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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 50384 ***
+
+                         [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                   EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY
+
+                     By DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF
+
+                 THE MENTOR  ·  SERIAL NUMBER 42
+                      DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL
+
+                               <>
+
+                         MENTOR GRAVURES
+
+   CAIRO              THE SPHINX            KARNAK
+   THE PYRAMIDS       LUXOR                 THE DAM AT ASSOUAN
+
+
+It is no wonder that the Egyptians through all their history have
+worshiped the Nile; for that marvelous river is the spine, the marrow,
+and the life of Egypt. Indeed, it is Egypt; for living Egypt is only a
+narrow strip twelve or fifteen miles wide,--simply the banks of the Nile.
+Herodotus called Egypt "the gift of the Nile." The river nourishes and
+controls the land. All along that waterway are to be found wonders and
+mysteries of the past. The mind balks in contemplation of the monuments
+of Egypt. They whisper messages from so far distant a time that we
+stagger in trying to grasp their meaning.
+
+A visit through Egypt usually begins with Cairo. And it is just as well
+that it is so; for in Cairo there is much that is modern and much that is
+familiar to the English traveler. It is, therefore, a good way for the
+visitor to break into ancient Egypt. In Cairo modern people mingle with
+the sons of ancient Egyptians. The English soldier is to be seen almost
+everywhere, and in front of Shepheard's Hotel you may at times almost
+forget that you are in Egypt.
+
+That is because you are bound down in Cairo, mingling with your own
+fellow visitors and too close to hotel life. Get up early in the morning,
+and go to the top of the hill known as the Citadel, and there you will
+get an impression of an Egyptian city. Look at one of the greatest
+buildings, the Mosque of Mehemet Ali. It is called the Alabaster Mosque.
+There is a great deal in modern Egypt that is imitation. That is the
+reason that this building of pure alabaster is to be valued. Its interior
+is rich and beautiful in design.
+
+[Illustration: TOMBS OF MAMELUKES, CAIRO]
+
+[Illustration: MUSKI CORNER AND MINARET, CAIRO]
+
+
+CAIRO AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
+
+Stand on the parapet of the Citadel, and look over Cairo, and see
+the sun rise. Far in the distance is a sandstorm. Many people in the
+United States think that the weather in Egypt is as clear as crystal
+always. That is a great mistake. The days there are rarely as clear as
+American clear days. In January, February, and March you are likely to
+have sandstorms, or the sirocco, or wind from the desert, which almost
+obliterate the sun.
+
+Down by the edge of the desert is the Dead City. The tombs there and
+their interiors are wonderful. The beautiful buildings have been allowed
+to decay. It is an oriental peculiarity not to repair anything.
+
+On the other side of the Citadel are the tombs of the Mamelukes. I advise
+anyone going to Cairo to visit these tombs; for they contain very curious
+sarcophagi, and the tomb mosques are interesting, each of them being
+surmounted by a picturesque dome.
+
+Our modern expositions and fair grounds would not be complete without
+"the streets of Cairo." As we know, a bit of street life is shown, more
+or less accurately--chiefly less. A fairly correct impression of Egyptian
+street life is, however, created by such artificial reproductions. One
+of our pictures will no doubt recall these exposition impressions. The
+genuine old streets of Cairo are fascinating. Some are so narrow that the
+traveler must go on foot, or on a donkey. The shops are almost within
+arm's reach on both sides, and many of them are temptingly attractive.
+There on one side they make famous leather goods; on another they sell
+glassware. Be careful not to buy unless you know how to bargain.
+
+
+THE STREETS OF CAIRO
+
+You must go to these little streets to find the bazaars if you want to
+buy anything; for the great street of the Arab quarter, the famous Muski,
+is not any longer a thorough Cairo street. Big shops and department
+stores have crept into it.
+
+[Illustration: BAZAAR STREET, CAIRO
+
+Where the most interesting shops are found.]
+
+Stand for a moment on the corner of this great street and see a little
+bit of the Arab life of old Cairo. It is a busy city. There goes a
+carryall (a camel), an entire family on its back, except the husband, who
+walks by the side. This man coming down with a strange sack on his back
+is a walking fountain. The sack is filled with something sweet and sticky
+which he calls "sweet water." It is not pleasant. The genuine water
+carrier of the old school goes to the river, fills his jar, and then
+goes through the streets shaking his cup in his hand with a chink. It is
+plain water that he peddles. I should not advise one to drink either of
+these beverages. Then there are the bread venders of Cairo, who walk the
+streets carrying bread on their heads and crying out their wares.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITADEL, CAIRO
+
+Built, 1176-1207, of stones taken from the Pyramids.]
+
+Cairo is full of interesting mosques. The oldest and most celebrated
+is the Mosque of Omri. It is one of the earliest of Mohammedan temples
+in Egypt. They have a service there but once a year, when the khedive
+himself comes. The interior seems a veritable forest of pillars. One of
+these is a most remarkable pillar. I will tell the story of it as my
+boy Mohammed Mousa told it to me: "This pillar very important one--very
+holy. This pillar sent by Mahomet here; for when Omri come to build this
+mosque Mahomet so pleased he sent pillar from Mecca. The pillar come
+here. He find no other pillar from Mecca here; so he get lonely and fly
+back. Mahomet very angry, and send pillar back. Second time he fly back.
+Mahomet then get very angry, draw his sword, and strike pillar, and
+tell Omri to put pillar in prison. So he put it in prison, and it stand
+there." That is the story that they all believe.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLDEST PYRAMID, SAKKARA]
+
+
+THE PYRAMIDS
+
+[Illustration: DISTANT VIEW OF PYRAMIDS, WITH THE NILE]
+
+The road leading down to the old Nile gate is a very beautiful one.
+Crossing the bridge there, we see the picturesque Nile boats, like the
+lateen boats of the Mediterranean. The avenue leads out to the pyramids,
+and there in the far distance you can see them,--those golden cones
+about which is wrapped so much of Egypt's history and mystery. The first
+sight of the pyramids naturally means much to any intelligent traveler.
+It makes no difference how much you have read, how much you have heard
+of them, you cannot be disappointed. It is said that the pyramids will
+last as long as the world, and they certainly look it. They represent
+to us the life of the world stretching back into the dim past; and,
+in their imposing solidity, they seem to give assurance of lasting to
+eternity. There are four of the pyramids in this group; though the mind
+naturally dwells on the largest,--the Pyramid of Khufu or Cheops. And to
+think that these are the works of man, and that they are tombs of the
+kings who lived and reigned somewhere about fifty centuries ago! The
+Great Pyramid of Cheops is 480 feet high and covers an area of thirteen
+acres, each side being 755 feet. The dimensions of this astounding work
+are almost mathematically exact. It is built of over two million blocks
+of limestone, and they are fitted together with the nicety of mosaics.
+How could these wonderful structures have been erected?--that has been
+the question of modern engineers. It has been suggested that an inclined
+plane of earth was constructed, and that the blocks were dragged by men
+to the top, the inclined plane being added to and raised for each layer.
+Then, when the pyramid was complete, the inclined plane of earth might
+have been taken away. This, however, is only a theory. Nothing is known
+of the methods employed. Originally the sides of the pyramid were smooth,
+and a little of this outer facing is still in place. These prism-shaped
+blocks were taken away from time to time for building purposes in Cairo.
+
+[Illustration: GIZEH
+
+Great Pyramid, Sphinx, and Temple of Armachis.]
+
+People climb the pyramid, and also go inside. In the very heart of the
+Great Pyramid is a tomb chamber, where we see the empty coffin of Cheops
+or Khufu. The tomb was rifled long ago, and no one knows where the king's
+ashes are.
+
+Ascent to the summit of the Great Pyramid means arduous climbing; but it
+is worth while simply for the view it affords of the desert. Most of us
+imagine the desert as a level of white sand. I thought so until I saw it
+from the summit of this pyramid. The desert stretches off in long waves,
+and does not seem like a plain, but rather like the rolling ocean.
+
+
+THE SPHINX
+
+Not far from Cheops we see above the waves of sand a rough-hewn head that
+stirs us mightily. No one can forget the first impression of the Sphinx.
+It stands for something unique in history and in knowledge. No one with
+a spark of reverence in his nature can stand before that great stone
+face without a feeling of awe. There will be little that he can say--the
+most reverent ones say nothing. There before you is that half-buried,
+crouching figure of stone about which you have read and heard so much.
+The paws are covered by sand. It is only by industrious shoveling and
+digging that the desert is prevented from rising on the wings of the wind
+and completely burying the great figure.
+
+[Illustration: THE SPHINX
+
+From a drawing showing the front uncovered by sand.]
+
+The Sphinx is the symbol of inscrutable wisdom, and its lips are supposed
+to be closed in mysterious silence,--knowing profoundly, but telling
+nothing. These are, however, mere impressions. Facts are the important
+things. No one knows how old the Sphinx is. It is supposed to have been
+made during the middle empire; but later investigations seem to prove
+that the Sphinx existed in the time of Cheops, which would mean that it
+is even older than the Great Pyramid. The Sphinx was made out of living
+rock, and the dimensions are as follows: Body, 150 feet long; paws, 50
+feet long; head, 30 feet long; face, 14 feet wide; and the distance from
+top of head to base, 70 feet.
+
+[Illustration: FALLEN STATUE OF RAMESES, MEMPHIS]
+
+It must have been an imposing monument when constructed; for then it
+stood in position to guard the valley of the Nile, and about it was
+Memphis, the great city of Egypt--Memphis now past and gone. Memphis was
+once the capital city of the Pharaohs, and is said to have been founded
+by Menes. In its day of glory it was a prosperous and well fortified
+city. About 1600 B. C. it was supplanted as capital by Thebes, and the
+glory of Pharaoh's court was transferred to the southern city.
+
+
+THEBES
+
+The most flourishing period in the history of Thebes was between 1600 and
+1100 B. C. Thebes in turn fell into decay, and is now only a small place
+visited in the course of a trip to Luxor and Karnak. The situation of
+Thebes is interesting. It lies in the widest section of the Nile Valley,
+with a broad plain on the west stretching off to the Libyan Mountains. On
+this plain are the famous statues known as the Colossi of Memnon. Across
+the Nile, on the east bank, stand the ruins of Luxor and Karnak, and
+beyond them to the east are the Arabian hills.
+
+[Illustration: MEMPHIS
+
+Front of the second court of the Ramesseum.]
+
+[Illustration: THE COLOSSI OF MEMNON
+
+These two gigantic statues stand near the approach of the Temple of
+Amenophis. One of them is known as the Vocal Memnon. Inscriptions on
+the vocal statue record the visits of those who were with Hadrian, and
+of others, and relate that they heard the voice of Memnon. The Colossi
+are of hard gritstone, monolithic, and forty-seven feet in height, with
+pedestals twelve feet high. They represent Amenophis III, seated on his
+throne, and are sixty feet apart.]
+
+Notable monuments on the west side are the temples of Seti I, Rameses
+II and III, which bear the names of El Kurna, the Ramesseum, and
+Medinet-Abu. Lying by the side of the Ramesseum is the fallen Colossus of
+Rameses II, the largest statue in Egypt. It is made of pink granite, and
+is about sixty feet in height--or length, we should now say, since the
+statue is prostrate.
+
+
+LUXOR
+
+Not far from Thebes is the village of Luxor: not much in itself, but
+just a place to stay while visiting the temples. It is pleasing to note
+that they have done a good work there in raising the embankment in the
+hope of keeping the Nile water out of the temples. The bank is steep;
+for the Nile rises high every year. In olden times these temples were
+evidently protected from the water by some means; but now it rises half
+up over them. The Temple of Luxor is one of the most beautiful and
+interesting in Egypt; though not so imposing as the Temples of Karnak.
+As you approach you can only see a part of it; for there is a fence
+up there, and if you want to go through you have to show a ticket. A
+so-called "monument ticket" can be obtained from the government for about
+six dollars a year, and this will enable a visitor to see every monument
+in Egypt. The fund thus raised is used to save the monuments, and every
+penny of it goes to that work.
+
+[Illustration: RAMESES STATUES AT LUXOR]
+
+The beauty of the Temple of Luxor is in its splendid colonnade. It must
+have been superb when in good condition, with colors fresh and bright.
+
+
+KARNAK
+
+The Temple of Karnak, too, is a distinguished mass of columns, the most
+imposing structure of its kind in existence. It was erected by Seti I
+and his son, Rameses II. Amenophis also had a hand in the building of
+it. They were great builders in those days, and all their plans were
+conceived on a vast scale. The ruins of Karnak are magnificent. Some
+idea of the impressive character of their columns may be gathered from
+the following statement: There are 134 great columns forming the central
+aisle, 12 of these 62 feet high and 12 feet thick, the rest of them 42
+feet high and 9 feet thick. You will notice traces of color, and can
+gather from that what the temple must have been in its full glory. On a
+recent trip I found some German artists at Karnak, and suggested that if
+they would get some water and throw it over the columns they would obtain
+the effect of the true coloring. A good color chart of these columns has
+now been secured, showing them as they were three thousand years ago. On
+its outside walls sculptures tell the history of the splendid conquests
+of the kings that erected the structure.
+
+[Illustration: MOONLIGHT ON THE NILE
+
+Reproduced from a night photograph taken near Luxor.]
+
+[Illustration: LUXOR, FROM OPPOSITE BANK OF THE NILE]
+
+Egypt is a country of impressive temples and monuments, the interest of
+which has not been exhausted by a library of books on the subject. A
+trip through Egypt is not complete without a visit to the Ramesseum and
+that unique monument, the Temple of Denderah. The latter is a building
+set apart in architectural and in historic interest. It is not imposing;
+but it has an appeal that the other temples have not. It was a place of
+mystery. Its inner chamber, the sanctuary of Denderah, was sacred to
+Pharaoh himself.
+
+
+THE GREAT DAM AT ASSOUAN
+
+[Illustration: EUERGETES GATE, KARNAK
+
+A splendid example of the Egyptian square arch form.]
+
+As one goes up the river visiting these strange monuments, he finds at
+the first cataract of the Nile an imposing object of modern interest.
+This is the dam at Assouan, one of the greatest feats of engineering in
+the world. The dam, which was completed in 1902, is a mile and a quarter
+long. It holds back the waters of the Nile, and supplies the reservoir,
+from which the waters are led into irrigation canals. The benefits of
+this great dam are felt from its location at the first cataract all
+through the farms and fields that skirt the Nile clear to the delta, six
+hundred miles below. It has made acres fertile that had been barren.
+It also, of course, has relieved the burden of the poor workmen at the
+shadoofs who dipped water for irrigation. Moreover, the dam has improved
+the conditions of transportation on the Nile; for it has disposed of
+the first cataract, where boats formerly had to be pulled through the
+rapids by men. Now the vessels go into a canal, and are conveniently and
+promptly lifted up through four locks to the level of the upper Nile.
+
+The visitor should not leave Egypt till he has seen Philæ, with its
+beautiful temples, ruined walls, and colonnades. It is a sight for
+artists to draw and for us to dream of,--Philæ apparently afloat; for now
+the Nile water has penetrated the halls of its temples and surrounded its
+beautiful columns.
+
+On returning from the upper Nile a visitor should go to the new National
+Museum at Cairo. He may have visited this interesting place before he
+took the Nile trip; but he will know more on his return. The valuable
+collection of Egyptian antiquities there in the museum will mean more
+to him. Months could be spent with profit in this building. It contains
+one of the richest and most interesting collections of historic remains
+in the world--the result of years of exploration, excavation, and the
+intelligent study of eminent scholars. There before you are the relics of
+ancient Egypt. There are the statues, mummies, and other antiquities that
+the government has collected. In them you may read the history of ancient
+Egypt and learn to appreciate the life, literature, and art of Pharaoh's
+time.
+
+[Illustration: THE ISLAND OF PHILÆ
+
+This picture shows the beauty of Philæ before the waters of the Nile rose
+about it. Since the building of the great dam at Assouan the temples of
+Philæ are half under water.]
+
+  ====================================================================
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING.--"Modern Egypt and Thebes," Sir Gardiner
+Wilkinson; "A Thousand Miles Up the Nile," A. B. Edwards; "Egypt," S.
+Lane-Poole; "A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian
+Conquest," J. H. Breasted; "A Short History of Ancient Egypt," P. E.
+Newberry and J. Garstang; "The Empire of the Ptolemies," J. P. Mahaffy;
+"Egypt in the Nineteenth Century," D. A. Cameron; "Modern Egypt," Lord
+Cromer.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+                               THE MENTOR
+
+                         ISSUED SEMI-MONTHLY BY
+
+                      The Mentor Association, Inc.
+
+                    381 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y.
+
+  Volume I                                                   Number 42
+  ====================================================================
+  ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS. SINGLE COPIES TWENTY CENTS.
+  FOREIGN POSTAGE, SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS EXTRA. CANADIAN POSTAGE, FIFTY
+  CENTS EXTRA. ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. AS
+  SECOND-CLASS MATTER, COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION,
+  INC. PRESIDENT, THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK;
+  SECRETARY, W. D. MOFFAT; TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASST. TREASURER
+  AND ASST. SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE.
+  ====================================================================
+
+
+                               _Editorial_
+
+It was no easy matter for Mr. Elmendorf to present the subject of Egypt
+in an article of only 2,500 words. He has confined himself in his
+characteristic interesting manner to the impressions of a traveler. Of
+the great store of archæological treasures in Egypt, the monuments,
+statues, tablets, tombs, inscriptions--in fact all that is comprehended
+under the name Egyptology--Mr. Elmendorf could say nothing. These are
+subjects for the historical student rather than for the traveler. And
+they will be taken up in turn in The Mentor of some later date when we
+will approach the subject of Egypt from the standpoint of the historical
+student. There is, however, one question that readers of Mr. Elmendorf's
+article are apt to ask--in fact ordinary curiosity would prompt the
+inquiry. The monuments of Egypt are covered with historic records in the
+form of inscriptions. These records are hieroglyphic. They are what some
+people call "picture writings." The natural question is "How were these
+hieroglyphics deciphered." The answer is interesting, and it seems to us
+that both question and answer belong in the number of The Mentor with Mr.
+Elmendorf's article.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+The River Nile separates at its delta into two branches. The eastern
+stream enters the Mediterranean at Damietta. The western stream enters
+the great sea at Rosetta. It was near this latter town that an officer
+in Napoleon's army discovered, in August, 1799, the key to Egyptian
+hieroglyphics. It is called the Rosetta Stone, and it is now in the
+British Museum.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+For years the hieroglyphic was an unknown language, and the history of
+Egypt, except such as is contained in the Bible, was a blind book. The
+Rosetta Stone was found to contain an inscription in three different
+languages--the Hieroglyphic, the Demotic, which was the common language
+of the Egyptians, and the Greek. When these inscriptions were examined,
+it was discovered that they were each a translation of the other. There,
+then, was the clue which opened up the whole field of Egyptian history.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Young, in 1814, began the work of deciphering hieroglyphics by
+this clue. He worked on various inscriptions, especially the pictorial
+writings on the walls of Karnak. The value of this discovery may be
+appreciated when we consider that its discovery has enabled scholars
+to translate hieroglyphics almost as easily as they would any of the
+classic writings. The actual inscription on the Rosetta Stone is not so
+important in itself. It is a decree issued in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes
+by the priests of Egypt assembled in a synod of Memphis on account of
+the remission of arrears on taxes and dues. It was put up in 195 B. C.
+Since the discovery of the Rosetta Stone other tablets containing
+more important inscriptions have been found, but the unique value of the
+Rosetta Stone lies in the fact that it contains a corresponding Greek
+inscription, thereby affording a clue to the meaning of the hieroglyphics.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+The stone is black basalt, three feet seven inches in length, two feet
+six inches in width, and ten inches thick. After it was found by the
+French it was transferred to the British, and in 1802, it was brought to
+England, where it was mounted and placed in the British Museum.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rosetta Stone is a corner stone of Egyptology. And the revelations of
+early Egyptian history and life, brought to light by means of it, have
+cleared some of the mystery of Egypt and have made known much of its
+history.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF CAIRO, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                                 _Cairo_
+
+  -------------------------------  ONE -------------------------------
+
+
+Cairo is the capital of modern Egypt, and the most populous city in
+Africa. By the Arabs it is called Maçr-el-Qâhira or simply Maçr. It is
+situated on the Nile, extending along the east bank of that river for
+about five miles. Cairo itself is really the fourth Moslem capital of
+Egypt. The site of one of those which preceded it is partly included
+within its walls, while the other two were a little to the south. Jauhar
+or Gohar-el-Kaid, the conqueror of Egypt for the Fatimite calif El-Moizz,
+in 968 founded El-Qâhira, "The Victorious." This name was finally
+corrupted into Cairo.
+
+The city was founded on the spot occupied by the camp of the conqueror.
+It grew larger and more important as the years went by. In 1175 the
+Crusaders attacked Cairo; but were repulsed. The town prospered; but in
+1517 it was conquered by the Turks. Thereafter it declined. The French
+captured the city in 1798. The Turkish and English forces drove them out
+in 1801, and Cairo was then handed over to Turkey.
+
+A few years later Mehemet Ali became the Turkish viceroy. This man was
+a bold and unscrupulous schemer. He was born in Macedonia, and became
+colonel of the troops of the Turkish sultan and was stationed in Egypt.
+In 1805 he was appointed governor. Two years later England tried to get
+possession of the country; but he foiled the British.
+
+The Mamelukes, the former rulers of Egypt, had been conquered by Napoleon
+and were forced to acknowledge Mehemet Ali as master of Egypt. But they
+were still powerful, and their plots hindered the plans of the ambitious
+viceroy. So one day in 1811 Mehemet gave a great feast in the citadel in
+Cairo, to which the Mamelukes were all invited. Four hundred and fifty
+of them accepted and rode, a magnificent cavalcade, up to the citadel
+through a deep, steep passageway leading from the lower town.
+
+The lower gates of the street were suddenly closed. Behind the walls
+were the armed men of Mehemet Ali. Point-blank they fired into the crowd
+of horsemen. The slaughter was kept up until all were dead. Tradition
+says that one man escaped by leaping his horse over a wall. Thus Mehemet
+became ruler indeed of Egypt.
+
+Under his rule Cairo grew up. He is supposed to have watched over the
+welfare of his people; but, according to one historian, "they could not
+suffer more and live."
+
+Ismail Pasha, the first of the khedives (keh-deeves') modernized
+Cairo. Coming from Paris filled with progressive but reckless ideas of
+civilization, he resolved to transform the ancient city by the Nile into
+an African metropolis. The festivities he organized on the occasion
+of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 are said to have cost twenty
+million dollars. He built the opera house of Cairo, and had Verdi, the
+famous composer, write the opera "Aïda" especially to be produced there
+in 1871. His extravagances plunged Egypt into debt, but in 1882 Cairo was
+occupied by the British, and under their rule Egypt came gradually from
+under this heavy burden of indebtedness.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMIDS, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                          _The Pyramids_
+
+  -------------------------------  TWO  ------------------------------
+
+
+"All things fear Time; but Time fears the Pyramids," says the ancient
+proverb. The pyramids are for eternity. They alone of all man's works
+seem able to conquer time. They are mute witnesses to the greatness and
+majesty of Egypt five thousand years ago. The Egyptian pyramids are
+royal tombs, the burial vaults of kings. A pyramid was constructed of
+horizontal layers of rough-hewn blocks with a small amount of mortar. The
+outside casing was of massive blocks, usually greater in thickness than
+in height. Inside of each pyramid, always low down, and usually below the
+ground level, was built a sepulchral chamber. This room, which contained
+the body of the king, was always reached by a passage from the north,
+sometimes beginning in the pyramid face, sometimes descending into the
+rock on which the pyramid was built. To build but a single one of these
+huge tombs must have taken thousands of slaves many years, and there
+are seventy-six of them in existence today. What a record of toil and
+suffering for the vanity of kings!
+
+The oldest of these pyramids is the Step Pyramid of Sakkara. It is
+supposed to be the oldest building of stone in the world. It lies near
+the vanished city of Memphis, the capital city of King Menes, the first
+Egyptian monarch whose name is known to history, and the founder of the
+earliest known dynasty, variously estimated to have been from 5702 to
+2691 B. C.
+
+The greatest and most famous pyramid is the Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)
+at Gizeh. It was originally four hundred and eighty feet high; its base
+covers an area of thirteen acres; and each side is seven hundred and
+fifty-five feet long. The ancient builders were so accurate in their
+work that modern engineers have discovered an error of only sixty-five
+one-hundredths of an inch in the length of the sides of the base, and
+of one-three-hundredth of a degree in angle at the corners. The base is
+practically a perfect square.
+
+The Pyramid of Khufu is the only surviving wonder of the Seven Wonders
+of the ancient world. One hundred thousand men worked for twenty years
+to build this tomb, which contains two million three hundred thousand
+limestone blocks, of an average weight of two and a half tons. How the
+tremendous undertaking was ever accomplished is one of the mysteries of
+the world. But even this huge tomb was no protection against robbers. The
+body of King Khufu has disappeared, stolen from its famous resting place
+centuries ago.
+
+To ascend the pyramid one has to climb steps, narrow and about three feet
+apart. For a small fee the Arabs help the tourist to the top, from where
+the view is well worth the trouble. The blocks that formed the point
+of the pyramid have been removed, and the summit is a level platform
+thirty-six feet square.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE SPHINX, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                            _The Sphinx_
+
+  ------------------------------- THREE ------------------------------
+
+
+Battered and broken by the attacks of time and man, buffeted by the
+desert winds, flat faced, and almost featureless, the Sphinx is still the
+possessor of its mighty secret--the mystery of the ages. "It is still
+able to express by the smile of those closed lips the inanity of our most
+profound human conjectures."
+
+Everyone knows about the Sphinx at Gizeh near the Great Pyramids. This is
+proved by the common use of the word "sphinxlike," applied to that which
+holds, but will not disclose, mystery. But not everyone knows the reason
+for the form of the Sphinx, half human and half beast.
+
+Sphinx is the Greek name for a compound creature with a lion's body and
+a human head. The Greek sphinx had male wings and a female bust. The
+sphinx of Egypt was wingless, and was called "Androsphinx" by Herodotus.
+In Egypt the sphinx was usually designed as lying down. The heads of the
+Egyptian sphinxes are royal portraits, apparently intended to represent
+the power of the reigning Pharaoh.
+
+The most famous sphinx is the great Sphinx of Gizeh. No one knows who
+formed this gigantic figure of mystery nor when it was made. It was cut
+from a ridge of natural rock, with patches of masonry here and there to
+carry out the effect. The body is one hundred and forty feet long, and it
+faces eastward, looking out over the valley of the Nile. It has been said
+that the Sphinx was probably intended to be the guardian of the entrance
+to the Nile Valley.
+
+The name of the Sphinx in Egyptian was "Hu." The inscriptions in the
+shrine between its paws say that it represented the sun god Hormakhu.
+
+In the long past days of Egypt's grandeur the Sphinx was a central
+feature of the grandest cemetery the world has ever seen. This was the
+cemetery of Memphis, the metropolis of Egypt. The city of Memphis was
+the chief city of King Menes, who founded the earliest known dynasty.
+Now the only things that mark the site of the vanished metropolis are
+two colossal but fallen statues of Egypt's vainest king, Rameses II, the
+Great.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: TEMPLE OF LUXOR, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                   _The Temple of Luxor_
+
+  ------------------------------- FOUR  ------------------------------
+
+The ancient Egyptians had a great many gods; but the greatest of all was
+the Sun God. His name was Amun, and this meant "the hidden or veiled
+one." All worship of this god was mysterious and shrouded in darkness.
+In that way the priests held their power over the people. It was at old
+Thebes that the greatest temples of the Sun God were built. For about
+two thousand years Thebes was the capital of the powerful Egyptian
+Pharaohs. It was called Weset and Nut, which means "The City." The Greeks
+gave it the name of Thebai. Now this once great and important city has
+disappeared except for its ruins.
+
+The little village of Luxor occupies the southern part of ancient Thebes.
+It is on the east bank of the Nile, four hundred and fifty miles from
+Cairo. Its name, Luxor, is a corruption of the Arabic El-Kusur, meaning
+"The Castles," and referring to the many-columned courts of the abandoned
+temples.
+
+The great king of Egypt, Amenophis III, built the temple of Amun about
+which Luxor has grown up. He did not finish it, and Rameses II added to
+it a huge columned court. But this temple was never altogether completed.
+Still, it measures almost 900 feet from front to rear.
+
+Rameses II also erected outside some colossal statues and a pair of
+obelisks. One of these obelisks now stands in the Place de la Concorde in
+Paris. It was taken there in 1831.
+
+The chief religious festival of Thebes was that of "Southern Opi," the
+ancient name of Luxor. The sacred ships of the gods, which were kept in
+the temple of Karnak, were then taken in procession to Luxor and back.
+
+Most of the old village of Luxor lay inside the courts of the temple. The
+Christians built churches within the temple. Luxor was also called Abul
+Haggag, from a Moslem saint of the seventh century. His tomb stands on a
+high heap of debris in the court of Rameses.
+
+Today Luxor is a tourist center, and several fine hotels have been
+erected to accommodate the many visitors to the famous ruins. Nearly all
+the debris has been cleared away by the _Service des Antiquités_, which
+took up this work in 1885. Most of the natives thereabout are engaged
+in the manufacture of forged antiques, which they sell to the unwary
+traveler.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: KARNAK--VIEW FROM SACRED LAKE, EGYPT]
+
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                                _Karnak_
+
+  ------------------------------- FIVE  ------------------------------
+
+
+A little village with a big ruin,--that is Karnak. Karnak itself is a
+town of only twelve thousand people in upper Egypt, which has given
+its name to the northern half of the ruins of ancient Thebes. The most
+important of these ruins are the ruins of the temple of Amun. These are
+to other ruins what the Grand Canyon of the Colorado is to other gorges.
+
+Many of Egypt's kings contributed to build the temple of Amun at Karnak.
+
+Karnak represents colossal antiquity. Here are to be found the highest
+columns on earth. They are one hundred and thirty-four in number; but
+many have crumbled and fallen to earth. The large columns were nearly
+twelve feet thick and sixty-two feet high. On top of each a hundred
+men could have stood. Each column was made up of many half-drums put
+together, and on them are raised reliefs, once painted with bright
+colors, picturing the events in the reigns of the various kings of Egypt.
+But now their glory has departed. The walls of the temple have fallen,
+and all that we can see is a mass of ruins, resembling the litter of an
+avalanche.
+
+Tribute from all the world once poured into the coffers of the priests of
+Amun. The Egyptian kings gave them a great share of the spoils of their
+conquering raids, and Rameses III gave ninety thousand of his prisoners
+of war to them for slaves. Finally these priests became so rich and
+powerful that the high priest of Amun took the throne and became ruler of
+the Egyptians.
+
+In 1899 a great calamity came upon the ruins of the temple. Eleven of the
+standing columns fell. These were all restored by 1908, and the work of
+excavation, strengthening, and reconstruction is still going on.
+
+Beside the temple of Amun at Karnak there are two other ruins of
+importance. A temple of the god Mut, built by Amenophis III, and restored
+by Rameses II and the Ptolemys, has almost disappeared, except for a well
+preserved gateway and the plan of the foundations. The other ruin, the
+temple of Khuns, was built by Rameses II and his successors.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT DAM, ASSOUAN, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                    _The Dam at Assouan_
+
+  -------------------------------  SIX  ------------------------------
+
+
+There are many ancient and awe-inspiring monuments in Egypt; but one work
+of modern times there does not suffer in comparison with the greatest
+things that the Pharaohs have left us. The tombs, the pyramids, and the
+obelisks were built at the cost of terrible suffering, merely to satisfy
+the vanity of selfish kings; but this great work has given life to the
+land, enriched the population, and made their labor far lighter. It is
+the dam at Assouan.
+
+Assouan, or Aswan, is a town of upper Egypt on the east bank of the River
+Nile below the first cataract. It has of late grown very popular as a
+winter health resort, and many large modern hotels are now situated there.
+
+At the beginning of the cataract, three and a half miles above the town,
+is the dam of Assouan. This is a mile and a quarter long from shore to
+shore. It was finished in December, 1902. This dam controls the water of
+the Nile, and makes possible the irrigation of vast areas of land that
+had hitherto been dead and unproductive. Water is very valuable in Egypt.
+
+Before the dam was built a boat had to be hauled up the rapids of the
+first cataract by hundreds of natives. It was an all-day task. Now a
+canal with four locks quietly and quickly takes vessels to the upper
+level of the Nile.
+
+The dam has transformed the river above it into a huge lake. Many former
+islands have been wholly or partly submerged. The Isle of Philæ is the
+most important of these. The goddess Isis was worshiped there, and there
+were temples erected to her. One rocky point of the island is still above
+water. The rest of Philæ is an Egyptian Venice. Water paves the courts of
+the temples and gives added beauty to the relics of the past.
+
+Opposite Philæ, on the east bank of the Nile, is the village of Shellal.
+This town is the southern terminus of the Egyptian railway, and the
+starting point of steamers for the Sudan.
+
+Near Assouan are the quarries from which the old Egyptians took granite
+for their obelisks. There is still one obelisk all carved and shaped,
+ready to be taken from the rock. When an obelisk was shaped, holes were
+bored in the rock all along the line of separation. Wedges of wood were
+driven into these holes and soaked with water. The wet wood expanded, and
+the great obelisk was broken from the mother rock. It was then ready to
+be shipped to its destination.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Egypt, The Land of
+Mystery, Serial No. 42, by Dwight L. Elmendorf
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 50384 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 50384 ***</div>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 336px;"><a name="cover"></a>
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="336" height="474" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="caption4 pmt4">NOTE: Click on the images below to view a larger version of it.</div>
+
+<p class="pmt4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 711px;">
+<a href="images/illus01.jpg"><img src="images/page_1.png" width="711" height="238" alt="The Pyramids" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="title">EGYPT,  THE  LAND  OF  MYSTERY</p>
+
+<p class="chapter">By DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE MENTOR  ·  SERIAL NUMBER 42<br />
+DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL</p>
+
+<p class="center pmt2 pmb2">&#9670;</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb1">MENTOR GRAVURES</p>
+
+<table summary="listing">
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_I">CAIRO</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_III">THE SPHINX</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_V">KARNAK</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_II">THE PYRAMIDS</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_IV">LUXOR</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_VI">THE DAM AT ASSOUAN</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<div class="dropcap">I</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">I</span>t is no wonder that the Egyptians through all their history have
+worshiped the Nile; for that marvelous river is the spine, the marrow,
+and the life of Egypt. Indeed, it is Egypt; for living Egypt
+is only a narrow strip twelve or fifteen miles wide,&mdash;simply the banks of
+the Nile. Herodotus called Egypt "the gift of the Nile." The river
+nourishes and controls the land. All along that waterway are
+to be found wonders and mysteries of the past. The mind balks in
+contemplation of the monuments of Egypt. They whisper messages from
+so far distant a time that we stagger in trying to grasp their meaning.</p>
+
+<p>A visit through Egypt usually begins with Cairo. And it is just as
+well that it is so; for in Cairo there is much that is modern and much
+that is familiar to the English traveler. It is, therefore, a good way for
+the visitor to break into ancient Egypt. In Cairo modern people mingle
+with the sons of ancient Egyptians. The English soldier is to be seen
+almost everywhere, and in front of Shepheard's Hotel you may at times
+almost forget that you are in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>That is because you are bound down in Cairo, mingling with your
+own fellow visitors and too close to hotel life. Get up early in the morning,
+and go to the top of the hill known as the Citadel, and there you
+will get an impression of an Egyptian city. Look at one of the greatest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">« 2 »</a></span>
+buildings, the Mosque of Mehemet
+Ali. It is called the Alabaster Mosque.
+There is a great deal in modern
+Egypt that is imitation. That is the
+reason that this building of pure
+alabaster is to be valued. Its interior is rich and beautiful in design.</p>
+
+<table summary="Cairo1">
+<tr>
+  <td><div class="fig_left" style="width: 387px;">
+    <a href="images/illus02a.jpg"><img src="images/page_2a.png" width="387" height="308" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">TOMBS OF MAMELUKES, CAIRO</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_right" style="width: 331px;">
+    <a href="images/illus02b.jpg"><img src="images/page_2b.png" width="331" height="411" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">MUSKI CORNER AND MINARET, CAIRO</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="clearboth chapter">CAIRO AND ITS SURROUNDINGS</p>
+
+<p>Stand on the parapet of the Citadel, and look over Cairo, and see the
+sun rise. Far in the distance is a sandstorm. Many people in the United
+States think that the weather in Egypt is as clear as crystal always. That
+is a great mistake. The days there are rarely as clear as American clear
+days. In January, February, and March you are likely to have sandstorms,
+or the sirocco, or wind from the desert, which almost obliterate the sun.</p>
+
+<p>Down by the edge of the desert is the Dead City. The tombs there
+and their interiors are wonderful. The beautiful buildings have been
+allowed to decay. It is an oriental peculiarity not to repair anything.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the Citadel are the tombs of the Mamelukes. I
+advise anyone going to Cairo to visit these tombs; for they contain very
+curious sarcophagi, and the tomb mosques are interesting, each of them
+being surmounted by a picturesque dome.</p>
+
+<p>Our modern expositions and fair grounds would not be complete
+without "the streets of Cairo." As we know, a bit of street life is shown,
+more or less accurately&mdash;chiefly less. A fairly correct impression of
+Egyptian street life is, however, created by such artificial reproductions.
+One of our pictures will no doubt recall these exposition impressions.
+The genuine old streets of Cairo are fascinating. Some are so narrow
+that the traveler must go on foot, or on a donkey. The shops are almost
+within arm's reach on both sides, and many of them are temptingly attractive.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">« 3 »</a></span>
+There on one side they make famous leather goods; on another
+they sell glassware. Be careful not to buy unless you know how to bargain.</p>
+
+
+<p class="chapter">THE STREETS OF CAIRO</p>
+
+<p>You must go to these little streets to find the bazaars if you want
+to buy anything; for the great street of the Arab quarter, the famous
+Muski, is not any longer a thorough Cairo street. Big shops and department
+stores have crept into it.</p>
+
+<p>Stand for a moment on the corner of this great street and see a little
+bit of the Arab life of old Cairo. It is a busy city. There goes a carryall
+(a camel), an entire family on its back, except the husband, who walks
+by the side. This man coming down with a strange sack on his back is
+a walking fountain. The sack is filled with something sweet and sticky
+which he calls "sweet water." It is not pleasant. The genuine water
+carrier of the old school goes to the river, fills his jar, and then goes through
+the streets shaking his cup in his hand with a chink. It is plain water
+that he peddles. I should not advise one to drink either of these beverages.
+Then there are the bread venders of Cairo, who walk the streets
+carrying bread on their heads and crying out their wares.</p>
+
+<table summary="Cairo2">
+<tr>
+  <td><div class="fig_left" style="width: 334px;">
+    <a href="images/illus03a.jpg"><img src="images/page_3a.png" width="334" height="431" alt="" /></a>
+    <div><span class="caption3">BAZAAR STREET, CAIRO</span><br />
+    <span class="caption4">Where the most interesting shops are found.</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_right" style="width: 384px;">
+    <a href="images/illus03b.jpg"><img src="images/page_3b.png" width="384" height="360" alt="" /></a>
+    <div><span class="caption3">THE CITADEL, CAIRO</span><br />
+    <span class="caption4">Built, 1176-1207, of stones taken from the Pyramids.</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="clearboth">Cairo is full of interesting mosques. The oldest and most celebrated
+is the Mosque of Omri. It is one of the earliest of Mohammedan temples
+in Egypt. They have a service there but once a year, when the khedive
+himself comes. The interior seems a
+veritable forest of pillars. One of
+these is a most remarkable pillar. I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">« 4 »</a></span>
+will tell the story of it as
+my boy Mohammed Mousa
+told it to me: "This pillar
+very important one&mdash;very
+holy. This pillar sent by
+Mahomet here; for when
+Omri come to build this
+mosque Mahomet so pleased
+he sent pillar from Mecca.
+The pillar come here. He find
+no other pillar from Mecca
+here; so he get lonely and fly
+back. Mahomet very angry,
+and send pillar back. Second
+time he fly back. Mahomet then get very angry, draw his sword,
+and strike pillar, and tell Omri to put pillar in prison. So he put it
+in prison, and it stand there." That is the story that they all believe.</p>
+
+<table summary="Pyramids">
+<tr>
+  <td><div class="fig_left" style="width: 419px;">
+    <a href="images/illus04a.jpg"><img src="images/page_4a.png" width="419" height="288" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">THE OLDEST PYRAMID, SAKKARA</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_right" style="width: 447px;">
+    <a href="images/illus04b.jpg"><img src="images/page_4b.png" width="447" height="311" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">DISTANT VIEW OF PYRAMIDS, WITH THE NILE</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="chapter">THE PYRAMIDS</p>
+
+<p class="clearboth">The road leading down to the old Nile gate is a very beautiful one.
+Crossing the bridge there, we see the picturesque Nile boats, like the
+lateen boats of the Mediterranean. The avenue leads out to the pyramids,
+and there in the far distance you can see them,&mdash;those golden
+cones about which is wrapped so much of Egypt's history and mystery.
+The first sight of the pyramids naturally means much to any intelligent
+traveler. It makes no difference how much you have read, how much
+you have heard of them, you cannot be disappointed. It is said that the
+pyramids will last as long as the world, and they certainly look it. They
+represent to us the life of
+the world stretching back
+into the dim past; and,
+in their imposing solidity,
+they seem to give assurance
+of lasting to eternity.
+There are four of the pyramids
+in this group; though
+the mind naturally dwells
+on the largest,&mdash;the Pyramid
+of Khufu or Cheops.
+And to think that these are
+the works of man, and that
+they are tombs of the kings
+who lived and reigned somewhere
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">« 5 »</a></span>
+about fifty centuries ago! The Great Pyramid of Cheops is 480
+feet high and covers an area of thirteen acres, each side being 755 feet.
+The dimensions of this astounding work are almost mathematically
+exact. It is built of over two million blocks of limestone, and they are
+fitted together with the nicety of mosaics. How could these wonderful
+structures have been erected?&mdash;that has been the question of modern
+engineers. It has been suggested that an inclined plane of earth was constructed,
+and that the blocks were dragged by men to the top, the inclined
+plane being added to and raised for each layer. Then, when the pyramid
+was complete, the
+inclined plane of earth
+might have been taken
+away. This, however,
+is only a theory. Nothing
+is known of the
+methods employed.
+Originally the sides of
+the pyramid were
+smooth, and a little of
+this outer facing is still
+in place. These prism-shaped
+blocks were
+taken away from time
+to time for building
+purposes in Cairo.</p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 489px;">
+<a href="images/illus05.jpg"><img src="images/page_5.png" width="489" height="341" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">GIZEH</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">Great Pyramid, Sphinx, and Temple of Armachis.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>People climb the
+pyramid, and also go
+inside. In the very heart of the Great Pyramid is a tomb chamber,
+where we see the empty coffin of Cheops or Khufu. The tomb
+was rifled long ago, and no one knows where the king's ashes are.</p>
+
+<p>Ascent to the summit of the Great Pyramid means arduous climbing;
+but it is worth while simply for the view it affords of the desert. Most of
+us imagine the desert as a level of white sand. I thought so until I saw
+it from the summit of this pyramid. The desert stretches off in long
+waves, and does not seem like a plain, but rather like the rolling ocean.</p>
+
+
+<p class="chapter">THE SPHINX</p>
+
+<p>Not far from Cheops we see above the waves of sand a rough-hewn
+head that stirs us mightily. No one can forget the first impression of
+the Sphinx. It stands for something unique in history and in knowledge.
+No one with a spark of reverence in his nature can stand before that great
+stone face without a feeling of awe. There will be little that he can say&mdash;the
+most reverent ones say nothing. There before you is that half-buried,
+crouching figure of stone about which you have read and heard so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">« 6 »</a></span>
+much. The paws are covered by sand. It is only by industrious shoveling
+and digging that the desert is prevented from rising on the wings of
+the wind and completely burying the great figure.</p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 725px;">
+<a href="images/illus06a.jpg"><img src="images/page_6a.png" width="725" height="413" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">THE SPHINX</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">From a drawing showing the front uncovered by sand.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Sphinx is the symbol of inscrutable wisdom, and its lips are supposed
+to be closed in mysterious silence,&mdash;knowing profoundly, but telling
+nothing. These are, however, mere impressions. Facts are the important
+things. No one knows how old the Sphinx is. It is supposed to
+have been made during the middle empire; but later investigations seem
+to prove that the Sphinx existed in the time of Cheops, which would
+mean that it is even older than the Great Pyramid. The Sphinx was made
+out of living rock, and the dimensions
+are as follows: Body, 150 feet long;
+paws, 50 feet long; head, 30 feet long;
+face, 14 feet wide; and the distance
+from top of head to base, 70 feet.</p>
+
+<p>It must have been an imposing
+monument when constructed; for then
+it stood in position to guard the valley
+of the Nile, and about it was Memphis,
+the great city of Egypt&mdash;Memphis now
+past and gone. Memphis was once
+the capital city of the Pharaohs,
+and is said to have been founded by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">« 7 »</a></span>
+Menes. In its day of glory it was a prosperous and well fortified
+city. About 1600 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span> it was supplanted as capital by Thebes, and
+the glory of Pharaoh's court was transferred to the southern city.</p>
+
+<table summary="rameses">
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">
+    <div class="fig_left" style="width: 401px;">
+    <a href="images/illus07a.jpg"><img src="images/page_7a.png" width="401" height="508" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">THE COLOSSI OF MEMNON</div>
+    <div class="caption4j">These two gigantic statues stand near the approach of the
+    Temple of Amenophis. One of them is known as the
+    Vocal Memnon. Inscriptions on the vocal statue record
+    the visits of those who were with Hadrian, and of others,
+    and relate that they heard the voice of Memnon. The
+    Colossi are of hard gritstone, monolithic, and forty-seven
+    feet in height, with pedestals twelve feet high. They represent
+    Amenophis III, seated on his throne, and are sixty
+    feet apart.</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_left" style="width: 321px;">
+    <a href="images/illus06b.jpg"><img src="images/page_6b.png" width="321" height="261" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">FALLEN STATUE OF RAMESES, MEMPHIS</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_right" style="width: 318px;">
+    <a href="images/illus07b.jpg"><img src="images/page_7b.png" width="318" height="262" alt="" /></a>
+    <div><span class="caption3">MEMPHIS</span><br />
+    <span class="caption4">Front of the second court of the Ramesseum.</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="chapter">THEBES</p>
+
+<p>The most flourishing period in the history of Thebes was between
+1600 and 1100 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span> Thebes in turn fell into decay, and is now only a
+small place visited in the course of
+a trip to Luxor and Karnak. The situation
+of Thebes is interesting. It lies
+in the widest section of the Nile Valley,
+with a broad plain on the west stretching
+off to the Libyan Mountains. On
+this plain are the famous statues known
+as the Colossi of Memnon.
+Across the Nile, on the east
+bank, stand the ruins of Luxor
+and Karnak, and beyond them
+to the east are the Arabian hills.</p>
+
+<p>Notable monuments on the
+west side are the temples of Seti
+I, Rameses II and III, which
+bear the names of El Kurna,
+the Ramesseum, and Medinet-Abu.
+Lying by the side of the
+Ramesseum is the fallen Colossus
+of Rameses II, the largest
+statue in Egypt. It is made
+of pink granite, and is about
+sixty feet in height&mdash;or length,
+we should now say, since the
+statue is prostrate.</p>
+
+
+<p class="chapter">LUXOR</p>
+
+<p>Not far from Thebes is the
+village of Luxor: not much in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">« 8 »</a></span>
+itself, but just a place to stay while visiting the temples. It is pleasing to
+note that they have done a good work there in raising the embankment in
+the hope of keeping the Nile water out of the temples. The bank is steep;
+for the Nile rises high every year. In olden times these temples were
+evidently protected from the water by some means; but now it rises
+half up over them. The Temple of Luxor is one of the most beautiful
+and interesting in Egypt; though not so imposing as the Temples of
+Karnak. As you approach you can only see a part of it; for there is a
+fence up there, and if
+you want to go through
+you have to show a
+ticket. A so-called
+"monument ticket"
+can be obtained from
+the government for
+about six dollars a
+year, and this will enable
+a visitor to see
+every monument in
+Egypt. The fund thus
+raised is used to save
+the monuments, and
+every penny of it goes
+to that work.</p>
+
+<p>The beauty of the
+Temple of Luxor is in its
+splendid colonnade. It
+must have been superb when in good condition, with colors fresh and bright.</p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 486px;">
+<a href="images/illus08.jpg"><img src="images/page_8.png" width="486" height="385" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption3">RAMESES STATUES AT LUXOR</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="chapter">KARNAK</p>
+
+<p>The Temple of Karnak, too, is a distinguished mass of columns, the
+most imposing structure of its kind in existence. It was erected by Seti
+I and his son, Rameses II. Amenophis also had a hand in the building
+of it. They were great builders in those days, and all their plans were
+conceived on a vast scale. The ruins of Karnak are magnificent. Some
+idea of the impressive character of their columns may be gathered from
+the following statement: There are 134 great columns forming the central
+aisle, 12 of these 62 feet high and 12 feet thick, the rest of them
+42 feet high and 9 feet thick. You will notice traces of color, and can
+gather from that what the temple must have been in its full glory.
+On a recent trip I found some German artists at Karnak, and suggested
+that if they would get some water and throw it over the columns
+they would obtain the effect of the true coloring. A good color
+chart of these columns has now been secured, showing them as they
+were three thousand years ago. On its outside walls sculptures tell the
+history of the splendid conquests of the kings that erected the structure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">« 9 »</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 515px;">
+<a href="images/illus09.jpg"><img src="images/page_9.png" width="515" height="684" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">MOONLIGHT ON THE NILE</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">Reproduced from a night photograph taken near Luxor.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">« 10 »</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 731px;">
+<a href="images/illus10a.jpg"><img src="images/page_10a.png" width="731" height="220" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption3">LUXOR, FROM OPPOSITE BANK OF THE NILE</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Egypt is a country of impressive temples and monuments, the interest
+of which has not been exhausted by a library of books on the subject. A trip
+through Egypt is not complete without a visit to the Ramesseum and that
+unique monument, the Temple of Denderah. The latter is a building set
+apart in architectural and in historic interest. It is not imposing; but it has
+an appeal that the other temples have not. It was a place of mystery. Its
+inner chamber, the sanctuary of Denderah, was sacred to Pharaoh himself.</p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_right" style="width: 286px;">
+<a href="images/illus10b.jpg"><img src="images/page_10b.png" width="286" height="372" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">EUERGETES GATE, KARNAK</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">A splendid example of the Egyptian
+square arch form.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="chapter">THE GREAT DAM AT ASSOUAN</p>
+
+<p>As one goes up the river visiting these strange monuments, he finds
+at the first cataract of the Nile an imposing object of modern interest.
+This is the dam at Assouan, one of the
+greatest feats of engineering in the world.
+The dam, which was completed in 1902,
+is a mile and a quarter long. It holds
+back the waters of the Nile, and supplies
+the reservoir, from which the waters are
+led into irrigation canals. The benefits
+of this great dam are felt from its location
+at the first cataract all through the farms
+and fields that skirt the Nile clear to the
+delta, six hundred miles below. It has
+made acres fertile that had been barren. It
+also, of course, has relieved the burden of the
+poor workmen at the shadoofs who dipped
+water for irrigation. Moreover, the dam has
+improved the conditions of transportation
+on the Nile; for it has disposed of the first
+cataract, where boats formerly had to be
+pulled through the rapids by men. Now the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">« 11 »</a></span>
+vessels go into a canal, and are conveniently and promptly lifted up
+through four locks to the level of the upper Nile.</p>
+
+<p>The visitor should not leave Egypt till he has seen Philæ, with its
+beautiful temples, ruined walls, and colonnades. It is a sight for artists
+to draw and for us to dream of,&mdash;Philæ apparently afloat; for now the
+Nile water has penetrated the halls of its temples and surrounded its
+beautiful columns.</p>
+
+<p>On returning from the upper Nile a visitor should go to the new
+National Museum at Cairo. He may have visited this interesting place
+before he took the Nile trip; but he will know more on his return. The
+valuable collection of Egyptian antiquities there in the museum will mean
+more to him. Months could be spent with profit in this building.
+It contains one of the richest and most interesting collections of
+historic remains in the world&mdash;the result of years of exploration,
+excavation, and the intelligent study of eminent scholars. There before
+you are the relics of ancient Egypt. There are the statues,
+mummies, and other antiquities that the government has collected.
+In them you may read the history of ancient Egypt and learn to
+appreciate the life, literature, and art of Pharaoh's time.</p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 728px;">
+<a href="images/illus11.jpg"><img src="images/page_11.png" width="728" height="356" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">THE ISLAND OF PHILÆ</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">This picture shows the beauty of Philæ before the waters of the Nile rose about it. Since the building
+of the great dam at Assouan the temples of Philæ are half under water.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center pmt2"><img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="pmb4">SUPPLEMENTARY READING.&mdash;"Modern Egypt and Thebes," Sir Gardiner
+Wilkinson; "A Thousand Miles Up the Nile," A. B. Edwards; "Egypt," S. Lane-Poole;
+"A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest," J. H.
+Breasted; "A Short History of Ancient Egypt," P. E. Newberry and J. Garstang;
+"The Empire of the Ptolemies," J. P. Mahaffy; "Egypt in the Nineteenth Century,"
+D. A. Cameron; "Modern Egypt," Lord Cromer.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">« 12 »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="caption1">THE MENTOR</p>
+
+<p class="center">ISSUED SEMI-MONTHLY BY</p>
+
+<p class="caption3">The Mentor Association, Inc.</p>
+
+<p class="center">381 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y.</p>
+
+<div class="center pmb2"><img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></div>
+
+<div class="fl_left">Volume I</div>
+<div class="fl_right">Number 42</div>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS. SINGLE
+COPIES TWENTY CENTS. FOREIGN POSTAGE, SEVENTY-FIVE
+CENTS EXTRA. CANADIAN POSTAGE, FIFTY
+CENTS EXTRA. ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT
+NEW YORK, N. Y. AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER, COPYRIGHT,
+1913, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+PRESIDENT, THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT,
+WALTER P. TEN EYCK; SECRETARY, W. D. MOFFAT;
+TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASST. TREASURER AND
+ASST. SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE.</div>
+
+<div class="center pmb2"><img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></div>
+
+
+<p class="caption2"><i>Editorial</i></p>
+
+<p>It was no easy matter for Mr. Elmendorf
+to present the subject of Egypt in an
+article of only 2,500 words. He has confined
+himself in his characteristic interesting
+manner to the impressions of a
+traveler. Of the great store of archæological
+treasures in Egypt, the monuments,
+statues, tablets, tombs, inscriptions&mdash;in
+fact all that is comprehended under the
+name Egyptology&mdash;Mr. Elmendorf could
+say nothing. These are subjects for the
+historical student rather than for the traveler.
+And they will be taken up in turn
+in The Mentor of some later date when
+we will approach the subject of Egypt
+from the standpoint of the historical student.
+There is, however, one question
+that readers of Mr. Elmendorf's article
+are apt to ask&mdash;in fact ordinary curiosity
+would prompt the inquiry. The monuments
+of Egypt are covered with historic
+records in the form of inscriptions. These
+records are hieroglyphic. They are what
+some people call "picture writings." The
+natural question is "How were these
+hieroglyphics deciphered." The answer
+is interesting, and it seems to us that
+both question and answer belong in the
+number of The Mentor with Mr. Elmendorf's
+article.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p>The River Nile separates at its delta
+into two branches. The eastern stream enters
+the Mediterranean at Damietta. The
+western stream enters the great sea at
+Rosetta. It was near this latter town
+that an officer in Napoleon's army discovered,
+in August, 1799, the key to Egyptian
+hieroglyphics. It is called the Rosetta
+Stone, and it is now in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p>For years the hieroglyphic was an unknown
+language, and the history of Egypt,
+except such as is contained in the Bible,
+was a blind book. The Rosetta Stone was
+found to contain an inscription in three
+different languages&mdash;the Hieroglyphic, the
+Demotic, which was the common language
+of the Egyptians, and the Greek. When
+these inscriptions were examined, it was
+discovered that they were each a translation
+of the other. There, then, was the
+clue which opened up the whole field of
+Egyptian history.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p>Dr. Young, in 1814, began the work of
+deciphering hieroglyphics by this clue. He
+worked on various inscriptions, especially
+the pictorial writings on the walls of Karnak.
+The value of this discovery may be
+appreciated when we consider that its discovery
+has enabled scholars to translate
+hieroglyphics almost as easily as they
+would any of the classic writings. The
+actual inscription on the Rosetta Stone is
+not so important in itself. It is a decree
+issued in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes by
+the priests of Egypt assembled in a synod
+of Memphis on account of the remission
+of arrears on taxes and dues. It was put
+up in 195 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span> Since the discovery of the
+Rosetta Stone other tablets containing
+more important inscriptions have been
+found, but the unique value of the Rosetta
+Stone lies in the fact that it contains a
+corresponding Greek inscription, thereby
+affording a clue to the meaning of the
+hieroglyphics.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p>The stone is black basalt, three feet
+seven inches in length, two feet six inches
+in width, and ten inches thick. After it
+was found by the French it was transferred
+to the British, and in 1802, it was
+brought to England, where it was mounted
+and placed in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p class="pmb4">The Rosetta Stone is a corner stone
+of Egyptology. And the revelations of
+early Egyptian history and life, brought
+to light by means of it, have cleared some
+of the mystery of Egypt and have made
+known much of its history.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">« Plate I »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 633px;"><a id="Plate_I" name="Plate_I"></a>
+<a href="images/plate1.jpg"><img src="images/plate_1.png" width="633" height="436" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">VIEW OF CAIRO, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>Cairo</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; ONE &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 91px;">
+<img src="images/text_c.png" width="91" height="91" alt="C" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">C</span>airo is the capital of modern Egypt, and the most
+populous city in Africa. By the Arabs it is called
+Maçr-el-Qâhira or simply Maçr. It is situated on
+the Nile, extending along the east bank of that
+river for about five miles. Cairo itself is really the fourth
+Moslem capital of Egypt. The site of one of those which
+preceded it is partly included within its
+walls, while the other two were a little to
+the south. Jauhar or Gohar-el-Kaid, the
+conqueror of Egypt for the Fatimite calif
+El-Moizz, in 968 founded El-Qâhira, "The
+Victorious." This name was finally corrupted
+into Cairo.</p>
+
+<p>The city was founded on the spot occupied
+by the camp of the conqueror. It
+grew larger and more important as the
+years went by. In 1175 the Crusaders attacked
+Cairo; but were repulsed. The
+town prospered; but in 1517 it was conquered
+by the Turks. Thereafter it declined.
+The French captured the city in
+1798. The Turkish and English forces
+drove them out in 1801, and Cairo was
+then handed over to Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>A few years later Mehemet Ali became
+the Turkish viceroy. This man was a
+bold and unscrupulous schemer. He was
+born in Macedonia, and became colonel of
+the troops of the Turkish sultan and was
+stationed in Egypt. In 1805 he was appointed
+governor. Two years later England
+tried to get possession of the country;
+but he foiled the British.</p>
+
+<p>The Mamelukes, the former rulers of
+Egypt, had been conquered by Napoleon
+and were forced to acknowledge Mehemet
+Ali as master of Egypt. But they were
+still powerful, and their plots hindered the
+plans of the ambitious viceroy. So one
+day in 1811 Mehemet gave a great feast in
+the citadel in Cairo, to which the Mamelukes
+were all invited. Four hundred and
+fifty of them accepted and rode, a magnificent
+cavalcade, up to the citadel through
+a deep, steep passageway leading from the
+lower town.</p>
+
+<p>The lower gates of the street were suddenly
+closed. Behind the walls were the
+armed men of Mehemet Ali. Point-blank
+they fired into the crowd of horsemen.
+The slaughter was kept up until all were
+dead. Tradition says that one man escaped
+by leaping his horse over a wall.
+Thus Mehemet became ruler indeed of
+Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Under his rule Cairo grew up. He is
+supposed to have watched over the welfare
+of his people; but, according to one historian,
+"they could not suffer more and
+live."</p>
+
+<p>Ismail Pasha, the first of the khedives
+(keh-deeves') modernized Cairo. Coming
+from Paris filled with progressive but reckless
+ideas of civilization, he resolved to
+transform the ancient city by the Nile into
+an African metropolis. The festivities he
+organized on the occasion of the opening
+of the Suez Canal in 1869 are said to have
+cost twenty million dollars. He built the
+opera house of Cairo, and had Verdi, the
+famous composer, write the opera "Aïda"
+especially to be produced there in 1871.
+His extravagances plunged Egypt into
+debt, but in 1882 Cairo was occupied by
+the British, and under their rule Egypt
+came gradually from under this heavy burden
+of indebtedness.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">« Plate II »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 629px;"><a id="Plate_II" name="Plate_II"></a>
+<a href="images/plate2.jpg"><img src="images/plate_2.png" width="629" height="431" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">PYRAMIDS, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>The Pyramids</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; TWO &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 92px;">
+<img src="images/text_a.png" width="92" height="92" alt="A" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">"A</span>ll things fear Time; but Time fears the Pyramids,"
+says the ancient proverb. The pyramids are for
+eternity. They alone of all man's works seem able
+to conquer time. They are mute witnesses to the
+greatness and majesty of Egypt five thousand years ago.
+The Egyptian pyramids are royal tombs, the burial vaults of
+kings. A pyramid was constructed of horizontal
+layers of rough-hewn blocks with a
+small amount of mortar. The outside casing
+was of massive blocks, usually greater
+in thickness than in height. Inside of each
+pyramid, always low down, and usually
+below the ground level, was built a sepulchral
+chamber. This room, which contained
+the body of the king, was always
+reached by a passage from the north, sometimes
+beginning in the pyramid face, sometimes
+descending into the rock on which
+the pyramid was built. To build but a
+single one of these huge tombs must have
+taken thousands of slaves many years, and
+there are seventy-six of them in existence
+today. What a record of toil and suffering
+for the vanity of kings!</p>
+
+<p>The oldest of these pyramids is the Step
+Pyramid of Sakkara. It is supposed to
+be the oldest building of stone in the world.
+It lies near the vanished city of Memphis,
+the capital city of King Menes, the first
+Egyptian monarch whose name is known
+to history, and the founder of the earliest
+known dynasty, variously estimated to
+have been from 5702 to 2691 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span></p>
+
+<p>The greatest and most famous pyramid
+is the Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) at
+Gizeh. It was originally four hundred and
+eighty feet high; its base covers an area of
+thirteen acres; and each side is seven hundred
+and fifty-five feet long. The ancient
+builders were so accurate in their work
+that modern engineers have discovered an
+error of only sixty-five one-hundredths of
+an inch in the length of the sides of the
+base, and of one-three-hundredth of a degree
+in angle at the corners. The base is
+practically a perfect square.</p>
+
+<p>The Pyramid of Khufu is the only surviving
+wonder of the Seven Wonders of
+the ancient world. One hundred thousand
+men worked for twenty years to build this
+tomb, which contains two million three
+hundred thousand limestone blocks, of an
+average weight of two and a half tons.
+How the tremendous undertaking was
+ever accomplished is one of the mysteries
+of the world. But even this huge tomb
+was no protection against robbers. The
+body of King Khufu has disappeared,
+stolen from its famous resting place centuries
+ago.</p>
+
+<p>To ascend the pyramid one has to climb
+steps, narrow and about three feet apart.
+For a small fee the Arabs help the tourist
+to the top, from where the view is well
+worth the trouble. The blocks that formed
+the point of the pyramid have been removed,
+and the summit is a level platform
+thirty-six feet square.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">« Plate III »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 626px;"><a id="Plate_III" name="Plate_III"></a>
+<a href="images/plate3.jpg"><img src="images/plate_3.png" width="626" height="434" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">THE SPHINX, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>The Sphinx</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; THREE &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 98px;">
+<img src="images/text_b.png" width="98" height="96" alt="B" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">B</span>attered and broken by the attacks of time and
+man, buffeted by the desert winds, flat faced, and
+almost featureless, the Sphinx is still the possessor
+of its mighty secret&mdash;the mystery of the ages. "It
+is still able to express by the smile of those closed lips the
+inanity of our most profound human conjectures."</p>
+
+<p>Everyone knows about the Sphinx at
+Gizeh near the Great Pyramids. This is
+proved by the common use of the word
+"sphinxlike," applied to that which holds,
+but will not disclose, mystery. But not
+everyone knows the reason for the form
+of the Sphinx, half human and half beast.</p>
+
+<p>Sphinx is the Greek name for a compound
+creature with a lion's body and a
+human head. The Greek sphinx had male
+wings and a female bust. The sphinx of
+Egypt was wingless, and was called "Androsphinx"
+by Herodotus. In Egypt the
+sphinx was usually designed as lying down.
+The heads of the Egyptian sphinxes are
+royal portraits, apparently intended to represent
+the power of the reigning Pharaoh.</p>
+
+<p>The most famous sphinx is the great
+Sphinx of Gizeh. No one knows who
+formed this gigantic figure of mystery nor
+when it was made. It was cut from a
+ridge of natural rock, with patches of
+masonry here and there to carry out the
+effect. The body is one hundred and forty
+feet long, and it faces eastward, looking
+out over the valley of the Nile. It has
+been said that the Sphinx was probably
+intended to be the guardian of the entrance
+to the Nile Valley.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the Sphinx in Egyptian
+was "Hu." The inscriptions in the shrine
+between its paws say that it represented
+the sun god Hormakhu.</p>
+
+<p>In the long past days of Egypt's grandeur
+the Sphinx was a central feature of
+the grandest cemetery the world has ever
+seen. This was the cemetery of Memphis,
+the metropolis of Egypt. The city of
+Memphis was the chief city of King
+Menes, who founded the earliest known
+dynasty. Now the only things that mark
+the site of the vanished metropolis are two
+colossal but fallen statues of Egypt's
+vainest king, Rameses II, the Great.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">« Plate IV »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 633px;"><a id="Plate_IV" name="Plate_IV"></a>
+<a href="images/plate4.jpg"><img src="images/plate_4.png" width="633" height="438" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">TEMPLE OF LUXOR, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>The Temple of Luxor</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; FOUR &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 94px;">
+<img src="images/text_t.png" width="94" height="93" alt="T" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">T</span>he ancient Egyptians had a great many gods; but
+the greatest of all was the Sun God. His name was
+Amun, and this meant "the hidden or veiled one."
+All worship of this god was mysterious and shrouded
+in darkness. In that way the priests held their power over
+the people. It was at old Thebes that the greatest temples of
+the Sun God were built. For about two
+thousand years Thebes was the capital of
+the powerful Egyptian Pharaohs. It was
+called Weset and Nut, which means "The
+City." The Greeks gave it the name of
+Thebai. Now this once great and important
+city has disappeared except for its ruins.</p>
+
+<p>The little village of Luxor occupies the
+southern part of ancient Thebes. It is on
+the east bank of the Nile, four hundred
+and fifty miles from Cairo. Its name,
+Luxor, is a corruption of the Arabic El-Kusur,
+meaning "The Castles," and referring
+to the many-columned courts of
+the abandoned temples.</p>
+
+<p>The great king of Egypt, Amenophis
+III, built the temple of Amun about
+which Luxor has grown up. He did not
+finish it, and Rameses II added to it a
+huge columned court. But this temple was
+never altogether completed. Still, it measures
+almost 900 feet from front to rear.</p>
+
+<p>Rameses II also erected outside some
+colossal statues and a pair of obelisks.
+One of these obelisks now stands in the
+Place de la Concorde in Paris. It was
+taken there in 1831.</p>
+
+<p>The chief religious festival of Thebes
+was that of "Southern Opi," the ancient
+name of Luxor. The sacred ships of the
+gods, which were kept in the temple of
+Karnak, were then taken in procession to
+Luxor and back.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the old village of Luxor lay
+inside the courts of the temple. The
+Christians built churches within the temple.
+Luxor was also called Abul Haggag,
+from a Moslem saint of the seventh century.
+His tomb stands on a high heap of
+debris in the court of Rameses.</p>
+
+<p>Today Luxor is a tourist center, and
+several fine hotels have been erected to
+accommodate the many visitors to the
+famous ruins. Nearly all the debris has
+been cleared away by the <i>Service des Antiquités</i>,
+which took up this work in 1885.
+Most of the natives thereabout are engaged
+in the manufacture of forged antiques,
+which they sell to the unwary
+traveler.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">« Plate V »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 627px;"><a id="Plate_V" name="Plate_V"></a>
+<a href="images/plate5.jpg"><img src="images/plate_5.png" width="627" height="430" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">KARNAK&mdash;VIEW FROM SACRED LAKE, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a></span></p>
+
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>Karnak</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; FIVE &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 92px;">
+<img src="images/text_a.png" width="92" height="92" alt="A" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">A</span> little village with a big ruin,&mdash;that is Karnak.
+Karnak itself is a town of only twelve thousand
+people in upper Egypt, which has given its name
+to the northern half of the ruins of ancient Thebes.
+The most important of these ruins are the ruins of the temple
+of Amun. These are to other ruins what the Grand Canyon
+of the Colorado is to other gorges.</p>
+
+<p>Many of Egypt's kings contributed to
+build the temple of Amun at Karnak.</p>
+
+<p>Karnak represents colossal antiquity.
+Here are to be found the highest columns
+on earth. They are one hundred and
+thirty-four in number; but many have
+crumbled and fallen to earth. The large
+columns were nearly twelve feet thick and
+sixty-two feet high. On top of each a
+hundred men could have stood. Each
+column was made up of many half-drums
+put together, and on them are raised reliefs,
+once painted with bright colors, picturing
+the events in the reigns of the various
+kings of Egypt. But now their glory
+has departed. The walls of the temple
+have fallen, and all that we can see is a
+mass of ruins, resembling the litter of an
+avalanche.</p>
+
+<p>Tribute from all the world once poured
+into the coffers of the priests of Amun.
+The Egyptian kings gave them a great
+share of the spoils of their conquering
+raids, and Rameses III gave ninety thousand
+of his prisoners of war to them for
+slaves. Finally these priests became so
+rich and powerful that the high priest of
+Amun took the throne and became ruler
+of the Egyptians.</p>
+
+<p>In 1899 a great calamity came upon the
+ruins of the temple. Eleven of the standing
+columns fell. These were all restored by
+1908, and the work of excavation, strengthening,
+and reconstruction is still going on.</p>
+
+<p>Beside the temple of Amun at Karnak
+there are two other ruins of importance.
+A temple of the god Mut, built by Amenophis
+III, and restored by Rameses II
+and the Ptolemys, has almost disappeared,
+except for a well preserved gateway and
+the plan of the foundations. The other
+ruin, the temple of Khuns, was built by
+Rameses II and his successors.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">« Plate VI »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 626px;"><a id="Plate_VI" name="Plate_VI"></a>
+<a href="images/plate6.jpg"><img src="images/plate_6.png" width="626" height="424" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">THE GREAT DAM, ASSOUAN, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>The Dam at Assouan</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; SIX &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 94px;">
+<img src="images/text_t.png" width="94" height="93" alt="T" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">T</span>here are many ancient and awe-inspiring monuments
+in Egypt; but one work of modern times
+there does not suffer in comparison with the greatest
+things that the Pharaohs have left us. The
+tombs, the pyramids, and the obelisks were built at the
+cost of terrible suffering, merely to satisfy the vanity of
+selfish kings; but this great work has
+given life to the land, enriched the population,
+and made their labor far lighter.
+It is the dam at Assouan.</p>
+
+<p>Assouan, or Aswan, is a town of upper
+Egypt on the east bank of the River Nile
+below the first cataract. It has of late
+grown very popular as a winter health
+resort, and many large modern hotels
+are now situated there.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of the cataract, three
+and a half miles above the town, is the
+dam of Assouan. This is a mile and a
+quarter long from shore to shore. It was
+finished in December, 1902. This dam
+controls the water of the Nile, and makes
+possible the irrigation of vast areas
+of land that had hitherto been dead
+and unproductive. Water is very valuable
+in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Before the dam was built a boat had
+to be hauled up the rapids of the first
+cataract by hundreds of natives. It was
+an all-day task. Now a canal with four
+locks quietly and quickly takes vessels to
+the upper level of the Nile.</p>
+
+<p>The dam has transformed the river
+above it into a huge lake. Many former
+islands have been wholly or partly submerged.
+The Isle of Philæ is the most
+important of these. The goddess Isis was
+worshiped there, and there were temples
+erected to her. One rocky point of the
+island is still above water. The rest of
+Philæ is an Egyptian Venice. Water
+paves the courts of the temples and gives
+added beauty to the relics of the past.</p>
+
+<p>Opposite Philæ, on the east bank of the
+Nile, is the village of Shellal. This town
+is the southern terminus of the Egyptian
+railway, and the starting point of steamers
+for the Sudan.</p>
+
+<p>Near Assouan are the quarries from
+which the old Egyptians took granite for
+their obelisks. There is still one obelisk
+all carved and shaped, ready to be taken
+from the rock. When an obelisk was
+shaped, holes were bored in the rock all
+along the line of separation. Wedges of
+wood were driven into these holes and
+soaked with water. The wet wood expanded,
+and the great obelisk was broken
+from the mother rock. It was then ready
+to be shipped to its destination.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="trans_notes">
+
+<p class="caption2">Transcriber Notes</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="#cover">cover image</a> was derived from an image made available on The
+Internet Archive and is placed in the Public Domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 50384 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Egypt, The Land of Mystery,
+Serial No. 42, by Dwight L. Elmendorf
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: The Mentor: Egypt, The Land of Mystery, Serial No. 42
+
+Author: Dwight L. Elmendorf
+
+Release Date: November 4, 2015 [EBook #50384]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: EGYPT, SERIAL NO 42 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Tom Cosmas and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
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+                         [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                   EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY
+
+                     By DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF
+
+                 THE MENTOR  ·  SERIAL NUMBER 42
+                      DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL
+
+                               <>
+
+                         MENTOR GRAVURES
+
+   CAIRO              THE SPHINX            KARNAK
+   THE PYRAMIDS       LUXOR                 THE DAM AT ASSOUAN
+
+
+It is no wonder that the Egyptians through all their history have
+worshiped the Nile; for that marvelous river is the spine, the marrow,
+and the life of Egypt. Indeed, it is Egypt; for living Egypt is only a
+narrow strip twelve or fifteen miles wide,--simply the banks of the Nile.
+Herodotus called Egypt "the gift of the Nile." The river nourishes and
+controls the land. All along that waterway are to be found wonders and
+mysteries of the past. The mind balks in contemplation of the monuments
+of Egypt. They whisper messages from so far distant a time that we
+stagger in trying to grasp their meaning.
+
+A visit through Egypt usually begins with Cairo. And it is just as well
+that it is so; for in Cairo there is much that is modern and much that is
+familiar to the English traveler. It is, therefore, a good way for the
+visitor to break into ancient Egypt. In Cairo modern people mingle with
+the sons of ancient Egyptians. The English soldier is to be seen almost
+everywhere, and in front of Shepheard's Hotel you may at times almost
+forget that you are in Egypt.
+
+That is because you are bound down in Cairo, mingling with your own
+fellow visitors and too close to hotel life. Get up early in the morning,
+and go to the top of the hill known as the Citadel, and there you will
+get an impression of an Egyptian city. Look at one of the greatest
+buildings, the Mosque of Mehemet Ali. It is called the Alabaster Mosque.
+There is a great deal in modern Egypt that is imitation. That is the
+reason that this building of pure alabaster is to be valued. Its interior
+is rich and beautiful in design.
+
+[Illustration: TOMBS OF MAMELUKES, CAIRO]
+
+[Illustration: MUSKI CORNER AND MINARET, CAIRO]
+
+
+CAIRO AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
+
+Stand on the parapet of the Citadel, and look over Cairo, and see
+the sun rise. Far in the distance is a sandstorm. Many people in the
+United States think that the weather in Egypt is as clear as crystal
+always. That is a great mistake. The days there are rarely as clear as
+American clear days. In January, February, and March you are likely to
+have sandstorms, or the sirocco, or wind from the desert, which almost
+obliterate the sun.
+
+Down by the edge of the desert is the Dead City. The tombs there and
+their interiors are wonderful. The beautiful buildings have been allowed
+to decay. It is an oriental peculiarity not to repair anything.
+
+On the other side of the Citadel are the tombs of the Mamelukes. I advise
+anyone going to Cairo to visit these tombs; for they contain very curious
+sarcophagi, and the tomb mosques are interesting, each of them being
+surmounted by a picturesque dome.
+
+Our modern expositions and fair grounds would not be complete without
+"the streets of Cairo." As we know, a bit of street life is shown, more
+or less accurately--chiefly less. A fairly correct impression of Egyptian
+street life is, however, created by such artificial reproductions. One
+of our pictures will no doubt recall these exposition impressions. The
+genuine old streets of Cairo are fascinating. Some are so narrow that the
+traveler must go on foot, or on a donkey. The shops are almost within
+arm's reach on both sides, and many of them are temptingly attractive.
+There on one side they make famous leather goods; on another they sell
+glassware. Be careful not to buy unless you know how to bargain.
+
+
+THE STREETS OF CAIRO
+
+You must go to these little streets to find the bazaars if you want to
+buy anything; for the great street of the Arab quarter, the famous Muski,
+is not any longer a thorough Cairo street. Big shops and department
+stores have crept into it.
+
+[Illustration: BAZAAR STREET, CAIRO
+
+Where the most interesting shops are found.]
+
+Stand for a moment on the corner of this great street and see a little
+bit of the Arab life of old Cairo. It is a busy city. There goes a
+carryall (a camel), an entire family on its back, except the husband, who
+walks by the side. This man coming down with a strange sack on his back
+is a walking fountain. The sack is filled with something sweet and sticky
+which he calls "sweet water." It is not pleasant. The genuine water
+carrier of the old school goes to the river, fills his jar, and then
+goes through the streets shaking his cup in his hand with a chink. It is
+plain water that he peddles. I should not advise one to drink either of
+these beverages. Then there are the bread venders of Cairo, who walk the
+streets carrying bread on their heads and crying out their wares.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITADEL, CAIRO
+
+Built, 1176-1207, of stones taken from the Pyramids.]
+
+Cairo is full of interesting mosques. The oldest and most celebrated
+is the Mosque of Omri. It is one of the earliest of Mohammedan temples
+in Egypt. They have a service there but once a year, when the khedive
+himself comes. The interior seems a veritable forest of pillars. One of
+these is a most remarkable pillar. I will tell the story of it as my
+boy Mohammed Mousa told it to me: "This pillar very important one--very
+holy. This pillar sent by Mahomet here; for when Omri come to build this
+mosque Mahomet so pleased he sent pillar from Mecca. The pillar come
+here. He find no other pillar from Mecca here; so he get lonely and fly
+back. Mahomet very angry, and send pillar back. Second time he fly back.
+Mahomet then get very angry, draw his sword, and strike pillar, and
+tell Omri to put pillar in prison. So he put it in prison, and it stand
+there." That is the story that they all believe.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLDEST PYRAMID, SAKKARA]
+
+
+THE PYRAMIDS
+
+[Illustration: DISTANT VIEW OF PYRAMIDS, WITH THE NILE]
+
+The road leading down to the old Nile gate is a very beautiful one.
+Crossing the bridge there, we see the picturesque Nile boats, like the
+lateen boats of the Mediterranean. The avenue leads out to the pyramids,
+and there in the far distance you can see them,--those golden cones
+about which is wrapped so much of Egypt's history and mystery. The first
+sight of the pyramids naturally means much to any intelligent traveler.
+It makes no difference how much you have read, how much you have heard
+of them, you cannot be disappointed. It is said that the pyramids will
+last as long as the world, and they certainly look it. They represent
+to us the life of the world stretching back into the dim past; and,
+in their imposing solidity, they seem to give assurance of lasting to
+eternity. There are four of the pyramids in this group; though the mind
+naturally dwells on the largest,--the Pyramid of Khufu or Cheops. And to
+think that these are the works of man, and that they are tombs of the
+kings who lived and reigned somewhere about fifty centuries ago! The
+Great Pyramid of Cheops is 480 feet high and covers an area of thirteen
+acres, each side being 755 feet. The dimensions of this astounding work
+are almost mathematically exact. It is built of over two million blocks
+of limestone, and they are fitted together with the nicety of mosaics.
+How could these wonderful structures have been erected?--that has been
+the question of modern engineers. It has been suggested that an inclined
+plane of earth was constructed, and that the blocks were dragged by men
+to the top, the inclined plane being added to and raised for each layer.
+Then, when the pyramid was complete, the inclined plane of earth might
+have been taken away. This, however, is only a theory. Nothing is known
+of the methods employed. Originally the sides of the pyramid were smooth,
+and a little of this outer facing is still in place. These prism-shaped
+blocks were taken away from time to time for building purposes in Cairo.
+
+[Illustration: GIZEH
+
+Great Pyramid, Sphinx, and Temple of Armachis.]
+
+People climb the pyramid, and also go inside. In the very heart of the
+Great Pyramid is a tomb chamber, where we see the empty coffin of Cheops
+or Khufu. The tomb was rifled long ago, and no one knows where the king's
+ashes are.
+
+Ascent to the summit of the Great Pyramid means arduous climbing; but it
+is worth while simply for the view it affords of the desert. Most of us
+imagine the desert as a level of white sand. I thought so until I saw it
+from the summit of this pyramid. The desert stretches off in long waves,
+and does not seem like a plain, but rather like the rolling ocean.
+
+
+THE SPHINX
+
+Not far from Cheops we see above the waves of sand a rough-hewn head that
+stirs us mightily. No one can forget the first impression of the Sphinx.
+It stands for something unique in history and in knowledge. No one with
+a spark of reverence in his nature can stand before that great stone
+face without a feeling of awe. There will be little that he can say--the
+most reverent ones say nothing. There before you is that half-buried,
+crouching figure of stone about which you have read and heard so much.
+The paws are covered by sand. It is only by industrious shoveling and
+digging that the desert is prevented from rising on the wings of the wind
+and completely burying the great figure.
+
+[Illustration: THE SPHINX
+
+From a drawing showing the front uncovered by sand.]
+
+The Sphinx is the symbol of inscrutable wisdom, and its lips are supposed
+to be closed in mysterious silence,--knowing profoundly, but telling
+nothing. These are, however, mere impressions. Facts are the important
+things. No one knows how old the Sphinx is. It is supposed to have been
+made during the middle empire; but later investigations seem to prove
+that the Sphinx existed in the time of Cheops, which would mean that it
+is even older than the Great Pyramid. The Sphinx was made out of living
+rock, and the dimensions are as follows: Body, 150 feet long; paws, 50
+feet long; head, 30 feet long; face, 14 feet wide; and the distance from
+top of head to base, 70 feet.
+
+[Illustration: FALLEN STATUE OF RAMESES, MEMPHIS]
+
+It must have been an imposing monument when constructed; for then it
+stood in position to guard the valley of the Nile, and about it was
+Memphis, the great city of Egypt--Memphis now past and gone. Memphis was
+once the capital city of the Pharaohs, and is said to have been founded
+by Menes. In its day of glory it was a prosperous and well fortified
+city. About 1600 B. C. it was supplanted as capital by Thebes, and the
+glory of Pharaoh's court was transferred to the southern city.
+
+
+THEBES
+
+The most flourishing period in the history of Thebes was between 1600 and
+1100 B. C. Thebes in turn fell into decay, and is now only a small place
+visited in the course of a trip to Luxor and Karnak. The situation of
+Thebes is interesting. It lies in the widest section of the Nile Valley,
+with a broad plain on the west stretching off to the Libyan Mountains. On
+this plain are the famous statues known as the Colossi of Memnon. Across
+the Nile, on the east bank, stand the ruins of Luxor and Karnak, and
+beyond them to the east are the Arabian hills.
+
+[Illustration: MEMPHIS
+
+Front of the second court of the Ramesseum.]
+
+[Illustration: THE COLOSSI OF MEMNON
+
+These two gigantic statues stand near the approach of the Temple of
+Amenophis. One of them is known as the Vocal Memnon. Inscriptions on
+the vocal statue record the visits of those who were with Hadrian, and
+of others, and relate that they heard the voice of Memnon. The Colossi
+are of hard gritstone, monolithic, and forty-seven feet in height, with
+pedestals twelve feet high. They represent Amenophis III, seated on his
+throne, and are sixty feet apart.]
+
+Notable monuments on the west side are the temples of Seti I, Rameses
+II and III, which bear the names of El Kurna, the Ramesseum, and
+Medinet-Abu. Lying by the side of the Ramesseum is the fallen Colossus of
+Rameses II, the largest statue in Egypt. It is made of pink granite, and
+is about sixty feet in height--or length, we should now say, since the
+statue is prostrate.
+
+
+LUXOR
+
+Not far from Thebes is the village of Luxor: not much in itself, but
+just a place to stay while visiting the temples. It is pleasing to note
+that they have done a good work there in raising the embankment in the
+hope of keeping the Nile water out of the temples. The bank is steep;
+for the Nile rises high every year. In olden times these temples were
+evidently protected from the water by some means; but now it rises half
+up over them. The Temple of Luxor is one of the most beautiful and
+interesting in Egypt; though not so imposing as the Temples of Karnak.
+As you approach you can only see a part of it; for there is a fence
+up there, and if you want to go through you have to show a ticket. A
+so-called "monument ticket" can be obtained from the government for about
+six dollars a year, and this will enable a visitor to see every monument
+in Egypt. The fund thus raised is used to save the monuments, and every
+penny of it goes to that work.
+
+[Illustration: RAMESES STATUES AT LUXOR]
+
+The beauty of the Temple of Luxor is in its splendid colonnade. It must
+have been superb when in good condition, with colors fresh and bright.
+
+
+KARNAK
+
+The Temple of Karnak, too, is a distinguished mass of columns, the most
+imposing structure of its kind in existence. It was erected by Seti I
+and his son, Rameses II. Amenophis also had a hand in the building of
+it. They were great builders in those days, and all their plans were
+conceived on a vast scale. The ruins of Karnak are magnificent. Some
+idea of the impressive character of their columns may be gathered from
+the following statement: There are 134 great columns forming the central
+aisle, 12 of these 62 feet high and 12 feet thick, the rest of them 42
+feet high and 9 feet thick. You will notice traces of color, and can
+gather from that what the temple must have been in its full glory. On a
+recent trip I found some German artists at Karnak, and suggested that if
+they would get some water and throw it over the columns they would obtain
+the effect of the true coloring. A good color chart of these columns has
+now been secured, showing them as they were three thousand years ago. On
+its outside walls sculptures tell the history of the splendid conquests
+of the kings that erected the structure.
+
+[Illustration: MOONLIGHT ON THE NILE
+
+Reproduced from a night photograph taken near Luxor.]
+
+[Illustration: LUXOR, FROM OPPOSITE BANK OF THE NILE]
+
+Egypt is a country of impressive temples and monuments, the interest of
+which has not been exhausted by a library of books on the subject. A
+trip through Egypt is not complete without a visit to the Ramesseum and
+that unique monument, the Temple of Denderah. The latter is a building
+set apart in architectural and in historic interest. It is not imposing;
+but it has an appeal that the other temples have not. It was a place of
+mystery. Its inner chamber, the sanctuary of Denderah, was sacred to
+Pharaoh himself.
+
+
+THE GREAT DAM AT ASSOUAN
+
+[Illustration: EUERGETES GATE, KARNAK
+
+A splendid example of the Egyptian square arch form.]
+
+As one goes up the river visiting these strange monuments, he finds at
+the first cataract of the Nile an imposing object of modern interest.
+This is the dam at Assouan, one of the greatest feats of engineering in
+the world. The dam, which was completed in 1902, is a mile and a quarter
+long. It holds back the waters of the Nile, and supplies the reservoir,
+from which the waters are led into irrigation canals. The benefits of
+this great dam are felt from its location at the first cataract all
+through the farms and fields that skirt the Nile clear to the delta, six
+hundred miles below. It has made acres fertile that had been barren.
+It also, of course, has relieved the burden of the poor workmen at the
+shadoofs who dipped water for irrigation. Moreover, the dam has improved
+the conditions of transportation on the Nile; for it has disposed of
+the first cataract, where boats formerly had to be pulled through the
+rapids by men. Now the vessels go into a canal, and are conveniently and
+promptly lifted up through four locks to the level of the upper Nile.
+
+The visitor should not leave Egypt till he has seen Philæ, with its
+beautiful temples, ruined walls, and colonnades. It is a sight for
+artists to draw and for us to dream of,--Philæ apparently afloat; for now
+the Nile water has penetrated the halls of its temples and surrounded its
+beautiful columns.
+
+On returning from the upper Nile a visitor should go to the new National
+Museum at Cairo. He may have visited this interesting place before he
+took the Nile trip; but he will know more on his return. The valuable
+collection of Egyptian antiquities there in the museum will mean more
+to him. Months could be spent with profit in this building. It contains
+one of the richest and most interesting collections of historic remains
+in the world--the result of years of exploration, excavation, and the
+intelligent study of eminent scholars. There before you are the relics of
+ancient Egypt. There are the statues, mummies, and other antiquities that
+the government has collected. In them you may read the history of ancient
+Egypt and learn to appreciate the life, literature, and art of Pharaoh's
+time.
+
+[Illustration: THE ISLAND OF PHILÆ
+
+This picture shows the beauty of Philæ before the waters of the Nile rose
+about it. Since the building of the great dam at Assouan the temples of
+Philæ are half under water.]
+
+  ====================================================================
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY READING.--"Modern Egypt and Thebes," Sir Gardiner
+Wilkinson; "A Thousand Miles Up the Nile," A. B. Edwards; "Egypt," S.
+Lane-Poole; "A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian
+Conquest," J. H. Breasted; "A Short History of Ancient Egypt," P. E.
+Newberry and J. Garstang; "The Empire of the Ptolemies," J. P. Mahaffy;
+"Egypt in the Nineteenth Century," D. A. Cameron; "Modern Egypt," Lord
+Cromer.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+                               THE MENTOR
+
+                         ISSUED SEMI-MONTHLY BY
+
+                      The Mentor Association, Inc.
+
+                    381 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y.
+
+  Volume I                                                   Number 42
+  ====================================================================
+  ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS. SINGLE COPIES TWENTY CENTS.
+  FOREIGN POSTAGE, SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS EXTRA. CANADIAN POSTAGE, FIFTY
+  CENTS EXTRA. ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT NEW YORK, N. Y. AS
+  SECOND-CLASS MATTER, COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION,
+  INC. PRESIDENT, THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK;
+  SECRETARY, W. D. MOFFAT; TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASST. TREASURER
+  AND ASST. SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE.
+  ====================================================================
+
+
+                               _Editorial_
+
+It was no easy matter for Mr. Elmendorf to present the subject of Egypt
+in an article of only 2,500 words. He has confined himself in his
+characteristic interesting manner to the impressions of a traveler. Of
+the great store of archæological treasures in Egypt, the monuments,
+statues, tablets, tombs, inscriptions--in fact all that is comprehended
+under the name Egyptology--Mr. Elmendorf could say nothing. These are
+subjects for the historical student rather than for the traveler. And
+they will be taken up in turn in The Mentor of some later date when we
+will approach the subject of Egypt from the standpoint of the historical
+student. There is, however, one question that readers of Mr. Elmendorf's
+article are apt to ask--in fact ordinary curiosity would prompt the
+inquiry. The monuments of Egypt are covered with historic records in the
+form of inscriptions. These records are hieroglyphic. They are what some
+people call "picture writings." The natural question is "How were these
+hieroglyphics deciphered." The answer is interesting, and it seems to us
+that both question and answer belong in the number of The Mentor with Mr.
+Elmendorf's article.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+The River Nile separates at its delta into two branches. The eastern
+stream enters the Mediterranean at Damietta. The western stream enters
+the great sea at Rosetta. It was near this latter town that an officer
+in Napoleon's army discovered, in August, 1799, the key to Egyptian
+hieroglyphics. It is called the Rosetta Stone, and it is now in the
+British Museum.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+For years the hieroglyphic was an unknown language, and the history of
+Egypt, except such as is contained in the Bible, was a blind book. The
+Rosetta Stone was found to contain an inscription in three different
+languages--the Hieroglyphic, the Demotic, which was the common language
+of the Egyptians, and the Greek. When these inscriptions were examined,
+it was discovered that they were each a translation of the other. There,
+then, was the clue which opened up the whole field of Egyptian history.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Young, in 1814, began the work of deciphering hieroglyphics by
+this clue. He worked on various inscriptions, especially the pictorial
+writings on the walls of Karnak. The value of this discovery may be
+appreciated when we consider that its discovery has enabled scholars
+to translate hieroglyphics almost as easily as they would any of the
+classic writings. The actual inscription on the Rosetta Stone is not so
+important in itself. It is a decree issued in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes
+by the priests of Egypt assembled in a synod of Memphis on account of
+the remission of arrears on taxes and dues. It was put up in 195 B. C.
+Since the discovery of the Rosetta Stone other tablets containing
+more important inscriptions have been found, but the unique value of the
+Rosetta Stone lies in the fact that it contains a corresponding Greek
+inscription, thereby affording a clue to the meaning of the hieroglyphics.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+The stone is black basalt, three feet seven inches in length, two feet
+six inches in width, and ten inches thick. After it was found by the
+French it was transferred to the British, and in 1802, it was brought to
+England, where it was mounted and placed in the British Museum.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Rosetta Stone is a corner stone of Egyptology. And the revelations of
+early Egyptian history and life, brought to light by means of it, have
+cleared some of the mystery of Egypt and have made known much of its
+history.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF CAIRO, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                                 _Cairo_
+
+  -------------------------------  ONE -------------------------------
+
+
+Cairo is the capital of modern Egypt, and the most populous city in
+Africa. By the Arabs it is called Maçr-el-Qâhira or simply Maçr. It is
+situated on the Nile, extending along the east bank of that river for
+about five miles. Cairo itself is really the fourth Moslem capital of
+Egypt. The site of one of those which preceded it is partly included
+within its walls, while the other two were a little to the south. Jauhar
+or Gohar-el-Kaid, the conqueror of Egypt for the Fatimite calif El-Moizz,
+in 968 founded El-Qâhira, "The Victorious." This name was finally
+corrupted into Cairo.
+
+The city was founded on the spot occupied by the camp of the conqueror.
+It grew larger and more important as the years went by. In 1175 the
+Crusaders attacked Cairo; but were repulsed. The town prospered; but in
+1517 it was conquered by the Turks. Thereafter it declined. The French
+captured the city in 1798. The Turkish and English forces drove them out
+in 1801, and Cairo was then handed over to Turkey.
+
+A few years later Mehemet Ali became the Turkish viceroy. This man was
+a bold and unscrupulous schemer. He was born in Macedonia, and became
+colonel of the troops of the Turkish sultan and was stationed in Egypt.
+In 1805 he was appointed governor. Two years later England tried to get
+possession of the country; but he foiled the British.
+
+The Mamelukes, the former rulers of Egypt, had been conquered by Napoleon
+and were forced to acknowledge Mehemet Ali as master of Egypt. But they
+were still powerful, and their plots hindered the plans of the ambitious
+viceroy. So one day in 1811 Mehemet gave a great feast in the citadel in
+Cairo, to which the Mamelukes were all invited. Four hundred and fifty
+of them accepted and rode, a magnificent cavalcade, up to the citadel
+through a deep, steep passageway leading from the lower town.
+
+The lower gates of the street were suddenly closed. Behind the walls
+were the armed men of Mehemet Ali. Point-blank they fired into the crowd
+of horsemen. The slaughter was kept up until all were dead. Tradition
+says that one man escaped by leaping his horse over a wall. Thus Mehemet
+became ruler indeed of Egypt.
+
+Under his rule Cairo grew up. He is supposed to have watched over the
+welfare of his people; but, according to one historian, "they could not
+suffer more and live."
+
+Ismail Pasha, the first of the khedives (keh-deeves') modernized
+Cairo. Coming from Paris filled with progressive but reckless ideas of
+civilization, he resolved to transform the ancient city by the Nile into
+an African metropolis. The festivities he organized on the occasion
+of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 are said to have cost twenty
+million dollars. He built the opera house of Cairo, and had Verdi, the
+famous composer, write the opera "Aïda" especially to be produced there
+in 1871. His extravagances plunged Egypt into debt, but in 1882 Cairo was
+occupied by the British, and under their rule Egypt came gradually from
+under this heavy burden of indebtedness.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: PYRAMIDS, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                          _The Pyramids_
+
+  -------------------------------  TWO  ------------------------------
+
+
+"All things fear Time; but Time fears the Pyramids," says the ancient
+proverb. The pyramids are for eternity. They alone of all man's works
+seem able to conquer time. They are mute witnesses to the greatness and
+majesty of Egypt five thousand years ago. The Egyptian pyramids are
+royal tombs, the burial vaults of kings. A pyramid was constructed of
+horizontal layers of rough-hewn blocks with a small amount of mortar. The
+outside casing was of massive blocks, usually greater in thickness than
+in height. Inside of each pyramid, always low down, and usually below the
+ground level, was built a sepulchral chamber. This room, which contained
+the body of the king, was always reached by a passage from the north,
+sometimes beginning in the pyramid face, sometimes descending into the
+rock on which the pyramid was built. To build but a single one of these
+huge tombs must have taken thousands of slaves many years, and there
+are seventy-six of them in existence today. What a record of toil and
+suffering for the vanity of kings!
+
+The oldest of these pyramids is the Step Pyramid of Sakkara. It is
+supposed to be the oldest building of stone in the world. It lies near
+the vanished city of Memphis, the capital city of King Menes, the first
+Egyptian monarch whose name is known to history, and the founder of the
+earliest known dynasty, variously estimated to have been from 5702 to
+2691 B. C.
+
+The greatest and most famous pyramid is the Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)
+at Gizeh. It was originally four hundred and eighty feet high; its base
+covers an area of thirteen acres; and each side is seven hundred and
+fifty-five feet long. The ancient builders were so accurate in their
+work that modern engineers have discovered an error of only sixty-five
+one-hundredths of an inch in the length of the sides of the base, and
+of one-three-hundredth of a degree in angle at the corners. The base is
+practically a perfect square.
+
+The Pyramid of Khufu is the only surviving wonder of the Seven Wonders
+of the ancient world. One hundred thousand men worked for twenty years
+to build this tomb, which contains two million three hundred thousand
+limestone blocks, of an average weight of two and a half tons. How the
+tremendous undertaking was ever accomplished is one of the mysteries of
+the world. But even this huge tomb was no protection against robbers. The
+body of King Khufu has disappeared, stolen from its famous resting place
+centuries ago.
+
+To ascend the pyramid one has to climb steps, narrow and about three feet
+apart. For a small fee the Arabs help the tourist to the top, from where
+the view is well worth the trouble. The blocks that formed the point
+of the pyramid have been removed, and the summit is a level platform
+thirty-six feet square.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE SPHINX, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                            _The Sphinx_
+
+  ------------------------------- THREE ------------------------------
+
+
+Battered and broken by the attacks of time and man, buffeted by the
+desert winds, flat faced, and almost featureless, the Sphinx is still the
+possessor of its mighty secret--the mystery of the ages. "It is still
+able to express by the smile of those closed lips the inanity of our most
+profound human conjectures."
+
+Everyone knows about the Sphinx at Gizeh near the Great Pyramids. This is
+proved by the common use of the word "sphinxlike," applied to that which
+holds, but will not disclose, mystery. But not everyone knows the reason
+for the form of the Sphinx, half human and half beast.
+
+Sphinx is the Greek name for a compound creature with a lion's body and
+a human head. The Greek sphinx had male wings and a female bust. The
+sphinx of Egypt was wingless, and was called "Androsphinx" by Herodotus.
+In Egypt the sphinx was usually designed as lying down. The heads of the
+Egyptian sphinxes are royal portraits, apparently intended to represent
+the power of the reigning Pharaoh.
+
+The most famous sphinx is the great Sphinx of Gizeh. No one knows who
+formed this gigantic figure of mystery nor when it was made. It was cut
+from a ridge of natural rock, with patches of masonry here and there to
+carry out the effect. The body is one hundred and forty feet long, and it
+faces eastward, looking out over the valley of the Nile. It has been said
+that the Sphinx was probably intended to be the guardian of the entrance
+to the Nile Valley.
+
+The name of the Sphinx in Egyptian was "Hu." The inscriptions in the
+shrine between its paws say that it represented the sun god Hormakhu.
+
+In the long past days of Egypt's grandeur the Sphinx was a central
+feature of the grandest cemetery the world has ever seen. This was the
+cemetery of Memphis, the metropolis of Egypt. The city of Memphis was
+the chief city of King Menes, who founded the earliest known dynasty.
+Now the only things that mark the site of the vanished metropolis are
+two colossal but fallen statues of Egypt's vainest king, Rameses II, the
+Great.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: TEMPLE OF LUXOR, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                   _The Temple of Luxor_
+
+  ------------------------------- FOUR  ------------------------------
+
+The ancient Egyptians had a great many gods; but the greatest of all was
+the Sun God. His name was Amun, and this meant "the hidden or veiled
+one." All worship of this god was mysterious and shrouded in darkness.
+In that way the priests held their power over the people. It was at old
+Thebes that the greatest temples of the Sun God were built. For about
+two thousand years Thebes was the capital of the powerful Egyptian
+Pharaohs. It was called Weset and Nut, which means "The City." The Greeks
+gave it the name of Thebai. Now this once great and important city has
+disappeared except for its ruins.
+
+The little village of Luxor occupies the southern part of ancient Thebes.
+It is on the east bank of the Nile, four hundred and fifty miles from
+Cairo. Its name, Luxor, is a corruption of the Arabic El-Kusur, meaning
+"The Castles," and referring to the many-columned courts of the abandoned
+temples.
+
+The great king of Egypt, Amenophis III, built the temple of Amun about
+which Luxor has grown up. He did not finish it, and Rameses II added to
+it a huge columned court. But this temple was never altogether completed.
+Still, it measures almost 900 feet from front to rear.
+
+Rameses II also erected outside some colossal statues and a pair of
+obelisks. One of these obelisks now stands in the Place de la Concorde in
+Paris. It was taken there in 1831.
+
+The chief religious festival of Thebes was that of "Southern Opi," the
+ancient name of Luxor. The sacred ships of the gods, which were kept in
+the temple of Karnak, were then taken in procession to Luxor and back.
+
+Most of the old village of Luxor lay inside the courts of the temple. The
+Christians built churches within the temple. Luxor was also called Abul
+Haggag, from a Moslem saint of the seventh century. His tomb stands on a
+high heap of debris in the court of Rameses.
+
+Today Luxor is a tourist center, and several fine hotels have been
+erected to accommodate the many visitors to the famous ruins. Nearly all
+the debris has been cleared away by the _Service des Antiquités_, which
+took up this work in 1885. Most of the natives thereabout are engaged
+in the manufacture of forged antiques, which they sell to the unwary
+traveler.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: KARNAK--VIEW FROM SACRED LAKE, EGYPT]
+
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                                _Karnak_
+
+  ------------------------------- FIVE  ------------------------------
+
+
+A little village with a big ruin,--that is Karnak. Karnak itself is a
+town of only twelve thousand people in upper Egypt, which has given
+its name to the northern half of the ruins of ancient Thebes. The most
+important of these ruins are the ruins of the temple of Amun. These are
+to other ruins what the Grand Canyon of the Colorado is to other gorges.
+
+Many of Egypt's kings contributed to build the temple of Amun at Karnak.
+
+Karnak represents colossal antiquity. Here are to be found the highest
+columns on earth. They are one hundred and thirty-four in number; but
+many have crumbled and fallen to earth. The large columns were nearly
+twelve feet thick and sixty-two feet high. On top of each a hundred
+men could have stood. Each column was made up of many half-drums put
+together, and on them are raised reliefs, once painted with bright
+colors, picturing the events in the reigns of the various kings of Egypt.
+But now their glory has departed. The walls of the temple have fallen,
+and all that we can see is a mass of ruins, resembling the litter of an
+avalanche.
+
+Tribute from all the world once poured into the coffers of the priests of
+Amun. The Egyptian kings gave them a great share of the spoils of their
+conquering raids, and Rameses III gave ninety thousand of his prisoners
+of war to them for slaves. Finally these priests became so rich and
+powerful that the high priest of Amun took the throne and became ruler of
+the Egyptians.
+
+In 1899 a great calamity came upon the ruins of the temple. Eleven of the
+standing columns fell. These were all restored by 1908, and the work of
+excavation, strengthening, and reconstruction is still going on.
+
+Beside the temple of Amun at Karnak there are two other ruins of
+importance. A temple of the god Mut, built by Amenophis III, and restored
+by Rameses II and the Ptolemys, has almost disappeared, except for a well
+preserved gateway and the plan of the foundations. The other ruin, the
+temple of Khuns, was built by Rameses II and his successors.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT DAM, ASSOUAN, EGYPT]
+
+  ====================================================================
+  _EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY_                    _The Dam at Assouan_
+
+  -------------------------------  SIX  ------------------------------
+
+
+There are many ancient and awe-inspiring monuments in Egypt; but one work
+of modern times there does not suffer in comparison with the greatest
+things that the Pharaohs have left us. The tombs, the pyramids, and the
+obelisks were built at the cost of terrible suffering, merely to satisfy
+the vanity of selfish kings; but this great work has given life to the
+land, enriched the population, and made their labor far lighter. It is
+the dam at Assouan.
+
+Assouan, or Aswan, is a town of upper Egypt on the east bank of the River
+Nile below the first cataract. It has of late grown very popular as a
+winter health resort, and many large modern hotels are now situated there.
+
+At the beginning of the cataract, three and a half miles above the town,
+is the dam of Assouan. This is a mile and a quarter long from shore to
+shore. It was finished in December, 1902. This dam controls the water of
+the Nile, and makes possible the irrigation of vast areas of land that
+had hitherto been dead and unproductive. Water is very valuable in Egypt.
+
+Before the dam was built a boat had to be hauled up the rapids of the
+first cataract by hundreds of natives. It was an all-day task. Now a
+canal with four locks quietly and quickly takes vessels to the upper
+level of the Nile.
+
+The dam has transformed the river above it into a huge lake. Many former
+islands have been wholly or partly submerged. The Isle of Philæ is the
+most important of these. The goddess Isis was worshiped there, and there
+were temples erected to her. One rocky point of the island is still above
+water. The rest of Philæ is an Egyptian Venice. Water paves the courts of
+the temples and gives added beauty to the relics of the past.
+
+Opposite Philæ, on the east bank of the Nile, is the village of Shellal.
+This town is the southern terminus of the Egyptian railway, and the
+starting point of steamers for the Sudan.
+
+Near Assouan are the quarries from which the old Egyptians took granite
+for their obelisks. There is still one obelisk all carved and shaped,
+ready to be taken from the rock. When an obelisk was shaped, holes were
+bored in the rock all along the line of separation. Wedges of wood were
+driven into these holes and soaked with water. The wet wood expanded, and
+the great obelisk was broken from the mother rock. It was then ready to
+be shipped to its destination.
+
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+
+                    *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Egypt, The Land of
+Mystery, Serial No. 42, by Dwight L. Elmendorf
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: EGYPT, SERIAL NO 42 ***
+
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      Egypt,  the  Land  of  Mystery, by Dwight L. Elmendorf, a Proj Gutenberg eBook.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+body {margin-left: 10%;  margin-right: 10%;}
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Egypt, The Land of Mystery,
+Serial No. 42, by Dwight L. Elmendorf
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: The Mentor: Egypt, The Land of Mystery, Serial No. 42
+
+Author: Dwight L. Elmendorf
+
+Release Date: November 4, 2015 [EBook #50384]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: EGYPT, SERIAL NO 42 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Tom Cosmas and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 336px;"><a name="cover"></a>
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="336" height="474" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="caption4 pmt4">NOTE: Click on the images below to view a larger version of it.</div>
+
+<p class="pmt4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 711px;">
+<a href="images/illus01.jpg"><img src="images/page_1.png" width="711" height="238" alt="The Pyramids" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p class="title">EGYPT,  THE  LAND  OF  MYSTERY</p>
+
+<p class="chapter">By DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE MENTOR  ·  SERIAL NUMBER 42<br />
+DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL</p>
+
+<p class="center pmt2 pmb2">&#9670;</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb1">MENTOR GRAVURES</p>
+
+<table summary="listing">
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_I">CAIRO</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_III">THE SPHINX</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_V">KARNAK</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_II">THE PYRAMIDS</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_IV">LUXOR</a></td>
+  <td class="tdl2 smaller"><a href="#Plate_VI">THE DAM AT ASSOUAN</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<div class="dropcap">I</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">I</span>t is no wonder that the Egyptians through all their history have
+worshiped the Nile; for that marvelous river is the spine, the marrow,
+and the life of Egypt. Indeed, it is Egypt; for living Egypt
+is only a narrow strip twelve or fifteen miles wide,&mdash;simply the banks of
+the Nile. Herodotus called Egypt "the gift of the Nile." The river
+nourishes and controls the land. All along that waterway are
+to be found wonders and mysteries of the past. The mind balks in
+contemplation of the monuments of Egypt. They whisper messages from
+so far distant a time that we stagger in trying to grasp their meaning.</p>
+
+<p>A visit through Egypt usually begins with Cairo. And it is just as
+well that it is so; for in Cairo there is much that is modern and much
+that is familiar to the English traveler. It is, therefore, a good way for
+the visitor to break into ancient Egypt. In Cairo modern people mingle
+with the sons of ancient Egyptians. The English soldier is to be seen
+almost everywhere, and in front of Shepheard's Hotel you may at times
+almost forget that you are in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>That is because you are bound down in Cairo, mingling with your
+own fellow visitors and too close to hotel life. Get up early in the morning,
+and go to the top of the hill known as the Citadel, and there you
+will get an impression of an Egyptian city. Look at one of the greatest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">« 2 »</a></span>
+buildings, the Mosque of Mehemet
+Ali. It is called the Alabaster Mosque.
+There is a great deal in modern
+Egypt that is imitation. That is the
+reason that this building of pure
+alabaster is to be valued. Its interior is rich and beautiful in design.</p>
+
+<table summary="Cairo1">
+<tr>
+  <td><div class="fig_left" style="width: 387px;">
+    <a href="images/illus02a.jpg"><img src="images/page_2a.png" width="387" height="308" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">TOMBS OF MAMELUKES, CAIRO</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_right" style="width: 331px;">
+    <a href="images/illus02b.jpg"><img src="images/page_2b.png" width="331" height="411" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">MUSKI CORNER AND MINARET, CAIRO</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="clearboth chapter">CAIRO AND ITS SURROUNDINGS</p>
+
+<p>Stand on the parapet of the Citadel, and look over Cairo, and see the
+sun rise. Far in the distance is a sandstorm. Many people in the United
+States think that the weather in Egypt is as clear as crystal always. That
+is a great mistake. The days there are rarely as clear as American clear
+days. In January, February, and March you are likely to have sandstorms,
+or the sirocco, or wind from the desert, which almost obliterate the sun.</p>
+
+<p>Down by the edge of the desert is the Dead City. The tombs there
+and their interiors are wonderful. The beautiful buildings have been
+allowed to decay. It is an oriental peculiarity not to repair anything.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the Citadel are the tombs of the Mamelukes. I
+advise anyone going to Cairo to visit these tombs; for they contain very
+curious sarcophagi, and the tomb mosques are interesting, each of them
+being surmounted by a picturesque dome.</p>
+
+<p>Our modern expositions and fair grounds would not be complete
+without "the streets of Cairo." As we know, a bit of street life is shown,
+more or less accurately&mdash;chiefly less. A fairly correct impression of
+Egyptian street life is, however, created by such artificial reproductions.
+One of our pictures will no doubt recall these exposition impressions.
+The genuine old streets of Cairo are fascinating. Some are so narrow
+that the traveler must go on foot, or on a donkey. The shops are almost
+within arm's reach on both sides, and many of them are temptingly attractive.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">« 3 »</a></span>
+There on one side they make famous leather goods; on another
+they sell glassware. Be careful not to buy unless you know how to bargain.</p>
+
+
+<p class="chapter">THE STREETS OF CAIRO</p>
+
+<p>You must go to these little streets to find the bazaars if you want
+to buy anything; for the great street of the Arab quarter, the famous
+Muski, is not any longer a thorough Cairo street. Big shops and department
+stores have crept into it.</p>
+
+<p>Stand for a moment on the corner of this great street and see a little
+bit of the Arab life of old Cairo. It is a busy city. There goes a carryall
+(a camel), an entire family on its back, except the husband, who walks
+by the side. This man coming down with a strange sack on his back is
+a walking fountain. The sack is filled with something sweet and sticky
+which he calls "sweet water." It is not pleasant. The genuine water
+carrier of the old school goes to the river, fills his jar, and then goes through
+the streets shaking his cup in his hand with a chink. It is plain water
+that he peddles. I should not advise one to drink either of these beverages.
+Then there are the bread venders of Cairo, who walk the streets
+carrying bread on their heads and crying out their wares.</p>
+
+<table summary="Cairo2">
+<tr>
+  <td><div class="fig_left" style="width: 334px;">
+    <a href="images/illus03a.jpg"><img src="images/page_3a.png" width="334" height="431" alt="" /></a>
+    <div><span class="caption3">BAZAAR STREET, CAIRO</span><br />
+    <span class="caption4">Where the most interesting shops are found.</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_right" style="width: 384px;">
+    <a href="images/illus03b.jpg"><img src="images/page_3b.png" width="384" height="360" alt="" /></a>
+    <div><span class="caption3">THE CITADEL, CAIRO</span><br />
+    <span class="caption4">Built, 1176-1207, of stones taken from the Pyramids.</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="clearboth">Cairo is full of interesting mosques. The oldest and most celebrated
+is the Mosque of Omri. It is one of the earliest of Mohammedan temples
+in Egypt. They have a service there but once a year, when the khedive
+himself comes. The interior seems a
+veritable forest of pillars. One of
+these is a most remarkable pillar. I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">« 4 »</a></span>
+will tell the story of it as
+my boy Mohammed Mousa
+told it to me: "This pillar
+very important one&mdash;very
+holy. This pillar sent by
+Mahomet here; for when
+Omri come to build this
+mosque Mahomet so pleased
+he sent pillar from Mecca.
+The pillar come here. He find
+no other pillar from Mecca
+here; so he get lonely and fly
+back. Mahomet very angry,
+and send pillar back. Second
+time he fly back. Mahomet then get very angry, draw his sword,
+and strike pillar, and tell Omri to put pillar in prison. So he put it
+in prison, and it stand there." That is the story that they all believe.</p>
+
+<table summary="Pyramids">
+<tr>
+  <td><div class="fig_left" style="width: 419px;">
+    <a href="images/illus04a.jpg"><img src="images/page_4a.png" width="419" height="288" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">THE OLDEST PYRAMID, SAKKARA</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_right" style="width: 447px;">
+    <a href="images/illus04b.jpg"><img src="images/page_4b.png" width="447" height="311" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">DISTANT VIEW OF PYRAMIDS, WITH THE NILE</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="chapter">THE PYRAMIDS</p>
+
+<p class="clearboth">The road leading down to the old Nile gate is a very beautiful one.
+Crossing the bridge there, we see the picturesque Nile boats, like the
+lateen boats of the Mediterranean. The avenue leads out to the pyramids,
+and there in the far distance you can see them,&mdash;those golden
+cones about which is wrapped so much of Egypt's history and mystery.
+The first sight of the pyramids naturally means much to any intelligent
+traveler. It makes no difference how much you have read, how much
+you have heard of them, you cannot be disappointed. It is said that the
+pyramids will last as long as the world, and they certainly look it. They
+represent to us the life of
+the world stretching back
+into the dim past; and,
+in their imposing solidity,
+they seem to give assurance
+of lasting to eternity.
+There are four of the pyramids
+in this group; though
+the mind naturally dwells
+on the largest,&mdash;the Pyramid
+of Khufu or Cheops.
+And to think that these are
+the works of man, and that
+they are tombs of the kings
+who lived and reigned somewhere
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">« 5 »</a></span>
+about fifty centuries ago! The Great Pyramid of Cheops is 480
+feet high and covers an area of thirteen acres, each side being 755 feet.
+The dimensions of this astounding work are almost mathematically
+exact. It is built of over two million blocks of limestone, and they are
+fitted together with the nicety of mosaics. How could these wonderful
+structures have been erected?&mdash;that has been the question of modern
+engineers. It has been suggested that an inclined plane of earth was constructed,
+and that the blocks were dragged by men to the top, the inclined
+plane being added to and raised for each layer. Then, when the pyramid
+was complete, the
+inclined plane of earth
+might have been taken
+away. This, however,
+is only a theory. Nothing
+is known of the
+methods employed.
+Originally the sides of
+the pyramid were
+smooth, and a little of
+this outer facing is still
+in place. These prism-shaped
+blocks were
+taken away from time
+to time for building
+purposes in Cairo.</p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 489px;">
+<a href="images/illus05.jpg"><img src="images/page_5.png" width="489" height="341" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">GIZEH</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">Great Pyramid, Sphinx, and Temple of Armachis.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>People climb the
+pyramid, and also go
+inside. In the very heart of the Great Pyramid is a tomb chamber,
+where we see the empty coffin of Cheops or Khufu. The tomb
+was rifled long ago, and no one knows where the king's ashes are.</p>
+
+<p>Ascent to the summit of the Great Pyramid means arduous climbing;
+but it is worth while simply for the view it affords of the desert. Most of
+us imagine the desert as a level of white sand. I thought so until I saw
+it from the summit of this pyramid. The desert stretches off in long
+waves, and does not seem like a plain, but rather like the rolling ocean.</p>
+
+
+<p class="chapter">THE SPHINX</p>
+
+<p>Not far from Cheops we see above the waves of sand a rough-hewn
+head that stirs us mightily. No one can forget the first impression of
+the Sphinx. It stands for something unique in history and in knowledge.
+No one with a spark of reverence in his nature can stand before that great
+stone face without a feeling of awe. There will be little that he can say&mdash;the
+most reverent ones say nothing. There before you is that half-buried,
+crouching figure of stone about which you have read and heard so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">« 6 »</a></span>
+much. The paws are covered by sand. It is only by industrious shoveling
+and digging that the desert is prevented from rising on the wings of
+the wind and completely burying the great figure.</p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 725px;">
+<a href="images/illus06a.jpg"><img src="images/page_6a.png" width="725" height="413" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">THE SPHINX</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">From a drawing showing the front uncovered by sand.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Sphinx is the symbol of inscrutable wisdom, and its lips are supposed
+to be closed in mysterious silence,&mdash;knowing profoundly, but telling
+nothing. These are, however, mere impressions. Facts are the important
+things. No one knows how old the Sphinx is. It is supposed to
+have been made during the middle empire; but later investigations seem
+to prove that the Sphinx existed in the time of Cheops, which would
+mean that it is even older than the Great Pyramid. The Sphinx was made
+out of living rock, and the dimensions
+are as follows: Body, 150 feet long;
+paws, 50 feet long; head, 30 feet long;
+face, 14 feet wide; and the distance
+from top of head to base, 70 feet.</p>
+
+<p>It must have been an imposing
+monument when constructed; for then
+it stood in position to guard the valley
+of the Nile, and about it was Memphis,
+the great city of Egypt&mdash;Memphis now
+past and gone. Memphis was once
+the capital city of the Pharaohs,
+and is said to have been founded by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">« 7 »</a></span>
+Menes. In its day of glory it was a prosperous and well fortified
+city. About 1600 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span> it was supplanted as capital by Thebes, and
+the glory of Pharaoh's court was transferred to the southern city.</p>
+
+<table summary="rameses">
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">
+    <div class="fig_left" style="width: 401px;">
+    <a href="images/illus07a.jpg"><img src="images/page_7a.png" width="401" height="508" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">THE COLOSSI OF MEMNON</div>
+    <div class="caption4j">These two gigantic statues stand near the approach of the
+    Temple of Amenophis. One of them is known as the
+    Vocal Memnon. Inscriptions on the vocal statue record
+    the visits of those who were with Hadrian, and of others,
+    and relate that they heard the voice of Memnon. The
+    Colossi are of hard gritstone, monolithic, and forty-seven
+    feet in height, with pedestals twelve feet high. They represent
+    Amenophis III, seated on his throne, and are sixty
+    feet apart.</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_left" style="width: 321px;">
+    <a href="images/illus06b.jpg"><img src="images/page_6b.png" width="321" height="261" alt="" /></a>
+    <div class="caption3">FALLEN STATUE OF RAMESES, MEMPHIS</div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+    <div class="fig_right" style="width: 318px;">
+    <a href="images/illus07b.jpg"><img src="images/page_7b.png" width="318" height="262" alt="" /></a>
+    <div><span class="caption3">MEMPHIS</span><br />
+    <span class="caption4">Front of the second court of the Ramesseum.</span></div>
+    </div>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="chapter">THEBES</p>
+
+<p>The most flourishing period in the history of Thebes was between
+1600 and 1100 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span> Thebes in turn fell into decay, and is now only a
+small place visited in the course of
+a trip to Luxor and Karnak. The situation
+of Thebes is interesting. It lies
+in the widest section of the Nile Valley,
+with a broad plain on the west stretching
+off to the Libyan Mountains. On
+this plain are the famous statues known
+as the Colossi of Memnon.
+Across the Nile, on the east
+bank, stand the ruins of Luxor
+and Karnak, and beyond them
+to the east are the Arabian hills.</p>
+
+<p>Notable monuments on the
+west side are the temples of Seti
+I, Rameses II and III, which
+bear the names of El Kurna,
+the Ramesseum, and Medinet-Abu.
+Lying by the side of the
+Ramesseum is the fallen Colossus
+of Rameses II, the largest
+statue in Egypt. It is made
+of pink granite, and is about
+sixty feet in height&mdash;or length,
+we should now say, since the
+statue is prostrate.</p>
+
+
+<p class="chapter">LUXOR</p>
+
+<p>Not far from Thebes is the
+village of Luxor: not much in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">« 8 »</a></span>
+itself, but just a place to stay while visiting the temples. It is pleasing to
+note that they have done a good work there in raising the embankment in
+the hope of keeping the Nile water out of the temples. The bank is steep;
+for the Nile rises high every year. In olden times these temples were
+evidently protected from the water by some means; but now it rises
+half up over them. The Temple of Luxor is one of the most beautiful
+and interesting in Egypt; though not so imposing as the Temples of
+Karnak. As you approach you can only see a part of it; for there is a
+fence up there, and if
+you want to go through
+you have to show a
+ticket. A so-called
+"monument ticket"
+can be obtained from
+the government for
+about six dollars a
+year, and this will enable
+a visitor to see
+every monument in
+Egypt. The fund thus
+raised is used to save
+the monuments, and
+every penny of it goes
+to that work.</p>
+
+<p>The beauty of the
+Temple of Luxor is in its
+splendid colonnade. It
+must have been superb when in good condition, with colors fresh and bright.</p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 486px;">
+<a href="images/illus08.jpg"><img src="images/page_8.png" width="486" height="385" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption3">RAMESES STATUES AT LUXOR</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="chapter">KARNAK</p>
+
+<p>The Temple of Karnak, too, is a distinguished mass of columns, the
+most imposing structure of its kind in existence. It was erected by Seti
+I and his son, Rameses II. Amenophis also had a hand in the building
+of it. They were great builders in those days, and all their plans were
+conceived on a vast scale. The ruins of Karnak are magnificent. Some
+idea of the impressive character of their columns may be gathered from
+the following statement: There are 134 great columns forming the central
+aisle, 12 of these 62 feet high and 12 feet thick, the rest of them
+42 feet high and 9 feet thick. You will notice traces of color, and can
+gather from that what the temple must have been in its full glory.
+On a recent trip I found some German artists at Karnak, and suggested
+that if they would get some water and throw it over the columns
+they would obtain the effect of the true coloring. A good color
+chart of these columns has now been secured, showing them as they
+were three thousand years ago. On its outside walls sculptures tell the
+history of the splendid conquests of the kings that erected the structure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">« 9 »</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 515px;">
+<a href="images/illus09.jpg"><img src="images/page_9.png" width="515" height="684" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">MOONLIGHT ON THE NILE</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">Reproduced from a night photograph taken near Luxor.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">« 10 »</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 731px;">
+<a href="images/illus10a.jpg"><img src="images/page_10a.png" width="731" height="220" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="caption3">LUXOR, FROM OPPOSITE BANK OF THE NILE</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Egypt is a country of impressive temples and monuments, the interest
+of which has not been exhausted by a library of books on the subject. A trip
+through Egypt is not complete without a visit to the Ramesseum and that
+unique monument, the Temple of Denderah. The latter is a building set
+apart in architectural and in historic interest. It is not imposing; but it has
+an appeal that the other temples have not. It was a place of mystery. Its
+inner chamber, the sanctuary of Denderah, was sacred to Pharaoh himself.</p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_right" style="width: 286px;">
+<a href="images/illus10b.jpg"><img src="images/page_10b.png" width="286" height="372" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">EUERGETES GATE, KARNAK</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">A splendid example of the Egyptian
+square arch form.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="chapter">THE GREAT DAM AT ASSOUAN</p>
+
+<p>As one goes up the river visiting these strange monuments, he finds
+at the first cataract of the Nile an imposing object of modern interest.
+This is the dam at Assouan, one of the
+greatest feats of engineering in the world.
+The dam, which was completed in 1902,
+is a mile and a quarter long. It holds
+back the waters of the Nile, and supplies
+the reservoir, from which the waters are
+led into irrigation canals. The benefits
+of this great dam are felt from its location
+at the first cataract all through the farms
+and fields that skirt the Nile clear to the
+delta, six hundred miles below. It has
+made acres fertile that had been barren. It
+also, of course, has relieved the burden of the
+poor workmen at the shadoofs who dipped
+water for irrigation. Moreover, the dam has
+improved the conditions of transportation
+on the Nile; for it has disposed of the first
+cataract, where boats formerly had to be
+pulled through the rapids by men. Now the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">« 11 »</a></span>
+vessels go into a canal, and are conveniently and promptly lifted up
+through four locks to the level of the upper Nile.</p>
+
+<p>The visitor should not leave Egypt till he has seen Philæ, with its
+beautiful temples, ruined walls, and colonnades. It is a sight for artists
+to draw and for us to dream of,&mdash;Philæ apparently afloat; for now the
+Nile water has penetrated the halls of its temples and surrounded its
+beautiful columns.</p>
+
+<p>On returning from the upper Nile a visitor should go to the new
+National Museum at Cairo. He may have visited this interesting place
+before he took the Nile trip; but he will know more on his return. The
+valuable collection of Egyptian antiquities there in the museum will mean
+more to him. Months could be spent with profit in this building.
+It contains one of the richest and most interesting collections of
+historic remains in the world&mdash;the result of years of exploration,
+excavation, and the intelligent study of eminent scholars. There before
+you are the relics of ancient Egypt. There are the statues,
+mummies, and other antiquities that the government has collected.
+In them you may read the history of ancient Egypt and learn to
+appreciate the life, literature, and art of Pharaoh's time.</p>
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 728px;">
+<a href="images/illus11.jpg"><img src="images/page_11.png" width="728" height="356" alt="" /></a>
+<div><span class="caption3">THE ISLAND OF PHILÆ</span><br />
+<span class="caption4">This picture shows the beauty of Philæ before the waters of the Nile rose about it. Since the building
+of the great dam at Assouan the temples of Philæ are half under water.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center pmt2"><img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="pmb4">SUPPLEMENTARY READING.&mdash;"Modern Egypt and Thebes," Sir Gardiner
+Wilkinson; "A Thousand Miles Up the Nile," A. B. Edwards; "Egypt," S. Lane-Poole;
+"A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest," J. H.
+Breasted; "A Short History of Ancient Egypt," P. E. Newberry and J. Garstang;
+"The Empire of the Ptolemies," J. P. Mahaffy; "Egypt in the Nineteenth Century,"
+D. A. Cameron; "Modern Egypt," Lord Cromer.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">« 12 »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="caption1">THE MENTOR</p>
+
+<p class="center">ISSUED SEMI-MONTHLY BY</p>
+
+<p class="caption3">The Mentor Association, Inc.</p>
+
+<p class="center">381 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y.</p>
+
+<div class="center pmb2"><img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></div>
+
+<div class="fl_left">Volume I</div>
+<div class="fl_right">Number 42</div>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS. SINGLE
+COPIES TWENTY CENTS. FOREIGN POSTAGE, SEVENTY-FIVE
+CENTS EXTRA. CANADIAN POSTAGE, FIFTY
+CENTS EXTRA. ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT
+NEW YORK, N. Y. AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER, COPYRIGHT,
+1913, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+PRESIDENT, THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT,
+WALTER P. TEN EYCK; SECRETARY, W. D. MOFFAT;
+TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASST. TREASURER AND
+ASST. SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE.</div>
+
+<div class="center pmb2"><img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" /></div>
+
+
+<p class="caption2"><i>Editorial</i></p>
+
+<p>It was no easy matter for Mr. Elmendorf
+to present the subject of Egypt in an
+article of only 2,500 words. He has confined
+himself in his characteristic interesting
+manner to the impressions of a
+traveler. Of the great store of archæological
+treasures in Egypt, the monuments,
+statues, tablets, tombs, inscriptions&mdash;in
+fact all that is comprehended under the
+name Egyptology&mdash;Mr. Elmendorf could
+say nothing. These are subjects for the
+historical student rather than for the traveler.
+And they will be taken up in turn
+in The Mentor of some later date when
+we will approach the subject of Egypt
+from the standpoint of the historical student.
+There is, however, one question
+that readers of Mr. Elmendorf's article
+are apt to ask&mdash;in fact ordinary curiosity
+would prompt the inquiry. The monuments
+of Egypt are covered with historic
+records in the form of inscriptions. These
+records are hieroglyphic. They are what
+some people call "picture writings." The
+natural question is "How were these
+hieroglyphics deciphered." The answer
+is interesting, and it seems to us that
+both question and answer belong in the
+number of The Mentor with Mr. Elmendorf's
+article.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p>The River Nile separates at its delta
+into two branches. The eastern stream enters
+the Mediterranean at Damietta. The
+western stream enters the great sea at
+Rosetta. It was near this latter town
+that an officer in Napoleon's army discovered,
+in August, 1799, the key to Egyptian
+hieroglyphics. It is called the Rosetta
+Stone, and it is now in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p>For years the hieroglyphic was an unknown
+language, and the history of Egypt,
+except such as is contained in the Bible,
+was a blind book. The Rosetta Stone was
+found to contain an inscription in three
+different languages&mdash;the Hieroglyphic, the
+Demotic, which was the common language
+of the Egyptians, and the Greek. When
+these inscriptions were examined, it was
+discovered that they were each a translation
+of the other. There, then, was the
+clue which opened up the whole field of
+Egyptian history.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p>Dr. Young, in 1814, began the work of
+deciphering hieroglyphics by this clue. He
+worked on various inscriptions, especially
+the pictorial writings on the walls of Karnak.
+The value of this discovery may be
+appreciated when we consider that its discovery
+has enabled scholars to translate
+hieroglyphics almost as easily as they
+would any of the classic writings. The
+actual inscription on the Rosetta Stone is
+not so important in itself. It is a decree
+issued in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes by
+the priests of Egypt assembled in a synod
+of Memphis on account of the remission
+of arrears on taxes and dues. It was put
+up in 195 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span> Since the discovery of the
+Rosetta Stone other tablets containing
+more important inscriptions have been
+found, but the unique value of the Rosetta
+Stone lies in the fact that it contains a
+corresponding Greek inscription, thereby
+affording a clue to the meaning of the
+hieroglyphics.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p>The stone is black basalt, three feet
+seven inches in length, two feet six inches
+in width, and ten inches thick. After it
+was found by the French it was transferred
+to the British, and in 1802, it was
+brought to England, where it was mounted
+and placed in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<div class="tb_stars">* * * * *</div>
+
+<p class="pmb4">The Rosetta Stone is a corner stone
+of Egyptology. And the revelations of
+early Egyptian history and life, brought
+to light by means of it, have cleared some
+of the mystery of Egypt and have made
+known much of its history.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">« Plate I »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 633px;"><a id="Plate_I" name="Plate_I"></a>
+<a href="images/plate1.jpg"><img src="images/plate_1.png" width="633" height="436" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">VIEW OF CAIRO, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>Cairo</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; ONE &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 91px;">
+<img src="images/text_c.png" width="91" height="91" alt="C" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">C</span>airo is the capital of modern Egypt, and the most
+populous city in Africa. By the Arabs it is called
+Maçr-el-Qâhira or simply Maçr. It is situated on
+the Nile, extending along the east bank of that
+river for about five miles. Cairo itself is really the fourth
+Moslem capital of Egypt. The site of one of those which
+preceded it is partly included within its
+walls, while the other two were a little to
+the south. Jauhar or Gohar-el-Kaid, the
+conqueror of Egypt for the Fatimite calif
+El-Moizz, in 968 founded El-Qâhira, "The
+Victorious." This name was finally corrupted
+into Cairo.</p>
+
+<p>The city was founded on the spot occupied
+by the camp of the conqueror. It
+grew larger and more important as the
+years went by. In 1175 the Crusaders attacked
+Cairo; but were repulsed. The
+town prospered; but in 1517 it was conquered
+by the Turks. Thereafter it declined.
+The French captured the city in
+1798. The Turkish and English forces
+drove them out in 1801, and Cairo was
+then handed over to Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>A few years later Mehemet Ali became
+the Turkish viceroy. This man was a
+bold and unscrupulous schemer. He was
+born in Macedonia, and became colonel of
+the troops of the Turkish sultan and was
+stationed in Egypt. In 1805 he was appointed
+governor. Two years later England
+tried to get possession of the country;
+but he foiled the British.</p>
+
+<p>The Mamelukes, the former rulers of
+Egypt, had been conquered by Napoleon
+and were forced to acknowledge Mehemet
+Ali as master of Egypt. But they were
+still powerful, and their plots hindered the
+plans of the ambitious viceroy. So one
+day in 1811 Mehemet gave a great feast in
+the citadel in Cairo, to which the Mamelukes
+were all invited. Four hundred and
+fifty of them accepted and rode, a magnificent
+cavalcade, up to the citadel through
+a deep, steep passageway leading from the
+lower town.</p>
+
+<p>The lower gates of the street were suddenly
+closed. Behind the walls were the
+armed men of Mehemet Ali. Point-blank
+they fired into the crowd of horsemen.
+The slaughter was kept up until all were
+dead. Tradition says that one man escaped
+by leaping his horse over a wall.
+Thus Mehemet became ruler indeed of
+Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Under his rule Cairo grew up. He is
+supposed to have watched over the welfare
+of his people; but, according to one historian,
+"they could not suffer more and
+live."</p>
+
+<p>Ismail Pasha, the first of the khedives
+(keh-deeves') modernized Cairo. Coming
+from Paris filled with progressive but reckless
+ideas of civilization, he resolved to
+transform the ancient city by the Nile into
+an African metropolis. The festivities he
+organized on the occasion of the opening
+of the Suez Canal in 1869 are said to have
+cost twenty million dollars. He built the
+opera house of Cairo, and had Verdi, the
+famous composer, write the opera "Aïda"
+especially to be produced there in 1871.
+His extravagances plunged Egypt into
+debt, but in 1882 Cairo was occupied by
+the British, and under their rule Egypt
+came gradually from under this heavy burden
+of indebtedness.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">« Plate II »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 629px;"><a id="Plate_II" name="Plate_II"></a>
+<a href="images/plate2.jpg"><img src="images/plate_2.png" width="629" height="431" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">PYRAMIDS, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>The Pyramids</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; TWO &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 92px;">
+<img src="images/text_a.png" width="92" height="92" alt="A" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">"A</span>ll things fear Time; but Time fears the Pyramids,"
+says the ancient proverb. The pyramids are for
+eternity. They alone of all man's works seem able
+to conquer time. They are mute witnesses to the
+greatness and majesty of Egypt five thousand years ago.
+The Egyptian pyramids are royal tombs, the burial vaults of
+kings. A pyramid was constructed of horizontal
+layers of rough-hewn blocks with a
+small amount of mortar. The outside casing
+was of massive blocks, usually greater
+in thickness than in height. Inside of each
+pyramid, always low down, and usually
+below the ground level, was built a sepulchral
+chamber. This room, which contained
+the body of the king, was always
+reached by a passage from the north, sometimes
+beginning in the pyramid face, sometimes
+descending into the rock on which
+the pyramid was built. To build but a
+single one of these huge tombs must have
+taken thousands of slaves many years, and
+there are seventy-six of them in existence
+today. What a record of toil and suffering
+for the vanity of kings!</p>
+
+<p>The oldest of these pyramids is the Step
+Pyramid of Sakkara. It is supposed to
+be the oldest building of stone in the world.
+It lies near the vanished city of Memphis,
+the capital city of King Menes, the first
+Egyptian monarch whose name is known
+to history, and the founder of the earliest
+known dynasty, variously estimated to
+have been from 5702 to 2691 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span></p>
+
+<p>The greatest and most famous pyramid
+is the Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) at
+Gizeh. It was originally four hundred and
+eighty feet high; its base covers an area of
+thirteen acres; and each side is seven hundred
+and fifty-five feet long. The ancient
+builders were so accurate in their work
+that modern engineers have discovered an
+error of only sixty-five one-hundredths of
+an inch in the length of the sides of the
+base, and of one-three-hundredth of a degree
+in angle at the corners. The base is
+practically a perfect square.</p>
+
+<p>The Pyramid of Khufu is the only surviving
+wonder of the Seven Wonders of
+the ancient world. One hundred thousand
+men worked for twenty years to build this
+tomb, which contains two million three
+hundred thousand limestone blocks, of an
+average weight of two and a half tons.
+How the tremendous undertaking was
+ever accomplished is one of the mysteries
+of the world. But even this huge tomb
+was no protection against robbers. The
+body of King Khufu has disappeared,
+stolen from its famous resting place centuries
+ago.</p>
+
+<p>To ascend the pyramid one has to climb
+steps, narrow and about three feet apart.
+For a small fee the Arabs help the tourist
+to the top, from where the view is well
+worth the trouble. The blocks that formed
+the point of the pyramid have been removed,
+and the summit is a level platform
+thirty-six feet square.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">« Plate III »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 626px;"><a id="Plate_III" name="Plate_III"></a>
+<a href="images/plate3.jpg"><img src="images/plate_3.png" width="626" height="434" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">THE SPHINX, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>The Sphinx</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; THREE &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 98px;">
+<img src="images/text_b.png" width="98" height="96" alt="B" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">B</span>attered and broken by the attacks of time and
+man, buffeted by the desert winds, flat faced, and
+almost featureless, the Sphinx is still the possessor
+of its mighty secret&mdash;the mystery of the ages. "It
+is still able to express by the smile of those closed lips the
+inanity of our most profound human conjectures."</p>
+
+<p>Everyone knows about the Sphinx at
+Gizeh near the Great Pyramids. This is
+proved by the common use of the word
+"sphinxlike," applied to that which holds,
+but will not disclose, mystery. But not
+everyone knows the reason for the form
+of the Sphinx, half human and half beast.</p>
+
+<p>Sphinx is the Greek name for a compound
+creature with a lion's body and a
+human head. The Greek sphinx had male
+wings and a female bust. The sphinx of
+Egypt was wingless, and was called "Androsphinx"
+by Herodotus. In Egypt the
+sphinx was usually designed as lying down.
+The heads of the Egyptian sphinxes are
+royal portraits, apparently intended to represent
+the power of the reigning Pharaoh.</p>
+
+<p>The most famous sphinx is the great
+Sphinx of Gizeh. No one knows who
+formed this gigantic figure of mystery nor
+when it was made. It was cut from a
+ridge of natural rock, with patches of
+masonry here and there to carry out the
+effect. The body is one hundred and forty
+feet long, and it faces eastward, looking
+out over the valley of the Nile. It has
+been said that the Sphinx was probably
+intended to be the guardian of the entrance
+to the Nile Valley.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the Sphinx in Egyptian
+was "Hu." The inscriptions in the shrine
+between its paws say that it represented
+the sun god Hormakhu.</p>
+
+<p>In the long past days of Egypt's grandeur
+the Sphinx was a central feature of
+the grandest cemetery the world has ever
+seen. This was the cemetery of Memphis,
+the metropolis of Egypt. The city of
+Memphis was the chief city of King
+Menes, who founded the earliest known
+dynasty. Now the only things that mark
+the site of the vanished metropolis are two
+colossal but fallen statues of Egypt's
+vainest king, Rameses II, the Great.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">« Plate IV »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 633px;"><a id="Plate_IV" name="Plate_IV"></a>
+<a href="images/plate4.jpg"><img src="images/plate_4.png" width="633" height="438" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">TEMPLE OF LUXOR, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>The Temple of Luxor</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; FOUR &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 94px;">
+<img src="images/text_t.png" width="94" height="93" alt="T" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">T</span>he ancient Egyptians had a great many gods; but
+the greatest of all was the Sun God. His name was
+Amun, and this meant "the hidden or veiled one."
+All worship of this god was mysterious and shrouded
+in darkness. In that way the priests held their power over
+the people. It was at old Thebes that the greatest temples of
+the Sun God were built. For about two
+thousand years Thebes was the capital of
+the powerful Egyptian Pharaohs. It was
+called Weset and Nut, which means "The
+City." The Greeks gave it the name of
+Thebai. Now this once great and important
+city has disappeared except for its ruins.</p>
+
+<p>The little village of Luxor occupies the
+southern part of ancient Thebes. It is on
+the east bank of the Nile, four hundred
+and fifty miles from Cairo. Its name,
+Luxor, is a corruption of the Arabic El-Kusur,
+meaning "The Castles," and referring
+to the many-columned courts of
+the abandoned temples.</p>
+
+<p>The great king of Egypt, Amenophis
+III, built the temple of Amun about
+which Luxor has grown up. He did not
+finish it, and Rameses II added to it a
+huge columned court. But this temple was
+never altogether completed. Still, it measures
+almost 900 feet from front to rear.</p>
+
+<p>Rameses II also erected outside some
+colossal statues and a pair of obelisks.
+One of these obelisks now stands in the
+Place de la Concorde in Paris. It was
+taken there in 1831.</p>
+
+<p>The chief religious festival of Thebes
+was that of "Southern Opi," the ancient
+name of Luxor. The sacred ships of the
+gods, which were kept in the temple of
+Karnak, were then taken in procession to
+Luxor and back.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the old village of Luxor lay
+inside the courts of the temple. The
+Christians built churches within the temple.
+Luxor was also called Abul Haggag,
+from a Moslem saint of the seventh century.
+His tomb stands on a high heap of
+debris in the court of Rameses.</p>
+
+<p>Today Luxor is a tourist center, and
+several fine hotels have been erected to
+accommodate the many visitors to the
+famous ruins. Nearly all the debris has
+been cleared away by the <i>Service des Antiquités</i>,
+which took up this work in 1885.
+Most of the natives thereabout are engaged
+in the manufacture of forged antiques,
+which they sell to the unwary
+traveler.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">« Plate V »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 627px;"><a id="Plate_V" name="Plate_V"></a>
+<a href="images/plate5.jpg"><img src="images/plate_5.png" width="627" height="430" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">KARNAK&mdash;VIEW FROM SACRED LAKE, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a></span></p>
+
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>Karnak</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; FIVE &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 92px;">
+<img src="images/text_a.png" width="92" height="92" alt="A" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">A</span> little village with a big ruin,&mdash;that is Karnak.
+Karnak itself is a town of only twelve thousand
+people in upper Egypt, which has given its name
+to the northern half of the ruins of ancient Thebes.
+The most important of these ruins are the ruins of the temple
+of Amun. These are to other ruins what the Grand Canyon
+of the Colorado is to other gorges.</p>
+
+<p>Many of Egypt's kings contributed to
+build the temple of Amun at Karnak.</p>
+
+<p>Karnak represents colossal antiquity.
+Here are to be found the highest columns
+on earth. They are one hundred and
+thirty-four in number; but many have
+crumbled and fallen to earth. The large
+columns were nearly twelve feet thick and
+sixty-two feet high. On top of each a
+hundred men could have stood. Each
+column was made up of many half-drums
+put together, and on them are raised reliefs,
+once painted with bright colors, picturing
+the events in the reigns of the various
+kings of Egypt. But now their glory
+has departed. The walls of the temple
+have fallen, and all that we can see is a
+mass of ruins, resembling the litter of an
+avalanche.</p>
+
+<p>Tribute from all the world once poured
+into the coffers of the priests of Amun.
+The Egyptian kings gave them a great
+share of the spoils of their conquering
+raids, and Rameses III gave ninety thousand
+of his prisoners of war to them for
+slaves. Finally these priests became so
+rich and powerful that the high priest of
+Amun took the throne and became ruler
+of the Egyptians.</p>
+
+<p>In 1899 a great calamity came upon the
+ruins of the temple. Eleven of the standing
+columns fell. These were all restored by
+1908, and the work of excavation, strengthening,
+and reconstruction is still going on.</p>
+
+<p>Beside the temple of Amun at Karnak
+there are two other ruins of importance.
+A temple of the god Mut, built by Amenophis
+III, and restored by Rameses II
+and the Ptolemys, has almost disappeared,
+except for a well preserved gateway and
+the plan of the foundations. The other
+ruin, the temple of Khuns, was built by
+Rameses II and his successors.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">« Plate VI »</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="fig_center" style="width: 626px;"><a id="Plate_VI" name="Plate_VI"></a>
+<a href="images/plate6.jpg"><img src="images/plate_6.png" width="626" height="424" alt="" /></a>
+<div class="fig_caption">THE GREAT DAM, ASSOUAN, EGYPT</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a></span></p>
+
+<div>
+<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="=" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="fl_left"><i>EGYPT, THE LAND OF MYSTERY</i></div>
+<div class="fl_right"><i>The Dam at Assouan</i></div>
+
+<div class="center clearboth">
+<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />&nbsp; SIX &nbsp;<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="45%" height="15" alt="-" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="fig_left" style="width: 94px;">
+<img src="images/text_t.png" width="94" height="93" alt="T" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">T</span>here are many ancient and awe-inspiring monuments
+in Egypt; but one work of modern times
+there does not suffer in comparison with the greatest
+things that the Pharaohs have left us. The
+tombs, the pyramids, and the obelisks were built at the
+cost of terrible suffering, merely to satisfy the vanity of
+selfish kings; but this great work has
+given life to the land, enriched the population,
+and made their labor far lighter.
+It is the dam at Assouan.</p>
+
+<p>Assouan, or Aswan, is a town of upper
+Egypt on the east bank of the River Nile
+below the first cataract. It has of late
+grown very popular as a winter health
+resort, and many large modern hotels
+are now situated there.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of the cataract, three
+and a half miles above the town, is the
+dam of Assouan. This is a mile and a
+quarter long from shore to shore. It was
+finished in December, 1902. This dam
+controls the water of the Nile, and makes
+possible the irrigation of vast areas
+of land that had hitherto been dead
+and unproductive. Water is very valuable
+in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>Before the dam was built a boat had
+to be hauled up the rapids of the first
+cataract by hundreds of natives. It was
+an all-day task. Now a canal with four
+locks quietly and quickly takes vessels to
+the upper level of the Nile.</p>
+
+<p>The dam has transformed the river
+above it into a huge lake. Many former
+islands have been wholly or partly submerged.
+The Isle of Philæ is the most
+important of these. The goddess Isis was
+worshiped there, and there were temples
+erected to her. One rocky point of the
+island is still above water. The rest of
+Philæ is an Egyptian Venice. Water
+paves the courts of the temples and gives
+added beauty to the relics of the past.</p>
+
+<p>Opposite Philæ, on the east bank of the
+Nile, is the village of Shellal. This town
+is the southern terminus of the Egyptian
+railway, and the starting point of steamers
+for the Sudan.</p>
+
+<p>Near Assouan are the quarries from
+which the old Egyptians took granite for
+their obelisks. There is still one obelisk
+all carved and shaped, ready to be taken
+from the rock. When an obelisk was
+shaped, holes were bored in the rock all
+along the line of separation. Wedges of
+wood were driven into these holes and
+soaked with water. The wet wood expanded,
+and the great obelisk was broken
+from the mother rock. It was then ready
+to be shipped to its destination.</p>
+
+<p class="center pmb4">
+        PREPARED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION<br />
+       ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 1, No. 42, SERIAL No. 42<br />
+            COPYRIGHT, 1913. BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="trans_notes">
+
+<p class="caption2">Transcriber Notes</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="#cover">cover image</a> was derived from an image made available on The
+Internet Archive and is placed in the Public Domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Egypt, The Land of
+Mystery, Serial No. 42, by Dwight L. Elmendorf
+
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