hovel, his meagre fare the scraps put into his dish. To -others, the lines fell in more pleasant places, for in the -hospital pain and privation were softened by kindness.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Chapter V</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_33" href="#fnanchor_33" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 33; go to anchor">33</a> -See p. 180.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_34" href="#fnanchor_34" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 34; go to anchor">34</a> -Chron. and Mem. 37, <i>Magna Vita</i>, pp. 162–5.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_35" href="#fnanchor_35" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 35; go to anchor">35</a> -Riley, <i>Memorials of London</i>, 230.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_36" href="#fnanchor_36" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 36; go to anchor">36</a> -Close 1346 pt. i. m. 18 <i>d</i>, 14 <i>d</i>, -and 1348 pt. i. m. 25 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_37" href="#fnanchor_37" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 37; go to anchor">37</a> -Toulmin Smith, <i>Gilds</i>, 241.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_38" href="#fnanchor_38" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 38; go to anchor">38</a> -Selden Soc., <i>Court Baron</i>, p. 134.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_39" href="#fnanchor_39" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 39; go to anchor">39</a> -<i>Natura Brevium</i>, ed. 1652 p. 584.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_40" href="#fnanchor_40" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 40; go to anchor">40</a> -Wilkins, <i>Concil. Mag.</i> i. 616.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_41" href="#fnanchor_41" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 41; go to anchor">41</a> -Chron. and Mem., 1. 186.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_42" href="#fnanchor_42" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 42; go to anchor">42</a> -Selden Soc., 3, No. 157.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_43" href="#fnanchor_43" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 43; go to anchor">43</a> -Rot. Litt. Claus. 6 John m. 21.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_44" href="#fnanchor_44" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 44; go to anchor">44</a> -Chron. and Mem., 70, i. 95; vi. 325.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_45" href="#fnanchor_45" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 45; go to anchor">45</a> -First Institutes, p. 8a., 135b.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_46" href="#fnanchor_46" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 46; go to anchor">46</a> -Inquisition, cf. Rot. Curia Scacc. Abb., i. 33.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_47" href="#fnanchor_47" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 47; go to anchor">47</a> -Curia Regis Rolls, 72, m. 18 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_48" href="#fnanchor_48" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 48; go to anchor">48</a> -<i>Conciliorum Omnium</i>, ed. 1567, III, 700 (cap. 4).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_49" href="#fnanchor_49" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 49; go to anchor">49</a> -Reg. Welton. Cited Vict. Co. Hist.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_50" href="#fnanchor_50" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 50; go to anchor">50</a> -Reg. Stapeldon, p. 342.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_51" href="#fnanchor_51" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 51; go to anchor">51</a> -P.R.O. Early Chancery Proceedings, Bundle 46, No. 158.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_52" href="#fnanchor_52" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 52; go to anchor">52</a> -Close 6 Edw. II, m. 21 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_53" href="#fnanchor_53" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 53; go to anchor">53</a> -Close Roll, Rymer, ed. 1710, ix. 365. -Translated, Simpson, <i>Arch. Essays</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_54" href="#fnanchor_54" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 54; go to anchor">54</a> -Chron. and Mem., 67, i. 416.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_55" href="#fnanchor_55" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 55; go to anchor">55</a> -Id. ii. 242.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_56" href="#fnanchor_56" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 56; go to anchor">56</a> -Compare the title of a modern leper-house at Kumamoto in -Kiushiu, known as “The Hospital of the Resurrection of Hope”: and in -Japanese <i>Kwaishun Byōin</i>—“the coming again of spring.”</p></li></ul> -</li></ul> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p070"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p070</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER VI -<small>FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>Hospitals . . . founded as well by the noble kings of this realm and lords -and ladies both spiritual and temporal as by others of divers estates, in -aid and merit of the souls of the said founders.</i>”</p> -<p class="signature">(Parliament of Leicester.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">A<span>S</span></span> -our period covers about six centuries, some rough -subdivision is necessary, but each century can -show patrons of royal birth, benevolent bishops -and barons, as well as charitable commoners. The roll-call -is long, and includes many noteworthy names.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<h3>FIRST PERIOD (BEFORE 1066)</h3> - -<p>First, there is the shadowy band of Saxon benefactors. -<b>Athelstan</b>, on his return from the victory of Brunanburh -(937), helped to found St. Peter’s hospital, York, giving -not only the site, but a considerable endowment. (See -p. <a href="#p185" title="go to page 185">185</a>.) -Among other founders was a certain noble and -devoted knight named <b>Acehorne</b>, lord of Flixton in the -time of the most Christian king Athelstan, who provided -a refuge for wayfarers in Holderness. Two -Saxon bishops are named as builders of houses for the -poor. To <b>St. Oswald</b> (Bishop of Worcester, died 992) is -attributed the foundation of the hospital called after him; -but the earliest documentary reference to it is by Gervase -of Canterbury (<i>circa</i> 1200). <b>St. Wulstan</b> (died 1094) <span class="xxpn" id="p071">p071</span> -provided the wayfarers’ hostel at Worcester which continued -to bear his name. Wulstan, last of the Saxon founders, -forms a fitting link with Lanfranc, foremost of those -Norman “spiritual lords” who were to build hospitals -on a scale hitherto unknown in England.</p> - -<h3>SECOND PERIOD (1066–1272)</h3> - -<div class="figright imwth08" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/ib071.jpg" width="252" height="214" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -10. “THE MEMORIAL OF -MATILDA THE QUEEN”</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone"><b>Lanfranc</b> erected the hospitals of St. John, Canterbury, -and St. Nicholas, Harbledown; these charities remain -to this day as memorials of the archbishop. His friend -Bishop <b>Gundulf</b> of Rochester founded a lazar-house near -that city. In <b>Queen Maud</b>, wife of Henry I, the bishop -found a ready disciple. Her mother, Margaret of Scotland, -had trained her to love the poor and minister to them. -St. Margaret’s special care had been for pilgrims, for -whom she had provided a hospital -at Queen’s-ferry, Edinburgh. The -“holy Queen Maud,” as we have -seen, served lepers with enthusiasm, -and she established a home -near London for them. (Fig. 10.) -<b>Henry I</b> caught something of his -lady’s spirit. “The house of -St. Bartholomew [Oxford] was -founded by our lord old King Henry, who married -the good queene Maud; and it was assigned for the -receiving and susteyning of infirme leprose folk,” -says Wood, quoting a thirteenth-century Inquisition. -Henry endowed his friend Gundulf’s foundation at -Rochester, and probably also “the king’s hospital” -near Lincoln, which had possibly been begun by Bishop -Remigius; that of Colchester was built by his steward <span class="xxpn" id="p072">p072</span> -Eudo at his command, and was accounted of the king’s -foundation. Matilda, daughter of Henry and Maud, left -a benefaction to lepers at York.</p> - -<p><b>King Stephen</b> reconstructed St. Peter’s hospital, York, -after a great fire. (Cf. Pl. XXIV, XXV.) His wife, -<b>Matilda of Boulogne</b>, founded St. Katharine’s, London, -which continues to this day under the patronage of the -queens-consort. Henry II made considerable bequests -for the benefit of lazars, but it is characteristic that his -hospital building was in Anjou. <b>Richard I</b> endowed -Bishop Glanvill’s foundation at Strood. <b>King John</b> is -thought to have founded hospitals near Lancaster, Newbury -and Bristol. He is sometimes regarded as the conspicuous -patron of lepers. Doubtless this may be partly -attributed to the fact that at the outset of his reign the -Church secured privileges to outcasts by the Council of -Westminster (1200). There seems, however, to be some -ground for his charitable reputation. Bale, in his drama -<i>Kynge Johan</i>, makes England say concerning this king:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse">“Never prynce was there that made to poore peoples use</p> -<p class="pverse">So many masendewes, hospytals and spyttle howses,</p> -<p class="pverse">As your grace hath done yet sens the worlde began.”</p> -<div>      ·      ·      ·      ·      ·      ·</div> -<p class="pverse">“Gracyouse prouysyon for sore, sycke, halte and lame</p> -<p class="pverse">He made in hys tyme, he made both in towne and cytie,</p> -<p class="pverse">Grauntynge great lyberties for mayntenaunce of the same,</p> -<p class="pverse">By markettes and fayers in places of notable name.</p> -<p class="pverse">Great monymentes are in Yppeswych, Donwych and Berye,</p> -<p class="pverse">Whych noteth hym to be a man of notable - mercye.”<a id="fnanchor_57" href="#fn_57" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 57; go to footnote">57</a></p> -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Indeed, as the Suffolk satirist knew by local tradition, -King John did grant the privilege of a fair to the lepers -of Ipswich. <span class="xxpn" id="p073">p073</span></p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-vi"> -<img src="images/i073.jpg" width="600" height="432" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i073-2.jpg" width="600" height="399" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<p><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> - <i>PLATE VI.</i></p> -<div>a. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S, GLOUCESTER</div> -<div>b. ST. MARY’S, CHICHESTER</div></div></div> - -<p><b>Henry III</b> erected houses of charity at Woodstock, -Dunwich and Ospringe, as well as homes for Jews in -London and Oxford. He refounded St. John’s in the -latter city, and laid the first stone himself; he seems also -to have rebuilt St. John’s, Cambridge, and St. James’, -Westminster. The king loved Gloucester—the place of -his coronation—and he re-established St. Bartholomew’s, -improving the buildings (Pl. VI) and endowment. -The new hospitals of Dover and Basingstoke were committed -to his care by their founders. Of Henry III’s -charities only that of St. James’, Westminster, was for -lepers; but St. Louis, who was with him while on crusade, -told Joinville that on Holy Thursday (i.e. Maundy Thursday) -the king of England “now with us” washes the -feet of lepers and then kisses them. The ministry of -the good queen Maud was thus carried on to the fifth -generation.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">If history tells how Maud cared for lepers and provided -for them in St. Giles’, London, tradition relates that <b>Adela -of Louvain</b>, the second wife of Henry I, was herself a -leper, and that she built St. Giles’, Wilton. A Chantry -Certificate reports that “Adulyce sometym quene of Englande” -was the founder. The present inmates of the -almshouse are naturally not a little puzzled by the -modern inscription <i>Hospitium S. Egidii Adelicia Reg. -Hen. Fund</i>. The local legend was formerly to be seen -over the chapel door in a more intelligible and interesting -form:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“This hospitall of St. Giles was re-edified (1624) by John -Towgood, maior of Wilton, and his brethren, adopted patrons -thereof, by the gift of Queen Adelicia, wife unto King Henry <span class="xxpn" id="p074">p074</span> -the First. This Adelicia was a leper. She had a windowe and -dore from her lodgeing into the chancell of the chapel, whence -she heard prayer. She lieth buried under a marble gravestone.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Although in truth the widowed queen made a happy marriage -with William d’Albini, and, when she died, was -buried in an abbey in Flanders, she did endow a hospital -at that royal manor—maybe to shelter one of her ladies, -whose affliction might give rise to the tale of “the leprosy -queen” and her ghost. When a person of rank became -a leper, the terrible fact was not disclosed when concealment -was possible. This is illustrated by another -Wiltshire tradition—that of the endowment of the lazar-house -at Maiden Bradley by one of the heiresses of -Manser Bisset, dapifer of Henry II. The story is as -old as Leland’s day; and Camden says that she “being -herselfe a maiden infected with the leprosie, founded -an house heere for maidens that were lepers, and endowed -the same with her owne Patrimonie and Livetide.” -<b>Margaret Bisset</b> was certainly free from all taint of -leprosy in 1237, when she sought and gained permission -to visit Eleanor of Brittany, the king’s cousin. She -was well known at court at this time, and a Patent Roll -entry of 1242 records that:—“At the petition of Margery -Byset, the king has granted to the house of St. -Matthew [<i>sic</i>], Bradeleg, and the infirm sisters thereof, -for ever, five marks yearly . . . which he had before -granted to the said Margery for life.” Another contemporary -deed (among the <i>Sarum Documents</i>) may support -the legend of the leper-lady. It sets forth how Margaret -Bisset desired to lead a celibate and contemplative life; -and therefore left her lands to the leper-hospital of Maiden -Bradley on condition that she herself was -maintained there. <span class="xxpn" id="p075">p075</span></p> - -<p>Many famous churchmen, statesmen and warriors were -hospital builders. Among the episcopal founders who -figured prominently in public affairs were the following. -<b>Ranulf Flambard</b>—“the most infamous prince of publicans” -under William Rufus—founded Kepier hospital, -Durham. The warlike <b>Henry de Blois</b>, half-brother of -Stephen, erected St. Cross near Winchester. <b>Hugh de -Puiset</b>, being, as Camden says, “very indulgently compassionate -to Lepres,” gathered them into his asylum at -Sherburn, but it is hinted that his bounty was not altogether -honestly come by. Again, “the high-souled -abbot” <b>Sampson</b>—he who dared to oppose Prince John -and also visited Richard in captivity—was the founder -of St. Saviour’s, at Bury St. Edmunds.</p> - -<p>Even in the troublous days of Stephen there were barons -who were tender towards the afflicted. <b>William le Gros</b>, -lord of Holderness, was one of these. He was the -founder of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Newton-by-Hedon, -for a charter speaks of “the infirm whom William, Earl -of Albemarle, placed there.” The <i>Chartulary of Whitby</i> -relates how the earl—“a mighty man and of great prowess -and power”—was wasting the eastern parts of Yorkshire. -Nevertheless he “was a lover of the poor and especially -of lepers and was accustomed to distribute freely to them -large alms.” Abbot Benedict therefore bethought him of -a plan whereby he might save the threatened cow-pastures -of the abbey from devastation: he permitted the cattle -belonging to the Whitby hospital to join the herds of the -convent; consequently the earl was merciful to that place -on account of the lepers, and the herds fed together -henceforth undisturbed.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/ib076.jpg" width="600" height="382" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -11. THE TOMB OF RAHERE<div class="fsize7"> -(Founder and first prior of St. Bartholomew’s)</div></div></div> - -<p>Another charitable lord was <b>Ranulf de -<span class="xxpn" id="p076">p076</span> -Glanvill</b>—“justiciary of the realm of England and the king’s eye”—who -with his wife Berta founded a leper-hospital at West -Somerton upon land granted to him by Henry II. His -nephew <b>Gilbert de Glanvill</b> built St. Mary’s, Strood, near -his cathedral city of Rochester (<i>circa</i> 1193); the loyal -bishop declaring in his charter that it was founded -amongst other things “for the reformation of Christianity -in the Holy Land and for the liberation of Richard the -illustrious king of England.” After the royal captive had -been freed, he endowed his faithful friend’s foundation -with seven hundred acres of land. Among the leading -men of the day who built hospitals were Geoffrey Fitz-Peter -and William Briwere, Peter des Roches and Hubert -de Burgh, together with Hugh and Joceline of Wells. -Yet another distinguished bishop of this period must be <span class="xxpn" id="p077">p077</span> -mentioned, namely, <b>Walter de Suffield</b>, who was very liberal -to the poor, especially in his city of Norwich. During -his lifetime he established St. Giles’ and drew up its -statutes. He directed that as often as any bishop of the -See went by, he should enter and give his blessing to the -sick, and that the occasion should be marked by special -bounty. His will shows a most tender solicitude for -the welfare of the house, which he commended to his -successor and his executors.</p> - -<p>Benefactors included not only men eminent in church -and state, but “others of divers estates,” clerical and lay -commoners. Foremost of these stands <b>Rahere</b>, born of -low lineage, but court-minstrel and afterwards priest. -In obedience to a vision, he determined to undertake the -foundation of a hospital. He sought help from the -Bishop of London, by whose influence he obtained from -Henry I the site of St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield. -While many founders are forgotten, men delight to -honour Rahere. The chronicler, who had talked with -those who remembered him, records how he sympathized -with the tribulation of the wretched, how he recognized -their need, supported them patiently, and finally helped -them on their way. Rahere’s character is delightfully -portrayed in the <i>Book of the Foundation</i>:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“whoose prouyd puryte of soule, bryght maners with honeste -probyte, experte diligence yn dyuyne seruyce, prudent besynes -yn temperalle mynystracyun, in hym were gretely to prayse and -commendable.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Other clerical founders include William, Dean of Chichester -(St. Mary’s), Walter the Archdeacon (St. John’s, -Northampton), Peter the chaplain (Lynn), Guarin the <span class="xxpn" id="p078">p078</span> -chaplain (Cricklade), Walter, Vicar of Long Stow, etc. -<b>Hugh the hermit</b> was reckoned the founder of Cockersand -hospital, which grew into an abbey:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Be it noted that the monastery was furst founded by Hugh -Garthe, an heremyt of great perfection, and by such charitable -almes as [he] dyd gather in the countre he founded an -hospitall.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The leading townsfolk of England have long proved -themselves generous. <b>Gervase</b> of Southampton is in the -forefront of a line of merchant-princes and civic rulers -who have also been benefactors of the needy. Gervase -“le Riche” was evidently a capitalist, and it is recorded -that he lent moneys to Prince John. His responsible -office was that of portreeve; it may be that while exercising -it, he witnessed sick pilgrims disembark and was -moved to help them. Certainly, about the year 1185, -Gervase built God’s House (Pl. VII) beside the quay, -and his brother Roger became the first warden. Leland’s -version is as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Thys Hospitale was foundyd by 2 Marchauntes beyng -Bretherne [whereof] the one was caullyd Ge[rvasius] the other -Protasius. . . . These 2 Brethern, as I there lernid, dwellyd -yn the very Place wher the Hospitale is now. . . . These 2 -Brethern for Goddes sake cause[d] their House to be turnid to -an Hospitale for poore Folkes, and endowed it with sum -Landes.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Among other citizen-founders of this period may be -named Walter and Roesia Brune, founders of St. -Mary’s, Bishopsgate, London; Hildebrand le Mercer, -of Norwich; and William Prodom and John Long, of -Exeter. <span class="xxpn" id="p079">p079</span></p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-vii"> -<img src="images/i078.jpg" width="600" height="800" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE VII.</i> GOD’S HOUSE, -SOUTHAMPTON</div></div> - -<h3>THIRD PERIOD (1272–1540)</h3> - -<p>Few royal builders or benefactors can be named at this -time. <b>Edward I</b>, who, from various motives, set his face -like a flint against the Jews, was a beneficent patron to -those who were prepared to submit to Baptism; and he -reorganized and endowed his father’s House of Converts. -His charity, however, was of a somewhat belligerent -character and partook of the nature of a crusade. He -was always extremely harsh towards the unconverted Jew; -his early training as champion of the Cross in the Holy -Land helped to make him zealous in ridding his own -kingdom of unbelievers. But before finally expelling -them, he did his best for their conversion, enlisting the -help of the trained and eloquent Dominican brethren. -Edward with justice ordained that as by custom the -goods of the converts became the king’s, he should henceforth -“provide healthfully for their maintenance”; and -he granted them a moiety of their property when they -became, by Baptism, “sons and faithful members of the -Church.” The chevage, or Jewish poll-tax, and certain -other Jewish payments, were appropriated to the <i>Domus -Conversorum</i>, over £200 being paid annually from the -Exchequer. Edward took an interest in “the king’s -converts” and drew up careful regulations for them. -<b>Eleanor</b>, his consort, was a benefactor of the royal hospital -near the Tower, and she was also by tradition the founder -of St. John’s, Gorleston.</p> - -<p>The unhappy <b>Richard II</b> desired in his will that five -or six thousand marks should be devoted to the maintenance -of lepers at Westminster and Bermondsey.<a id="fnanchor_58" href="#fn_58" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 58; go to footnote">58</a> -<span class="xxpn" id="p080">p080</span> -The reference to “the chaplains celebrating before them -for us” seems to imply that the king was the patron -if not the founder; possibly one house was that of -Knightsbridge. The will of <b>Henry VII</b> provided for the -erection of three great charitable institutions. He was -at least liberal in this, that he began in his lifetime -the conversion of his palace of Savoy into a noble -hospital. (Pl. XIV.) Its completion at the cost of 10,000 -marks was the only part of his plan carried out, and of -the 40,000 marks designed to be similarly expended at -York and Coventry, nothing more is heard.</p> - -<p>The great lords of this period who were founders -are led by two distinguished kinsmen and counsellors -of Edward III—each a <b>Henry of Lancaster</b> and -Steward of England. The father, when he was becoming -blind, erected St. Mary’s at Leicester for fifty -poor (1330), and his son doubled the foundation. -<b>Richard, Earl of Arundel</b>—the victor of Sluys—began -to found the Maison Dieu, Arundel, in 1380, but -he was executed on a charge of treason; and the work -ceased until his son, having obtained fresh letters-patent -from Henry V (1423), set himself to complete the design. -Several notable veterans of the French campaign may be -mentioned as hospital builders, namely, <b>Michael de la -Pole</b> (Kingston-upon-Hull), <b>Sir Robert Knolles</b> (Pontefract), -<b>Walter, Lord Hungerford</b> (Heytesbury) and <b>William -de la Pole</b> (Ewelme); when the latter became unpopular -and was executed as a traitor, his wife Alice—called on -her tomb <i>fundatrix</i>—completed the building and endowment -of God’s House. (Pl. XVII.)</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-viii"> -<img src="images/i081.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE VIII.</i> HOSPITAL OF ST. CROSS, WINCHESTER -<div class="fsize6">GATEWAY AND DWELLINGS -BUILT BY CARDINAL BEAUFORT</div></div></div> - -<p>Although the benevolence of bishops now chiefly took the -form of educational institutions, some well-known prelates <span class="xxpn" id="p081">p081</span> -erected hospitals. <b>Bubwith</b>—Treasurer of England under -Henry IV—planned St. Saviour’s, Wells, but it was not -begun in his lifetime. <b>Beaufort</b>—Lord Chancellor and -Cardinal—refounded St. Cross, but, owing to the York -and Lancaster struggle, the design was not fully carried -out. His rival <b>Chichele</b>—the faithful Primate of Henry V—built -not only All Souls, Oxford, but the bede-house -at Higham Ferrers. There is a tradition that while keeping -the sheep by the riverside he was met by William -of Wykeham, who recognized his talents and provided -for his education. He afterwards desired to found a college -in the place where he was baptized, and of this -the almshouse formed part. <b>William Smyth</b>—founder of -Brasenose—restored St. John’s during his short episcopate -at Lichfield. When translated to Lincoln, he turned -his attention to St. John’s, Banbury, and bequeathed -£100 towards erecting and repairing its buildings, in -addition to £60 already bestowed upon it. “This man,” -says Fuller, “wheresoever he went, may be followed by -the perfume of Charity he left behind him.”</p> - -<p>It was undoubtedly townsfolk who were the principal -founders of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The -name of many an old merchant-prince is still a household -word in his native place, where some institution remains -as a noble record of his bounty. St. John’s, Winchester, -for example, was erected by an alderman, <b>John Devenish</b>, -its revenues being increased by another of the family and -by a later mayor; and the memory of benefactors was kept -fresh by a “love-feast and merry meeting” on the Sunday -after Midsummer Day. <b>William Elsyng</b> established a -large almshouse near Cripplegate. He was a mercer of -influential position, being given a licence to travel in the <span class="xxpn" id="p082">p082</span> -king’s service beyond seas with Henry of Lancaster; and -it may have been this nobleman’s charitable work in -Leicester that inspired the foundation known as “Our -Lady of Elsyngspital.”</p> - -<p>A more famous London mercer, <b>Richard Whittington</b>, -proved himself the “model merchant of the Middle Ages”; -Lysons records his manifold beneficent deeds. Although -he did not live long enough to carry out all his schemes, -his executors completed them, and in particular, the almshouse -attached to St. Michael Royal. In a deed drawn -up after his death (1423) and now preserved in the Mercers’ -Hall, is a fine pen-and-ink sketch which depicts the passing -of this “father of the poor.” (Pl. IX.) John Carpenter -and other friends stand round the sick man; nor are we -left in doubt as to the significance of the group at the foot -of the bed—evidently twelve bedemen, led by one who -holds a rosary in token of his intercessory office—it being -recorded in the document that:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“the foresayde worthy and notable merchaunt, Richard -Whittington, the which while he leued had ryght liberal and -large hands to the needy and poure people, charged streitly on -his death bed us his foresayde executors to ordeyne a house of -almes, after his death . . . and thereupon fully he declared his -will unto us.”<a id="fnanchor_59" href="#fn_59" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 59; go to footnote">59</a></p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The same benefactor not only repaired St. Bartholomew’s, -but added a refuge for women to St. Thomas’, Southwark, -as is set forth by William Gregory, one of Whittington’s -successors in the mayoralty:—</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-ix"> -<img src="images/i082.jpg" width="600" height="800" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE IX.</i> THE DEATH OF RICHARD WHITTINGTON</div> -</div> - -<blockquote> -<p>“And that nobyl marchaunt Rycharde Whytyngdon, made a -new chamby[r] with viij beddys for yong weme[n] that hadde -done a-mysse in truste of a good mendement. And he <span class="xxpn" id="p083">p083</span> -commaundyd that alle the thyngys that ben don in that chambyr -shulde be kepte secrete with owte forthe, yn payne of lesynge -of hyr leuynge; for he wolde not shame no yonge women -in noo wyse, for hyt myght be cause of hyr lettyng of hyr -maryage.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -“Verily,” we exclaim with Lysons, “there seems to be no -end to the good deeds of this good man.”</p> - -<p>Nor were other places without their public-spirited -townsmen. Unlike “Dick” Whittington who died childless, -<b>Thomas Ellis</b> left twenty-three sons and daughters: -nevertheless this large-hearted draper provided an almshouse -for his poorer neighbours in Sandwich.</p> - -<p>The wealth of <b>William Browne</b> of Stamford and of <b>Roger -Thornton</b> of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was proverbial when -Leland visited those industrial centres and saw the charities -which they had established. Browne, founder of the -bede-house (Fig. 5), “was a Marchant of a very wonderful -Richeness.” Thornton, a very poor man, reported to -have been a pedlar, who rose to be nine times mayor, was -remembered as “the richest Marchaunt that ever was -dwelling in Newcastelle.” While in this way many that -were rich made offerings of their abundance, there were -those, too, who gave of their penury. Such was “<b>Adam -Rypp</b>, of Whittlsey, a poor man, who began to build a -Poor’s Hospital there, but had not sufficient means to -finish it.” His work was commended to the faithful by -briefs from Bishop Fordham of Ely (1391–4).</p> - -<div class="section"> -<h3>TOMBS OF FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS</h3> - -<div class="figright imwth06" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/ib084.jpg" width="312" height="603" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -12. JOHN BARSTAPLE<div class="fsize7"> -(Burgess of Bristol)</div></div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">Many benefactors associated themselves -so closely with -their bedemen that they desired to be buried within the -precincts of the hospital. Robert de Meulan, one of the -<span class="xxpn" id="p084">p084</span> -Conqueror’s lords, is said to have founded and endowed -Brackley hospital, where his heart was embalmed. His -descendant, Roger, Earl of Winchester, a considerable -benefactor in the time of Henry III, “ordered a measure -to be made for corn in the shape of a coffin, and gave -directions that it should be placed on the right side of the -shrine, in which the heart of Margaret his mother lay -intombed,” providing that it should be filled thrice in a -year for ever for the use of the hospital.<a id="fnanchor_60" href="#fn_60" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 60; go to footnote">60</a> -The chapel <span class="xxpn" id="p085">p085</span> -continued to be a favourite place of interment, for Leland -says:—“There ly buryed in Tumbes dyvers Noble Men -and Women.” Bishop Suffield directed that if he should -die away from Norwich—as he afterwards did—his heart -should be placed near the altar in the church of St. Giles’ -hospital. The blind and aged Henry of Lancaster and -Leicester was buried in his hospital church, the royal -family and a great company being present (1345); and -there likewise his son was laid. Few founders’ tombs -remain undisturbed in a spot still hallowed by divine -worship, but some have happily escaped destruction. -Rahere has an honoured place at St. Bartholomew’s. The -mailed effigy of Sir Henry de Sandwich—lord warden of -the Cinque Ports—remains in the humbler St. Bartholomew’s -near Sandwich. The fine alabaster monument of -Alice, Duchess of Suffolk, is in perfect preservation at -Ewelme. The rebuilt chapel of Trinity Hospital, -Bristol, retains a monumental brass of the founder (Fig. -12) and his wife.</p></div> - -<h3>AIMS AND MOTIVES OF BENEFACTORS</h3> - -<p>It is sometimes asserted that the almsgiving of the -Middle Ages was done from a selfish motive, namely, -that spiritual benefits might be reaped by the donor. -Indeed it is possible that the giver then, like some -religious people in every age, was apt to be more -absorbed in the salvation of self than in the service -of others; but the testimony of deeds and charters -is that the threefold aim of such a man was to fulfil -at once his duty towards God, his neighbour, and himself. -That he was often imbued with a true ministering -spirit is shown by his personal care for the comfort of <span class="xxpn" id="p086">p086</span> -inmates. Doubtless the hidden springs of charity were as -diverse as they are now: not every name on a modern -subscription list represents one that “considereth the -poor.” No one could imagine, for instance, that Queen -Maud and King John had a common motive in their -charity to lepers; or that the bishops Wulstan and Peter -des Roches were animated by the same impulse when -they provided for the wants of wayfarers.</p> - -<p>The alleged motives of some benefactors are revealed in -documents. Henry de Blois, Bishop of Winchester, -refers to St. Cross—“which I for the health of my soul -and the souls of my predecessors and of the kings of England -have founded . . . that the poor in Christ may there -humbly and devotedly serve God.” Herbert, Bishop of -Salisbury, in making a grant to clothe the lepers of a -hospital in Normandy, says that:—“Among all Christ’s -poor whom a bishop is bound to protect and support, -those should be specially cared for whom it has pleased God -to deprive of bodily power,” and these poor inmates “in -the sorrow of fleshly affliction offer thanks to the Lord for -their benefactors with a joyous mind.” Matthew Paris -writes of Henry III that “he being touched with the Holy -Ghost and moved with a regard to pity, ordained a certain -famous hospital at Oxon.”</p> - -<p>In the case of Rahere, the foundation of St. Bartholomew’s -was an act of gratitude for deliverance from death, -and the practical outcome of a vision and a sick-bed vow. -While Rahere tarried at Rome,</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“he began to be uexed with greuous sykenesse, and his doloures, -litill and litill, takynge ther encrese, he drew to the extremyte of -lyf. . . . Albrake owte in terys, than he auowyd yf helthe God -hym wolde grawnte, that he myght lefully returne to his contray, <span class="xxpn" id="p087">p087</span> -he wolde make and hospitale yn recreacion of poure men, and -to them so there i gaderid, necessaries mynystir, after his -power.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Now and again a benefactor evinces deep religious feelings, -as shown in the charter of Bishop Glanvill at the -foundation of St. Mary’s, Strood:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Bearing in mind the saying of the Lord: ‘I was an hungred, -and ye gave Me meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave Me drink; I -was a stranger, and ye took Me in;’ . . . And seeing that the -Lord takes upon Himself the needs of those who suffer . . . -we have founded a hospital in which to receive and cherish the -poor, weak and infirm.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Another founder showed the zeal of Apostolic days; a -layman of Stamford, Brand by name, made an offering -to God and held nothing back. This we learn from a -papal document (<i>circa</i> 1174):—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Alexander the bishop to his beloved son Brand de Fossato, -greeting . . . we having, been given to understand . . . that -you, guided by divine inspiration, having sold all you did -possess, have erected a certain hospital and chappel . . . -where you have chose to exhibit a perpetual offering to your -creator.”<a id="fnanchor_61" href="#fn_61" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 61; go to footnote">61</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>The meritorious aspect of almsgiving was sometimes -uppermost. Hugh Foliot, Bishop of Hereford, in founding -his hospital at Ledbury, sets forth the importance -and advantage of exercising hospitality. He illustrates -the point by the case of the patriarchs, who were signally -rewarded for their hospitality:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Bearing in mind therefore that . . . almost nothing is to be preferred -to hospitality, and that so great is its value that Lot and <span class="xxpn" id="p088">p088</span> -Abraham who practised it were counted worthy to receive -angels for guests . . . we have built a certain hospital for -strangers and poor people.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Church continued to teach the imperative duty of -almsgiving. It is stated in the will of Henry VII that in -the one act of establishing a hospital the Seven Works of -Mercy might be fulfilled:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“And forasmuch as we inwardly consideir, that the vij. workes -of Charite and Mercy bee moost profitable, due and necessarie -for the saluation of man’s soule, and that the same vij. works -stand moost commonly in vj. of theim; that is to saye in -uiseting the sik, mynistring mete and drinke and clothing to -the nedy, logging of the miserable pouer, and burying of the -dede bodies of cristen people. . . . We therefor of our great -pitie and compassion . . . have begoune to erecte, buylde and -establisshe a commune Hospital in our place called the -Sauoie . . . to the laude of God, the weale of our soule, and the -refresshing of the said pouer people, in daily, nightly and -hourely exploytyng the said vj. works of Mercy, Pitie, and -Charity.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>To the hospital which he had provided, the founder -looked not only for spiritual and temporal profit in this -life, but above all for help to his soul in the world to come. -The desire for the prayers of generations yet unborn was -a strong incentive to charity. The bede-houses testify to -a purposeful belief in the availing power of intercession. -Thus the patrons of Ewelme speak in the statutes of -“prayoure, in the whiche we have grete trust and hope -to oure grete relefe and increce of oure merite and joy -fynally.” The same faith is expressed by the action of -the merchants and mariners of Bristol in 1445. Because</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“the crafte off maryners is so auenturous that dayly beyng in -ther uiages ben sore vexed, trobled and deseased and -<span class="xxpn" id="p089">p089</span> -distried, the which by gode menys of the prayers and gode werkes -might be graciously comforted and better releced of such -trobles,”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -they wished to found a fraternity to support, within the -old hospital of St. Bartholomew (Fig. 13), a priest and -twelve poor seamen who should pray for those labouring -on the sea, or passing to and fro into their port.</p> - -<div class="imctr02" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/ib089.jpg" width="528" height="576" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -13. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S HOSPITAL, BRISTOL -<div class="fsize6">(Called in 1387 <i>the Domus Dei by Frome -Bridge</i>)</div></div></div> - -<p>An earnest desire to make the world better is shown in -one foundation deed, dating probably from the middle of -the fourteenth century. It concerns Holy Trinity, Salisbury, -erected by Agnes Bottenham on a spot where a <span class="xxpn" id="p090">p090</span> -house of evil repute had existed “to the great perils of -souls”:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“The founders, by means of the inspiration of the Holy -Spirit, have ordained thirty beds to the sustentation of the poor -and infirm daily resorting thither, and the seven works of -charity are there fulfilled. The hungry are fed, the thirsty -have drink, the naked are clothed, the sick are comforted, the -dead are buried, the mad are kept safe until they are restored -to reason, orphans and widows are nourished, lying-in women -are cared for until they are delivered, recovered and churched.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The aim of pious benefactors was indeed the abiding -welfare of their bedemen. The hard-headed, warm-hearted -business men of Croydon and Stamford, no less -than the ladies of Heytesbury and Ewelme, expressed a -hope that the <i>Domus Dei</i> on earth might be a preparation -for the eternal House of God. In the words of the patrons -of Ewelme, they desired the poor men so to live:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“that aftyr the state of this dedely -[mortal] lyf they mowe -come and inhabit the howse of the kyngdome of heven, the -which with oure Lordes mouth is promysed to all men the -which bene pore in spirit. So be yt.”</p></blockquote> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"><li> -<h3>Notes — Chapter VI</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_57" href="#fnanchor_57" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 57; go to anchor">57</a> -Camden Soc., 1838, pp. 82, 85.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_58" href="#fnanchor_58" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 58; go to anchor">58</a> -Rolls of Parl. 1 Henry IV, vol. iii. 421.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_59" href="#fnanchor_59" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 59; go to anchor">59</a> -T. Brewer, <i>Carpenter’s Life</i>, p. 26.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_60" href="#fnanchor_60" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 60; go to anchor">60</a> -Bridges’ <i>History</i>, I, 146,</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_61" href="#fnanchor_61" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 61; go to anchor">61</a> -F. Peck’s <i>Annals of Stanford</i>, v. 15.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p091"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p091</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER VII -<small>HOSPITAL INMATES</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>To the master and brethren of the hospital of St. Nicholas, -Scarborough.—Request to admit John de Burgh, chaplain, and grant -him maintenance for life, as John has been suddenly attacked by the -disease of leprosy, and has not wherewith to live and is unable -through shame to beg among Christians.</i>” -(Close Roll, 1342.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">T<span>HOUGH</span></span> -a visit to a modern infirmary calls forth in -us, doubtless, passing thoughts of admiration for -the buildings and the arrangements, what draws -most of us thither is the bond of brotherhood. It is the -inmates of the wards who are to us the centre of attraction. -Looking upon the sufferers, we desire to know -their circumstances, their complaints, their chance of -cure. Nor is it otherwise in studying the history of -ancient institutions. The mere site of an old hospital -may become a place of real interest when we know something -of those who once dwelt there, when we <i>see</i> the -wayworn pilgrim knocking at the gate, the infirm man -bent with age, the paralysed bedridden woman, and the -stricken leper in his sombre gown, and realize what -our forefathers strove to do in the service of others.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>In many cases the link between the first founder and -first inmate was very close, being the outcome of personal -relations between master and servant, feudal lord and -tenant. It was so in the case of Orm, the earliest hospital -inmate whose name has been handed down to us. <span class="xxpn" id="p092">p092</span> -This Yorkshireman, who lived near Whitby eight hundred -years ago, “was a good man and a just, but he was -a leper.” The abbot, therefore, having pity on him, -founded a little asylum, in which Orm spent the rest of -his days, receiving from the abbey his portion of food and -drink. In the same way Hugh Kevelioc, Earl of Chester, -built a retreat outside Coventry for William de Anney, a -knight of his household, which was the origin of Spon -hospital for the maintenance of such lepers as should -happen to be in the town.</p> - -<h3>(i) PERSONS MIRACULOUSLY CURED</h3> - -<p>In dealing with mediæval miracles it may not unnaturally -be objected that we are wandering from the -paths of history into the fields of fiction; but it is absolutely -necessary to allude to them at some length because -they played so important a part in the romantic tales of -pilgrim-patients. We shall see that sufferers were constantly -being carried about in search of cure, and in some -cases were undoubtedly restored to health. This was an -age of faith and therefore of infinite possibilities. It would -appear that “marvels” were worked not only on certain -nervous ailments, but on some deep-seated diseases. It -is a recognized fact that illness caused by emotion (as of -grief) has oftentimes been cured by emotion (as of hope). -Possibly, too, not a few of the persons restored to health -were suffering from hysteria and nervous affections, -which complaints might be cured by change of scene and -excitement. In the <i>Book of the Foundation</i> is the story of -a well-known man of Norwich who would not take care -of his health, and therefore “hadde lost the rest of slepe,” -which alone keeps the nature sound and whole. His <span class="xxpn" id="p093">p093</span> -insomnia became chronic, and by the seventh year of his -misfortune he became very feeble, and so thin that his -bones could be numbered. At length he betook himself -to the relics of St. Bartholomew; there, grovelling on the -ground, he multiplied his prayers and began to sleep—“and -whan he hadde slepte a grete while he roys up -hole.”</p> - -<div class="figright imwth08" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/ib093.jpg" width="252" height="390" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -14. ST. BARTHOLOMEW<div class="fsize6"> -(Twelfth-century seal)</div></div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">On the other hand the conviction is forced upon us that -many, perhaps most, of the so-called miracles were not -genuine. Some diseases might have been feigned by -astute beggars. Although experienced doctors and -skilled nurses to-day are quick to detect cases, cleverly -simulating paralysis, epilepsy, etc., the staff in a mediæval -hospital would probably not discover the deception. -When one such person became the hero of a dramatic -scene of healing, the officials would joyfully acknowledge -his cure, without intention of -fraud. The narratives come -down to us through monk-chroniclers, -whose zeal for -their home-shrines made them -lend a quick ear to that which -contributed to their fame. In -those days people were uncritical -and were satisfied without -minute investigation.</p> - -<p class="clearnone">There is, indeed, little information -about early hospital -inmates unless they were fortunate -enough to receive what -was universally believed in -those days to be miraculous <span class="xxpn" id="p094">p094</span> -healing. Startling incidents are related by contemporary -writers, whose vivid and picturesque narratives -suggest that they had met witnesses of the cures related. -The twelfth-century chronicler of St. Bartholomew’s, -Smithfield, gives us eyes to see some of the patients of -that famous hospital.</p> - -<p>(1) <i>Patients of St. Bartholomew’s.</i>—The cripple Wolmer, -a well-known beggar who lay daily in St. Paul’s, was a -most distressing case. He was so deformed as to be -obliged to drag himself along on all fours, supporting -his hands on little wooden stools. (Cf. Pl. XX.) His story -is extracted from Dr. Norman Moore’s valuable edition -of the faithful English version of the <i>Liber Fundacionis</i>, -dating about the year 1400.</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“There was an sykeman Wolmer be name with greuous and -longe langoure depressid, and wrecchid to almen that hym -behylde apperyd, his feit destitute of naturall myght hyng -down, hys legges cleuyd to his thyis, part of his fyngerys -returnyd to the hande, restynge alwey uppon two lytyll stolys, -the quantite of his body, to hym onerous, he drew aftir -hym. . . .”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -For thirty winters Wolmer remained in this sad condition, -until at length he was borne by his friends in a -basket to the newly-founded hospital of St. Bartholomew, -where his cure was wrought by a miracle as he lay extended -before the altar in the church:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“. . . and by and by euery crokidness of his body a litill & -litill losid, he strecchid un to grownde his membris & so -anoon auawntynge hym self up warde, all his membris yn -naturale ordir was disposid. . . .”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The scene of this incident was, presumably, that noble -building which we still see (Fig. 11), and which was then <span class="xxpn" id="p095">p095</span> -fresh from the hand of the Norman architect and -masons.</p> - -<p>Aldwyn, a carpenter from Dunwich, once occupied a -place in St. Bartholomew’s. His limbs were as twisted -and useless as those of Wolmer; his sinews being contracted, -he could use neither hand nor foot. Brought by -sea to London, the cripple was “put yn the hospitall of -pore men,” where awhile he was sustained. Bit by bit he -regained power in his hands, and when discharged was -able to exercise his craft once more.</p> - -<p>Again the veil of centuries is lifted and we see the -founder himself personally interested in the patients. A -woman was brought into the hospital whose tongue was -so terribly swollen that she could not close her mouth. -Rahere offered to God and to his patron prayer on her -behalf and then applied his remedy:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“And he reuolvynge his relikys that he hadde of the Crosse, -he depid them yn water & wysshe the tonge of the pacient -ther with, & with the tree of lyif, that ys with the same signe -of the crosse, paynted the tokyn of the crosse upon the same -tonge. And yn the same howre all the swellynge wente his -way, & the woman gladde & hole went home to here -owne.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Perhaps the most startling cure was that of a maid deaf, -dumb, blind of both eyes and crippled. Brought by her -parents to the festival of St. Bartholomew in the year -1173, she was delivered from every bond of sickness. -Anon she went “joyfull skippyng forth”; her eyes clear, -her hearing repaired, “she ran to the table of the holy -awter, spredyng owte bothe handys to heuyn and so she -that a litill beforne was dum joyng in laude of God <span class="xxpn" id="p096">p096</span> -perfitly sowndyd her wordes”; then weeping for joy she -went to her parents affirming herself free from all infirmity.</p> - -<p>In the foregoing narratives it will be noticed that -hospital and shrine were adjacent. This convenient -combination not being found elsewhere, incurable patients -were carried to pilgrimage-places. Two of the chief -wonder-workers were St. Godric of Finchale and St. -Thomas of Canterbury, who both died in 1170. Reginald -of Durham narrates the cure by their instrumentality of -three inmates from northern hospitals.<a id="fnanchor_62" href="#fn_62" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 62; go to footnote">62</a></p> - -<p>(2) <i>The Paralytic Girl and the Crippled Youth.</i>—A young -woman who had lost the use of one side by paralysis, was -brought from the hospital of Sedgefield (near Durham) to -Finchale, where the same night she recovered health. -The poor cripple of York was not cured so rapidly. -Utterly powerless, his arms and feet twisted after the -manner of knotted ropes, this most wretched youth had -spent years in St. Peter’s hospital. At length he betook -himself as best he could to Canterbury, where he received -from St. Thomas health on one side of his body. It -grieved him that he was not worthy to be completely -cured, but learning from many witnesses the fame of St. -Godric, he hastened to his sepulchre; falling down there, -he lay in weakness for some time, then, rising up, found -the other side of his body absolutely recovered. The -lad returned home whole and upright, and this notable -miracle was attested by many who knew him, and by the -procurator of the hospital.</p> - -<p>(3) <i>A Leper Maiden.</i>—The touching tale of a girl who -was eventually released from the lazar-house near <span class="xxpn" id="p097">p097</span> -Darlington (Bathelspitel) is also related by Reginald, and transcribed -by Longstaffe.</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“There is a vill in the bishopric called Hailtune [Haughton-le-Skerne] -in which dwelt a widow and her only daughter who -was grievously tormented with a most loathsome leprosy. The -mother remarried a man who soon began to view the poor girl -with the greatest horror, and to torment and execrate her. . . . -She fled for aid to the priest of the vill, who, moved with compassion, -procured by his entreaties the admission of the damsel -to the hospital of Dernigntune [Darlington], which was almost -three miles distant, and was called Badele.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -There the maiden remained three years, growing daily -worse. After describing her horrible symptoms and -wasted frame, the chronicler narrates her marvellous cure -at Finchale. Thrice did the devoted mother take her -thither until the clemency of St. Godric was outpoured -and “he settled and removed the noxious humours.” -When at length the girl threw back the close hood, her -mother beheld her perfectly sound. The scene of this -pitiful arrival and glad departure was that beautiful spot -at the bend of the river Weir, now marked by picturesque -ruins. The complete recovery was attested by all, including -the sheriff and the kind priest, Normanrus. We reluctantly -lose sight of the delivered damsel, wondering -whether the cruel step-father received her less roughly -when she got home. It is simply recorded that never did -the disease return, and that she lived long to extol the -power given by God to His servant Godric.</p> - -<p>(4) <i>A Taunton Monk.</i>—Seldom do we know the after-life -of such patients, but a touching picture shows us one -cleansed of his leprosy, serving his former fellow-inmates. -This was John King, a monk of Taunton Priory. Prior <span class="xxpn" id="p098">p098</span> -Stephen tells how he was smitten with terrible and manifest -leprosy, on which account he was transferred to a certain -house of poor people, where he stayed for more than -a year among the brethren. The prior’s letter, after -declaring how the fame of St. Thomas was growing -throughout the world, refers to divers miracles, by one -of which John was completely cured. Returning from -Canterbury, he was authorized to gather alms for his -former companions:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“We . . . earnestly implore your loving good will for the -love of God and St. Thomas, that you listen to the dutiful -prayer of our brother John, wonderfully restored to health by -God, if you have power to grant it. For he earnestly begs you -to help by your labour and your alms the poverty of those sick -men whose company he enjoyed so long.”<a id="fnanchor_63" href="#fn_63" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 63; go to footnote">63</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>Two similar instances of service are recorded. Nicholas, -a cripple child cured at St. Bartholomew’s, was sent -for a while to serve in the kitchen,—“for the yifte of his -helth, he yave the seruyce of his body.” In the same -way a blind man who had been miraculously cured by the -merit of St. Wulstan (1221), afterwards took upon himself -the habit of a professed brother in the hospital of that -saint in Worcester. He had been a pugilist and had -lost his sight in a duel, but having become a peaceable -brother of mercy, he lived there honourably for a long -while.<a id="fnanchor_64" href="#fn_64" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 64; go to footnote">64</a></p> - -<h3>(ii) CROWN PENSIONERS</h3> - -<p>Leaving the chronicles, and turning to state records, -we find that the sick, impotent and leprous were recipients -of royal favour. An early grant of maintenance was <span class="xxpn" id="p099">p099</span> -made in 1235 to Helen, a blind woman of Faversham -whom Henry III caused to be received as a sister at -Ospringe hospital. Similar grants were made from time -to time to faithful retainers, veteran soldiers or converted -Jews (who were the king’s wards).</p> - -<p><i>Old Servants, Soldiers, etc.</i>—The most interesting pensioners -were veterans who had served in Scotland and -France. The year of the battle of Bannockburn (1314), a -man was sent to Brackley whose hand had been inhumanly -cut off by Scotch rebels.<a id="fnanchor_65" href="#fn_65" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 65; go to footnote">65</a> -There are several -instances of persons maimed in the wars who were sent -for maintenance to various hospitals. One of the -many grants of Richard II was made—“out of regard -for Good Friday”—to an aged servant, that he should be -one of the king’s thirteen poor bedemen of St. Giles’, -Wilton. Another of Richard II’s retainers, a yeoman, -was generously offered maintenance at Puckeshall by -Henry IV.<a id="fnanchor_66" href="#fn_66" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 66; go to footnote">66</a></p> - -<p><i>Jewish Converts.</i>—The House of Converts was akin to -a modern industrial home for destitute Jewish Christians, -inmates being kept busily employed in school and workshop. -During the century following the foundation of -these “hospitals,” many converts are named, <i>Eve</i>, for -instance, was received at Oxford, and <i>Christiana</i> in London. -Usually admitted after baptism, they were enrolled -under their new names. <i>Philip</i> had been baptized upon -St. Philip and St. James’ Day, and <i>Robert Grosseteste</i> -was possibly godson of the bishop. Converts were -brought from all parts. We find John and William -of Lincoln, Isabel of Bristol and her boy, <span class="xxpn" id="p100">p100</span> -Isabel of Cambridge, Emma of Ipswich, etc.<a id="fnanchor_67" href="#fn_67" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 67; go to footnote">67</a> -A century later pensioners -must have been immigrants, since all Jews resident -in England had been expelled in 1290. A Flemish -Jew, baptized at Antwerp in the presence of Edward III, -was granted permission to dwell in the London institution -with a life-pension of 2<i>d.</i> a day:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Inasmuch as our beloved Edward of Brussels has recently -abandoned the superstitious errors of Judaism . . . and -because we rejoice in Christ over his conversion, and lest he -should recede from the path of truth upon which he has entered, -because of poverty . . . we have granted to him a suitable -home in our House of Converts.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Theobald de Turkie, “a convert to the Catholic Faith,” -was afterwards received, together with pensioners from -Spain, Portugal, France, and Italy. A chamber was -granted to Agnes, an orphan Jewess of tender age and -destitute of friends, the child of a convert-godson of -Edward II. A later inmate, of whose circumstances we -would fain know more, was Elizabeth, daughter of Rabbi -Moyses, called “bishop of the Jews” (1399). Converts -frequently had royal sponsors. Henry V stood godfather -to Henry Stratford, who lived in the <i>Domus Conversorum</i> -from 1416–1441. There was a certain risk in being called -after the sovereign, nor was it unknown for the king’s -converts to change their names. As late as 1532 Katharine -of Aragon and Princess Mary stood sponsor to two -Jewesses.</p> - -<h3>(iii) INMATES OF SOME LAZAR-HOUSES</h3> - -<p>(1) <i>Lincoln Invalids.</i>—Near Lincoln is a spot still -pointed out as the “Lepers’ Field.” Formerly it was -known as the Mallardry or as Holy Innocents’ hospital. <span class="xxpn" id="p101">p101</span> -Had one visited this place in the days of Edward I, ten of -the king’s servants—lepers or decrepit persons—would -have been found there, together with two chaplains and -certain brethren and sisters. Thomas, a maimed clerk, -was one of the staff, but after thirty years he incurred the -jealousy of his companions, who endeavoured to ruin his -character while he was absent on business. Brother -Thomas appealed to the king, and justice was administered -(1278). Some time afterwards the household became -so quarrelsome that the king issued a writ, and a visitation -was held in 1291 to set matters straight. In 1290 -William le Forester was admitted to the lepers’ quarters, -his open-air life not having saved him from disease. -Dionysia, a widow, took up her abode as a sister the -same year, and remained until her death, when another -leper was assigned her place. An old servant of the -house past work was admitted as pensioner, and also a -blind and aged retainer whose faithfulness had reduced -him to poverty, he having served in Scotland and having -moreover lost all his horses, waggons and goods in the -Welsh rebellion. But strangest of all the residents in -the hospital of Holy Innocents was the condemned -criminal Margaret Everard. She was not a leper, but -had once been numbered among the dead. Mistress -Everard, of Burgh-by-Waynflete, was a widow, convicted -of “harbouring a thief, namely, Robert her son, and -hanged on the gallows without the south gate of Lincoln.” -Now the law did not provide interment for its -victims, but it seems that the Knights Hospitallers of -Maltby paid a yearly sum to the lepers for undertaking -this work of mercy at Canwick.<a id="fnanchor_68" href="#fn_68" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 68; go to footnote">68</a> -On this memorable <span class="xxpn" id="p102">p102</span> -occasion, however, the body being cut down and already -removed near the place of burial—the lepers’ churchyard—the -woman “was seen to draw a breath and revive.” -We learn from a Patent Roll entry (1284) that pardon -was afterwards granted to Margaret “because her recovery -is ascribed to a miracle, and she has lived two -years and more in the said hospital.”</p> - -<p>(2) <i>The Lancastrian falconer and Yorkist yeoman.</i>—A -certain Arnald Knyght, who had been falconer to Henry -IV, Henry V, and Henry VI, caused a habitation to be -built for himself on the site of the hospital by the Whiteditch, -near Rochester, in order that there he might spend -his days in divine service. In consideration of his age and -of his infirmity of leprosy, Henry VI granted to Arnald -and Geraldine his wife not only the building recently -erected, but the lands and rents of St. Nicholas’ hospital. -Edward IV afterwards granted a parcel of land between -Highgate and Holloway to a certain leper-yeoman “to -the intent that he may build a hospital for the relief of -divers persons smitten with this sickness and destitute.” -This man—half-founder, half-inmate—soon succumbed, -for a record four years later states that “the new lazar-house -at Highgate which the king lately caused to be -made for William Pole . . . now deceased” was granted -for life to another leper, Robert Wylson, a saddler, -who had served well “in divers fields and elsewhere.”<a id="fnanchor_69" href="#fn_69" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 69; go to footnote">69</a></p> - -<div class="figright imwth08" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/ib103.jpg" width="252" height="369" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -15. SEAL OF KNIGHTSBRIDGE -HOSPITAL</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">(3) <i>The Mayor of Exeter.</i>—Shortly before 1458, St. -Mary Magdalene’s, Exeter, had a prominent inmate in -the sometime mayor, Richard Orenge. In 1438 Richard -William, <span class="xxpn" id="p103">p103</span> <i>alias</i> Richard Orenge, is mentioned as a tailor; -he is also described as being a man of French extraction -and of noble family. Once he had been official patron -of the asylum, but when the blow fell, he threw in his -lot with those to whom he had formerly been bountiful. -There, Izacke says, he finished his days and was buried -in the chapel.</p> - -<p class="clearnone">(4) <i>Two Norfolk lepers.</i>—We learn incidentally through -a lawsuit that about the year 1475 the vicar of Foulsham, -Thomas Wood, was in seclusion -in a London lazar-house:—“and -nowe it is said God hathe -visited the seid parsone with -the sekenes of lepre and is in -the Spitell howse of knygtyes -brygge beside Westminster.”<a id="fnanchor_70" href="#fn_70" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 70; go to footnote">70</a> -Why the priest came up from -the country to Knightsbridge -does not appear; it would -seem, however, that the Norfolk -manor was temporarily in -the king’s hands, so that possibly -the crown bailiff procured -his removal. One of the latest -leper-inmates whose name is -recorded ended his days at -Walsingham. The patron of the Spital-house left it in -1491 to John Ederyche, a leper of Norwich, and Cecily -his wife, stipulating that after their decease, one or two -lepers—“men of good conversation and honest disposition”—should -be maintained there. <span class="xxpn" id="p104">p104</span></p> - -<h3>(iv) SOLITARY OUTCASTS</h3> - -<p>It must not be supposed that there were no lepers save -those living in community. To use the old phrase, there -was the man who dwelt in a several house and he who -was forced to join the congregation without the camp. -To lepers “whether recluses or living together” the -Bishop of Norwich bequeathed five pounds (1256). -Hermit-lazar and hospital-lazar alike fulfilled the legal -requirement of separation. It may be noticed that the -service at seclusion implies that the outcast may dwell -alone. In early records, before the king habitually imposed -“corrodies” on charitable institutions, pensioners -are named who were not inhabiting lazar-houses. Philip -the clerk was assigned a tenement in Portsmouth, which -was afterwards granted to God’s House on condition that -Philip was maintained for life, or that provision was -made for him to go to the Holy Land (1236). Long -afterwards, in 1394, Richard II pensioned a groom of the -scullery from the Exchequer, but provided for one of his -esquires in a hospital.<a id="fnanchor_71" href="#fn_71" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 71; go to footnote">71</a></p> - -<p>In hermitage and hospital alike service was rendered to -the leper in his loneliness. The little cell and chapel at -Roche in Cornwall is said to have been a place of seclusion -for one “diseased with a grievous leprosy.” Since -no leper might draw from a spring, his daughter -Gundred fetched him water from the well and daily -ministered to his wants.</p> - -<p>Mediæval poems tell of solitary or wandering lepers as -well as of those residing in communities. In the romance -<i>Amis and Amiloun</i>, the gentle knight is stricken with <span class="xxpn" id="p105">p105</span> -leprosy. His lady fair and bright expels him from his -own chamber. He eats at the far end of the high table -until the lady refuses to feed a <i>mesel</i> at her board—“he is -so foule a thing.” His presence becoming intolerable, a -little lodge is built half a mile from the gate. The child -Owen alone is found to serve Sir Amiloun, fetching food -for his master until he is denied succour and driven away. -Knight and page betake themselves to a shelter near a -neighbouring market-town, and depend for a time upon -the alms of passers-by. The next stage is that of wandering -beggars.<a id="fnanchor_72" href="#fn_72" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 72; go to footnote">72</a></p> - -<p>In the <i>Testament of Cresseid</i> the leper-heroine begged -to go in secret wise to the hospital, where, being of noble -kin, they took her in with the better will. She was conveyed -thither by her father, who daily sent her part of his -alms. But Cresseid could not be resigned to her affliction, -and in a dark corner of the house alone, weeping, she -made her moan. A leper-lady, an old inmate, tries in -vain to reconcile her to her fate—it is useless to spurn -herself against the wall, and tears do but double her woe—but -in vain:—</p> - -<blockquote><div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse">“Thus chiding with her drerie destenye,</p> -<p class="pverse">Weiping scho woik the nicht fra end to end.”</p> -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -This “Complaynt of Cresseid” is affecting in its description -of the lamentable lot of a woman whose high estate is -turned into dour darkness: for her bower a leper-lodge; for -her bed a bunch of straw; for wine and meat mouldy bread -and sour cider. Her beautiful face is deformed, and her -carolling voice, hideous as a rook’s. Under these sad conditions, -Cresseid dwells for the rest of her life in the spital.<a id="fnanchor_73" href="#fn_73" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 73; go to footnote">73</a></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"><li> -<h3>Notes — Chapter VII</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_62" href="#fnanchor_62" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 62; go to anchor">62</a> -Surtees Soc., Vol. 20, pp. 376, 432–3, 456–7.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_63" href="#fnanchor_63" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 63; go to anchor">63</a> -Chron. and Mem., 67, i. 428–9.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_64" href="#fnanchor_64" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 64; go to anchor">64</a> -Chron. and Mem., 36, iv. p. 413.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_65" href="#fnanchor_65" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 65; go to anchor">65</a> -Close 8 Edw. II, m. 35 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_66" href="#fnanchor_66" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 66; go to anchor">66</a> -Pat. 8 Ric. II, pt. ii. m. 22; 9 Hen. IV, pt. ii. m. 14.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_67" href="#fnanchor_67" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 67; go to anchor">67</a> -Close Rolls <i>passim</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_68" href="#fnanchor_68" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 68; go to anchor">68</a> -P.R.O. Chanc. Misc. Bundle 20, No. 10.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_69" href="#fnanchor_69" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 69; go to anchor">69</a> -Pat. 21 Hen. VI, pt. i. m. 35, pt. ii. m. 16; 12 Edw. IV, pt. ii. m. 6; -17 Edw. IV, pt. i. m. 1.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_70" href="#fnanchor_70" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 70; go to anchor">70</a> -P.R.O., Early Chancery Proceedings, Bundle 60, No. 93.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_71" href="#fnanchor_71" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 71; go to anchor">71</a> -Pat. 20 Hen. III, m. 13; 17 Ric. II, pt. ii. m. 14.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_72" href="#fnanchor_72" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 72; go to anchor">72</a> -H. M. Weber, <i>Metrical Romances</i>, II, 269.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_73" href="#fnanchor_73" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 73; go to anchor">73</a> -R. Henryson, <i>Testament of Cresseid</i> (Bannatyne Club).</p></li></ul> -</li></ul></div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p106"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p106</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER VIII -<small>HOSPITAL DWELLINGS</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>He</i>” [<i>Lanfranc</i>] “<i>built a fair and large house of stone, and added to it -several habitations for the various needs and convenience of the men, -together with an ample plot of ground.</i>” (Eadmer’s -History.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">T<span>HE</span></span> -Canterbury monk mentions the foundation of -Archbishop Lanfranc’s two hospitals. The lepers’ -dwellings on the hill-side at Harbledown were merely -wooden houses. The architecture of St. John’s was more -striking: <i>lapideam domum decentem et amplam construxit</i>. -The edifice (<i>palatium</i>) was divided in two parts, to accommodate -men and women. As Eadmer was living until -1124, he saw the hospital shortly after its erection. He -may even have watched the Norman masons complete it, -and the first infirm occupants take up their abode.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>Before considering the plan of hospital buildings, it -will be of interest to learn how they impressed men of -those days. The twelfth-century writer of the <i>Book of -the Foundation</i> betrays his unfeigned admiration of -St. Bartholomew’s. The hospital house was at a little -distance from the church, which was “made of cumly -stoonewerke tabylwyse.” The traditional commencement -of the work was that Rahere playfully acted the fool, and -thus drew to himself a good-natured company of children -and servants: “with ther use and helpe stonys and othir -thynges profitable to the bylynge, lightly he gaderyd to <span class="xxpn" id="p107">p107</span> -gedyr,” until at length “he reysid uppe a grete frame.” -When all was finished and he had set up the sign of the -cross “who shulde not be astonyd, ther to se, constructe -and bylyd thonorable byldynge of pite.”</p> - -<div class="imctr01"> -<div class="figleft imwth06 clearnone" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/ib107a.jpg" width="312" height="323" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -16. HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN, EXETER</div></div> -<div class="figright imwth07 clearnone" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/ib107b.jpg" width="288" height="324" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -17. HOSPITAL OF ST. ALEXIS, -EXETER</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Matthew Paris gives sketches and brief descriptions -of three hospitals in his <i>Chronica Major</i>.<a id="fnanchor_74" href="#fn_74" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 74; go to footnote">74</a> -St. Giles’, -near London—“the memorial of Matilda the Queen”—seems -to consist of hall and chapel with an eastern tower -and another small tower at the south-west (Fig. 10); of -the <i>Domus Conversorum</i>, London, he says, “Henry built -a decent church, fit for a conventual congregation, with -other buildings adjoining” (Fig. 3); St. John’s, Oxford, -he calls <i>quoddam nobile hospitale</i>. (Fig. 1.) The chronicler -died in 1259, and these sketches were probably made -about ten years previously, when the two latter houses -were newly built.</p> - -<p>Two thirteenth-century seals depict hospitals at Exeter. -Mr. Birch describes that of St. John’s as “a church-like <span class="xxpn" id="p108">p108</span> -building of rectangular ground-plan, with an arcade of -three round-headed arches along the nave, roof of ornamental -shingles, and crosses at the gable-ends.” The -artist contrives to show not only one side, but one end, -apparently the west front, with entrance. (Fig. 16.) The -other seal is that of the neighbouring hospital of St. -Alexis “behind St. Nicholas.” (Fig. 17.) The beautiful -seal of St. John’s, Stafford (reproduced by the kindness -of the Society of Antiquaries) shows architectural features -of the transition period between the Early English and -Decorated styles. The windows are triple-lancets with -a delicately-pierced trefoil above; and an arcade runs -round the base. (Fig. 18.)</p> - -<div class="imctr05" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/ib108.jpg" width="348" height="344" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -18. ST. JOHN’S, STAFFORD</div> -</div> - -<p>Casual references to building in progress occur in -records, but they give little information. As early as -1161–3 Pipe Rolls mention works going on at the houses -of the infirm at Oxford; there is one entry of over £8 -spent on repairs. In 1232 timber was being sent to -Crowmarsh to make shingles for the roof of the hospital <span class="xxpn" id="p109">p109</span> -church. Land was granted to St. Bartholomew’s, -Gloucester, for the widening of their chancel (1265); it is -of interest to compare this fact with the elegant Early -English work shown in Lysons’ view. (Pl. VI.) There -occurs on another roll a licence to lengthen the portico -of the Maison Dieu, Dover (1278).</p> - -<p>The arrangement of most of these buildings is unknown, -for frequently not a vestige remains. In many -cases they grew up with little definite plan. A private -dwelling was adapted, further accommodation being added -as funds permitted. The domestic buildings were usually -of wood and thatched, which accounts for the numerous -allusions to fire. Even St. John’s, Canterbury, which -was chiefly of stone, was burnt in the fourteenth century, -but some traces of Norman work remain. (Pl. III.)</p> - -<p>In time of war, houses near the Border or on the South -Coast suffered. The buildings of God’s House, Berwick-on-Tweed, -were cast down by engines during a siege. The -master and inmates implored aid in their sore extremity, -declaring that in spite of all efforts to repair the buildings, -the work was unfinished, and that they could not endure -the winter without being utterly perished.<a id="fnanchor_75" href="#fn_75" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 75; go to footnote">75</a> -The same year -(1333) the destroyed hospital at Capelford-by-Norham was -being rebuilt. St. Nicholas’, Carlisle, was levelled to the -ground more than once, and Sherburn was partly demolished -at the time of the Battle of Neville’s Cross. -The same story of attack and fire comes from houses at -Southampton and Portsmouth.</p> - -<p>Before proceeding to any classification of buildings, -some of the component parts may be mentioned. The -precincts were often entered by a gateway beneath a <span class="xxpn" id="p110">p110</span> -tower. (Pl. VIII, XVI.) Sometimes, as at Northallerton, -there was a hospice near the gate, especially intended for -wayfarers who were too feeble to proceed; and an -almonry, as at St. Cross, for the distribution of out-relief.</p> - -<p>The mode of life in different hospitals affected their -architectural arrangement. The warden and professed -members of the staff were expected to live in community. -The master of St. John’s, Ely, was charged not to have -delicate food in his own chamber, but to dine in the -refectory. In most houses the rule was relaxed, and the -warden came to have private apartments, and finally, a -separate dwelling. (Pl. XVI, XXI.) In large institutions, -the dining-hall was a fine building. The “Brethren Hall” -at St. Cross (about 36 × 20 feet) consists of four bays, -and has a handsome chestnut ceiling. (Pl. X.) The -beautiful refectory at St. Wulstan’s, Worcester (48 feet × 25 -feet 8 inches), adjoins another long, narrow hall; these -buildings present interesting features—such as the screen, -a coved canopy over the dais, and a loft from which reading -was given during meals. The screen, gallery and oriel -are reproduced in <i>Domestic Architecture during the Tudor -Period</i>. The title of “minstrels’ gallery,” given by J. H. -Parker to the screen at the western end of the hall, has -been called in question; but as the same name is found at -St. Cross it may be remarked that in such institutions -minstrels were called in to perform on festal days, for the -account rolls of St. Leonard’s, York (1369), and St. John’s, -Winchester<a id="fnanchor_76" href="#fn_76" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 76; go to footnote">76</a> -(1390), allude to it. The hospital was a -semi-secular house, and such halls were occasionally -used for public affairs. Permission was granted in 1456 -that the hall and kitchen of St. Katherine’s Maison Dieu, -<span class="xxpn" id="p111">p111</span> -Newcastle, might be used by young couples for their -wedding dinner and the reception of gifts, because at -that time houses were not large. Leland notes that Thornton -“buildid St. Katerines Chapelle, <i>the Towne Haulle</i>, and -a Place for poor Almose Menne.” If the above-mentioned -kitchen was as magnificent as that of St. John’s, Oxford -(now incorporated into Magdalen College), a wedding-feast -or civic banquet might well take place there.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-x"> -<img src="images/i110.jpg" width="600" height="503" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE X.</i> HALL OF ST. CROSS, WINCHESTER</div> -</div> - -<p>The transaction of business was conducted in the chapter-house -or in an audit-room. At Ewelme, for example, -there was a handsome chamber above the steps leading -from the almshouse into the church, and the audit-room -at Stamford is still in use.</p> - -<p>The development of hospital buildings has been admirably -dealt with by F. T. Dollman. In his earlier work -(<i>Examples of Domestic Architecture</i>, 1858), he illustrates -in great detail seven ancient institutions; a reprint with -additions followed (1861). The subject calls for a more -exhaustive study, which is now being undertaken by a -competent architect. In this chapter nothing is attempted -beyond a brief indication of the prevalent styles. Frequently, -however, the original construction can be barely -conjectured, for only a part is left, and that has probably -suffered from alteration. Dollman distinguishes four -principal modes of arrangement:—</p> - -<blockquote><ul> -<li><p class="hangb">(i) Great hall—infirmary or dormitory—with chapel at -the eastern end.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">(ii) As above, with chapel detached, and entered from -without.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">(iii) Suite of buildings, usually quadrangular; chapel -apart.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">(iv) Narrow courtyard. <span class="xxpn" id="p112">p112</span></p> -</li></ul></blockquote> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="figleft imwth07" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/ib112.jpg" width="288" height="647" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -19. ST. MARY’S, CHICHESTER</div></div> - -<h3 class="clearnone">i. HALL WITH TERMINATING CHAPEL</h3> - -<p class="clearnone">(a) <i>Infirmary.</i>—The early form of a hospital was that -of a church. A picturesque fragment of St. James’, -Lewes, is figured in <i>Beauties -of Sussex</i>;<a id="fnanchor_77" href="#fn_77" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 77; go to footnote">77</a> -the foundations -remained within memory, consisting, -apparently, of nave, -aisles and chancel, the dimensions -of the latter being about -34 × 15 feet. From an ancient -deed in the Record Office, this -building is shown to have been -the sick-ward with its chapel; -it refers to the “sick poor in -the great hall of the hospital -of Suthenovere.” Mention is -frequently made of chapels -“within the dormitory” or -“in the infirmary,” and of beds -“in the hospital on the west of -the church.” The statutes of -Kingsthorpe show how this -arrangement met the patients’ -spiritual wants:—</p></div> - -<blockquote class="clearnone"> -<p class="clearnone">“In the body of the house -adjoining the chapel of the Holy -Trinity there should be three -rows of beds joined together in -length, in which the poor and strangers and invalids may lie for -the purpose of hearing mass and attending to the prayers more -easily and conveniently.” -<span class="xxpn" id="p113">p113</span></p></blockquote> - -<div class="imctr01" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/ib113.jpg" width="600" height="507" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -<div class="nowrap"> -<table summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="4">20. ST. NICHOLAS’, SALISBURY</th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p><i>Black.</i></p></td> - <td colspan="3"><p>Extant remains (xiii. cent.).</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p><i>Tint.</i></p></td> - <td colspan="3"><p>Site of destroyed walls.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p><i>Dotted lines.</i></p></td> - <td colspan="3"><p>Probable arrangement of original buildings.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p><i>AA.</i></p></td> - <td><p>The Chapels.</p></td> - <td><p><i>BB.</i></p></td> - <td><p>Cubicles.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p><i>C.</i></p></td> - <td><p>Latrines.</p></td> - <td><p><i>D.</i></p></td> - <td><p>Porch.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p><i>E.</i></p></td> - <td><p>Old Hospital.</p></td> - <td><p><i>F.</i></p></td> - <td><p>Covered way.</p></td></tr> -</table></div></div></div> - -<p class="continue"> -The finest remaining example of such an infirmary is St. -Mary’s, Chichester. (Pl. XVIII.) It is now a great hall -of four bays, and seems originally to have been longer by -two bays. (See Ground-plan, Fig. 19.) The hall measures -over 84 feet, and opens into a chapel 47 feet in length. A -wide and lofty roof with open timbers spans the whole -building, the pitch of the roof being such that the north -and south walls are unusually low. (Pl. VI.) The Domus <span class="xxpn" id="p114">p114</span> -Dei, Portsmouth, was of similar construction. Its thirteenth-century -chapel still exists as the chancel of the Royal -Garrison Church, the nave and aisles of which replace the -infirmary, or “Nurcery” as it is called in one document.</p> - -<p>The early French hospitals were usually of three wings, -as at St. Jean, Angers, built by Henry II. It is probable -that the same design was commonly adopted in England. -St. Bartholomew’s, London, had three chapels—besides -those now called “St. Bartholomew’s the Great” and -“the Less”—and possibly these three were terminating -chapels of an infirmary. At St. Nicholas’, Salisbury, a -double-hall opened into two chapels. (Fig. 20, Ground-plan.) -Here there are some traces of Early English work, -which can almost be dated, for an entry of 1231 records -a grant of timber,<a id="fnanchor_78" href="#fn_78" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 78; go to footnote">78</a> -and Bishop Bingham completed -the hospital before 1244. Buckler’s sketches (Pl. XV) give -some idea of the charm of the existing buildings, which are -mainly of the fourteenth century.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>Almshouse.</i>—The infirmary-plan became a model -for some of the later almshouses. A fine example remains -at Higham Ferrers (about 1423). The dimensions of this -building were as follows:—Hall, 63 × 24 feet; Chapel, -17 feet, 10 inches × 20 feet. Wooden screens subdivided -the dormitory; and the statutes directed that each bedeman -should join in evening prayers at his chamber door. -Although not so secluded as the separate-tenement type, -the early arrangement was good, for inmates had the -benefit of air from the spacious hall, with its fine and -lofty oak ceiling. Modern examples of this cubicle-system -are still seen at Wells, St. Mary’s, Chichester, and -St. Giles’, Norwich. In the latter case, the dormitory forms <span class="xxpn" id="p115">p115</span> -part of a church adapted for the purpose; the compartments -communicate with a corridor-hall and are open above -to the panelled ceiling of St. Helen’s church with its -heraldic devices. The early fifteenth-century Maison -Dieu at Ripon was not unlike that of Higham Ferrers. -The ruined chapel exists, with the arch which led into -the domicile. By means of a partition, four men, four -women and two casual guests were accommodated, and -the priest had apartments at the west end.</p> - -<div class="imctr04" id="plt-xi"> -<img src="images/i115.jpg" width="408" height="800" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XI.</i> ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, GLASTONBURY -<div>(<i>a</i>) VIEW FROM THE WEST. -      (<i>b</i>) GROUND-PLAN</div></div> -</div> - -<p>St. Saviour’s, Wells, was a contemporary foundation. -Leland remarks:—“The Hospitale and the Chapelle is -buildid al in lenghth under one Roofe.” This interesting -old dwelling-place still exists, but has lost its former -character, as has also the Glastonbury almshouse for -men, of which a view and ground-plan are shown on -Plate XI.</p> - -<p>Slightly different again was the plan of a two-storied -block, having a chancel-like chapel with a roof of lower -pitch. Sherborne almshouse (Dorset) was built thus. It -opens to both stories of the adjoining domicile; this is -done on the upper floor, by means of a gallery in which -the women sit during service.</p> - -<p>Later, it was customary for the chapel to extend to the -height of the whole building under one roof, as at -Browne’s hospital, Stamford. (Fig. 5.) Although the lofty -chapel corresponded in height to both stories, only the -lower one—which in this case was the dormitory—communicated -with it. This block formed part of a suite -ranging round a quadrangle. A ground-plan and views -of this imposing almshouse, with descriptions of its architectural -features, are found in Wright’s history. There -is a striking similarity of construction between it and <span class="xxpn" id="p116">p116</span> -Wigston’s hospital, Leicester (figured by Nichols<a id="fnanchor_79" href="#fn_79" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 79; go to footnote">79</a>). Both -were good specimens of the domestic Perpendicular -style.</p> - -<p>The earlier almshouse in Leicester, called the “Newark” -(afterwards known as Trinity) was a large building. -Nichols’ view (1788)<a id="fnanchor_80" href="#fn_80" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 80; go to footnote">80</a> -shows a range of dwellings below, -others above with dormer windows in the roof, clumsy -chimneys, a bell-cote, and at one end a chancel-like -extension. There must originally have been extensive -buildings to accommodate the hundred poor. Leland -says: “The large Almose House stondith also withyn -the Quadrante of the Area of the College”; and of the -church associated with it Camden says that “the greatest -ornament of Leicester was demolished when the religious -houses were granted to the king.” Bablake hospital, -Coventry (<i>circa</i> 1508), which was somewhat similar to the -Leicester almshouse, still exists. This “Hospitall well -builded for ten poore Folkes,” as Leland reports, formed -a simple parallelogram; below, ambulatory, hall, dining-room, -and kitchen; above, dormitories.</p> - -<h3>ii. HALL WITH DETACHED CHAPEL</h3> - -<p>Of a great hall with separate chapel, Dollman cites one -instance, St. John’s, Northampton. Here the hospital -was a parallelogram, the chapel touching it at one corner, -but not communicating with it; another detached building, -sometimes called the Master’s House, was probably -the refectory. (Plan and details, Dollman; see also -T. H. Turner, <i>Domestic Architecture</i>, Vol. III.) From the -engraving (Frontispiece) it would seem that the Maison <span class="xxpn" id="p117">p117</span> -Dieu, Dover, was similarly designed; at the north-east -angle is the chapel, three bays of which may still be seen. -The various apartments existing in 1535 are mentioned in -the Inventory.<a id="fnanchor_81" href="#fn_81" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 81; go to footnote">81</a> -“The Great Chamber called the Hoostrye” -(hostelry or guest-hall) was probably the common-room -and refectory, but besides trestle-tables, settle and seats, -the furniture included a great bedstead and a little one; -this hall contained an inner room. There were four other -small bed-chambers, a <i>fermery</i> (infirmary) with accommodation -for fifteen persons, besides day-room, kitchens, etc.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xii"> -<img src="images/i117.jpg" width="600" height="478" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i117-2.jpg" width="600" height="453" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<p class="first"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XII.</i></p> - -<div>PLAN OF THE LEPER HOSPITAL OF ST. GILES, LONDON</div> - -<p class="continue fsize6">(<i>a</i>) GATE. (<i>b</i>) CHAPEL AND PARISH CHURCH. (<i>c</i>) HOSPITAL MANSION. -(<i>d</i>) POOL CLOSE. (<i>e</i>) ORCHARD. (<i>f</i>) COTTAGES. (<i>g</i>) HOUSES, ETC., -OF DR. BORDOY. (<i>h</i>) GARDENS. (<i>i</i>) WALLS. (<i>l</i>) GALLOWS.</p> - -<div class="padtopc">THE CHURCH OF ST. GILES IN THE FIELDS</div> - -<p class="continue fsize6">(<i>a</i>) PARISH CHURCH. (<i>b</i>) HOSPITAL CHURCH. (<i>c</i>) BELL TOWER. (<i>d</i>, -<i>e</i>) ALTARS. (<i>f</i>) ST. MICHAEL’S CHAPEL. (<i>g</i>) SCREEN DIVIDING -CHURCHES. (<i>h</i>) WESTERN ENTRANCE.]</p> -</div></div> - -<h3>iii. GROUP OF BUILDINGS AND CHAPEL</h3> - -<p>(a) <i>Leper-house.</i>—Although originally lepers had a -common dormitory, the plan began to be superseded as -early as the thirteenth century, when a visitation of -St. Nicholas’, York, shows that each inmate had a room to -himself. The rule at Ilford was that lepers should eat -and sleep together “so far as their infirmity permitted.” -The dormitory afterwards gave place to tenements. The -Harbledown settlement in the eighteenth century is shown -in Pl. II, the buildings being named by Duncombe, -master and historian of the hospital. Facing the “hospital-chapel” -were the “frater-house” and domestic -quarters. The chantry-house by the gateway was, doubtless, -the residence of the staff. (See p. -<a href="#p147" title="go to page 147">147</a>.) The original -dwellings must have been more extensive, for they -sheltered a hundred lepers. The view of Sherburn (Durham) -may reproduce the later mediæval design. (Fig. 21.) -In some cases a cloister ran round the buildings. The -statutes of St. Julian’s leper-hospital ordained “that there -be no standing in the corridor (<i>penticio</i>), which -extends in <span class="xxpn" id="p118">p118</span> -length before the houses of the brothers in the direction of -the king’s road.”</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/ib118.jpg" width="600" height="456" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -21. SHERBURN HOSPITAL, NEAR DURHAM</div> -</div> - -<p>The Winchester leper-house was quadrangular. It -existed until 1788, and was drawn and described in <i>Vetusta -Monumenta</i>. (Fig. 22, Pl. XXI.) A row of habitations extended -east and west, parallel to them was the chapel; the -master’s house connected the two; the fourth side being -occupied by a common hall. Probably St. Bartholomew’s, -Oxford, was of a similar character. (Pl. XXII.) The long -building which remains north of the chapel has four -windows above and four below, as though to accommodate -the eight brethren. When dwellings ranged round an <span class="xxpn" id="p119">p119</span> -enclosure, it was usual to have a well in the centre. -Such “lepers’ wells” may still be seen on the site -of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester, and at Lyme -Regis.</p> - -<div class="imctr03" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/ib119.jpg" width="456" height="504" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -22. PLAN OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, WINCHESTER</div> -</div> - -<p>The lepers’ chapel was almost invariably a detached -building. Sherburn had a fair-sized church, which is -still in use, besides two chapels, one of which communicated -with the quarters of the sick (<i>capella interior infra -domum infirmorum</i>). The above were large institutions; -but at St. Petronilla’s, Bury St. Edmunds—which might -be described as a cottage-hospital for lepers—the chapel -and hall were under one roof. The projection on the -right (more clearly seen in Yates’ engraving) was the <span class="xxpn" id="p120">p120</span> -refectory. The window of the chapel shown in Pl. XXVIII -still exists, though the ruin is not <i>in situ</i>.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>Almshouse.</i>—The modern design of almshouse, consisting -of cottages each with its own fireplace and offices, -developed during the fifteenth century. Thus about the -year 1400, Grendon’s new charity in Exeter became known -as the “Ten Cells.” It was directed by the founder at -Croydon (1443) that every inmate have “a place by himsilf -in the whiche he may ligge and reste.” Some of -these tenement almshouses were quadrangular, whilst -others consisted of a simple row of dwellings. The contemporary -charities established at Ewelme and Abingdon -illustrate the two variations of what was in reality the -same type. The picturesque almshouse at Ewelme, dating -about 1450, is shown in Pl. XVII. The founder’s intention -was thus expressed in the statutes:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“We woll and ordeyne that the minister . . . and pore men -have and holde a certeyn place by them self within the seyde -howse of almesse, that is to sayng, a lityl howse, a celle or a -chamber with a chemeney and other necessarys in the same, in -the whiche any of them may by hym self ete and drynke and -rest, and sum tymes among attende to contemplacion and -prayoure.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The buildings (of which Dollman gives views, ground-plan, -etc.) were quadrangular, consisting of sitting-rooms -below, with bedrooms above.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xiii"> -<img src="images/i121.jpg" width="600" height="418" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XIII.</i> FORD’S HOSPITAL, COVENTRY</div> -</div> - -<p>Formerly, inmates gathered round an open hearth -(compare Pl. X) or in a capacious ingle-nook, like that -in use at St. Giles’, Norwich. The chimney—which -originally signified fireplace—is a new feature indicating -a change of life. At Ludlow, for example, Hosyer’s -almshouse was constructed with thirty-three chambers <span class="xxpn" id="p121">p121</span> -and in every chamber a chimney. Those at St. Cross -are slender and unobtrusive, but the later erections at -St. John’s, Lichfield, are oppressive in size.</p> - -<p>Of the simple row of tenements, a beautiful example -remains at Abingdon. (Pl. XXVI.) It was founded by the -Gild of the Holy Cross for thirteen impotent men and -women. The present hospital consists of fourteen dwellings -(with a central hall reconstructed in Jacobean times); -the timbered cloister has recently been carefully repaired. -The Spital Almshouse near Taunton, rebuilt by Abbot -Beere about 1510, consists of a simple two-storied row -of cottages, with a covered way in front.</p> - -<h3>iv. NARROW COURTYARD</h3> - -<p>Ford’s hospital at Coventry (Pl. XIII) is placed in a class -by itself. This half-timbered house is a perfect gem -of domestic architecture. The oaken framework, the -elaborately-carved verge-boards of the gables, the varied -tracery of the windows, the slender pinnacled-buttresses, -alike call for admiration. Entering the doorway, a narrow -court (39 × 12 feet) is reached, perhaps the most beautiful -part of the building. Each dwelling communicates with -the bed-chamber above, and at either end were the chapel -and common hall. Dollman gives the ground-plan, etc.; -Garner and Stratton’s recent work on Tudor Domestic -Architecture also contains lovely plates of the western -front, courtyard and rich details.</p> - -<h3>v. CRUCIFORM PLAN</h3> - -<p>The ground-plan of the great Savoy hospital was -cruciform, which is unusual. It would appear from the <span class="xxpn" id="p122">p122</span> -following extract from Henry VII’s will, that he himself -superintended the architectural design:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“We have begoune to erecte, buylde and establisshe a commune -Hospital . . . and the same we entende with Godd’s -grace to finish, after the maner, fourme and fashion of a plat -which is devised for the same, and signed with our hande.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -When completed, this was one of the most notable -things of the metropolis. In 1520, some distinguished -French visitors were entertained at a civic banquet. “In -the afternoon, inasmuch as they desired amonge other -things to see the hospital of Savoy and the king’s chapell -at the monastery of Westminster, they were conueyed -thither on horseback.”<a id="fnanchor_82" href="#fn_82" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 82; go to footnote">82</a> -The engraving (Pl. XIV) shows -an imposing pile of buildings.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">Hospital buildings were good of their kind, and the -chapels were of the best that could be provided. In -Leland’s eyes Burton Lazars had “a veri fair Hospital -and Collegiate Chirch”; Worcester could show “an -antient and fayre large Chappell of St. Oswald”; St. -John’s, Bridgwater, was “a thing notable” even to that -insatiable sight-seer. Of the finest examples, most -have vanished. At St. Bartholomew’s the Great, Smithfield, -however, a portion survives of those “honourable -buildings of pity” which astonished twelfth-century -onlookers; and the noble church and quadrangles of -St. Cross, Winchester (Pl. VIII), show the scale upon -which some were designed. The church of the Dunwich -leper-house (Pl. XXVIII) was 107 feet in length. (Ground-plan, -<i>Archæologia</i>, XII.) Part of the apse remains, -showing a simple arcade of semicircular arches, the <span class="xxpn" id="p123">p123</span> -chancel being ornamented with intersecting arches. A -treatise of Queen Mary’s time describes this church as -“a great one, and a fair large one, after the old fashion -. . . but now greatly decayed.”<a id="fnanchor_83" href="#fn_83" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 83; go to footnote">83</a></p> - -<div class="imctr02" id="plt-xiv"> -<img src="images/i122.jpg" width="523" height="800" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XIV.</i> SAVOY HOSPITAL, LONDON<div> -(<i>a</i>) HOSPITAL BUILDINGS (<i>c</i>) CHAPEL</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The most ancient, and, from an architectural point of -view, one of the most interesting chapels remaining, is -that of St. Bartholomew, Rochester; the domed apse -with its own arch, writes the chaplain, is rare even in the -earliest Norman churches. (Ground-plan, see <i>Journal Arch. -Assoc.</i>, XI.) Norman work may be seen in chapels at -Sherburn, Gloucester and Stourbridge, and in the fine -hospital-hall at High Wycombe. Beautiful specimens -of the Early English style remain at St. Bartholomew’s, -Sandwich; the Domus Dei, Portsmouth; and St. -Edmund’s, Gateshead. The latter chapel, built by Bishop -Farnham about 1247, is still in use, for the graceful ruin -drawn by Grimm (Pl. XXX) has been restored. It is -described in Boyle’s <i>Guide to Durham</i>:—“The west -front has a deeply-recessed central doorway, flanked by -two tiers of arcades, whilst over these is an upper arcade, -the alternative spaces of which are pierced by lancet -lights”, etc. The chapel at Bawtry has a fine Early -English window and a handsome niche at the eastern -end.</p> - -<p>Among disused or misused chapels may be named -St. Mary Magdalene’s, Gloucester; St. Laurence’s, Crediton; -Stourbridge; Poor Priests’, Canterbury; St. Mary -Magdalene’s, Durham; some, like the last-named, are -beyond restoration. St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, and -St. James’, Tamworth, long desecrated or deserted, are -now being restored as houses of prayer. St. Katherine’s, -<span class="xxpn" id="p124">p124</span> -Exeter, has recently been given to the Church Army, for -the use of the destitute poor resorting to the Labour -Home.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/ib124.jpg" width="600" height="300" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -23. CHAPEL OF ABBOT BEERE’S ALMSHOUSE, GLASTONBURY -<div class="fsize6">(For interior see Fig. 25)</div></div></div> - -<p>Ancient chapels remain attached to almshouses in the -following places:—</p> - -<div><ul class="lilinear"><li>Bawtry;</li> -<li>Bristol (Three Kings of Cologne);</li> -<li>Canterbury (St. John, St. Thomas);</li> -<li>Chichester;</li> -<li>Gloucester (St. Margaret);</li> -<li>Honiton;</li> -<li>Ilford;</li> -<li>Lichfield;</li> -<li>Oakham;</li> -<li>Ripon (St. John Baptist, St. Mary Magdalene);</li> -<li>Rochester;</li> -<li>Salisbury;</li> -<li>Sandwich;</li> -<li>Sherborne;</li> -<li>Sherburn;</li> -<li>Stamford;</li> -<li>Wimborne;</li> -<li>Winchester (St. John’s);</li> -<li>Glastonbury (2);</li> -<li>Leicester (Trinity);</li> -<li>Tiverton;</li> -<li>Wells.</li> -</ul></div> - -<p class="continue"> -Those of Wilton (St. John), Taddiport near Torrington, -and Holloway near Bath, are now chapels-of-ease; -that of St. John and St. James, Brackley, is used in -connection with Grammar School and Parish Church; -Roman Catholics worship in St. John’s, Northampton, -and French Protestants use the Anglican liturgy in <span class="xxpn" id="p125">p125</span> -St. Julien’s, Southampton; the chapel of the Domus Dei, -Portsmouth, is part of the Garrison Church; St. Mark’s, -Bristol, is the Lord Mayor’s Chapel; St. Edmund’s, -Gateshead (Holy Trinity), and St. Cross, Winchester, -are Parish Churches.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"><li> -<h3>Notes — Chapter VIII</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> -<p><a id="fn_74" href="#fnanchor_74" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 74; go to anchor">74</a> -Chron. and Mem., 57, iii. 262–3.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_75" href="#fnanchor_75" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 75; go to anchor">75</a> -Cal. of Documents relating to Scotland, III, p. 199.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_76" href="#fnanchor_76" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 76; go to anchor">76</a> -The original hall stands west of the chapel, -and is let as a public dining-hall.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_77" href="#fnanchor_77" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 77; go to anchor">77</a> -J. Rouse, 1825, Pl. 76.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_78" href="#fnanchor_78" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 78; go to anchor">78</a> -Close 16 Hen. III, m. 17.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_79" href="#fnanchor_79" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 79; go to anchor">79</a> -Leicestershire, Vol. I, pt. ii. 495.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_80" href="#fnanchor_80" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 80; go to anchor">80</a> -Bibliographica Top. Brit., viii. facing p. 718.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_81" href="#fnanchor_81" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 81; go to anchor">81</a> -M. E. C. Walcott, <i>Arch. Cant.</i>, VII, pp. 273–80.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_82" href="#fnanchor_82" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 82; go to anchor">82</a> -B.M., MS. Calig. D. vii. f. 240.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_83" href="#fnanchor_83" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 83; go to anchor">83</a> -Weever, <i>Funeral Mon.</i>, ed. 1767, p. 459.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul></div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p126"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p126</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER IX -<small>THE CONSTITUTION</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>It is agreed amongst men of religion that order be observed, because -without order there is no religion.</i>” (Rules of St. John’s, -Nottingham.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">W<span>E</span></span> -now turn to the inner working of the hospital -and inquire how the lives of inmates were ordered.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>Early charitable institutions were under a definite -rule, either that of the diocesan bishop or of the monastic -order with which they were in touch. In the Constitutions -of Richard Poore of Sarum (<i>circa</i> 1223), one clause -is headed: “Concerning the Rule of Religion, how it is -lawful to found a <i>xenodochium</i>.” Persons desiring so to -do shall receive a form of government from the bishop, -“since too great diversity of forms of religion brings in -confusion to the church of God.” Laymen therefore -applied for an episcopal constitution; the burgesses of -Nottingham, for instance, charged Archbishop Gray with -the drawing up of an “Ordination” for St. John’s -(1231–4). Even when a community was under a monastic -house, the diocesan was often asked to compile statutes, -as Grossetête did for Kingsthorpe and Bishop Stratford -for Ilford; but the abbot of St. Albans drew up his own -code for St. Julian’s. There was apparently a definite -Anglican Rule, for “The Statutes of St. James’ according -to the Use of the Church of England” were promulgated -at Canterbury in 1414. <span class="xxpn" id="p127">p127</span></p> - -<p>Founders and patrons also had a voice in the matter, -sometimes drawing up the rule and submitting it to their -Father in God; thus the Ordinances of St. Mark’s, -Bristol, made by the patron and “exhibited to the -Bishop” (1268) are entered in the registers.</p> - -<p>Most hospitals followed a definite system, at least in -theory, as to admission, observation of regulations and -penalties for disobedience.</p> - -<h3>1. NOMINATION AND ADMISSION</h3> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) Appointments to all offices were usually in the -patron’s hands. In a few privileged houses (e.g. Dover, -Gloucester, Oxford, Cambridge, Norwich) the staff -brothers had licence to elect their superior from amongst -themselves, and to nominate him to the patron. Officials -and inmates alike were admitted by a religious ceremony, -of which the vow formed a prominent part. At St. -Katherine’s, Bedminster, the following oath was taken -before induction by the master:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“I,——, promise perpetual observance of good morals, -chastity, and denial of property . . . according to the rule of -the Hospital St. Katherine, near Bristol, in the diocese of Bath -and Wells, which I henceforth profess as ordained by the holy -fathers . . . and I will lead my life according to regular discipline.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The selection of honorary workers on the hospital staff -is dealt with in one of the deeds of St. Mary’s, Chichester -(formerly preserved at University College, Oxford, but -now in the Bodleian):—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“If any one seeks the Hospital of St. Mary, at Chichester, -let the Warden examine whether he is in sound or in infirm -health. If in sound health, whether male or female, let the <span class="xxpn" id="p128">p128</span> -Warden consider whether he is a person of good conversation, -of honest life and character, likely to be useful to the House, -whether in serving or labouring for the poor. If he should be -found such, the Warden shall first point out to him the poverty -of the House, the poorness of the food, the gravity of the -obedience, and the heavy duties, which may possibly deter him -and induce him to recall his purpose. But if he perseveres in -knocking, then with the counsel of the Lord Dean and the -brethren of the House, he may be received in the name of the -Lord, without the intervention of any money or any compact, -unless he has any property of his own and is disposed to resign -it into the hands of the Warden. But if the character of the -man who seeks admission be insufficient he must be repelled -entirely.”<a id="fnanchor_84" href="#fn_84" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 84; go to footnote">84</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>A brother or sister being admitted to St. John Baptist’s, -Reading, was professed in the adjoining church. <i>Veni -Creator</i> and certain prayers were said as the candidate -knelt before the altar; after the sprinkling with holy -water he or she then received the habit or veil, a kiss of -charity being bestowed by the rest of the household. A -discourse followed upon the rules and benefits of the -society. The Office for the admission of members to the -staff of St. John’s, Nottingham, is given in the <i>Records of -the Borough</i>. One prayer, at the benediction of the religious -habit, shows the spirit in which hospital officials -were expected to enter upon their duties:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“O Lord Jesus Christ, who didst deign to put on the covering -of our mortality, we beseech the immense abundance of Thy -goodness, that Thou mayst so deign to bless this kind of vestment, -which the holy fathers have decreed should be borne by -those who renounce the world, as a token of innocence and -humility, that this Thy servant, who shall [use it], may -deserve to put on Thee,” etc. <span class="xxpn" id="p129">p129</span></p></blockquote> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xv"> -<img src="images/i129.jpg" width="600" height="442" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i129-2.jpg" width="600" height="456" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XV.</i> HOSPITAL OF ST. NICHOLAS, SALISBURY -<div>(<i>a</i>) SOUTH-EAST VIEW. (<i>b</i>) WEST VIEW</div></div></div> - -<p class="continue"> -As the brother changed his dress, the Scripture was -repeated concerning putting off the old man and putting -on the new in righteousness. The versicles “Our help is -in the name of the Lord,” “Save Thy servant,” etc., were -also used, together with prayers for the Gift, for increase -of virtue, for light and life.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) Almsmen, too, were usually admitted by a solemn -oath. That taken at Oakham is typical:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“I.—— the which am named into a poor man to be resceyued -into this Hospital after the forme of the Statutes and ordanacions -ordeyned . . . shall trewly fulfille and obserue all the -Statutes . . . in as moche as yey longen or touchen me to my -pour fro hensuorthwardys . . . without ony fraude soe helpe me -God and my Holydom and by these holy Euangelies the whiche -y touche and ley my honde upon.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -At Sandwich, after being sworn in, the person was -introduced by the mayor to the rest of the fraternity, and -was saluted by them all; and after paying the customary -gratuities, the new inmate was put in possession of his -chamber.</p> - -<p>The ancient form of admission to St. Nicholas’, Salisbury, -contains such injunctions as:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“N. thu shalt be trewe and obedient to the maistre of this -place.</p> - -<p>“Item, thu shalt kepe pees yn thy self, and do thy deuoyrs -that euery brother and sustre be in parfyte pees, loue and -charite, eche with othre.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Few foundations have retained their religious and social -life with less change than this hospital, of which Canon -Wordsworth has given us a complete history. Following -the old traditions, the present inmates give a new member -the right hand of fellowship when he is duly installed. <span class="xxpn" id="p130">p130</span></p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) Lepers, like other paupers, were admitted either at -the patron’s will or at the warden’s discretion. The -custody of the Crown hospital at Lincoln was at one time -committed to the sheriffs, who were charged to notify -a vacancy to the king or his chancellor “so that he might -cause a leper to be instituted in place of the deceased, in -accordance with the ancient constitution.” Later it was -stated that they were admitted of the king’s gift, or by the -presentation of the mayor. In some instances the right -of nomination was held jointly. There were eight beds -in the Hexham Spital, four being open to poor leper-husbandmen -born within the Liberty, whilst the archbishop -and prior might each appoint two tenants.</p> - -<p>A patron or donor often kept the nomination to one bed -or more. Thus the founder of St. Sepulchre’s lazar-house, -Hedon, reserved the right to present one man or woman, -whole or infirm; he even made prudent provision to -sustain any afflicted object allied to the patron within the -fourth degree of blood. As early as 1180, a subscriber to -St. Nicholas’, Carlisle, stipulated that two lepers from -Bampton should be received. According to some statutes -the candidate had also to be approved by his future companions; -“without the consent and will” of the Colchester -lepers, no brother could gain entrance, and the same rule -obtained at Dover. The little Sudbury hospital maintained -three lepers; when one died or resigned, his -comrades chose a third; if they disagreed, the mayor was -informed, and the selection devolved upon the vicar. An -examination by the warden into the candidate’s condition -and circumstances was sometimes ordered, as at Dover. -At Harbledown sufficient knowledge of the simple -formulas of the faith was required. <span class="xxpn" id="p131">p131</span></p> - -<p>To enter a leper-hospital in early days practically -involved the life of a “religious,” especially in hospitals -attached to monastic houses. The vow of an in-coming -brother at St. Julian’s is given in the Appendix to Matthew -Paris:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“I, brother B., promise, and, taking my bodily oath by -touching the most sacred Gospel, affirm before God and all His -saints . . . that all the days of my life I will be subservient and -obedient to the commands of the Lord Abbot of St. Albans -and to his archdeacon; resisting them in nothing, unless such -things should be commanded, as would militate against the -Divine pleasure. I will never commit theft, nor bring a false -accusation against any one of the brethren, nor infringe the vow -of chastity.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -He goes on to promise that he will not hold or bequeath -anything without leave; he will be content with the food, -and keep the rules on pain of punishment, or even expulsion. -The oath at St. Bartholomew’s, Dover, is found in -the register:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“I,——, do promise before God and St. Bartholomew and -all saints, that to the best of my power I will be faithful and -useful to the hospital, . . . to be obedient to my superior and -have love to my brethren and sisters. I will be sober and chaste -of body; and a moiety of the goods I shall die possessed of, -shall belong to the house. I will pray for the peace of the -church and realm of England, and for the king and queen, and -for the prior and convent of St. Martin, and for the burgesses -of Dover on sea and land, and especially for all our benefactors, -living and dead.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -After making this vow, the brother was sprinkled with -holy water and led to the altar, where he received the -warden’s blessing on bended knees. The form of general -benediction was prescribed (with special collects if the <span class="xxpn" id="p132">p132</span> -candidate were a virgin or a widow), and a prayer was -said at the consecration of the habit.<a id="fnanchor_85" href="#fn_85" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 85; go to footnote">85</a></p> - -<h3>2. REGULATIONS</h3> - -<p>The general rule of poverty, chastity and obedience -was supplemented by detailed statutes.</p> - -<p>(a) <i>Rules concerning Payment and Property.</i>—There -are some instances of compulsory payment by statute. -If the candidate at Dover satisfied the warden’s inquiries, -he might be received into the community after -paying 100 shillings, or more if he could. Even then -gratuities were expected; half a mark was offered to the -warden and half a mark distributed among the brethren -and sisters. The entrance fee sounds prohibitive, but the -<i>Liber Albus</i> records a similar custom in London under -the title <i>Breve de C solidis levandis de tenemento Leprosorum</i>. -This edict authorized the levying of 100<i>s.</i> from -lepers’ property to be delivered to their officers for their -sustenance.</p> - -<p>Sometimes hospital statutes provided against this practice. -Thus the chancellor’s ordinances for St. Nicholas’, -York (1303), forbade the admission of any one by custom -or by an agreement for money or goods, but without fear -of simony the property of an in-coming brother might be -received if given spontaneously and absolutely. The -statutes are of special interest because evidently framed -to reform abuses recently exposed; and the details of the -cross-questioning by the jury and the replies of witnesses -in that visitation are recorded. We learn, for example, -that most of the inmates had been received for money -“each for himself 20 marks more or less”; one, indeed, <span class="xxpn" id="p133">p133</span> -with the consent of the community, paid 23 marks -(£15. 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>), a considerable sum in those days. Under -special circumstances the patron sometimes countenanced -a bargain. Thus when a healthy candidate for admission -to St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, promised repairs to the -chapel, the timber of which was decayed, he was received -contrary to rules by the king’s express permission -(1321).</p> - -<p>The question of the property of the warden, officials -and inmates now comes before us. The staff were frequently -under the three-fold vow which included poverty. -The rule at St. John’s, Nottingham, was as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“And no one shall be a proprietor, but if any one have any -property, he shall resign it to the warden or master before -seven days . . . otherwise he shall be excommunicated. . . . -But if it shall be found that any one has died with property, his -body shall be cast out from Christian burial, and shall be buried -elsewhere, his property being thrown upon him by the brethren, -saying, ‘Thy money perish with thee.’”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The same enactment is found at St. Mary’s, Chichester, -unless, indeed, the offender make a death-bed confession. -But poor people sojourning there retained their possessions, -and could dispose of them by will:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“If he has anything of his own let the warden take charge -of it and of his clothes, until he is restored to health; then let -them be given to him without diminution, and let him depart, -unless, of his own accord, he offer the whole, or part, to the -house. If he die, let his goods be distributed as he hath disposed -of them. If he die intestate, let his property be kept for -a year, so that if any friend of the deceased shall come and -prove that he has a claim upon it, justice may not be denied to -him. If no one claim within the year, let it be merged into the -property of the hospital.” <span class="xxpn" id="p134">p134</span></p></blockquote> - -<p>A total renunciation of personal goods was required -of the inmates of leper-hospitals in early days. Alms -received by the wayside went into the common chest, as -did money found within the enclosure; if picked up outside, -the finder might keep it. The lepers of St. Julian’s -might not appropriate or bequeath anything without the -consent of the community. A singular article in the oath -of admission was this:—“I will make it my study wholly -to avoid all kinds of usury, as a monstrous thing, and -hateful to God.” In the Dover statutes trading and usury -were strictly forbidden.</p> - -<p>The leper’s clothing and furniture were all that he could -call his own. In the disposal of such meagre personal -effects, a precedent was found in the <i>heriot</i>—the best -chattel of a deceased man due to the feudal lord. An -ancient French deed relating to St. Margaret’s, Gloucester, -ordains that “when a brother or sister is dead, the -best cloth that he hath the parson shall have in right -of heriot.” At Lynn, the bed in which he died, and his -chest, if he had one, were appropriated by the hospital, -as well as his best robe and hood. These rules indicate -that the leper furnished his own apartment. The Office -at seclusion enumerates the clothing, furniture and other -articles necessary. (<i>Appendix A.</i>)</p> - -<p>One of the questions asked by the official visitor of St. -Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester, was whether the goods -of deceased inmates went to the works of the church after -the settlement of debts. In some hospitals, the rule of -poverty was not held, or it was relaxed as time went on. -By the will of William Manning, <i>lazer</i>, of the house -of Monkbridge, York (1428), he requests that half a pound -of wax be burnt over his coffin; he leaves 6<i>d.</i> -to the <span class="xxpn" id="p135">p135</span> -works going on at the Minster, 6<i>d.</i> to the Knaresburgh -monks, and the residue to his wife. In the old Scottish -version of Troylus and Cresseid, the latter makes her -testament before dying in the spital-house. She had -lived in poverty, but a purse of gold had lately been -thrown to her in alms. Her cup and clapper and her -ornament and all her gold the leper folk should have, -when she was dead, if they would bury her. The ruby -ring, given her long ago by her lover, was to be carried -back to him by one of her companions.</p> - -<p>Pensioners of the better class were expected to provide -all necessary articles, and to contribute what they could -to the funds. Money acquired during residence was -divided, a portion being retained by the individual; at -his death, either half his goods or the whole belonged to -the community. The Heytesbury statutes directed:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“that euery poreman in his first Admyssion all such moueable -goodes as he hath, pottis, pannys, pewter vessel, beddyng, and -other necessaries, if he haue eny such thynges, to bryng hit -within into the hous. And if he haue eny quycke catell, that -hit be made monay of. And halfe the saide monay to be conuerted -to y<sup>e</sup> use of y<sup>e</sup> hous, and y<sup>e</sup> other halfe to y<sup>e</sup> poreman to -haue to his own propre use.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The goods of a deceased member were distributed to -those who should “happe to overlyve,” whether “gownes, -hodys, cotys, skertys, hosyn or shone.” It was ordained -at Higham Ferrers that when an almsman died, his goods -were taken into the storehouse, and either dealt out to -the other poor men, or sold to a new inmate for the benefit -of the rest.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>Rules of Conduct.</i>—Social intercourse within the house -and with the outside world was clearly defined. Among <span class="xxpn" id="p136">p136</span> -habited brethren and sisters, the sexes were rigidly separated, -excepting at worship or work. In the case of inmates -who were not professed, men and women seem to have -lived a common life, meeting in refectory, day room, etc.</p> - -<p>As to the intercourse of lepers with the outside world, -there was a curious admixture of strictness and laxity. -The ordinances of early lazar-houses show that the theory -of contagion had little place in their economy. They -recognized that the untainted need not be harmed by -slight communication with the infected. When visitors -came from a distance to Sherburn they were permitted to -stay overnight. The lepers of St. Julian’s were allowed -to see friends—“if an honest man and true come there, -for the purpose of visiting an infirm brother, let him have -access to him, that they may mutually discourse on that -which is meet”—but no woman was admitted except a -mother, sister or other honest matron. The general -public was protected, inmates not being permitted to frequent -the high-road or speak to passers-by (1344). At -the time of seclusion, the leper was forbidden henceforth -to enter church, market or tavern. At St. Julian’s, the -mill and bakehouse were likewise forbidden. The statutes -of Lynn required that the infirm should not enter the -quire, cellar, kitchen or precincts, but keep the places -assigned in church, hall and court. So long as they did -not eat or drink outside their own walls, lepers might -roam within a defined area. The Reading lepers might -never go out without a companion. At Harbledown they -might not wander without permission, which was granted -for useful business, moderate recreation, and in the -event of the grievous sickness or death of parents and -friends. <span class="xxpn" id="p137">p137</span></p> - -<p>Such rules were more a matter of discipline than of -public health. It was not merely lepers who were required -to keep within bounds, for ordinary almsmen had -similar restrictions. At Croydon they were forbidden to -walk or gaze in the streets, nor might they go out of -sight of home, excepting to church.</p> - -<p>The rules of St. Katherine’s, Rochester, were drawn -up by the innkeeper Symond Potyn. He stipulates -that if the almsmen buy ale, it shall be consumed -at home:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“also that none of them haunt the tauerne to go to ale, but -when theie have talent or desier to drynke, theire shall bye -theare drynke, and bringe yt to the spitell;</p> - -<p class="continue">“also that none of them be debator, baretor, dronkelew, nor -rybawde of his tounge.”<a id="fnanchor_86" href="#fn_86" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 86; go to footnote">86</a></p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -If any thus offend, the prior with twain good men of -Eastgate shall go to the Vicar of St. Nicholas’ and the -founder’s heirs, who “shall put them oute of the same -spittle for euermore, withoute anie thing takinge with -them but theare clothinge and their bedde.”</p> - -<p>(c) <i>Supervision.</i>—In ecclesiastical hospitals, the approved -method of maintaining order was by weekly -chapter, at which correction was to be justly administered -without severity or favour. The injunctions at St. John’s, -Nottingham, were as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“They shall meet at least once in each week in chapter, and -excesses shall be there regularly proclaimed and corrected by -warden or master; and the chapter shall be held without talking -or noise, and those who have transgressed shall humbly and -obediently undergo canonical discipline.” <span class="xxpn" id="p138">p138</span></p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -At stated periods of a month or a quarter, the statutes -were openly recited, usually in the vulgar tongue. After -the revision of the ordinance of St. Nicholas’, York, it -was ordered that the keepers should read the articles aloud -in their church on the eve of St. Nicholas.</p> - -<p>Internal authority was vested in the warden, whose -power was sometimes absolute; but in the case of hospitals -dependent upon a religious house, grave offences were -taken to head-quarters. For external supervision, the -hospital was dependent upon the patron or his agents, -who were supposed to inspect the premises, accounts, -etc., yearly. This civil visitation was frequently -neglected, especially that of the chancellor on behalf of -the Crown. Abuses were apt to accumulate until a royal -commission of inquiry and reformation became obligatory. -Where an institution was under the commonalty, -their representatives acted as visitors. At Bridport -(1265), the town administered the endowment -of the manorial lord; the provosts conducted a yearly -investigation whether the brethren and lepers were well -treated and the chaplains lived honestly. In London, -there were officials who daily inspected the lazar-houses; -these “overseers” and “foremen” seem to have been -busy citizens who undertook this work on behalf of the -corporation (1389). As late as 1536 a gentleman was -appointed to the office of visitor of “the spyttel-howses -or lazar cotes about thys Citye.”</p> - -<h3>3. PENALTIES</h3> - -<p>The punishments inflicted by the warden were chiefly -flogging, fasting and fines, but he could also resort to the -stocks, suspension and expulsion. The regulations of <span class="xxpn" id="p139">p139</span> -St. Mary’s, Chichester, show the discipline suggested for -offenders:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“If a brother shall have a quarrel with a brother with noise -and riot, then let him fast for seven days, on Wednesdays and -Fridays, on bread and water, and sit at the bottom of the table -and without a napkin. . . . If a brother shall be found to have -money or property concealed from the warden, let the money be -hung round his neck, and let him be well flogged, and do -penance for thirty days, as before.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The rules were particularly rigorous in lazar-houses. -Among the lepers of Reading, if a brother committed an -offence, he was obliged to sit during meals in the middle -of the hall, fasting on bread and water, while his portion -of meat and ale was distributed before his eyes. The -penalties to which Exeter lazars were liable were fasting -and the stocks. Punishment lasted one day for transgressing -the bounds, picking or stealing; three days for -absence from chapel, malice, or abusing a brother; twelve -days for reviling the master; thirty days for violence. At -Sherburn the prior did not spare the rod. “After the -manner of schoolboys” chastisement was to be meted out -to transgressors, and the lazy and negligent awakened. -“But if any shall be found to be disobedient and refractory, -and is unwilling to be corrected with the rod, let him be -deprived of food, as far as bread and water only.” Equally -severe was the punishment at Harbledown for careless -omission of appointed prayers. Delinquents made public -confession the following Friday, and received castigation. -“Let them undergo sound discipline, the brethren at the -hands of the prior, and the sisters from the prioress.” -The following day the omitted devotions were to be repeated -twice. <span class="xxpn" id="p140">p140</span></p> - -<p>In the case of almsmen of a later period corporal -punishment was never practised. If a poor pensioner at -Heytesbury, after instruction, could not repeat his prayers -properly, he must be put to “a certayne bodely payne, -that is to say of fastyng or a like payne.” In most -fifteenth-century almshouses, however, the inmates were -no longer boarded, but received pocket-money, which was -liable to forfeiture. An elaborate system of fines was -worked out in the statutes of Ewelme. The master himself -was fined for any fault “after the quality and quantitye -of his crime.” The fines were inflicted not only upon -those who were rebellious, or neglected to clean up the -courtyard and weed their gardens, but also upon those -who arrived in church without their tabards, or were unpunctual:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“And if it so be that any of theym be so negligent and -slewthfull that the fyrst psalme of matyns be begon or he come -into his stall that than he lese i<i>d.</i>, and yf any of thayme -be absent to the begynnyng of the fyrst lesson that thanne he -lese ii<i>d.</i>; And for absence fro prime, terce, sext and neynth, for -ich of thayme i<i>d.</i> Also if any . . . be absent from the masse -to the begynnyng of the pistyll . . . i<i>d.</i>, and yf absent to the -gospell . . . ii<i>d.</i>” etc.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Industry, punctuality and regularity became necessary -virtues, since the usual allowance was but 14<i>d.</i> -weekly.</p> - -<p>The rules of the contemporary almshouse at Croydon -were stringent. After being twice fined, the poor man at his -third offence was to be utterly put away as “incorrectable -and intolerable.” When convicted of soliciting alms, no -second chance was given:—“if man or woman begge or -aske any silver, or else any other good . . . let him be <span class="xxpn" id="p141">p141</span> -expellid and put oute at the first warnyng, and never be -of the fellowship.”</p> - -<p>Expulsion was usually reserved for incorrigible persons. -“Brethren and sisters who are chatterboxes, contentious -or quarrelsome,” sowers of discord or insubordinate, -were ejected at the third or fourth offence. Summary -expulsion was the punishment for gross crimes. The -town authorities of Beverley discharged an inmate of -Holy Trinity for immorality. The ceremony which preceded -the expulsion of an Ilford leper is described by a -writer who obtained his information from the leger-book -of Barking Abbey:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“The abbesse, beinge accompanyed with the bushop of -London, the abbot of Stratford, the deane of Paule’s, and -other great spyrytuall personnes, went to Ilforde to visit the -hospytall theere, founded for leepers; and uppon occacion of -one of the lepers, who was a brother of the house, having -brought into his chamber a drab, and sayd she was his sister. -. . . He came attyred in his lyvery, but bare-footed and -bare-headed . . . and was set on his knees uppon the stayres -benethe the altar, where he remained during all the time of -mass. When mass was ended, the prieste disgraded him of -orders, scraped his hands and his crown with a knife, took -his booke from him, gave him a boxe on the chiek with the end -of his fingers, and then thrust him out of the churche, where -the officers and people receyved him, and putt him into a carte, -cryinge, <i>Ha rou, Ha rou, Ha rou</i>, after him.”<a id="fnanchor_87" href="#fn_87" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 87; go to footnote">87</a></p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -This public humiliation, violence and noise, although -doubtless salutary, are a contrast to the statute at -Chichester, where pity and firmness are mingled:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“If a brother, under the instigation of the devil, fall into -immorality, out of which scandal arises, or if he -be disobedient <span class="xxpn" id="p142">p142</span> -to the Superior, or if he strike or wound the brethren or clients -. . . then, if he prove incorrigible, he must be punished -severely, and removed from the society like a diseased sheep, -lest he contaminate the rest. But let this be done not with -cruelty and tempest of words, but with gentleness -and compassion.”</p></blockquote> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xvi"> -<img src="images/i143.jpg" width="600" height="422" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i143-2.jpg" width="600" height="536" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="first"> - <a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> - <i>PLATE XVI.</i></p> -<div class="nowrap">THE WARDEN’S HOUSE, SHERBURN -<div class="padtopc pleft">HOSPITAL OF ST. GILES, KEPIER</div></div></div></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Chapter IX</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_84" href="#fnanchor_84" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 84; go to anchor">84</a> -Sussex Arch. Coll., 24, pp. 41–62.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_85" href="#fnanchor_85" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 85; go to anchor">85</a> -<i>Lieger Book</i>, Bodl. Rawl. MS. B. 335.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_86" href="#fnanchor_86" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 86; go to anchor">86</a> -Hist. of Rochester, ed. 1817, p. 215.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_87" href="#fnanchor_87" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 87; go to anchor">87</a> -Hearne, <i>Curious Discourses</i>, ed. 1775, i. 249.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p143"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p143</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER X -<small>THE HOUSEHOLD AND ITS MEMBERS</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>No more brethren or sisters shall be admitted than are necessary to -serve the infirm and to keep the goods of the house.</i>” (St. John’s, -Nottingham.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">T<span>HE</span></span> -hospital family varied widely in size and in the -arrangement of its component parts, but this chapter, -like the preceding, is concerned chiefly with the -type of institution which had a definite organization. -The establishments for infected persons will first be considered.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<h3>(i) THE LEPER HOUSEHOLD</h3> - -<p>(a) <i>The Master.</i>—“The guidance of souls is the art of -arts,” says St. Gregory: particularly difficult is the -guidance of souls in ailing bodies. Lanfranc realized -that men of special gifts should be selected for the care -of his Harbledown lepers. He not only arranged to supply -all they might need on account of the nature of their -illness, but appointed men to fulfil this work “of whose -skill, gentleness and patience no one could have any -doubt.” The Oxford statutes ordained that the master be -“a compassionate priest of good life and conversation, -who shall reside personally and shall celebrate mass -daily, humbly and devoutly.” He was required to visit -the infirm, to console them as far as possible, and confer -upon them the Sacraments of the Church.<a id="fnanchor_88" href="#fn_88" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 88; go to footnote">88</a> -The priest <span class="xxpn" id="p144">p144</span> -serving lepers was permitted to dispense rites which did -not pertain to other unbeneficed clergy; thus the Bishop -of London commanded the lepers’ chaplain at Ilford to -hear their confessions, to absolve the contrite, to administer -the Eucharist and Extreme Unction. The ideal man to -fill the unpleasant post of lepers’ guardian as pictured -in foundation deeds and statutes was hard to find: men -of the type of St. Hugh and Father Damien—separated -indeed by seven centuries, but alike in devotion—are rare. -Two Archbishops of Canterbury witness to the scarcity in -a deed referring to Harbledown (1371, 1402). After -stating that clergy are required to celebrate the divine -offices in St. Nicholas’ Church, the document declares:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“It may be at present, and very likely will be in future, -difficult to find suitable stipendiary priests who shall be willing -to have intercourse in this way with the poor people, especially -as some of these poor are infected with leprosy; and this -hospital was founded especially for sick persons of this sort.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The master might himself be a leper. An inquisition -of 1223 showed that at St. Leonard’s, Lancaster, it had -formerly been customary for the brethren to elect one -of the lepers as master.<a id="fnanchor_89" href="#fn_89" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 89; go to footnote">89</a> -In 1342 the prior of St. Bartholomew’s, -Rochester, was a leper. The regulations at Ilford -provided for a leper-master and secular master, but those -of Dover merely said that the master may be a leper. -Although the law offered privileges to communities -governed by a leper-warden (see p. -<a href="#p196" title="go to page 196">196</a>), it does not appear -to have been a common custom to appoint one. In -hospitals dependent upon a monastery, some monk was -selected to superintend the lazar-house.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>The Staff.</i>—It has been said that leper-hospitals <span class="xxpn" id="p145">p145</span> -were “heavily staffed with ecclesiastics.” There were -indeed three at Lincoln, Ilford and Bolton to minister to -ten or twelve men, but they conducted the temporal as -well as spiritual affairs of the society. At Bolton, for -example, the priests had to administer the manor which -was held by the hospital. It was more usual to have only -one chaplain in a household of thirteen. This was a -favourite number, the figure being regarded with reverence -as suggestive of the sacred band of Christ and His -Apostles: “for thirteen is a convent as I guess,” writes -Chaucer. There were to be at Sherburn “five convents -of lepers, that is of the number of sixty-five at the least”; -five priests ministered to them, of whom one acted as -confessor, and used also to visit the bedridden and read -the Gospel of the day to them.</p> - -<p>The collection of alms also fell upon the staff, for as -it was said at Bridport “lepers cannot ask and gather for -themselves.” The procurator or proctor therefore transacted -their business. It was ordained at St. Bartholomew’s, -Oxford, that the clerk serving in the chapel should -collect alms and rents and act as proctor. The staff -sometimes included other untainted persons. Two healthy -brethren at this Oxford leper-house were to be skilled -agricultural labourers, able also to make enclosures and -cover houses.</p> - -<p>(c) <i>Attendants.</i>—Domestic and farm service was also -done by paid attendants. There were female-servants -in the Sherburn leper-house, who undertook laundry and -other work, and one old woman cared for the bedridden.</p> - -<p>(d) <i>Leper Inmates.</i>—Among the larger asylums, the -approximate accommodation was as follows:—Harbledown -100, Sherburn 65, St. Giles’, London 40, St. Nicholas’, <span class="xxpn" id="p146">p146</span> -York 40, Thanington near Canterbury 25, Dover 20, -Plymouth 20, Bodmin 19, Winchester 18. There were -13 beds at Carlisle, Exeter, Gloucester, Reading, etc. In -some towns there were several small hospitals. Numbers -were of course liable to fluctuation, and often apply to a company -of infected and healthy persons, as at St. Nicholas’, -York. “They used to have, and ought to have, forty -brethren and sisters, as well lepers as others; now they -have thirty-two only.” (1285.) By an inquisition taken in -1291, it was reported that a former master had admitted -thirty-six, of whom four were received <i>pro Deo</i> because they -were lepers, but the rest for money. The king commanded -that henceforth none should be received without special -mandate, inasmuch as the funds scarcely sufficed for the -multitude already maintained. The same abuse is -noticeable a century earlier, for in 1164 Pope Alexander -III forbade the patrons of St. James’, Thanington, to -admit into the sisterhood any who were not infected, -for healthy women had been importunately begging -admission.<a id="fnanchor_90" href="#fn_90" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 90; go to footnote">90</a> -It was complained in 1321, that St. Bartholomew’s, -Oxford, was occupied by healthy and sturdy men; -and that at St. Leonard’s, Lancaster, there were six whole -and three lepers (1323). Both were originally intended -solely for the diseased, the inmates of St. Leonard’s being -called by Henry III “our lepers of Lancaster.”</p> - -<p>It has been represented, as a proof that isolation was -non-existent, that lepers and untainted persons lived -a common life, eating and sleeping together. This was -evidently not the case. The sheriff of Lincoln received -orders that at Holy Innocents’ “the chaplains and -brethren are to reside in one house, the lepers by <span class="xxpn" id="p147">p147</span> -themselves -and the sisters by themselves.”<a id="fnanchor_91" href="#fn_91" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 91; go to footnote">91</a> -The statutes at -Ilford and Dover give similar directions. The priests at -Sherburn slept apart in a chamber adjoining the church, -but the Harbledown staff lacked such accommodation until -in 1371 it was ordained that they should henceforth dwell -in a clergy-house—“a home separate from the sick persons -and near to them.”</p> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="figright imwth08" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/ib147.jpg" width="252" height="377" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -24. SEAL OF THE LEPER-WOMEN OF WESTMINSTER</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">When both sexes were admitted, they lived apart, -a woman with the title of prioress being selected to rule -the female community. Some -houses were set apart for women, -e.g. Alkmonton, Thanington, -Bristol (St. Mary Magdalene), -Newbury (St. Mary Magdalene), -Bury (St. Petronilla), Woodstock, -Clattercot, Hungerford, Arundel, -Westminster, whilst one left behind -it the name of “Maiden” -Bradley. It sometimes happened -that a married couple contracted -the disease. A clerk smitten -with leprosy and his wife with the -same infirmity were seeking admission -to St. Margaret’s, Huntingdon, -in 1327. By the Ilford statutes, no married man was -admitted unless his wife also vowed chastity. On no -account was a married person received at Dover without -the consent of the party remaining <i>in seculo</i>, and then only -upon similar conditions. In this connection a passing -reference may be made to the marriage laws. Although -by the laws of the Franks leprosy was a valid reason for <span class="xxpn" id="p148">p148</span> -divorce, later Norman laws considered separation unjustifiable; -this latter was the attitude of the Church, -which is given fully in the Appendix to the Lateran -Council of 1179.<a id="fnanchor_92" href="#fn_92" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 92; go to footnote">92</a> -Yet the pathos of the leper’s lot is -suggested by the declaration of Amicia, a woman of -Kent in 1254—that in truth at one time she had a certain -Robert for husband, but that now he had long been a -leper and betook himself to a certain religious house, to -wit, the leper-hospital at Romney.<a id="fnanchor_93" href="#fn_93" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 93; go to footnote">93</a></p> -</div> -<p class="clearnone">For many reasons the leper-household was most difficult -to control: it is small wonder that abuses crept in. Men -forcibly banished were naturally loth to submit to rigorous -discipline. They were persons who would never have -dreamed of the religious life save by pressure of circumstances; -moreover, the nature of their infirmity caused -them to suffer from bodily lassitude, irritability and a -mental depression bordering upon insanity; in the life of -St. Francis is a description of his ministry to a leper so -froward, impious, abusive and ungrateful that every one -thought him possessed by an evil spirit. London lepers -were evidently not less refractory. From early days the city -selected two men as keepers and overseers at St. Giles’, the -Loke and Hackney; these officials, who were accustomed -to visit the lazar-houses daily and to chastise offenders, -were granted exemption from inquests, summonses, -etc., on account of this “their meritorious labour, their -unpleasant and onerous occupation.” (1389.) The London -edict of 1346 confirms the undoubted fact that lepers are -specially tempted to a loose life. Banished from the -restraining influences of home and public opinion, they <span class="xxpn" id="p149">p149</span> -were found in haunts of vice. The master of the lazar-house -had no means of enforcing control. If the leper -escaped and fell into evil habits none could prevent it: -indeed, this did but ensure the liberty he craved, for the -ultimate punishment of inmates was expulsion.</p> - -<h3>(ii) THE HOUSEHOLD OF THE INFIRMARY AND -ALMSHOUSE</h3> - -<p>(a) <i>The Master</i> or Warden, who was also known as -prior, <i>custos</i>, keeper or rector, was usually a priest, but -occasionally a layman. One of the early masters of St. -Mark’s, Bristol, was a knight, Henry de Gaunt, whose -mailed effigy remains in the chapel. Crown hospitals -were often served by chaplains and clerks, but the appointment -of “king’s servants,” yeomen or knights, is noticeable -during the fourteenth century.</p> - -<p>It is rarely recorded that the custodian of the sick was -a physician, but the absence of the title <i>medicus</i> in no -way proves that he and his helpers were ignorant of -medicine. In early days, indeed, it was only the clergy, -religious or secular, who were trained in the faculty, and -the master and his assistants must have acquired a certain -intimacy with disease; they would have a knowledge of -the herbals, of the system of letting blood, and other -simple remedies. An important medical work, <i>Breviarium -Bartholomæi</i>, was written late in the fourteenth century by -John Mirfield of St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield. He acknowledges -that it is a compilation for the benefit of those -who could not afford to buy the treatises whence it was -derived; but he adds that part had been personally -communicated to him and was supported by the experience -of others. The fine manuscript copy in Pembroke <span class="xxpn" id="p150">p150</span> -College, Oxford, includes a list of medical ingredients, -herbs, etc.<a id="fnanchor_94" href="#fn_94" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 94; go to footnote">94</a></p> - -<p>In some instances the warden <i>is</i> described as a physician. -When the chaplain of St. John’s, Bridport, was -incapacitated, Master John de Brideport, physician, was -deputed to act for him (1265). The Duke of Lancaster -presented his foreign doctor, Pascal de Bononja, to the -Preston hospital (1355). “Louis the physician,” who -held St. Nicholas’, Pontefract (1399–1401), may be -identified with Louis Recouchez, king’s physician, -who was then appointed to the hospital at Westminster. -It is possible that visiting doctors and barber-surgeons -attended hospitals. In an inventory of Elsyng Spital a -debt of xxxvij<i>s.</i> ij<i>d.</i> was due to Robert the leech, and of -x<i>s.</i> to Geoffrey the barber. One of the inquiries at the -Dissolution of religious houses was:—“Whether the -maister of the house doo use his brethren charitably -when they be syke and diseased; and whether, in tyme of -their sykenes, he doo procure unto them physicions.”</p> - -<p>The duties—and temptations—of a warden are suggested -by the “Articles of Inquisition touching the -Savoy” (1535). Not only was inquiry made whether the -master visited the poor at least twice a week, and the sick -twice daily, but also:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Whether he be mercifull, beningne and louyng to the -poore; and not skoymys [squeamish] or lothesome to uisite -theym or to be among theym.</p> - -<p>“Whether he or his ministers by his sufferance do take in -suche as they reken moste clene of the poore, and repell theym -that they reken most sore or deseased, for auoydyng of their -owne lothesomenes or contagion.” <span class="xxpn" id="p151">p151</span></p></blockquote> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xvii"> -<img src="images/i151.jpg" width="600" height="450" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XVII.</i> GOD’S HOUSE, -EWELME</div></div> - -<p>The qualifications and duties of the head of an almshouse -are defined in the minute regulations of fifteenth-century -founders. The master of Ewelme must be an -able and well-disposed person in body and soul, one who -could counsel and exhort the poor men to their comfort -and salvation. He had to conduct frequent services, and -was warned to omit none—not even “for plesaunce of -lorde or lady”—save “if he be let by sekenesse or prechyng -of the worde of God, or by visitacion of Fadyre and -modir.” The master of God’s House, Exeter, might not -be absent more than once or twice a year, his recess never -exceeding three weeks and three days. At Wells, a chaplain -of commendable life, manners and learning was -sought—one “circumspect and expert in spiritual and -temporal things, and free from all infamous vice.” The -ale-house and hunting were forbidden to the warden of -Heytesbury, as well as “inhonest playes, as of the Dees, -cartes or of the hande-ball.” He must never be absent at -night, nor for long by day, although it was lawful for -recreation to walk a mile or two at certain times. He -had, indeed, little leisure, for he conducted certain services -both in the chapel and parish church, and kept school, -besides ruling the almshouse.</p> - -<p>The model master did not exist only in the imagination -of founders, although he occurred rarely. Among good -men who are not forgotten where they fulfilled their duty, -mention must be made of John de Campeden, warden and -benefactor of St. Cross. His friend William of Wykeham -placed him in charge of that despoiled and dilapidated -institution. He ruled wisely and spent large sums upon -restoration. After a faithful stewardship of twenty-eight -years, his death occurred in 1410. His memorial brass <span class="xxpn" id="p152">p152</span> -retains its place before the altar. The brasses of several -wardens are also preserved at Greatham.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>The Staff: Brethren and Sisters.</i>—These offices became -in some cases mere honorary posts; there was no -salary attached to them, but officials were supplied with -food and clothing. The sisterships at St. Katharine’s-near-the-Tower -used to be given by the queen to her -ladies. Of the eight sisters at St. Leonard’s, York, some -were workers (see p. -<a href="#p154" title="go to page 154">154</a>), but others lived apart from the -rest in a place built for them near the hospital, and were -mere pensioners enjoying provision of food, clothing, -fuel and bedding. Unprotected women were often glad -to relinquish some little property by arrangement, and be -settled for life. “Brothers” might be priests, monks or -lay-brethren. The staff of St. John’s, Oxford, consisted -of three Augustinian chaplains—one being elected master—with -six lay-brethren and six sisters. At Lechlade two -brothers distinguished for kindness and courtesy were -selected to exercise hospitality with charity and cheerfulness, -and to watch over the sick.<a id="fnanchor_95" href="#fn_95" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 95; go to footnote">95</a> -Of thirteen brethren at -Kepier, six were chaplains, and the rest acted as steward, -keeper of the tannery, miller, etc. The brethren of St. -John’s, Ely, were forbidden to play with dice, or to be -present at such play, but were to give themselves to contemplation -and study of Scripture, one or two being -deputed to wait upon the infirm. Each lettered brother of -St. Leonard’s, York, was directed to study at his desk in -the cloister two or three times a day.</p> - -<p>The “proctor” was the financial agent of the community. -He held an important post, and had occasionally -an official seal. It was sometimes his duty to deliver a <span class="xxpn" id="p153">p153</span> -charity-sermon—“to preach and to collect alms.” When -the traffic in indulgences began, the proctor became a -“pardoner.” (See p. -<a href="#p189" title="go to page 189">189</a>.) Spurious agents abounded, for -the post was lucrative. A man was arrested as feigning -himself proctor of St. Thomas’, Canterbury; another was -convicted of receiving money, beasts, legacies and goods -ostensibly for that house.<a id="fnanchor_96" href="#fn_96" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 96; go to footnote">96</a> -The collector received gifts in -kind, and the following appeal was put forward by St. -John’s, Canterbury:—“if any one wishes to give . . . -ring, brooch, gold, silver, cows, heifer, sheep, lamb or -calf, let him send and deliver it to our proctor.” Sister -Mariana Swetman was licensed to collect alms on behalf -of that hospital (1465), an interesting instance of a woman -virtually holding the office of proctor.</p> - -<p>Ministering women have long laboured in our infirmaries -for the benefit of the sick, carrying on their -works of mercy side by side with men. “The lay -sisters shall observe what we have above ordained to be -observed by the brethren, as far as befits their sex,” -decreed Archbishop Gray for St. John’s, Nottingham -(1241). One of the men, corresponding to the monastic -<i>infirmarer</i>, was responsible for the sick ward; thus a -brother of Northallerton held the office of <i>procurator -infirmorum in lectulis</i>, whilst two sisters watched by the -sick, especially at night, and a third attended to household -affairs. At Bridgwater, women “not of gentle -birth but still fit for the purpose” assisted in nursing; -they lodged in a chamber adjoining the infirmary and -were to be always careful and ready both by night <span class="xxpn" id="p154">p154</span> -and day to help the sick and to minister to them in -all things.</p> - -<p>The work of women among the sick developed further -during the fifteenth century; they evidently took a prominent -part in the management of the larger infirmaries. -A lady, corresponding perhaps to the matron of to-day, -was in authority at York. By a will of 1416, money was -bequeathed for distribution among the helpers and inmates -of St. Leonard’s at the discretion of Alice <i>materfamilias</i>. -Long before (1276) the officers had included not only a -brother called Gamel <i>de Firmaria</i>, but a sister named -Ann <i>medica</i>;<a id="fnanchor_97" href="#fn_97" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 97; go to footnote">97</a> -and in 1385 the principal sister was known -as Matilda <i>la hus-wyf</i>.<a id="fnanchor_98" href="#fn_98" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 98; go to footnote">98</a> -In some institutions there were -already distinct ranks among nursing women. The pious -poet Gower remembers in his will (1408) the staff and -patients of four London hospitals; he leaves sums of -money not only to the master and priests of St. Thomas’, -Southwark, but “to every sister professed” and “to each -of them who is a nurse of the sick.”</p> - -<p>Woman’s sphere in hospital life was confined to work -by the bedside and domestic duties. Occasionally they -were found to undertake what was not fitting. The prior -of Christchurch, Canterbury, made a visitation of the -daughter-hospital of St. James, Thanington, after which -he issued a deed of reformation (1414). A curious clause -occurs in these statutes:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“We command that no one of the sisters . . . or any other -woman soever while divine service is being celebrated in the -chapel should stand or sit in any way round or near the -altars or should presume to serve the priests celebrating the <span class="xxpn" id="p155">p155</span> -divine offices or saying the canonical hours, since, according to -the first foundation of the said hospital its chaplains or priests -ought to have a clerk who ought to officiate in the aforesaid -matters.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>In addition to regular brethren and sisters, there were -under-officials. The staff of the larger institutions included -clerks in minor orders, who assisted in worship -and work. In almshouses where there was no resident -master, a trustworthy inmate held a semi-official post. -Thus at Donnington there were thirteen pensioners, and -“one at their head to be called God’s minister of the poor -house.” When the “tutor” at Croydon went out of doors, -he ordained “oon of his fellawes moost sadde [serious] -and wise to occupy his occupacion for him till he come -ageyne.”</p> - -<p>(c) <i>Attendants</i>, etc. Serving men and women were -employed to wait upon the infirm and upon the staff. -Lanfranc ordered that the poor of St. John’s, Canterbury, -should have careful servants and guardians, lest -they should need anything. When the poll-tax was -levied in Oxford (1380), there were twelve servants, -artisans and farm-labourers working at St. John’s. In -the immense establishment at York there were sixteen -male and female servants, besides a host of other stipendiaries—two -or three cooks, bakers, brewers, smiths and -carters, a ferrywoman, twelve boatmen, etc. Working-class -officials called the “man harbenger” and “woman -harbenger” were employed to attend to beggars passing -the night at St. John’s, Sandwich. At the Maison Dieu, -Dover, two women made the beds, served the poor and -washed their clothes. The position of the female attendant -in an almshouse is well described by the name <span class="xxpn" id="p156">p156</span> -“sister-huswiff” used at Heytesbury. The ideal woman -to hold the post is pictured in the statutes of Higham -Ferrers; of good name and fame, quiet and honest, no -brawler or chider, she should be “glad to please every -poor man to her power.” She had minute directions as -to housekeeping and other duties which would fill the -day, and in illness she must visit the patients at night. -The keeper of the five married couples at Ford’s hospital, -Coventry, was required “to see them clean kept in their -persons and houses, and for dressing their meats, washing -of them, and ministering all things necessary to them.”</p> - -<p>(d) <i>The Sick and Infirm.</i>—Having described the officials, -it will be well to form some idea of the number of the -infirm to whom they ministered. The largest establishment -of this kind was St. Leonard’s, York; and at Easter -1370, there were 224 sick and poor in the infirmary, -besides 23 children in the orphanage. About the same -time there were 100 brothers and sisters at St. John’s, -Canterbury. A large number of patients were cared for -in the London hospitals of St. Bartholomew, St. Thomas -and St. Mary. St. Giles’, Norwich, accommodated 30 -poor besides 13 aged chaplains, and 40 persons were -maintained at Greatham. The majority of permanent -homes were smaller, thirteen beds being a usual number. -Many hospitals were obliged to reduce the number of -patients as the revenues diminished. In the year 1333, -St. Bartholomew’s, Gloucester, supported 90 sick, lame, -halt and blind; but two centuries later Leland notes that -it once maintained 52, but now only 32.</p> - -<p>Of pilgrim, patient and pensioner, little can be recorded. -Temporary inmates came and went, receiving refreshment -and relief according to their needs. Some of the resident <span class="xxpn" id="p157">p157</span> -poor were chronic invalids, but others were not too infirm -to help themselves and assist others.</p> - -<p>The frequent attendance at prayers certainly gave the -almsfolk constant occupation, and they were required to -be busy at worship or work. The poor men of Croydon -were charged “to occupy themsilf in praying and in -beding, in hering honest talking, or in labours with -there bodies and hands.” Inmates at Ewelme must be -restful and peaceable, attending to prayer, reading or -work; their outdoor employment was to “kepe clene the -closter and the quadrate abowte the welle fro wedis and all -odyr unclennesse.” (Pl. XVII.) It was directed at Higham -Ferrers that in springtime each poor man should help to -dig and dress the garden, or if absent, give the dressers a -penny a day. In the same way, at Sandwich, an inmate’s -allowance was stopped if he failed to render such service -as he could. Those brothers at Ewelme who were “holer in -body, strenger and mightier” were commanded to “fauer -and soccour and diligently minister to them that be seke -and febill in all behofull tyme.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p158"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p158</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XI -<small>THE CARE OF THE SOUL</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>The brothers and sisters must pray continually, or be engaged in work, that -the devil may not find them with nothing to do.</i>”</p> -<p class="signature">(Statutes of St. Mary’s, -Chichester.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">T<span>HE</span></span> -daily life in a hospital was essentially a religious -life. From warden to pauper, all were expected to -pay strict attention to the faith and give themselves -to devotion. “The brethren and sisters serving God” -were fully occupied with prayer and work. “A representation -of a mediæval hospital shows the double hall, -the priest is administering the last rites of the Church to -one patient, the sisters are sewing up the body of another -just dead, mass is being sung at the altar, a visitor is -kneeling in prayer.”<a id="fnanchor_99" href="#fn_99" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 99; go to footnote">99</a></p> -</div> - -<h3>1. THE SERVICES</h3> - -<p>The offices consisted of mass and the canonical hours. -All who could rise attended the chapel on bended knees, -the bedridden worshipping simultaneously. Even sick -people could join in the intercessions; thus the master of -St. John Baptist’s, Bath, agreed that the name of a late -canon of Wells should be daily recited before the brethren, -sisters and poor in the infirmary (1259).</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xviii"> -<img src="images/i158.jpg" width="600" height="432" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XVIII.</i> ST. MARY’S HOSPITAL, -CHICHESTER</div></div> - -<p>(a) <i>The Staff.</i>—In regular hospitals helpers were directed -to keep the canonical hours unless reasonably hindered, -<span class="xxpn" id="p159">p159</span> -each being expected to pray according to his powers and -education. The lettered repeated the <i>Hours</i> and <i>Psalter</i> -of the Blessed Virgin, <i>Placebo</i> and <i>Dirige</i>, penitential -psalms and litany. Those who did not know the offices -said <i>Paternoster</i>, <i>Ave Maria</i>, <i>Gloria Patri</i>, and <i>Credo</i>. -The brethren rose early for mattins; after prime and tierce, -mass was celebrated; sext and none followed. They -then gave themselves to household duties, until the day -closed with vespers and compline. Attendance at the -night offices sometimes caused them to fall sick with the -cold, on which account the brethren of St. John’s, Bridgwater, -asked the bishop for relief (1526). Accordingly -they were allowed to hold their first service at 5 a.m. in -summer and 6 a.m. in winter, provided that they first rang -a bell to waken travellers, workmen and others, that they -might attend mass and ask God’s blessing before going -about their work.<a id="fnanchor_100" href="#fn_100" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 100; go to footnote">100</a></p> - -<p>(b) <i>Lepers.</i>—When a leper was solemnly set apart, he -was counselled to say devoutly every day <i>Paternoster</i>, <i>Ave -Maria</i>, <i>Credo in Deum</i>, <i>Credo in Spiritum</i>; he was to say -often <i>Benedicite</i> and protect himself with the sign of the -Cross. In most leper-houses inmates were required to -hear mass daily and keep the canonical hours. At Dover, -they were instructed not only to say their two hundred -<i>Paternosters</i> and <i>Aves</i> by day, but as many at night; one -brother roused the slumbering by ringing the dormitory -bell, and the prayers were repeated sitting erect in bed. -At St. James’, Chichester, a similar custom was confirmed -in 1408; the first hour after midnight, the brethren -(unless too feeble) had to rise together from their cubicles -and say the night office. The prayers included not only <span class="xxpn" id="p160">p160</span> -the Creed, Lord’s Prayer and Salutation, but intercessions -for the Catholic Church, king and queen and benefactors; -if omitted, they must be said next day. Bishop -Stratford of London, in compiling regulations for Ilford -(1346) writes:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“We also command, that the lepers omit not attendance at -their church . . . unless prevented by grievous bodily infirmity: -they are to preserve silence there, and hear mattins and mass -throughout, if they are able; and whilst there, to be intent -on prayer and devotion, as far as their infirmity permits -them.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -At Sherburn those unfit to leave their beds were to raise -themselves at the sound of the bell and join in worship, -or in extreme weakness, to lie still and pray.</p> - -<p>(c) <i>Almsmen.</i>—Inmates of almshouses were frequently -under a solemn vow regarding religious exercises. By -the oath upon admission to St. Bartholomew’s, Sandwich, -(Pl. XIX) each individual bound himself to</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“be obedient w<sup>t</sup> hooly deuocyon prayyng for the founder of -this place . . . and in especiall I shall be at the bedys [bedes] -in the churche, and at matynys, and atte messe, and euensong -and complyne, as the custome of maner is and usage—so help -me God, and all holy dome, and all seints of heuen.”</p></blockquote> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xix"> -<img src="images/i160.jpg" width="600" height="381" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i160-2.jpg" width="600" height="438" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XIX.</i> -ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S HOSPITAL, SANDWICH -<div>(<i>a</i>) CHAPEL.   (<i>b</i>) GATEWAY</div></div></div> - -<p>The offices were sometimes grouped into morning and -evening worship. Potyn directed that his almsmen at -Rochester should say at a certain hour morning and -evening “our ladie sawter.” As this Psalter of the -Blessed Virgin was the standard form of worship for -the unlettered, a knowledge of it was required before -admission to a hospital. At Heytesbury, the examination -was conducted after entrance:—“and if he cannot perfitely, -we wull that he be charged to cunne [learn] sey <span class="xxpn" id="p161">p161</span> -y<sup>e</sup> said Sawter, his Pater Noster, Ave and Credo, as well -as he canne.” The keeper was to teach the ignorant, -and if he were still found defective in repetition, penance -was prescribed until his knowledge were amended.</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“We wull also that euerich of y<sup>e</sup> poremen other tymes of y<sup>e</sup> -day when they may beste entende and have leyser, sey for y<sup>e</sup> -state and all y<sup>e</sup> sowlis abovesaide, iij sawters of y<sup>e</sup> most glorious -Virgyne Mary. Every sawter iii times, 50 aues, with xv paternosters -& iii credes. . . . And furthermore, that thei say -euery day onys our Lady Sawter for all Christen soulis.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -After supper when the household attended chapel, all -that could joined in <i>De Profundis</i> “with y<sup>e</sup> versicles and -orisons accustomed to be saide for dede men.” At the -close a bedeman said openly in English the bidding -prayer.</p> - -<p>The almsmen of Ewelme after private prayer by their -bedside, attended mattins and prime soon after 6 a.m., -went at 9 a.m. to mass, at 2 p.m. to bedes, at 3 p.m. -to evensong and compline. About 6 o’clock the final -bidding prayer was said around the founders’ tombs:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“God have mercy of the sowle of the noble prince Kyng -Harry the Sext and of the sowles of my lord William sum -tyme Duke of Suffolke, and my lady Alice Duchesse of Suffolke -his wyfe, oure fyrst fownders, and of theyr fadyr and modyr -sowles & all cristen sowles.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The ministry of intercession was fostered in hospital -chapels. A collect, breathing humble and trustful petitions, -was drawn up by Wynard, Recorder of Exeter, who -built God’s House in that city:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“O Lord Jesu Christ, Son of the Living God, have mercy -upon Thy servant William founder of this place, as Thou wilt -and as Thou knowest best; bestow upon him strong hope, <span class="xxpn" id="p162">p162</span> -right faith and unshadowed love, and grant to him a good end, -which is a gift above all others. <i>Amen.</i>”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The bidding prayer directed for the use of almsmen at -Lichfield included petitions for the founder and for the -royal family:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“O God, who by the grace of the Holy Spirit, the Comforter, -pourest the gifts of charity into the hearts of the faithful, grant -to Thy servant William the bishop, our founder, and grant to -Thy servants and to Thy handmaids, for whom we implore Thy -clemency, health of mind and of body; that they may love -Thee with all their strength, and with all joyfulness perform -such things as please Thee, through Christ our Lord. -<i>Amen.</i>”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The pious custom of remembering benefactors is continued -at Lambourn. The little almshouse was founded -in 1501 by John Isbury, who is buried in the adjoining -church. Every morning at 8, the senior almsman repeats -the prayer for the soul of the founder, after which the -pensioners attend mattins. The vicar recently recovered -a part of the original prayer (in brass) from off the tomb.</p> - -<h3>2. THE CHAPEL</h3> - -<p>The life of the community centred in the chapel. Of -the chaplains at St. John’s, Chester, two served in the -church and “the third in the chapel before the poor -and feeble sustained in the said hospital.” There were -three chapels in St. Leonard’s, York (Pl. XXV), including -“St. Katherine in the sick hospital” and “St. Michael in -the infirmary.” Henry III was present at the dedication -of the Maison Dieu, Dover,<a id="fnanchor_101" href="#fn_101" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 101; go to footnote">101</a> -and again long afterwards -when an altar was consecrated to St. Edmund by Richard <span class="xxpn" id="p163">p163</span> -of Chichester. Every hospital had one or more altars. -Portable super-altars were occasionally kept, these being -probably used when the infirmary did not adjoin the -chapel.</p> - -<p>In order to gain an idea of the external side of worship, -some account of the accessories of a chapel, such as -lights, decoration and ornaments, must be given. Lights -were kept burning day and night before the altar. For -this purpose oil lamps with rush wicks, and wax tapers -were required. The two Sandwich hospitals obtained -their supply of tapers thus. When the mayor and townsmen -came in procession to St. Bartholomew’s on the -patronal festival, many bore wax lights which they left in -the chapel for use during the year. St. John’s hospital, -not being equally favoured, arranged otherwise, for the -inmates agreed that if any one reviled another with -vicious language, brawling in ungodly fashion, he -should pay four lb. of wax to the light of the church. -The altar expenses at Holy Trinity, Bristol, included -payments for standards, candlesticks and lamps. The -wax-maker received 5<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i> for ten lb. of new wax for the -Sepulchre light, and 8½<i>d.</i> for a “wachyng tapir for the -Sepulcre” (1512).<a id="fnanchor_102" href="#fn_102" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 102; go to footnote">102</a></p> - -<p>The chapel was adorned with paintings and carvings. -The figure of St. Giles now preserved in Lincoln Cathedral -was brought there from the hospital of that name. -When St. Mary Magdalene’s chapel, Durham, was being -rebuilt, the sum of 15<i>s.</i> 1<i>d.</i> was paid for painting an -image of the patron-saint. Alabaster heads of the Baptist -were kept at St. John’s, Exeter, and Ewelme. The -inventory and valuation of Holy Trinity, Beverley, <span class="xxpn" id="p164">p164</span> -enable one to picture the appearance of the sanctuary. -The ornaments included an alabaster representation of -the Trinity with painted wooden tabernacle, a well-carved -and gilded image of the Blessed Virgin and Child (worth -40s.) with sundry small pictures and crucifixes.</p> - -<p>Books, plate and vestments were frequently the gift of -benefactors by will. The founder bequeathed to St. -Giles’, Norwich, “the gilt cup which was the blessed -Saint Edmund’s” (i.e. probably the Archbishop’s); he -left a Bible to the hospital and a missal to the master. -Office-books were costly, the manual and missal at -Holy Trinity, Beverley, being valued at £4 each. A -master of Sherburn bequeathed to that house a richly-illuminated -New Testament (<i>Argenteus Textus</i>), besides -cloths of gold and brocade. John of Gaunt gave to his -Leicester foundation “his red garment of velvet embroidered -with gold suns.” When festal services were -held at St. Mary’s, Newcastle (Pl. XXVII), three gold -chalices were seen upon the altar, whilst the celebrant -wore one of the beautifully-embroidered garments of the -hospitals, which included one wrought with peacocks, -another bordered with roses, and “one entire vestment -of bloody velvet, woven about with a golden -fringe.”</p> - -<p>Many valuables fell a prey to dishonest wardens. Frequent -allusions are made to defects in the books, jewels, -etc., of hospital chapels and of their being withdrawn, -put into pledge, or sold. The treasures had often dwindled -considerably before the final pillage, which partly accounts -for entries in Chantry Surveys, etc., “plate and ornaments -none.” But as late as the sixth year of Edward VI, -some traces remained of ornate services. St. John’s, <span class="xxpn" id="p165">p165</span> -Canterbury, possessed ecclesiastical robes of black velvet, -red velvet and white fustian, and a cope of Bruges -satin. Some of these were removed, but amongst articles -left for the ministration of divine service were “one cope -of blewe saten of bridgs, one cope of whytt fustyan.”</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/ib165.jpg" width="600" height="508" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -25. ANCIENT HOSPITAL ALTAR, GLASTONBURY</div> -</div> - -<p>The fittings of such chapels have seldom survived, but -original altar-stones remain in two hospitals at Ripon, as -well as at Stamford and Greatham; the ancient slab found -in the floor at Trinity Hospital, Salisbury, has this year been -restored to its place. The altar (Fig. 25) in the women’s -almshouse at Glastonbury (Fig. 23) has a recess in the -masonry under the south end of the altar-slab. At <span class="xxpn" id="p166">p166</span> -Chichester and Stamford sedilia and stalls with misericords -may be seen. Wall-paintings remain at Wimborne, and -fragments of ancient glass at St. Cross; St. Mark’s, -Bristol; St. Mary Magdalene’s, Bath; Trinity, Salisbury; -Sherborne; and Stamford.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Chapter XI</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_88" href="#fnanchor_88" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 88; go to anchor">88</a> -Close 9 Edw. II, m. 18 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_89" href="#fnanchor_89" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 89; go to anchor">89</a> -Cited Vict. Co. Hist. <i>Lancs.</i> ii. 165.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_90" href="#fnanchor_90" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 90; go to anchor">90</a> -Chron. and Mem., 85, pp. 75–6.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_91" href="#fnanchor_91" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 91; go to anchor">91</a> -Pat. 12 Edw. I, m. 16.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_92" href="#fnanchor_92" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 92; go to anchor">92</a> -Cap. 2, 3, <i>vide Conciliorum Omnium</i>, ed. 1567, III, 700.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_93" href="#fnanchor_93" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 93; go to anchor">93</a> -Assize Roll No. 361, 39 Hen. III, m. 28.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_94" href="#fnanchor_94" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 94; go to anchor">94</a> -Hist. MSS., 6th R. 550.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_95" href="#fnanchor_95" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 95; go to anchor">95</a> -Bishop Giffard’s Register, ii. 391.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_96" href="#fnanchor_96" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 96; go to anchor">96</a> -Pat. 6 Edw. II, pt. i. m. 15. Pat. 17 Edw. II, pt. i. m. -10. Compare inscription upon Watts’ Almshouse, Rochester (1579); poor -people to be sheltered “provided they be not rogues nor proctors.” -The law authorizing proctors was repealed in 1597. Cf. <i>Fraternity of -Vagabonds</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_97" href="#fnanchor_97" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 97; go to anchor">97</a> -Chron. and Mem., 71, <i>Historians of York</i>, iii. 202–3.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_98" href="#fnanchor_98" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 98; go to anchor">98</a> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i> 1850.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_99" href="#fnanchor_99" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 99; go to anchor">99</a> -Besant, <i>London, Med. Ecc.</i>, p. 256.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_100" href="#fnanchor_100" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 100; go to anchor">100</a> -W. Hunt, <i>Diocesan Hist.</i>, pp. 158–9.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_101" href="#fnanchor_101" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 101; go to anchor">101</a> -Charter Roll 16 Hen. III, m. 19.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_102" href="#fnanchor_102" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 102; go to anchor">102</a> -MS. in Municipal Charities Office.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul></div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p167"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p167</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XII -<small>THE CARE OF THE BODY</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>Let there be in the infirmary thirteen sick persons in their beds, and let -them be kindly and duly supplied with food and all else that shall tend -to their convalescence or comfort.</i>” (Statutes of Northallerton.<a id="fnanchor_103" href="#fn_103" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 103; go to footnote">103</a>)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">I<span>N</span></span> -considering the provision for material comfort in -hospitals, one must distinguish between residents and -sojourners. Board and clothing had to be found for -the leper or the almsman, and the sick needed food and -shelter for a time. Travellers either called for doles in -passing, or required supper, bed and breakfast. Upon -every pilgrim, sick or well, spending the night at St. -Thomas’, Canterbury, four-pence was expended from the -goods of the hospital. Bodily necessaries of life may be -classified under the headings food, fuel, baths, bedding -and clothes.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<h3>1. FOOD</h3> - -<p>(a) <i>Food for resident pensioners.</i>—There was of course -a wide difference between the lot of the ill-fed lazar who -lodged in some poor spital dependent upon the chance -alms of passers-by, and that of the occupant of a well-endowed -institution. At the princely Sherburn hospital, -each person received daily a loaf (weighing five marks) -and a gallon of beer; he had meat three times a week, -and on other days eggs, herrings and cheese, besides <span class="xxpn" id="p168">p168</span> -butter, vegetables and salt. The statutes laid stress -upon the necessity of fresh food, and it was forbidden to -eat the flesh of an animal which had died of disease. -This was wise, for the constant consumption in the Middle -Ages of rotten meat, decayed fish and bread made from -blighted corn predisposed people to sickness and aggravated -existing disease. Forfeited victuals were granted to -the sick in hospitals at Oxford, Cambridge, Sandwich, -Maldon, etc. The Forest law directed that if any beast -were found dead or wounded, the flesh was to be sent to -the leper-house if there were one near, or else be distributed -to the sick and poor; Dr. Cox in his <i>Royal Forests</i> -cites instances of the lepers of Thrapston and Cotes -benefiting by this statute.</p> - -<p>Salt meat was largely consumed, but it was insufficiently -cured on account of the scarcity of salt. Bacon was a -most important article of food; one of the endowments of -St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester, consisted of four -flitches annually. About Christmas-tide, according to -the “Customal of Sandwich,” each person at St. -Bartholomew’s received a hog with the inwards and all -its parts. The lepers at St. Albans had a similar custom, -but they made their own selection for the salting-tub at -Martinmas:—“we desire that the pigs may be brought -forward in their presence . . . and there each, according -to the priority of entering the hospital, shall choose one -pig.”</p> - -<p>In some households, a meat-allowance was given to -each person, perhaps two-pence a week, or a farthing a -day. There were vegetarians among the residents at -Southampton, for the account-rolls mention Sister Elena -who for a time “ate nothing that had suffered death”, <span class="xxpn" id="p169">p169</span> -and Sister Joan, “who does not eat flesh throughout -the year.” In those days of murrain they were -prudent, for it is recorded that an ox was killed for -consumption in the house “because it was nearly -dead.”</p> - -<p>In the later almshouses the inmates received wages and -provided their own victuals, which were cooked by the -attendant. It was directed at Higham Ferrers:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“That every poor man shall buy his meat upon the Saturday -. . . and deliver it to the woman, and she shall ask them -which they will have against Sunday, and the rest she shall -powder up against Wednesday; she shall upon Sunday set -on the pot and make them good pottage, and shall give -every man his own piece of meat and a mess of pottage in -his dish, and the rest of the pottage shall be saved until -Monday.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The remainder was served up on Wednesday by the -careful housewife, who was directed to buy barm on -Fridays for the bread-making.</p> - -<p>Baking was done once a fortnight at St. Bartholomew’s, -Sandwich, the allowance to each person being seven penny -loaves. The exact provision of brown and white bread -is sometimes given in regulations. Oats “called La -Porage” was provided for the poor in the Leicester almshouse, -where there was a porridge-pot holding sixty-one -gallons. Ancient cooking utensils are preserved at -St. Cross, Winchester, at St. John’s, Canterbury, and -at Harbledown.</p> - -<p>In most hospitals there was a marked difference between -daily diet and festival fare. Festal days, twenty-five in -number, were marked at Sherburn by special dinners. -St. Cuthbert was naturally commemorated; his festival <span class="xxpn" id="p170">p170</span> -in March and the day of his “Translation” in September -were two-course feasts; but the first falling in Lent, Bishop -Pudsey provided for the delicacy of fresh salmon, if procurable. -Both at Sherburn, and at St. Nicholas’, Pontefract, -there was a goose-feast at Michaelmas, one goose -to four persons. The “Gaudy Days” at St. Cross were -also marked by special fare.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>Food for casuals.</i>—Out-door relief was provided in -many hospitals. St. Mark’s, Bristol, was an almonry -where refreshment was provided for the poor. Forty-five -lb. of bread made of wheat, barley and beans, was given -away among the hundred applicants; the resident brethren -“each carrying a knife to cut bread for the sick and impotent” -ministered to them for two or three hours daily. A -generous distribution of loaves and fishes took place at -St. Leonard’s, York, besides the provision of extra dinners -on Sundays.</p> - -<p>Special gifts were also provided occasionally, on -founders’ days or festivals. At St. Giles’, Norwich, on -Lady Day, one hundred and eighty persons had bread -and cheese and three eggs each. Maundy Thursday was -a day for almsgiving, when all lepers who applied at the -Lynn hospital were given a farthing and a herring. -“Obits” were constantly celebrated in this way. The -eve of St. Peter and St. Paul, being the anniversary of -Henry I’s death, was a gala-day for lepers within reach -of York; bread and ale, mullet with butter, salmon when -it could be had, and cheese, were provided by the Empress -Matilda’s bounty, in memory of her father. The ancient -glass reproduced on Pl. XX depicts hungry beggars to -whom food is being dealt out.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xx"> -<img src="images/i170.jpg" width="600" height="600" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XX.</i> THE BEGGARS’ -DOLE</div></div> - -<p>The Maison Dieu, Dover, kept the memorial days of -<span class="xxpn" id="p171">p171</span> -Henry III and of Hubert de Burgh and his daughter. -The fare and expenses on such occasions are recorded, -<i>viz.</i>:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<table summary="fare and expenses"> -<tr> - <td><p>“Also in the daye of Seynt Pancre yerely for the soule - of Hughe de Burgo one quarter of whete</p></td> - <td class="pright"> - <span class="nowrap">      vj. viij<i>d.</i></span> -</td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p>Also the same daye if it be flesshe day one oxe and if it - be fisshe day ij barells of white heryng</p></td> - <td class="pright">xx<i>s.</i>”<a id="fnanchor_104" - href="#fn_104" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 104; - go to footnote">104</a></td></tr> -</table> -</blockquote> - -<p>Probably the annual distribution of three hundred buns -at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Sandwich, is handed down -from some ancient custom on the patronal festival, but -almost all these charities came to an end at the Dissolution. -The Commissioners who visited St. Cross, -however, (1535) allowed the continuation of daily dinners -to the hundred poor, on condition that distribution -was made</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“to them who study and labour with all their strength at -handywork to obtain food; and in no case shall such alms be -afforded to strong, robust and indolent mendicants, like so -many that wander about such places, who ought rather to be -driven away with staves, as drones and useless burdens upon -the earth.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The “Wayfarer’s Dole” still given at St. Cross is the -only survival of the former indiscriminate entertainment -of passers-by.</p> - -<h3>2. FIRING AND LIGHTS</h3> - -<p>The wood necessary for firing was collected from the -vicinity by permission of the manorial lord. In Henry -III’s charter to St. John’s, Oxford (1234), he granted -wood from Shotover “to cook the portions of the poor -and to warm the poor themselves.” He also permitted -the gathering of faggots for St. John’s, Marlborough, one <span class="xxpn" id="p172">p172</span> -man going daily for dry and dead wood “to collect as -much as he can with his hands only without any iron tool -or axe, and to carry the same to the hospital on his back -for their hearth.” Early rolls record constant grants of -firewood. St. Leonard’s, York, was supplied with turves -from Helsington Moor.</p> - -<p>The supply of fuel was regulated by the calendar. A -benefactor (<i>circa</i> 1180) granted to the lepers of St. Sepulchre’s -near Gloucester, a load of firewood “such as a -horse can carry” daily from November 1 to May 3, and -thrice a week for the rest of the year. From Michaelmas -to All Saints, the lepers of Sherburn—unconscious of -the coalfield all around them—had for their eight fires -two baskets of peat daily, after which until Easter four -baskets were supplied; on festivals extra fuel was given, -and at Christmas great logs were specially provided. -Finally it was directed that:—“if any leprous brother or -sister shall be ill so that his life is despaired of, he shall -have fire and light and all things needful until he amend -or pass away.”</p> - -<h3>3. BEDDING</h3> - -<p>In early days, the sick and poor were laid on pallets of -straw, but wooden bedsteads were probably introduced -late in the twelfth century. A dying benefactor left to the -brethren of St. Wulstan’s, Worcester, the bed on which -he lay and its covering of <i>bys</i>, or deer-skin (1291).<a id="fnanchor_105" href="#fn_105" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 105; go to footnote">105</a> -A -Durham founder bequeathed money to “amend the beds -what tyme they shall happyne to be olde or defective” -(1491). A strange civic duty was performed at Sandwich. -It was customary for the mayor and townsmen, as <span class="xxpn" id="p173">p173</span> -“visitors” of St. John’s House, to examine the condition -and number of the feather-beds, and bedding, and to -ascertain if all was kept very clean. Where travellers -came and went, it was no light task to supply fresh linen. -At St. Thomas’, Canterbury, an annual payment of -xlvj<i>s.</i> viij<i>d.</i> was made “to Rauf Cokker keper of the seid -hospitall and his wif for kepyng wasshyng of the bedds -for poure peple” (1535). The same year, the inquiry -made into the condition of the Savoy hospital included -these items:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Whether the hundred beddes appoynted by the founder be -well and clenely kept and repayred, and all necessaries to theym -belongyng.</p> - -<p>“Whether any poore man do lie in any shetes unwasshed -that any other lay in bifore.”</p></blockquote> - -<h3>4. TOILET</h3> - -<p>Bathing and laundry arrangements are occasionally -mentioned. The regulations for the Sherburn lepers -direct a strict attention to cleanliness. Two bath-tubs -(<i>cunæ ad balneandum</i>) were supplied; heads were -washed weekly; and two laundresses washed the personal -clothing twice a week. In the fifteenth-century statutes -of Higham Ferrers matters of health and toilet are detailed. -None might be received “but such as were clean men of -their bodies”; and if taken ill, a bedeman was removed -until his recovery. Every morning the woman must -“make the poor men a fire against they rise and a pan of -fair water and a dish by it to wash their hands.” The -barber came weekly “to shave them and to dress their -heads and to make them clean.” When the Savoy -was officially visited in 1535, the authorities were asked <span class="xxpn" id="p174">p174</span> -“whether the bathes limitted by the founder be well -obserued and applyed.”</p> - -<p>As to hair-dressing, “tonsure by the ears” was commonly -used by the staff. After profession at Chichester -it was directed:—“then let the males be cropped below -the ear; or the hair of the women be cut off back to the -middle of the neck.” Among the instructions in the -register of St. Bartholomew’s near Dover is one about the -round tonsure, and there is a marginal note as to the mode -of shaving the head. The visitation of St. Nicholas’, -York (<i>temp.</i> Edward I), showed that formerly brethren -and sisters were tonsured, but that Simon, recently -master, had allowed them to change both habit and -tonsure.<a id="fnanchor_106" href="#fn_106" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 106; go to footnote">106</a></p> - -<h3>5. CLOTHING</h3> - -<p>(a) <i>The habit of the staff.</i>—The dress worn by the master -and his fellow-workers was usually monastic or clerical, but -it varied considerably, for the priests might be regulars or -seculars, the brethren and sisters religious or lay persons. -Occasionally the warden was not in orders; it was directed -at St. Leonard’s, York, that “when the master is a layman, -he shall wear the habit of the house.” In an ecclesiastical -type of foundation, the dress was commonly after the -Augustinian fashion, consisting of black or brown robe, -cloak and hood, with a cross on the outer garment; white -and grey were occasionally worn by officials of both sexes. -The Benedictine brethren of St. Mark’s, Bristol, were -clothed in a black habit with a quaint device, namely, “a -white cross and a red shield with three white geese in the <span class="xxpn" id="p175">p175</span> -same.” Secular clerks had more latitude in costume; the -sombre mantles were enlivened by a coloured badge, a -pastoral staff at Armiston, a cross at St. John’s, Bedford, -etc.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>The almsman’s gown.</i>—The early type of pensioner’s -habit is perpetuated at St. Cross. Ellis Davy, having -sober tastes, provided for his poor men at Croydon that -“the over-clothing be darke and browne of colour, and -not staring neither blasing, and of easy price cloth, -according to ther degree.” This stipulation was probably -copied from the statutes of Whittington’s almshouse, which -as a mercer he would know. The usual tendency of the -fifteenth century was to a cheerful garb. The bedeman of -Ewelme had “a tabarde of his owne with a rede crosse -on the breste, and a hode accordynge to the same.” The -pensioners at Alkmonton received a suit every third year, -alternately white and russet; the gown was marked with a -tau cross in red. At Heytesbury the men’s outfit included -“2 paire of hosyn, 2 paire of shone with lether and hempe -to clowte theme, and 2 shertys”; the woman had the same -allowance, with five shillings to buy herself a kirtle. The -two servitors at St. Nicholas’, Pontefract, wore a uniform -“called white livery.”</p> - -<p>(c) <i>The leper’s dress.</i>—The theory of the leper’s clothing -is described in the statutes of St. Julian’s; they ought “as -well in their conduct as in their garb, to bear themselves -as more despised and as more humble than the rest of their -fellow-men, according to the words of the Lord in -Leviticus: ‘Whosoever is stained with the leprosy shall -rend his garments.’” They were forbidden to go out -without the distinctive habit, which covered them almost -entirely. The outfit named in the <i>Manual</i> consisted of <span class="xxpn" id="p176">p176</span> -cloak, hood, coat and shoes of fur, plain shoes and -girdle.</p> - -<p>The hospital inmate in his coarse warm clothing was -readily distinguished from the ragged mendicant. The -brothers and sisters at Harbledown were supplied with a -uniform dress of russet, that is to say, a closed tunic or -super-tunic; the brethren wore scapulars (the short working -dress of a monk), and the sisters, mantles. At St. Julian’s -hospital, the cut of the costume was planned; thus the -sleeves were to be closed as far as the hand, but not laced -with knots or thread after the secular fashion; the upper -tunic was to be worn closed down to the ankles; the close -black cape and hood must be of equal length. The amount -of material is recorded in the case of Sherburn, <i>viz.</i> three -ells of woollen cloth and six ells of linen. At Reading the -leper’s allowance was still more liberal, for the hood or -cape contained three ells, the tunic three, the cloak -two and a quarter; they also received from the abbey -ten yards of linen, besides old leathern girdles and -shoes.</p> - -<p>Lepers were forbidden to walk unshod. At Sherburn, -each person was allowed fourpence annually for shoes, -grease being regularly supplied for them. Inmates of -both sexes at Harbledown wore ox-hide boots, fastened -with leather and extending beyond the middle of the -shin. High boots were also worn by the brethren at -St. Julian’s “to suit their infirmity”; if one was found -wearing low-cut shoes—“tied with only one knot”—he -had to walk barefoot for a season.</p> - -<p>For headgear at Harbledown, the men used hoods, and -the women covered their heads with thick double veils, -white within, and black without. Hats were sometimes -<span class="xxpn" id="p177">p177</span> -worn, both in England (Fig. 9) and in France. (Fig. 26.) -In the Scottish ballad (<i>circa</i> 1500), Cresseid is taken to -the lazar-house dressed in a mantle with a beaver hat. -This was probably a secular fashion.</p> - -<div class="imctr09" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/ib177.jpg" width="192" height="330" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -26. A LEPER<div class="fsize6"> -(With clapper and dish)</div></div></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Chapter XII</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> -<p><a id="fn_103" href="#fnanchor_103" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 103; go to anchor">103</a> -Surtees, Vol. 56. Gray’s Register, p. 181.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_104" href="#fnanchor_104" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 104; go to anchor">104</a> -<i>Val. Ecc.</i>, i. 56.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_105" href="#fnanchor_105" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 105; go to anchor">105</a> -Giffard’s Register, p. 388.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_106" href="#fnanchor_106" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 106; go to anchor">106</a> -P.R.O. Chanc. Misc. 20, No. 13.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p178"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p178</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XIII -<small>HOSPITAL FUNDS</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>To the which hospitals the founders have given largely of their moveable goods -for the building of the same, and a great part of their lands and -tenements therewith to sustain impotent men and women.</i>”</p> -<p class="signature">(Parliament of Leicester.)</p></blockquote> -</div><!--chapter--> -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">E<span>NDOWMENTS</span></span> -were to a certain extent supplied -by the patron, but were supplemented by public -charity. The emoluments included gifts of money, -food and fuel, grants of property, admission fees, the -profits of fairs, and collections. Receipts in kind are -seldom recorded, and the changing scale of values -would involve points beyond the scope of this volume. -Particulars may be found in the extant manuscripts of -certain hospitals and abbeys, in <i>Valor Ecclesiasticus</i>, etc. -Extracts from the account-books of St. Leonard’s, York, -have been published in a lecture by Canon Raine. The -finance of such an institution, with scattered and extensive -property, necessitated a department which required a -special clerk to superintend it, and the exchequer had its -particular seal. Reports of the Historical MSS. Commission -give details of the working expenses of hospitals -at Southampton and Winchester.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xxi"> -<img src="images/i179.jpg" width="600" height="368" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i179-2.jpg" width="600" height="428" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XXI.</i> ST. MARY MAGDALENE’S, WINCHESTER -<div>(<i>a</i>) MASTER’S HOUSE AND CHAPEL. -(<i>b</i>) CHAPEL</div></div></div> - -<div class="section"> -<h3>1. ENDOWMENTS</h3> - -<p>(a) <i>Endowments in money.</i>—The earliest subscriptions -are recorded in the Pipe Rolls, consisting of royal alms -<span class="xxpn" id="p179">p179</span> -(<i>Eleemosynæ Constitutæ</i>) paid by the Sheriff of the county -from the profits of Crown lands. Three entries in the -year 1158 will serve as specimens:—</p></div> - -<blockquote> -<ul class="lilinear"><li><i>Infirmis de Dudstan. xxs.</i></li> -<li><i>Infirmis super Montem. lxs.</i></li> -<li><i>Infirmis de Lundon. lxs.</i></li> -</ul></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -At first sight this seems not to concern hospitals; but a -closer examination proves that sums are being paid to -sick communities—in fact to lazar-houses. For the lepers -of Gloucester dwelt in the suburb of Dudstan, and the -infected inmates of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester, -were known locally as “the infirm people upon the hill”—now -Maun Hill. The grant was paid out of the farm -of the city until, in 1442, the citizens were unable to contribute -that and other sums on account of pestilence and -depopulation. The infirm of London were the lepers -of St. Giles’; and the sixty shillings, originally granted -by Henry I and Maud, was still paid in Henry VII’s -reign, for a writ of 1486 refers “to the hospitallers of -St. Giles for their annuity of lx<i>s.</i>” Between the years -1158 and 1178 subscriptions were paid to <i>infirmi</i> at the -following places:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<ul> -<li>Regular payments— -<ul class="lilinear"> -<li>“Dudstan,”</li> -<li>Hecham,</li> -<li>Hereford,</li> -<li>Lincoln,</li> -<li>London,</li> -<li>Maldon,</li> -<li>Newport,</li> -<li>Richmond,</li> -<li>Rochester,</li> -<li>St. Albans,</li> -<li>St. Edmunds,</li> -<li>Shrewsbury,</li> -<li>“Super Montem.”</li></ul></li> -<li>Occasional payments— -<ul class="lilinear"> -<li>Barnstaple,</li> -<li>Barnwell or Stourbridge,</li> -<li>Bradley,</li> -<li>Burton Lazars,</li> -<li>Chichester,</li> -<li>Clattercot,</li> -<li>Derby,</li> -<li>Canterbury and Harbledown,</li> -<li>Ely,</li> -<li>Ilford,</li> -<li>Leicester,</li> -<li>Liteport,</li> -<li>Newark,</li> -<li>Northampton,</li> -<li>Oxford,</li> -<li>Saltwood, and</li> -<li>Windsor.</li></ul> -</li></ul> -</blockquote> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="figleft imwth07" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/ib180.jpg" width="288" height="496" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -27. DOCUMENT AND SEAL OF THE -LEPERS OF LINCOLN</div> -</div> - -<p class="continue clearnone"> -Of the latter, some were grants on account of a vacant -bishopric. In addition to the above, sums were given to <span class="xxpn" id="p180">p180</span> -<i>leprosi</i> of Southampton and Peterborough, and to hospitals -of Gravesend, of Norwich, and “of the Queen.” -These contributions vary from 12<i>d.</i> paid to Hereford up -to £6 given to Hecham (Higham -Ferrers). In some cases -corn and clothing were also -contributed. There is a contemporary -representation of -one of these “infirm” persons -on the seal of the lepers of -Lincoln, dating from the days -of Henry II and St. Hugh. -The document to which it is -attached contains a covenant -between Bullington Priory -and the hospital of the Holy -Innocents, Lincoln, concerning -a rent of three shillings -from the hospital.</p></div> - -<p class="clearnone">Revenues also consisted -largely in annual rents arising -from land and house property, -some being appropriated to -specific works. An early grant to St. Bartholomew’s, -Gloucester (<i>circa</i> 1210), was to be expended upon the -maintenance of a lamp in the chapel, and shoes for inmates, -whilst the sum of 5<i>d.</i> was to go towards the -provision of five beds.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>Endowments in kind.</i>—The kings were generous in -grants from royal forests. Henry III granted one old -oak from Windsor to the sick of St. Bartholomew’s, -London (1224). He afterwards gave to St. Leonard’s, <span class="xxpn" id="p181">p181</span> -York, “licence to take what they need in the forest of -Yorkshire for building and burning, and also of herbage -and pasture for flocks and anything needful for their ease, -as they had in the time of Henry II.” Food was also -supplied by patrons, especially in what might be termed -manorial hospitals, consisting generally of a grant of -tithes on produce. Another form of endowment was to -impropriate livings. St. Giles’, Norwich, owned six -manors and the advowson of eleven churches. When -funds were low at Harbledown, the archbishop impropriated -Reculver church, thus augmenting the income -by parochial tithes. This disgusted the parishioners -who sought redress, thinking it “ill to be subject to -lepers.”</p> - -<h3>2. BEQUESTS</h3> - -<p>The money chest, larder and wardrobe were replenished -largely by legacies. Amongst the earliest recorded -are those of Henry II and his son, William Longespée. -Henry left a large sum to religious houses in -England and Normandy, and particularly to lepers. -Longespée bequeathed cows to lepers in the hospitals of -Salisbury, Maiden Bradley and Wilton, as well as to St. -John’s, Wilton, and St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield (1225). -Men in humbler circumstances were likewise generous. -A certain William de Paveli left 12<i>d.</i> each to eight hospitals -in Northampton, Brackley, Towcester, Newport -Pagnell, Hocclive and Stra[t]ford (<i>circa</i> 1240).<a id="fnanchor_107" href="#fn_107" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 107; go to footnote">107</a> -Wills -abound in references of a similar character. Early legacies -were made to the hospital as a body, but when the -renunciation of individual property by the staff ceased, -money was given to individuals; a benefactor of St. <span class="xxpn" id="p182">p182</span> -Giles’, Norwich, left 20 marks to the master and brethren, -40<i>d.</i> each to other officials, and 2<i>s.</i> to each bed (1357).<a id="fnanchor_108" href="#fn_108" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 108; go to footnote">108</a> -Gifts were frequently made to patients; Stephen Forster -desired that 100<i>s.</i> should be given away in five city -hospitals, besides five marks in pence to inmates of St. -Bartholomew’s, Bristol (1458). An endowment of penny -doles was provided by Lady Maud Courtenay in Exeter, -namely thirteen pence annually for twenty years “to xiii -pore men of Symon Grendon is hous” (1464). Testamentary -gifts were also made in the form of clothes, bedding, -utensils, etc. The founder of St. Giles’, Norwich, left to -it “the cup out of which the poor children drank,” probably -some vessel of his own hitherto lent for the scholars -daily meal.</p> - -<h3>3. PROFITS BY TRADING</h3> - -<p>The fair was a great institution in mediæval England, -and the funds of privileged charities were assisted in this -way. At Maiden Bradley the leprous women and their -prior held a weekly market and an annual fair. The Chesterfield -fair was exchanged for a yearly payment of six -pounds of silver from the royal Exchequer, which indicates -the value set upon it. The most notable hospital-fairs -were that of the leper-house near Cambridge (originally -held in the close and still held on Stourbridge Common), -and those connected with St. Bartholomew’s and St. -James’ near London. The story of the former has been -told by H. Morley; and the “May-Fair” of St. James’ -leper-house was also famous. These galas were usually -at the patronal festival and lasted two or three days, but -occasionally these profitable festivities were carried on for -a fortnight. Fairs were held at the following hospitals:— <span class="xxpn" id="p183">p183</span></p> - -<blockquote> -<ul class="lilinear"> -<li>Aynho,</li> -<li>Bath (Holloway),</li> -<li>Bury (St. Nicholas,</li> -<li>St. Saviour),</li> -<li>Baldock,</li> -<li>Colchester (St. Mary Magdalene),</li> -<li>Devizes (St.</li> -<li>James & St. Denys),</li> -<li>Dover (Buckland),</li> -<li>Harting,</li> -<li>Ipswich,</li> -<li>Lingerscroft,</li> -<li>Newbury,</li> -<li>Newport,</li> -<li>Newton Garth,</li> -<li>Racheness,</li> -<li>Royston (St. Nicholas),</li> -<li>Swinestre near Sittingbourne,</li> -<li>Thetford (St. John),</li> -<li>Wycomb (2),</li> -<li>etc.</li></ul> -</blockquote> - -<p>This curious and interesting custom survives in connection -with St. Bartholomew’s, Newbury. The fair, -originally granted by charter of King John (1215),<a id="fnanchor_109" href="#fn_109" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 109; go to footnote">109</a> -still -takes place annually on the day and morrow of St. -Bartholomew (<i>Old Style</i>), upon lands belonging to the -hospital. A “Court of Pie Powder” is held on the -morrow of St. Bartholomew’s day; the proctor of this -ancient charity with the steward and bailiff attend, and -proclamation is made opening the Court. Tolls derived -from stallages are collected, together with an impost of -2<i>d.</i> on every publican in Newbury (the latter due being -resisted in a few cases). The following day the Court -meets again, when the proceeds are divided amongst the -almsmen.<a id="fnanchor_110" href="#fn_110" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 110; go to footnote">110</a></p> - -<h3>4. ADMISSION FEES</h3> - -<p>A considerable pecuniary benefit accrued to hospitals -by the custom of receiving contributions from newly-admitted -members of the household. In some cases a -benefaction was made when persons were received into -a community; thus Archbishop Wichwane as patron -granted permission for a certain Gilbert and his wife to -bestow their goods upon Bawtry hospital and dwell there -(1281).<a id="fnanchor_111" href="#fn_111" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 111; go to footnote">111</a> -<span class="xxpn" id="p184">p184</span></p> - -<h3>5. INVOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS</h3> - -<p>Rates were levied for hospital maintenance on an -organized system in some foreign countries. Sometimes -a compulsory Hospital Sunday Fund was instituted, -one penny being demanded from the richer, one halfpenny -from the middle-class, and a loaf from lesser -folk. In England, however, the only obligatory support -was an occasional toll on produce, perhaps first ordered -by the feudal lord, but afterwards granted by custom. -The Bishop of Exeter (1163) confirmed to lepers their -ancient right to collect food twice a week in the market, -and alms on two other days,—a custom resented by the -citizens. (See p. -<a href="#p054" title="go to page 54">54</a>.) -King John conferred upon Shrewsbury -lazars the privilege of taking handfuls of corn and flour -from sacks exposed in the market (1204). By charter of -the Earls, the Chester lepers were entitled to extensive tolls—upon -salt, fish, grain, malt, fruit and vegetables, to -a cheese or salmon from every load, and even one horse -from the horse-fair. The lepers of St. Mary Magdalene’s, -Southampton, received “from time immemorial” a penny -upon every tun of wine imported.</p> - -<p>The mayor and commonalty of Carlisle granted every -Sunday to the lepers a pottle of ale from each brew-house -of the city, and a farthing loaf from every baker who -displayed his bread for sale on Saturday. Their hospital -was also endowed “time out of mind” with a corn-tax -known as the “thraves of St. Nicholas” from every -carucate of land in Cumberland. (The <i>thrave</i> is variously -computed at twelve, twenty or twenty-four sheaves.) -This county had a heavy poor-rate, for the great York -hospital collected likewise from every plough working in <span class="xxpn" id="p185">p185</span> -the northern Archiepiscopate (Cumberland, Westmorland, -Lancashire and Yorkshire). These “thraves of St. Leonard,” -or “Petercorn,” belonged to the hospital by virtue -of Athelstan’s gift, which had been originally granted to -him by his northern subjects in recognition of his -destruction of wolves. The lands of the Durham -Bishopric contributed “thraves of St. Giles” to Kepier -hospital. The collection of such tolls was a constant -difficulty, for it was resented by landowners, who had also -the ordinary tithes to pay.</p> - -<h3>(6) VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS</h3> - -<p>(a) <i>Donations.</i>—At first, freewill-offerings were mainly -in kind. The earliest collector whose name occurs is -Alfune, Rahere’s friend. While the founder was occupied -at St. Bartholomew’s, Alfune was wont “to cumpasse -and go abowte the nye placys of the chirche besily to seke -and prouyde necessaries to the nede of the poer men, -that lay in the hospitall.” It fell on a day that as Alfune -visited the meat-market, he came to a butcher whose -persistent refusal of help grieved him. After working -what was regarded as a miracle, Alfune won him over, -and departed with flesh in his vessel: henceforth butchers -were more prompt to give their alms. Almsmen used -sometimes to collect in person. It was customary for -some of the brothers of St. John’s House to “attend the -churches in Sandwich every Sunday, with a pewter dish, -soliciting money to buy meat for dinner on that day.” -Another brother was deputed to travel on an ass through -Kent asking alms—“and he collects sometimes ten -shillings a year, sometimes a mark, above his expenses.”</p> - -<p>All save richly-endowed houses were dependent upon <span class="xxpn" id="p186">p186</span> -casual charity. In St. Mary’s, Yarmouth, it is recorded -“live a multitude of poor brethren and sisters, for whose -sustenance a daily quest has to be made.” One of the -London statutes, enrolled in <i>Liber Albus</i>, directs that -lepers shall have a common attorney to go every Sunday -into the parish-churches to gather alms for their sustenance. -Lest charitable offerings should diminish when -lepers were removed from sight, a clause was added to the -proclamation of 1348:—“it is the king’s intention that all -who wish to give alms to lepers shall do so freely, and the -sheriff shall incite the men of his bailiwick to give alms to -those so expelled from the communion of men.” It would -appear from a London will of 1369, that special chests -were afterwards provided; for bequests are then made to -the alms-boxes (<i>pixidibus</i>) for lepers around London. -Alms-boxes were carried about by collectors, and also -hung at the gate or within the hospital. The proctor of -the staff went on his mission with a portable money-box; -upon one occasion, a false proctor was convicted of pretending -to collect for St. Mary of Bethlehem, for which -fraud he was pilloried, the iron-bound box with which -he had paraded the streets being tied round his neck. -Boxes of this kind, sometimes having a chain attached, -remain in almshouses at Canterbury, Leicester and Stamford. -It was directed by the statutes of Higham Ferrers -that a common box with a hole in the top should be set in -the midst of the dormitory so that well-disposed people -might put in their charity; at certain times also two of the -poor men were to “go abroad to gather up the devotions -of the brotherhood,” the contents being afterwards -divided.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>Small Subscriptions.</i>—Some fraternities formed <span class="xxpn" id="p187">p187</span> -associations for the maintenance of charities. That of St. -John Baptist, Winchester, helped to support St. John’s -hospital with the shillings contributed by its 107 members. -The modern hospital of St. Leonard, Bedford, is -kept up on this principle.</p> - -<p>(c) <i>Appeals authorized by the King.</i>—The work of the -proctor was not confined to the neighbourhood. Having -first possessed himself of letters-testimonial, he journeyed -in England, or even in Wales and Ireland. A “protection” -or warrant was necessary, for unauthorized collectors -were liable to arrest; it was in the form of a royal -letter addressed to the archbishops, bishops, abbots, -priors, bailiffs, lieges, etc. Henry III pleads with his -subjects the cause of St. Giles’, Shrewsbury:—“that -when the brethren come to you to beg alms, you will -favourably admit them, and mercifully impart to them -your alms of the goods conferred by God upon you.” -Many letters-patent license the proctors, messengers or -attorneys to collect in churches, or, as at St. Anthony’s, -Lenton (1332), in towns, fairs and markets. Sometimes the -collector went forth supported by Church and State; as -when the king issued mandates (1317, 1331) to welcome -the proctor of the Romsey lepers “authorized by John, -Bishop of Winchester and other prelates.”</p> - -<p>(d) <i>Appeals authorized by the Church, as Briefs, Indulgences, -etc.</i>—Bishops likewise issued briefs, or letters of -recommendation, on behalf of institutions in their own -dioceses or beyond. The infirm of Holy Innocents’, -Lincoln, received from their diocesan a mandate (1294), -ordering the parochial clergy to allow their agent to -solicit alms after mass on three Sundays or festivals each -year; later, the stipulation was added, that the Cathedral <span class="xxpn" id="p188">p188</span> -fabric fund should not suffer thereby. A typical document -is found in the Winchester Register in favour of -St. Leonard’s, Bedford (1321). The mandate was addressed -to the archdeacons, deans, rectors, vicars and chaplains, -commanding them to receive accredited messengers of -that needy hospital, to cause their business to be expounded -by the priest during mass, after which the -collection should be delivered without deduction. The -brief was in force for two years and the clergy were -bidden to help effectually by word and example at least -once a year.</p> - -<p>Episcopal Registers include many such documents, -some being granted on special occasions, to make good -losses by murrain, to enlarge premises, or to rebuild after -fire, flood or invasion. Some briefs were not unlike -modern appeals, with their lists of presidents and patrons; -for that on behalf of Romney hospital (1380) was signed -by both archbishops and eleven bishops. It was a recognized -source of raising funds. John de Plumptre in -making arrangements for his almshouse at Nottingham -(1414), provided that the widows, for the bettering of their -sustenance, should “have and hold an episcopal bull and -indulgence . . . procured from the archbishops and -bishops of England, Wales and Ireland.”<a id="fnanchor_112" href="#fn_112" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 112; go to footnote">112</a></p> - -<p>It is curious to watch the increase of the privileges -offered. The earlier bishops remitted penance for seven -or thirteen days, those of a later period, for forty days. -Roman indulgences knew no such limits. The form of -a papal brief (1392) was as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Relaxation of seven years and seven <i>quadragene</i> to penitents -who on the principal feasts of the year and those of <span class="xxpn" id="p189">p189</span> -St. James in the month of July and the dedication, the usual -octaves and six days; and of a hundred days to those who -during the said octaves and days visit and give alms for the -sustentation and recreation of the chapel of St. James’ poor -hospital without the walls, London.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -William, Lord Berkeley directed the executors of his will -(1492):—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“to purchase a pardon from the court of Rome, as large as -may be had, for this Chapple [Longbridge], from evensonge -to evensonge, in the feast of Trinity for ever, for pleyne remission -to them that will be confessed and contrite.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Offerings stimulated by such pardons were in money or -in kind. A deed belonging to the Bridport Corporation -sets forth that the writer has seen letters from famous -ecclesiastics—including St. Thomas and St. Edmund of -Canterbury—in favour of Allington leper-house, one -being an indulgence of Alexander IV:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“Item, to alle thos that gevyn broche, rynge, boke, belle, -candell, vestimente, bordclothe, towelle, pygge, lambe, wolle, -peny, or penyworthe, be whiche the sayde hows and hospitale -is amended and mentaynde, the sayd Pope grauntethe the -remission of the vijth parte of penance injunct[ed].”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Thus the questionable trade of the pardoner<a id="fnanchor_113" href="#fn_113" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 113; go to footnote">113</a> -was often -carried on by the hospital proctor; moreover, spurious -bulls were circulated. The abuses to which the practice -gave rise were recognized by Bishop Grandisson, who -announced that questors collecting alms in the diocese of -Exeter were forbidden to preach, or to sell fictitious -privileges, or unauthorized pardons. A papal exhortation <span class="xxpn" id="p190">p190</span> -on behalf of St. Anne’s, Colchester (1402), forbids these -presents to be sent by pardoners (<i>questuarii</i>). Those who -bought a pardon from the proctor of St. John’s, Canterbury, -were informed that the benefit of 30,000 <i>Paternosters</i> -and <i>Ave Marias</i> was freely imparted to them. But -although indulgences were liable to abuse, it must be -remembered that authorized pardons extended to penitents -only—to those who, being contrite, had already confessed -and received absolution and penance. Upon the indulgenced -feast of St. Michael, so many people flocked to -St. Mary’s, Leicester, that a special staff of confessors -became necessary.</p> - -<h3>7. ALMS OF PILGRIMS</h3> - -<p>Such visits to hospitals lead to the further consideration -of pilgrimage and devotion to relics, which directly -affected charity. An indulgence was offered to penitents -visiting Yarmouth hospital and the sacred relics therein -and giving a helping hand to the poor inhabitants. The -Maison Dieu at Dunwich possessed a holy cross of great -reputation “whither many resorted to adore it, who -bestowed much alms.” When the precious relic was -carried away and detained “by certain evil-wishers” connected -with St. Osith’s Abbey, the inmates were greatly -impoverished.<a id="fnanchor_114" href="#fn_114" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 114; go to footnote">114</a> -The abbot having been prosecuted, came -into chancery in person and rendered the cross to the king, -who restored it to the master and brethren “to remain in the -hospital for ever.” Holy Cross, Colchester, claimed to -keep a portion of the true Cross; an indulgence was offered -by various bishops to those paying pilgrimage visits and -contributing to the hospital. (See pp. -<a href="#p248" title="go to page 248">248</a>–9.) -<span class="xxpn" id="p191">p191</span></p> - -<div class="imctr02" id="plt-xxii"> -<img src="images/i191.jpg" width="526" height="800" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XXII.</i> LEPER HOSPITAL OF ST. -BARTHOLOMEW, OXFORD</div></div> - -<p>Other treasures visited by pilgrims were of a more -personal character. Anthony à Wood found records of -choice things formerly preserved in St. Bartholomew’s, -Oxford, whereby it was enriched:—“they were possest -of St. Edmund the Confessor’s combe, St. Barthelmew’s -skin, the bones of St. Stephen, and one of the ribbes of -St. Andrew.” The first and foremost of the sacred relics -was evidently a personal possession of the local saint, -Archbishop Edmund Rich, a native of Abingdon:—“Those -that were troubled with continuall headaches,” -(University students, perhaps) “frenzies, or light-headed, -were by kembing their heads with St. Edmund’s combe -restored to their former health.” On high days and holy -days these treasures were exposed to view in the chapel. -(Pl. XXII.) They were of so great value that the authorities -of Oriel College, having acquired the patronage, -appropriated them, “which caused great complaints from -these hospitalliers.”</p> - -<div class="imctr04" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/ib192.jpg" width="408" height="449" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -28. A HOSPITAL ALMS-BOX</div> -</div> - -<p>The alms of pilgrims and other travellers were a -valuable asset in the funds, for it was customary for those -so journeying to spend much in charity by the way. On -the penitential pilgrimage of Henry II to Canterbury -(1174) “as he passed on his way by chapels and hospitals -he did his duty as a most devout Christian and son of -Holy Church by confession of sin and distribution of -offerings and gifts.”<a id="fnanchor_115" href="#fn_115" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 115; go to footnote">115</a> -Halting at Harbledown he left the -sum of forty marks, probably because the hospital -belonged to the bereaved archbishopric. Long afterwards, -another king—John of France—passed along the -road, leaving at sundry hospitals a substantial proof -of his gratitude for release from captivity. Among his <span class="xxpn" id="p192">p192</span> -expenses are included gifts to “les malades de 4 -maladeries depuis Rocestre jusques à Cantobérie, pour -aumosne”; also to the communities of St. James’, St. -John’s at the Northgate, St. Mary’s, and Harbledown, -and to the brethren of Ospringe; whilst the king gave -as much as twenty nobles to the Maison Dieu, Dover, -where he was received as a guest.<a id="fnanchor_116" href="#fn_116" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 116; go to footnote">116</a> -Situated close to the -highway, on the hill which eager travellers were about to -climb to catch their first sight of the grand tower of -Canterbury, the Harbledown lepers benefited by the gifts -of pilgrims for three and a half centuries. Treasured in -the hospital (Pl. V) was a relic of “the glorious martyr” -to whose shrine they wended. “This fragment of his <span class="xxpn" id="p193">p193</span> -shoe supports this little community of poor men,” says -Ogygius in the <i>Colloquy on Pilgrimages</i>,<a id="fnanchor_117" href="#fn_117" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 117; go to footnote">117</a> -where Erasmus -describes his visit to Canterbury with Dean Colet sometime -before the year 1519. Shortly after leaving the -city, where the road becomes steep and narrow, there is, -he says, a hospital of a few old men. One of the brethren -runs out, sprinkles the travellers with holy water, and -presently offers them the upper part of a shoe, set with -a piece of glass resembling a jewel. This the strangers -are invited to kiss. (Bale satirizes this custom where he -says, “here ys the lachett of swett seynt Thomas shewe.”) -Colet is indignant, but Erasmus, to appease the injured -brother, drops a coin into his alms-box. The quaint old -box is still kept at Harbledown, and is figured above.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Chapter XIII</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_107" href="#fnanchor_107" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 107; go to anchor">107</a> -Madox, <i>Formulare Ang.</i>, p. 424.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_108" href="#fnanchor_108" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 108; go to anchor">108</a> -P.R.O. Ancient Deeds, A 11562.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_109" href="#fnanchor_109" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 109; go to anchor">109</a> -Charter Roll 17 John, m. 8.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_110" href="#fnanchor_110" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 110; go to anchor">110</a> -Communicated by the Town Clerk.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_111" href="#fnanchor_111" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 111; go to anchor">111</a> -Surtees Soc., 114, p. 278.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_112" href="#fnanchor_112" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 112; go to anchor">112</a> -Records of Nottingham, ii. 99.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_113" href="#fnanchor_113" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 113; go to anchor">113</a> -The word was retained after the Reformation, e.g. 1573, -“paid to a pardoner that gathered for the hospital of Plympton” (T. -N. Brushfield, <i>Devonshire Briefs</i>).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_114" href="#fnanchor_114" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 114; go to anchor">114</a> -Prynne, <i>Usurpation of Popes</i>, p. 1137, -and Close 34 Edw. I, m. 1.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_115" href="#fnanchor_115" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 115; go to anchor">115</a> -Chron. and Mem., 67, i. 487.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_116" href="#fnanchor_116" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 116; go to anchor">116</a> -Soc. de l’Histoire de France, 1851, p. 194.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_117" href="#fnanchor_117" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 117; go to anchor">117</a> -Pilgrimages of Walsingham and -Canterbury—Ed. Nichols, 1849, p. 63.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul></div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p194"> -<a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> p194</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XIV <small>RELATIONS WITH CHURCH AND STATE</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>As to other hospitals, which he of another foundation and patronage than of -the King, the Ordinaries shall enquire of the manner of the foundation, -estate and governance of the same . . . and make thereof correction and -reformation according to the laws of Holy Church, as to them belongeth.</i>”</p> - -<p class="signature">(Parliament of Leicester.)</p></blockquote> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">A<span>TTENTION</span></span> -having been already called to the internal -constitution of hospitals, we must now consider -their relation to those in authority. The -position of such a house was necessarily complicated; -there arose a difficulty in reconciling its subordinate, yet -partly independent character. We must see, first, how -its welfare depended to a certain extent on king and -bishop; secondly, its position with regard to the parochial -system; and thirdly, how far it was affected by monasticism.</p> - -<h3>(i) RELATIONS WITH THE KING AND THE BISHOP</h3> - -<p>The hospitals of England have never been exclusively -in the hands of Church or State. The relations which -they bore to each may be subdivided under the headings -of Constitution, Jurisdiction and Finance.</p> - -<p>(a) <i>Constitution.</i>—As we have seen, the Church, usually -represented by the diocesan bishop, was responsible for -the rule and statutes by which a hospital was guided.</p> - -<p>(b) <i>Jurisdiction.</i>—In the province of administration, -visitation and reform, king and bishop played their <span class="xxpn" id="p195">p195</span> -respective parts. Speaking generally, the bishop was administrator, -and the king protector; to the former, matters of -religious observance and conduct were referred, to the latter, -questions of temporal privilege, immunity from taxation, -etc. Both had rights as “visitors.” Faithfully conducted, -ecclesiastical visitation might be of great use, but owing to -the huge extent of dioceses, it was infrequent and inadequate, -and where the king was patron, the diocesan -bishop’s visitation was prohibited. Under Henry III, -the royal almoner undertook the keeping of Crown -hospitals, but afterwards this duty fell to the Chancellor, -who alone had the right of visitation; the diocesan bishop -had no jurisdiction in such houses except by special -arrangement, as in the Statute directing that ordinaries -“by virtue of the king’s commission to them directed” -shall take inquisitions and return them into chancery. -Royal interposition was not customary unless the king -were patron; thus an order to inquire into waste at certain -hospitals was cancelled because the king had erred in -believing that they were founded by his progenitors. -When investigations were commanded, they were committed -to a local jury, who were to find by inquisition on -oath of the good men of the county how far rules had -been observed, and they possessed full power “to deal -with the hospital as well in the head as in the members.” -Detailed accounts of such special visitations may -be found among <i>Chancery Miscellanea</i> in the Record -Office.</p> - -<p>(c) <i>Finance.</i>—The Lateran Council of 1179 decreed that -leper-communities should not pay tithe from gardens and -orchards, nor of the increase of cattle, and this was ratified -in the Provincial Council of Westminster in 1200. The <span class="xxpn" id="p196">p196</span> -Church wished to go a step further and ordain that neither -lazar-house, Domus Dei nor poor hospital should pay -taxes, which was set forth by Gregory X; entries upon -Papal Registers in 1278 declare that certain English -houses, including Ospringe, should share this immunity. -But the decree was not necessarily accepted in England, -remission of taxation being a royal prerogative; Ospringe -was a Crown hospital to which exemption was renewed -from time to time of the king’s grace. In the cases of -lazar-houses, a curious distinction was made, witnessing -incidentally to national independence—“And let not the -goods of lepers be taxed where they are governed by -a leper” (<i>par Sovereyn meseal</i>). This rule occurs in the -First Statute of Westminster (3 Edw. I),<a id="fnanchor_118" href="#fn_118" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 118; go to footnote">118</a> -and afterwards -in rolls and writs dated 1297, 1307, etc.<a id="fnanchor_119" href="#fn_119" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 119; go to footnote">119</a> -It was evidently -in allusion to this custom that, in remitting a wool-tax, it -is stated that St. Bartholomew’s, Rochester, was governed -by a leprous prior (1342), but a few years later the king -granted it freedom from taxation for ever. Many houses -were freed by charter from local and general contributions -and tolls.</p> - -<p>Land-tenure may be included under finance. Before -the enactment of the Statute <i>De Religiosis</i>, benefactors -met with no hindrance in promoting any plan for endowment, -but after 1279 permission was sought “to alienate -land in mortmain.” On payment of a small fine, communities -were empowered to accept property to a certain -value. This developed into the “licence to found” -named in fourteenth-century rolls, and subsequently into -incorporation. <span class="xxpn" id="p197">p197</span></p> - -<h3>(ii) RELATIONS WITH THE PARISH PRIEST</h3> - -<p>Before the foundation of a hospital chapel, special permission -was required from the bishop, with a guarantee -that it should not interfere with the parochial system. It -was necessary clearly to define privileges, lest friction -should arise. Grants in civil and ecclesiastical registers -include “a chapel, bell and chaplain,” oblations, sepulture -and “the cure of souls.”</p> - -<p>(a) <i>Oblations.</i>—One quarter of the offerings received at -St. Katharine’s, Ledbury, was reserved for parochial use. -Unless some definite scheme was arranged, disputes -quickly arose. A serious collision of interests occurred at -Brough. The tiny hostel, founded with the sanction of -bishop and archbishop (1506), developed into a pilgrimage-place. -The injured vicar, with solemn ritual, cursed -with bell, book and candle all concerned with such oblations -as were made in the chapel. The founder, however, -called forth upon his parson the archbishop’s censure “as -an abandoned wretch and inflated with diabolical venom -for opposing so good a work.” The priest in turn -appealed to the Pope. At length it was agreed that 20s. -yearly should be paid to the mother-church.<a id="fnanchor_120" href="#fn_120" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 120; go to footnote">120</a></p> - -<p>(b) <i>Public and private Worship, Bells, etc.</i>—Agreements -as to public worship on certain occasions were made -between the parish and institutions within its boundary. -The biographer of the Berkeley family, quoting from the -episcopal register (1255), records:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“That -all the seculars in the hospitall of Longbridge, exceptinge -a Cooke, and one person to kepe sick folkes, should in the -spetiall solemne dayes, come to Berkeley Church and there <span class="xxpn" id="p198">p198</span> -should receive all the ecclesiasticall Sacraments, (except holy -bread and holy water) unles it bee by the dispensation and -leave of the Vicar of Berkeley.”<a id="fnanchor_121" href="#fn_121" - class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 121; - go to footnote">121</a></p></blockquote> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="figleft imwth07" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/ib198.jpg" width="288" height="680" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -29. GLASTONBURY</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">To infringe such rules meant trouble. One Easter -(1439), the chaplain of St. Leonard’s, Leicester, permitted -two of the warden’s servants -to receive the Sacrament from -him there, instead of repairing -to the parish church; but the -following Sunday he was -forced to do public penance.</p> - -<p class="clearnone">The curious restriction of -repeating divine service with -closed doors and in an undertone -was made at St. John’s, -Nottingham, when the patronal -feasts were being celebrated -in the parish. The -rule for ordinary days was that -of St. James’ near Canterbury -(1414), namely, that the canonical -hours be said audibly -after the sounding of the -handbells or bells according -to ancient custom.</p></div> - -<p class="clearnone">The possession of a bell in -a turret required a special -licence, lest outside worshippers -should attend. A chapel -being added to St. Mary -Magdalene’s, Bristol (1226), the stipulation was made <span class="xxpn" id="p199">p199</span> -“but the leprous women shall have no bells except handbells, -and these shall not be hung up.” It was agreed at -Portsmouth (1229) that the two bells in God’s House -should not exceed the weight of those of the parish -church, and should only ring at set hours. The <i>Annals -of Dunstable Monastery</i> show how important the matter -was considered:—</p> - -<blockquote class="clearnone"> -<p class="clearnone">“In the same year (1293) the lepers of Dunstaple set up a -mighty bell outside the precincts of their house on two timbers; -but the prior . . . brought that bell within our jurisdiction; -which afterwards he restored to them yet so that they should -by no means use that or any other bell for calling together our -parishioners or other people.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>(c) <i>Burial Rights.</i>—The privilege of sepulture rendered -the community more independent, and secured to it -certain fees and legacies. A popular institution like -St. Leonard’s, York, or St. John’s, Exeter, derived benefits -from the burial of benefactors. There is a will entered -on the Patent Roll of 1341 whereby a certain Vincent de -Barnastapolia requested to be interred in the cemetery -of St. Mark’s, Bristol, to which house he left a considerable -legacy.<a id="fnanchor_122" href="#fn_122" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 122; go to footnote">122</a> -The conferring or denial of a place of -sepulture seems to have been without rule, and was a -matter of favour and circumstance. Thus St. Oswald’s, -Worcester, had a cemetery (probably because it was -originally a leper-house), whilst St. Wulstan’s had -none.</p> - -<p>(d) <i>Worship and Burial of Lepers.</i>—To lepers both -chapel and graveyard were willingly granted. This was -an early custom in England, as the Norman architecture -of several chapels shows (e.g. Rochester, <i>circa</i> 1100). -The <span class="xxpn" id="p200">p200</span> -Gloucester lazars were granted burial rights before 1160, -when they already possessed a chapel, the chancel of -which still stands; the bishop’s licence made the usual -stipulation that none but lepers should be interred.<a id="fnanchor_123" href="#fn_123" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 123; go to footnote">123</a> -A -fresh impetus was given to spiritual provision for outcasts -by the Lateran Council of 1179. Pope Alexander III -decreed as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Seeing that it is very remote from Christian piety that -those who seek their own and not the things of Jesus Christ -do not permit lepers . . . to have churches or burial places -of their own, nor to be assisted by the ministry of a priest -of their own, we ordain that these lepers be permitted to have -the same without any contradiction.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -This privilege, it was declared, must not be prejudicial to -the rights of ancient churches.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">Digressing from the immediate subject of spiritual -provision for the outcast, one point must be made clear. -It is sometimes thought that the strict parochial discipline -of mediæval England would insist upon the attendance -of the leper at his parish church on certain occasions; -others on the contrary suppose that the leper was excommunicate. -The popular belief is that the Church -provided for his worship the so-called “leper’s window,” -frequently shown in old edifices. The existence of -low-side-windows -at such places as Bridgnorth and Spondon, -where there were leper-colonies, is considered circumstantial -evidence of their origin and purpose. But -name and idea alike are of entirely modern growth, -arising from a misinterpretation of a wall-painting at -Windsor, which Mr. Street took to represent the <span class="xxpn" id="p201">p201</span> -communicating of a leper through an aperture. Administration -would have been both difficult and irreverent; the -opening, moreover, is often so situated that any such act -would be physically impossible. A manuscript chronicle, -indeed, records how Blase Tupton, who was dwelling -near St. Chad’s, Shrewsbury, about the year 1409, had a -gallery made so that she might join in public worship:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Blase . . . cam by chance to be a leeper, and made the -oryell which goythe allong the west side of the churche-yarde, -throughe which she cam aloft to heare serveys throughe a -doore made in the churche wale, and so passyd usually uppon -the leades unto a glasse wyndowe, throughe which she dayly -sawe and hard dayly serveys as longe as shee lyvyd.”<a id="fnanchor_124" href="#fn_124" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 124; go to footnote">124</a></p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Now Blase was doubtless a privileged person, being the -daughter of the well-known townsman who had founded -the almshouse adjoining St. Chad’s; and though now -and again a lazar might make his way to a churchyard to -gaze upon the holy mysteries, it is certain that only those -living in a community with a chapel and priest could be -confessed and receive the Blessed Sacrament. Most -antiquaries are of opinion that the popular theory of the -object of lowside-windows is untenable.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">Careful provision was made for the religious observances -of the untainted inmates of a hospital as well as for -the leprous. They might use the chapel except on the -greater festivals when they were required to attend the -parish church and make oblations there. At St. Mary -Magdalene’s, Bristol, the infected confessed to their -chaplain, but the rest to the parish priest. No parishioner -of Bedminster might attend the chapel on Sundays or <span class="xxpn" id="p202">p202</span> -festivals to receive the blessed bread and holy water, the -distribution of which to other than inmates would infringe -parochial rights.<a id="fnanchor_125" href="#fn_125" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 125; go to footnote">125</a> -It was provided by the founder’s -statutes at Sherburn that on Sundays the lepers should -receive “the sprinkling of holy water, blessed bread, and -other things which are fitting.”</p> - -<p>(e) <i>Free Chapels.</i>—These were “places of worship -exempted from all relation to the mother church and also -from episcopal jurisdiction, an exemption which was an -equivocal privilege, obtained immediately from the -Crown, or appended to ancient manors originally belonging -to the Crown.”<a id="fnanchor_126" href="#fn_126" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 126; go to footnote">126</a> -St. John’s, Oxford, was a privileged -proprietary chapel. The king withheld the right of -visitation from the bishop of the diocese, who, in turn, -seems to have refused to sanction and consecrate a graveyard. -Henry III called in the Roman Pontiff to arbitrate; -whereupon “the pope at the instance of the king -commanded the Bishop of Lincoln to provide a burial -ground for the hospital of Oxford, for the brethren of the -hospital and for the poor dying therein, the indemnity of the -mother church and of the king as patron being provided -for.”<a id="fnanchor_127" href="#fn_127" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 127; go to footnote">127</a> -The kings contrived to evade the Bishop of Lincoln’s -rightful authority. Edward I wrote to request -Bishop Giffard of Worcester to confer holy orders upon a -brother “because the same hospital is the king’s free chapel -where the diocesan ought to exercise no jurisdiction.” -The Close Roll of 1304 emphasizes the fact that the house -was wholly independent and therefore “quit of payments, -procurations and other exactions of the ordinary.”<a id="fnanchor_128" href="#fn_128" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 128; go to footnote">128</a> -<span class="xxpn" id="p203">p203</span></p> - -<p>A few royal hospitals were subordinate to the Crown -and the papal see. That of Basingstoke, with its “free -chapel of the king”, was granted immunity from episcopal -control by Cardinal Ottobon (1268). The Maison -Dieu, Dover, was taken under immediate papal protection -by a bull of Nicholas III (1277). A unique case occurs -where the lay founder of an almshouse at Nottingham -gained for it freedom from the jurisdiction of the ordinary -or judges, and subjection alone “to St. Peter and the -Apostolic See” (1402).<a id="fnanchor_129" href="#fn_129" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 129; go to footnote">129</a></p> - -<p>(f) “<i>The Cure of Souls.</i>”—Whereas the “free chapel” -had no parochial obligations, there were hospital churches -to which full parochial rights were attached. How or -why such houses as St. Paul’s, Norwich, and Armiston -came to possess “the cure of souls” is uncertain; the -little chapel of St. Mary Magdalene, Durham (now a -ruin), was also a rectorial parish church. More curious is -the fact that several <i>leper-hospitals</i> acquired this peculiar -advantage. Thus in Northampton, although St. John’s -was “no parish church, but only for the company there -inhabiting,” St. Leonard’s was a “liberty” having -parochial rights, not only of burial, but of Baptism. St. -Nicholas’, York, required as master, “a fit clerk who -shall be able to answer for the cure of souls belonging to -the parish church of that hospital.” The Lincoln leper-house -had similar rights.</p> - -<p>(g) <i>Almshouses and the Parish Church.</i>—Many of the -later almshouses were closely connected with the parish. -At Ewelme, for example, the almsmen resorted to the -church constantly, and their presence was regarded as so -important that even absence on pilgrimage was -<span class="xxpn" id="p204">p204</span> -deprecated. Those institutions which had no chaplain of their -own were brought into close touch with the parish priest, -as at Croydon, where the poor men went every day to the -church to “here all manner divine service there to be -songe and saide.”</p> - -<p>(h) <i>Collegiate Foundations.</i>—Several large almshouses -possessed collegiate rights or formed part of a college -(e.g. St. Mary’s, Leicester; Shrewsbury, Tong, Heringby). -Sometimes, as at Higham Ferrers, there existed side by -side a parish church, a bede-house for pensioners, and a -college for the priests and clerks.</p> - -<h3>(iii) RELATIONS WITH MONK, KNIGHT AND FRIAR</h3> - -<p>Inquiry must now be made concerning the relation -between hospitals and monastic life. Although the religious -orders directly influenced certain houses, others -were totally unconnected with them. Canon Raine says -that St. Leonard’s, York, was more of a secular than an -ecclesiastical establishment; he regards it as principally -a lay institution, although religion was, of course, a -strong element in its working. In this hospital “which -is of no order” (says a Papal Letter, 1429) the master -might be a layman.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xxiii"> -<img src="images/i205.jpg" width="600" height="442" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i205-2.jpg" width="600" height="444" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XXIII.</i> ST. JOHNS HOSPITAL, WILTON -<div>(<i>a</i>) SOUTH-EAST VIEW. (<i>b</i>) NORTH VIEW</div></div></div> - -<div class="section"> -<h4>1. <i>The Monastic Orders</i></h4> - -<p>Here it must be borne in mind that we have nothing to -do with the infirmary and guest-house within conventual -walls. Only such institutions are included as had an -individual, though it may be subordinate, existence. -Some hospitals were founded by an abbot or prior; these -were chiefly dependent upon the mother-house for staff, -income, food and clothing; they had an individual -<span class="xxpn" id="p205">p205</span> -dedication-name, -but often no common seal (e.g. Bury, Peterborough). -Others had a more independent existence, as -indicated by the possession of separate seals (e.g. Reading, -Abingdon). A community which was under the -direct control of a religious house was of a more monastic -type than others. There was also the hospital established -by a private patron, and merely placed under the administration -of some monastery; here the endowment was distinct, -and the staff might or might not be members of the -convent.</p></div> - -<p>It is in truth often difficult to discriminate between -hospital and priory; sometimes they are indistinguishable -in aim and scope. This was especially the case with the -English Order of St. Gilbert; the two Gilbertine houses -at Lincoln and that of Clattercot were actual infirmaries. -Similarly, several foundations of the Order of the Holy -Sepulchre were pilgrims’ hostels served by a few canons. -In certain cases hospitals developed into priories, some -losing their distinctively eleemosynary character (e.g. -Tandridge, Creak, Cockersand), while in others a mere -change of name took place, as at Maiden Bradley. In the -case of St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield, priory and hospital -existed side by side, with separate organization, revenue -and seals. Sometimes the titles were used interchangeably; -and at Wilton the “priory” (Pl. XXIII) was merely -a hospital governed by a prior.</p> - -<p>Many institutions observed the Augustinian rule. -Austin canons, according to Canon Venables, were -“regular clergy, holding a middle position between -monks and secular canons, almost resembling a community -of parish priests living under rule.” The five -largest London infirmaries were served by Augustinians. <span class="xxpn" id="p206">p206</span> -Those of St. Thomas’, Southwark, dressed after the -manner of clergy of secular cathedrals and collegiate -churches. The case of an Augustinian master of St. -Thomas’ shows that constitutions differed widely; with -the Bishop of Winchester’s consent, he was transferred to -Sandon hospital (Surrey); but being uneasy, he applied -to the pope for absolution from his vow and sought permission -to live “according to the custom of Sandon.” St. -Bartholomew’s was likewise governed by Austin canons, -although a papal document states that it “has not been -approved by the apostolic see and is not subject to any -regular order.” Elsyngspital was founded for secular -clergy, but, “taught by experience”, regulars were -substituted within twelve years. Among other Augustinian -houses may be named Newcastle (St. Mary’s), Brackley, -Newstead, Bridgwater, Southampton, and Dover. The -Benedictine rule was followed by the staff of St. Mark’s, -Bristol, Strood, and of course in all hospitals under -Benedictine monasteries.</p> - -<h4>2. <i>The Military Orders</i></h4> - -<p>Of the origin and introduction of these Orders more -will be said under the heading of St. John Baptist and St. -Lazarus in Part Two. Here we are rather concerned with -the relations which existed between the knightly brethren -and hospitals in general.</p> - -<p>(a) <i>Knights Hospitallers and Templars.</i>—Both Orders -were the recognized guardians of travellers, and much of -their work was akin to that of the hospital for wayfarers. -Thus King Stephen gave the Yorkshire manor of Steynton -upon Blakhommer to the Master of the Temple:—“to -find a chaplain to celebrate divine service daily and to <span class="xxpn" id="p207">p207</span> -receive and entertain poor guests and pilgrims there, and -to ring and blow the horn every night at dusk lest -pilgrims and strangers should lose their way.” (Richard I -afterwards re-granted the land to the Hospitallers.)<a id="fnanchor_130" href="#fn_130" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 130; go to footnote">130</a> -Similar hospitality was doubtless provided in all commanderies -and preceptories. Although these were often -called “hospitals” (e.g. at Greenham in Berks, Sutton-at-Hone, -etc.) they are not included among the foundations -enumerated in this volume.</p> - -<p>Indeed, although these Orders exercised a certain influence -upon hospitals, there was little actual intercourse. -St. Cross, Winchester, was originally placed under the -Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, but the connection was -of short duration; the habit and cross worn by the present -pensioners serve as a reminder of this fact. The patronage -of St. Saviour’s, Stydd by Ribchester, and St. Leonard’s, -Skirbeck, afterwards came into the hands of the Order. -St. Thomas’ hospital in Cheapside was under the -Templars, but since it was not suppressed with their preceptories -(<i>circa</i> 1312), it may be classed among independent -foundations. The full title remained (1340) “the master -and brethren of the Knights Templars of the Hospital of -St. Thomas the Martyr of Aeon of Canterbury.” It may -be here observed that the misleading title “Commandery” -often accorded to St. Wulstan’s, Worcester, suggests a -link with the Knights of St. John which did not exist; -although, curiously enough, the masters of both the -Worcester hospitals were frequently named “preceptor.”</p> - -<p class="clearnone">(b) <i>Knights of St. Lazarus.</i>—Although, as has been said, -commanderies and preceptories proper are not included, -the leper-hospitals of the Order of St. Lazarus must of <span class="xxpn" id="p208">p208</span> -necessity find a place. The principal one was at Burton -Lazars, founded by a crusading Mowbray. Two important -hospitals, those of London and Lincoln, were annexed to -it by Edward I and Henry VI respectively. The staff of -the former are referred to (1337) as the master and brethren -of St. Giles of the Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem in -England; soon after it appeared that the master of St. -Giles’ was not carrying out the traditions of the charitable -Knights, having “ousted the lepers and put in brethren -and sisters of his Order who were not diseased.” It is -said that all English leper-houses were in some way subject -to Burton Lazars, but in truth this was not so. It -was the parent-house of cells at Carlton in Moreland, -Choseley and Tilton, the property at the former place -being charged with the support of four lepers, but whether -maintained there or at Burton Lazars is not stated. -Spondon (or Locko) was originally subordinate to a French -house. In time of war, Edward III ordered that the -money hitherto paid over to the -foreign superior, should henceforth -be given to King’s Hall, -Cambridge (1347). That same -year the master of Burton was -also preceptor of “la Maudeleyne,” -Locko.</p> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="figleft imwth08" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/ib208.jpg" width="252" height="245" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -30. SEAL OF ST. ANTHONY’S, -LONDON</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone">(c) <i>Monks of St. Anthony.</i>—The -Order of St. Anthony was -likewise an offshoot of that of -St. John. Two of the hospitals -in honour of this saint were -definitely under Antonine monks, <i>viz.</i> London and Hereford. -St. Anthony’s, London, was frequently called a <span class="xxpn" id="p209">p209</span> -preceptory. At first it was “alien,” subject to the mother-house -of Vienne, but it afterwards became naturalized. It -was stated in 1424 that on account of international war and -of the Schism (i.e. in the Papacy, 1378–1417) few or none of -the French canons had come to England; in 1431 a canon -of Vienne was appointed warden, but was subsequently -replaced by one of the King’s clerks. St. Anthony’s, -York, was independent of the Order.</p> - -<p class="clearnone">(d) <i>“Alien” Hospitals.</i>—There were other hospitals subordinate -to foreign convents. The Great St. Bernard in -Savoy established an offshoot at Hornchurch; Altopassu -in Italy maintained St. James’, Thurlow; the leper-house -near Rye was affiliated to Fécamp. Farley, near Luton, -was under Suntingfield by Boulogne; the staff were at -one time brethren of the Order of St. William of the -Desert.<a id="fnanchor_131" href="#fn_131" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 131; go to footnote">131</a> -The varying fortunes of the hospital near -Charing Cross may be learnt from Dr. Jas. Galloway’s -<i>Story of St. Mary Roncevall</i>. Alien houses had a chequered -history, being confiscated in time of war, and most were -suppressed before the general Dissolution.</p></div> - -<h4>3. <i>The Friars</i></h4> - -<p>By word and deed, St. Francis preached the duty of -serving lepers. “He appointed that the friars of his -Order, dispersed in various parts of the world, should for -the love of Christ diligently attend the lepers wherever -they could be found. They followed this injunction with -the greatest promptitude.”<a id="fnanchor_132" href="#fn_132" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 132; go to footnote">132</a> -In England, however, it would -appear that there was not that close association between <span class="xxpn" id="p210">p210</span> -friars and hospitals which existed in Italy. Led by -national reformers, the work of tending lazars had long -been carried on. The great majority of refuges for them -were founded between 1084 and 1224 before the brethren -arrived in this country. Speaking of the friars’ labours, -Green says that “their first work lay in the noisome lazar-houses,” -and Brewer alludes to “their training for the -leper-hospitals,” but there seems to be little or no definite -record of such service in this country. There were, -however, many individual outcasts, who had not the -comfort of the hospital, and to these the new-comers may -have ministered.</p> - -<p>A few hospitals—not for lepers—were indeed appropriated -to the Mendicant Orders, or served by them. The -association is of the slightest, and usually of short duration. -Thus the Bamburgh spital had probably disappeared when -Richard II gave its chapel to the Friars Preachers, “in -part remuneration for a cross made from the wood of the -Holy Cross presented by them to the king” (1382). The -Crutched Friars once had some connection with Holy -Cross, Colchester. The relation between hospitals and -the Bethlehemite and Maturin Orders was closer, and -dated from the friars’ first century of work. St. Mary of -Bethlehem in London was founded upon land belonging -to that community, members of which were its original -officials. Deeds of 1348 call them “the Order of the -Knighthood of St. Mary of Bethlehem”; possibly the -link with the Holy Land led them to adopt this military -title. Maturin or Trinitarian houses were more akin to -the infirmary and pilgrim-hostel than were any other -friaries; one-third of their revenue was spent in relieving -local poor. Their houses (often called “hospitals”) are <span class="xxpn" id="p211">p211</span> -not included in the present volume, save when they were -not merely friaries. For example, Stephen, Archdeacon -of Wilts, who was rector and patron of Easton Royal, -founded there a house for indigent travellers (1246).<a id="fnanchor_133" href="#fn_133" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 133; go to footnote">133</a> -The -master was a Trinitarian brother, but he was presented by -the patron, to whom he and the other priests owed -obedience; in 1287 the same man was minister of Easton -and of the house of St. Mary Magdalene by Hertford. -St. Laurence’s, Crediton, was served by the Hounslow -Maturin convent. The almsmen of God’s House, -Donnington, worshipped in the adjacent Trinitarian -Chapel.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">To recapitulate: the hospital was a semi-independent -institution, subject to royal and episcopal control in -matters of constitution, jurisdiction and finance, yet less -trammelled in organization than most religious houses. It -formed a part of the parochial system, and had also links -of one kind and another with monastic life.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Chapter XIV</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_118" href="#fnanchor_118" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 118; go to anchor">118</a> -Chron. & Mem., 72, <i>Reg. Malmes.</i> i. 232.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_119" href="#fnanchor_119" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 119; go to anchor">119</a> -Pat. 25 Edw. I, pt. ii. m. 11; Rolls of Parl. I, 239<i>b</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_120" href="#fnanchor_120" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 120; go to anchor">120</a> -Nicolson and Burn, <i>Antiq. of Westmorland</i>, -ed. 1777, i. 574.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_121" href="#fnanchor_121" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 121; go to anchor">121</a> -J. Smyth, <i>Lives of Berkeleys</i>, i. 70.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_122" href="#fnanchor_122" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 122; go to anchor">122</a> -Pat. 15 Edw. III, pt. i. m. 14.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_123" href="#fnanchor_123" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 123; go to anchor">123</a> -Chron. and Mem., 33, i. 147. ii. 7.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_124" href="#fnanchor_124" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 124; go to anchor">124</a> -Owen and Blakeway, <i>Hist. of -Shrewsbury</i>, 1825, ii. p. 257.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_125" href="#fnanchor_125" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 125; go to anchor">125</a> -Chron. and Mem., 97, p. 173.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_126" href="#fnanchor_126" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 126; go to anchor">126</a> -Chetham Soc. F. R. Raines, <i>Lancashire Chantries</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_127" href="#fnanchor_127" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 127; go to anchor">127</a> -Pat. 22 Edw. I, m. 3.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_128" href="#fnanchor_128" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 128; go to anchor">128</a> -Close 32 Edw. I, m. 2 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_129" href="#fnanchor_129" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 129; go to anchor">129</a> -Cal. Pap. Reg. vol. v. p. 489.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_130" href="#fnanchor_130" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 130; go to anchor">130</a> -Close 14 Edw. III, m. 13.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_131" href="#fnanchor_131" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 131; go to anchor">131</a> -Pat. 37 Hen. III, m. 17.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_132" href="#fnanchor_132" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 132; go to anchor">132</a> -Chron. & Mem. 4. <i>Monumenta Franciscana</i>, -vol. i. p. xxv., from “Mirror.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_133" href="#fnanchor_133" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 133; go to anchor">133</a> -Chron. and Mem., 97, pp. 301–6.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul></div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p212"><a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> -p212</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XV -<small>DECLINE OF THE HOSPITALS</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>Many -hospitals . . . be now for the most part decayed, and the goods and -profits of the same, by divers persons, spiritual and temporal, withdrawn -and spent to the use of others, whereby many men and women have died -in great misery for default of aid, livelihood and -succour.</i>”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">S<span>UCH</span></span> -is the preamble to the Statute for the reformation -of hospitals (1414). Responsibility for use and -abuse rested with the patron, but more immediately -with the warden into whose hands he committed the -administration. If this chapter is necessarily devoted to -the seamy side of hospital life, let no one suppose that -officials were all bad, or even all careless. There were -men “in whose purity of conscience the king confides,” -chosen for “probity, character and knowledge.” Yet -upright, thrifty and faithful wardens were far from common, -and it does not sound hopeful when one and another -was appointed “during good behaviour.”</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p><i>Abuses by Patrons.</i>—On the whole hospitals were well-treated -by their patrons. Their first founders especially -showed both generosity and care, but in many cases the -descendants became indifferent and neglected that careful -selection of wardens which would have done much to -avert evils. But one of the outstanding grievances against -patrons was their claim to “maintenance” free of charge -whenever they desired it. They and the official “visitors” <span class="xxpn" id="p213">p213</span> -sometimes used these institutions as hostelries for themselves -and their retinue. In the regulations of St. John’s, -Bridgwater (1219), which the bishop drew up for the -manorial lord, it is said:—“We expressly forbid that -either the rich or powerful, whether of diocesan rank or -ordinary people, or the ministers and stewards of the -patron, should lodge, sojourn or be entertained and be a -burden.” It was rather to be a <i>Domus libera Dei</i>, founded -only for the poor of Christ. The kings exercised their -right to lodge at the Maison Dieu, Dover (see Frontispiece), -on their journeys to France. The hospital made a -complaint, however, when Edward, eldest son of Edward I, -was suddenly lodged there with the chancellor and their -suite by the marshal of the household.</p> - -<p>The “corrody” was an even greater, because a permanent, -burden. The privilege of board and lodging was -frequently given away by patrons as a reward for service, -but sometimes it was created by grant of the community -itself, or sold by greedy officials. This grievance marks -a period of decline. Whereas Henry III pensioned his -nurses from the Exchequer, Edward I imposed upon -hospitals the maintenance of old servants of the Crown, -sending a former damsel of the queen-mother and her -man-servant to Ospringe to be maintained for life. He -appointed only to houses of royal foundation, but his son -went further, demanding admission, for example, to the -episcopal hospital at Worcester. Caring little that Bishop -Wulstan was the founder, Edward II declares that “the -hospitals in the realm were founded by the king’s progenitors -for the admission of poor and weak persons, and -especially of those in the king’s service who were unable -to work.” An order is sent to Oxford to admit the king’s <span class="xxpn" id="p214">p214</span> -chaplain to St. John’s, finding him and his clerk food, -drink, robes, shoe-leather, wood, litter, and a fitting -dwelling-place. The Statute of 1314–15 condemned the -tyrannous practice of burdening religious houses in this -manner.</p> - -<p>Edward III was checked in the first year of his reign -by a more forcible enactment entitled, “There shall be -no more grants of Corrodies at the King’s Requests.” -It states that many have been hitherto grieved by such -requests “which have desired them by great threats, -for their clerks and other servants, for great pensions -and corrodies.” Edward declares that he “will no more -such things desire, but where he ought”; and henceforth -letters patent of this character are less numerous. -Where the demand was considered unjust, resentment -sometimes took the form of violence. Thus in 1341 the -master of St. John’s, Oxford, with eight men, assaulted -and imprisoned a certain Alice Fitz-Rauf; they carried -her off by night with veiled face, threw her into a filthy -place, and so left her, having taken away the writ requesting -her reception into the hospital. More often a -mild protest was made by officials; they acquiesce “of -mere courtesy,” but beg to be excused in future. Forgetting -that the courtesy of one generation may be the -custom of the next, the much-abused York hospital submits -(1331) provided the demand shall not form a precedent. -Fifty years later, a strong-minded master of that -house refuses to admit a man at King Richard’s command, -replying that it was “founded for the bed-ridden and -not for the able-bodied.”</p> - -<p>Cases of oppression “by divers persons spiritual and -temporal” are recorded. Even the mitred abbot of St. <span class="xxpn" id="p215">p215</span> -Albans was more than once at fault. In 1223 the pope -commanded him not to lay burdens on the leper women -of St. Mary’s by virtue of patronage; and an early -Chancery Proceeding shows that another abbot had -oppressed the poor sick brethren and feeble folk of St. -Julian’s. The Rolls of Parliament reveal that an abbot -of Colchester (<i>temp.</i> Edward I) withheld the accustomed -pension and tithe from “les povere freres malades” of -St. Mary Magdalene’s; by cunning and force he abstracted -their common seal and muniments, and flung their -charters into the fire. At Durham the inmates of St. -Mary Magdalene’s begged redress of grievances (<i>temp.</i> -Edward II). Some previous almoner of the priory, they -declared, had defrauded them of food and clothing; he -had even obtained their muniments by bribing the -guardian with the gift of a fur cloak. The prior and -convent, however, endorse the petition: “but be it known -that this complaint does not contain truth for the most -part.”<a id="fnanchor_134" href="#fn_134" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 134; go to footnote">134</a></p> - -<p>Monastic houses were not as zealous as formerly in the -service of the needy. The great abbey of St. Augustine, -Canterbury, had built and maintained the daughter -hospital of St. Laurence; but in 1341 this is declared to -be of a foundation so weak that it falls very far short of -what is sufficient for their sustenance. The lay patron of -West Somerton leper-house entrusted its custody to -Butley Priory on condition that the usual number of inmates -were maintained. A later prior withdrew the -victuals and reduced the revenue from £60 to 10 marks, -until after twenty years of neglect, it was said (1399) “the -place where the hospital of old time was is now desolate.” <span class="xxpn" id="p216">p216</span> -Reading Abbey, which once cherished its charitable -institutions, treated them ill in later days. When Edward -IV travelled through the town (1479), wrongs were -reported to him, including “howsys of almes not kept”; -the abbot had appropriated the endowments and destroyed -the buildings. The prior and convent of Worcester themselves -suppressed St. Mary’s, Droitwich, in 1536, and -“expelled the poor people to their utter destruction.”</p> - -<p>Contention about patronage was another very serious -evil, causing continual litigation. The representatives of -the first founder, and those of subsequent benefactors, fell -out as to their respective claims. The Crown was ever -ready to usurp patronage, on plea of foundation, wardship, -voidance of See, etc. Thus from generation to -generation, St. Leonard’s, York, was claimed by the -Crown, whereas much of its property had been a gift to -the clergy of the minster by Saxon and Norman sovereigns. -A jury of 1246 decided in favour of the Dean and Chapter -against royal patronage, but subsequently the Crown -recovered it once more.<a id="fnanchor_135" href="#fn_135" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 135; go to footnote">135</a> -Such disputes were not limited -to words. The See of Winchester being void, Edward II -nominated a warden to St. Cross, afterwards declaring -that he had recovered the presentation against the bishop. -The writ was seized and the arm of the king’s messenger -was broken in the contest. The practice of keeping -important posts unfilled was another abuse. A petition -made in Parliament concerning this evil (1314–15)<a id="fnanchor_136" href="#fn_136" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 136; go to footnote">136</a> -maintained -that hospitals were impoverished and destroyed -during vacancy by temporary guardians, in reply to -which, remedy was promised. The warden of St. <span class="xxpn" id="p217">p217</span> -Nicholas’, Pontefract (in Queen Philippa’s patronage), -complained that during the last voidance, goods had been -lost to the value of £200.</p> - -<p>Patrons neglected personal supervision. The founders -of Ewelme inserted in the statutes one clause concerning -the imperative duty of visitation by their representatives; -for, in their experience:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Diuerse places of almesse had been yfounded of grete pite -and deuocion to be rewled by many ryght resonable rewlis and -statutis . . . yitte for defaute of dew execucion of the same and -of dew uisitacion and correccion of the brekers of them such -sede howses haue bene by myslyuyng and negligence ybought -to grete heuynesse and at the last to grete desolacon.”</p></blockquote> - -<p><i>Abuse by Wardens and Officials.</i>—Doubtless wardens -were responsible for the chief part of maladministration. -Misrule by incapable and untrustworthy men was as frequent -as it was fatal. The masters and their deputies had -not the moral qualities of wisdom and honesty to fit -them for so difficult a post. Master Hugh, warden of -St. John and St. Thomas’ at Stamford, reduced it to such -a condition that he petitioned for liberty to resign (1299). -The abbot of Peterborough committed it to a neighbouring -rector until “through the blessing of God its most -high guardian, it shall arrive at a more flourishing estate.” -After four months, however, Hugh was restored to office, -and matters became worse. He defrauded the poor of -their alms, locked up the rooms where strangers and sick -should have been accommodated, and neglected the -chapel. Meanwhile the mild abbot died; a new superior -interfered and Hugh was again deposed. But having -enlisted the mediation of the bishop and archdeacon, he, -after a solemn oath of “reformation of all my excesses,” <span class="xxpn" id="p218">p218</span> -was actually entrusted for the third time with the -wardenship.<a id="fnanchor_137" href="#fn_137" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 137; go to footnote">137</a></p> - -<p>A more interesting figure is the incorrigible Thomas -de Goldyngton—warden of St. Nicholas’, Carlisle, and St. -Leonard’s, Derby—who appears upon the roll as a flagrant -offender, although a keen medical man. In 1341 he is -perilously near forfeiting his Crown appointments -for acting as leech to Scottish rebels; in 1348 he -“exercises the office of the surgery of the commonalty -[of Derby], neglects the duties of the wardenship -and has dissipated and consumed the goods -and alienated the lands to the great decay of the -hospital.” Thomas had been previously warned after -sundry visitations, for instance (1343): “the king commands -the master at his peril to observe all the rules, -constitutions and ordinances of the hospital [Carlisle] in -their entirety.”<a id="fnanchor_138" href="#fn_138" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 138; go to footnote">138</a> -It seems doubtful whether this energetic -person ever became an exemplary house-surgeon and -physician at that mediæval royal infirmary of Derby.</p> - -<p>The staff like the warden defied authority, as is shown -by visitation reports. The brethren and sisters of St. -Nicholas’, York, were cross-questioned by the jury. The -general evidence was that they were living as they -pleased, carrying on business, omitting services, and -wandering. The sisters mostly confessed to knowing -nothing, but one deposed that the brethren were disobedient; -whilst the chaplain reported that “all are -disobedient and do not observe humility.”<a id="fnanchor_139" href="#fn_139" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 139; go to footnote">139</a></p> - -<p>Community life was doubtless trying to the temper, -and there were occasionally disturbances serious enough <span class="xxpn" id="p219">p219</span> -to reach the king’s ears. Throughout the reign of -Edward II, the name of Nicholas de Staple occurs -periodically on Close Rolls. Brother Nicholas first -appears as an official of the Maison Dieu, Ospringe, -who had become intolerable to his fellows. The king, -in response to an appeal, orders him to transfer himself -promptly to St. John’s, Oxford, to remain until further -notice: “the king wishing to avoid damages and dangers -and dilapidations of the goods of the hospital that, it is -feared, will arise if Nicholas remain there any longer, on -account of the dissensions between him and the other -brethren.” The disturber of the peace retires from parchment -publicity for thirteen years, when an order is sent -to retain him for life as a chaplain-brother. Finally, -after a visit of twenty years to Oxford (whither he was -“lately sent to stay for some time”), the life-sentence is -remitted, and he is allowed to return to Ospringe. Two -years before Nicholas vanishes, Oxford becomes a reformatory -for another Ospringe brother, Thomas Urre, -whom the king caused to be amoved on account of bad -conduct, and because he excited all manner of disputes. -Small wonder that a subsequent visitation of St. John’s -should reveal misrule, dissolute living, disobedient and -quarrelsome brothers, sisters and ministers.</p> - -<p>A few years later, the household at Newton in Holderness -is in a like condition, witness the following entry:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Commission . . . to make inquisition and certify the king -whether, as he is informed, William Lulleman, chaplain, (who -pretends to be deaf and for that cause has at the king’s request -been admitted to his hospital of Newton to have his sustenance -there,) is sometimes lunatic and mad, and daily stirs up -dissension between the brothers and sisters of the hospital, and <span class="xxpn" id="p220">p220</span> -so threatens them and the poor residing there, and bears himself -so importunately that he cannot have his conversation -among the master and brethren, nor can the brethren and -sisters live in peace while he is conversant among them.”<a id="fnanchor_140" href="#fn_140" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 140; go to footnote">140</a></p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The offender was then removed, but imagine with what -feelings the warden of Newton received the king’s -messenger four years later, and unfastening the roll read -as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“To the master and brethren, etc. Request to admit -William Lulleman of Bernleye, chaplain, who is detained by -severe sickness, and to give him maintenance for life.”<a href="#fn_140" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 140; go to footnote">140</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>Edward III, wishing to guard against the reception of -unworthy men, forbade the master of Ospringe to admit -any brother without special orders; and he removed one -for notorious excesses and disobediences.<a id="fnanchor_141" href="#fn_141" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 141; go to footnote">141</a> -St. Thomas’, -Birmingham, was found in a miserable plight, because -“vile reprobates assumed the habit that they might -continue their abominable lives <i>sub velamine Religiositatis</i>, -and then forsake it, and cause themselves to be called -hermits.”<a id="fnanchor_142" href="#fn_142" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 142; go to footnote">142</a> -No clerk could be ordained without a “title,” -but hospitals were apt to offer this to unproved persons, -which was fatal to the tone of the household. St. John’s, -Ely, was usually governed by clergy under rule, but -in 1454 the Bishop of Dunkeld was collated to the mastership, -because no regulars could be found capable of effecting -its recovery from ruin and wretchedness.</p> - -<p>The decline of hospitals was largely owing to the fact -that many wardens were non-residents and pluralists. -It was actually possible to represent one as having died; <span class="xxpn" id="p221">p221</span> -several appointments are revoked because the master is -discovered to be “alive and well,” so that it was by -“false suggestion that the office was reported as void.” -Meanwhile such men were being supported from the -hospital funds; an absentee governor of God’s House, -Southampton, took his share of the best of its goods, -living at its expense in a private mansion in the country. -The king nominated to Crown foundations men constantly -employed on service elsewhere, and a mastership was a -mere stepping-stone to preferment.</p> - -<p>Not only did clergy hold a benefice and hospital together, -but sometimes one man held no less than three -hospitals. About 1350, the “lack of clergy by reason of -the pestilence” was a serious matter. On this plea the -Bishop of Winchester appointed his nephew, a youth in -his eighteenth year, as warden at Portsmouth; before -long the latter held also the mastership of St. Cross, an -archdeaconry, and two canonries. Such practices, begun -of necessity, were continued in the century of lax -Church life which followed. “One of the boys of the -king’s chapel” was given the wardenship of Ilford -hospital in 1405. The mischief that happened through -the plurality and non-residence of parochial and hospital -clergy was at length insisted on in Parliament, when in -response to the petition of the Commons, reformation -was ordered (1425). St. Nicholas’, Pontefract, had -been “ruled by secular masters, some of whom hardly -ever went there”; but in 1438 the management was -undertaken by the prior of Nostell.</p> - -<p>Dispensations from Rome were answerable for many -bad appointments, as is shown by entries in the papal -registers of 1427. The master of Newton Garth, for <span class="xxpn" id="p222">p222</span> -example, was Thomas Bourgchier—“who is in his -sixteenth year only, is of a race of great nobles, and -holds the said hospital, without cure, wont to be assigned -to secular clerks”; moreover it was granted that after his -twentieth year he might hold two houses, resigning or -exchanging them at will. This youthful official seems to -have been following in the footsteps of his ambitious -namesake and contemporary, who secured constant promotion -and finally “wore the mitre full fifty-one years,” -and died Primate and Cardinal. Well might the founders -of Ewelme almshouse provide that, if possible, the master -should be “a degreed man passed thirty winters of age.”</p> - -<p>Money was at the root of most ill-doing. Among the -articles concerning ecclesiastical reform set forth by -Henry V and published by the University of Oxford is -one (No. 42) <i>De Reformatione hospitalium</i>, stating that -the poor and needy of the hospitals have been cast out, -whilst the officials convert the goods to their own purposes. -The roll of “evil dispenders” is a long one.</p> - -<p>St. Leonard’s, York, is a notable example of the reduction -of income by abuse and misfortune. In Canon -Raine’s lecture upon its history, he gives extracts from -its account-books, which are here given in brief. The -receipts for the year 1369–1370 amounted to over £1,369, -the expenditure to £938. By 1409 the income had fallen -to £546. The number of patients declined proportionably, -falling from 224 in 1370 to 199 in 1377; and though it -rose to 206 in 1423, it was reduced to 127 in 1462. From -these facts several conclusions are drawn. The industrial -and self-supporting character of the hospital was relaxed -because war and pestilence left England shorthanded; -land was uncultivated and the hospital lost its thraves of <span class="xxpn" id="p223">p223</span> -corn. All this is true, but much of the misery lay at the -door of the wardens. One unscrupulous master made -500 marks yearly by the traffic in pensions; in 1391 the -hospital was “charged with corrodies<a id="fnanchor_143" href="#fn_143" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 143; go to footnote">143</a> -sold and given, -oppressed by the excessive expenditure of its heads, and -laden with debt, so that its remaining revenues are insufficient -to support master, brethren and sisters or the -poor and needy inmates, whereby the hospital is threatened -with extinction.” On another occasion the poor -“Cremettes” (as the inmates were called<a id="fnanchor_144" href="#fn_144" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 144; go to footnote">144</a>) made a petition -to the king because their master had put the chalices -and ornaments of the hospital in pledge, etc. There are -preserved in the Record Office a number of documents -relating to visitations of this house; these confirm the -evidence of contemporary Patent Rolls.</p> - -<p>At Gloucester the sale of pensions, jewels, corn, and -even of beds, is reported; bed-money was extracted from -the poor (20<i>s.</i> from one, and 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> from another, who -had lost his legs). Part of St. Bartholomew’s was unroofed, -pigs had access to it, the inmates lacked food and -clothing, whilst the utmost depravity prevailed in the -household (1380). One extravagant warden of God’s -House, Portsmouth, spent eight or nine hundred marks -yearly, yet kept no hospitality:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“butt the master will not obey to that and so seruys the powr -pepull at hys pleysure, that ys, with uere cowrse bred and -smaller drynke, wiche ys contrary to all good consyens.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -When a warden was to be elected to the Maison Dieu, -Dover (1533), a certain John de Ponte announced to -Cromwell:—“The master is dead, and a great benefice <span class="xxpn" id="p224">p224</span> -is fallen unto the king, with which you may oblige your -friends or take it yourself, and I will serve the same.” If -such was the prevalent tone of those in authority, it is -small wonder that Brinklow wrote about the year 1536:—“I -heare that the masters of your hospitals be so fat that -the pore be kept leane and bare inough.” There is -strong censure upon the administration of the London -hospitals in the petition for their re-foundation (1538); -they had been provided to relieve the poor, but “nowe a -smalle nomber of chanons, preestes and monks be founden -for theyr own synguler proffytt lucre and commodytye -onely,” and these do not regard “the myserable people -lyeing in the streete offendyng every clene person passyng -by the way.” About the year 1536, Robert Copland, -in <i>The hye way to the Spyttell hous</i>, says:—</p> - -<blockquote><div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse">“For I haue sene at sondry hospytalles</p> -<p class="pverse">That many haue lyen dead without the walles</p> -<p class="pverse">And for lacke of socour haue dyed wretchedly</p> -<p class="pverse">Vnto your foundacyon I thynke contrary.</p> -<p class="pverse">Moche people resorte here and have lodgyng,</p> -<p class="pverse">But yet I maruell greatly of one thyng</p> -<p class="pverse">That in the nyght so many lodge without.”</p> -</div></blockquote> - -<p>Many charitable institutions were in a languishing -condition. Some, of course, had never been endowed, -whilst others had only slender resources. Frequently the -depreciation in money had caused a shrinkage in a once-adequate -revenue; sometimes the land had been filched -away by neighbouring landowners. Writing of Sherborne, -Leland observes that the almshouse “stondith -yet, but men get most of the land by pece meales.” He -notes the dilapidated state of houses here and there; -at Beverley “ther was an Hospital of St. Nicholas, but <span class="xxpn" id="p225">p225</span> -it is dekayid,” and at St. Michael’s, Warwick, “the -Buildings of the House are sore decayed.” The condition -of St. John’s, Lutterworth, described in the Certificate of -1545, was such that no hospitality was kept;<a id="fnanchor_145" href="#fn_145" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 145; go to footnote">145</a> -there were -“noe pore men within the same Hospytal remaynyng or -inhabityng; and the house, with the chapel, gretly in -decaye and ruyne.” At Stoke-upon-Trent, it appeared -that there was a priest called master of St. Loye’s -hospital, but he did not know to what intent or deed -of charity it was founded.<a id="fnanchor_146" href="#fn_146" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 146; go to footnote">146</a> -Frequently the possessions -had dwindled until they barely sufficed to support a -chaplain, and no charity was distributed. The Certificate -of St. John’s, Calne, states that abuse is apparent, -because there are no paupers, but all profits go to the -master; these, however, only amounted to 66<i>s.</i> 5<i>d.</i> St. -John’s, Bedford, was worth 20<i>s.</i> a year, and “there is -found neuer a poore person nor hath not ben by the space -of many yeres.” In some cases the foundation had entirely -dropped out of existence, as at Winchcombe, where Leland -notes that “now the Name onely of Spittle remaineth.”</p> - -<p>The Statute of 1545 stated that it was well known that -the governors and wardens of hospitals, or the greatest -number of them, did not exercise due authority nor -expend the revenues in alms according to the foundation. -The avowed object of the Act was “to reduce and bring -them into a more decent and convenient order.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p226"> -<a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> p226</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XVI -<small>THE DISSOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS HOUSES AND -ITS EFFECT UPON HOSPITALS</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">“<i>The hospital . . . is like to go to utter decay. . . . For -my own part I think often, that those men which seek spoil of -hospitals . . . did never read the twenty-fifth chapter of Matthew; -for if they did, and believed the same, how durst they give such -adventure?</i>”</p> - -<p class="signature">(Archbishop Grindal, -letter to Burleigh, 1575.)</p></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">W<span>HEN</span></span> -the Primate wrote thus to the Lord Treasurer, -he added:—“that if any hospitals be abused (as -I think some are) it were a more Christian suit to -seek reformation than destruction.” Although the decline -of some hospitals led to the dissolution of many, it by no -means follows that such a course was justifiable.</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>Speaking generally, charities which had outlived their -usefulness had already been suppressed before the general -Dissolution and their property transferred to other purposes. -The leper-houses of Windsor and Huntingdon, -for example, were evidently deserted and ruinous when -they were annexed to Colleges at Cambridge (1462); and -the hospitals of Romney, Aynho and Brackley had been -appropriated to Magdalen College, Oxford (1481–5) -because they were no longer carrying out the founder’s -intentions. St. John’s, Reading, and St. Bartholomew’s, -Bristol, had already been converted into schools, the -latter as recently as 1532.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xxiv"> -<img src="images/i227.jpg" width="600" height="447" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XXIV.</i> AMBULATORY OF ST. -LEONARD’S, YORK</div></div> - -<p>In most of the existing hospitals good work was being -<span class="xxpn" id="p227">p227</span> -done; the <i>Valor Ecclesiasticus</i> and Chantry Surveys show -that money was expended upon useful charities. Layton’s -report of St. Mary’s, Leicester, that it was “well kept -and honest men therein” was true of many almshouses -throughout the land. Where evils are complained of, -they were not so much breaches of morality on the part -of the household, as neglect and wastefulness in administration. -A carefully-regulated commission to inquire -into matters of finance could well have rectified abuses in -ill-managed institutions. Had justice and magnanimity -held sway instead of rapacity and selfishness, the old -houses of mercy would have been refreshed and their -utility doubled just when a far wider charity was needful -on account of the annihilation of benevolent monasteries. -This was done in some foreign countries. Through the -protection of Gustavus Vasa, Swedish lazar-houses survived -the Reformation. In Denmark, Dominican and -Franciscan friaries were transformed into hospitals, and -the leper-houses subsequently became places of isolation -for contagious diseases. In France, where there was no -ecclesiastical upheaval, decayed hospitals were reformed -(1545) and put under the control of the bourgeois class -(1561).</p> - -<p>The various Acts of Henry VIII’s reign show that the -oppression of the poor was not at first intended. The -Statute for the suppression of vagrancy (1530–1) approved -the charitable work of hospitals. One clause in that of -1535–6 required that those who entered into possession of -the lands of religious houses should provide hospitality -and service for the poor as of old. In the draft for the bill -of 1539 the Commons proposed that the greater monasteries -not dissolved should build bede-houses in which <span class="xxpn" id="p228">p228</span> -to maintain for life ten poor men over sixty years of -age.</p> - -<p>Here, indeed, was a golden opportunity to increase the -benevolent institutions of the country. Much that was -becoming useless might have been transformed into a -great and permanent benefit. Charitable relief might -have been placed under public control upon a sound -religious and financial basis. But reformation too often -proved to be mere destruction, as “Mors” shrewdly -remarks:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Your pretence of putting downe abbeys, was, to amend -that was amisse in them. . . . It is amended euen as the -deuell amended his dames legge (as it is in the prouerbe) whan -he shuld haue set it ryght, he bracke it quyte in peces.”<a id="fnanchor_147" href="#fn_147" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 147; go to footnote">147</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>It is evident that the monastic system had been gradually -losing its hold on the nation. The idea of partial -disendowment had also been working in men’s minds, no -one foreseeing that the plunder of rich foundations would -ultimately lead to the robbery of poor people. In 1410 -the Commons petitioned in the Parliament of Westminster -that the surplus wealth of ecclesiastics might be transferred -to other uses, and that destitute persons might -benefit by the provision of new hospitals. Henry IV -replied that he would deliberate upon the matter, and -although no revised appropriation of funds then took -place, he did afterwards suppress certain alien priories, a -policy which was followed by Henry V. In 1414 the -above proposal was renewed in the Parliament of Leicester, -but the astute Chichele undertook that the clergy should -supply money for the wars:—“a thrust was made at all <span class="xxpn" id="p229">p229</span> -Abbies,” says Fuller, “which this Archbishop, as a -skilful Fencer, fairly put by.” In the following century -Wolsey, not anticipating the wholesale destruction which -was to follow, sought to dissolve certain small priories in -order to assist educational institutions (1523). A contemporary -writer observes that by this precedent “he -did make loose in others the conscience towardes those -houses.”</p> - -<p>The people desired the reformation of hospitals and an -extension of the system. Sir John Oldcastle’s bill in 1414 -proposed the foundation of new institutions each to be -endowed with one hundred marks yearly. The Commons -suggested that money now wasted by churchmen might -maintain a standing army and also suffice to provide:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“an hundred houses of -alms, to the relief of poor people -. . . with oversight of two true seculars unto every house. -And also with provision that every township should keep all -poor people of their own dwellers, which could not labour for -their living, with condition that if more fell in a town than -the town could maintain, then the said almshouses to relieve -such townships.”<a id="fnanchor_148" href="#fn_148" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 148; go to footnote">148</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>A similar plan was proposed by Brinklow about the -year 1542. He probably uttered what was in the minds of -many when he suggested measures for the re-distribution -of ecclesiastical wealth. One chapter of his <i>Complaint</i> -contains “A Godly aduisement howe to bestowe the -goodes and landes of the Bisshops &c. after the Gospell, -with an admonytion to the Rulers, that they loke better -upon the hospitals.” A part might, he thought, be given -in alms to the blind, sick and lame, to free schools, -or to needy maidens for marriage portions, etc. <span class="xxpn" id="p230">p230</span> -Poorhouses and parish doctors should be provided, and he -adds:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“Item, part of these forsayde goodes may be employed to this -use, that in euery hundreth, good towne or citie, certein houses -be mainteined, to lodge and kepe pore men in, such as be not -able to labour, syck, sore, blind, and lame, and euery one of -them to haue wherwith to liue, and to haue poore whole women -to minister unto them. . . . Let Physycians and Chyrurgians -be founde in euery suche town or cyte, where such houses be, to -loke uppon the Poore in that Town, and in all other Joyninge -unto it and they to lyue uppon their stipend onely, without taking -any penny of their pore, uppon payne of lousing both his -eares and his stipend also.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Henry VIII proposed to the Commons very much what -their predecessors had suggested to Henry IV and Henry -V, omitting, nevertheless, the clause relating to a hundred -new almshouses. If they would grant him the -religious houses, these should not be converted to private -uses, and the army would be strengthened and taxes -reduced. No provision, however, was made for these -projects, but the king was put in possession of the monasteries, -and then of the chantries, hospitals and free -chapels. The Parliament, in granting the hospitals to -the king and his heirs for ever, expressed its confidence in -the royal benevolence towards them and desire for their -improvement:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“The Kinges Highnes of his most godlie and blessed disposicion -entendeth to have the premisses used and exercised to -more godlie and uertuouse purposes and to reduce and bringe -them into a more decent and convenient order, for the commoditie -and welthe of this his realme and for the suertie of the -subjects.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -When the king went to prorogue Parliament, he seems to <span class="xxpn" id="p231">p231</span> -have alluded in his “Oration,” as set forth by Foxe, to -the above expression of their hopes and wishes:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Surely if I, contrary to your expectation, should suffer the -ministers of the church to decay; . . . or poor and miserable -people to be unrelieved; you might say that I, being put in so -special a trust, as I am in this case, were no trusty friend to -you, nor charitable man to mine even-christened, [fellow Christians], -neither a lover of the public wealth, nor yet one that -feared God, to whom account must be rendered of all our -doings. Doubt not, I pray you, but your expectation shall be -served more godly and goodly than you will wish or desire, as -hereafter you shall plainly perceive.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>But although Henry VIII thus professed to remember -the higher court of justice, his conduct gave no -evidence of it. Brinklow ventured upon a reminder in -<i>A Supplication of the Poore Commons</i>,<a id="fnanchor_149" href="#fn_149" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 149; go to footnote">149</a> -published shortly -after the king’s speech:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“We beseke you (most deare Soueraine) euen for the hope -you haue in the redemption of Christ, that you call to remembraunce -that dreadfull daye, whan your Highnesse shall stande -before the judgement seat of God in no more reputation then -one of those miserable creatures which do nowe daylye dy in -the stretes for lack of theyr dwe porsion.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -He continues to point out in forcible language that the -portion due by God’s ordinance to poor impotent folk, the -lame, blind, lazar and sore members of Christ—who once -had been lodged in hospitals and almshouses—is now given -by the king and his nobles to “reward those gnatonical -elbowhangers, your chaplaines.” In spite of the vehement -abuse of parasitical clergy in which the above writer indulges, -it was in the main lay-people rather than churchmen -who divided the spoils. Fuller—who quaintly <span class="xxpn" id="p232">p232</span> -writes that “this king made three meals, or (if you will) -one meal of three courses, on Abbey-lands, besides what -Cardinal Wolsey (the king’s taster herein) had eaten -beforehand”—goes on to say “yet surely more tendernesse -was used to hospitalls,” and finds “very few of -them finally suppressed.” But hospital endowments did -certainly form a substantial dish at Henry’s feast, to which -many royal favourites were bidden. Some fell with the -smaller priories (1536), a few with the greater houses -(1539), and others were extinguished under the Act for -dissolving chantries, free chapels, hospitals, and guilds -(1545); a further Act of confiscation marked the first year -of Edward VI’s reign (1547). In some places charities -were indiscriminately swept away. A manuscript history -of Gorleston records, for example, that “Henry VIII -ordered that all the premises of . . . the Hospitals of St. -James, St. John, St. Bartholomew, St. Luke, and the -church and hospital of St. Nicholas . . . should be sold.” -No consistent plan was followed, but—whether under -ecclesiastical or lay control—charities were destroyed or -spared at will. Speaking generally, institutions in private -hands were suppressed, those in the possession of corporate -bodies, retained.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xxv"> -<img src="images/i232.jpg" width="600" height="447" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XXV.</i> ST. -LEONARD’S, YORK</div></div> - -<p>Few houses of Crown patronage escaped. The Commissioners, -announcing to Cromwell (1537) the dissolution -of certain northern monasteries, add:—“We have also -altered the howse of Sancte Leonerdes in Yourke, after -suche ordre and fassion as we trust shall appeir to your -lordship to be to the kinges honour and contentacion.”<a id="fnanchor_150" href="#fn_150" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 150; go to footnote">150</a> -In truth the alteration meant annihilation for St. Leonard’s; -and St. Nicholas’ hospital in the same city also -<span class="xxpn" id="p233">p233</span> -disappeared. In London, the Savoy, fresh from the hand of -the builder, was dissolved. The sisters of St. James’, -Westminster, surrendered (receiving life-pensions), whereupon -“the king builded there a goodly Mannor, annexing -thereunto a Parke.”<a id="fnanchor_151" href="#fn_151" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 151; go to footnote">151</a> -The Maison Dieu, Dover, a rich -foundation with good buildings near the quay, was -declared suitable for a victualling yard (1544) which it -eventually became.</p> - -<p>Hospitals attached to a cathedral or see were usually, -but not always, spared. In the bishopric of Durham, for -example, the houses of Sherburn and Greatham survived, -but neither Kepier nor the bishop’s hospital at Northallerton. -God’s House, Portsmouth, was surrendered and -became an armoury; in the Library of the Society of -Antiquaries is a document of 1547 concerning “Munycions -within the Churche at Goddeshouse.”<a id="fnanchor_152" href="#fn_152" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 152; go to footnote">152</a> -St. John’s, Ely, -was spared, yet only for a while. The episcopal hospitals -at Bath and Norwich remained in use, but under the -municipality.</p> - -<p>If directly dependent upon a monastic house, the fate -of a hospital was practically sealed. Take, for instance, -the case of St. James’, near the gate of Lewes Priory. -From the monastery now demolished thirteen men and one -woman had had all their living; wherefore Peter Thompson -and the bedefolk begged relief (1538).<a id="fnanchor_153" href="#fn_153" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 153; go to footnote">153</a> -Hospitals -of lay-foundation which had been subsequently placed -under monastic supervision, but with distinct endowments, -fell as forming part of the sequestrated property. In -some cases the Crown kept up charities for a time. The <span class="xxpn" id="p234">p234</span> -return of pensions in 1552 shows that sums were paid -out of the tenements of Nostell Priory to inmates of -St. Nicholas’, Pontefract. The poor dwelling in the -so-called “Kings Majesty’s almshouses” at Glastonbury -(formerly abbey-pensioners) were also granted weekly -allowances. This was generous, for although Henry VIII -and Edward VI were fond of giving their names to charitable -institutions, they too often gave little else.</p> - -<p>The two Statutes authorizing the dissolution of Chantries, -etc. (1545–1547) extinguished or reduced in means, -some houses of charity. When an almshouse was spared, -the Crown sometimes demanded an acknowledgment; at -Beverley the rents in 1545 include a new item of £4 paid -by the town to the king and queen for the Trinity Maison -Dieu. “Hospitals” were not rightfully within the scope -of the second Act. Thus Foster’s almshouse in Bristol -being, as the certificate states:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“for the helpynge relief and comforte of a certeyn nomber of -poore people there to contynue and haue their liuinge from -tyme to tyme for euer, is without the compasse of the statute -and the King’s Majestie not entitled thereunto by force of the -same.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>In the preface to the <i>Yorkshire Chantry Surveys</i>, it is -stated that most, if not all, of the hospitals which were -returned on the certificates there printed were left undissolved, -save that in a few cases funds were transferred -to educational purposes. Testimony is borne in 1552 to -the usefulness of one of the Pontefract almshouses, where -fourteen bedemen were supported:—</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xxvi"> -<img src="images/i235.jpg" width="600" height="449" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XXVI.</i> ABINGDON -ALMSHOUSES</div></div> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“Thes persons be called cremettes and le pore and agyd -people, and placyd in a howse, callyd Seynt Nycoles Hospytell, -<span class="xxpn" id="p235">p235</span> -and when any of them dyeth another ys placyd in the dedes -roome, and ys very convenyent to be contynuyd, as well for -the helpe of the pore and agyd people of the towne as for -others.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>In many places, however, endowments were seized by -virtue of this Act. A sixteenth-century MS. states:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="continue">“Item, there ar within the towne and parishe of Taunton -xliiij<sup>or</sup> almshowses full of poore people whereunto there was -certen Lande belonginge which by the Suppression of Chaunteries -was taken awaie soe that now thinhabitaunts doe beare -the whole burden them selues.”<a id="fnanchor_154" href="#fn_154" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 154; go to footnote">154</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>The dissolution of fraternities also affected the maintenance -of the poor. Of almshouses associated with gilds -at Colchester, Stratford and Abingdon, none survived -save the latter, which was incorporated by Edward VI. -St. John’s hospital in Winchester outlived the fraternity -annexed to it. St. Thomas’, York, which had been -united to Corpus Christi Gild, weathered the storm, its -officials afterwards diplomatically inviting the mayor and -aldermen “to be brether with us in the same hospital.”</p> - -<p>Those houses were fairly secure which were already the -property of municipal authorities, who indeed received -fresh patronage at this time (e.g. at Canterbury, Norwich, -Bath)—a policy which obtained the support of the great -middle-class. At this crisis the public-spirited action of -more than one corporation saved charities from extinction. -In the Survey for Wiltshire (1548), quoted by Mr. Leach -in <i>English Schools at the Reformation</i>, the following entry -is made:—“There is an Hospitall within Marleborowe -. . . wiche the sayd mayre and commons humbly desyre -the Kingis Highnes and his mooste Honourable councell <span class="xxpn" id="p236">p236</span> -to conuerte into a Free scole for the inducement of youth.” -But before the townsmen obtained their school, it was -necessary to sell the stock of plate intended to pass from -mayor to mayor, “as hath byn credibly reported,” says a -book formerly belonging to the Chamber. To cite -another example, the corporation of Bristol received -St. Mark’s as a “gift,” that is, the sum of £1000 was -paid into the treasury of the Court of Augmentations, -besides an annual rent of £20. The city obtained part of -the property in return on easy terms, for, as Fuller -would observe, there were “many good bargains, or -rather cheap pennyworths, bought of abbey lands.” It is -said that more than half the purchase-money was raised -by the sale of church plate.</p> - -<p>In London, the citizens, under the leadership of the -Lord Mayor, made an urgent petition to Henry VIII -(1538) for the re-foundation of certain hospitals:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“for the ayde and comforte of the poore sykke, blynde, -aged and impotent persones, beyng not able to helpe theymselffs, -nor hauyning any place certeyn whereyn they may be -lodged, cherysshed and refresshed tyll they be cured and holpen -of theyre dyseases and syknesse. For the helpe of the said -poore people, we enforme your grace that there be nere and -w<sup>t</sup>yn the cytye of London three hospytalls or spytells, comenly -called Saynt Mary Spytell, Saynt Bartylmews Spytell, and -Saynt Thomas Spytell, . . . fownded of good -<span class="nowrap">devo<img class="img-c-tilde" src="images/c-tilde.jpg" - width="34" height="90" alt="LATIN SMALL LETTER - C WITH TILDE" />on</span> -by auncyent fathers, and endowed w<sup>t</sup> -great possessions and rents.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The petitioners promise that if the king will grant the -governance of these hospitals to them with their possessions, -they shall be reformed and their usefulness increased:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“A greatter nombre of poore nedy sykke and indygent persones -shalbe refresshed maynteyned comforted fownde heled <span class="xxpn" id="p237">p237</span> -and cured of theyre infyrmytyes frankly and frely, by phisicions, -surgeons, and appotycaryes, . . . so that all impotent persones -not able to labor shall be releued . . . and all sturdy -beggars not willing to labor shalbe punisshed, so that w<sup>t</sup> -Godd’s grace fewe or no persones shalbe seene abrode to begge -or aske almesse.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -It appears that no response was made to this appeal -until 1544. St. Mary’s had been dissolved, never to be -restored, St. Thomas’ was deserted, and St. Bartholomew’s, -“vacant and altogether destitute of a master and -all fellows or brethren.” After six years’ delay, the king -heeded the petition. He was exceedingly anxious to -emphasize his compassionate character and eager desire -for the improvement of hospitals. If the petitioners had -invited him to win the name of conservator, defender and -protector of the poor, he writes as though he were indeed -all these:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“We being of the same [hospital] so seised, and, divine -mercy inspiring us, desiring nothing more than that the true -works of piety and charity should not be abolished there but -rather fully restored and renewed according to the primitive -pattern . . . and the abuses, in long lapse of time lamentably -occurring, being reformed, we have endeavoured . . . that -henceforth there be comfort to the prisoners, shelter to the -poor, visitation to the sick, food to the hungry, drink to the -thirsty, clothes to the naked, and sepulture to the dead administered -there . . . we determine to create, erect, found and -establish a certain hospital.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -By virtue of these letters-patent the name of the ancient -institution was to be “The House of the Poor in West -Smithfield of the foundation of King Henry VIII.” The -noble “founder” is commemorated by the gateway and -by a portrait in the Common Room; whilst a window in <span class="xxpn" id="p238">p238</span> -the hall depicts Sir R. Gresham receiving the “foundation-charter.”</p> - -<p>If the “creation” of St. Bartholomew’s—after above -four hundred years of usefulness—was due to Henry VIII, -its preservation was due almost entirely to the good -citizens of London. Its former possessions being now -vested in the Crown, the king agreed by an Act of -Common Council to endow it to the extent of 500 marks -a year (about £333). The citizens—“thinkying it for -their partes rather to litle then enough”—gladly met the -offer with a similar sum annually; they also raised nearly -£1000 for initial expenses and opened the repaired and -refitted hospital for one hundred patients. They agreed -henceforth to buy and provide all manner of apothecary’s -ware, and all that was necessary for making salves and -all other things touching physic or surgery, for the -healing of inmates. From this time onwards the citizens -interested themselves in this great institution which they -supported nobly. It did not become a municipal hospital, -but was under the guidance of the Lord Mayor and -Governors.</p> - -<p>By the same covenant the king “gave” St. Mary’s -of Bethlehem to the city. Stow says:—“It was an -Hospitall for distracted people. . . . the Mayor and -Communalty purchased the patronage thereof with all -the landes and tenementes thereunto belonging, in the -yeare 1546, the same yeare King Henry the eight gave -this Hospitall unto the Cittie.” In other words, the -citizens bought back that which had already been in the -guardianship of the city for about two hundred years.</p> - -<p>In “The Ordre of St. Bartholomewes”<a id="fnanchor_155" href="#fn_155" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 155; go to footnote">155</a> -drawn up in <span class="xxpn" id="p239">p239</span> -1552, a report is given, so that all might know how things -were administered and support the work. During the -preceding five years, eight hundred persons had been discharged -healed, and ninety-two had died. The charity -had been carried on in spite of great difficulties, and now -there was a design to increase it:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“The Citie of their endlesse good wil toward this most -necessarie succour of their pore brethren in Christ, . . . wyshe -al men to be most assuredly perswaded, that if by any meanes -possible thei might, they desire to enlarge the benefyght to a -thousand.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -A wish is expressed that all almoners and houses of alms -might be stirred up to do likewise “at this tyme namely, -when the mysery of the poore moste busily semeth to -awake.” This same year the manor of Southwark was -purchased and St. Thomas’ repaired, so that whereas -it lately accommodated forty sick, it was reopened with -260 beds for the aged, sick and sore. This “Hospitall -of great receite for the poore, was suppressed but againe -newly founded and indowed by the benevolence and -charitie of the citizens,” says Stow. King Edward’s -letters-patent (1551) describe the miserable condition of -the sick poor lying and begging in the streets, “to their -no small grief and pain and to the great infection and -molesting of his subjects. The king desiring the health -of the citizens in general no less than the cure of the -sick, therefore grants permission to the mayor and corporation -to undertake the work.”</p> - -<p>The work of the re-founded houses of St. Bartholomew, -St. Thomas, and Bethlehem was supplemented in 1553 -by Christ’s Hospital for fatherless children, and Bridewell -for the correction of idle vagabonds. These institutions <span class="xxpn" id="p240">p240</span> -were provided partly from Edward VI’s private purse -and partly from the dissolved Savoy Hospital and Grey -Friars. Their initiation was due to the influence of -Ridley, Bishop of London, who took counsel with the -Lord Mayor as to the condition of the poor, and reported -it to the young king. With the charitable provision -after 1547 we are not, however, concerned, and only the -ultimate effect of the general Dissolution remains to be -shown.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">For, happily, this volume is no history of obsolete -institutions. The heritage of the past is to a certain -extent ours to-day, and we can rejoice in the uninterrupted -beneficence of St. Bartholomew’s which receives in the -twentieth century as in the twelfth, “languishing men -grieved with various sores.” Words spoken by the -Prince Consort in reference to another foundation at -once ancient and modern, are equally true of St. Bartholomew’s -and of the sister-hospital of St. Thomas:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“It holds to this day the same honourable position in the -estimation of the country which it did in the time of its first -formation, exemplifying the possibility, in this happy country, -of combining the general progress of mankind with a due reverence -for the institutions, and even forms, which have been -bequeathed to us by the piety and wisdom of our forefathers.”<a id="fnanchor_156" href="#fn_156" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 156; go to footnote">156</a></p></blockquote> - -<p>More has come down to us than perhaps we realize. -Canterbury retains three venerable houses of alms. St. -Mary’s, Chichester; St. Nicholas’, Salisbury; and St. -Giles’, Norwich, are still peaceful retreats in old age. In -the city of Winchester—St. Cross is not merely a monument -of unchangeable usefulness, but increased funds <span class="xxpn" id="p241">p241</span> -enable it to give pensions in various parts of England to -the value of £1200; the site of St. Mary Magdalene’s is -occupied by an isolation hospital, a portion of the original -endowment maintaining a small almshouse; while St. -John’s has been greatly enlarged.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="fig31"> -<img src="images/ib241.jpg" width="600" height="690" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -31. GATEWAY OF ST. JOHN’S, CANTERBURY</div> -</div> - -<p>Even where no ancient stones bear witness, modern -bricks or coins may be eloquent, for a part of the original <span class="xxpn" id="p242">p242</span> -endowment may be applied to a renewed institution. For -instance, the funds of the demolished leper-hospital at -Chichester are applied to a modern infirmary. Sums -arising from the “Lazarhouse Charity” (Launceston) or -“Magdalene Lands” (in Devonshire) are now and again -expended upon food and fuel for the poor. And although -York shows in the fragment of St. Leonard’s but a memorial -of fallen greatness, what appears to be a remnant of its -rich revenues is still paid to thirty-one poor people, for -the curious name “Cremitt Money” is surely derived -from the inmates of that hospital, commonly known as -“cremettes” (a corruption of <i>eremites</i>). The connection -is clear enough in the case of the “Almsmen of St. -Bartholomew” at Oxford, and “St. Nicholas’ Almsmen” -at Carlisle, who represent former occupants of leper-houses. -Again, the relation may be intimate even when -a modern charity perpetuates the ancient only by force of -association and memory. St. Leonard’s, Bedford, was -revived in 1889, the original charity for the sick, paralysed, -and lepers having lapsed at the Dissolution. No -endowments survived, but it is supported locally. The -present foundation is an association of religious and -philanthropic persons who supply nourishing diet to -invalids in their homes and assist them when convalescent. -Thus, although the sole trace of old buildings is -one pillar-shaft serving as a sun-dial, the charity itself -is a living memorial of the ancient hospital.<a id="fnanchor_157" href="#fn_157" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 157; go to footnote">157</a></p> - -<p>Finally, St. Leonard’s, Sudbury, and Sherburn House, -Durham, illustrate to what advantage the old order may -yield place to new. The income of St. Leonard’s, -originally designed for three lepers, supplemented by <span class="xxpn" id="p243">p243</span> -voluntary contributions, is applied to the maintenance of -fourteen beds for sick patients, the hospital being fully -equipped with modern medical and surgical appliances -whilst maintaining the former religious traditions. -Sherburn, once a home for sixty-five outcasts, was transformed -into an almshouse when the scourge was removed. -In that “haunt of ancient peace” many are now sheltered -in time of age or chronic sickness; they worship daily in -the old church; they are visited and cheered by a master -who has devoted his life to them, and whose work is a -labour of love. The revenues and practical benefits of the -hospital continue to increase; a modern dispensary is -fitted up there, by means of which hundreds of out-patients -from the neighbouring city are relieved.</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>“It is this renewing of itself which brings to English -institutions greatness, stability, and permanence. Thus the -great traditions of the past can be happily, wisely, and usefully -combined with the highest aspirations of the present and -future.”</p></blockquote> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Chapter XVI</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_134" href="#fnanchor_134" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 134; go to anchor">134</a> -Surtees Soc., 95, p. 238.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_135" href="#fnanchor_135" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 135; go to anchor">135</a> -Chron. and Mem., 71, iii. 162–5.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_136" href="#fnanchor_136" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 136; go to anchor">136</a> -Rot. Parl., i. 303.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_137" href="#fnanchor_137" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 137; go to anchor">137</a> -Peck, <i>Annals of Stanford</i>, ix. 32.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_138" href="#fnanchor_138" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 138; go to anchor">138</a> -Pat. 17 Edw. III, pt. i. m. 25<i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_139" href="#fnanchor_139" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 139; go to anchor">139</a> -Yorks. Arch. Assn. Record Series, xxiii. Inq. ii. p. 123 -et sq.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_140" href="#fnanchor_140" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 140; go to anchor">140</a> -Pat. 16 Edw. III, pt. ii. m. 22 <i>d</i>. -Close 20 Edw. III, pt. i. m. 4 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_141" href="#fnanchor_141" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 141; go to anchor">141</a> -Close 6 Edw. III, m. 29 <i>d</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_142" href="#fnanchor_142" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 142; go to anchor">142</a> -Lichfield Reg., 1344, Wm. Salt, Soc. i.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_143" href="#fnanchor_143" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 143; go to anchor">143</a> -See p. 213.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_144" href="#fnanchor_144" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 144; go to anchor">144</a> -See p. 242.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_145" href="#fnanchor_145" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 145; go to anchor">145</a> -It had been declining for above a century; a Papal -Letter (1435–6) states that for fifty years, on account of the -diminution of its fruits, etc., there were no brethren in the -hospital.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_146" href="#fnanchor_146" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 146; go to anchor">146</a> -Aug. Off., Chantry Certificate 40 (36).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_147" href="#fnanchor_147" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 147; go to anchor">147</a> -<i>Complaint of Roderyk Mors</i>, ch. xiiij.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_148" href="#fnanchor_148" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 148; go to anchor">148</a> -Fabyan, <i>Chronicles</i>, ed. 1811, p. 578.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_149" href="#fnanchor_149" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 149; go to anchor">149</a> -Early Eng. Text Soc., 77.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_150" href="#fnanchor_150" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 150; go to anchor">150</a> -Camden Soc., 1843, p. 166.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_151" href="#fnanchor_151" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 151; go to anchor">151</a> -Stow, <i>Survey of City of Westminster</i>, bk. vi. p. 4.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_152" href="#fnanchor_152" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 152; go to anchor">152</a> -MS. Soc. Antiq. cxxix. f. 274.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_153" href="#fnanchor_153" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 153; go to anchor">153</a> -Cal. of Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII, 13. i. 383.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_154" href="#fnanchor_154" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 154; go to anchor">154</a> -B.M. Add. 30277, f. 3.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_155" href="#fnanchor_155" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 155; go to anchor">155</a> -Early Eng. Text Soc. Extra liii. App. xvi.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_156" href="#fnanchor_156" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 156; go to anchor">156</a> -Speeches, p. 104.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_157" href="#fnanchor_157" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 157; go to anchor">157</a> -Communicated by the Secretary.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul></div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p244"> -<a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> p244</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">PART TWO -<small><small>NOTES ON</small>HOSPITAL PATRON SAINTS</small></h2> - -<blockquote><div> -“<i>Hospitals . . . founded to the honour of God and of His glorious -Mother.</i>” (Parliament of Leicester.)</div></blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">T<span>HE</span></span> -words “<b>God’s House</b>,” and “<b>Maison Dieu</b>” were -familiar enough in mediæval England. A hospital -was the house of God, for therein Christ was received -in the person of the needy:—“I was a stranger and ye -took Me in, sick, and ye visited Me.” It was also built in -His Name and to His honour, for the principle underlying -all dedications was, says Hooker, that they “were consecrated -unto none but the Lord only.” But with God’s -Name that of one of His saints was often associated, and -by this the hospital was commonly called; thus a charter -of Basingstoke ran:—“I have given and granted to -God and to the glorious Virgin His Mother, and to my -venerable patron St. John the Baptist the house called -St. John.”</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p><b>The Holy Trinity.</b>—Hospitals bearing this title are not -very numerous, though it often occurs as first of a group. -There are a few single dedications early in the thirteenth -century, which may be partly attributed to the institution -of the Feast of Trinity by St. Thomas of Canterbury. -Two hundred years later it was a fairly common <span class="xxpn" id="p245">p245</span> -dedication for almshouses. The seals depict various symbols. -The “majesty” representing the Three Persons, occurs -at Walsoken; the Almighty seated upon a rainbow (Salisbury); -our Lord enthroned (Berkeley); whilst a triple -cross ornaments the Dunwich seal. Bonde’s almsmen at -Coventry bore upon their gowns “the cognizance of the -Trinity.”</p> - -<p><b>The Holy Saviour</b>; <b>Christ</b>; <b>Corpus Christi</b>.—The Second -Person of the Godhead is seldom commemorated, but the -dedication to the Blessed Trinity was regarded as synonymous, -for the almshouse at Arundel occurs indifferently -as Christ’s or Holy Trinity. The Maison Dieu at York, -commonly called Trinity, was properly that of the Holy -Jesus—or Christ—and the Blessed Virgin, and the chantry -certificate is headed “The Hospital of the Name of Jhesus -and Our Blessyd Ladye.” St. Saviour was the invocation -of houses at Norwich and Bury, and the fair in connection -with the latter charity was held at the feast of the Transfiguration. -“Y<sup>e</sup> masendew of Chryste” at Kingston-upon-Hull -was originally “Corpus Christi,” but it is -remarkable to find that rarely-preserved dedication-name -upon an Elizabethan table of rules. The seal of the -Holloway hospital, near London, shows Christ (with the -orb) and St. Anthony.</p> - -<p><b>The Holy Ghost.</b>—This sacred title, closely associated -with the mediæval charities of Germany and famous in -Rome, was rarely used in England. At Sandon (Surrey) -was a hospital “commonly called of the Holy Ghost,”<a id="fnanchor_158" href="#fn_158" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 158; go to footnote">158</a> -though an alternative name occurs. A hidden dedication -is sometimes revealed, for the houses usually known -as St. Thomas’, Canterbury, St. Margaret’s, Taunton, <span class="xxpn" id="p246">p246</span> -St. John’s, Warwick, and St. John’s, Hereford, are -mentioned once in documents as being built in honour of -the Holy Ghost as well as of the saints named; all the -above instances refer to the years 1334–1353. At Lyme -there was the suggestive commemoration of the “Blessed -Virgin and Holy Spirit.”</p> - -<p><b>The Annunciation</b>; <b>St. Gabriel</b>; <b>St. Michael</b>; <b>The Holy -Angels</b>.—Two fourteenth-century foundations at Leicester -and Nottingham commemorate the Annunciation of the -Blessed Virgin. The seal of the former house depicts -St. Gabriel delivering his salutation. A kindred thought -underlies the dedication “to our lady St. Mary the Mother -of Christ and to St. Gabriel the Archangel” at Brough. -(It is noteworthy that the parish church was St. Michael’s.) -Another institution, built by Bishop Bronescombe of -Exeter, who had a special devotion to the Archangel, left -its name to Clist Gabriel. The more ancient dedication -to St. Michael occurs at Whitby and elsewhere in Yorkshire. -Michael de la Pole founded an almshouse at -Kingston-upon-Hull, partly in honour of “St. Michael -the Archangel and all archangels, angels and holy spirits.” -A fraternity at Brentford commemorated “The Nine -Orders of Holy Angels,” and in the Valor it is termed -<i>hospitalis Angelorum</i>.</p> - -<p><b>The Blessed Virgin</b>; <b>The Three Kings of Cologne</b>; <b>The -Holy Innocents</b>.—The statement referring to hospitals in -general as “founded to the honour of God and of His -glorious Mother” explains more than one difficult point. -First, numerous as are the dedications to St. Mary, they -are fewer than those of some other saints, for instance, -St. Mary Magdalene. Secondly, a certain number of -houses are set down as having two patrons, yet the -second <span class="xxpn" id="p247">p247</span> -saint appears to eclipse the Blessed Virgin; that of Newport -in Essex (given as St. Mary and St. Leonard) usually -bore St. Leonard’s name and kept its fair on his festival. -In many such cases there was in truth no double dedication; -and although gifts were made by charter to found a -hospital at Bristol “in honour of God, St. Mary and -St. Mark”, later documents omit the formula and call -it “the house of St. Mark.”</p> - -<div class="imctr02" id="plt-xxvii"> -<img src="images/i247.jpg" width="526" height="800" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XXVII.</i> HOSPITAL OF ST. MARY THE VIRGIN, -NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE</div></div> - -<p>On the other hand many houses were dedicated -solely in honour of the Blessed Virgin, including five -important institutions in London alone. In addition -to St. Mary (without Bishopsgate), St. Mary of Roncevalles -(Charing Cross) and Our Lady of Elsyng -(Cripplegate), there was St. Mary’s hospital or the House -of Converts,—a witness to the doctrine of the Incarnate -Christ,—and St. Mary of Bethlehem, a name chosen on -account of the founder’s intense reverence for the holy -Nativity. Stow quotes the deed of gift made by Simon, -“son of Mary”:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“having speciall and singulor deuotion to the Church of the -glorious Virgin at Bethlehem, where the same Virgin brought -forth our Saviour incarnate . . . and where [to] the same -Child to us there borne, the Chiualrie of the heavenly Company -sang the new Hymne <i>Gloria in excelsis Deo</i>.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -The Holy Innocents were commemorated in the ancient -leper-house outside Lincoln. The existing chapel of an -almshouse in Bristol built “in the honour of God and -the Three Kings of Cologne” (Leland’s <i>fanam trium -regum</i>) is the sole witness in the way of dedication in -England to the veneration of the Magi. The title is said -to have been the choice of an Abbot of Tewkesbury -at the close of the fifteenth century. -<span class="xxpn" id="p248">p248</span></p> - -<p><b>Holy Cross and Holy Sepulchre.</b>—Names commemorating -the Death and Burial of the Saviour are not infrequent. -The history of St. Cross, Winchester, touches that of the -Knights of Jerusalem, with whom both name and badge -are connected. (See p. -<a href="#p207" title="go to page 207">207</a>.) On the common seal the -master and priests are shown kneeling at the foot of the -Cross; the descent from the Cross is depicted upon -the walls of the church. This dedication is also appropriately -associated with the hospitals usually known as -St. Mary Magdalene’s at Stourbridge and near Bath, the -fairs of which houses were held on the festivals of the -Invention and Exaltation of the Holy Cross. The chapel -of St. Thomas of Acon in Cheapside—under the Knights -Templars—was dedicated to St. Cross. The church -attached to St. Bartholomew’s, Smithfield, was probably -named out of veneration for the relics of “the tree of life” -which the founder used in healing (see p. -<a href="#p095" title="go to page 95">95</a>); and once -exemptions were granted “out of the king’s reverence for -the Holy Cross, in honour of which the church of the -hospital of St. Bartholomew is dedicated.”<a id="fnanchor_159" href="#fn_159" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 159; go to footnote">159</a></p> - -<p>The connection between St. Helen and the Holy Cross -is best told in reference to the hospital at Colchester. -Although authentic records only carry its history back to -1251, an illustrious antiquity is claimed in an episcopal -indulgence purporting to be issued about 1406. The -tradition is quoted (but with modernized spelling) from -the <i>Antiquarian Repertory</i>:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Moreover, in the year of our Lord 670, Constantine, the -son of the blessed and holy woman Saint Elyn, sent his mother -unto Jerusalem to inquire of the Holy Cross that our Saviour -Christ Jesu died upon, likewise as it was shewed to him by <span class="xxpn" id="p249">p249</span> -token in the air and also by revelation of the Holy Ghost. -Then the holy woman, seeing the Will of Almighty God, -departed out of the town of Colchester where she was born -(there where the said hospital is founded in the honour of -Almighty God, the holy Cross and St. Elyn) and took her -journey unto Jerusalem and there . . . did win the same Cross. . . . -Then the holy victorious woman gave laud and loving -to God and took one part of the Holy Cross and closed it with -gold and sent it to her hospital to Colchester evermore to be -abiding, with her ring, her girdle, and her purse, with other 24 -curious reliques.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -Finally, after relating a visit of St. Thomas of Canterbury -to that house, the story of the relic, inciting to -devotion, pilgrimage visits and contributions, is brought -up to date:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Also in the year of our Lord 1401, there came thieves unto -the hospital by night and brake up the locks where the glorious -relique was, and took it away . . . then they took the blessed -Holy Cross (as it was, closed in gold the weight of 21 ounces) -and cast it into the pond, but it would not sink . . . and so -the folks that did pursue took it up and brought it home to the -place again.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -This Colchester foundation was associated with the gild -of St. Cross (p. -<a href="#p018" title="go to page 18">18</a>) and other gilds of that name maintained -charities at Stratford-on-Avon, Abingdon and -Hedon. In the latter place the hospital of St. Sepulchre -gave its title to Newton St. Sepulchre. There were -pilgrim-houses at Nottingham and Stamford with the -same dedication.</p> - -<p><b>St. John Baptist</b>, <b>St. Mary Magdalene and St. Lazarus</b>.—The -cult of these saints is intertwined with the history -of the Religious Military Orders of Jerusalem. The work -of the Knights Hospitallers was to care for sick and <span class="xxpn" id="p250">p250</span> -needy pilgrims. They maintained two important infirmaries -at Jerusalem, St. John’s for men, and St. Mary -Magdalene’s for women. Grateful guests returning from -pilgrimage bore the report of these houses far and wide; -thus it came to pass that, throughout Europe, hospitals -unconnected with the order were founded, and by force of -association consecrated in honour of these saints. That of -St. John Baptist, Lechlade, is referred to in one deed -as “St. John of Jerusalem.” Such “houses of St. John” -were usually for travellers. One writer remarks that -almost every town had a place to accommodate the sick and -wayfarers, and that they “were invariably dedicated to -St. John Baptist in connection with his wandering life.” -Although this saint did not monopolize the protection of -strangers, he was certainly adopted as patron by some -hundred hospitals (excluding commanderies of the Order -of St. John).</p> - -<p>Lanfranc’s foundation in his cathedral city was placed -by him under the patronage of St. John Baptist, on one of -whose festivals (August 29) the archbishop had been consecrated. -The hospital at Thetford kept a fair on that -day called “The Decollation of St. John Baptist”; but the -lepers of Harting celebrated their wake on June 24, “The -Nativity of St. John Baptist.” The strange customs connected -with this latter festival were especially observed in -houses of which he was patron; in memory of St. John -Baptist it was usual at Sherborne for a garland to be -hung up on Midsummer Eve at the door of St. John’s, -which the almsmen watched till morning.</p> - -<p>Seals usually depict the saint with his symbol of the -Holy Lamb; sometimes he points to a scroll (<i>Ecce Agnus -Dei</i>). In two instances (Banbury and Bristol) a patriarchal <span class="xxpn" id="p251">p251</span> -cross, one of the symbols of the Knights Hospitallers, is -shown; this double-armed cross is likewise found on the -gable of St. John’s, Northampton, where it is considered -a unique architectural feature.</p> - -<p>St. Lazarus became the guardian of lepers partly -through the influence of the Order whose aim was to -relieve the sick, and especially the leprous, members of -their brotherhood. They were introduced into England in -Stephen’s reign, when the hospital of the Blessed Virgin -and St. Lazarus was founded at Burton, afterwards known -as Burton St. Lazarus. The seal of this house depicts -a bishop carrying in one hand a fork or trident,<a id="fnanchor_160" href="#fn_160" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 160; go to footnote">160</a> -in the -other a book; Dugdale ascribes the figure to St. -Augustine, but Mr. de Gray Birch attributes the mitred -effigy to St. Lazarus, traditional Bishop of Marseilles. -Of the other dedications to St. Lazarus little is known, -some being of doubtful authenticity.</p> -<div class="section"> -<div class="figleft imwth08" id="fig32"> -<img src="images/ib252.jpg" width="252" height="398" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -32. SEAL OF ST. MARY -MAGDALENE’S, BRISTOL</div> -</div> - -<p class="clearnone">The question naturally arises—why were lepers called -<i>lazars</i> in common parlance, and why was <i>Lazarus</i> chosen -as their patron? A curious confusion of ideas is revealed. -The original person intended was he who lay full of -sores at the rich man’s gate. The banner of a Flemish -lazaretto displays scenes from the life of this Lazarus, who -appears clad as a mediæval leper, and carries a clapper.<a id="fnanchor_161" href="#fn_161" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 161; go to footnote">161</a> -The same idea was familiar in England. David of -Huntingdon having founded a leper-house, Aelred the -chronicler prays at his death:—“Receive his soul into the -bosom of Abraham with Lazarus whom he did not despise -but cherished.” A similar allusion occurs in Langland’s <span class="xxpn" id="p252">p252</span> -<i>Piers the Plowman</i>: “And ich loked in hus lappe · a -lazar lay ther-ynne.” The <i>lazarus ulceribus plenus</i> of -the allegory, however, soon became associated with the -historical Lazarus of Bethany. Thus a colony of north-country -lepers dwelt in Sherburn hospital founded “in -honour of the Saviour, the Blessed -Virgin, St. Lazarus, and his -sisters Mary and Martha.” This -dedication was abbreviated into -St. Mary Magdalene, and the -principal altar was in her honour. -St. Mary Magdalene, universally -identified with St. Mary of Bethany, -was thus commonly involved -in the curious double personality -of St. Lazarus. In England, she -was the most popular of leper-patrons, -no one save St. Leonard -attaining to half her number of -dedications. We are told that -St. Lazarus held this place in -France, St. James in central Europe, St. George in the -North; but in England, the Magdalene was supreme. -The “Maudlin-house” was almost synonymous with -leper-hospital. Place-names testify to the devotion of our -forefathers to St. Mary Magdalene, and in several places -“Mawdlyn lands” mark the site of a leper-colony.</p></div> - -<p><b>St. Bartholomew</b> had sixteen hospitals in England, -chiefly in the South. An old hymn, quoted by Dr. -Norman Moore, describes the Apostle’s medical powers. -“Lepers he cleanses”—and to him were dedicated ancient -lazar-houses at Rochester, Oxford, Dover, etc. “The sick <span class="xxpn" id="p253">p253</span> -he restores”—the Apostle having appeared to Rahere, sick -with fever in Rome (perhaps, it is suggested, upon the -island of St. Bartholomew in the Tiber), he builds upon -his recovery a house of healing near London, which for -nearly eight hundred years has been a place of restoration. -“The lunatic are made whole”—and the <i>Book of -the Foundation</i> tells of such a cure at St. Bartholomew’s:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“ther yn a shorte space his witte was recoueryd, where a -litill tyme he taried, blessyng God that to his apostles hath -uouchsaf to commytte his excellent power, to hele syke, to -clense lepers, and to caste owte feendys.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="continue"> -At St. Bartholomew’s, Oxford, a relic was treasured, -namely, a portion of the saint’s skin. The legend of his -martyrdom is depicted upon the seal of the Gloucester -foundation, and he is shown knife in hand on the -Rochester seal. (Tail-piece of this chapter.)</p> - -<p><b>St. James.</b>—Of all the Apostles, St. James has the -largest number of hospitals, namely, twenty-six partly -or wholly dedicated to him. This is doubtless due to the -fact that his shrine at Compostella was the goal of Christendom, -and the miracles of “Santiago” world-famous. -St. James’, Northallerton, was named as the direct result -of a pilgrimage to Compostella in the year 1200 by -Philip, Bishop of Durham. Several ports (Dunwich, -Seaford, Shoreham) had houses in his honour. Hospital -seals depict the saint as a pilgrim, with water-bottle and -scrip, whilst one shows the token of escallop shells.</p> - -<p><b>St. James & St. John.</b>—Whereas there was apparently -no parish in England commemorating the brother-apostles, -three hospitals (Aynho, Royston, and Brackley) bore this -double name. About Brackley, indeed, there is some <span class="xxpn" id="p254">p254</span> -uncertainty. It occurs as “St. John and St. James” -(1226), “St. James and St. John Apostle” (1227); but -also as “St. John Baptist” (1301, 1471). The seal shows -two figures, of which one scantily clad and bearing a -palm suggests the Baptist.</p> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="figleft imwth08" id="fig33"> -<img src="images/ib254.jpg" width="252" height="385" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -33. SEAL OF ST. MARK’S, BRISTOL</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone"><b>St. John Evangelist & St. John Baptist</b> appear in conjunction -at Exeter, Sherborne, Newport Pagnell, Northampton, -and Leicester. The original and usual title at -Exeter was St. John Baptist; but in 1354 Bishop John de -Grandisson, a benefactor, mentions “St. John the Baptist -and Fore-runner of Christ and St. John His Evangelist -and Apostle.” The seal of Northampton shows both -saints with their symbols, and the appellations <span class="smmaj">BAPTI</span> and -<span class="smmaj">EWA</span> are placed over the figures. On the Leicester seal -the eagle of the Apostle is shown, and the scroll in its -talons may represent the <i>Ecce Agnus Dei</i>. When -“St. John” occurs, the dedication -commonly proves to be to the Baptist; -and even where the Evangelist is expressly -named, some later document -reverts to his namesake, e.g. Blyth, -Burford, Castle Donington, Cirencester.</p> - -<p class="clearnone"><b>St. Matthew</b>, <b>St. Mark</b>, and <b>St. Luke</b> -were not uncommemorated. “The -house of St. Matthew” at Maiden -Bradley, which occurs on one Patent -Roll (1242), was commonly called -St. Mary’s; the double dedication is -mentioned in the Obituary Roll of -Prior Elchester of Durham (1484), -viz.: <i>Eccles. B. Mar. et S. Math. Ap.</i> The fair, granted <span class="xxpn" id="p255">p255</span> -in 1215, was upon the vigil and feast of St. Matthew the -Apostle. The name of St. Mark’s, Bristol, is preserved -in the existing chapel of the hospital; the seal (Fig. 33) -shows the saint writing his gospel, the lion by his side. -“The lepers of St. Luke the Evangelist at the bridge-end -of Beghton” are mentioned in 1334, but the locality -is not identified. There was also a hospital of St. Luke -at Gorleston.</p></div> - -<p><b>St. Andrew</b>; <i>St. Thomas</i>; <b>St. Stephen</b>.—There were -dedications to St. Andrew at Flixton, Denwall, Cokesford, -and Hythe. It seems probable that the last named was a -re-foundation of St. Bartholomew’s, for “St. Andrew” -only occurs during the few years following its restoration -by Hamo, Bishop of Rochester, of which See that saint -was patron. It is improbable that any of the hospitals of -St. Thomas were under the patronage of that Apostle, -although Tanner erroneously gives an instance at Birmingham. -They sprang up when St. Thomas the Martyr -of Canterbury was of paramount popularity. The ambiguous -“St. Thomas-on-the-Green” at Sherborne, for -example, is referred to by Leland as the “free chapel of -Thomas Becket.” St. Stephen, the almoner of the Early -Church, was the appropriate patron of several houses of -charity, including three in the eastern counties. One was -at Bury St. Edmunds, where there were preserved in the -abbey “certain drops of St. Stephen’s blood which -sprung from him at such time as he was stoned.” The -seals of Norwich and Hempton show their patron -respectively as martyr and minister.</p> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="figleft imwth08" id="fig34"> -<img src="images/ib256.jpg" width="252" height="395" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -34. SEAL OF ST. CLEMENT’S, -HODDESDON</div></div> - -<p class="clearnone"><b>St. Paul the Apostle</b>; <b>St. Paul the Hermit</b>; <b>St. Peter</b>; -<b>St. Petronilla</b>.—Although St. Peter and St. Paul are -commemorated in hundreds of parish-churches, their <span class="xxpn" id="p256">p256</span> -hospitals number only nine, including those in York and -London which were adjuncts of cathedrals and borrowed -their dedication-names. At Norwich, St. Paul the Hermit -was associated with his namesake. St. Peter and his -daughter St. Petronilla were patrons of leper-houses for -priests and maidens at Bury St. Edmunds. The virgin -saint was famous locally and the skull of St. Petronilla or -Pernell, which was preserved in the abbey, was considered -efficacious in sickness. Indeed, the eastern counties were -rich in her relics, for a casket from the treasury of a -Norwich priory, lent to Henry III, contained, it was -said, “of St. Petronella, one piece.”</p> - -<p class="clearnone"><b>St. Clement</b>; <b>St. Lawrence</b>.—There were dedications to -the Bishop of Rome in Oxford, -Norwich and Hoddesdon. On -one seal, the last-named house -is called “the hospital of St. -Clement” (Fig. 34), upon another -“of St. Anthony”; both depict -not only the hermit but a mitred -saint in vestments, with hammer -and horse-shoe. The connection -with the forge is not clear, but -St. Clement is referred to as -patron of ironworkers in Sussex, -and of blacksmiths in Hampshire. -He was popularly regarded -rather as the seamen’s -saint, and was invoked by -mariners of a fraternity of St. -Clement connected with St. Bartholomew’s hospital, -Bristol. St. Lawrence the deacon, whose liberality -<span class="xxpn" id="p257">p257</span> -towards the sick and poor was proverbial, was guardian of -twelve hospitals, chiefly for lepers. This beloved martyr -of Rome was venerated in Canterbury, and the lepers -dependent upon St. Augustine’s Abbey were under his -protection on a site now marked by St. Lawrence’s -Cricket Ground. “Lawrence Hill,” Bristol, also preserves -the memory of a leper-house. The old seal of -St. Lawrence’s, Bodmin, shows the martyr with his -gridiron.</p> -</div> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xxviii"> -<img src="images/i256.jpg" width="600" height="436" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i256-2.jpg" width="600" height="466" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="first"> - <a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> - <i>PLATE XXVIII.</i></p> -<div class="nowrap"> -<div class="pleft">HOSPITAL OF ST. PETRONILLA, BURY ST. EDMUNDS</div> -<div class="pleft padtopc">HOSPITAL OF ST. JAMES, -DUNWICH</div></div></div></div> - -<p><b>St. Nicholas.</b>—The dedications in this name amount to -twenty-nine, eleven being in Yorkshire. St. Nicholas’, -leper-house, Harbledown, was founded by the Italian Lanfranc, -whose native land had just acquired the bones of -the benevolent bishop, translated to Bari in 1087. The -hospitals of Royston and Bury St. Edmunds kept their -fairs at the festival of his “Translation.” So great was -his popularity that Miss Arnold-Forster remarks that if -any dedication to St. Nicholas could be traced in Derbyshire, -he would have the distinction of being found in -every county. This one lack among the parish churches to -which she refers, is supplied by the existence of a hospital -in his honour at Chesterfield, and of an almshouse chapel -at Alkmonton.</p> - -<p><b>St. Anthony.</b>—Whereas few churches were consecrated in -memory of this hermit, twenty-one houses of charity were -partly or wholly dedicated to him. His aid was invoked -when pestilence (<i>feu sacré</i>) wasted France, and the initiation -of the Order of St. Anthony spread his fame. The -French priory at Lenton maintained a hospital for “such -as were troubled with St. Anthony’s fire,” i.e. erysipelas. -An indulgence offered to contributors towards -St. Anthony’s in London refers to inmates “of whom <span class="xxpn" id="p258">p258</span> -some are so tortured and scorched by burnings as of the -pit, that being deprived of all use of their limbs, they -seem to be rather horrible deformities than human beings.” -The saint was invoked against contagion and all diseases. -In England most of his foundations were for lepers. One -of the latest lazar-houses (Holloway, 1473) had a chapel of -St. Anthony; but the full title on the seal is “Holy Jesus -and St. Anthony.”</p> - -<p>The seals of the London, Hoddesdon, and Holloway -hospitals (Figs. 30, 34) show St. Anthony with his tau -cross, bell, and pig. When it was forbidden for swine to -roam in the streets, the Antonine monks retained the right -to turn out their pigs, which were distinguished by a bell. -Although the York hospital was not under the Order, the -master claimed one pig out of every litter. As late as -1538, when the London house of St. Anthony had been -appropriated to Windsor, licence was given “to collect -and receive the alms of the faithful, given in honour of -God and St. Anthony, . . . together with swine and -other beasts.”</p> - -<p><b>St. Augustine</b>; <b>St. Benedict</b>; <b>St. Bernard</b>.—Whether the -“hospital for lepers of St. Augustine” at Newport (Isle -of Wight) should be considered a true dedication is hard -to say; like the “Papey” in London it may merely have -been a community under the Austin Rule. A leper-house -in Norwich bore the name of St. Bennet’s; although -situated in St. Benedict’s parish, this must be regarded -as a genuine dedication, for the common seal depicts the -patron. “St. Nicholas and St. Bernard’s” at Hornchurch -took its designation from the Great St. Bernard -in Savoy. (See p. -<a href="#p209" title="go to page 209">209</a>.) -<span class="xxpn" id="p259">p259</span></p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xxix"> -<img src="images/i259.jpg" width="600" height="798" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> -<i>PLATE XXIX.</i> THE HOSPITALITY OF ST. JULIAN -<div class="fsize6">FROM THE PAINTING BY C. ALLORI</div></div></div> - -<p><b>St. Julian the Hospitaller</b> was a singularly appropriate -guardian. Gervase of Southampton was himself following -the example of St. Julian when he turned his home -into a resting-place for travellers. Leland refers to God’s -House, Southampton, as “dedicate to Saynct Juliane the -Bisshop,” but it was rather the “good harbourer” who -was renowned in mediæval England. The saint has been -depicted in art helping a leprous youth out of the ferryboat -and welcoming him to his house. (Pl. XXIX.) At -the passage of the river at Thetford was a hospital, the -chapel of which commemorated St. Julian; and the leper-house -near St. Albans was in his honour.</p> - -<p><b>St. Alexis.</b>—The story of Alexis himself is some clue -to the unique dedication found at Exeter. He forsook -his home for many years, and when at last he returned -he was recognized by no one, but his parents welcomed -the ragged stranger for the sake of their wandering son. -St. Alexis was therefore regarded as the patron of mendicants.</p> - -<p><b>St. George and St. Christopher.</b>—There were hospitals -of St. George at Tavistock and Shrewsbury; the latter -gave his name to one of the gates and contributed his -cross to the arms of the town. That of Yeovil was dedicated -to “St. George and St. Christopher the Martyrs”; -each pensioner was to wear upon his breast a red cross -“as a sign and in honour of St. George the Martyr, -patron of the house of alms.” The squire of Thame put -his bedemen under the care of St. Christopher, as is set -forth upon his tomb:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="continue">“that founded in the church of Thame a chantrie, vi pore men -and a fraternitye, In the worship of Seynt Cristofore to be -relevid in perpetuyte.” -<span class="xxpn" id="p260">p260</span></p></blockquote> - -<div class="imctr05" id="fig35"> -<img src="images/ib260.jpg" width="348" height="387" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -35. SEAL OF ST. KATHERINE’S, BRISTOL</div> -</div> - -<p><b>St. Margaret</b>; <b>St. Katherine</b>; <b>St. Ursula</b>.—There are -eighteen houses in honour of St. Margaret, and they are -chiefly for lepers. It is possible that in the case of -Huntingdon the name may enshrine the memory of the -saintly lady of Scotland, who died in 1093, although, it is -true, she was not canonized until 1250; her son, David of -Huntingdon, built St. John’s in that town, and he may -have founded St. Margaret’s, of which his daughter and -grandson were benefactors. The hospitals dedicated to -St. Katherine also number about eighteen. That royal -saint was chosen by Stephen’s queen as the protector of her -charitable foundation for women. Katharine of Aragon -obtained for this house a gift of relics, including part of -the tomb of the saint sent by the Pope, “out of respect -for the Hospital of St. Katharine.” The seal of this house -and of that at Bristol (Fig. 35) show the saint crowned, <span class="xxpn" id="p261">p261</span> -with sword and wheel, and the latter device was also -worn on the habit. Wigston’s hospital, Leicester, was -named “St. Ursula and St. Catherine.” Bonville’s -almshouse at Exeter includes in its unique dedication -St. Ursula’s famed companions; it was in honour of -“The Blessed Virgin, the Eleven Thousand Virgins and -St. Roch.”</p> - -<p><b>St. Anne</b>; <b>St. Helen</b>.—The mother of the Blessed Virgin -was commemorated at Ripon, and together with other -saints at Norwich, Oakham, Stoke-by-Newark, Brentford -and Hereford. St. Helen, the mother of Constantine, -had hospitals at Derby and Braceford, besides that -alluded to under the title “Holy Cross.”</p> - -<h3>SAINTS OF FRANCE</h3> - -<p><b>St. Leonard.</b>—The attitude of France to this hermit-saint -was one of deep devotion. Our Norman kings and -nobles shared this veneration. Foundations bearing his -name at Chesterfield, Derby, Lancaster and Nottingham, -had privileges in the adjoining royal forests; and -St. Leonard’s, Launceston, was dependent on the Duchy. -The hospital at Northampton showed a crown upon its -seal, and that of York (re-dedicated to this saint by -Stephen) bore the arms of England. St. Leonard’s, -Alnwick, was erected on the spot where the Scottish -king Malcolm fell. This saint had a reputation as a -healer: “il était le médecin des infirmes.” Some fifty-five -charitable foundations had St. Leonard for patron; -they were mainly for lepers, and in certain counties -(notably Derby and Northampton) even St. Mary -Magdalene had to give place to him in this capacity. <span class="xxpn" id="p262">p262</span> -The “Hospital of St. Leonard the Confessor” in Bedford -was revived twenty years ago by a band of brothers -who met on St. Leonard’s Day and resolved to restore -the lapsed memory of this patron saint.</p> - -<p><b>St. Giles</b>; <b>St. Theobald</b>.—The houses of St. Giles number -about twenty-five. The chief one was that “in the fields” -near London. He was the cripples’ (and therefore the -lepers’) patron, partly because he himself suffered from -lameness, and partly on account of the legend of the -wounded hart which fled to him, an incident depicted -upon seals at Norwich, Wilton and Kepier. Another -French hermit, St. Theobald, shares the dedication -of the leper-house at Tavistock with St. Mary Magdalene.</p> - -<p><b>St. Denys</b>; <b>St. Martin</b>; <b>St. Leger</b>; -<b>St. Laud</b>; <b>St. Eligius</b>.—The -hospital at Devizes built by the Bishop of Salisbury -was in honour of St. James and St. Denys; the fair -granted to the lepers was held on the vigil and day of -St. Dionysius. The charitable St. Martin occurs, with -or without St. John Baptist, at Piriho. St. Leger was -commemorated at Grimsby. St. Laud (or Lo) is an -alternative patron at Hoddesdon. St. Eligius (or Eloy) -was venerated in houses at York, Stoke-upon-Trent, -Cambridge and Hereford.</p> - -<p><b>St. Louis</b>; <b>St. Roch</b>.—These unique dedications are -welcome among our patron saints. That to the saintly -king occurs in the Ely Registers, contributions being -invited in 1393 towards a chapel newly constructed at -Brentford (<i>Braynford</i>) in honour of the Blessed Anne -and St. Louis (<i>Ludovicus</i>) with houses for the reception -of travellers. St. Roch, who ministered to the plague-stricken -of Italian hospitals in the fourteenth century, <span class="xxpn" id="p263">p263</span> -was commemorated at Bonville’s almshouse in Exeter, -Rock Lane being a reminder of its chapel of St. Roch.</p> - -<h3>SAINTS OF ENGLAND</h3> - -<p><b>St. Oswald</b>; <b>St. Wulstan</b>.—One hospital at Worcester -“beareth the name of St. Oswald as a thinge dedicate of -ould tyme to him.” (See p. -<a href="#p002" title="go to page 2">2</a>.) The foundation of the -other is ascribed to St. Wulstan himself. The house -grew in importance after the saint’s canonization in -the year 1203, which followed a fresh display of -miracles at his shrine. The possession of the faithful -bishop’s famous staff was disputed between hospital and -priory.<a id="fnanchor_162" href="#fn_162" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 162; go to footnote">162</a></p> - -<p>The common seal shows the patron in the act of benediction, -staff in hand.</p> - -<p><b>St. Godwald</b>; <b>St. David</b>.—The chapel of St. Wulstan’s -was dedicated to St. Godwald. “Some say he was a -bishop” is Leland’s commentary. Miss Arnold-Forster -identifies him with Gulval, hermit-bishop in Wales. -St. David, the Welsh Archbishop (canonized 1120), was -commemorated at Kingsthorpe, by Northampton, the -house being frequently called “St. Dewi’s.”</p> - -<p><i>St. Brinstan</i>; <b>St. Chad</b>; <i>St. -Cuthbert</i>, <i>etc.</i>—Although -Leland had read that “St. Brinstane foundid an hospitale -at Winchester,” nothing is known of it. “Here is a -hospital of St. Chadde,” he remarks at Shrewsbury, referring -to the church and almshouse. Two dedications -sometimes ascribed to St. Cuthbert, namely at Gateshead -and Greatham, within “the patrimony of St. Cuthbert,” -hardly justify his inclusion among patrons, although he -is named in the deed of gift. The same may be said <span class="xxpn" id="p264">p264</span> -of documentary allusions to St. Erkenwald, St. Hilda -and St. Richard in connection with foundations at Ilford, -Whitby and Chichester.</p> - -<p><b>St. Ethelbert</b>; <b>St. Edmund, King & Martyr</b>; <b>St. Edmund, -Archbishop & Confessor</b>.—The royal Ethelbert and Edmund -are included among our saints. St. Ethelbert’s, -Hereford, is attached to the cathedral and shares its -patron. In the case of the ten houses of St. Edmund, it -is not always possible to determine whether the Saxon -king is intended or Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury. -The “spital on the street” in Lincolnshire and -the hospital by Doncaster Bridge were in honour of the -royal martyr; whilst those of Leicester and Windeham -commemorated the archbishop, the latter being founded -by his devoted friend, St. Richard of Chichester, who -had recently attended the solemn “Translation” at -Pontigny.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="plt-xxx"> -<img src="images/i264.jpg" width="600" height="430" alt="" /> -<img src="images/i264-2.jpg" width="600" height="540" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="first"> - <a class="aright" href="#loplist" title="go to List of Plates">♦</a> - <i>PLATE XXX.</i></p> -<div class="nowrap"> - <div class="pleft">CHAPEL OF ST. EDMUND - THE KING, SPITAL-ON-THE-STREET</div> - <div class="pleft padtopc">CHAPEL OF ST. EDMUND THE ARCHBISHOP, - GATESHEAD</div></div></div></div> - -<p>St. Edmund’s, Gateshead, has puzzled historians because -the designations vary between King, Archbishop, -Bishop and Confessor. Surtees and others concluded -that all had reference to one foundation, but Mr. J. R. -Boyle proves that there were two with distinct endowments, -and that both chapels were standing a century -ago. Now it is recorded that Nicholas of Farnham was -the founder of that of “St. Edmund the Bishop.” A -sidelight is thrown upon the subject by Matthew Paris, -whose narrative of the miraculous recovery of Nicholas in -1244 through the agency of St. Edmund has escaped the -notice of local topographers. The emaciated sick man -bade farewell and received the last rites when he was -restored by the application of a relic of the archbishop. -From this incident it seems likely that the hospital was a -<span class="xxpn" id="p265">p265</span> -votive offering and that it was consecrated soon after Archbishop -Edmund was enrolled among the saints. The -papal letter of canonization (1246) describes his beautiful -character and the miraculous events which followed his -death. When it declares that “he healed the swelling -dropsy by reducing the body to smaller dimensions,” -the allusion is surely to the recent recovery of Bishop -Nicholas, who had been suffering from that infirmity.</p> - -<div class="imctr01" id="fig36"> -<img src="images/ib265.jpg" width="600" height="349" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -36. A PILGRIM’S SIGN</div> -</div> - -<p><b>St. Thomas the Martyr of Canterbury</b> was believed to -surpass all others in powers of healing. His miracles -were usually wrought by means of water mixed with a -drop of the martyr’s blood; this was carried away in a -leaden <i>ampulla</i>, and its contents worked wonders. (See -Fig. 8.) Others would purchase a “sign,” upon which -was announced in Latin:—“For good people that are sick -Thomas is the best of physicians.” (Fig. 36.) Many of -these pilgrims to Canterbury lodged in the hospital of <span class="xxpn" id="p266">p266</span> -St. Thomas (Pl. II), said to have been founded by the -archbishop himself, whose martyrdom is depicted on the -walls of the hall. The chapel was dedicated to his special -patron, the Blessed Virgin. St. Thomas’, Southwark, -also claimed him as founder, and two other houses were -intimately connected with him. One was Becket’s early -home in Cheapside, enlarged by his sister Agnes and her -husband, whose charter grants land “formerly belonging -to Gilbert Becket, father of the blessed Thomas the Martyr -. . . being the birthplace of the blessed martyr.” Privileges -were accorded to it long afterwards “from devotion -to the saint, who is said to have been born and educated -in that hospital.” (This foundation was usually called -St. Thomas of Acon, but it is believed that the designation -had at first no connection with Acres, but rather with -the original owner of the property.) The second house -with family associations was at Ilford, for while Becket’s -sister was abbess of Barking, the lepers’ chapel was re-consecrated -with the addition of the name of St. Thomas.</p> - -<p>Nor were his friends less faithful, for when Becket’s -chancellor Benedict (afterwards his biographer) was -transferred from Canterbury to Peterborough, he completed -a foundation in his honour. Probably Benedict -was also concerned in the choice of name at Stamford, -especially as that dependent house adopted St. John -Baptist and St. Thomas as joint patrons; for the fact that -the new martyr’s body was laid near the altar of the -Baptist called forth from several chroniclers (as Stanley -points out) the remark that St. John Baptist was the bold -opponent of a wicked king. In a document relating to -the Stamford house, St. Thomas is referred to as “the -proto-martyr,” but the claim is hard to justify. He was <span class="xxpn" id="p267">p267</span> -commemorated with St. Stephen at Romney, a dedication -which would have given him abundant satisfaction; for -previous to his flight in 1164 he celebrated, as having a -special portent, the mass “in honour of the blessed proto-martyr -Stephen.”</p> - -<p>It is a far cry from Kent to Northumberland, but there -existed at Bolton a hospital of St. Thomas. Within a -few miles had been fought the Battle of Alnwick, a victory -won, it was believed, as the result of the king’s public -penance the same day (1174). The date of foundation is -not recorded, but it was begun before 1225. About the -same time a hospital of St. Thomas was being built at -Hereford, by one of the Warennes, whose father had -bitterly opposed the then unpopular Chancellor. The -new devotion to St. Thomas was fanned into flame by the -magnificent ceremony of 1220 on the removal of his body -to its wonderful shrine. Soon after this, a hospital was -founded at Bec, and the patronage annexed to the See of -Norwich; it was consecrated by Bishop Pandulph, who -had taken a leading part in the “Translation,” an event -which was henceforth celebrated on July 7. For centuries -the shrine was held in high honour. The Letter Books -of Christ Church, Canterbury, record miracles in 1394 -and 1445.<a id="fnanchor_163" href="#fn_163" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 163; go to footnote">163</a> -So notable was the first of these that -Richard II wrote to congratulate the archbishop, acknowledging -his thankfulness to “the High Sovereign Worker -of miracles who has deigned to work this miracle in our -days, and upon a foreigner, as though for the purpose of -spreading . . . the glorious fame of His very martyr,” -adding a pious wish that it might result in the conversion -of those in error at a time when “our faith and belief <span class="xxpn" id="p268">p268</span> -have many more enemies than they ever had time out of -mind.” Such signs were, in fact, an antidote to Lollardy, -as is implied by the public testimony of the Chapter to -the cure of a cripple from Aberdeen in 1445.</p> - -<p>The kings continued to pay pilgrimage visits, and even -Henry VIII sent the accustomed offerings to Canterbury. -His subsequent animosity towards St. Thomas was a -political move, as is shown by the report of Robert Ward -in 1535; having spied at the hospital of St. Thomas of -Aeon a window depicting the flagellation of Henry II by -monks at the shrine, he pointed out to Thomas Cromwell -that Becket was slain “in that he did resist the -king.” Bale afterwards alludes thus to this burning -question:—</p> - -<blockquote><div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse">“A trayterouse knave ye can set upp for a saynte,</p> -<p class="pverse">And a ryghteouse kynge lyke an odyouse tyrant paynte.</p> -<div>      ·      ·      ·      ·      ·      ·</div> -<p class="pverse">In your glasse wyndowes ye whyppe your naturall - kynges.”<a id="fnanchor_164" href="#fn_164" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 164; go to footnote">164</a></p> -</div></blockquote> - -<p class="continue">In 1538 Henry thought it expedient to inform his loving -subjects that notwithstanding the canonization of St. -Thomas “there appeareth nothing in his life and exteriour -conversation whereby he should be called a saint, -but rather . . . a rebel and traitor to his prince.” Henceforth -few windows remained depicting the acts of the -martyr,—though one representation of the penance of -Henry II is familiar to readers at the Bodleian. The -name was to be no longer perpetuated; “St. Thomas the -Martyr, Southwark,” becomes “Becket Spital” and then -“St. Thomas the Apostle,” whilst “Thomas House” is -found at Northampton. <span class="xxpn" id="p269">p269</span></p> - -<p><b>All Saints.</b>—In spite of many general references to All -Saints, the invocation by itself was as rare for a hospital -as it was common for a church. Leland and the <i>Valor -Ecclesiasticus</i> give the dedication of the Stamford bede-house -as “All Saints.” The founder had willed that -“there be for ever a certain almshouse, commonly called -William Browne’s Almshouse, for the invocation of the -most glorious Virgin Mary and of All Saints, to the -praise and honour of the Name Crucified.” The almsmen’s -special chapel in the parish church of All Saints -was in honour of the Blessed Virgin. The existing silver -seal shows the Father, seated, supporting between His -knees the Saviour upon the Cross, whilst the Spirit -appears as a Dove.</p> - -<h3><i>Alternative Dedications, etc.</i></h3> - -<p>There is frequently an uncertainty as to the invocation, -even with documentary assistance. A Close Roll entry -(1214) mentions a foundation at Portsmouth in honour of -Holy Trinity, the Blessed Virgin, St. Cross, St. Michael -and All Saints. Usually the name is simply “God’s -House,” but often St. John Baptist or St. Nicholas. The -seal seems to suggest the original designation, for it -shows a Cross, with the Divine Hand, a scroll and angels. -Again, God’s House at Kingston-upon-Hull was called -Holy Trinity or St. Michael’s, or from its situation “the -Charterhouse hospital”; but its full title was “in honour -of God, and the most glorious Virgin Mary His Mother, -and St. Michael the Archangel, and all archangels, -angels and holy spirits, and of St. Thomas the Martyr, -and all saints of God.” It may be observed that inasmuch -as the founder Michael Pole was Chancellor of England, -<span class="xxpn" id="p270">p270</span> -he looked to his predecessor in office St. Thomas as -patron, no less than to his name-saint. By the foundation-deed -of Heytesbury almshouse, it was in honour of “the -Holy Trinity, and especially of Christ our Redeemer, -the Blessed Virgin Mary His Mother, St. Katherine and -all saints.” The almsmen wore the letters <span class="smmaj">JHU.</span> -<span class="smmaj">XRT.</span> upon -their gowns. The Chantry Certificate, nevertheless, -gives St. John’s. The original seal shows a Cross and -the name <i>domus elimosinaria</i>, but the post-Reformation -seal has St. Katherine. Varying dedications are sometimes -merely mistakes. It must, however, be remembered -that occasionally hospital and chapel had different patrons, -and that both were sometimes rebuilt and, re-consecrated. -As civil and ecclesiastical archives continue to reveal their -long-hidden information, the dedication-names of many -houses will doubtless come to light, together with notices -of foundations at present unknown to us.</p> - -<p class="padtopb">Some seventy titles of hospitals are here recorded, as -compared with over six hundred different dedications of -parish churches. In some instances the patron of a -charitable institution bequeathed his name to a parish. -At Tweedmouth, St. Bartholomew of the hospital was -powerful enough to dispossess St. Boisil, the rightful -patron of the place. The parishes of St. Mary Magdalene, -Colchester, St. Giles-in-the-Fields, London, and St. Giles, -Shrewsbury, have grown up round a former leper-house. -Several modern churches, such as St. John’s, Bridgwater, -occupy the site and carry on the name of an old foundation.</p> - -<p>In conclusion, it must be observed that since the subject -of England’s Patron Saints has been fully dealt with by <span class="xxpn" id="p271">p271</span> -Miss Arnold-Forster, no attempt has here been made to -make more than passing allusions to the lives of -hospital saints. The foregoing notes on saints were -suggested by her <i>Studies in Church Dedications</i>.</p> - -<div class="imctr06" id="fig37"> -<img src="images/ib271.jpg" width="312" height="363" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<a class="aright" href="#loilist" title="go to List of Illustrations">♦  </a> -37. SEAL OF THE HOSPITAL OF -ST. BARTHOLOMEW, ROCHESTER</div></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Part II Hospital Patron Saints</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_158" href="#fnanchor_158" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 158; go to anchor">158</a> -Pat. 14 Hen. VI, pt. i. m. 4.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_159" href="#fnanchor_159" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 159; go to anchor">159</a> -Pat. 16 Hen. VI, pt. ii. m. 17.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_160" href="#fnanchor_160" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 160; go to anchor">160</a> -Probably intended to represent the clappers; -compare design on seal -of St. Mary Magdalene’s, Winchester.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_161" href="#fnanchor_161" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 161; go to anchor">161</a> -Lacroix, <i>Military and Religious Life</i>, 353.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_162" href="#fnanchor_162" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 162; go to anchor">162</a> -F. T. Marsh, <i>Annals of St. Wulstan’s</i>, p. 5.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_163" href="#fnanchor_163" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 163; go to anchor">163</a> -Chron. and Mem. 85, iii. 27–29.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_164" href="#fnanchor_164" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 164; go to anchor">164</a> -Camden Society, <i>Kynge Johan</i>, p. 88.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul></div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p273"> -<a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> p273</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX A -<small>OFFICE AT THE SECLUSION OF A LEPER</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<p class="hangb">[Translated from the <i>Manuale ad Usum Insignis Ecclesiæ Sarum</i>, -printed in <i>York Manual, &c.</i>, <i>Appendix</i>, Surtees Society, Vol. 63, -p. 105<sup>*</sup>.]</p> - -<div class="padtopc"><i>The Manner of casting out or separating those who are sick with leprosy from -the whole.</i><a id="fnanchor_165" href="#fn_165" class="fnanchor" -title="footnote anchor 165; go to footnote">165</a></div> -</blockquote> - -<p class="first"><span class="chap-fst-wd">F<span>IRST</span></span> -of all the sick man or the leper clad in a cloak and -in his usual dress, being in his house, ought to have -notice of the coming of the priest who is on his way to -the house to lead him to the Church, and must in that guise -wait for him. For the priest vested in surplice and stole, with -the Cross going before, makes his way to the sick man’s house -and addresses him with comforting words, pointing out and -proving that if he blesses and praises God, and bears his -sickness patiently, he may have a sure and certain hope that -though he be sick in body he may be whole in soul, and may -reach the home<a id="fnanchor_166" href="#fn_166" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 166; go to footnote">166</a> -of everlasting welfare. And then with other -words suitable to the occasion let the priest lead the leper to -the Church, when he has sprinkled him with holy water, the -Cross going before, the priest following, and last of all the sick -man. Within the Church let a black cloth, if it can be had, be -set upon two trestles at some distance apart before the altar, -and let the sick man take his place on bended knees beneath it -between the trestles, after the manner of a dead man, although <span class="xxpn" id="p274">p274</span> -by the grace of God he yet lives in body and spirit, and in this -posture let him devoutly hear Mass. When this is finished, -and he has been sprinkled with holy water, he must be led with -the Cross through the presbytery to a place where a pause -must be made. When the spot is reached the priest shall -counsel him out of Holy Scripture, saying: “Remember thine -end and thou shalt never do amiss.” [Ecclus. vii. 36.] Whence -Augustine says: “He readily esteems all things lightly, who -ever bears in mind that he will die.” The priest then with the -spade (<i>palla</i>) casts earth on each of his feet, saying: “Be thou -dead to the world, but alive again unto God.”</p> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<p>And he comforts him and strengthens him to endure with the -words of Isaiah spoken concerning our Lord Jesus Christ:—“Truly -He hath borne our griefs and carried our sorrows, yet -did we esteem Him as a leper smitten of God and afflicted” -[Isa. liii. 4, Vulgate]; let him say also: “If in weakness of -body by means of suffering thou art made like unto Christ, -thou mayest surely hope that thou wilt rejoice in spirit with -God. May the Most High grant this to thee, numbering thee -among His faithful ones in the book of life.      -Amen.”</p> - -<p>It is to be noted that the priest must lead him to the Church, -from the Church to his house as a dead man, chanting the -<i>Responsorium</i> Libera me, Domine, in such wise that the sick -man is covered with a black cloth. And the Mass celebrated -at his seclusion may be chosen either by the priest or by the -sick man, but it is customary to say the following:—</p> - -<blockquote><div class="stanza"> -<p class="pverse"><i>Introitus.</i>     -Circumdederunt me.     <i>Quære in Septuagesima.</i></p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Collecta.</i>     Omnipotens - sempiterne Deus, salus æterna credentium.</p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Epistola.</i>     Carissimi, - Tristatur quis vestrum.</p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Resp.</i>     Miserere mei.</p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Vers.</i>     Conturbata sunt. -     Alleluya. -     <i>V.</i>     Qui sanat.</p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Si in Quadragesima, Tractus.</i> -     Commovisti.</p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Evangelium.</i> -     Intravit Jesus in Capharnaum.</p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Offertorium.</i> -     Domine, exaudi.</p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Secreta et Postcommunio in communibus orationibus.</i></p> - -<p class="pverse"><i>Communio.</i> -     Redime, Deus, Israel ex omnibus angustiis -nostris. <span class="xxpn" id="p275">p275</span></p> -</div></blockquote> - -<p>When leaving the Church after Mass the priest ought to -stand at the door to sprinkle him with holy water. And he -ought to commend him to the care of the people. Before Mass -the sick man ought to make his confession in the Church, and -never again; and in leading him forth the priest again begins -the <i>Responsorium</i> Libera me, Domine, with the other versicles. -Then when he has come into the open fields he does as is aforesaid; -and he ends by imposing prohibitions upon him in the -following manner:—</p> - -<div class="poembox"> -<p>“I forbid you ever to enter Churches, or to go into a market, -or a mill, or a bakehouse, or into any assemblies of people.</p> - -<p>Also I forbid you ever to wash your hands or even any of -your belongings in spring or stream of water of any kind; and -if you are thirsty you must drink water from your cup or some -other vessel.</p> - -<p>Also I forbid you ever henceforth to go out without your -leper’s dress, that you may be recognized by others; and you -must not go outside your house unshod.</p> - -<p>Also I forbid you, wherever you may be, to touch anything -which you wish to buy, otherwise than with a rod or staff to -show what you want.</p> - -<p>Also I forbid you ever henceforth to enter taverns or other -houses if you wish to buy wine; and take care even that what -they give you they put into your cup.</p> - -<p>Also I forbid you to have intercourse with any woman except -your own wife.</p> - -<p>Also I command you when you are on a journey not to -return an answer to any one who questions you, till you have -gone off the road to leeward, so that he may take no harm -from you; and that you never go through a narrow lane lest -you should meet some one.</p> - -<p>Also I charge you if need require you to pass over some -toll-way (<i>pedagium</i>) through (?) rough ground (<i>super apra</i>), or -elsewhere, that you touch no posts or things (<i>instrumenta</i>) -whereby you cross, till you have first put on your gloves.</p> - -<p>Also I forbid you to touch infants or young folk, whosoever -they may be, or to give to them or to others any of your -possessions. <span class="xxpn" id="p276">p276</span></p> - -<p>Also I forbid you henceforth to eat or drink in any company -except that of lepers. And know that when you die you will -be buried in your own house, unless it be, by favour obtained -beforehand, in the Church.”</p> -</div><!--poembox--> - -<p>And note that before he enters his house, he ought to have a -coat and shoes of fur, his own plain shoes, and his signal the -clappers, a hood and a cloak, two pair of sheets, a cup, a funnel, -a girdle, a small knife, and a plate. His house ought to be -small, with a well, a couch furnished with coverlets, a pillow, a -chest, a table, a seat, a candlestick, a shovel, a pot, and other -needful articles.</p> - -<p>When all is complete the priest must point out to him the ten -rules which he has made for him; and let him live on earth -in peace with his neighbour. Next must be pointed out -to him the ten commandments of God, that he may live in -heaven with the saints, and the priest repeats them to him in -the presence of the people. And let the priest also point out to -him that every day each faithful Christian is bound to say -devoutly <i>Pater noster</i>, <i>Ave Maria</i>, <i>Credo in Deum</i>, and <i>Credo in -Spiritum</i>, and to protect himself with the sign of the Cross, -saying often <i>Benedicite</i>. When the priest leaves him he says:—“Worship -God, and give thanks to God. -    Have patience, and -the Lord will be with thee.     Amen.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p277"> -<a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> p277</div> -<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX B -<small>TABULATED LIST OF -MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS IN ENGLAND</small></h2> - -<blockquote> -<div class="caption"><i>i.e. Houses for Wayfarers, Sick, Aged and Infirm, Insane, and -Lepers, founded before 1547</i>.</div></blockquote> - -<div class="tablebox"> -<table summary=""> -<tr><th colspan="2"><h3>EXPLANATION OF - HEADINGS, REFERENCES, SIGNS, ETC.</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">Dedication.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">When names are stated thus: “St. John [& St. - Anthony],” this signifies that the name in brackets is less frequently - used.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">Date.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">The date given is that of the first accredited - reference. The foundation was frequently earlier. - <i>c.</i>=<i>circa</i>; <i>bef</i>=before.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">Founder.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">This term includes benefactor and re-founder.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">Patron.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">In the majority of cases entered as “Private,” - the advowson was vested in the Lord of the Manor. Where two names are - inserted they represent a change of patronage.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">L.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">i.e. Leper; this denotes the nominal aim of the - charity, which was not necessarily confined to lepers.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">*</p></td> - <td><p class="first">An asterisk signifies that there are considerable - architectural remains (chapel, hall, etc.).</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">†</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Indicates slight architectural remains (e.g. - masonry, windows).</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">‡</p></td> - <td><p class="first">This sign before a dedication-name implies that - some endowment exists under that name or the name of the founder.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">Seal.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">Denotes that either a matrix or an impression - is in existence. A specimen is usually to be found in the British - Museum. <i>Soc. Antiq.</i> refers to the Society of Antiquaries, London.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">Italics.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">The use of italics implies uncertainty.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="first">Foot-notes.</p></td> - <td><p class="first">“Patent” and “Close” refer to the printed - Calendars of the Public Record Office, space not permitting - of fuller details.</p></td></tr> -</table></div> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p278"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>I. BEDFORDSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bedford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John Baptist (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1216</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Parys</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bedford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1207</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town, Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dunstable</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1209</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Prior</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Eaton,<a id="fnanchor_167" href="#fn_167" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 167; go to footnote">167</a> nr. Dunstable</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1291</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Farley,<a id="fnanchor_168" href="#fn_168" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 168; go to footnote">168</a> by Leighton Buzzard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1198</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_169" href="#fn_169" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 169; go to footnote">169</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hockcliffe (Occleve)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1227</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_170" href="#fn_170" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 170; go to footnote">170</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Luton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1287</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Luton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magd. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1377</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Stocwell, nr. Bedford</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary</i><a id="fnanchor_171" href="#fn_171" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 171; go to footnote">171</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Toddington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1443</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Broughton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p279"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>II. BERKSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr><tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Abingdon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1280</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Abingdon(without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1336</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Abingdon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Almshouse<a id="fnanchor_172" href="#fn_172" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 172; go to footnote">172</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1441</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">G. Barbar & J. de St. Helena</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Childrey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Holy Trinity & St. Katharine</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1526</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Fettiplace</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Donnington, near Newbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡God’s House</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1393</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Abberbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Fyfield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1442</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Golafre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hungerford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Duchy of Lancaster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hungerford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1228</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lambourn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Holy Trinity (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1501</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Isbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">New Coll. Oxford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1215</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King<a id="fnanchor_173" href="#fn_173" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 173; go to footnote">173</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Reading</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1175</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Auchar</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Reading</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1190</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Hugh</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Reading</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Barnes</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Reading</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1477</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Leche or Larder</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thatcham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1433</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">T. Lowndyes</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Parish</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wallingford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1224</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wallingford or Newnham<a id="fnanchor_174" href="#fn_174" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 174; go to footnote">174</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1226</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Windsor</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1316</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Windsor (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Peter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1168</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Eton College</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p280"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>III. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Aylesbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_175" href="#fn_175" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 175; go to footnote">175</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>L</i> (<i>?</i>)</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Aylesbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a href="#fn_175" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 175; go to footnote">175</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Buckingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_176" href="#fn_176" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 176; go to footnote">176</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Buckingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1252</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Buckingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1431</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Barton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lathbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret<a id="fnanchor_177" href="#fn_177" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 177; go to footnote">177</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1252</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ludgershall</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1236</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Alien<a id="fnanchor_178" href="#fn_178" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 178; go to footnote">178</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Marlow, Great</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Thomas</i><a id="fnanchor_179" href="#fn_179" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 179; go to footnote">179</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1384</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newport Pagnell</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1240</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newport Pagnell (Bridge<a id="fnanchor_180" href="#fn_180" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 180; go to footnote">180</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John B. [& St. John Ev.]<a id="fnanchor_181" href="#fn_181" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 181; go to footnote">181</a> (Seal<a id="fnanchor_182" href="#fn_182" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 182; go to footnote">182</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1220</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. de Somery</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newport Pagnell</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Leonard</i><a id="fnanchor_183" href="#fn_183" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 183; go to footnote">183</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1232</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>J. de Peynton</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stratford, Stony (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1240</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wendover</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1311</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wycombe, High</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1180</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town 1344</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wycombe, High near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret & St. Giles<a id="fnanchor_184" href="#fn_184" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 184; go to footnote">184</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1229</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p281"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>IV. CAMBRIDGESHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Barnwell, <i>v.</i> Stourbridge</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cambridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Anthony & St. Eligius</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1392</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cambridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Ev. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_185" href="#fn_185" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 185; go to footnote">185</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">H. Frost</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town, Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cambridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Anne</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1397</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">H. Tangmer</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cambridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1469</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">T. Jakenett</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ely</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_186" href="#fn_186" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 186; go to footnote">186</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1169</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Nigel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop, Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ely</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene<a href="#fn_186" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 186; go to footnote">186</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1240</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Fordham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1279</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Leverington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_187" href="#fn_187" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 187; go to footnote">187</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1487</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Long Stow</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B. V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1272</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Walter, Vicar</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Newton-by-Sea</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary B.</i> <i>V.</i><a id="fnanchor_188" href="#fn_188" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 188; go to footnote">188</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1401</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Colvill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Royston, <i>v.</i> Herts</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stourbridge by Cambridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. Mary Magd. or St. Cross<a id="fnanchor_189" href="#fn_189" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 189; go to footnote">189</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1172</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town, Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thorney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1166</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Whittlesea</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Poor’s Hospital</i><a id="fnanchor_190" href="#fn_190" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 190; go to footnote">190</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1391</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Adam Ryppe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Whittlesford (Duxford)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1307</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Colvill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wicken</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John<a id="fnanchor_191" href="#fn_191" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 191; go to footnote">191</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1321</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Lady Basingburn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Spinney Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wisbech</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_192" href="#fn_192" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 192; go to footnote">192</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1343</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wisbech (near Elm)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Spital</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1378</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p282"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>V. CHESHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bebington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas à Becket</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1183</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chester (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Giles<a id="fnanchor_193" href="#fn_193" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 193; go to footnote">193</a> (<i>Seal</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chester (without Northgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John B.<a id="fnanchor_194" href="#fn_194" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 194; go to footnote">194</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl Randle</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom and Birkenhead Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Ursula V</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1532</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. and T. Smith</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Denwall in Nesse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Andrew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1238</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop of Lichfield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nantwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1087</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>W. Malbank</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nantwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1354</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p283"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>VI. CORNWALL<a id="fnanchor_195" href="#fn_195" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 195; go to footnote">195</a></h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bodmin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anthony</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1500</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bodmin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. George</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1405</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bodmin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret<a id="fnanchor_196" href="#fn_196" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 196; go to footnote">196</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bodmin(Pontaboye)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡†St. Laurence (Seal<a id="fnanchor_197" href="#fn_197" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 197; go to footnote">197</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1302</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Fowey, St. Blaise by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gild Martyn, <i>v.</i> Launceston</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Helston in Sithney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. or St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1411</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archdeacon or Killigrew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Knights Hosp.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Launceston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Leonard (Seal<a id="fnanchor_198" href="#fn_198" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 198; go to footnote">198</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1257</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Richard, Earl</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom or Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Launceston Newport by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas à Becket<a id="fnanchor_199" href="#fn_199" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 199; go to footnote">199</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Liskeard, Menheniot nr.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1400</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newport, <i>v.</i> Launceston</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p284"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>VII. CUMBERLAND</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bewcastle</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>“Hospitale de Lennh”</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1294</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Caldbeck</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Hospital House</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1170</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gospatric</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Carlisle Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Carlisle (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1201</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Carlisle</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">House of St. Sepulchre<a id="fnanchor_200" href="#fn_200" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 200; go to footnote">200</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1251</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Carlisle (Castlegate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Catherine</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Keswick, near</i><a id="fnanchor_201" href="#fn_201" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 201; go to footnote">201</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>House of St. John</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wigton, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_202" href="#fn_202" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 202; go to footnote">202</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1383</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p285"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>VIII. DERBYSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Alkmonton or Bentley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_203" href="#fn_203" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 203; go to footnote">203</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1100</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Bakepuze, Blount</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ashbourne<a id="fnanchor_204" href="#fn_204" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 204; go to footnote">204</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. John Baptist</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1251</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Castleton or High Peak<a id="fnanchor_205" href="#fn_205" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 205; go to footnote">205</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1330</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Peverell</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chesterfield, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1195</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chesterfield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1276</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chesterfield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1334</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Manor</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Derby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard (Domus Dei)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1171</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Derby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Helen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1160</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Ferrers</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Derby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James [& St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_206" href="#fn_206" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 206; go to footnote">206</a>]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1140</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Waltheof Fitz-Sweyn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Darley Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Derby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1251</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Derby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Katherine</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1329</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Peak, <i>v.</i> Castleton</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Spondon or Locko</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magdalene<a id="fnanchor_207" href="#fn_207" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 207; go to footnote">207</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1306</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Order of St. Lazarus</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p286"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>IX. DEVONSHIRE<a id="fnanchor_208" href="#fn_208" - class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 208; go to footnote">208</a></h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Barnstaple</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1158</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Barnstaple</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1410</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Clist Gabriel (Farringdon)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Gabriel the Archangel<a id="fnanchor_209" href="#fn_209" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 209; go to footnote">209</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1276</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Bronescombe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Collumpton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1522</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Trott</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Crediton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1242</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Manor (Bishop)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter (without Southgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1163</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Alexis<a id="fnanchor_210" href="#fn_210" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 210; go to footnote">210</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1164</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Prodom</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B.<a id="fnanchor_211" href="#fn_211" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 211; go to footnote">211</a> [& St. John Ev.] (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1220</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">G. & J. Long</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town, Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡God’s House<a id="fnanchor_212" href="#fn_212" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 212; go to footnote">212</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1436</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Wynard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Katharine</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1457</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Stevyns</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary V., Eleven Thousand Virgins & St. Roch<a id="fnanchor_213" href="#fn_213" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 213; go to footnote">213</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1407</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Bonvile</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_214" href="#fn_214" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 214; go to footnote">214</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1429</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“Ten Cells”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1399</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. Grendon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1479</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Palmer</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1514</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Moore & Fortescue</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Heavitree (Wonford)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡<i>St. Loye</i><a id="fnanchor_215" href="#fn_215" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 215; go to footnote">215</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Honiton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1374</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Ford Abbey</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Moreton Hampstead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xv cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p287">p287</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newton Bushell</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1538</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Gilberd</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Mayor Exeter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pilton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Margaret (Seal<a id="fnanchor_216" href="#fn_216" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 216; go to footnote">216</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1197</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Plymouth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[Holy Trinity &] St. Mary M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1374</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Plymouth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B. V. (Our Lady)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1501</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Plymouth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Hospital House</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Plympton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡[Holy Trinity &] St. Mary M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1329</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Priory</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tavistock, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. [& St. Theobald] (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1338</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tavistock</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. George</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Tremayne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Teignmouth, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1307</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Teignton, Kings, <i>v.</i> Newton Bushell</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tiverton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Almshouse<a id="fnanchor_217" href="#fn_217" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 217; go to footnote">217</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1520</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Greneway</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Wardens of Tiverton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Torrington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity, St. John Ev. & St. John B.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1400</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">re-f. R. Colyn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Torrington, Little (Taddiport)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1344</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Ann Boteler</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Totnes</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary M. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_218" href="#fn_218" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 218; go to footnote">218</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1302</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Totnes</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Our Lady</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p288"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>X. DORSET</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Allington, <i>v.</i> Bridport</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Blandford, by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1282</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Blandford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">God’s House<a id="fnanchor_219" href="#fn_219" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 219; go to footnote">219</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bridport</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1240</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bridport or Allington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. [& St. Anthony]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">re-f. W. de Legh</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dorchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1324</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Eton, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dorchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hospital</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lyme</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Mary B.V. & the Holy Spirit</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1336</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Rushton, <i>v.</i> Tarrant</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shaftesbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John B. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_220" href="#fn_220" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 220; go to footnote">220</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1223</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shaftesbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1386</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sherborne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡SS. John B. & John Ev.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1437</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop, &c.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Governors</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sherborne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Thomas à Becket</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1228</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tarrant Rushton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1298</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Twynham Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wareham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hospital<a href="#fn_219" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 219; go to footnote">219</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wimborne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*†St. Margaret V. [& St. Anthony]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1241</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Manor (Duchy of Lancaster)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p289"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XI. DURHAM</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Barnard Castle</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1230</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Balliol</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Darlington, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“Bathele Spital”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1195</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Durham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_221" href="#fn_221" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 221; go to footnote">221</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Durham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1326</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Fitz Alexander</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Durham (Silver Street)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pilgrim House<a id="fnanchor_222" href="#fn_222" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 222; go to footnote">222</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1493</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Durham <i>v.</i> Kepier, Sherburn</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Friarside, nr. Derwent</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†Hospital or Hermitage</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1312</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gainford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1317</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gateshead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity<a id="fnanchor_223" href="#fn_223" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 223; go to footnote">223</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">H. de Ferlinton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gateshead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. Edmund, Abp. & Conf.<a href="#fn_223" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 223; go to footnote">223</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1247</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bp. N. Farnham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop, Newcastle Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gateshead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Edmund, K. & M.<a id="fnanchor_224" href="#fn_224" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 224; go to footnote">224</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1315</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Greatham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary B.V.<a href="#fn_224" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 224; go to footnote">224</a> (Seal<a id="fnanchor_225" href="#fn_225" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 225; go to footnote">225</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1272</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bp. R. de Stichill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kepier, by Durham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. Giles (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1112</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bp. R. Flambard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pelawe, by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Stephen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1260</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Sedgefield</i><a id="fnanchor_226" href="#fn_226" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 226; go to footnote">226</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1195</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sherburn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Christ, B.V. Mary, SS. Lazarus, Mary [Magd.] & Martha<a id="fnanchor_227" href="#fn_227" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 227; go to footnote">227</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1181</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bp. H. Puiset</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Staindrop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1378</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl Nevill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Werhale</i><a id="fnanchor_228" href="#fn_228" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 228; go to footnote">228</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1265</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Witton Gilbert</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1180</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gilbert de la Ley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Durham Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p290"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XII. ESSEX</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bocking</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1440</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Doreward</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Braintree</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1229</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Colchester (suburbs)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry I & Eudo</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Colchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Cross [& St. Helen]<a id="fnanchor_229" href="#fn_229" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 229; go to footnote">229</a> (Seal<a id="fnanchor_230" href="#fn_230" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 230; go to footnote">230</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1235</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Lanvalle</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f</i> St. Helen’s Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Colchester by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Katharine</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1352</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Colchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Anne</i><a id="fnanchor_231" href="#fn_231" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 231; go to footnote">231</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1402</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hedingham, Castle</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1250</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">De Vere</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hornchurch (Havering)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">SS. Nicholas & Bernard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1159</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry II</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Alien,<a id="fnanchor_232" href="#fn_232" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 232; go to footnote">232</a> New Coll. Ox.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ilford, Great</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Mary B.V. [and St. Thomas M.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1150</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Adelicia, Abbess</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Barking Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Layer Marney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1523</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Lord Marney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Maldon, Little</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Giles<a id="fnanchor_233" href="#fn_233" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 233; go to footnote">233</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1164</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_234" href="#fn_234" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 234; go to footnote">234</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newport (Birchanger)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1157</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean of St. Martin’s</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">South Weald,<a id="fnanchor_235" href="#fn_235" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 235; go to footnote">235</a> Brook Street</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1233</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bruin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tilbury, East</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary<a id="fnanchor_236" href="#fn_236" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 236; go to footnote">236</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1213</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl Geoffrey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Walthamstow</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">G. Monnox</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p291"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XIII. GLOUCESTERSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berkeley, Longbridge, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maurice de Berkeley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol, without Lawfords Gate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1208</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Prince John</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_237" href="#fn_237" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 237; go to footnote">237</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Frome Bridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Bartholomew<a id="fnanchor_238" href="#fn_238" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 238; go to footnote">238</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1207</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L(?)</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Billeswick</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. Mark (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1229</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maurice de Gaunt</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Bedminster<a id="fnanchor_239" href="#fn_239" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 239; go to footnote">239</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Katherine (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1219</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Robert de Berkeley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Brightbow<a href="#fn_239" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 239; go to footnote">239</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1219</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Thomas de Berkeley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Redcliffe<a href="#fn_239" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 239; go to footnote">239</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1242</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King or John Farcey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Lawfords Gate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†Holy Trinity</p></td> - <td class="borleft"><p class="pleft">1396 1408</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Barstaple</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Steep Street</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Three Kings of Cologne (chapel)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1492</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Foster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Long Row</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1292</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. Burton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Redcliffe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1422</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Canynge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol without Temple Gate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Magdalen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Lewin’s Mead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Trinity</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1460</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Spencer</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol Redcliffe Gate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1471</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Forster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> - -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p292">p292</div></td></tr> - -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cirencester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. John Ev.<a id="fnanchor_240" href="#fn_240" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 240; go to footnote">240</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry I</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cirencester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xiii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Edith Bisset</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cirencester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Thomas M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1427</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Nottingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Weavers</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gloucester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡S. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1160</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Lanthony Priory</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gloucester or Dudstan</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Margaret or St. Sepulchre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1163</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gloucester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Bartholomew<a id="fnanchor_241" href="#fn_241" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 241; go to footnote">241</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen, Henry III</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lechlade</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_242" href="#fn_242" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 242; go to footnote">242</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1228</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Peter Fitz Herbert<a id="fnanchor_243" href="#fn_243" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 243; go to footnote">243</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Longbridge, <i>v.</i> Berkeley</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lorwing<a id="fnanchor_244" href="#fn_244" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 244; go to footnote">244</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maurice de Berkeley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Redcliffe, <i>v.</i> Bristol</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Briavels</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret<a id="fnanchor_245" href="#fn_245" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 245; go to footnote">245</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1256</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stow-in-Wold</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Aylmer, Earl of Cornwall</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stow-in-Wold</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1476</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Chestre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tewkesbury<a id="fnanchor_246" href="#fn_246" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 246; go to footnote">246</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1199</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tewkesbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Winchcombe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Spital</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p293"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XIV. HAMPSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Alton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1235</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Andover</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B.<a id="fnanchor_247" href="#fn_247" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 247; go to footnote">247</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1247</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Andover</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene<a href="#fn_247" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 247; go to footnote">247</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1248</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Basingstoke</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1240</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Merton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Merton College</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Christchurch<a id="fnanchor_248" href="#fn_248" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 248; go to footnote">248</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1318</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Fareham</i><a id="fnanchor_249" href="#fn_249" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 249; go to footnote">249</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1199</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Fordingbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1283</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop, St. Cross, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Portsmouth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*God’s House or St. John B. and St. Nicholas<a id="fnanchor_250" href="#fn_250" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 250; go to footnote">250</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1224</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Peter des Roches</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Portsmouth by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. [and St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_251" href="#fn_251" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 251; go to footnote">251</a>]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1253</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Romsey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. and St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_252" href="#fn_252" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 252; go to footnote">252</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1317</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Southampton (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1173</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town, Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Southampton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Julian or God’s House (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1197</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gervase</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Queen’s College, Oxford.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Southampton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John<a id="fnanchor_253" href="#fn_253" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 253; go to footnote">253</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1315</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p294">p294</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Winchester (near)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Cross (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1136</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry de Blois</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Knights, Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Winchester (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magd. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_254" href="#fn_254" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 254; go to footnote">254</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1158</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Winchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. John B. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_255" href="#fn_255" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 255; go to footnote">255</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1275</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John Devenish</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Winchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“Sisters’ Hospital”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1393</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Swithin’s</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newport (Isle of Wight)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Augustine</i><a id="fnanchor_256" href="#fn_256" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 256; go to footnote">256</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1352</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XV. HEREFORDSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Blechelowe, <i>v.</i> Richards Castle</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hereford (Wye Bridge)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1226</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Warenne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hereford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Ethelbert</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean and Chapter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hereford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1250</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hereford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hereford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[Holy Ghost<a id="fnanchor_257" href="#fn_257" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 257; go to footnote">257</a> &] St. John</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1340</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Knights Hosp.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hereford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anthony</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1294</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Order (Vienne)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hereford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anne and St. Loye<a id="fnanchor_258" href="#fn_258" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 258; go to footnote">258</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ledbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Katharine</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Foliot, Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean and Chapter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Richards Castle (Blechelowe)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John & St. Mary M.<a id="fnanchor_259" href="#fn_259" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 259; go to footnote">259</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1397</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p295"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XVI. HERTFORDSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Anstey (Biggin)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1325</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Baldock (Clothall, by)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1226</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berkhampstead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1216</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fitz Piers, Earl of Essex</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private; St. Thomas of Acon, London</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berkhampstead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Ev.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1216</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private; St. Thomas of Acon, London</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berkhampstead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berkhampstead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berkhampstead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Thomas M.</i><a id="fnanchor_260" href="#fn_260" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 260; go to footnote">260</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1317</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Broxbourne, <i>v.</i> Hoddesdon</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hertford (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene<a id="fnanchor_261" href="#fn_261" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 261; go to footnote">261</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1287</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hoddesdon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">SS. Anthony & Clement or St. Laud & St. Anthony (Seals)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1391</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hoddesdon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xv cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Rich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Royston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[St. Mary B.V. & St. James or] St. John & St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1227</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Royston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas<a id="fnanchor_262" href="#fn_262" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 262; go to footnote">262</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1213</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Ralph</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p296">p296</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Albans (Eywood)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Julian the Confessor</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1146</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Geoffrey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Albans (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary de la Pré<a id="fnanchor_263" href="#fn_263" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 263; go to footnote">263</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1202</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Albans</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles<a id="fnanchor_264" href="#fn_264" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 264; go to footnote">264</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1327</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stevenage</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">All Christian Soul House</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1501</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hellard, Rector</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Parish</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wymondley, Little</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary<a id="fnanchor_265" href="#fn_265" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 265; go to footnote">265</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XVII. HUNTINGDONSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Huntingdon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1153</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl David</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Huntingdon (without<a id="fnanchor_266" href="#fn_266" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 266; go to footnote">266</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1165</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King Malcolm (<i>ben</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown (Scotland, England, etc.)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Huntingdon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles<a id="fnanchor_267" href="#fn_267" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 267; go to footnote">267</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1328</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p297"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XVIII. KENT</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bapchild</i><a id="fnanchor_268" href="#fn_268" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 268; go to footnote">268</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Blean</i><a href="#fn_268" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 268; go to footnote">268</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. John</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bobbing</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Spital</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>George Clifford</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Private</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Boughton-under-Blean</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity<a id="fnanchor_269" href="#fn_269" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 269; go to footnote">269</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1384</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Thomas atte Herst</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L etc.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Buckland, <i>v.</i> Dover</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Canterbury (Northgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1089</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Lanfranc</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Canterbury (Eastbridge)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Thomas M.<a id="fnanchor_270" href="#fn_270" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 270; go to footnote">270</a> [and the Holy Ghost] (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1170</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Becket, Langton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Canterbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas and St. Katharine<a id="fnanchor_271" href="#fn_271" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 271; go to footnote">271</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1293</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Cokyn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Canterbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡[St. Mary B. V. or] Poor Priests’ (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1225</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> S. de Langton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archdeacon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Canterbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary B. V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1317</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Maynard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Canterbury near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1137</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hugh, Abbot</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Augustine’s</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Canterbury Harbledown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Nicholas (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1089</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Lanfranc</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Canterbury Thanington or Wynchepe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James (<i>Seal</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1164</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Christchurch</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chatham, <i>v.</i> Rochester</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dartford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1256</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dartford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1453</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Parochial Governors</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p298">p298</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dover, Buckland in</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1141</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Monks</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dover</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. Mary B. V. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1221</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hubert de Burgh</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gravesend, <i>v.</i> Milton</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Harbledown, <i>v.</i> Canterbury</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hythe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1426</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td rowspan="2"><p class="pleft">Hythe Saltwood<a id="fnanchor_272" href="#fn_272" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 272; go to footnote">272</a> nr.</p></td> - <td rowspan="2" class="borleft"><p class="pleft">‡St. Bartholomew (Seal) [or St. Andrew]</p></td> - <td rowspan="2" class="borleft"><p class="pleft">1276 1336</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Haymo</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Ivychurch</i>,<a id="fnanchor_273" href="#fn_273" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 273; go to footnote">273</a> near New Romney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1229</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Lullingstone</i><a id="fnanchor_274" href="#fn_274" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 274; go to footnote">274</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Almshouse</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Sir J. Peche</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Maidstone</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. Peter & St. Paul [& St. Thomas M.]<a id="fnanchor_275" href="#fn_275" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 275; go to footnote">275</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abp.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop Boniface</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Maidstone(bridge)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse<a id="fnanchor_276" href="#fn_276" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 276; go to footnote">276</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1422</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hessynden</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Milton nr. Gravesend</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Mepham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1396</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ospringe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary B. V. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1234</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry III</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ospringe (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas<a id="fnanchor_277" href="#fn_277" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 277; go to footnote">277</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1241</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ospringe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John<a id="fnanchor_278" href="#fn_278" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 278; go to footnote">278</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1343</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Otford</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1228</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>L</i></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Puckeshall or Tong</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1202</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Rochester (Langeport)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Bartholomew (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1108</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Gundulf</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p299">p299</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Rochester (Whiteditch)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas<a id="fnanchor_279" href="#fn_279" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 279; go to footnote">279</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1253</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Rochester (Eastgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Katharine</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1316</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. Potyn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Governors</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L etc.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Romney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Stephen and St. Thomas M. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_280" href="#fn_280" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 280; go to footnote">280</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1180</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Adam de Cherring<a id="fnanchor_281" href="#fn_281" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 281; go to footnote">281</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Romney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1396</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sandwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Bartholomew (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1227</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crawthorne, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sandwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John B. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_282" href="#fn_282" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 282; go to footnote">282</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1287</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sandwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Thomas M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1392</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Thos. Ellys</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sandwich (Each End)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_283" href="#fn_283" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 283; go to footnote">283</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1472</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sevenoaks</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1338</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> Cherwode & Multon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sevenoaks</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1418</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Sir W. Sevenoke</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Parochial Governors</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sittingbourne<a id="fnanchor_284" href="#fn_284" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 284; go to footnote">284</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1216</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Samuel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sittingbourne, Swinestre nr.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_285" href="#fn_285" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 285; go to footnote">285</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sittingbourne Swinestre nr.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Cross<a href="#fn_285" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 285; go to footnote">285</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1225</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Strood</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B. V.<a id="fnanchor_286" href="#fn_286" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 286; go to footnote">286</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1193</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bp. G. Glanvill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop or Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sutton-at-Hone</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity, St. Mary, and All SS.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1216</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">FitzPiers & W. de Wrotham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thanington, <i>v.</i> Canterbury</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tong, <i>v.</i> Puckeshall</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wynchepe, <i>v.</i> Canterbury</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p300"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XIX. LANCASHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Burscough</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1311</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Clitheroe<a id="fnanchor_287" href="#fn_287" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 287; go to footnote">287</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1211</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cockersand</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hospital<a id="fnanchor_288" href="#fn_288" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 288; go to footnote">288</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1184</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hugh Garth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L etc.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Conishead</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hospital<a href="#fn_288" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 288; go to footnote">288</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1181</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Penington or W. de Lancaster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lancaster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Prince John</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_289" href="#fn_289" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 289; go to footnote">289</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lancaster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse, <i>St. Mary B. V.</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1483</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Gardyner</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lathom (Ormskirk)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1500</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Sir T. Stanley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Preston in Amounderness</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magd. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_290" href="#fn_290" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 290; go to footnote">290</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1177</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Honor, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stydd nr. Ribchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Saviour<a id="fnanchor_291" href="#fn_291" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 291; go to footnote">291</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1216</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Knights</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p301"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XX. LEICESTERSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Burton Lazars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[St. Mary B. V. and] St. Lazarus (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1146</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Mowbray</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Order of St. Lazarus</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Castle-Donington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Ev.<a id="fnanchor_292" href="#fn_292" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 292; go to footnote">292</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John Lacy</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Leicester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1199</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">William of Leicester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom, Crown, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Leicester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John Ev. and St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Leicester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Edmund Abp. and Conf.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1250</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Leicester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. and St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1329</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Leicester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Annunciation of B. V. Mary<a id="fnanchor_293" href="#fn_293" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 293; go to footnote">293</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1330</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry of Lancaster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Duchy (Collegiate Foundation)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Leicester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Ursula [and St. Catherine]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1513</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Wigston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lutterworth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B.[& St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_294" href="#fn_294" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 294; go to footnote">294</a>]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1218</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Roise de Verdon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stockerston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1307</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stockerston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary [and All Saints]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1465</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Boyvile</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Tilton</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1189</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>W. Burdett</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Burton Lazars</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>L</i></p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p302"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXI. LINCOLNSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Boothby Pagnell</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hugh of Boothby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Boston<a id="fnanchor_295" href="#fn_295" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 295; go to footnote">295</a> (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1282</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private (Multon<a href="#fn_295" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 295; go to footnote">295</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Carleton in Moreland</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Lazarus</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1301</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>De Amundeville</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Order of St. Lazarus.</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dunston, <i>v.</i> Mere</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Edenham</i><a id="fnanchor_296" href="#fn_296" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 296; go to footnote">296</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1319</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Elsham by Thornton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary & St. Edmund<a id="fnanchor_297" href="#fn_297" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 297; go to footnote">297</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1166</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">B. de Amundeville</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Glanford Bridge (Wrauby)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"> </p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Paynell</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Selby Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Glanford Bridge (Wrauby)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[Our Lord &] St. John B.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1441</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Tirwhit</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Grantham by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1328</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Grantham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1428</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Grimsby (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. & St. Leger</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1291</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Grimsby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John<a id="fnanchor_298" href="#fn_298" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 298; go to footnote">298</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1389</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Holbeach</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">All Saints</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1351</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. de Kirketon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Langworth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1313</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lincoln without</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Innocents [& St. Mary M.] (Seal)<a id="fnanchor_299" href="#fn_299" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 299; go to footnote">299</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry I</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Burton Lazars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lincoln without</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†‡St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1275</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean & Chapter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lincoln</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1300</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L etc.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lincoln without</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1314</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L etc.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lincoln</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B. V. or St. Mary M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1311</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p303">p303</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lincoln without</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Sepulchre<a id="fnanchor_300" href="#fn_300" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 300; go to footnote">300</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1123</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bp. Robert Bloet</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gilbertine Order</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lincoln without</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Katherine<a href="#fn_300" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 300; go to footnote">300</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1123</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bp. Robert Bloet</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gilbertine Order</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Louth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Spital</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1314</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Louth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Trinity Bedehouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Louth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary B. V.</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Mere or Dunston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1243</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. de Roppele</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newstead by Stamford<a id="fnanchor_301" href="#fn_301" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 301; go to footnote">301</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B. V.<a class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 300; go to footnote">300</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. d’Albini</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Partney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1138</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bardney Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Skirbeck</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Leonard, afterwards St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1230</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">T. de Multon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Knights Hosp.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Spalding</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1313</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Spittal-on-Street, Hemswell</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Edmund K.M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1322</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> T. Aston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean & Chapter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stamford, <i>v.</i> Northants</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tattershall<a id="fnanchor_302" href="#fn_302" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 302; go to footnote">302</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity (Seal)<a href="#fn_302" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 302; go to footnote">302</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1438</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Cromwell</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Collegiate Foundation</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thornton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James (chapel)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1322</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey (probably)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Threckingham</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Lazarus</i><a id="fnanchor_303" href="#fn_303" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 303; go to footnote">303</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1319</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Uffington, <i>v.</i> Newstead</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Walcot</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1312</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p304"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXII. MIDDLESEX AND LONDON</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Brentford<a id="fnanchor_304" href="#fn_304" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 304; go to footnote">304</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anne & St. Louis<a href="#fn_304" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 304; go to footnote">304</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1393</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Brentford Syon by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Nine Orders of Holy Angels (<i>Seal</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1447</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Somerset</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fraternity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hackney or Kingsland</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Katherine<a id="fnanchor_305" href="#fn_305" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 305; go to footnote">305</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1334</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Holborn v. London</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Holloway or Highgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[Holy Jesus &] St. Anthony (Seal<a id="fnanchor_306" href="#fn_306" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 306; go to footnote">306</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1473</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Pole</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Hounslow</i><a id="fnanchor_307" href="#fn_307" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 307; go to footnote">307</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingsland, <i>v.</i> Hackney</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Knightsbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_308" href="#fn_308" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 308; go to footnote">308</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1485</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Westminster Abbey</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London,<a id="fnanchor_309" href="#fn_309" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 309; go to footnote">309</a> Holborn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles<a id="fnanchor_310" href="#fn_310" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 310; go to footnote">310</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef.</i> 1118</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Queen Maud</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Burton Lazars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London West Smithfield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Bartholomew<a id="fnanchor_311" href="#fn_311" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 311; go to footnote">311</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1123</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Rahere</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London by Tower</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Katharine (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1148</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Queen Matilda</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London Cheapside</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[St. Mary &] St. Thomas M. “of Acon”<a id="fnanchor_312" href="#fn_312" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 312; go to footnote">312</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1190</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fitz Theobald</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Knights Templars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B.<a id="fnanchor_313" href="#fn_313" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 313; go to footnote">313</a> (Seal) or “Savoy”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1505</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry VII.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London Threadneedle St.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anthony (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1254</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Order of Vienne, Crown, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London Churchyard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Paul</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1190</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry, Canon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean & Chapter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London Paternoster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Ghost, B.V.M., St. Michael & All SS.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1424</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Whittington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Collegiate Foundation</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p305">p305</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London, nr. Aldgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“St. Charity & St. John Ev.”<a id="fnanchor_314" href="#fn_314" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 314; go to footnote">314</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1442</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">3 Priests</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fraternity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London without Bishopsgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B. V. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1197</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Brune</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London without Temple Bar</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary or “Domus Conversorum”<a id="fnanchor_315" href="#fn_315" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 315; go to footnote">315</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry III.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London nr. Cripplegate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary, “Elsyng Spital” (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1329</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Elsyng</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean, etc., of St. Paul’s</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London without Bishopsgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary of Bethlehem (<i>Seal</i><a id="fnanchor_316" href="#fn_316" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 316; go to footnote">316</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1247</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. FitzMary</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Order of Bethlehem, City</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London Charing Cross</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary “of Rouncevall” (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Alien</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">London Crutched Friars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse, St. Mary</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1524</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Millborn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Drapers</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">   —</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James, <i>v.</i> Westminster</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">   —</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas, <i>v.</i> Southwark, Surrey</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Mile End<a id="fnanchor_317" href="#fn_317" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 317; go to footnote">317</a> or Stepney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magd. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1274</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shoreditch<a id="fnanchor_318" href="#fn_318" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 318; go to footnote">318</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Spital House</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Westminster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> Henry III.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Westminster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Lady Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p306"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXIII. NORFOLK</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bec (Billingford)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas M.<a id="fnanchor_319" href="#fn_319" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 319; go to footnote">319</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1224</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">William de Bec</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Boycodeswade, <i>v.</i> Cokesford</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Burnham Overy or Peterstone</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Peter<a id="fnanchor_320" href="#fn_320" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 320; go to footnote">320</a> or St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Cheney</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Choseley</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Lazarus</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1291</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Burton Lazars</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>L</i></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cokesford<a id="fnanchor_321" href="#fn_321" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 321; go to footnote">321</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Andrew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1181</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hervey Beleth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Cokesford Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Creak, North (Lingerscroft)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary<a id="fnanchor_322" href="#fn_322" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 322; go to footnote">322</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1221</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Robert de Nerford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Croxton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Domus Dei</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1250</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hospital, Thetford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gaywood, <i>v.</i> Lynn</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hardwick (S. Lynn)<a id="fnanchor_323" href="#fn_323" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 323; go to footnote">323</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1327</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hautbois, Great</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary (God’s House)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1235</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Peter de Hautbois</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Horning Hospital</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hempton (Fakenham)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Stephen<a id="fnanchor_324" href="#fn_324" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 324; go to footnote">324</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">De S. Martin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Heringby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">God’s House (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1447</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">H. Attefenne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Collegiate Foundation</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1483</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. Lyster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Horning</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1153</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Daniel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hulme Abbey, Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ickburgh or Newbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">SS. Mary & Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1323</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Barentun</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Langwade (Oxburgh)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1380</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p307">p307</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lingerscroft, <i>v.</i> Creak</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lynn or Gaywood</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magd. (Seal<a href="#fn_328" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 328; go to footnote">328</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1145</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Peter, Chaplain</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L etc.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lynn, Bishops</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Ulfketel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town, Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lynn, West Lynn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lynn, Cowgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1352</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lynn, <i>v.</i> Hardwick</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Massingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Domus Dei<a id="fnanchor_325" href="#fn_325" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 325; go to footnote">325</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1260</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newbridge, <i>v.</i> Ickburgh</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Paul Ap.<a id="fnanchor_326" href="#fn_326" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 326; go to footnote">326</a> [& St. Paul, Hermit] (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef.</i> 1119</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Herbert</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishops and Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Giles, etc.<a id="fnanchor_327" href="#fn_327" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 327; go to footnote">327</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1246</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop W. de Suffield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishops and Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich Conisford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V. (<i>Seal</i><a id="fnanchor_328" href="#fn_328" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 328; go to footnote">328</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hildebrond</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich in Coselany</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Saviour</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1297</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Brekles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">God’s House</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xiii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John le Grant</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">God’s House</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1292</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Robert de Aswardby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Croom</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1418</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Danyel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hugh Garzon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich (Sprowston)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magd. (Seal<a href="#fn_328" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 328; go to footnote">328</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef.</i> 1119</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Herbert</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich St. Austin’s Gate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[St. Mary &] St. Clement</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1312</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich Fybridge Gate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary Magdalene</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1448</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich Westwick Gate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Bennet (<i>Seal</i><a href="#fn_328" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 328; go to footnote">328</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p308">p308</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich Newport</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Giles</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1308</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Balderic</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich Nedham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Stephen (<i>Seal</i><a id="fnanchor_329" href="#fn_329" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 329; go to footnote">329</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Horsham Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norwich <i>without</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Leonard</i><a id="fnanchor_330" href="#fn_330" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 330; go to footnote">330</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1335</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Racheness (Southacre)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Castleacre Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Somerton, West</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Glanvill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Butley Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Snoring Parva</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1380</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sprowston, <i>v.</i> Norwich</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thetford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a href="#fn_330" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 330; go to footnote">330</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Roger Bigod</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thetford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene<a href="#fn_330" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 330; go to footnote">330</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xiii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. de Warenne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thetford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V.<a id="fnanchor_331" href="#fn_331" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 331; go to footnote">331</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1325</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thetford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1304</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thetford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John<a id="fnanchor_332" href="#fn_332" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 332; go to footnote">332</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thetford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">God’s House<a href="#fn_332" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 332; go to footnote">332</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1319</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl of Surrey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Priory, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Walsingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1486</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Walsoken</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef.</i> 1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wymondham (Westwade)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Burton Lazars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Yarmouth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_333" href="#fn_333" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 333; go to footnote">333</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1278</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">T. Fastolf</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Yarmouth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1386</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Yarmouth (Northgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1349</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Yarmouth (Northgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1349</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Yarmouth, Little, <i>v.</i> Gorleston, Suffolk</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p309"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXIV. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Armston (in Polebrook)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Trubleville</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Aynho</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James & St. John [or St. Mary & St. James]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1208</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Roger Fitz Richard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Magd. Coll. Oxford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Brackley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. James & St. John Ap. & Ev.<a id="fnanchor_334" href="#fn_334" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 334; go to footnote">334</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1150</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Robert Earl of Leicester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Magd. Coll. Oxford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Brackley (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard (Seal<a id="fnanchor_335" href="#fn_335" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 335; go to footnote">335</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1280</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Byfield</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. John</i><a id="fnanchor_336" href="#fn_336" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 336; go to footnote">336</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1313</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cotes by Rockingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1229</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Peterborough Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Fotheringhay</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Grimsbury, <i>v.</i> Banbury, Oxon</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Higham Ferrers<a id="fnanchor_337" href="#fn_337" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 337; go to footnote">337</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James<a id="fnanchor_338" href="#fn_338" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 338; go to footnote">338</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1163</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Ferrers</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Higham Ferrers</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Bede House</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1423</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abp. Chichele</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Collegiate Foundation</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingsthorpe by Northampton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. David (Dewy) or Holy Trinity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Peter Fitz Adam or King John</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Andrew’s Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Northampton (Cotton)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1150</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p310">p310</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Northampton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. John B. [& St. John Ev.] (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1140</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">William, Archdeacon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop of Lincoln</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Northampton Northampton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Thomas-à-Becket</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1450</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Townsmen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Northampton (Northgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hospital of Walbek</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1301</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Northampton <i>v.</i> Kingsthorpe</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Peryho (in Southwick)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[St. John B. &] St. Martin, Bp.<a id="fnanchor_339" href="#fn_339" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 339; go to footnote">339</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1258</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Knyvet</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Cotherstoke Coll.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Peterborough</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1194</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Benedict</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Peterborough near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1125</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Rushden, <i>v.</i> Higham Ferrers</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Southwick, <i>v.</i> Peryho</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stamford (Baron)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Peterborough Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stamford (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. John B. & St. Thomas M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1174</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Siward, Brand de Fossato, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stamford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Sepulchre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stamford (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“<i>St. Logar</i>”<a id="fnanchor_340" href="#fn_340" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 340; go to footnote">340</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef 1199</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>W. de Warenne.</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stamford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Bedehouse or All Saints (Seal)<a id="fnanchor_341" href="#fn_341" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 341; go to footnote">341</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1485</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Browne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thrapston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1246</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Towcester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl of Pembroke</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p311"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXV. NORTHUMBERLAND</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Alnwick, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Eustace de Vesci</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Alribourn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1331</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Alwynton</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1272</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bishop Philip</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bamborough</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1256</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berwick-on-Tweed<a id="fnanchor_342" href="#fn_342" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 342; go to footnote">342</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene<a id="fnanchor_343" href="#fn_343" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 343; go to footnote">343</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1301</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berwick-on-Tweed</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">God’s House<a id="fnanchor_344" href="#fn_344" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 344; go to footnote">344</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1286</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Philip de Rydale</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Berwick-on-Tweed</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Edward</i><a id="fnanchor_345" href="#fn_345" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 345; go to footnote">345</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1246</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bolam</i><a id="fnanchor_346" href="#fn_346" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 346; go to footnote">346</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1285</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bolton (in Allendale)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity or St. Thomas M. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1225</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Robert de Ros</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Rievaulx, Kirkham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Capelford by Norham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1333</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Catchburn nr. Morpeth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1282</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Roger de Merlay</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Corbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1378</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Eglingham, Harehope by</i><a id="fnanchor_347" href="#fn_347" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 347; go to footnote">347</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1331</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Elleshaugh by Otterburn<a id="fnanchor_348" href="#fn_348" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 348; go to footnote">348</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1240</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Umfreville</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Embleton<a id="fnanchor_349" href="#fn_349" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 349; go to footnote">349</a> near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1314</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hertford Bridge<a id="fnanchor_350" href="#fn_350" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 350; go to footnote">350</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1256</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Merlay</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hexham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop, Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hexham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pilgrims’ Hospital</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xiv cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Mitford nr. Morpeth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">William Bertram</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Barony</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p312">p312</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Morpeth, <i>v.</i> Catchburn</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newbiggin-by-Sea<a id="fnanchor_351" href="#fn_351" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 351; go to footnote">351</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1391</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newcastle-upon-Tyne (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magdalene (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Henry I</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Westgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary B.V. (Seal) [& St. John Ev.]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Aselack</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Bartholomew’s Priory, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Sandhills)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Katherine (Maison Dieu)</p></td> - <td class="borleft"><p class="pleft">1403 1412</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Thornton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Trinity Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1492</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Seamen’s Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1475</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Ward</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1504</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">C. Brigham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1360</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Acton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Rothbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hulparke Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shipwash</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1379</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tweedmouth (Spittal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1234</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tynemouth, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1293</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Warenford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. John Baptist</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1253</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Warkworth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist (Seal<a id="fnanchor_352" href="#fn_352" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 352; go to footnote">352</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1292</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Hulparke Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wooler</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1302</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p313"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXVI. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bawtry (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1280</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> Robert de Morton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Blyth (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John. Ev.<a id="fnanchor_353" href="#fn_353" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 353; go to footnote">353</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1226</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Cressy</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Blyth (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Edmund</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1228</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bradebusk, <i>v.</i> Gonalston</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gonalston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1252</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Heriz</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Harworth, <i>v.</i> Bawtry</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hodsock, <i>v.</i> Blyth</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lenton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_354" href="#fn_354" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 354; go to footnote">354</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1330</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Alien Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newark (without N. gate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1125</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Alexander</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop of Lincoln</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newark <i>v.</i> Stoke by N.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newark (Milnegate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1466</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newark (Churchyard)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1466</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newark (Appiltongate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1466</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nottingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1202</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nottingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nottingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Sepulchre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1267</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Palmers</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nottingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Michael</i><a id="fnanchor_355" href="#fn_355" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 355; go to footnote">355</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1335</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nottingham (Westbarre)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1330</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nottingham (Leen Bridge)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Annunciation of B.V.M.<a id="fnanchor_356" href="#fn_356" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 356; go to footnote">356</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1390</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Plumptre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Southwell, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1255</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stoke-by-Newark, within</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard & St. Anne<a id="fnanchor_357" href="#fn_357" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 357; go to footnote">357</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p314"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXVII. OXFORDSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Banbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1241</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Whiting</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop of Lincoln</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Banbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">New Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1501</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Banbury or Grimsbury<a id="fnanchor_358" href="#fn_358" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 358; go to footnote">358</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1307</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bicester</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary B. V. & St. John B.</i><a id="fnanchor_359" href="#fn_359" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 359; go to footnote">359</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1355</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">N. Jurdan</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Burford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. John Ev.<a id="fnanchor_360" href="#fn_360" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 360; go to footnote">360</a> (<i>Seal</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1226</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Burford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Great Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1457</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Clattercote in Claydon<a id="fnanchor_361" href="#fn_361" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 361; go to footnote">361</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1166</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop, Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cold Norton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Giles</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1158</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Crowmarsh<a id="fnanchor_362" href="#fn_362" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 362; go to footnote">362</a> in Bensington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1142</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Osney Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ewelme</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡God’s House (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1437</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">De la Pole</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Eynsham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1228</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newnham Murren, <i>v.</i> Wallingford, Berks</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oxford (without E. gate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1180</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> Henry III</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oxford (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1126</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry I</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Oriel Coll.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oxford (suburbs)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles<a id="fnanchor_363" href="#fn_363" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 363; go to footnote">363</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1330</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oxford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Peter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1338</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p315">p315</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oxford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Clement<a id="fnanchor_364" href="#fn_364" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 364; go to footnote">364</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1345</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oxford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Domus Conversorum</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1234</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry III</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oxford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“<i>Bethlem</i>”<a id="fnanchor_365" href="#fn_365" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 365; go to footnote">365</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1219</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thame</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Christopher</i><a id="fnanchor_366" href="#fn_366" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 366; go to footnote">366</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1460</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Quartermayne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Woodstock<a id="fnanchor_367" href="#fn_367" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 367; go to footnote">367</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary V. & St. Mary M.<a id="fnanchor_368" href="#fn_368" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 368; go to footnote">368</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1339</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Woodstock (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Cross<a href="#fn_368" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 368; go to footnote">368</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXVIII. RUTLAND</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Casterton, Great</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1311</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oakham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. John Ev. & St. Anne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1398</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Dalby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tolethorpe<a id="fnanchor_369" href="#fn_369" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 369; go to footnote">369</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1301</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John de Tolethorpe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p316"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXIX. SHROPSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bridgnorth (without<a id="fnanchor_370" href="#fn_370" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 370; go to footnote">370</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“Vetus Maladeria”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bridgnorth (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. James (Seal<a id="fnanchor_371" href="#fn_371" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 371; go to footnote">371</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1224</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bridgnorth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Ev. or Holy Trinity, B.V.M. and St. John B. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_372" href="#fn_372" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 372; go to footnote">372</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. le Strange</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Lilleshall Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ludlow</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity, St. Mary & St. John B.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1253</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">P. Undergod</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ludlow</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Giles</i><a id="fnanchor_373" href="#fn_373" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 373; go to footnote">373</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ludlow</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1486</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Hosyer</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Palmers’ Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Nesscliff, Great Ness</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“<i>St. Mary de Rocherio</i>”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1250</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Le Strange</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newport<a id="fnanchor_374" href="#fn_374" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 374; go to footnote">374</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1337</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newport</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Nicholas<a id="fnanchor_375" href="#fn_375" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 375; go to footnote">375</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1446</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Glover, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Oswestry</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1210</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Reyner</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Haughmond Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Richards Castle, <i>v.</i> Herefordshire</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shrewsbury (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles (Seal<a id="fnanchor_376" href="#fn_376" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 376; go to footnote">376</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1136</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shrewsbury (Frankvill)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">S. John B. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_377" href="#fn_377" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 377; go to footnote">377</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1221</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, St. Chad’s</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shrewsbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. George M.<a id="fnanchor_378" href="#fn_378" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 378; go to footnote">378</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1162</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shrewsbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Chad’s Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1409</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">B. Tuptun</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Mercers’ Fraternity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p317">p317</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shrewsbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary’s Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1444</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Degory Watur</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Drapers’ Fraternity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tong</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1410</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">De Bohun, Penbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Collegiate Foundation</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wenlock, Much</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1267</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Whitchurch</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xiii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Le Strange (<i>ben.</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Haughmond</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p318"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXX. SOMERSET</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bath</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†‡ St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_379" href="#fn_379" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 379; go to footnote">379</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1180</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop John or Reginald</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop, Prior</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bath Holloway or Lyncomb</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡ [St. Cross &] St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1100</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Walter Hosate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beckington</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1502</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bedminster, <i>v.</i> Glos</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bridgwater</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1214</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Briwere</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bridgwater</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xiv cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bristol <i>v.</i> Glos.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bruton<a id="fnanchor_380" href="#fn_380" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 380; go to footnote">380</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1291</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Croscombe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse<a id="fnanchor_381" href="#fn_381" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 381; go to footnote">381</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Glastonbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*Almshouse (Women’s)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1246</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> Abbot Beere</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Glastonbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Mary Magdalene<a id="fnanchor_382" href="#fn_382" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 382; go to footnote">382</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xiii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Holloway, <i>v.</i> Bath</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ilchester<a id="fnanchor_383" href="#fn_383" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 383; go to footnote">383</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret<a href="#fn_383" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 383; go to footnote">383</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1212</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ilchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1217</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Dacres</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ilchester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1426</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Veal</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p319">p319</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Keynsham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_384" href="#fn_384" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 384; go to footnote">384</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xv cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Langport,<a id="fnanchor_385" href="#fn_385" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 385; go to footnote">385</a> near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1280</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Glastonbury Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Selwood</i><a id="fnanchor_386" href="#fn_386" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 386; go to footnote">386</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1212</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Taunton (W. Monkton)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡[Holy Ghost &<a id="fnanchor_387" href="#fn_387" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 387; go to footnote">387</a>] St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1185</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Beere (<i>ben</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wells</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1206</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hugh & Jocelyn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wells</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Saviour[B.V.M. & All Saints]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1436</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Bubwith</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean, Mayor, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Yeovil</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. George & St. Christopher</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1477</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Wobourne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p320"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXI. STAFFORDSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Cannock</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary</i><a id="fnanchor_388" href="#fn_388" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 388; go to footnote">388</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1220</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Freeford, <i>v.</i> Lichfield</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lichfield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Roger</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lichfield (Freeford)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1257</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lichfield (Bacon Street)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1504</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Milley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Radford, <i>v.</i> <i>infra</i></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stafford (Forebridge)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. John B. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_389" href="#fn_389" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 389; go to footnote">389</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1208</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl Ralph</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stafford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl Ralph</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stafford (Retford)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Sepulchre [or St. Lazarus]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1254</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stoke-upon-Trent</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Loye<a id="fnanchor_390" href="#fn_390" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 390; go to footnote">390</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tamworth or Wigginton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1285</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">P. de Marmyon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wigginton, <i>v.</i> <i>supra</i></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wolverhampton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1392</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Luson, Waterfall, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p321"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXII. SUFFOLK</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beccles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary M. [& St. Anthony]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1327</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bury St. Edmunds</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Ev. (God’s House)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1256</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Edmund</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bury without Eastgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1215</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bury without Northgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Saviour<a id="fnanchor_391" href="#fn_391" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 391; go to footnote">391</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1184</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Sampson</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bury without Risbygate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Peter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot Anselm</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L etc.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bury at Southgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Petronilla</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Stephen<a id="fnanchor_392" href="#fn_392" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 392; go to footnote">392</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Clare</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1462</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Bingley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dunwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. James (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1199</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Prince John or W. de Riboff</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Dunwich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Holy Trinity or Maison Dieu (Seal<a href="#fn_392" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 392; go to footnote">392</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1251</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Eye (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1329</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gorleston<a id="fnanchor_393" href="#fn_393" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 393; go to footnote">393</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary & St. Nicholas (<i>Seal</i><a id="fnanchor_394" href="#fn_394" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 394; go to footnote">394</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1331</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gorleston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gorleston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xiii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Queen Eleanor</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gorleston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gorleston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Luke</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p322">p322</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gorleston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Bartholomew</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hadleigh</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1497</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Pykenham, Rector</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ipswich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James<a id="fnanchor_395" href="#fn_395" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 395; go to footnote">395</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1199</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ipswich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene<a href="#fn_395" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 395; go to footnote">395</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1199</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ipswich near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_396" href="#fn_396" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 396; go to footnote">396</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ipswich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Thomas</i><a href="#fn_396" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 396; go to footnote">396</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ipswich</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1515</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">E. Dandy</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Orford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1320</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Orford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1389</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sibton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†Hospital</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1264</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Stratton-in-Leverington</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sudbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Sepulchre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1206</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Wm. Earl of Gloucester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom of St. Clare, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sudbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Jesus Christ & St. Mary B.V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Countess Amicia</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sudbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1372</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John Colneys</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Governors</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thetford, <i>v.</i> Norfolk</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Thurlow, Great</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1291</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Alien, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p323"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXIII. SURREY</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bermondsey</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1399</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Richard II</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Croydon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1443</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Ellis Davy</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Governors</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Guildford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas M.<a id="fnanchor_397" href="#fn_397" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 397; go to footnote">397</a> (Spital)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-on-Thames</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard, Domus Dei</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1227</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newington Butts</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Our Lady & St. Katherine</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Reigate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary V. & Holy Cross<a id="fnanchor_398" href="#fn_398" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 398; go to footnote">398</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1240</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Warenne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sandon by Cobham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">The Holy Ghost<a id="fnanchor_399" href="#fn_399" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 399; go to footnote">399</a> [or St. - Mary M.] (Seal<a id="fnanchor_400" href="#fn_400" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 400; go to footnote">400</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Wateville</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop; St. Thomas’, Southwark</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Southwark</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Thomas M.<a id="fnanchor_401" href="#fn_401" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 401; go to footnote">401</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1215</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Becket, Peter des Roches</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Southwark (Kent Street)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[St. Mary &] St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_402" href="#fn_402" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 402; go to footnote">402</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1315</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tandridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St James<a href="#fn_398" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 398; go to footnote">398</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xii cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Odo de Dammartin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p324"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXIV. SUSSEX</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Arundel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fitzalan</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Arundel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity or Christ (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1380</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fitzalan</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Battle</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pilgrim House, afterwards St. Thomas M.<a id="fnanchor_403" href="#fn_403" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 403; go to footnote">403</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1076</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bramber (Bidlington)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1216</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Buxsted</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1404</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>W. Heron</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chichester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Mary B. V. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1172</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">William, Dean</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Dean & Chapter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chichester without Eastgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†‡St. James & St. Mary Magdalene (Seal<a id="fnanchor_404" href="#fn_404" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 404; go to footnote">404</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1202</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bp. Seffrid II</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chichester Loddesdown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chichester <i>Rumboldswyke</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chichester <i>Stockbridge</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cookham in Sompting</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[St. Mary V. &] St. Anthony</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1272</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Bernchius</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_405" href="#fn_405" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 405; go to footnote">405</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Harting (Dureford)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1162</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">H. Hoese</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, <i>Dureford Abbey</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hastings</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1293</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Petronilla de Cham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p325">p325</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hemsworth (in Burn)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene<a id="fnanchor_406" href="#fn_406" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 406; go to footnote">406</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1251</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lewes</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Warenne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lewes (Westout)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1085</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Warenne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pevensey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Cross</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1292</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pevensey or Westham<a id="fnanchor_407" href="#fn_407" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 407; go to footnote">407</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1302</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Playden, <i>v.</i> Rye</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Rye or Playden</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1219</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Alien, Crown, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Seaford, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James Cathedral</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1171</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Roger de Fraxeto</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Chichester Cathedral</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Seaford, without</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1256</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Roger de Fraxeto</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Chichester Cathedral</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shoreham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1249</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Shoreham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Katherine<a id="fnanchor_408" href="#fn_408" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 408; go to footnote">408</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1366</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sompting, <i>v.</i> Cookham</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Westham, <i>v.</i> Pevensey</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">West Tarring</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1277</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Winchelsea<a id="fnanchor_409" href="#fn_409" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 409; go to footnote">409</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. Bartholomew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1292</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Winchelsea</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. John</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1292</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Winchelsea</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Cross<a id="fnanchor_410" href="#fn_410" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 410; go to footnote">410</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1253</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Windeham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Edmund, Conf.<a id="fnanchor_411" href="#fn_411" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 411; go to footnote">411</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1253</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Richard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p326"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXV. WARWICKSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Birmingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[St. Mary V.<a id="fnanchor_412" href="#fn_412" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 412; go to footnote">412</a> &] St. Thomas M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1286</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bretford (Wolstan)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Edmund<a id="fnanchor_413" href="#fn_413" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 413; go to footnote">413</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1180</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Turville</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Coventry</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1175</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archdn. & Prior</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Coventry Spon near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magd. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_414" href="#fn_414" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 414; go to footnote">414</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1181</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hugh Keveliog</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_415" href="#fn_415" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 415; go to footnote">415</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Coventry</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_416" href="#fn_416" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 416; go to footnote">416</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1252</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Coventry</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Hospital<a id="fnanchor_417" href="#fn_417" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 417; go to footnote">417</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1370</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">William Walssh</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Coventry Bablake</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Holy Trinity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1507</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">T. Bonde</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gild, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Coventry</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡Almshouse<a id="fnanchor_418" href="#fn_418" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 418; go to footnote">418</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1529</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. Ford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Henley in Arden</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f</i> 1449</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stratford-on-Avon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Cross (Seal)<a id="fnanchor_419" href="#fn_419" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 419; go to footnote">419</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1269</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fraternity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Studley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Cantilupe</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Warwick</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">[Holy Ghost<a id="fnanchor_420" href="#fn_420" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 420; go to footnote">420</a> &] St. John B.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1183</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl Wm. or Henry</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Warwick</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Michael</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl Roger</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earldom</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Warwick (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas of Canterbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earl</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Knights Templars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Warwick</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Laurence</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1255</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p327"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXVI. WESTMORLAND</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Appleby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1240</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Shap Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Brough under Stanemoor</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary V. & St. Gabriel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1506</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Brunskill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Shap Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kendal (Kirkby-in-)<a id="fnanchor_421" href="#fn_421" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 421; go to footnote">421</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">De Ros</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Conishead Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kirkby, <i>v.</i> Kendal</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p328"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXVII. WILTSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bedwin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_422" href="#fn_422" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 422; go to footnote">422</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bradford-on-Avon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret<a id="fnanchor_423" href="#fn_423" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 423; go to footnote">423</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1235</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Shaftesbury Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bradford-on-Avon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Katherine<a id="fnanchor_424" href="#fn_424" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 424; go to footnote">424</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bradley, Maiden</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary V. [and St. Matthew<a id="fnanchor_425" href="#fn_425" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 425; go to footnote">425</a>] or [St. Lazarus] (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1190</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Manser and Margery Bisset</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Calne, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John B. [& St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_426" href="#fn_426" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 426; go to footnote">426</a>]</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1202</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Lord Zouche</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chippenham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Laurence<a id="fnanchor_427" href="#fn_427" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 427; go to footnote">427</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1338</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cricklade</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Guarin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop of Sarum</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Devizes</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1207</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Devizes (Southbroom)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James & St. Denys</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1207</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Easton Royal<a id="fnanchor_428" href="#fn_428" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 428; go to footnote">428</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1246</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Stephen, Archdeacon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Fugglestone, <i>v.</i> Wilton</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Heytesbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. John or St. Katherine (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1449</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Walter, Lord Hungerford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Malmesbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_429" href="#fn_429" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 429; go to footnote">429</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Malmesbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_430" href="#fn_430" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 430; go to footnote">430</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1245</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Malmesbury (Burton by)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene<a id="fnanchor_431" href="#fn_431" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 431; go to footnote">431</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1222</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p329">p329</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Marlborough<a id="fnanchor_432" href="#fn_432" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 432; go to footnote">432</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1215</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Levenoth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Marlborough</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Thomas M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1246</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Manor (Crown), Gilbertine Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Salisbury (Harnham Bridge)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Nicholas<a id="fnanchor_433" href="#fn_433" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 433; go to footnote">433</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1214</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop, Dean & Chapter</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Salisbury</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Holy Trinity [& St. Thomas M.] (Seals)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1379</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Agnes Bottenham<a id="fnanchor_434" href="#fn_434" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 434; go to footnote">434</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Salisbury (East Harnham)<a id="fnanchor_435" href="#fn_435" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 435; go to footnote">435</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1361</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sarum, Old<a id="fnanchor_436" href="#fn_436" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 436; go to footnote">436</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1195</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sarum, Old or Stratford<a id="fnanchor_437" href="#fn_437" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 437; go to footnote">437</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Southbroom, <i>v.</i> Devizes</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stratford, <i>v.</i> Sarum</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Trowbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1483</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Terumber</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wilton or Fugglestone</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">†‡St. Giles [& St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_438" href="#fn_438" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 438; go to footnote">438</a>] (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Queen Adela</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wilton (Ditchampton)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1190</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Hubert</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wilton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1307</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Wootton Bassett</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1266</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">P. Basset & Rector</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_439" href="#fn_439" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 439; go to footnote">439</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p330"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXVIII. WORCESTERSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Droitwich or Dodderhill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V.<a id="fnanchor_440" href="#fn_440" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 440; go to footnote">440</a> (<i>Seal</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1285</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Wm. de Dover, Rector</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Worcester Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Worcester, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Oswald<a id="fnanchor_441" href="#fn_441" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 441; go to footnote">441</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1205</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bishop Oswald</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Worcester Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Worcester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary</i><a href="#fn_441" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 441; go to footnote">441</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1257</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Worcester (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*St. Wulstan<a id="fnanchor_442" href="#fn_442" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 442; go to footnote">442</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1085</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Wulstan</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Worcester</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Trinity Hall Almshouses</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">xvi cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p331"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="5"><h3>XXXIX. YORKSHIRE</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication or Description.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Founder.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Patron.</i></p></th> - <th></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Aberford</i><a id="fnanchor_443" href="#fn_443" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 443; go to footnote">443</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1454</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Allerton, <i>v.</i> Northallerton</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bagby<a id="fnanchor_444" href="#fn_444" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 444; go to footnote">444</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1200</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Mowbray</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard’s, York</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bawtry, <i>v.</i> Notts</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beverley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1223</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Wulse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abp., Wartre Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beverley in Friary by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1286</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beverley without Keldgate Bar</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1392</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beverley Crossbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1398</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John Ake</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beverley Laithgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John <i>Baptist</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1454</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beverley without N. Bar</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1442</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Gild, Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Blyth, <i>v.</i> Notts</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Braceford<a id="fnanchor_445" href="#fn_445" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 445; go to footnote">445</a>, nr. Harpham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Helen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1389</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Bridlington<a id="fnanchor_446" href="#fn_446" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 446; go to footnote">446</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1342</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Brompton, Brough, <i>v.</i> Catterick</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Broughton nr. Malton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1154</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Eustace FitzJohn</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Catterick nr. Brompton-on-Swale</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1231</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>H. FitzRandolph</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p332">p332</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Clitheroe, <i>v.</i> Lancs</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Doncaster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1213</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Beigham Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Doncaster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1227</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, St. Thos. of Acon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Doncaster (by bridge)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Edmund K.<a id="fnanchor_447" href="#fn_447" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 447; go to footnote">447</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1318</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Doncaster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Leonard</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Edisford, <i>v.</i> Lancs</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Flixton<a id="fnanchor_448" href="#fn_448" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 448; go to footnote">448</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary V. & St. Andrew</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">x cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Acehorne</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Foulsnape, <i>v.</i> Pontefract</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Fountains</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1247</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot John (<i>ben.</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Gainsborough</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1495</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hedon, Newton by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Sepulchre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1205</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Alan FitzHubert</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hedon or Newton Garth<a id="fnanchor_449" href="#fn_449" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 449; go to footnote">449</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magd. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1162</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Wm. le Gros</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Earls of Albemarle, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hedon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Leonard</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1413</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hessle</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James<a id="fnanchor_450" href="#fn_450" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 450; go to footnote">450</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Hoperton</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Bedehouse</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1500</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hutton Locras, <i>v.</i> Lowcross</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Killingwoldgrove<a id="fnanchor_451" href="#fn_451" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 451; go to footnote">451</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1169</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">God’s House</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1344</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. de Kingston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p333">p333</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull (Myton)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Maison Dieu, or St. Michael, St. Thomas M., etc. or Holy Trinity (Seal)<a id="fnanchor_452" href="#fn_452" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 452; go to footnote">452</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1365</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. and Michael Pole</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Mariners or Trinity and Blessed Virgin</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1369</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fraternity</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Corpus Christi<a id="fnanchor_453" href="#fn_453" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 453; go to footnote">453</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>1416</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John Gregg</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Holy Trinity or New Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1482</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu or Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1380</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Ravenser & Selby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu or Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1400</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Simon de Grimsby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu or Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1412</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bedforth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu or Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1439</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Aldwick</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu or Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1503</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Adrianson</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu or Almshouse</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1509</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Riplingham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Kingston-upon-Hull</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1513</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Laysingby nr. Northallerton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1294</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Lythegrayns</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop of Durham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lowcross<a id="fnanchor_454" href="#fn_454" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 454; go to footnote">454</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Guisborough Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Malton, <i>v.</i> Norton</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Myton, <i>v.</i> Kingston</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newton, <i>v.</i> Hedon</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p334">p334</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Northallerton (Romanby)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. James (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1208</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop Philip</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bishop of Durham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Northallerton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1476</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Moore & Strangways</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Norton nr. Malton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Flamvill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Otley</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1311</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abp. <i>Thurstan</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pickering</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1325</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Duchy of Lancaster, Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pontefract</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> R. de Lacy</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Duchy, Nostell Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pontefract by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1286</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry de Lacy</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pontefract</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1335</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Tabourere</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pontefract</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡Holy Trinity & B.V.M.<a id="fnanchor_455" href="#fn_455" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 455; go to footnote">455</a> (<i>Seal</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1385</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Knolles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Duchy, Nostell Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Pontefract or Foulsnape</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Michael the Archangel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1220</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John’s Priory or Burton Lazars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Rerecross, <i>v.</i> Stanemoor</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Richmond, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas (Seal<a id="fnanchor_456" href="#fn_456" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 456; go to footnote">456</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1172</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Henry II. or Glanvill<a id="fnanchor_457" href="#fn_457" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 457; go to footnote">457</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Various<a id="fnanchor_458" href="#fn_458" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 458; go to footnote">458</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Richmond, by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1402</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ripon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1114</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abp. Thomas II</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ripon (Stammergate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Mary M. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_459" href="#fn_459" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 459; go to footnote">459</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1139</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abp. Thurstan</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ripon (Bondgate)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas<a id="fnanchor_460" href="#fn_460" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 460; go to footnote">460</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1350</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Ripon</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">*‡St. Anne (Maison Dieu)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1438</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Neville</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p335">p335</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Scarborough, by</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1298</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Scarborough</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Thomas M.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">H. de Bulemore</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Town</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sheffield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1189</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">W. de Lovetot</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sherburn-in-Elmet</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1311</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Archbishop</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Skipton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1306</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Sprotburgh, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Edmund</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1363</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Fitzwilliam</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Stanemoor or Rerecross</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">“Spital upon Stanemoor”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1171</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Marrick Nunnery</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Terrington<a id="fnanchor_461" href="#fn_461" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 461; go to footnote">461</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1288</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tickhill (without)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1225</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tickhill</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1326</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Humberston Priory</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Tickhill (Blyth Road)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John of Gaunt</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Well, nr. Bedale</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Michael the Archangel</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1342</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f.</i> R. de Neville</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>Wentbridge</i></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>St. Mary</i><a id="fnanchor_462" href="#fn_462" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 462; go to footnote">462</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1348</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Whitby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Michael<a id="fnanchor_463" href="#fn_463" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 463; go to footnote">463</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1109</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbot William</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Abbey</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Whitby</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1320</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Yarm, near</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1185</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Brus</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Private, Helaugh Park</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York</p></td> - <td rowspan="2" class="borleft"><p class="pleft">St. Peter (Seal) - <br />*St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_464" href="#fn_464" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 464; go to footnote">464</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">x cent.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Athelstan</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Minster</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>re-f</i> 1135</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Stephen</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York without Walmgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Nicholas</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1142</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">King & Abbot</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Crown</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Giles</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1274</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York without Micklegate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Thomas M. (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1390</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="xxpn" id="p336">p336</div></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Boothum</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B. V. (Seal<a id="fnanchor_465" href="#fn_465" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 465; go to footnote">465</a>)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1318</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. de Pickering, Dean</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Boothum</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary B.V. “the Less”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1481</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Gysburgh, Precentor</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Dringhouses</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Katherine<a id="fnanchor_466" href="#fn_466" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 466; go to footnote">466</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1333</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">L</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Fossgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡[Holy Jesus & B. V. M. or] Trinity<a id="fnanchor_467" href="#fn_467" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 467; go to footnote">467</a> (Seal)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1365</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">John de Roucliff</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Merchant Adventurers</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Monkbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Loy<a id="fnanchor_468" href="#fn_468" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 468; go to footnote">468</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Monkbridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard<a id="fnanchor_469" href="#fn_469" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 469; go to footnote">469</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1350</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>L</i></p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Gillygate, Peasholm</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">‡St. Anthony<a id="fnanchor_470" href="#fn_470" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 470; go to footnote">470</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>bef</i> 1429</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Langton & Gild</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Fishergate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Spital</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1399</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Laithorpegate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Bygod</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Ousebridge</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1319</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Markyate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1406</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Howme</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Hestergate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1390</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">T. Howme</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Mickelgate</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Sir R. de York</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Whitefriars</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1481</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Peterlane</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1390</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. de Derthyngton</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, Northstreet</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1397</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">J. Acastre</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">York, S. Andrew’s Lane</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Maison Dieu</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">1397</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">R. Duffield</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="6"><p>N.B.—The County of Monmouth is not included as it formed part of Wales until the sixteenth century.</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox" id="p337"> -<table class="app-b" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="4"><h3>UNIDENTIFIED</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Locality.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Dedication.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>Date.</i></p></th> - <th><p class="pcenter"><i>County.</i></p></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Beghton<a id="fnanchor_471" href="#fn_471" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 471; go to footnote">471</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Luke Ev. (L)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1335</p></td> - <td id="p337coleft"><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Chestnuts, Wood of<a id="fnanchor_472" href="#fn_472" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 472; go to footnote">472</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">(L)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1256</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">? Kent</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Cheston</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Erasmus & St. Mary M.<a id="fnanchor_473" href="#fn_473" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 473; go to footnote">473</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Clayhanger</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1253</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">? Middlesex</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Clelecombe<a id="fnanchor_474" href="#fn_474" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 474; go to footnote">474</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1332</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Hareford<a id="fnanchor_475" href="#fn_475" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 475; go to footnote">475</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Close 1309</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Lanford<a id="fnanchor_476" href="#fn_476" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 476; go to footnote">476</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">(L)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Will 1307</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Exeter Diocese</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Langeford</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">(L)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1275</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Merston, nr. Chelworth</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. John Baptist<a id="fnanchor_477" href="#fn_477" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 477; go to footnote">477</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>temp.</i> Henry III.</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Wilts</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newenham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene(L)</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1256</p></td> - <td rowspan="3" class="borleft"><p class="pleft"> - Newnham Regis, Warwick, - or Newnham-on-Severn, Glos. Cf. - Newnham Murren, Oxon.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newenham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Mary Magdalene</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1226</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Newenham</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Margaret</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1332–3–4</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">“Novus Locus”</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Close 1235</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Cf. New Place by Guildford</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Scevenloke, de la<a id="fnanchor_478" href="#fn_478" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 478; go to footnote">478</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Pat. 1232</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">—</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="pleft">Teneleshend<a id="fnanchor_479" href="#fn_479" class="fnanchor" title="footnote anchor 479; go to footnote">479</a></p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">St. Leonard</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft"><i>c.</i> 1270</p></td> - <td><p class="pleft">Yorks</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<ul class="footnotes"> -<li><h3>Notes — Appendices</h3> -<ul> -<li class="footnote"> -<p><a id="fn_165" href="#fnanchor_165" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 165; go to anchor">165</a> -This is identical with the 3rd Ordo given in Martene, -lib. iii. c.x., from the Ritual of Bourges and Sens issued by the -command of Cardinal Borbonius (Henderson).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_166" href="#fnanchor_166" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 166; go to anchor">166</a> -<i>Domum</i> (Henderson); or, reading <i>Donum</i> (with Martene, -etc.) we may translate this:—“may obtain the gift of everlasting -salvation.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_167" href="#fnanchor_167" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 167; go to anchor">167</a> -Lincoln Taxation.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_168" href="#fnanchor_168" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 168; go to anchor">168</a> -In parish of Luton, <i>q.v.</i></p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_169" href="#fnanchor_169" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 169; go to anchor">169</a> -“Order of St. William in the Desert” (Patent 1253); -Suntingfield-by-Boulogne (Charter Roll 1285, Pat. 1393); Crown; King’s Coll. Camb. There was “a house of St. Cross -belonging to them” (Pat. 1393); possibly Ludgershall, Bucks?</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_170" href="#fnanchor_170" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 170; go to anchor">170</a> -Private; Bishop of Lincoln; Dunstable Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_171" href="#fnanchor_171" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 171; go to anchor">171</a> -Pat. 1232.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_172" href="#fnanchor_172" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 172; go to anchor">172</a> -Re-founded as “Christ’s.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_173" href="#fnanchor_173" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 173; go to anchor">173</a> -Called “King John’s” locally.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_174" href="#fnanchor_174" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 174; go to anchor">174</a> -In Oxfordshire; cf. Crowmarsh.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_175" href="#fnanchor_175" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 175; go to anchor">175</a> -United 1384.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_176" href="#fnanchor_176" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 176; go to anchor">176</a> -Gervase of Canterbury.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_177" href="#fnanchor_177" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 177; go to anchor">177</a> -Pat. 1252.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_178" href="#fnanchor_178" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 178; go to anchor">178</a> -Under Suntingfield-by-Boulogne; cf. Farley, Beds.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_179" href="#fnanchor_179" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 179; go to anchor">179</a> -Pat. 1384.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_180" href="#fnanchor_180" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 180; go to anchor">180</a> -Cf. “House of lepers by bridge,” Tickfort by Newport -(Pat. 1275).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_181" href="#fnanchor_181" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 181; go to anchor">181</a> -Now “Queen Anne’s.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_182" href="#fnanchor_182" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 182; go to anchor">182</a> -Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_183" href="#fnanchor_183" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 183; go to anchor">183</a> -Probably Newport, Essex, but one called New Hospital -existed <i>c.</i> 1240.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_184" href="#fnanchor_184" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 184; go to anchor">184</a> -St. Giles (Pat. 1228), St. Margaret (Close 1229). Cf. -Pat. 1392. St. Gilbert & St. Margaret (Bp.’s Reg. 1368). Or the Loke.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_185" href="#fnanchor_185" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 185; go to anchor">185</a> -Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_186" href="#fnanchor_186" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 186; go to anchor">186</a> -United <i>c.</i> 1240.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_187" href="#fnanchor_187" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 187; go to anchor">187</a> -Or Hermitage.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_188" href="#fnanchor_188" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 188; go to anchor">188</a> -Or Fraternity.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_189" href="#fnanchor_189" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 189; go to anchor">189</a> -Cf. Pat. 1256. Fair, Exaltation of Holy Cross.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_190" href="#fnanchor_190" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 190; go to anchor">190</a> -Bp. Fordham Reg. 1391, 1394.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_191" href="#fnanchor_191" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 191; go to anchor">191</a> -Or Knights Hospitallers.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_192" href="#fnanchor_192" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 192; go to anchor">192</a>? Now “King John’s.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_193" href="#fnanchor_193" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 193; go to anchor">193</a> -Boughton Spital. Seal(?) B.M. Cat. 2687.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_194" href="#fnanchor_194" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 194; go to anchor">194</a> -Or God, St. Mary and All Saints (Pat. 1283).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_195" href="#fnanchor_195" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 195; go to anchor">195</a> -Lepers also at Redruth, Mousehole near Penzance, Dynmur -near Bodmin, Truro, Glas, etc. (<i>Vide</i> will of Bishop Bitton, 1307; -<i>Lancet</i>, 1890.)</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_196" href="#fnanchor_196" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 196; go to anchor">196</a> -Oliver.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_197" href="#fnanchor_197" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 197; go to anchor">197</a> -<i>Archæologia</i> xxiv. 178.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_198" href="#fnanchor_198" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 198; go to anchor">198</a> -Drawing in Pigott Collection, Taunton Castle.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_199" href="#fnanchor_199" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 199; go to anchor">199</a> -Carew.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_200" href="#fnanchor_200" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 200; go to anchor">200</a> -See Pipe Rolls. Also Charter Roll 1290.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_201" href="#fnanchor_201" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 201; go to anchor">201</a> -In Vale of St. John.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_202" href="#fnanchor_202" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 202; go to anchor">202</a> -Cf. Pat. 1383.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_203" href="#fnanchor_203" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 203; go to anchor">203</a> -St. Nicholas’ chapel added 1406.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_204" href="#fnanchor_204" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 204; go to anchor">204</a> -Leper hospital, Pat. 1251, 1255, 1258. For St. John cf. -<i>Rot. Hundredorum</i>, vol. ii. 298, 3 Edw. I.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_205" href="#fnanchor_205" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 205; go to anchor">205</a> -Or Spittel-on-Peak.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_206" href="#fnanchor_206" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 206; go to anchor">206</a> -Pat. 1258.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_207" href="#fnanchor_207" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 207; go to anchor">207</a> -Locko Charity exists.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_208" href="#fnanchor_208" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 208; go to anchor">208</a> -Lepers also at Okehampton, Sutton, Cleve, Modbury, -Chadelynton, Dartmouth, Newton Ferrers, Topsham, Denbury, Tremeton, -St. German’s, etc. (Will 1307, cf. Cornwall.)</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_209" href="#fnanchor_209" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 209; go to anchor">209</a> -Or B.V.M., St. Gabriel & All Angels.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_210" href="#fnanchor_210" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 210; go to anchor">210</a> -Or “Hospital behind St. Nicholas,” afterwards united -with St. John.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_211" href="#fnanchor_211" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 211; go to anchor">211</a> -B.V.M., St. John B. & All Saints (Charter)</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_212" href="#fnanchor_212" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 212; go to anchor">212</a> -Chapel, Holy Trinity.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_213" href="#fnanchor_213" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 213; go to anchor">213</a> -Or Combrew; chapel, St. Roch.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_214" href="#fnanchor_214" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 214; go to anchor">214</a> -Will (Somerset Rec. Soc. xvi. 129).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_215" href="#fnanchor_215" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 215; go to anchor">215</a> -Present Almshouse St. Loye.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_216" href="#fnanchor_216" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 216; go to anchor">216</a> -<i>Archæologia</i>, xii. 211.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_217" href="#fnanchor_217" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 217; go to anchor">217</a> -Chapel, St. John Ev.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_218" href="#fnanchor_218" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 218; go to anchor">218</a> -Seal B.M., lxii. 13. Cat. 4203 ascribes to Ben. Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_219" href="#fnanchor_219" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 219; go to anchor">219</a> -Chantry Cert.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_220" href="#fnanchor_220" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 220; go to anchor">220</a> -Seal B.M. Mediæval Room, Case D, matrix.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_221" href="#fnanchor_221" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 221; go to anchor">221</a> -Durham Convent’s Almoner’s Book, p. 139. -In St. Oswald’s parish (Pat. 1292).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_222" href="#fnanchor_222" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 222; go to anchor">222</a> -Will, Mickleton MSS., vol. 47.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_223" href="#fnanchor_223" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 223; go to anchor">223</a> -United.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_224" href="#fnanchor_224" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 224; go to anchor">224</a> -St. Cuthbert added in charter.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_225" href="#fnanchor_225" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 225; go to anchor">225</a> -Seal, Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 7.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_226" href="#fnanchor_226" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 226; go to anchor">226</a> -<i>Vita S. Godrici.</i></p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_227" href="#fnanchor_227" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 227; go to anchor">227</a> -Now “Christ’s.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_228" href="#fnanchor_228" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 228; go to anchor">228</a> -Between Wear and Tyne.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_229" href="#fnanchor_229" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 229; go to anchor">229</a> -Holy Cross (Pat. 1283). Afterwards “Almighty God, -Mary the Mother of Jesus Christ, St. Helen, St. Katherine and -All Saints.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_230" href="#fnanchor_230" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 230; go to anchor">230</a> -Seal of Gild.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_231" href="#fnanchor_231" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 231; go to anchor">231</a> -Pap. Letter 1402. Ely Reg. 1404. “Hermitage,” Pat. 1402.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_232" href="#fnanchor_232" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 232; go to anchor">232</a> -Under Mont Joux, Savoy.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_233" href="#fnanchor_233" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 233; go to anchor">233</a> -Cf. St. Mary (Pat. 1349).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_234" href="#fnanchor_234" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 234; go to anchor">234</a> -Private, Crown, Bykenacre Priory, Beeleigh Abbey.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_235" href="#fnanchor_235" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 235; go to anchor">235</a> -Or Sydeburnebrok (Pat. 1341), near Brentwood.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_236" href="#fnanchor_236" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 236; go to anchor">236</a> -Chapel, St. Margaret.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_237" href="#fnanchor_237" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 237; go to anchor">237</a> -Manor of Bristol, Crown, Westbury College, etc.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_238" href="#fnanchor_238" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 238; go to anchor">238</a> -Domus Dei by Frome Bridge (Pat. 1387).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_239" href="#fnanchor_239" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 239; go to anchor">239</a> -In Somerset.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_240" href="#fnanchor_240" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 240; go to anchor">240</a> -Or Baptist (Pat. 1306).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_241" href="#fnanchor_241" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 241; go to anchor">241</a> -Chapel, St. Ursula.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_242" href="#fnanchor_242" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 242; go to anchor">242</a> -“St. John of Jerusalem” (Papal Letters 1291).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_243" href="#fnanchor_243" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 243; go to anchor">243</a> -Or Isabel Ferrers.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_244" href="#fnanchor_244" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 244; go to anchor">244</a> -Lorrenge, near Dursley.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_245" href="#fnanchor_245" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 245; go to anchor">245</a> -Pat. 1256.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_246" href="#fnanchor_246" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 246; go to anchor">246</a> -Charter, 1 John.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_247" href="#fnanchor_247" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 247; go to anchor">247</a> -United (Pat. 1340).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_248" href="#fnanchor_248" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 248; go to anchor">248</a> -Close 1318.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_249" href="#fnanchor_249" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 249; go to anchor">249</a> -Charter to lazars of Ferham (Pemb. Coll. Camb.).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_250" href="#fnanchor_250" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 250; go to anchor">250</a> -Or Holy Trinity, B.V.M., St. -Cross, St. Michael & All SS. (Close 1215); cf. Seal.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_251" href="#fnanchor_251" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 251; go to anchor">251</a> -Pat. 1340.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_252" href="#fnanchor_252" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 252; go to anchor">252</a> -Pat. 1317.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_253" href="#fnanchor_253" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 253; go to anchor">253</a> -Pat. 1315.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_254" href="#fnanchor_254" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 254; go to anchor">254</a> -Soc. Antiq., and <i>Vet. Mon.</i> III 12.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_255" href="#fnanchor_255" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 255; go to anchor">255</a> -Seal, Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8., <i>v.</i> also Cal. Anc. Deeds II.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_256" href="#fnanchor_256" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 256; go to anchor">256</a> -“Hospital for lepers of St. Augustine” (Pat. 1352).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_257" href="#fnanchor_257" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 257; go to anchor">257</a> -Pat. 1340.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_258" href="#fnanchor_258" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 258; go to anchor">258</a> -Hist. MSS. 13th R. (4) 314.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_259" href="#fnanchor_259" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 259; go to anchor">259</a> -Pat. 1397.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_260" href="#fnanchor_260" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 260; go to anchor">260</a> -Pat. 1317 may refer to one of above hospitals.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_261" href="#fnanchor_261" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 261; go to anchor">261</a> -Cf. Cal. of Inquisitions I 538; cf. also -Trinitarian Friary (Pat. 1287).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_262" href="#fnanchor_262" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 262; go to anchor">262</a> -In Cambridgeshire.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_263" href="#fnanchor_263" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 263; go to anchor">263</a> -Afterwards Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_264" href="#fnanchor_264" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 264; go to anchor">264</a> -Close 1327.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_265" href="#fnanchor_265" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 265; go to anchor">265</a> -Charter 1232 and <i>Liber Antiq. Hugonis -Wells</i> (1209–35); or Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_266" href="#fnanchor_266" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 266; go to anchor">266</a> -In Great Stukeley (Pat. 1391).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_267" href="#fnanchor_267" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 267; go to anchor">267</a> -Pat. 1328.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_268" href="#fnanchor_268" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 268; go to anchor">268</a> -Gervase of Canterbury mentions hospitals of Bakechild and St. John in Blen; cf. Blien, Pipe Rolls and <i>Rot. Cancell.</i></p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_269" href="#fnanchor_269" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 269; go to anchor">269</a> -Or St. Nicholas (Harris).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_270" href="#fnanchor_270" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 270; go to anchor">270</a> -Chapel St. Mary V. (Pat. 1326). Double Dedication Pat. 1353.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_271" href="#fnanchor_271" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 271; go to anchor">271</a> -United with St. Thomas M.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_272" href="#fnanchor_272" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 272; go to anchor">272</a> -Cf. “Infirmis de Salt Wuda” (Pipe Rolls, 1168–9).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_273" href="#fnanchor_273" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 273; go to anchor">273</a> -Close 1299.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_274" href="#fnanchor_274" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 274; go to anchor">274</a> -Harris.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_275" href="#fnanchor_275" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 275; go to anchor">275</a> -Thus <i>Gent. Mag.</i>, 1842; also called Newark.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_276" href="#fnanchor_276" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 276; go to anchor">276</a> -Papal Lett. 1422.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_277" href="#fnanchor_277" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 277; go to anchor">277</a> -Pat. 1241.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_278" href="#fnanchor_278" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 278; go to anchor">278</a> -Close 1343.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_279" href="#fnanchor_279" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 279; go to anchor">279</a> -Lepers “de Albo Fossato” (Pat. 1253) or “Wyddych” (Pat. -1443) or “next Strood” (Wills).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_280" href="#fnanchor_280" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 280; go to anchor">280</a> -Canterbury Chapter Library.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_281" href="#fnanchor_281" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 281; go to anchor">281</a> -<i>Re-f.</i> 1363 by J. Fraunceys (<i>Lit. Cant.</i> ii. 436).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_282" href="#fnanchor_282" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 282; go to anchor">282</a> -Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_283" href="#fnanchor_283" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 283; go to anchor">283</a> -Or “Maldry.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_284" href="#fnanchor_284" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 284; go to anchor">284</a> -Chapel, St. Thomas, M. (V.C.H.)</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_285" href="#fnanchor_285" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 285; go to anchor">285</a> -Possibly identical.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_286" href="#fnanchor_286" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 286; go to anchor">286</a> -Or “Newark.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_287" href="#fnanchor_287" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 287; go to anchor">287</a> -In Yorkshire; called “Edisford.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_288" href="#fnanchor_288" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 288; go to anchor">288</a> -Afterwards Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_289" href="#fnanchor_289" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 289; go to anchor">289</a> -Honor of Lancaster, Crown, Seton Nunnery.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_290" href="#fnanchor_290" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 290; go to anchor">290</a> -Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_291" href="#fnanchor_291" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 291; go to anchor">291</a> -Or St. Mary and Holy Saviour, or “under Longridge”; -afterwards under Templars or Hospitallers.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_292" href="#fnanchor_292" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 292; go to anchor">292</a> -St. John B. in Valor Ecc.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_293" href="#fnanchor_293" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 293; go to anchor">293</a> -Or Newark; now Trinity.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_294" href="#fnanchor_294" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 294; go to anchor">294</a> -Pap. Lett. 1435–6.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_295" href="#fnanchor_295" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 295; go to anchor">295</a> -Close 1294, 1335. Cf. Skirbeck.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_296" href="#fnanchor_296" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 296; go to anchor">296</a> -Pat. 1319.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_297" href="#fnanchor_297" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 297; go to anchor">297</a> -Afterwards Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_298" href="#fnanchor_298" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 298; go to anchor">298</a> -Hist. MSS., 14th R. (8), 258.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_299" href="#fnanchor_299" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 299; go to anchor">299</a> -Double dedication Pat. 1346; chapel, St. Mary Magd. (Pat. 1339). Called Mallardly.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_300" href="#fnanchor_300" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 300; go to anchor">300</a> -Or Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_301" href="#fnanchor_301" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 301; go to anchor">301</a> -Or Uffington.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_302" href="#fnanchor_302" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 302; go to anchor">302</a> -Collegiate Church of Holy Trinity, SS. Mary, Peter, John Ev. & John B.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_303" href="#fnanchor_303" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 303; go to anchor">303</a> -Pat. 1319.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_304" href="#fnanchor_304" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 304; go to anchor">304</a> -Braynford, “S. Ludowicus,” Ely Reg. Fordham f. 180.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_305" href="#fnanchor_305" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 305; go to anchor">305</a> -Cf. St. Bartholomew’s Chapel, Hackney, called Loke.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_306" href="#fnanchor_306" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 306; go to anchor">306</a> -Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 9.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_307" href="#fnanchor_307" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 307; go to anchor">307</a> -“Hundeslawe,” Rot. Chart., 2 John, m. 32 <i>d.</i></p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_308" href="#fnanchor_308" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 308; go to anchor">308</a> -Cf. Seal. B.V.M. & St. Leonard. Chapel, Holy Trinity.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_309" href="#fnanchor_309" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 309; go to anchor">309</a> -Stow mentions Alien Hospitals at Holborn, Aldersgate, Cripplegate.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_310" href="#fnanchor_310" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 310; go to anchor">310</a> -Parish church, St. Giles; chapel, St. Michael.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_311" href="#fnanchor_311" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 311; go to anchor">311</a> -Chapels, SS. Catherine, Nicholas & Andrew.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_312" href="#fnanchor_312" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 312; go to anchor">312</a> -Or “of Acres.” Chapel, St. Cross (Pap. Let. 1365).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_313" href="#fnanchor_313" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 313; go to anchor">313</a> -Or Blessed Jesus, B.V.M. & St. John B.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_314" href="#fnanchor_314" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 314; go to anchor">314</a> -“The Papey,” or St. Augustine’s, for Priests.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_315" href="#fnanchor_315" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 315; go to anchor">315</a> -Chapel, Holy Trinity.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_316" href="#fnanchor_316" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 316; go to anchor">316</a> -Dugdale.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_317" href="#fnanchor_317" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 317; go to anchor">317</a> -Between Mile End and Stratford.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_318" href="#fnanchor_318" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 318; go to anchor">318</a> -Between Shoreditch and Stoke Newington.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_319" href="#fnanchor_319" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 319; go to anchor">319</a> -Chapel, St. Paul.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_320" href="#fnanchor_320" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 320; go to anchor">320</a> -Afterwards Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_321" href="#fnanchor_321" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 321; go to anchor">321</a> -Or Boycodeswade in E. Rudham.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_322" href="#fnanchor_322" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 322; go to anchor">322</a> -Chapel, St. Bartholomew; afterwards Abbey.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_323" href="#fnanchor_323" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 323; go to anchor">323</a> -Or Setche Parva.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_324" href="#fnanchor_324" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 324; go to anchor">324</a> -Or St. Mary & St. Stephen; sometimes Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_325" href="#fnanchor_325" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 325; go to anchor">325</a> -Or Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_326" href="#fnanchor_326" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 326; go to anchor">326</a> -Norman’s Spital.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_327" href="#fnanchor_327" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 327; go to anchor">327</a> -Holy Trinity, B.V.M., St. Anne, St. Giles and All -Saints, or St. Mary and St. Giles (Pap. Lett. 1255).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_328" href="#fnanchor_328" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 328; go to anchor">328</a> -<i>Index Monasticus.</i></p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_329" href="#fnanchor_329" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 329; go to anchor">329</a> -Close 1335, but probably Benedictine Cell.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_330" href="#fnanchor_330" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 330; go to anchor">330</a> -United.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_331" href="#fnanchor_331" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 331; go to anchor">331</a> -Chapel, St. Julian.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_332" href="#fnanchor_332" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 332; go to anchor">332</a> -In Suffolk.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_333" href="#fnanchor_333" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 333; go to anchor">333</a> -B.M. lxvi. 10, Cat. 3974, unidentified, -but cf. <i>Sigilla Antiq. Norfolc.</i> (Ives); also Palmer I, 368.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_334" href="#fnanchor_334" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 334; go to anchor">334</a> -Originally St. John Ap.; St. John B. occurs 1301.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_335" href="#fnanchor_335" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 335; go to anchor">335</a> -B. M. Mediæval Room, Case D, matrix.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_336" href="#fnanchor_336" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 336; go to anchor">336</a> -Cal. of Inq. V, p. 256.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_337" href="#fnanchor_337" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 337; go to anchor">337</a> -Cf. “Infirmis de Hecham” (Pipe Rolls).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_338" href="#fnanchor_338" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 338; go to anchor">338</a> -Probably identical with St. James’, Rushden, 1230, Reg. -of Hugh of Wells (Cant. and Yk. Soc., p. 153).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_339" href="#fnanchor_339" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 339; go to anchor">339</a> -Pat. 1258, Bridges II, 473.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_340" href="#fnanchor_340" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 340; go to anchor">340</a> -Peck, <i>Antiq. Annals</i>, vii. pp. 7, 12; <i>Survey</i>, p. 5.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_341" href="#fnanchor_341" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 341; go to anchor">341</a> -In Lincolnshire.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_342" href="#fnanchor_342" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 342; go to anchor">342</a> -In Scotland.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_343" href="#fnanchor_343" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 343; go to anchor">343</a> -Segden by Berwick.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_344" href="#fnanchor_344" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 344; go to anchor">344</a> -Cf. Papal Letters, 1290, Pat. 1348.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_345" href="#fnanchor_345" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 345; go to anchor">345</a> -Pat. 1246. Cf. Trinitarian House on Bridge, but -J. Scott mentions three hospitals besides Friary.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_346" href="#fnanchor_346" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 346; go to anchor">346</a> -Cal. Inquisitions II.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_347" href="#fnanchor_347" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 347; go to anchor">347</a> -Pat. 1331.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_348" href="#fnanchor_348" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 348; go to anchor">348</a> -In Redesdale.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_349" href="#fnanchor_349" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 349; go to anchor">349</a> -Spiteldene.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_350" href="#fnanchor_350" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 350; go to anchor">350</a> -Upon Blyth.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_351" href="#fnanchor_351" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 351; go to anchor">351</a> -Pat. 1391.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_352" href="#fnanchor_352" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 352; go to anchor">352</a> -<i>History of Northumberland</i>, V, 237.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_353" href="#fnanchor_353" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 353; go to anchor">353</a> -Occasionally “Baptist.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_354" href="#fnanchor_354" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 354; go to anchor">354</a> -Pat. 1330, 1332.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_355" href="#fnanchor_355" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 355; go to anchor">355</a> -<i>Records</i>, i, 126.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_356" href="#fnanchor_356" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 356; go to anchor">356</a> -Chapels, St. Mary, St. Thomas M.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_357" href="#fnanchor_357" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 357; go to anchor">357</a> -Chapel St. Mary B.V. (1311).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_358" href="#fnanchor_358" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 358; go to anchor">358</a> -In Northants.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_359" href="#fnanchor_359" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 359; go to anchor">359</a> -Possibly never completed.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_360" href="#fnanchor_360" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 360; go to anchor">360</a> -Occasionally “Baptist.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_361" href="#fnanchor_361" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 361; go to anchor">361</a> -Near Cropredy; Gilbertine Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_362" href="#fnanchor_362" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 362; go to anchor">362</a> -Cf. Wallingford and Newnham.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_363" href="#fnanchor_363" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 363; go to anchor">363</a> -Pat. 1330, 1346, at Rotherweye.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_364" href="#fnanchor_364" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 364; go to anchor">364</a> -Pat. 1345.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_365" href="#fnanchor_365" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 365; go to anchor">365</a> -See Wood.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_366" href="#fnanchor_366" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 366; go to anchor">366</a> -Fraternity.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_367" href="#fnanchor_367" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 367; go to anchor">367</a> -Also House of SS. Nonne and Sonndaye, <i>c.</i> 1560 (W. A. Bewes, <i>Briefs</i>).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_368" href="#fnanchor_368" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 368; go to anchor">368</a> -One almshouse built 1220 (Close Rolls). Cf. Leper women of Woodstock (Close, 234).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_369" href="#fnanchor_369" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 369; go to anchor">369</a> -Afterwards College.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_370" href="#fnanchor_370" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 370; go to anchor">370</a> -Towards Oldbury. Cf. “St. Lazarus,” Close 1231.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_371" href="#fnanchor_371" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 371; go to anchor">371</a> -Eyton’s <i>Salop</i>, I 16, 349.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_372" href="#fnanchor_372" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 372; go to anchor">372</a> -Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 7.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_373" href="#fnanchor_373" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 373; go to anchor">373</a> -Existing 1554, Hist. MSS. 13th R. (4) 281.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_374" href="#fnanchor_374" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 374; go to anchor">374</a> -“Del Path by Newport.”</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_375" href="#fnanchor_375" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 375; go to anchor">375</a> -St. Nicholas, Christ, B.V.M. and All SS.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_376" href="#fnanchor_376" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 376; go to anchor">376</a> -Owen and Blakeway’s <i>Hist.</i> ii. 173.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_377" href="#fnanchor_377" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 377; go to anchor">377</a> -id. ii, 470. cf. B.M. lxxi 34.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_378" href="#fnanchor_378" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 378; go to anchor">378</a> -Annexed to St. John’s.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_379" href="#fnanchor_379" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 379; go to anchor">379</a> -Chapel of St. Michael attached.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_380" href="#fnanchor_380" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 380; go to anchor">380</a> -Cf. Lincoln Taxation.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_381" href="#fnanchor_381" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 381; go to anchor">381</a> -Chant. Cert.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_382" href="#fnanchor_382" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 382; go to anchor">382</a> -W. Phelps gives St. Margaret’s; cf. Warner.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_383" href="#fnanchor_383" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 383; go to anchor">383</a> -Will of Bishop Hugh, 1212, Pat. 1235.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_384" href="#fnanchor_384" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 384; go to anchor">384</a> -B.M. civ. 13. Cf. Soc. Antiq. <i>Minutes</i> iv. 189.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_385" href="#fnanchor_385" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 385; go to anchor">385</a> -In Curry Rivell.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_386" href="#fnanchor_386" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 386; go to anchor">386</a> -Will, <i>supra.</i></p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_387" href="#fnanchor_387" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 387; go to anchor">387</a> -Pat. 1334.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_388" href="#fnanchor_388" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 388; go to anchor">388</a> -Rot. Claus. 1220.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_389" href="#fnanchor_389" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 389; go to anchor">389</a> -Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 9.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_390" href="#fnanchor_390" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 390; go to anchor">390</a> -Chant. Cert.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_391" href="#fnanchor_391" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 391; go to anchor">391</a> -Chapel, St. Thomas M.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_392" href="#fnanchor_392" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 392; go to anchor">392</a> -Index Mon.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_393" href="#fnanchor_393" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 393; go to anchor">393</a> -Southtown or Little Yarmouth. See B. M. Egerton, 2130.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_394" href="#fnanchor_394" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 394; go to anchor">394</a> -B.M. lxxi, 103. Cat. 3216.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_395" href="#fnanchor_395" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 395; go to anchor">395</a> -United.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_396" href="#fnanchor_396" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 396; go to anchor">396</a> -N. Bacon’s <i>Annalls</i>.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_397" href="#fnanchor_397" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 397; go to anchor">397</a> -Pat. 1231, 1331.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_398" href="#fnanchor_398" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 398; go to anchor">398</a> -Afterwards Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_399" href="#fnanchor_399" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 399; go to anchor">399</a> -“Commonly called of the Holy Ghost” (Pat. 1436); St. Mary & All SS. (Stow).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_400" href="#fnanchor_400" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 400; go to anchor">400</a> -Seal shows St. Michael. Soc. Antiq. E. II 4 B. 8.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_401" href="#fnanchor_401" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 401; go to anchor">401</a> -Originally Holy Trinity & St. Thomas; now in Lambeth.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_402" href="#fnanchor_402" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 402; go to anchor">402</a> -“Le Loke”; “atte Stonlok”; without St. George’s Bar; or the lepers of St. Thomas Wateryng.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_403" href="#fnanchor_403" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 403; go to anchor">403</a> -Occurs 1345.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_404" href="#fnanchor_404" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 404; go to anchor">404</a> -Lewes Museum (64).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_405" href="#fnanchor_405" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 405; go to anchor">405</a> -Private, Heringham Priory, Knights Hosp.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_406" href="#fnanchor_406" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 406; go to anchor">406</a> -Pat. 1251.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_407" href="#fnanchor_407" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 407; go to anchor">407</a> -Called Gorogltown.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_408" href="#fnanchor_408" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 408; go to anchor">408</a> -Afterwards St. Saviour (Seal). Cf. Leper-house, 1287.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_409" href="#fnanchor_409" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 409; go to anchor">409</a> -Leper-house mentioned 1287.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_410" href="#fnanchor_410" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 410; go to anchor">410</a> -Pat. 1253; or Holy Rood, Pat. 1426.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_411" href="#fnanchor_411" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 411; go to anchor">411</a> -Or with St. Mary.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_412" href="#fnanchor_412" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 412; go to anchor">412</a> -Pap. Lett., 1437.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_413" href="#fnanchor_413" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 413; go to anchor">413</a> -There was Leper-house, <i>c.</i> 1180; cf. Pat. 1274. St. Edmund occurs Pat. 1257.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_414" href="#fnanchor_414" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 414; go to anchor">414</a> -Soc. Antiq. E. II, 4 B. 8.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_415" href="#fnanchor_415" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 415; go to anchor">415</a> -Priories of Basingwerk, Coventry, and Studley.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_416" href="#fnanchor_416" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 416; go to anchor">416</a> -Pat. 1252, 1256.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_417" href="#fnanchor_417" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 417; go to anchor">417</a> -W. Salt Arch. Trans. 8, New Series.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_418" href="#fnanchor_418" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 418; go to anchor">418</a> -Called Greyfriars.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_419" href="#fnanchor_419" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 419; go to anchor">419</a> -Cf. Papal Petition, 1364; Pap. Lett., 1427, 1432.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_420" href="#fnanchor_420" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 420; go to anchor">420</a> -Double dedication, Pat. 1337.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_421" href="#fnanchor_421" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 421; go to anchor">421</a> -Cf. “Haye” (Pat. 1297).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_422" href="#fnanchor_422" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 422; go to anchor">422</a> -P. R. O. Ancient Deeds, <i>C.</i> 3000.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_423" href="#fnanchor_423" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 423; go to anchor">423</a> -Pat. 1235, <i>Wilts Mag.</i>, v. 36.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_424" href="#fnanchor_424" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 424; go to anchor">424</a> -<i>Wilts Mag.</i>, xx. 316.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_425" href="#fnanchor_425" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 425; go to anchor">425</a> -Pat. 1242. Fair on Feast of St. Matthew (Charter 1215); cf. Surtees Soc. xxxi. 83, 91.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_426" href="#fnanchor_426" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 426; go to anchor">426</a> -Pat. 1248.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_427" href="#fnanchor_427" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 427; go to anchor">427</a> -Pat. 1338.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_428" href="#fnanchor_428" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 428; go to anchor">428</a> -Served by Maturin Friars.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_429" href="#fnanchor_429" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 429; go to anchor">429</a> -<i>Reg. Malmes.</i> ii. 75; cf. Pat. 1344–5 and <i>Wilts Mag.</i>, xxix. 122.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_430" href="#fnanchor_430" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 430; go to anchor">430</a> -Pat. 1245; cf. leper-house, near South Bridge (Leland).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_431" href="#fnanchor_431" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 431; go to anchor">431</a> -<i>temp.</i> Abbot Walter, <i>Reg. Malmes.</i> ii. 80; cf. Pat. 1235. Pat. 1344; cf. note 9.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_432" href="#fnanchor_432" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 432; go to anchor">432</a> -Leper-house, 1221.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_433" href="#fnanchor_433" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 433; go to anchor">433</a> -Chapels, St. Nicholas, St. Mary V.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_434" href="#fnanchor_434" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 434; go to anchor">434</a> -<i>Re-f.</i> J. Chaundeler (Pat. 1394).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_435" href="#fnanchor_435" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 435; go to anchor">435</a> -Wills, Hoare vi. 92.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_436" href="#fnanchor_436" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 436; go to anchor">436</a> -Feet of Fines, 7 Ric. 1.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_437" href="#fnanchor_437" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 437; go to anchor">437</a> -By the Castle.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_438" href="#fnanchor_438" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 438; go to anchor">438</a> -Pat. 1465.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_439" href="#fnanchor_439" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 439; go to anchor">439</a> -Despenser, Crown, etc., Bradenstoke Priory.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_440" href="#fnanchor_440" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 440; go to anchor">440</a> -“Wichio,” Pat. 1285.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_441" href="#fnanchor_441" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 441; go to anchor">441</a> -Probably identical.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_442" href="#fnanchor_442" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 442; go to anchor">442</a> -Chapel, St. Godwald.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_443" href="#fnanchor_443" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 443; go to anchor">443</a> -Yks. Arch. Soc. Record Ser. 39, p. 108.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_444" href="#fnanchor_444" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 444; go to anchor">444</a> -In Kirkby Knowle.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_445" href="#fnanchor_445" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 445; go to anchor">445</a> -Cf. Breydeford (Linc. Tax., 1291).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_446" href="#fnanchor_446" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 446; go to anchor">446</a> -Pap. Letters, 1342.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_447" href="#fnanchor_447" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 447; go to anchor">447</a> -Pat., 1318.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_448" href="#fnanchor_448" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 448; go to anchor">448</a> -Or Carman’s Spital.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_449" href="#fnanchor_449" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 449; go to anchor">449</a> -Neuton by Overpaghele in Holderness (Charter, 1301).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_450" href="#fnanchor_450" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 450; go to anchor">450</a> -Guisboro’ Chartulary.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_451" href="#fnanchor_451" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 451; go to anchor">451</a> -In Bishop Burton.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_452" href="#fnanchor_452" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 452; go to anchor">452</a> -Seal, Soc. Antiq. E. II, 4 B. 8. Now Charterhouse Charity.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_453" href="#fnanchor_453" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 453; go to anchor">453</a> -Or Maison Dieu of Christ.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_454" href="#fnanchor_454" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 454; go to anchor">454</a> -Or Giseburn.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_455" href="#fnanchor_455" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 455; go to anchor">455</a> -Or Hardwick Spital.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_456" href="#fnanchor_456" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 456; go to anchor">456</a> -Yks. Arch. Journ. XIII 45.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_457" href="#fnanchor_457" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 457; go to anchor">457</a> -<i>Re-f.</i> W. Ascogh 1448.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_458" href="#fnanchor_458" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 458; go to anchor">458</a> -Earls of Richmond, Crown, Private.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_459" href="#fnanchor_459" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 459; go to anchor">459</a> -C. Hallett, Bell’s Cath. Series, p. 138.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_460" href="#fnanchor_460" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 460; go to anchor">460</a> -Pat. 1350.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_461" href="#fnanchor_461" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 461; go to anchor">461</a> -Cal. of Inq. p.m. II, 666.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_462" href="#fnanchor_462" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 462; go to anchor">462</a> -Pat. 1348.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_463" href="#fnanchor_463" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 463; go to anchor">463</a> -Whitby Chartulary.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_464" href="#fnanchor_464" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 464; go to anchor">464</a> -Or Cremet-house Chapels. St. Katherine, St. Michael.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_465" href="#fnanchor_465" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 465; go to anchor">465</a> -B.M. lx. 69. Cat. of Seals 2685, ascribed to Boughton, Chester.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_466" href="#fnanchor_466" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 466; go to anchor">466</a> -Pat. 1333.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_467" href="#fnanchor_467" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 467; go to anchor">467</a> -St. John & Our Lady (Drake).</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_468" href="#fnanchor_468" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 468; go to anchor">468</a> -Drake.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_469" href="#fnanchor_469" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 469; go to anchor">469</a> -Pat. 1350. Probably for lepers, cf. <i>Test. Ebor.</i> I. 414.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_470" href="#fnanchor_470" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 470; go to anchor">470</a> -Pap. Lett. 1429. Cf. Pat. 1446.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_471" href="#fnanchor_471" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 471; go to anchor">471</a> -“atte briggesende.” Cf. Beighton, Derbs.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_472" href="#fnanchor_472" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 472; go to anchor">472</a> -“Chastynners.” Cf. note 3.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_473" href="#fnanchor_473" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 473; go to anchor">473</a> -Seal,? Bodleian; cf. Soc. Antiq. E. II, 4 B. 9. -“Sig hospitalis Scōrum Erasemi et marie magdalene de Chestoñ.” Cf. note 2.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_474" href="#fnanchor_474" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 474; go to anchor">474</a> -Cf. Chilcombe, Dorset.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_475" href="#fnanchor_475" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 475; go to anchor">475</a> -Cf. Hertford, Hereford.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_476" href="#fnanchor_476" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 476; go to anchor">476</a> -Cf. Lamford, Cornwall; drawing of seal in -Taunton Castle, Pigott Coll.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_477" href="#fnanchor_477" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 477; go to anchor">477</a> -Walcott, Eng. Minsters II 275.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_478" href="#fnanchor_478" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 478; go to anchor">478</a> -Cf. St. Leonard “atte Loke” in Southwark.</p></li> - -<li class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="fn_479" href="#fnanchor_479" class="fnlabel" title="footnote 479; go to anchor">479</a> -Bodleian Charter, No. 160.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="xxpn" id="p339"> -<a href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a> p339</div> - -<div class="tablebox"> -<table class="tabbibliog" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="2"><h2 class="nobreak">BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga"><i>Monasticon Anglicanum.</i></p></td> - <td id="p339tabcol2"><p class="hanga">Dugdale.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga"><i>Notitia Monastica.</i></p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Tanner.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga"><i>Monasticon Diœcesis Exon.</i></p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">G. Oliver, 1846.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga"><i>Index Monasticus.</i></p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">R. C. Taylor, 1821.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">English Minsters, etc., Vol. II.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">M. E. C. Walcott, 1879.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Dictionary of National Biography.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Itinerary.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Leland, ed. Hearne.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Calendars of Patent and Close Rolls, Papal Registers, Chronicles and Memorials and others of Rolls Series.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Rolls of Parliament, Statutes, <i>Valor Ecclesiasticus</i>.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Calendar of Letter-books, London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">R. R. Sharpe.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Calendar of Wills, London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">R. R. Sharpe.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Royal Wills (Nichols). <i>Testamenta Vetusta</i> (Nicolas).</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Hospitals and Asylums of the World [Early Systems, etc.].</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">H. Burdett.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Hospitals of Middle Ages, etc. [Architecture].</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">F. T. Dollman, 1858.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">The Builder. Oct. 1908 to July 1909 [Architecture].</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Sidney Heath.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Catalogue of Seals in British Museum. I.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">W. de Gray Birch.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Studies in Church Dedications.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">F. E. Arnold-Forster, 1899.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hanga">County Histories of Durham (Surtees), Leicester (Nichols), Wilts (Hoare), etc.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hanga">History of Northumberland, 1893.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hanga">Victoria County History.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hanga">Hedon (J. R. Boyle, 1895), Higham Ferrers (J. Cole, 1838), Kingston-upon-Hull (G. Hadley, 1788), Newark (C. Brown, 1904), Sandwich (W. Boys, 1792), Survey of London (Stow), etc.</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="xxpn" id="p340">p340</div> - -<div class="tablebox section"> -<table class="tabbibliog" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="3"><h3>MONOGRAPHS ON HOSPITALS</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Canterbury.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga"><i>Bibliotheca Topographica Brit.</i>, Vol. I, No. xxx.</p></td> - <td id="p340tabcol3"><p class="hanga">J. Duncombe and N. Battely.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><p class="hanga">Canterbury. See also Ancient Cities.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. C. Cox.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Chichester.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Domus Dei.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">H. P. Wright, 1885.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Croydon.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga"><i>Bib. Top. Brit.</i>, II.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Ducarel.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Durham.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Kepier, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Surtees Society, Vol. 95.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Gretham.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Collections, 1770.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Kingsthorpe.</p></td> - <td></td> - <td><p class="hanga">C. A. Markham.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Book of the Foundation of St. Bartholomew.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Norman Moore.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Domus Conversorum.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Michael Adler, 1900.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Domus Conversorum. Rolls House, etc.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">W. J. Hardy, 1896.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Royal Hospital of St. Katharine.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">F. S. Lea, 1878.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">St. Mary Roncevall.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">James Galloway, 1907.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Memorials of the Savoy.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">W. J. Loftie, 1878.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">London.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">St. Thomas M. of Acon.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. Watney, 1892.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Portsmouth.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Domus Dei.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">H. P. Wright, 1873.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Salisbury.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Cartulary of St. Nicholas’ Hospital (<i>Wilts Record Soc.</i>)</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">C. Wordsworth, 1902.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Sherburn.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Collections, 1773.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">G. Allan.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Southampton.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">God’s House.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. A. Whitlock, 1894.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Stamford.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Domus Dei.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">H. P. Wright, 1890.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Wells.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Archit. History of.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">J. H. Parker and T. Serel.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Winchester.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Memorials of St. Cross.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">L. M. Humbert, 1868.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Winchester.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Hospital of St. Cross.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">W. T. Warren.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Worcester.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Annals of St. Wulstan’s.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">F. T. Marsh, 1890.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">York.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Account of . . . St. Leonard’s Hospital.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Raine, 1898.</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="xxpn" id="p341">p341</div> - -<div class="tablebox section"> -<table class="tabbibliog" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="2"><h3>RECORDS, REGISTERS, ETC.</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Camden Soc., 1876, XI, Historical Collections of Citizen.</p></td> - <td id="p341tabcol2"><p class="hanga">[W. Gregory].</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Canterbury and York Society.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Exeter, Episcopal Registers of.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Ed. F. C. Hingeston-Randolph.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Pipe Roll Society.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Record Soc. of Hampshire (Winchester Registers).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Ed. F. J. Baigent.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Record Soc. of Lincoln.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Ed. A. W. Gibbons.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Record Soc. of Somerset.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Record Soc. of York (Arch. Assn.), Vols. 17, 23.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Surtees Soc. (York Manual, York Wills, <i>Vita S. Godrici</i>, Gray’s Register, Chantry Surveys, etc.)</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Worcester Historical Society.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Ed. J. Willis Bund.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">City Records of Gloucester.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Ed. Stevenson, 1893.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">City Records of Northampton, II.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Ed. J. C. Cox.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">City Records of Norwich</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Ed. Hudson and Tingey, 1906.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">City Records of Nottingham.</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<ul id="p341list"> -<li> -<h3>HISTORICAL MSS. COMMISSION</h3> -<ul> -<li><p class="hanga">4th R.—Aynho, Blyth, Brackley, Marlborough, Oxford, Romney, etc.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hanga">5th and 8th R.—Romney.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hanga">6th R.—Bridport, Hythe, Southampton, Winchester.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hanga">9th R.—Canterbury, Ewelme.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hanga">12th R.—Gloucester.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hanga">14th R.—Bury St. Edmunds.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hanga">1900, Beverley.    1907, Wells, Exeter.</p></li> -</ul></li> - -<li> -<h3>COMMISSION FOR ENQUIRING CONCERNING CHARITIES</h3> -<ul> -<li><p class="hanga">R. vi.—Bath. R. viii.—Northallerton.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hanga">R. xxxii., Pt. vi.—London: Bethlehem, St. -Bartholomew’s, St. Thomas’.</p></li></ul> -</li></ul> - -<div class="xxpn" id="p342">p342</div> - -<div class="tablebox"> -<table class="tabbibliog" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="2"><h3>TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETIES</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Bristol and Glos. Arch., VIII, XVII (Cirencester).</p></td> - <td id="p342tab1col2"><p class="hanga">E. A. Fuller.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Bristol and Glos. Arch., XX (Gloucester).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">S. E. Bartleet.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Clifton Antiq. Club, I (St. Katherine’s Hospital).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">A. E. Hudd.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Clifton Antiq. Club, III (Seals).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">R. H. Warren.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Cumb. and Westm., X (Leper Hospitals).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">H. Barnes.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Arch. Cantiana, VII (Dover), VIII (Canterbury).</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Arch. Æliana, 1892 (Newcastle).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">W. H. Knowles.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Somerset, XVIII, ii. (Taunton).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">T. Hugo.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">W. Salt Arch. Soc., 8 (Stafford).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">T. J. de Mazzinghi.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Sussex, XXIV (St. Mary’s, Chichester).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">C. A. Swainson.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Sussex, LI (St. Mary’s, Chichester).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">A. Ballard.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Wilts, XI (Heytesbury) X, XXVI (Wilton).</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Yorks, XII (Pontefract).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">R. Holmes</p></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="tablebox"> -<table class="tabbibliog" summary=""> -<tr> - <th colspan="2"><h3>ON LEPROSY</h3></th></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Archæological Essays, II, “On Leprosy and Leper Hospitals,” etc.</p></td> - <td id="p342tab2col2"><p class="hanga">J. Y. Simpson, ed. John Stuart, 1872.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">British Arch. Assn., XI, 1855.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">T. J. Pettigrew.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">New Sydenham Soc., Prize Essay.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">George Newman, 1895.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">History of Epidemics, Vol. I, ch. <span class="smmaj">II</span>.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Chas. Creighton.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Nineteenth Century, 1884, “Leprosy: Present and Past.”</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Agnes Lambert.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">Leprosy and Segregation.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">H. P. Wright, 1885.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">[Cf. Statuts d’hotels-dieu et de léproseries.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Léon Le Grand, 1901.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">      Les Maisons-Dieu et léproseries de Paris.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">Léon Le Grand, 1898.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">      Un règlement intérieur de Léproserie (Noyon)</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">A. Lefranc, 1889.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">      Danish Lazar-houses (New Syd. Soc.).</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">E. Ehlers, 1901.</p></td></tr> -<tr> - <td><p class="hanga">      Die Aussatzhäuser des Mittelalters.</p></td> - <td><p class="hanga">E. Lesser, 1896.]</p></td></tr> -</table></div> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter"> - - -<ul><li> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="p343">GENERAL INDEX</h2> - -<p class="hangb fsize6">N.B.—Appendix B is not included in the following Index. -For references to Saints see also under Dedications. -<a class="aright" href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a></p> - -<ul class="padtopc"> -<li><p class="hangb">Abbots, <a href="#p009" title="go to pg 9">9</a>, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p092" title="go to pg 92">92</a>, <a href="#p121" title="go to pg 121">121</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a>, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a>, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a>–7, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Abingdon, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— almshouse, <a href="#p120" title="go to pg 120">120</a>–1, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Abuses, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p195" title="go to pg 195">195</a>, ch. xv, ch. xvi, <i>passim</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Acehorne, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Adam Rypp, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Adela, Queen, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>–4</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Admission of inmates, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>–3, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a>, <a href="#p059" title="go to pg 59">59</a>, ch. viii <i>passim</i>, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a> <i>et sq.</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Aelred of Rievaulx, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Agnes Bottenham, <a href="#p089" title="go to pg 89">89</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Alfune, <a href="#p185" title="go to pg 185">185</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Alien houses, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>–9, <a href="#p228" title="go to pg 228">228</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Alkmonton, <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Alms, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p135" title="go to pg 135">135</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>, ch. xiii; oblations, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Alms-box, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>–3</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Alnwick, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Altars, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, <a href="#p128" title="go to pg 128">128</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb"><i>Amis and Amiloun</i>, <a href="#p040" title="go to pg 40">40</a>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Andrew, St., <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Anthony, St., <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>–9; fire of, <a href="#p049" title="go to pg 49">49</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a>; pigs of, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a>, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Architecture, ch. viii</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Armiston, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Arundel—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Trinity, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— [St. James], <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Earls of, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Athelstan, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Augustine, St., <i>v.</i> Dedications, Order, Rule</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Aynho, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Baldock, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bale, Bishop, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p193" title="go to pg 193">193</a>, <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bamburgh, <a href="#p210" title="go to pg 210">210</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Banbury, <a href="#p028" title="go to pg 28">28</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Barnstaple, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Barstaple, John, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>, <a href="#p084" title="go to pg 84">84</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bartholomew, St., <a href="#p093" title="go to pg 93">93</a>, <a href="#p095" title="go to pg 95">95</a>, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>, <i>v.</i> Dedications, London</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Anglicus, <a href="#p043" title="go to pg 43">43</a>, <a href="#p061" title="go to pg 61">61</a>, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Basingstoke, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bath—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p158" title="go to pg 158">158</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., Holloway, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p166" title="go to pg 166">166</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— physicians of, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— prior of, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— waters, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Battle, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bawtry, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Beaufort, Cardinal, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bec, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Beccles, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Becket, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a>, <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a>, <i>v.</i> Thomas, St.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bede-houses, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bedford, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a> n., <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Leonard, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p188" title="go to pg 188">188</a>, <a href="#p242" title="go to pg 242">242</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Beere, Richard, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p121" title="go to pg 121">121</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Beggars, begging—6, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>–14, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p028" title="go to pg 28">28</a>, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, <a href="#p069" title="go to pg 69">69</a>, <a href="#p140" title="go to pg 140">140</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>–1, <a href="#p237" title="go to pg 237">237</a>, <a href="#p239" title="go to pg 239">239</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bells, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a>–9; leper’s bell, <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a>, <a href="#p068" title="go to pg 68">68</a>, <a href="#p069" title="go to pg 69">69</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Benedict, St., <i>v.</i> Dedications, Order, Rule of</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Benedict of Canterbury, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bequests, <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>–2, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>; to lepers, ch. iv, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Berkeley (Longbridge), <a href="#p189" title="go to pg 189">189</a>, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a>–8, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bermondsey, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Berwick-on-Tweed, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Beverley, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a>, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Trinity, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>–4, <a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Giles, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a> n.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Nicholas, <a href="#p224" title="go to pg 224">224</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bidlington, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, [59]</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bishops, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>–3, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>–7, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a> <i>et sq.</i>, ch. xiv</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bisset, Margaret, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bladud, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Blind, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p095" title="go to pg 95">95</a>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p229" title="go to pg 229">229</a>, <a href="#p231" title="go to pg 231">231</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Blyth, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bodmin, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bolton (Northumberland), <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb"><i>Book of the Foundation</i>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p092" title="go to pg 92">92</a>, <a href="#p106" title="go to pg 106">106</a>–7, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Boughton-under-Blean, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Brackley, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p084" title="go to pg 84">84</a>–5, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a>–4</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bracton, <a href="#p057" title="go to pg 57">57</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Brand, <a href="#p087" title="go to pg 87">87</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Brentford, fraternity, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>; hospital, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Brentwood, <a href="#p062" title="go to pg 62">62</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bridgwater, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>, <a href="#p159" title="go to pg 159">159</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bridport—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., Allington, <a href="#p138" title="go to pg 138">138</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p189" title="go to pg 189">189</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Briefs, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a> <i>et sq.</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Brinklow, (Mors), <a href="#p014" title="go to pg 14">14</a>, <a href="#p224" title="go to pg 224">224</a>, <a href="#p228" title="go to pg 228">228</a>–9, <a href="#p231" title="go to pg 231">231</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bristol, <a href="#p022" title="go to pg 22">22</a>, <a href="#p032" title="go to pg 32">32</a>, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p088" title="go to pg 88">88</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Foster’s almshouse, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Trinity, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Bartholomew, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a>, <a href="#p089" title="go to pg 89">89</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Katherine, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Lawrence, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mark, <a href="#p125" title="go to pg 125">125</a>, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p149" title="go to pg 149">149</a>, <a href="#p166" title="go to pg 166">166</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p236" title="go to pg 236">236</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p198" title="go to pg 198">198</a>–9, <a href="#p201" title="go to pg 201">201</a>, <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Briwere, William, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Brough, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Browne, William, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a>, (<a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>), <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bubwith, Nicholas, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Burgesses, founders, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>–3, <a href="#p084" title="go to pg 84">84</a>; patrons, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>–17, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a>–3, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a>; pensioners, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a>, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Burton Lazars, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Bury St. Edmunds, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Nicholas, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Petronilla, <a href="#p119" title="go to pg 119">119</a>–20, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Saviour, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers, <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a>, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Calne, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Cambridge, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>–100, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, (<a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>)</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Colleges, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— <i>v.</i> Stourbridge</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Camden, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a>, <a href="#p116" title="go to pg 116">116</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Canterbury, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>–3</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Priests’ hosp., <a href="#p023" title="go to pg 23">23</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p106" title="go to pg 106">106</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>, <a href="#p155" title="go to pg 155">155</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>–5, <a href="#p169" title="go to pg 169">169</a>, (<a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>), <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>, (<a href="#p240" title="go to pg 240">240</a>), <a href="#p241" title="go to pg 241">241</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Laurence, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Thomas, <a href="#p001" title="go to pg 1">1</a>, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>, <a href="#p167" title="go to pg 167">167</a>, <a href="#p173" title="go to pg 173">173</a>, (<a href="#p240" title="go to pg 240">240</a>), <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Abbey, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Archbishops of, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p144" title="go to pg 144">144</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>, <a href="#p222" title="go to pg 222">222</a>, <a href="#p228" title="go to pg 228">228</a>–9, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a>, <i>v.</i> Edmund, St., Thomas, St.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Priory, Cathedral, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a>–8 (Prior) <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— <i>v.</i> Harbledown, Pilgrimage, Thanington</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Capelford-by-Norham, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Capgrave, John, <a href="#p056" title="go to pg 56">56</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Carlisle, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a>, <a href="#p218" title="go to pg 218">218</a>, <a href="#p242" title="go to pg 242">242</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishop of, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Carpenter, John, <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Castle Carrock, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Cathedral foundations, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Cemetery, burial, <a href="#p133" title="go to pg 133">133</a>, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a>, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>–200, <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, cf. <a href="#p276" title="go to pg 276">276</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chantry, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a>–30, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a>, <a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a>–5, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Survey, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a>, <a href="#p227" title="go to pg 227">227</a>, <a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chapel, ch. viii, <a href="#p133" title="go to pg 133">133</a>, ch. xi, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a> <i>et sq.</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— ornaments, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p223" title="go to pg 223">223</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chatterton, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chaucer, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chester—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Giles, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Ursula, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Earls of, <a href="#p092" title="go to pg 92">92</a>, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chesterfield, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chichele, Henry, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p228" title="go to pg 228">228</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chichester, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. James, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p159" title="go to pg 159">159</a>, (<a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>)</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p112" title="go to pg 112">112</a>, <a href="#p113" title="go to pg 113">113</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, ch. ix, <a href="#p158" title="go to pg 158">158</a>, <a href="#p166" title="go to pg 166">166</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p240" title="go to pg 240">240</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishops of, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a>–3, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>, <i>v.</i> Richard, St.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Dean of, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p128" title="go to pg 128">128</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Children, cured, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>; maintained, <a href="#p022" title="go to pg 22">22</a>–3, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>–8, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Chroniclers, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p020" title="go to pg 20">20</a>–1, <a href="#p023" title="go to pg 23">23</a>, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p040" title="go to pg 40">40</a>, <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a>, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p056" title="go to pg 56">56</a>, <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a>, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>–5, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p092" title="go to pg 92">92</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p106" title="go to pg 106">106</a>–7, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>–5, <i>v.</i> <i>Book of Foundation</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Clappers, <a href="#p068" title="go to pg 68">68</a>–9, <a href="#p135" title="go to pg 135">135</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a> n., <a href="#p276" title="go to pg 276">276</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Clattercot, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Clergy, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>–6, <a href="#p220" title="go to pg 220">220</a>–2, <i>v.</i> Masters, Priests</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Clist Gabriel, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Clothing, <a href="#p021" title="go to pg 21">21</a>, <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>–5, <a href="#p137" title="go to pg 137">137</a>, <a href="#p140" title="go to pg 140">140</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>–7, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a>, <a href="#p273" title="go to pg 273">273</a>, <a href="#p275" title="go to pg 275">275</a>, <a href="#p276" title="go to pg 276">276</a> (habit), <a href="#p128" title="go to pg 128">128</a>–9, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>–2, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Cockersand, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Coke, Lord, <a href="#p057" title="go to pg 57">57</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Colchester—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Cross, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a>, <a href="#p210" title="go to pg 210">210</a>, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Anne, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., lepers, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>–2, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Colet, Dean, <a href="#p193" title="go to pg 193">193</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Colleges, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a>, <i>v.</i> Cambridge, Oxford</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Colyton (Devon), <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Commandery, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Compostella, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Constitution, ch. ix, ch. xiv</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Copland, Robert, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>–13, <a href="#p224" title="go to pg 224">224</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Corrody, (<a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>), <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a>–4, <a href="#p223" title="go to pg 223">223</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Council (Lateran), <a href="#p051" title="go to pg 51">51</a>, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a>, <a href="#p195" title="go to pg 195">195</a>, <a href="#p200" title="go to pg 200">200</a> (Westminster), <a href="#p195" title="go to pg 195">195</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Coventry, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bablake, <a href="#p116" title="go to pg 116">116</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Ford’s, <a href="#p121" title="go to pg 121">121</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Crediton, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p211" title="go to pg 211">211</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Cricklade, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Cripples, lame, etc.—6, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p094" title="go to pg 94">94</a>–6, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p101" title="go to pg 101">101</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p223" title="go to pg 223">223</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a>, <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Cromwell, Thomas, <a href="#p223" title="go to pg 223">223</a>, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a>, <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Crowmarsh, <a href="#p108" title="go to pg 108">108</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Croydon, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a>, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p120" title="go to pg 120">120</a>, <a href="#p137" title="go to pg 137">137</a>, <a href="#p140" title="go to pg 140">140</a>, <a href="#p155" title="go to pg 155">155</a>, <a href="#p157" title="go to pg 157">157</a>, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Crusades, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>–7, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Cuthbert, Billingham, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, (<a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a>)</p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Darlington, <a href="#p059" title="go to pg 59">59</a>, <a href="#p097" title="go to pg 97">97</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">David, Prince, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Davy, Ellis, (<a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p120" title="go to pg 120">120</a>), <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Deaf and dumb, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>–4, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p095" title="go to pg 95">95</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Dedication of Hospitals—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Alexis, St., <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— All Saints, <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Andrew, St., <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Anne, St., <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Annunciation of B.V.M., <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Anthony, St., <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Augustine, St., <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bartholomew, St., <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a>–3</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Benedict, St., <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bernard, St., <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Brinstan, St., <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Chad, St., <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Christ’s, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Christopher, St., <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Clement, St., <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Corpus Christi, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Cuthbert, St., <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— David (Dewi), St., <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Denys, St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Domus Dei, <a href="#p047" title="go to pg 47">47</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Edmund, K.M., St., <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Edmund, Abp., St., <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Eligius (Loy), St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Ethelbert, St., <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Gabriel, St., <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— George, St., <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Giles, St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— God’s House, <a href="#p089" title="go to pg 89">89</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Godwald, St., <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Helen, St., <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Angels, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Cross, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Ghost, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Innocents, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>–7</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Jesus, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Saviour, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Sepulchre, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Trinity, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a>–5, <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— James, St., <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— John Baptist, St., <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a>–51, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— John Evangelist, St., <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a>–4</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Julian, St., <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Katherine, St., <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a>–1, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Laudus, St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Lawrence, St., <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>–7</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Lazarus, St., <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a>–52</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Leger, St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Leonard, St., <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a>, <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Louis, St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Loy, St., <i>v.</i> Eligius, St.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Luke, St., <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Margaret, St., <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mark, St., <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Martha, St., <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Martin, St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mary, St., the Blessed Virgin, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>–7, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a>, <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mary Magdalene, St., <a href="#p047" title="go to pg 47">47</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a>–52, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Matthew, St., <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Michael, St., <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>, <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Nicholas, St., <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Oswald, St. (Bishop), <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Paul, Ap., St., <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Paul the Hermit, St., <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Peter, St., <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Petronilla, St., <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Roch, St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a>–3</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Stephen, St., <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Theobald, St., <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Thomas, Ap., St., <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Thomas the Martyr of Canterbury, St., <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Three Kings of Cologne, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>–7</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Ursula, St., <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a>–1</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Virgins, Eleven Thousand, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Wulstan, St., <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Denwall, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Derby, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p218" title="go to pg 218">218</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Diseases, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p049" title="go to pg 49">49</a>, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p062" title="go to pg 62">62</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>, <a href="#p093" title="go to pg 93">93</a>, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Black Death, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>–3</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— dropsy, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— elephantiasis, <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a>, <a href="#p049" title="go to pg 49">49</a>, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— epilepsy, falling sickness, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>–4, <a href="#p013" title="go to pg 13">13</a>, <a href="#p032" title="go to pg 32">32</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— erysipelas, <a href="#p049" title="go to pg 49">49</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— fever, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, (<a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>), <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— insomnia, <a href="#p092" title="go to pg 92">92</a>–3</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— leprosy, ch. iv, ch. v</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— paralysis, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p032" title="go to pg 32">32</a>, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— pestilence, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>–3, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>–6, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p222" title="go to pg 222">222</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Disendowment, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a>, <a href="#p228" title="go to pg 228">228</a> <i>et sq.</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Dissolution, <a href="#p014" title="go to pg 14">14</a>, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a>, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a>, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a>, ch. xvi</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Donnington, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p155" title="go to pg 155">155</a>, <a href="#p211" title="go to pg 211">211</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Dover—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Bartholomew, Buckland, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>–2, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p144" title="go to pg 144">144</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p159" title="go to pg 159">159</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a>, <a href="#p116" title="go to pg 116">116</a>–7, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p155" title="go to pg 155">155</a>, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>–1, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a>, <a href="#p223" title="go to pg 223">223</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Droitwich, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Dunstable, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Dunwich, <a href="#p095" title="go to pg 95">95</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Trinity, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. James, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Durham, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Maison Dieu, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishops, diocese of, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a>, <a href="#p097" title="go to pg 97">97</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>, <a href="#p185" title="go to pg 185">185</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Prior of, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Eadmer, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p106" title="go to pg 106">106</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Easton Royal, <a href="#p211" title="go to pg 211">211</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Edinburgh, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Edmund the Archbishop, St., <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p189" title="go to pg 189">189</a>, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Education, <a href="#p021" title="go to pg 21">21</a>, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>–8, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>–1, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Edward the Confessor, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— I, <a href="#p021" title="go to pg 21">21</a>, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>, <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— II, <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a>, <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— III, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>, <a href="#p214" title="go to pg 214">214</a>, <a href="#p220" title="go to pg 220">220</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— IV, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— VI, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, ch. xvi</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Eleanor, Queen, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ellis, Thomas, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Elsyng, William, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ely, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p220" title="go to pg 220">220</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishop of, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a>, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Endowments, ch. vi, ch. xii, ch. xiii</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Erasmus, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p193" title="go to pg 193">193</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Eudo, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ewelme, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p088" title="go to pg 88">88</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p111" title="go to pg 111">111</a>, <a href="#p120" title="go to pg 120">120</a>, <a href="#p140" title="go to pg 140">140</a>, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a>, <a href="#p157" title="go to pg 157">157</a>, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p217" title="go to pg 217">217</a>, <a href="#p222" title="go to pg 222">222</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Exeter, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bonville’s, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a>, <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Grendon’s, <a href="#p120" title="go to pg 120">120</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Wynard’s, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a>, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Alexis, <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p108" title="go to pg 108">108</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p108" title="go to pg 108">108</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Katherine, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>–4</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., lepers, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>–3, <a href="#p139" title="go to pg 139">139</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishops, diocese of, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a>, <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a>, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a>, <a href="#p189" title="go to pg 189">189</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mayor of, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Fairs, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>–3, Part II <i>passim</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Famine, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p040" title="go to pg 40">40</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Farley, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Festivals, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p169" title="go to pg 169">169</a>–71, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a>–8, <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, Part II <i>passim</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Finchale, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a>–7</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Fitz-Herbert, Judge, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a>, <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Flixton, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Food and drink, <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p084" title="go to pg 84">84</a>, <a href="#p128" title="go to pg 128">128</a>, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>–7, <a href="#p139" title="go to pg 139">139</a>, <a href="#p185" title="go to pg 185">185</a>, <a href="#p223" title="go to pg 223">223</a>, ch. xii, <a href="#p275" title="go to pg 275">275</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Forster, Stephen, <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Foulsham, <a href="#p103" title="go to pg 103">103</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Founders, ch. vi, <a href="#p095" title="go to pg 95">95</a>, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a>, <a href="#p178" title="go to pg 178">178</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p236" title="go to pg 236">236</a>, <a href="#p237" title="go to pg 237">237</a>, etc., <i>v.</i> Patronage</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">France, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— hospitals in, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p114" title="go to pg 114">114</a>, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a>, <a href="#p227" title="go to pg 227">227</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— kings of, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p056" title="go to pg 56">56</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>–2, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers in, <a href="#p056" title="go to pg 56">56</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>–8, <a href="#p177" title="go to pg 177">177</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— war with, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Francis, St., <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p069" title="go to pg 69">69</a>, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a>, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Fraternity, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>–19, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>–7, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Friars, <a href="#p021" title="go to pg 21">21</a>, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a>–6, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a>–11, <a href="#p227" title="go to pg 227">227</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Fuller, Thomas, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p229" title="go to pg 229">229</a>, <a href="#p231" title="go to pg 231">231</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Funds, ch. xii, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a>, <a href="#p229" title="go to pg 229">229</a>, <a href="#p238" title="go to pg 238">238</a>, <a href="#p242" title="go to pg 242">242</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Furniture, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>–5, <a href="#p276" title="go to pg 276">276</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— beds, etc., <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p135" title="go to pg 135">135</a>, <a href="#p137" title="go to pg 137">137</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a>–3, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p276" title="go to pg 276">276</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— utensils, <a href="#p135" title="go to pg 135">135</a>, <a href="#p169" title="go to pg 169">169</a>, <a href="#p173" title="go to pg 173">173</a>, <a href="#p177" title="go to pg 177">177</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>, <a href="#p276" title="go to pg 276">276</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Gateshead, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p125" title="go to pg 125">125</a>, <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— de Vinsauf, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Gervase of Canterbury, <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of Southampton, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Gilds, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>, <a href="#p121" title="go to pg 121">121</a>, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a>, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Glanvill, Gilbert, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p087" title="go to pg 87">87</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Ralph, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Glastonbury, <a href="#p009" title="go to pg 9">9</a>–10, <a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., <a href="#p115" title="go to pg 115">115</a>, (<a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>), <a href="#p198" title="go to pg 198">198</a>, (<a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a>)</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Women’s almshouse, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p165" title="go to pg 165">165</a>, (<a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a>)</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Abbots of, <a href="#p009" title="go to pg 9">9</a>, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p121" title="go to pg 121">121</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Gloucester—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Bartholomew, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a>, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p223" title="go to pg 223">223</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Margaret, St. Sepulchre, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p200" title="go to pg 200">200</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers of, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a>; Dudstan, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Godric, St., <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a>–7</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Gorleston, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a>, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Gower, John, <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Grandisson, John, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p189" title="go to pg 189">189</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Gravesend, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Greatham, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p165" title="go to pg 165">165</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Gregory, St., <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— William, <a href="#p009" title="go to pg 9">9</a>, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Grendon, Symon, <a href="#p120" title="go to pg 120">120</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Grimsby, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Grindal, Edmund, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Guarin, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Gundulf, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Guy de Chauliac, <a href="#p061" title="go to pg 61">61</a>, <a href="#p067" title="go to pg 67">67</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Hackney, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Harbledown, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p040" title="go to pg 40">40</a>, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p106" title="go to pg 106">106</a>, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>, <a href="#p139" title="go to pg 139">139</a>, <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a>, <a href="#p144" title="go to pg 144">144</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p169" title="go to pg 169">169</a>, <a href="#p176" title="go to pg 176">176</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>, (<a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>), <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>–3, (<a href="#p240" title="go to pg 240">240</a>), <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Harting, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hawaii, <a href="#p049" title="go to pg 49">49</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hedon, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a>, <i>v.</i> Newton</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hempton, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Henry I, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— II, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a>, <a href="#p114" title="go to pg 114">114</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>, (<a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a>), <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— III, <a href="#p020" title="go to pg 20">20</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a>, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p195" title="go to pg 195">195</a>, <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— IV, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>, <a href="#p228" title="go to pg 228">228</a>, <a href="#p230" title="go to pg 230">230</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— V, <a href="#p100" title="go to pg 100">100</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>, <a href="#p222" title="go to pg 222">222</a>, <a href="#p228" title="go to pg 228">228</a>, <a href="#p230" title="go to pg 230">230</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— VI, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— VII, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p088" title="go to pg 88">88</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— VIII, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, ch. xvi, <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a>; Commissioners of, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a>, <a href="#p227" title="go to pg 227">227</a>, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— de Blois, Bishop, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of Lancaster, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— de Sandwich, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hereford—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Anthony, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Ethelbert, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Leper-hosp., <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>–80, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishop of, <a href="#p087" title="go to pg 87">87</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Heringby, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hertford, <a href="#p211" title="go to pg 211">211</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hexham, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Heytesbury, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>–8, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p135" title="go to pg 135">135</a>, <a href="#p140" title="go to pg 140">140</a>, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p160" title="go to pg 160">160</a>–1, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Higham Ferrers—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bedehouse, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p114" title="go to pg 114">114</a>, <a href="#p115" title="go to pg 115">115</a>, <a href="#p135" title="go to pg 135">135</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p157" title="go to pg 157">157</a>, <a href="#p169" title="go to pg 169">169</a>, <a href="#p173" title="go to pg 173">173</a>, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>–80</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Highgate, <i>v.</i> Holloway</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hocclive, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hoddesdon, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Holderness, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p219" title="go to pg 219">219</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Holloway (Middlesex), <a href="#p035" title="go to pg 35">35</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a>, Highgate, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Holloway (Somerset), <i>v.</i> Bath</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Holy Land, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>, <i>v.</i> Crusades, Jerusalem</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Honiton, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hooker, Richard, quoted, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hornchurch, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hospitality, ch. i, <a href="#p087" title="go to pg 87">87</a>–8, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hubert de Burgh, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a></p></li> - -<li id="hugh-st"><p class="hangb">Hugh, St., <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>–1, <a href="#p066" title="go to pg 66">66</a>, <a href="#p067" title="go to pg 67">67</a>, <a href="#p144" title="go to pg 144">144</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>; “little St. Hugh,” <a href="#p021" title="go to pg 21">21</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Foliot, <a href="#p087" title="go to pg 87">87</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Garth, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— d’Orivalle, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Pudsey, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hungerford, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>; Lord and Lady of, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a> (<a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>)</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Huntingdon—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Margaret, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— David, Earl of, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb"><i>Hye Way to the Spyttell hous</i>, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Hythe, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Indulgences, <a href="#p188" title="go to pg 188">188</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Infants maintained, <a href="#p009" title="go to pg 9">9</a>, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ilford, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a>, <a href="#p144" title="go to pg 144">144</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p160" title="go to pg 160">160</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Infirmary, <a href="#p111" title="go to pg 111">111</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p149" title="go to pg 149">149</a>, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>, <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a>, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a>, <a href="#p167" title="go to pg 167">167</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb"><i>Infirmi</i>, <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Inmates, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p022" title="go to pg 22">22</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>–6, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>, <a href="#p239" title="go to pg 239">239</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— named, ch. v, ch. vii, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, etc.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Insane, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, ch. iii, <a href="#p057" title="go to pg 57">57</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p219" title="go to pg 219">219</a>, <a href="#p238" title="go to pg 238">238</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Inventory of hospital, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ipswich, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p100" title="go to pg 100">100</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Isbury, John, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Japan, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p067" title="go to pg 67">67</a> n.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Jerusalem, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>–50, <i>v.</i> Knights of St. John</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Jews, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>–23, <a href="#p056" title="go to pg 56">56</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>–100</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">John Baptist, St., <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>–7, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">John, King of England, <a href="#p057" title="go to pg 57">57</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a>, <i>v.</i> Bale</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— King of France, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of Campeden, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of Gaddesden, <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a>, <a href="#p061" title="go to pg 61">61</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of Gaunt, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mirfield, <a href="#p149" title="go to pg 149">149</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Jurisdiction, ch. xiv</p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Katharine of Aragon, <a href="#p100" title="go to pg 100">100</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Kepier, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p185" title="go to pg 185">185</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Kingsthorpe, <a href="#p112" title="go to pg 112">112</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Kingston (Surrey), <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Kingston-upon-Hull—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Corpus Christi, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Maison Dieu, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>, <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— fraternity, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Knghtsbridge, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p103" title="go to pg 103">103</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Knights of St. John, <a href="#p101" title="go to pg 101">101</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>–7, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a>–51</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of St. Lazarus, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Templars, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>–7, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Knolles, Robert, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Lambourn, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lancaster—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Leonard, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p144" title="go to pg 144">144</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Dukes of, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a>, <i>v.</i> John of Gaunt</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lanfranc, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p106" title="go to pg 106">106</a>, <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a>, <a href="#p155" title="go to pg 155">155</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Langland, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a>, <a href="#p032" title="go to pg 32">32</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Launceston, <a href="#p242" title="go to pg 242">242</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lazar, <a href="#p049" title="go to pg 49">49</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a>–2, <i>v.</i> Leper</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lazarus, St., <a href="#p066" title="go to pg 66">66</a>, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>–8, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— the beggar, <a href="#p049" title="go to pg 49">49</a>, <a href="#p051" title="go to pg 51">51</a>, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lechlade, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ledbury, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Legislation—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— ecclesiastical, <a href="#p051" title="go to pg 51">51</a>, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p056" title="go to pg 56">56</a>, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— local, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>–3, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a>, <a href="#p132" title="go to pg 132">132</a>, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a>, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— national, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p056" title="go to pg 56">56</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Leicester, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p198" title="go to pg 198">198</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary, Trinity, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p116" title="go to pg 116">116</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p169" title="go to pg 169">169</a>, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a>, <a href="#p227" title="go to pg 227">227</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Wigston’s hosp., <a href="#p116" title="go to pg 116">116</a>, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Parliament of, <i>v.</i> Parliament</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Leland, John, <i>Itinerary</i> of, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a> n., <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p022" title="go to pg 22">22</a>–3, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, <a href="#p111" title="go to pg 111">111</a>, <a href="#p115" title="go to pg 115">115</a>, <a href="#p116" title="go to pg 116">116</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p224" title="go to pg 224">224</a>, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a>, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a>, (<a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a>), <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lenton, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Leper-houses, ch. iv, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>–9, <i>passim</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lepers, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, ch. iv, ch. v, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a>–9, <a href="#p167" title="go to pg 167">167</a>–70, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a>, <a href="#p173" title="go to pg 173">173</a>, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>–7, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>–80, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a>, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a>–10, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a>, etc., <a href="#p273" title="go to pg 273">273</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— charity to, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, ch. v, ch. vi, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a>–10</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— examination of, <a href="#p043" title="go to pg 43">43</a>, <a href="#p059" title="go to pg 59">59</a>–63</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— expulsion of, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a> <i>et sq.</i>, ch. vii, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— illustrations of, <a href="#p047" title="go to pg 47">47</a>, <a href="#p059" title="go to pg 59">59</a>, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>, <a href="#p068" title="go to pg 68">68</a>, <a href="#p177" title="go to pg 177">177</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— laws, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <i>v.</i> Legislation</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— married, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>, <a href="#p103" title="go to pg 103">103</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>–5, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>–8, <a href="#p275" title="go to pg 275">275</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— miraculous cures, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>, <a href="#p097" title="go to pg 97">97</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— named, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, ch. v, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a>, ch. vii, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a>, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a>, <a href="#p201" title="go to pg 201">201</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— services for, <a href="#p067" title="go to pg 67">67</a>, <a href="#p159" title="go to pg 159">159</a>–60, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>–201, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p273" title="go to pg 273">273</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Leprosy, <i>supra</i>—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— contagion, <a href="#p051" title="go to pg 51">51</a>–2, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>, <a href="#p275" title="go to pg 275">275</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— decline of, <a href="#p028" title="go to pg 28">28</a>, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>–7, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— extent, <a href="#p035" title="go to pg 35">35</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lewes, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p112" title="go to pg 112">112</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lichfield—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p028" title="go to pg 28">28</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishop of, <a href="#p028" title="go to pg 28">28</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lincoln, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Innocents, lepers, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p051" title="go to pg 51">51</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p100" title="go to pg 100">100</a>–2, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>–7, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Giles, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Katherine, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Sepulchre, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishops of, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a>, <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, <i>v.</i> Hugh, St., Robert Grossetête</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Cathedral, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Jews of, <a href="#p021" title="go to pg 21">21</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lingerscroft, Creak, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">London, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a>, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>–14, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p032" title="go to pg 32">32</a>, <a href="#p043" title="go to pg 43">43</a>, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bedlam, <i>v.</i> St. Mary of Bethlehem</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Domus Conversorum, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>–23, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>–100, <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Elsyng Spital, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Papey, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Queen’s hosp., <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Anthony, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>–9, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Bartholomew, ch. i <i>passim</i>, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p092" title="go to pg 92">92</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p106" title="go to pg 106">106</a>–7, <a href="#p114" title="go to pg 114">114</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p149" title="go to pg 149">149</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>–2, <a href="#p185" title="go to pg 185">185</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>–6, <a href="#p236" title="go to pg 236">236</a>–40, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Giles, Holborn, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. James, <i>v.</i> Westminster</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Katharine-by-the Tower, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary of Bethlehem, <a href="#p032" title="go to pg 32">32</a>–4, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <a href="#p210" title="go to pg 210">210</a>, <a href="#p238" title="go to pg 238">238</a>–9, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary without Bishopsgate, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, (<a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>), <a href="#p236" title="go to pg 236">236</a>–7, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary of Roncevall, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Paul’s almshouse, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Thomas of Acon, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a>, <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Thomas, <i>v.</i> Southwark</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Savoy, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p088" title="go to pg 88">88</a>, <a href="#p121" title="go to pg 121">121</a>–2, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a>, <a href="#p173" title="go to pg 173">173</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p240" title="go to pg 240">240</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Whittington’s almshouse, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishops of, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a>, <a href="#p144" title="go to pg 144">144</a>, <a href="#p160" title="go to pg 160">160</a>, <a href="#p240" title="go to pg 240">240</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Cathedral, St. Paul’s, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p094" title="go to pg 94">94</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>; Dean of, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Jews, <i>v.</i> Domus Conversorum</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Lepers in or near, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>–3, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p047" title="go to pg 47">47</a>, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a>, <a href="#p062" title="go to pg 62">62</a>, <a href="#p138" title="go to pg 138">138</a>, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <i>v.</i> St. Giles (<i>supra</i>), Hackney, Holloway, Knightsbridge, Mile End, Westminster</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Lord Mayor, citizens, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a>, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>–2, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, <a href="#p138" title="go to pg 138">138</a>, <a href="#p238" title="go to pg 238">238</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Long Stow, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Louis, St., <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ludlow, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>, <a href="#p120" title="go to pg 120">120</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lunatics, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, ch. iii, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p219" title="go to pg 219">219</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lutterworth, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lydd, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lyme Regis, <a href="#p119" title="go to pg 119">119</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Lynn, lepers of St. Mary M., <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Madmen, <i>v.</i> Insane</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Maiden Bradley, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Maison Dieu, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a>, etc.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Maldon, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Mallardry, <a href="#p051" title="go to pg 51">51</a>, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, <a href="#p100" title="go to pg 100">100</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Manual (Sarum), <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p273" title="go to pg 273">273</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Margaret of Scotland, St., <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Marlborough, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a>–2, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Master (Warden, etc.), <a href="#p021" title="go to pg 21">21</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>, <a href="#p116" title="go to pg 116">116</a>, ch. ix, ch. x, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>, <a href="#p196" title="go to pg 196">196</a>, <a href="#p198" title="go to pg 198">198</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>, ch. xiv.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Matilda of Boulogne, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— the Empress, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— <i>v.</i> Maud</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Matthew Paris, <a href="#p020" title="go to pg 20">20</a>–21, <a href="#p023" title="go to pg 23">23</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Maud, Queen, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Maundy Thursday, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Medical writers—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bartholomew, <a href="#p043" title="go to pg 43">43</a>, <a href="#p061" title="go to pg 61">61</a>, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Gordon, <a href="#p061" title="go to pg 61">61</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Guy de Chauliac, <a href="#p061" title="go to pg 61">61</a>, <a href="#p067" title="go to pg 67">67</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— John of Gaddesden, <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a>, <a href="#p061" title="go to pg 61">61</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— John Mirfield, <a href="#p149" title="go to pg 149">149</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Medicine, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a>, <a href="#p149" title="go to pg 149">149</a>–50, <a href="#p238" title="go to pg 238">238</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">“Meselle,” <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a>, <a href="#p057" title="go to pg 57">57</a>, <a href="#p069" title="go to pg 69">69</a>, <a href="#p105" title="go to pg 105">105</a>, <i>v.</i> Leper</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Mile End, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>–7</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Miracles of healing, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>–5, <a href="#p092" title="go to pg 92">92</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p097" title="go to pg 97">97</a>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Monasteries, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p057" title="go to pg 57">57</a>, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p097" title="go to pg 97">97</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a>–6, <a href="#p227" title="go to pg 227">227</a>–8, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a>, <i>v.</i> Abbot, Alien Houses, Prior</p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Newark, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Newbury—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Bartholomew, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Newcastle-upon-Tyne, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Katherine, (<a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a>), <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>–1</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary B. V., <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., lepers, <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a>, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mayor of, <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a>, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Newport (Essex), <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— (Isle of Wight), <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Pagnell, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Newstead, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Newton Bushell, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Garth (Holderness), <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p219" title="go to pg 219">219</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <i>v.</i> Hedon</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Nicholas of Farnham, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Norman period, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Northallerton—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— almshouse, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. James, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>, <a href="#p167" title="go to pg 167">167</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Northampton, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p116" title="go to pg 116">116</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Leonard, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Norwich, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Giles, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, <a href="#p114" title="go to pg 114">114</a>, <a href="#p120" title="go to pg 120">120</a>, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p240" title="go to pg 240">240</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Paul, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Saviour, (<a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>), <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishops of, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a>, <a href="#p103" title="go to pg 103">103</a>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Nottingham—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Plumptre’s almshouse, <a href="#p188" title="go to pg 188">188</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p128" title="go to pg 128">128</a>, <a href="#p133" title="go to pg 133">133</a>, <a href="#p137" title="go to pg 137">137</a>, <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a>, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>, <a href="#p198" title="go to pg 198">198</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Leonard, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Sepulchre, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Nurses, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>–4, <i>v.</i> Sisters, Women</p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Oakham, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p129" title="go to pg 129">129</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Offices, <i>v.</i> Services</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Order of—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Sepulchre, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Trinity, Maturin, <a href="#p210" title="go to pg 210">210</a>–11</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mendicant, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a>–11</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Anthony, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>–9, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Augustine, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>–6, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Benedict, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Gilbert, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John of Jerusalem, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>–7, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a>–50</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Lazarus, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>–8, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary of Bethlehem, <a href="#p210" title="go to pg 210">210</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. William, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— The Temple, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>–7, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Orphans, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p100" title="go to pg 100">100</a>, <a href="#p239" title="go to pg 239">239</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ospringe, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>, <a href="#p196" title="go to pg 196">196</a>, <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a>, <a href="#p219" title="go to pg 219">219</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Oswald, St., <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Oxford, <a href="#p061" title="go to pg 61">61</a>, <a href="#p108" title="go to pg 108">108</a>, <a href="#p155" title="go to pg 155">155</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p222" title="go to pg 222">222</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Domus Conversorum, <a href="#p022" title="go to pg 22">22</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Bartholomew, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p118" title="go to pg 118">118</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p133" title="go to pg 133">133</a>, <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>, <a href="#p242" title="go to pg 242">242</a>, <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a>–3</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p001" title="go to pg 1">1</a>, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, (<a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>), <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p111" title="go to pg 111">111</a>, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p155" title="go to pg 155">155</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a>, <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a>–4, <a href="#p219" title="go to pg 219">219</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Colleges, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p111" title="go to pg 111">111</a>, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p149" title="go to pg 149">149</a>–50, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Pardoner, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>, <a href="#p189" title="go to pg 189">189</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Parliament, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a>, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p196" title="go to pg 196">196</a>, <a href="#p214" title="go to pg 214">214</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a>, <i>v.</i> Statutes of Leicester, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>, <a href="#p178" title="go to pg 178">178</a>, <a href="#p194" title="go to pg 194">194</a>, <a href="#p212" title="go to pg 212">212</a>, <a href="#p228" title="go to pg 228">228</a>, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Patronage, <a href="#p212" title="go to pg 212">212</a>–7, <i>v.</i> Founders—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Cathedral, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>–6, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Crown, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, (<a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>), <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a>, <a href="#p217" title="go to pg 217">217</a>, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a>–3, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Episcopal, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>–6, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Town, <a href="#p015" title="go to pg 15">15</a>–17, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a>–3, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a>–40</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Penalties, <a href="#p054" title="go to pg 54">54</a>, <a href="#p055" title="go to pg 55">55</a>, <a href="#p138" title="go to pg 138">138</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Pestilence, <i>v.</i> Diseases</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Peter, Bishop of Winchester, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Chaplain, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mayor of Winchester, <a href="#p062" title="go to pg 62">62</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Peterborough, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Philip, Bishop of Durham, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Philippa, Queen, <a href="#p217" title="go to pg 217">217</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Physicians (leech, surgeon), <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p059" title="go to pg 59">59</a>–67, <a href="#p149" title="go to pg 149">149</a>–50, <a href="#p218" title="go to pg 218">218</a>, <a href="#p230" title="go to pg 230">230</a>, <a href="#p237" title="go to pg 237">237</a>, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a>, <i>v.</i> Medical writers</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Pilgrim, ch. i, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p167" title="go to pg 167">167</a>, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a>–2, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a>, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— poem called, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— sign, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Pilgrimage, ch. i, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bury St. Edmunds, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Canterbury, <a href="#p001" title="go to pg 1">1</a>, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>–5, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>–3, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a>, <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Compostella, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Finchale, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a>–7</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Glastonbury, <a href="#p009" title="go to pg 9">9</a>–10</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Land, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Rome, <a href="#p001" title="go to pg 1">1</a>, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Walsingham, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Pipe Rolls, <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a>, <a href="#p178" title="go to pg 178">178</a>–80</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Plumptre, John, <a href="#p188" title="go to pg 188">188</a>, (<a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>)</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Plymouth, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Pole, Alice, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, (<a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>), <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Michael, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>, <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— William, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a>, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Pontefract—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Knolles’ hospital, <a href="#p027" title="go to pg 27">27</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Nicholas, 2n., <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p217" title="go to pg 217">217</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Pope, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a>, <a href="#p059" title="go to pg 59">59</a>, <a href="#p087" title="go to pg 87">87</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p188" title="go to pg 188">188</a>, ch. xiv, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Portsmouth—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— God’s House, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>, <a href="#p113" title="go to pg 113">113</a>–4, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p125" title="go to pg 125">125</a>, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— [St. Mary M.], <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Potyn, Symond, <a href="#p137" title="go to pg 137">137</a>, <a href="#p160" title="go to pg 160">160</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Poverty, <a href="#p014" title="go to pg 14">14</a>, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a>, <a href="#p040" title="go to pg 40">40</a>, <a href="#p239" title="go to pg 239">239</a>, <i>v.</i> Beggars, begging</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Prayers for benefactors, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p088" title="go to pg 88">88</a>, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p160" title="go to pg 160">160</a>, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Preston, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Priests (chaplains, etc.)—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— hospital staff, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p115" title="go to pg 115">115</a>, ch. x, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>–5, <a href="#p211" title="go to pg 211">211</a>, <a href="#p224" title="go to pg 224">224</a>, <i>v.</i> Clergy, Master</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— parochial clergy, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a>, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a>–60, <a href="#p067" title="go to pg 67">67</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p103" title="go to pg 103">103</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p137" title="go to pg 137">137</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>–8, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a>–8, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a>, <a href="#p211" title="go to pg 211">211</a>, <a href="#p273" title="go to pg 273">273</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— leprous, <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a>–9, <a href="#p091" title="go to pg 91">91</a>, <a href="#p103" title="go to pg 103">103</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— sick and poor, <a href="#p023" title="go to pg 23">23</a>–5, <a href="#p032" title="go to pg 32">32</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p213" title="go to pg 213">213</a>–4, <a href="#p219" title="go to pg 219">219</a>–20</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Prior, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a>, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a>–6, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Proctor, <a href="#p046" title="go to pg 46">46</a>–7, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>–3, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p189" title="go to pg 189">189</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Puckeshall, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Racheness, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Rahere, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p095" title="go to pg 95">95</a>, <a href="#p106" title="go to pg 106">106</a>, <a href="#p185" title="go to pg 185">185</a>, (<a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>), <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ranulf Flambard, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Reading—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p128" title="go to pg 128">128</a>, (<a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>), <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— [St. Mary M.], lepers, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>, <a href="#p139" title="go to pg 139">139</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p176" title="go to pg 176">176</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Elias, monk of, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Reformation of hospitals, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p194" title="go to pg 194">194</a>–5, <a href="#p212" title="go to pg 212">212</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p222" title="go to pg 222">222</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a>, <a href="#p229" title="go to pg 229">229</a>, <a href="#p236" title="go to pg 236">236</a>–9, <i>v.</i> Visitation</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Reginald of Durham, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a>, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a>–7</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Relics, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a>–3, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p260" title="go to pg 260">260</a>, <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of Holy Cross, <a href="#p095" title="go to pg 95">95</a>, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a>, <a href="#p210" title="go to pg 210">210</a>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of St. Bartholomew, <a href="#p093" title="go to pg 93">93</a>, <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Richard, St., <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— I, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— II, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>, <a href="#p210" title="go to pg 210">210</a>, <a href="#p214" title="go to pg 214">214</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Orenge, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>–3</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Richmond, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Ripon—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Anne, <a href="#p115" title="go to pg 115">115</a>, <a href="#p165" title="go to pg 165">165</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John B., <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p165" title="go to pg 165">165</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Robert Grossetête, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— de Meulan, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— de Stichill, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Roche, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Rochester, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a> n.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Bartholomew, <a href="#p032" title="go to pg 32">32</a>, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p144" title="go to pg 144">144</a>, (<a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>), <a href="#p196" title="go to pg 196">196</a>, (<a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>), <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a>–3, <a href="#p271" title="go to pg 271">271</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Katherine, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a>, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p137" title="go to pg 137">137</a>, <a href="#p160" title="go to pg 160">160</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Nicholas, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishops of, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p087" title="go to pg 87">87</a>, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— infirm, lepers, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p071" title="go to pg 71">71</a>, <a href="#p102" title="go to pg 102">102</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Roger of Hoveden, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Earl of Winchester, <a href="#p084" title="go to pg 84">84</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Rome, <a href="#p001" title="go to pg 1">1</a>, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p188" title="go to pg 188">188</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a>, <i>v.</i> Council, Pope</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Romney, <a href="#p045" title="go to pg 45">45</a>; leper-hospital, <a href="#p148" title="go to pg 148">148</a>, <a href="#p188" title="go to pg 188">188</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Romsey, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Royston—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— SS. John and James, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Nicholas, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p257" title="go to pg 257">257</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Rule of religion, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p220" title="go to pg 220">220</a>, <i>v.</i> Orders</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of St. Augustine, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>–6, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of St. Benedict, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Rye, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a>, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Sacraments, <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a>–4, <a href="#p198" title="go to pg 198">198</a>, <a href="#p201" title="go to pg 201">201</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p274" title="go to pg 274">274</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">St. Albans, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Julian, lepers, <a href="#p040" title="go to pg 40">40</a>, <a href="#p068" title="go to pg 68">68</a>, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p176" title="go to pg 176">176</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Abbot of, <a href="#p040" title="go to pg 40">40</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>, <a href="#p214" title="go to pg 214">214</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">St. Neot (Cornwall), <a href="#p058" title="go to pg 58">58</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Salisbury—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Trinity, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p089" title="go to pg 89">89</a>, <a href="#p165" title="go to pg 165">165</a>–6, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Nicholas, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p113" title="go to pg 113">113</a>, <a href="#p114" title="go to pg 114">114</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p129" title="go to pg 129">129</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishop of, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p114" title="go to pg 114">114</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Saltwood, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sampson, Abbot, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sandon (Surrey), <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sandwich, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Bartholomew, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p129" title="go to pg 129">129</a>, <a href="#p160" title="go to pg 160">160</a>, <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>, <a href="#p169" title="go to pg 169">169</a>, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>–12, <a href="#p155" title="go to pg 155">155</a>, (<a href="#p157" title="go to pg 157">157</a>), <a href="#p163" title="go to pg 163">163</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a>–3, <a href="#p185" title="go to pg 185">185</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Thomas, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers, <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sarum, Use of, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p273" title="go to pg 273">273</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Saxon period, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>–3, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>–4, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>–1</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Scarborough, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p037" title="go to pg 37">37</a>, <a href="#p091" title="go to pg 91">91</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Schools, <a href="#p022" title="go to pg 22">22</a>–3, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>–8, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Scotland—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers in, <a href="#p056" title="go to pg 56">56</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— war with, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p101" title="go to pg 101">101</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a>, <a href="#p218" title="go to pg 218">218</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Seaford, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Seals, <a href="#p018" title="go to pg 18">18</a>, <a href="#p047" title="go to pg 47">47</a>, <a href="#p093" title="go to pg 93">93</a>, <a href="#p103" title="go to pg 103">103</a>, <a href="#p107" title="go to pg 107">107</a>, <a href="#p108" title="go to pg 108">108</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p178" title="go to pg 178">178</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a>, Part II <i>passim</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Seamen, <a href="#p009" title="go to pg 9">9</a>, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p088" title="go to pg 88">88</a>–9</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sedgefield, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Services, <a href="#p067" title="go to pg 67">67</a>, <a href="#p140" title="go to pg 140">140</a>, <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a>–4, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a>, ch. xi</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of admission, <a href="#p128" title="go to pg 128">128</a>–9, <a href="#p131" title="go to pg 131">131</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— at seclusion, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>, <a href="#p273" title="go to pg 273">273</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— at expulsion, <a href="#p141" title="go to pg 141">141</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb"><i>Seven Works of Mercy</i>, <a href="#p088" title="go to pg 88">88</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p237" title="go to pg 237">237</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sherborne (Dorset)—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p115" title="go to pg 115">115</a>, <a href="#p166" title="go to pg 166">166</a>, <a href="#p224" title="go to pg 224">224</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a>, <a href="#p254" title="go to pg 254">254</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Thomas, <a href="#p255" title="go to pg 255">255</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sherburn (Durham), <a href="#p044" title="go to pg 44">44</a>, <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p109" title="go to pg 109">109</a>, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p118" title="go to pg 118">118</a>, <a href="#p119" title="go to pg 119">119</a>, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>, <a href="#p139" title="go to pg 139">139</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, ch. xi, ch. xii, <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p242" title="go to pg 242">242</a>–3, <a href="#p252" title="go to pg 252">252</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Shoreham, <a href="#p253" title="go to pg 253">253</a></p></li> - -<li id="shrewsbury"><p class="hangb">Shrewsbury—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Chad, <a href="#p201" title="go to pg 201">201</a>, (<a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a>), <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. George, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Giles, lepers, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Shrines, <i>v.</i> Pilgrimage, Relics</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Simon Fitz-Mary, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sisters, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p101" title="go to pg 101">101</a>, <a href="#p136" title="go to pg 136">136</a>, <a href="#p142" title="go to pg 142">142</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>–6, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>–9, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <i>v.</i> Women</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Skirbeck, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Smyth, Bishop, <a href="#p028" title="go to pg 28">28</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Soldiers, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p009" title="go to pg 9">9</a>, <a href="#p013" title="go to pg 13">13</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Southampton—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— God’s House, St. Julian, <a href="#p011" title="go to pg 11">11</a>, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a>, <a href="#p125" title="go to pg 125">125</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>, <a href="#p178" title="go to pg 178">178</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., lepers, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Southwark, St. Thomas, <a href="#p022" title="go to pg 22">22</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>, <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a>, <a href="#p156" title="go to pg 156">156</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p236" title="go to pg 236">236</a>–40, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a>, <a href="#p268" title="go to pg 268">268</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sparham (Norfolk), <a href="#p060" title="go to pg 60">60</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Spital-on-the-Street, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Spondon, <a href="#p200" title="go to pg 200">200</a>, <a href="#p208" title="go to pg 208">208</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Springs, Healing, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>–4</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stafford—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p108" title="go to pg 108">108</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— [St. Sepulchre, Retford], <a href="#p040" title="go to pg 40">40</a>–1</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Staindrop, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stamford—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bede-house, <a href="#p029" title="go to pg 29">29</a>, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a>, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, <a href="#p111" title="go to pg 111">111</a>, <a href="#p115" title="go to pg 115">115</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p165" title="go to pg 165">165</a>–6, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <a href="#p269" title="go to pg 269">269</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— SS. John and Thomas, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, (<a href="#p087" title="go to pg 87">87</a>), <a href="#p217" title="go to pg 217">217</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Sepulchre, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Statutes, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>, <a href="#p194" title="go to pg 194">194</a>–6, <a href="#p212" title="go to pg 212">212</a>, <a href="#p214" title="go to pg 214">214</a>, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a>, <a href="#p227" title="go to pg 227">227</a>, <a href="#p234" title="go to pg 234">234</a>, <i>v.</i> Legislation, Parliament, Vagrancy</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of hospitals, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p034" title="go to pg 34">34</a>, <a href="#p038" title="go to pg 38">38</a>, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p132" title="go to pg 132">132</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p143" title="go to pg 143">143</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a>, <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a>, <a href="#p157" title="go to pg 157">157</a>, <a href="#p217" title="go to pg 217">217</a>, <a href="#p218" title="go to pg 218">218</a>, etc.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stephen, St., <a href="#p191" title="go to pg 191">191</a>, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— King, <a href="#p057" title="go to pg 57">57</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— , Archdeacon, <a href="#p211" title="go to pg 211">211</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stoke-upon-Trent, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stourbridge, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stow, John, <a href="#p069" title="go to pg 69">69</a>, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a>, <a href="#p239" title="go to pg 239">239</a>, <a href="#p247" title="go to pg 247">247</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stratford-on-Avon, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Stony, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Strood, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stubbes, Philip, <a href="#p030" title="go to pg 30">30</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Stydd by Ribchester, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Sudbury, <a href="#p042" title="go to pg 42">42</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p242" title="go to pg 242">242</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb"><i>Supplication of Poore Commons</i>, <a href="#p014" title="go to pg 14">14</a>, <a href="#p231" title="go to pg 231">231</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Swinestre, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Tamworth, <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Tandridge, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Taunton, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Margaret, Spital, (?98), <a href="#p121" title="go to pg 121">121</a>, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a>–6</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— monk of, <a href="#p097" title="go to pg 97">97</a>; prior of, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Tavistock, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a>, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb"><i>Testament of Cresseid</i>, <a href="#p066" title="go to pg 66">66</a>, <a href="#p105" title="go to pg 105">105</a>, <a href="#p135" title="go to pg 135">135</a>, <a href="#p177" title="go to pg 177">177</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Thame, <a href="#p019" title="go to pg 19">19</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Thanington, St. James (Canterbury), <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>, <a href="#p198" title="go to pg 198">198</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Thetford—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p250" title="go to pg 250">250</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Thomas the Martyr, St., <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p189" title="go to pg 189">189</a>, <a href="#p244" title="go to pg 244">244</a>, <a href="#p249" title="go to pg 249">249</a>, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Jubilee of, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— miracles of, <a href="#p065" title="go to pg 65">65</a>, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p267" title="go to pg 267">267</a>–8</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— relics of, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>, <a href="#p192" title="go to pg 192">192</a>–3, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— shrine of, <a href="#p004" title="go to pg 4">4</a>, <a href="#p031" title="go to pg 31">31</a>, <a href="#p266" title="go to pg 266">266</a>–8, <i>v.</i> Pilgrimage</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— sign of pilgrimage, <a href="#p265" title="go to pg 265">265</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Thornton, Roger, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a>, <a href="#p111" title="go to pg 111">111</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Thrapston, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Thurlow, <a href="#p209" title="go to pg 209">209</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Tiverton, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Tong (Salop), <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Torrington (Taddiport), <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Towcester, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Tweedmouth, <a href="#p270" title="go to pg 270">270</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Vagrancy, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a>–7, <a href="#p010" title="go to pg 10">10</a>, <a href="#p013" title="go to pg 13">13</a>, <a href="#p014" title="go to pg 14">14</a>, <a href="#p028" title="go to pg 28">28</a>, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a>, <a href="#p227" title="go to pg 227">227</a>, <a href="#p239" title="go to pg 239">239</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Visitation of hospitals (inquisitions), <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p132" title="go to pg 132">132</a>, <a href="#p138" title="go to pg 138">138</a>, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a>, <a href="#p173" title="go to pg 173">173</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p195" title="go to pg 195">195</a>, <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, <a href="#p218" title="go to pg 218">218</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Voltaire, quoted, <a href="#p036" title="go to pg 36">36</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Wallingford, <a href="#p016" title="go to pg 16">16</a>, <a href="#p057" title="go to pg 57">57</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Walsingham, <a href="#p005" title="go to pg 5">5</a>, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a>, <a href="#p103" title="go to pg 103">103</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Walsoken, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Walter de Lucy, <a href="#p050" title="go to pg 50">50</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— de Suffield, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a>, <a href="#p085" title="go to pg 85">85</a> (<a href="#p164" title="go to pg 164">164</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>)</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Archdeacon, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Vicar, <a href="#p078" title="go to pg 78">78</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Warden, <i>v.</i> Master</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Warwick, St. John, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>;</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Michael, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wayfarers, ch. i, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>, <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>, <a href="#p167" title="go to pg 167">167</a>, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>, <a href="#p211" title="go to pg 211">211</a>, <i>v.</i> Pilgrim, Vagrancy</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Well, lepers’, <a href="#p063" title="go to pg 63">63</a>, <a href="#p104" title="go to pg 104">104</a>, <a href="#p119" title="go to pg 119">119</a>, <a href="#p276" title="go to pg 276">276</a>, <i>v.</i> Springs, Healing</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wells, <a href="#p158" title="go to pg 158">158</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Saviour, Bubwith’s, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p114" title="go to pg 114">114</a>, <a href="#p115" title="go to pg 115">115</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishops of, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Westminster, <a href="#p006" title="go to pg 6">6</a>, <a href="#p053" title="go to pg 53">53</a>, <a href="#p079" title="go to pg 79">79</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. James, <a href="#p043" title="go to pg 43">43</a>, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p150" title="go to pg 150">150</a>, <a href="#p182" title="go to pg 182">182</a>, <a href="#p188" title="go to pg 188">188</a>–9, <a href="#p233" title="go to pg 233">233</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Council of, <a href="#p052" title="go to pg 52">52</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Statute of, <a href="#p007" title="go to pg 7">7</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">West Somerton, <a href="#p076" title="go to pg 76">76</a>, <a href="#p215" title="go to pg 215">215</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Whitby, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p092" title="go to pg 92">92</a>, <a href="#p246" title="go to pg 246">246</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Whittington, Richard, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>–3, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Whittlesea, <a href="#p083" title="go to pg 83">83</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">William, Dean, <a href="#p077" title="go to pg 77">77</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Earl of Albemarle, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Earl of Salisbury, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of Canterbury, <a href="#p064" title="go to pg 64">64</a>–5</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— de Monte, <a href="#p051" title="go to pg 51">51</a>–2</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— of Wykeham, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wills, of benefactors, <i>v.</i> Bequests, of inmates, <a href="#p133" title="go to pg 133">133</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wilton, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Giles, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p099" title="go to pg 99">99</a>, <a href="#p125" title="go to pg 125">125</a> (<a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>), <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p181" title="go to pg 181">181</a>, <a href="#p205" title="go to pg 205">205</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wimborne, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p166" title="go to pg 166">166</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Winchcomb, <a href="#p225" title="go to pg 225">225</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Winchelsea, <a href="#p017" title="go to pg 17">17</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Winchester, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Cross, <a href="#p075" title="go to pg 75">75</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>, <a href="#p121" title="go to pg 121">121</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p125" title="go to pg 125">125</a>, <a href="#p151" title="go to pg 151">151</a>, <a href="#p166" title="go to pg 166">166</a>, <a href="#p169" title="go to pg 169">169</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>, <a href="#p171" title="go to pg 171">171</a>, <a href="#p175" title="go to pg 175">175</a>, <a href="#p207" title="go to pg 207">207</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <a href="#p240" title="go to pg 240">240</a>, <a href="#p248" title="go to pg 248">248</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. John, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a>, <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>, <a href="#p124" title="go to pg 124">124</a>, <a href="#p178" title="go to pg 178">178</a>, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a>, <a href="#p241" title="go to pg 241">241</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary M., lepers, <a href="#p118" title="go to pg 118">118</a>, <a href="#p119" title="go to pg 119">119</a>, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p241" title="go to pg 241">241</a>, <a href="#p251" title="go to pg 251">251</a> n.</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishop of, <a href="#p187" title="go to pg 187">187</a>, <a href="#p206" title="go to pg 206">206</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a>, <a href="#p221" title="go to pg 221">221</a>, <i>v.</i> Beaufort; Henry; Peter; William of Wykeham</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Earl of, <a href="#p084" title="go to pg 84">84</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Mayor of, <a href="#p062" title="go to pg 62">62</a>, <a href="#p081" title="go to pg 81">81</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Windeham, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p264" title="go to pg 264">264</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Windsor, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>, <a href="#p258" title="go to pg 258">258</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— lepers of, <a href="#p179" title="go to pg 179">179</a>, <a href="#p226" title="go to pg 226">226</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wolsey, Cardinal, <a href="#p229" title="go to pg 229">229</a>, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Women—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— inmates, <a href="#p008" title="go to pg 8">8</a>–9, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>, <a href="#p013" title="go to pg 13">13</a>, <a href="#p025" title="go to pg 25">25</a>, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p033" title="go to pg 33">33</a>, <a href="#p074" title="go to pg 74">74</a>, <a href="#p082" title="go to pg 82">82</a>–3, <a href="#p090" title="go to pg 90">90</a>, ch. vii, <a href="#p132" title="go to pg 132">132</a>, <a href="#p139" title="go to pg 139">139</a>, <a href="#p146" title="go to pg 146">146</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p176" title="go to pg 176">176</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— on staff, <a href="#p139" title="go to pg 139">139</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a> <i>et sq.</i>, <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>–9, <a href="#p173" title="go to pg 173">173</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Woodstock, <a href="#p073" title="go to pg 73">73</a>, <a href="#p147" title="go to pg 147">147</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Worcester—</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Oswald, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p048" title="go to pg 48">48</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>, <a href="#p122" title="go to pg 122">122</a>, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>, <a href="#p263" title="go to pg 263">263</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Wulstan, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>–1, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Bishop of, <a href="#p127" title="go to pg 127">127</a>, <a href="#p202" title="go to pg 202">202</a>, <i>supra</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wulstan, St., <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>–1, <a href="#p086" title="go to pg 86">86</a>, <a href="#p098" title="go to pg 98">98</a>, <i>v.</i> Dedications</p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wycomb, High [St. John], <a href="#p123" title="go to pg 123">123</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a> [St. Margaret], <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Wynard, William, <a href="#p161" title="go to pg 161">161</a></p></li> - -<li class="padtopc"><p class="hangb">Yarmouth, <a href="#p186" title="go to pg 186">186</a>, <a href="#p190" title="go to pg 190">190</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">Yeovil, <a href="#p259" title="go to pg 259">259</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">York, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p003" title="go to pg 3">3</a>, <a href="#p012" title="go to pg 12">12</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p080" title="go to pg 80">80</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Holy Trinity, <a href="#p245" title="go to pg 245">245</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Monkbridge, <a href="#p134" title="go to pg 134">134</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Leonard or St. Peter, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p070" title="go to pg 70">70</a>, <a href="#p072" title="go to pg 72">72</a>, <a href="#p096" title="go to pg 96">96</a>, <a href="#p110" title="go to pg 110">110</a>, <a href="#p152" title="go to pg 152">152</a>, <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a>–6, <a href="#p162" title="go to pg 162">162</a>, <a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>, <a href="#p172" title="go to pg 172">172</a>, <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p178" title="go to pg 178">178</a>, <a href="#p180" title="go to pg 180">180</a>–1, <a href="#p184" title="go to pg 184">184</a>–5, <a href="#p199" title="go to pg 199">199</a>, <a href="#p204" title="go to pg 204">204</a>, <a href="#p214" title="go to pg 214">214</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a>, <a href="#p222" title="go to pg 222">222</a>–3, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a>, <a href="#p242" title="go to pg 242">242</a>, <a href="#p256" title="go to pg 256">256</a>, <a href="#p261" title="go to pg 261">261</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Loy, <a href="#p262" title="go to pg 262">262</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Mary, Bootham, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Nicholas, lepers, <a href="#p028" title="go to pg 28">28</a>, <a href="#p039" title="go to pg 39">39</a>, <a href="#p117" title="go to pg 117">117</a>, <a href="#p132" title="go to pg 132">132</a>, <a href="#p138" title="go to pg 138">138</a>, <a href="#p145" title="go to pg 145">145</a>–6, (<a href="#p170" title="go to pg 170">170</a>), <a href="#p174" title="go to pg 174">174</a>, <a href="#p203" title="go to pg 203">203</a>, <a href="#p218" title="go to pg 218">218</a>, <a href="#p232" title="go to pg 232">232</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Peter, <i>v. supra</i></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— St. Thomas, <a href="#p235" title="go to pg 235">235</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Archbishop of, <a href="#p041" title="go to pg 41">41</a>, <a href="#p126" title="go to pg 126">126</a>, <a href="#p130" title="go to pg 130">130</a>, <a href="#p153" title="go to pg 153">153</a>, <a href="#p183" title="go to pg 183">183</a>, <a href="#p197" title="go to pg 197">197</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Dean of, <a href="#p024" title="go to pg 24">24</a>, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p216" title="go to pg 216">216</a></p></li> - -<li><p class="hangb">— Minster, <a href="#p002" title="go to pg 2">2</a>, <a href="#p026" title="go to pg 26">26</a>, <a href="#p021" title="go to pg 21">21</a></p> -</li></ul> -</li></ul> -</div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="chapter fsize7"> -<div>PRINTED BY</div> - -<div>WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD.</div> - -<div>PLYMOUTH</div> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="h2ads" class="nobreak" title="Advertisements"> </h2> -<div class="fsize4">THE ANTIQUARY’S BOOKS</div> - -<div class="fsize7"><i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net each.</i></div> - -<p class="fsize7">“The ‘Antiquary’s Books’ makes an excellent commencement in the first volume. 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HARVEY, M.B.</p> - -<p class="first fsize4">With 121 Illustrations</p> - -<p class="fsize7">“A mine of carefully ordered information, for the accuracy of which Dr. Cox’s name -on the title page is a sufficient guarantee.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p class="fsize7">“This new volume fully maintains the high repute of its predecessors. Dr. Cox is -one of our ablest ecclesiologists, and he and Mr. Harvey have collected a mass of valuable -information of the greatest importance to antiquaries and architects. . . . There is a -fine index of seventy-five columns, truly a pious work.”—<i>The Architectural Review.</i></p> - -<p class="fsize7">“This volume is one of the ‘Antiquary’s Books’ series, and is more than worthy of -its distinguished association. There has been an unsparing expenditure of time and labour -upon it.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbinavoid"> -<p class="pleft fsize4 padtopb">FOLK-LORE AS AN HISTORICAL SCIENCE</p> -<div class="adindent"> -<p class="first fsize4">By GEORGE LAURENCE GOMME. Clerk to the London County Council</p> - -<p class="first fsize4">With 28 Illustrations</p> - -<p class="fsize7">“No one will read Mr. Gomme’s thoughtful treatise without being the better able to -understand the significance of popular tales and customs.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p class="fsize7">“A learned and most interesting volume. We can imagine no more fascinating -subject for study.”—<i>Daily Mail.</i></p> - -<p class="fsize7">“An excellent piece of work.”—<i>Dundee Advertiser.</i></p> - -<p class="fsize7">“All will find much that stimulates thought and adds to the inherent attractiveness -of tradition.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbinavoid"> -<p class="pleft fsize4 padtopb">ENGLISH COSTUME</p> -<div class="adindent"> -<p class="first fsize4">By GEORGE CLINCH, F.G.S.</p> - -<p class="first fsize4">With many Illustrations</p> - -<p class="fsize7">In this important work an attempt is made to trace the origin and development of all -the chief phases of English Costume from prehistoric times down to the end of the -eighteenth century. Illuminated MSS., sepulchral effigies, monumental brasses, ancient -statuary, mediæval wills, inventories, and the contents of the chief museums, are -the authorities upon which the author has relied in his attempts to get at the actual facts -about this interesting subject. The result is a volume containing a large amount of -original and valuable information. The book is primarily intended for the use of the -antiquary and the artist, but the accurate and precise information which it gives, and the -abundant illustrations and diagrams with which the text is interspersed, can hardly fail to -make “English Costume” a valuable hand-book for the promoters of historical pageants -and theatrical representations.</p> -</div></div> - -<div class="pbinavoid"> -<div class="fsize6 padtopa">These Volumes will follow</div> - -<p class="fsize4 hangb">THE GILDS AND COMPANIES OF LONDON. By GEORGE UNWIN</p> - -<p class="fsize4 hangb">HERALDRY. By THOMAS SHEPARD</p> - -<p class="fsize4 hangb">THE ROMAN OCCUPATION. By JOHN WARD, F.S.A.</p> - -<p class="fsize4 hangb">CASTLES AND WALLED TOWNS OF ENGLAND. By ALFRED HARVEY, M.B.</p> - -<p class="fsize4 hangb">SCHOOLS IN MEDIÆVAL ENGLAND. By A. F. LEACH</p> - -<p class="fsize4 hangb">THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND. By MISS ROTHA M. CLAY</p> - -<p class="fsize4 hangb">OLD ENGLISH INSTRUMENTS OF MUSIC. By F. W. GALPIN, M.A., F.L.S</p> -</div></div><!--chapter--> - -<div class="padtopa">METHUEN & CO., 36 ESSEX STREET, LONDON, W.C</div> -<div id="endbook"> </div> - -<div class="transnote section" id="transnote"> -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - -<p>Original printed spelling and grammar are retained, with a few -exceptions noted below. Many illustrations have been moved from their -original locations to nearby places between paragraphs. Footnotes -have been renumbered 1–479, and changed to endnotes. The transcriber -created the cover image and hereby assigns it to the public domain.</p> - -<p>Ditto marks or the word "ditto" were used extensively in the List of -Illustrations, in Appendix B, and in the -Bibliography. The original intended scope of these marks is often -questionable, and would be even more so if they were to be retained -in an ebook. Therefore, dittos are replaced with repeated text. -Likewise, large curly brackets “{” meant to show grouping -of text on multiple lines have been eliminated, either with repeated -text or by including a left-border on a table-cell. The icon ♦ links -to one of these: Table of Contents, List of Illustrations, or List of Plates. -<a class="aright" href="#toclist" title="go to Table of Contents">♦</a></p> - -<p>The original printed index employed white space at the beginning of -a line to indicate distinct subtopics under a topic heading; for -instance subtopics St. Chad, St. George, and St. Giles, under heading -<a href="#shrewsbury" title="go to Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>. In this edition, em dashes have been substituted for the -initial spaces. The original index already employed em dashes to -indicate repetition of a first word in several distinct topics. For -instance, topics -<a href="#hugh-st" title="go to Hugh, St.">“Hugh, St.</a>, -— Foliot, — Garth, — D’Orivalle, and -— Pudsey”. These em dashes have been retained.</p> - -<p>Page <a href="#p154" title="go to pg 154">154</a>. -Removed unmatched double quotation mark from the end of the first -paragraph.</p> - -<p>Page <a href="#p168" title="go to pg 168">168</a>. Added right -double quotation mark to the phrase ‘who for a time “ate nothing that -had suffered death’.</p> - -<p>Page <a href="#p236" title="go to pg 236">236</a>. There is a glyph -in the word <span class="nowrap">"devo<img class="img-c-tilde" src="images/c-tilde.jpg" - width="34" height="90" alt="LATIN SMALL LETTER - C WITH TILDE" />on"</span> -that has no unicode point. Herein, this latin letter c with tilde is shown -as an image.</p> </div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mediæval Hospitals of England, by -Rotha Mary Clay - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEDIÆVAL HOSPITALS OF ENGLAND *** - -***** This file should be named 50501-h.htm or 50501-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/5/0/50501/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, RichardW, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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