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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4b6276 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50364 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50364) diff --git a/old/50364-0.txt b/old/50364-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 87524dc..0000000 --- a/old/50364-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15551 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Roman Wall, by Rev. John Collingwood Bruce - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Roman Wall - -Author: Rev. John Collingwood Bruce - -Release Date: November 1, 2015 [EBook #50364] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROMAN WALL *** - - - - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - Transcriber’s Note: - -This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. -Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_. The frequent -appearance of blackletter font is noted here by enclosing the text in -‘~’ as ‘~blackletter text~’. Superscripted characters are preceded by -‘^’. - -Minor errors in punctuation and formatting have been silently corrected. -Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details -regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its -preparation. - -Page headers signalled changes of topic, and have been retained as -paragraph descriptions (‘sidenotes’). Where the headers persist across -multiple pages, they were removed. On occasion, the headers on facing -pages are interleaved during an extended discussion of a topic. Only the -first of each were retained. - -The position of illustrations may have been adjusted slightly. Those -which appeared within a paragraph are indicated in-line as -[Illustration: <caption>]. Most were grayscale in the original, and have -been brightened to counteract the effects of age. Those few which were -colorized have been retained as they now appear. - -Captions for the Plates which appear within the images have been -repeated as text to facilitate searches. Where no captions were given, -or the images are composites (e.g. Plate III), the descriptions used in -the Table of Contents were used. - -The alphabetic footnotes in the original restarted with ‘a’ and cycled -through the alphabet multiple times. Several notes to tables used the -typical asterisk and dagger symbols. All footnotes have been -re-sequenced numerically for uniqueness. - -Footnotes, some of which are quite lengthy digressions, have been moved -to the end of each chapter to facilitate reading. - -[Illustration: - - G. Bouchier Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - PONS-ÆLII, RESTORED. -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - THE - ROMAN WALL - - A - HISTORICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE - ACCOUNT OF THE - - ~Barrier of the Lower Isthmus,~ - - EXTENDING FROM THE TYNE TO THE SOLWAY, - - DEDUCED FROM NUMEROUS PERSONAL SURVEYS, - - BY THE - - REV. JOHN COLLINGWOOD BRUCE, M. A. - -[Illustration] - - LONDON: JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 4, OLD-COMPTON-STREET, SOHO SQUARE. - - NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE; WILLIAM SANG, 61, GREY STREET; - - G. BOUCHIER RICHARDSON, 38, CLAYTON-STREET-WEST. - - M.DCCC.LI. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE: - IMPRINTED BY GEORGE BOUCHIER RICHARDSON, CLAYTON-STREET-WEST; PRINTER - TO THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, AND TO THE TYPOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, - BOTH OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - TO - JOHN CLAYTON, ESQUIRE, - THE PROPRIETOR - OF THE - MOST SPLENDID REMAINS OF THE ROMAN BARRIER - IN NORTHUMBERLAND - WHOSE - ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE AND CLASSICAL LEARNING - HAVE BEEN MOST PROFUSELY AND KINDLY - AFFORDED TO THE AUTHOR - THIS WORK - ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE MILITARY CHARACTER AND USAGES - OF A GREAT PEOPLE - IS MOST GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - PREFACE. - -The famous Roman Wall, which, in former times, protected southern -Britain from the ravages of the northern tribes, exhibits, at this day, -remains more entire, and forms a subject of study more interesting than -is generally supposed. - -Two authors of great learning have treated of this renowned -structure—Horsley, in the Britannia Romana, and Hodgson, in the last -volume of his History of Northumberland. Both are treatises of -considerable size, and both are, to a certain extent, rare. The -Britannia Romana, moreover, describes the Wall, not as it is, but as it -was more than a century ago. Hodgson’s work is of recent date, and forms -a valuable storehouse of nearly all that is known upon the subject. The -mind, however, of that amiable man and zealous antiquary was, at the -time of its preparation, bending under the weight of his ill-requited -labours, and he has failed to present his ample materials to the reader -in that condensed and well-arranged form which distinguishes his -previous volumes, and without which a book on antiquities will not -arrest the attention of the general reader. - -The following work may be regarded as introductory to the elaborate -productions of Horsley and Hodgson. The reader is not assumed to be -acquainted with the technicalities of archæology; and, at each advancing -step the information is supplied which may render his course easy. I -have not attempted, in the last part of the work, to enumerate all the -altars and inscribed stones which have been found upon the line of the -Wall, but have made a selection of those which are most likely to -interest the general reader, and to give him a correct idea of the -nature and value of these remains. - -In the body of the work I have endeavoured to furnish a correct -delineation of the present condition of the Wall and its outworks. All -my descriptions are the result of personal observation. To secure as -great accuracy as possible, I have read over many of my proof sheets on -the spot which they describe. - -The pictorial illustrations have been prepared with care, and will give -the reader, who is not disposed to traverse the ground, a correct idea -of the state of the Barrier. The wood-cuts and plates, illustrative of -the antiquities found on the line, have, with the exception of a few -coins introduced into the first Part of the volume, and copied from the -MONUMENTA HISTORICA, been prepared from original drawings, taken for -this work from the objects themselves. I am not without hope that the -well-read antiquary will value these delineations for their beauty and -accuracy. - -The inhabitants of the isthmus are proud of the Wall and its -associations; and whatever may have been the case with their -forefathers, will not needlessly destroy it. Most kind has been the -reception I have met with in my peregrinations, and most valuable the -assistance I have received from the gentry and yeomen of the line, and -others interested in my labours! Gladly would I enumerate all to whom I -am indebted, had it been possible. Some names, however, must be -mentioned. His Grace the Duke of Northumberland has not only given me -free access to all his antiquarian stores, but directed me to prepare at -his expense engravings on wood of all that I thought suitable to my -purpose. Would that his Grace knew how much I have been cheered in my -course by his notice of my humble labours! To John Clayton, esq., I am -obliged for the gift of the wood-cuts illustrative of the numerous and -interesting antiquities preserved at CILURNUM, the produce of that -station and BORCOVICUS. To Albert Way, esq., the accomplished and -honorary secretary of the Archæological Institute, with whom I had last -year the pleasure and advantage of spending a day upon the Wall, I am -indebted for the cuts representing the altar and slab discovered at -Tynemouth. The suite of wood-cuts illustrative of the hoard of coins -found in the ancient quarry on Barcombe-hill, have been engraved at the -expense of my tried and valued friend, John Fenwick, esq., of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and to William Kell, esq., town-clerk of Gateshead, -with whom I have traversed the Wall from sea to sea, and some portions -of it repeatedly, I am indebted for the beautiful representation of the -ancient PONS ÆLII fronting the title-page. My former school-fellow, -William Woodman, esq., town-clerk of Morpeth, besides otherwise -assisting me, has caused surveys to be made for my use of not fewer than -eighty of the strongholds of the Britons still existing on the heights -north of the Wall. To trace the movements of the brave people whom the -Romans drove to the more inaccessible portions of the island, would have -been an interesting sequel to the account of the Roman Wall, but I found -the undertaking too great for me. - -It is with no ordinary emotion that I write the last lines of a work to -the preparation of which I have devoted the leisure of three years. The -Wall and I must now part company. Gladly would I have withheld the -publication of this work for the Horatian period, and have spent the -interval in renewed investigations; though even then I should have felt -that I had fallen short of - - ‘The height of this great argument;’ - -other cares, however, now demand my attention. - -_Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1 January, 1851._ - - LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. - - THE MOST NOBLE ALGERNON DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, - Patron of the Society of Antiquaries of - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto and octavo._ - - THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL GREY, Lord Lieutenant of the County of - Northumberland. - - THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF CARLISLE. - - THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD LONDESBOROUGH. _Quarto and Octavo._ - - THE RIGHT REVEREND THE LORD BISHOP OF DURHAM. - - THE HONOURABLE HENRY THOMAS LIDDELL, ESLINGTON, - NORTHUMBERLAND. _Quarto and octavo._ - - THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR GEORGE GREY, BART. - - SIR JOHN EDWARD SWINBURNE, BART., Capheaton, Northumberland, President - of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - SIR JOHN P. BOILEAU BART., F.R.S., Ketteringham, Norfolk, and Upper - Brook-street, London. - - SIR WALTER CALVERLEY TREVELYAN, BART., Wallington, High Sheriff of - Northumberland. - - SIR WILLIAM LAWSON, BART., Brough Hall. - - SIR FRANCIS PALGRAVE, K.H., F.R.S. Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, - London. - - WILLIAM ARMSTRONG, ESQ., MAYOR OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. - - THE REV. R. C. COXE, M.A., VICAR OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. - - The University of Edinburgh. _Quarto._ - - The British Archæological Association. - - The Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. - - The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. - - The Society of Writers to her Majesty’s Signet, Edinburgh. - - The Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Literary and Philosophical Society, North - Shields. - - The Mechanics’ Institute, Gateshead. - - The Mechanics’ Institute, South Shields. - - The Scientific and Mechanical Institution, - Alnwick. - - The Edinburgh Select Library. - - The Wansbeck Book Club. - - Richard Abbatt, esq., Stoke Newington, London. - - John Adamson, esq., one of the Secretaries of the Society of - Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and one of the Secretaries of the - Literary and Philosophical Soc., of the same town. - - R. Addison, esq., The Friary, Appleby. - - Joshua Alder, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Anderson, esq., Coxlodge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Annandale, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Arthur Ashpitel, esq., F.S.A., 5, Crown-court, City, London. - - George Clayton Atkinson, esq., Denton, - Northumberland. - - Charles Austin, esq., Brandeston Hall, Suffolk. - - William Austin, esq., Egerton House, - Berkhampstead. - - J. C. Backhouse, esq., Blackwell, Darlington. - - Charles Baily, esq., F.S.A., one of the Honorary Secretaries of the - British Archæological Association, Gracechurch-street, London. - - J. Bailey, esq., Wood-street, Cheapside, London. - - The Rev. Thomas Baker, M.A., Rector of Whitburn, Durham. - - Thomas Baker, esq., Official Assignee of the Court of Bankruptcy, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. E. A. Barker, Ludlow. - - Thomas Barnes, esq., M.D., Bunker’s-hill, - Carlisle. - - Thomas Bateman, esq., M.D., Yolgrave, Bakewell. - - Nathaniel Bates, esq., Milbourne Hall, - Northumberland. - - William Beamont, esq., Warrington. - - William Beamont, junior, esq., Trin. Coll. Camb. - - Matthew Bell, esq., M.P., Wolsington, - Northumberland. - - The Rev. Meyrick Beebee, Simonburn. - - George Bell, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Lee Bell, esq., Brampton. - - Robert Bell, esq., Nook, Irthington. - - Mr. Robert Bell, Dean-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Bell, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - James Beman, esq., Cheltenham. - - William Bennett, esq., Newport, Salop. - - John Brodribb Bergne, esq., F.S.A., Treasurer of the Numismatic - Society, London. - - The Rev. John Besly, D.C.L., Vicar of Long Benton, Northumberland, and - Rector of Aston-sub-edge, Gloucestershire. - - The Rev. Frederick Betham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Charles William Bigge, esq., Linden, Northumberland. - - Matthew R. Bigge, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - The Rev. John Frederic Bigge, Stamfordham, Northumberland. - - The Rev. H. J. Bigge, Rockingham, North Hants. - - John Cass Birkinshaw, esq., Whickham, Durham. - - William Bolam, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Whitburn. - - James Bogle, esq., Glasgow. _Quarto._ - - William Henry Brockett, esq., Gateshead. - - Stamp Brooksbank, esq., The Hermitage, Hexham. - - E. J. J. Browell, esq., East Boldon. - - Mrs. Bruce, senior, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Two copies._ - - Mrs. Bruce, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Miss Williamina Bennett Brace, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - George Barclay Bruce, esq., M. Inst. C.E., Alston. - - Mr. Gainsford Bruce, University, Glasgow. _Quarto._ - - Mr. Thomas Bruce, Leghorn. - - John Buchanan, esq., Western Bank of Scotland, Glasgow. - - James Buckman, esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cirencester. - - Thomas Burnet, esq., Summerhill-terrace. _Quarto._ - - Robert Busby, esq., Alnwick. - - Richard Cail, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Duncan Campbell, esq., Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. - - Ralph Carr, esq., Dunston-hill, Durham. _Quarto._ - - John Lowry Carrick, esq., Sandysike, Cumberland. - - William Chaffers, jun., esq., F.S.A., London. - - Edward Charlton, esq., M.D., one of the Secretaries of the Society of - Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Henry Charlton, esq., Hesleyside. - - Mr. Emerson Charnley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Chartres, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. Henry Christopherson, Bowdon, near Manchester. - - Miss Anne Clayton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Clayton, esq., Town-clerk of _Six copies, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Quarto._ - - Matthew Clayton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Miss Clayton, Chesters, Northumberland. - - Nathaniel Clayton, esq., Chesters, Northumberland. _Quarto and octavo._ - - The Rev. Richard Clayton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Clayton Clayton, Esq., Lincoln’s Inn, - London. _Quarto._ - - Mr. Thomas L. Colbeck, Denton, Northumberland. - - The Rev. John Collinson, Rector of Boldon, Durham. - - Ralph Compton, esq., Church-court, Old Jewry, London. - - John Coppin, esq., North Shields. - - Capt. Gustavus Hamilton Coulson, R.N., Newbrough, Northumberland. - - John Blenkinsop Coulson, esq., Ochtertyre, Crieff. - - John Ross Coulthart, esq., Croft House, - Ashton-under-Lyne. - - Robert Cowen, esq., Carlisle. - - George Cowen, esq., Dalston, Carlisle. - - Joseph Crawhall, esq., Stagshaw. - - William Crighton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - James Crosby, esq., Church Court, Old Jewry, - London. - - William Daggett, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. John Daglish, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mrs. Daglish, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. William Nicholas Darnell, Rector of Stanhope, Durham. - - Matthew Dawes, esq., F.G.S., Westbrooke, Bolton. - - James Dearden, esq., F.S.A., The Manor, Rochdale. - - Robert Richardson Dees, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Dickson, esq., F.S.A., Clerk of the Peace for Northumberland, - Alnwick. - - Dixon Dixon, esq., Unthank, Northumberland. _Quarto._ - - J. P. Dodd, esq., LL.D., North Shields. - - Mrs. Dodd, Greenwood Manse, Wigton. - - The Rev. Isaac Dodgson, Incumbent of Lanercost. - - James Menteith Douglas, esq., Stonebyers, - Lanarkshire. _Quarto._ - - The Rev. G. J. Duncan, North Shields, Northumberland. - - Alfred John Dunkin, esq., Dartford, Kent. - - Samuel Edgar, esq., M.D., Berwick. - - Robert Elliot, esq., M.D., Carlisle. - - Miss Ellis, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Nathaniel Ellison, esq., Commissioner of the Court of Bankruptcy, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. John Ellison, Manchester. - - Dennis Embleton, esq., M.D., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Errington, esq., High Warden. _Two copies._ - - The Very Rev. Monsignor Charles Eyre, Haggerston - Castle. - - Joseph Walter King Eyton, esq., F.S.A., Lond. and - Scot. _Quarto._ - - Frederick William Fairholt, esq., F.S.A., - Brompton, London. - - John Brunton Falconar, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Faulkner, esq., Chelsea. - - R. M. Fawcett, esq., Cambridge. - - The Rev. John Fell, M.A., Huntingdon. - - John Fenwick, esq., Campville, North Shields. - (_deceased_) - - John Fenwick, esq., one of the Secretaries of the - Literary and Philosophical Society, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - John Clerevaulx Fenwick, esq., - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Miss Fergus, Hereford-street, Park-lane, London. - - William Ferguson, esq., Hill-street, Glasgow. - - Robert Ferguson, esq., Shadwell Lodge, Carlisle. - - Mr. John Forrest, Ellison-terrace, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Finley, esq., Durham. - - William John Forster, esq., Tynemouth. _Quarto._ - - Messrs. Finlay and Charlton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Hugh Watson Friend, esq., Harbut Lodge, Alston. - - J. H. Fryer, esq., Whitley House. - - John Gainsford, esq., Brighton. - - Mrs. Gainsford, Cheltenham. - - Joseph Garnett, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Garrett, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Benjamin Gilpin, esq. - - Robert Mortimer Glover, esq., M.D., F.R.S.E., - Newcastle. - - William Glover, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - T. H. Graham, esq., Edmond Castle. - - John Graham, esq., M.D., Brampton. - - Richard Grainger, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Gray, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Benjamin Green, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Grey, esq., Dilston, Northumberland. _Three copies._ - - Henry Guy, esq., Gateshead. - - M. E. Hadfield, esq., Sheffield. - - Charles Hall, esq., Ansty, Blandford, Dorset. - - Mr. William Hall, Milton Station, Cumberland. - - Mr. George Hardcastle, Sunderland. _Quarto._ - - Mr. Anthony Harrison, Hexham. - - Thomas Emerson Headlam, esq., M.P. - - Thomas Hedley, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Ions Hewison, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - S. Heywood, esq., Walshaw-hall, Bury, Lancashire. - - William Hill, esq., Edinburgh. - - John Hodgson Hinde, esq., Acton House, - Northumberland. _Quarto._ - - Robert Hodgson, esq., Salkeld Hall, near Penrith. - - Joseph Hope, esq., Carlisle. - - John Houseman, esq., M.D., M.R.C.S. L. and E., - Newcastle. - - Richard Hoyle, esq., Denton Hall, Northumberland. - - The Rev. J. Hudson, Incumbent of Hexham. - - The Rev. Abraham Hume, LL.D., Liverpool. - - Henry Hunt, esq., Birtley, Durham. - - Mr. W. S. Irving, B.A., Blencow Grammar School, Cumberland. - Robert Ingham, esq., Westoe, Durham. - - Henry Ingledew, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Ions, esq., Mus. Bac., Oxon., - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Henry Jackson, esq., Sheffield. _Quarto._ - - J. M. Jessop, esq., King’s College, London. _Quarto._ - - George Johnson, esq., Willington, Northumberland. _Quarto._ - - John Johnson, esq., Killingworth, Northumberland. - - Robert Johnson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - - William Kell, esq., Town Clerk of Gateshead. _Quarto and octavo._ - - Miss Kemp, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Rev. John Kenrick, York. - - Miss Lamb, Kylesike Hill, Brampton. - - Richard Lambert, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Messrs. M. and M. W. Lambert, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Richard Holland Law, esq., Brunswick-square, - London. - - Robert Leadbitter, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - John Leathead, esq., Gallowgate. - - Thomas Carr Lietch, esq., Town Clerk of North - Shields. - - Charles J. Lamb, esq., Ryton, Durham. - - William Hylton Longstaffe, esq., Gateshead. _Quarto._ - - M. A. Lower, esq., Lewes. - - Nicholas Lowes, esq., Allansgreen, Northumberland. - - David Mackinlay, esq., North Shields. _Quarto and octavo._ - - John Mackinlay, esq., Comptroller of Customs, - Whitehaven. - - Henry Mac Lauchlan, esq., Printing-house-square, - Blackfriars. - - J. M'Intosh, esq., Milton Abbey, near Blandford, Dorsetshire. - John M'Intosh, esq., Lansdowne Crescent, Glasgow. - - Mr. Luke Mackey, 67, King-street, South Shields. - - The Rev. W. H. Massie, Rector of St. - Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester. - - Joseph Mayer, esq., F.S.A., Liverpool. - - Michael Meredith, esq., Finsbury, London. - - Samuel Mitchell, esq., The Mount, near Sheffield. - - John Moore, esq., West Coker, Yeovil, Somerset. - - George Gill Mounsey, esq., Castletown, Carlisle. - - J. B. Musgrave, esq., London. - - The Rev. G. M. Nelson, Bodicot Grange, Banbury. - - Joseph Nelson, esq., Waterloo, Oldham. - - The Rev. Robert Nelson, Edinburgh. - - George Nelson, esq., Fernhill, Pendleton, - Manchester. - - Charles H. Newmarch, esq., Cirencester. - - The Rev. William Nichol, Jedburgh. _Quarto._ - - M. O'Connor, esq., 4, Berners street, Oxford-street, London. - - Messrs. Ogle and Son, Glasgow. - - Mr. George A. Oliver, Rye-hill, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mrs. W. H. Ord, Riding, Gateshead. - - Robert Ormston, esq., Saville-row, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. Lewis Paige, M.A., Newcastle. - - Mr. Joseph Parker, Brampton. - - George Paton, esq., A.R.A., London. - - Hugh Lee Pattinson, esq., Scots House, near - Boldon. - - William Pattinson, esq., Wigton. - - Mrs. Peart, North Shields. - - George Hare Philipson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Robert Plummer, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. James Pringle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Edward Pruddah, Hexham. - - Mr. William Pruddah, Hexham. - - Henry Glasford Potter, esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Jonathan Priestman, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Ramsay, esq., M,A., F.S.S., F.P.S., Professor of Humanity in - the University of Glasgow; Corresponding Member of the - Archæological Society of Athens. - - Thomas Ramshaw, esq., Brampton. - - Robert Rawlinson, esq., Superintending Inspector - of the General Board of Health, Gwydyr House, - Whitehall. _Quarto._ - - The Rev. Wm. Rees, M.A., Carlisle. - - Mr. C. F. Reid, Grey-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Christian Bruce Reid, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Edw. Richardson, Summerhill Grove, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thos. Riddell, esq., Felton Park. _Quarto._ - - Mr. George Bouchier Richardson, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Jonathan Richardson, esq., Benwell House. - - Thomas Richardson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - George Rippon, esq., North Shields. - - Thomas Robertson, esq., Alnwick. - - Mr. Thomas Robinson, Collingwood-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Robert Robinson, Pilgrim street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Robson, esq., Paradise, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - - Mr. Robert Stephen Salmon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Richard Burdon Sanderson, jun., esq., West Jesmond, Newcastle. - - Mr. William Sang, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Sang, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Master John Fenwick Schofield, 11, Ellison-place, Newcastle. - - Miss Agnes Percy Schofield, 11, Ellison-place, Newcastle. - - The Rev. T. H. Scott, Canon of Durham, Rector of Whitfield. - - Mr. Hudson Scott, Carlisle. - - J. S. Donaldson Selby, esq., Cheswick House, Northumberland. - - George Selby, esq., Belle Vue, Alnwick. - - Isaac Sheffield, esq., London. - - John Sheffield, esq., Carlisle. - - Thomas Sheffield, esq., Exeter. - - Mr. George Robertson Shield, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Charles Roach Smith, esq., F.S.A., Lond., and Scot., Honorary - Secretary of the Numismatic Society, Liverpool-street, City. - - William George Smith, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. George Hunt Smyttan, Charlton Hall, - Alnwick. - - S. Reynolds Solly, esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Serge Hill, Herts. - - Thomas Sopwith, esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Allenheads, - Northd. _Quarto._ - - Philip Holmes Stanton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Stephens, esq., North Shields. - - Robert Stephenson, esq., M.P., F.R.S., London. _Quarto._ - - James Cochrane Stevenson, esq., South Shields. - - George Waugh Stable, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - John George Stoker, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Robert Stokoe, esq., Hexham. - - John Storey, esq., F.B.S.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Mr. John Storey, jun., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - R. W. Swan, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - George Tate, esq., F.G.S., Alnwick. - - John Taylor, esq., M.A., Edinburgh. - - Mr. John Thompson, Bloomfield-terrace, Gateshead. - - Thomas Thorp, esq., Alnwick, Northumberland. - - John Thurnam, esq., M.D., London. - - Mr. Charles Thurnam, Carlisle. - - Arthur Trollope, esq., Lincoln. - - Charles Tucker, esq., F.S.A., one of Honorary Secretaries of the - Archæological Institute, 26, Suffolk-street, London. - - W. B. D. D. Turnbull, esq., Sec. Society of Antiquaries, Scotland. - - Mr. Robert Turner, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. John Ventress, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Mr. Robert Vint, Sunderland. - - John Waldie, esq., Hendersyde Park, Kelso. - - Ralph Walters, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Robert Walters, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - James Wardell, esq., Leeds. - - Charles Warne, esq., Milbourne St. Andrews, Blandford, Dorset. - - Mr. Christopher Watson, Marsh House, Easton, Cumberland. - - Joseph Watson, esq., Gresham-place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Albert Way, esq., M.A., F.S.A., one of the Hon. Secretaries of the - Archæological Institute, 26, Suffolk-street, Pall-Mall-East. - - Captain James Dent Weatherley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Weddell, esq., F.R.A.S., Addiscombe. - - Robert M. Weeks, esq., Ryton, Durham. - - Matthew Wheatley, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Richard Cuthbertson Whinfield, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. G. H. Whinfield, Pilgrim-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Alfred White, esq., Curator and Registrar of the British Archæological - Association, Tyndale-place, Islington. - - Robert White, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. Robt. Hopper Williamson, Rector of - Hurworth. _Quarto._ - - John Williamson, esq., Glasgow. - - Mr. John Heron Wilson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Daniel Wilson, esq., Hon. Sec. Soc. of Antiquaries, Scotland. - - Mr. David Hamilton Wilson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Charles Winn, esq., Nostell, Wakefield. _Quarto._ - - William Woodman, esq., Town-clerk, Morpeth. - - M. Wright, esq., Trinity House, London. - - Thomas Wright, esq., M.A., F.S.A., Corresponding Member of the National - Institute of France, etc. 24, Sydney-street, Brompton. - - Edgar Garston, K.S., Liverpool. - - Mrs. Grey, Dilston House, Northumberland. - - George Patten, esq., A.R.A., London. - - Mr. William Richardson, 71, Percy-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - CONTENTS - AND - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - _Page._ - - 1. FRONTISPIECE—PONS ÆLII restored. - - The site of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the PONS ÆLII of - the Romans, is here shewn. The ground on which it - stands, rising abruptly from the bed of the river - Tyne, to the height of about an hundred feet, is - cut into three very remarkable tongues of land by - four ravines, permeated by as many streams, which - all disembogue in the Tyne. The easternmost and - largest of these tongues of land is that formed by - the Ouseburn and Pandon-dean; the smallest by - Pandon-dean and the Lort-burn; and the - westernmost, wheron stands the castle, and - formerly the Roman station, by the Lort-burn and - Skinner-burn. Extensive suburbs probably occupied - all these eminences. - - 2. TITLE—Modern Buildings on the site of PONS ÆLII. - - The Norman keep of the Castle of - Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the Church of St. Nicholas; - and the court-house for the county of - Northumberland, built upon the site of the - south-east corner of the station of PONS ÆLII. - - 3. Plan of the course of the Roman Wall _facing_ 1 - - PART I.—AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN 1 - OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN. - - 4. Initial letter—altar from Corbridge 1 - - 5. Coin of Claudius—DE BRITANNIS 4 - - 6. Coin of Vespasian—ROMA RESURGES 6 - - 7. Coin of Hadrian—ADVENTUS BRITANNIÆ 11 - - 8. Coin of Hadrian—BRITANNIA 12 - - 9. Coin of Severus—VICTORIÆ BRITTANICÆ 19 - - 10. Coin of Carausius—reverse, a galley 22 - - 11. Coin of Carausius—reverse, a lion 22 - - 12. Coin of Magnentius—reverse, Christian monogram 24 - - 13. Base of column—Housesteads 24 - - - PART II.—A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE OF THE 43 - WALL. - - 14. Initial Letter—Roman Nails 43 - - 15. Plan of Barrier between CILURNUM and MAGNA—Plan of _facing_ - CILURNUM[1] and contiguous Works—Plans of 45 - individual Stations - - 16. Section of Works, near eighteenth mile-stone 52 - - 17. Section of Works, west of Carraw 52 - - 18. Mural Slab—ALA II. ASTURUM 61 - - 19. Altar to Fortune—COH. I. BATAVORUM 62 - - 20. Altar to Jupiter—COH. I. TUNGRORUM 63 - - 21. Written-Rock, on the river Gelt _facing_ - 81 - - 22. Letters on the Written-Rock 82 - - 23. Form of Wall-Stone 83 - - 24. Junction of the west wall of Birdoswald with the 84 - Wall - - 25-27. Broaching of the Wall Stones 85 - - 28-31. Marks on the Stones 86 - - 32. Sections and Elevations of the Masonry of the Wall _facing_ - 89 - - 33. Herring-bone Masonry 91 - - 34. Written-Rock at Fallow-field-fell 102 - - PART III.-LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS. 103 - - 35. Initial Letters—Balusters from the Wall 103 - - 36. Altar to Jupiter—COH. IV. LINGONUM 109 - - 37. Plan of Wallsend, SEGEDUNUM; Section of Mountain _facing_ - and Works at Bradley 113 - - 38. Wallsend, looking East _facing_ - 115 - - 39. Plan of PONS ÆLII _facing_ - 126 - - 40. Mercury, PONS ÆLII 129 - - 41-44. Coins of Hadrian found in the Bridge, PONS ÆLII 131 - - 45. Coin of Severus found in Bridge, PONS ÆLII 131 - - 46. Slab to the Campestral Mothers 140 - - 47. Altar to Mars 142 - - 48. Altar to Mars 143 - - 49. Fragment of the Wall, near Denton 145 - - 50. The Works at Heddon-on-the Wall _facing_ - 149 - - 51. The Works near Carr-hill _facing_ - 156 - - 52. Mural Slab—LEG. II. AUG. 163 - - 53. Slab—FULGUR DIVOM 164 - - 54. The Wall at Brunton _facing_ - 169 - - 55. Remains of Roman Bridge over North Tyne _facing_ - 170 - - 56. Miscellaneous Antiquities, Chesters, CILURNUM _facing_ - 170 - - 57. Vault at CILURNUM 173 - - 58. Hypocausts at CILURNUM 174 - - 59. Ground Plan of Hypocausts, CILURNUM 175 - - 60. River God, CILURNUM 178 - - 61. Hypocaust, CILURNUM _facing_ - 178 - - 62. Funereal Slab, CILURNUM 184 - - 63. Funereal Slab of Horse Soldier, CILURNUM 185 - - 64. Slab—ALA II. ASTURUM 186 - - 65. Statue of Cybele, CILURNUM 189 - - 66. Group of Carved Stones, CILURNUM 190 - - 67. Miscellaneous Antiquities, CILURNUM _facing_ - 191 - - 68. Samian Ware _facing_ - 192 - - 69. Roman Spears, etc. _facing_ - 192 - - 70. The Works, Tepper-moor _facing_ - 197 - - 71. Slab—COH. I. BATAVORUM 198 - - 72. Approach to Sewingshields _facing_ - 200 - - 73. Busy Gap 208 - - 74. Junction of West Wall of Housesteads, BORCOVICUS, 216 - with the Wall - - 75. Ground Plan of Gateway, Housesteads 216 - - 76. Outside View of the West Portal, Housesteads 217 - - 77. Inside View of West Portal, Housesteads 217 - - 78. Housesteads, BORCOVICUS, from the East _facing_ - 220 - - 79. Broken Columns, BORCOVICUS _facing_ - 225 - - 80. Sculptured Figures, BORCOVICUS _facing_ - 225 - - 81. Sculptured Figures, etc. _facing_ - 225 - - 82. Figure of Victory 226 - - 83. Sepulchral Slab to a young Physician 227 - - 84. Slab to Hadrian, Bradley 232 - - 85. Slab to Hadrian, Milking-gap 234 - - 86. Altar to Fortune, Chesterholm 237 - - 87. Hypocaust Pillar 238 - - 88. Milestone at Chesterholm, VINDOLANA _facing_ - 239 - - 89. Altar to Genius of the Pretorium 240 - - 90. Symbol, LEG. XX. 241 - - 91. Part of Slab to Hadrian 241 - - 92. Coping-stone, Roman ‘broaching’ 242 - - 93. The Crags, West of Craglough _facing_ - 243 - - 94. The Wall at Steel-rig _facing_ - 244 - - 95. Mural Stone, LEG. XX. V.V. 247 - - 96. Mile-castle at Cawfield _facing_ - 248 - - 97. Part of Slab to Hadrian 251 - - 98. Tablet to Hadrian 256 - - 99. Plan of ancient Water-course, Great Chesters, _facing_ - ÆSICA 257 - - 100. Nine-nicks of Thirlwall 265 - - 101. Lamp, Fibula, Shears, and Compasses _facing_ - 268 - - 102. Stone Effigy 272 - - 103. Section of Works near Wallend 273 - - 104. Slab to Hadrian, by LEG. XX. V. V. 274 - - 105. Altar to Jupiter, by COH. I. AEL. DAC. 278 - - 106. West Gateway, Birdoswald, AMBOGLANNA 280 - - 107. Mural Stone, LEG. VI. V. F. 281 - - 108. Birdoswald, western Rampart _facing_ - 282 - - 109. Section of Works, Wallbours 283 - - 110. Coin of Severus, JULIA 289 - - 111. Coin of Caracalla 289 - - 112. Coin of Geta 289 - - 113. Altar to Jupiter, COH. II. TUNGR. 290 - - 114. View of Pigeon Crag 292 - - 115. Mural Stone, LEG. II. AUG. 294 - - 116. Altar—_ob res trans vallum prospere gestas_ 302 - - 117. Bowness _facing_ - 313 - - 118. Monument to Edward I. 314 - - PART IV.—THE SUPPORTING STATIONS OF THE WALL. 315 - - 119. Initial A, and Mural Slab, Risingham 315 - - 120. Tablet, GYRUM CUMBAS 319 - - 121. Tablet found at Jarrow 323 - - 122. Corbridge Lanx 335 - - 123. Altar to Astarte 338 - - 124. Crypt of Hexham Abbey Church 339 - - 125. Slab to Severus at Hexham 340 - - 126. Genius of the Wall 353 - - 127. Altar to Jupiter for the safety of Severus 360 - - 128. Altar to Jupiter, Maryport 363 - - 129. Slab to Hadrian, Moresby 367 - - 130. Symbol of LEG. XX. 368 - - PART V.—THE QUESTION—WHO BUILT THE 369 - WALL?—DISCUSSED. - - 131. Initial O, bronze ornament found at BORCOVICUS 369 - - 132. Slab, LEG. II. and LEG. XX. 392 - - PART VI.—MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES FOUND ON THE 393 - LINE OF THE WALL. - - 133. Initial M, bronze ornament, an Eagle, found at 393 - MAGNA - - 134. Altar, DEO VETRI 395 - - 135. Large Altar to Jupiter 397 - - 136. Altar, GENIO LOCI, etc. 399 - - 137. Altar, DEO COCIDIO 401 - - 138. Altar, DEO BELATUCADRO 401 - - 139. Altar to Minerva 402 - - 140. Altar to Fortune 403 - - 141. Altar to Mithras 404 - - 142. Altar to the Sun 405 - - 143. Attendant of Mithras 406 - - 144. Altar to Mithras 407 - - 145. Zodiacal Tablet, BORCOVICUS 409 - - 146. Pine-apple Ornament, etc., CILURNUM 410 - - 147. Presumed Mithraic Sculpture, CILURNUM 410 - - 148. Altar to Apollo, Cawfield mile-castle 411 - - 149. Inscription to the Syrian Goddess, MAGNA 412 - - 150. Altar to Silvanus, AMBOGLANNA 413 - - 151. Altar to the Nymphs, HABITANCUM 414 - - 152. Altar to the Gods of the Mountains, VINDOBALA 415 - - 153. Altar to Epona, MAGNA 415 - - 154. Altar, sculptured with a Toad, CILURNUM 416 - - 155. Altar to Viteres, Thirlwall-castle 416 - - 156. Altar to Viteres, CONDERCUM 417 - - 157. Altar to the Dea Hamia, Thirlwall-castle 417 - - 158. Altar to the Three Lamiæ, CONDERCUM 418 - - 159-60. Egyptian Idols 418 - - 161. Altar to the Transmarine Mothers, HABITANCUM 419 - - 162. Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby 420 - - 163. Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby 420 - - 164. Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby 420 - - 165. Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Nether-hall 421 - - 166. Sepulchral Altar to the Manes of Fabia Honorata, 426 - CILURNUM - - 167. Sepulchral Slab to the Manes of Aurelia Faia, 428 - MAGNA - - 168. Sepulchral Slab to the Memory of Cornelius Victor, 429 - VINDOLANA - - 169. Centurial Stone, COH. V. CÆCILII PROCULI, CILURNUM 430 - - 170. Centurial Stone, CILURNUM 430 - - 171. Vessel, in which the Thorngrafton Coins were found 434 - - 172-224. The Thorngrafton Coins, imperial, consular, and 435-441 - others - - 225. Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester _facing_ - 445 - - 226. Bronze Vessels _facing_ 445 - - 227. Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc. _facing_ - 445 - - 228. Soles of Sandals, etc. _facing_ 445 - - 229. Tail piece—ROMÆ ÆTERNÆ FORTUNÆ REDUCI 450 - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - The Plan represents the position of each stone now remaining in the - river. It is the result of a series of observations made during the - summer of 1850, by Mr. Robert Elliot, of Wall. Most of the stones have - luis-holes. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - _PLATE I_ - -[Illustration: - - _A. Reid, Sc 117, Pilgrim S^t. Newcastle._ - ~Plan~ - _OF THE COURSE OF THE_ - ROMAN WALL - _FROM THE_ - TYNE TO THE SOLWAY. -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - PART I. - AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN. - -IN no country of the world are there such evident traces of the march of -Roman legions as in Britain. In the northern parts of England -especially, the footprints of the Empire are very distinct. -Northumberland, as Wallis long ago remarked, is Roman ground. Every -other monument in Britain yields in importance to THE WALL. As this -work, in grandeur of conception, is worthy of the Mistress of Nations, -so, in durability of structure, is it the becoming offspring of the -Eternal City. - -A dead wall may seem to most a very unpromising subject. The stones are -indeed inanimate, but he who has a head to think, and a heart to feel, -will find them suggestive of bright ideas and melting sympathies; though -dead themselves, they will be the cause of mental life in him. A large -part of the knowledge which we possess of the early history of our -country has been dug out of the ground. The spade and the plough of the -rustic have often exposed documents, which have revealed the movements, -as well as the modes of thought and feeling, of those who have slept in -the dust for centuries. The casual wanderer by the relics of the Vallum -and the Wall, may not succeed in culling facts that are new to the -Historian, but he will probably get those vivid glances into Roman -character, and acquire that personal interest in Roman story, which will -give to the prosaic records of chroniclers, a reality, and a charm, -which they did not before possess. - -As a natural introduction to the subject, and as a means of preparing -for some discussions which are to follow, it may be well briefly to -trace the progress of the Roman arms in Britain, from the arrival of -Cæsar on our shores, to the eventual abandonment of the island. - -[Sidenote: EARLIEST NOTICES OF THE BRITISH ISLES.] - -It is curious to observe, that the curtain of British history is raised -by some of the earliest and greatest of profane writers. Herodotus, who -wrote about the year B.C. 450, mentions the "Cassiterides, from which -tin is procured"; Aristotle, about the year B.C. 340, expressly names -the islands of Albion and Ierne; and Polybius, about the year B.C. 160, -makes a distinct reference to the "Britannic Isles." To Julius Cæsar, -however, we are indebted, for the first detailed account of Britain and -its inhabitants. On 26 Aug. B.C. 55, that renowned conqueror landed in -Britain, with a force of about ten thousand men. Both on that occasion, -and on a second attempt, which, with a larger force, he made the year -following, he met with a warm reception from the savage islanders. Tides -and tempests seconded the efforts of the natives, and great Julius bade -Britain a final farewell, without erecting any fortress in it, or -leaving any troops to secure his conquest. Tacitus says, that he did not -conquer Britain, but only shewed it to the Romans. Horace, calling upon -Augustus to achieve the conquest, denominates it 'untouched'— - - Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet - Sacra catenatus via. - -and Propertius, in the same spirit, describes it as ‘unconquered,’ -_invictus_. There is, therefore, little exaggeration in the lines of -Shakspere— - - ... A kind of conquest - Cæsar made here; but made not here his brag - Of, came, and saw, and overcame: with shame - (The first that ever touched him) he was carried - From off our coast, twice beaten; and his shipping - (Poor ignorant baubles!) on our terrible seas, - Like egg-shells moved upon their surges, cracked - As easily 'gainst our rocks. - -[Sidenote: PLAUTIUS AND CLAUDIUS VISIT BRITAIN.] - -During the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, Britain was -unmolested by foreign invasion. - -At the invitation of a discontented Briton, Claudius resolved to attempt -the reduction of the island. In the year of our Lord 43, he sent Aulus -Plautius, with four legions and their auxiliaries, amounting in all to -about fifty thousand men, into Britain. It was with difficulty that the -troops could be induced to engage in the undertaking. They were -unwilling, as Dion Cassius informs us, "to engage in a war, as it were, -_out of the world_." The fears of the soldiery were not without -foundation. The Britons, though their inferiors in discipline and arms, -were not behind them in valour and spirit, whilst, in a knowledge of the -country they had an important advantage. - -[Illustration] - -The year following, Claudius personally engaged in the war. He advanced -into the country, as far as Camelodunum (Colchester), and after some -sanguinary contests, received the submission of the natives in that -vicinity. The estimation in which Britain, even at this time, was held, -was such, that the Senate, on learning what he had achieved, surnamed -him BRITANNICUS, granted him a triumph, and voted him annual games. The -event was of sufficient importance, to be celebrated on the current coin -of the day. Several gold and silver pieces have come down to our times, -bearing on the reverse, a triumphal arch, on which is inscribed the -words DE BRITANN_is_—Over the Britons. This is the first occasion on -which allusion is made to Britain, on the coinage of Rome. - -[Sidenote: ITS PARTIAL SUBJUGATION. BOADICEA.] - -On the return of Claudius, the supreme command again devolved upon his -lieutenant, Aulus Plautius, who succeeded in bringing into complete -subjection, the tribes occupying the southern portion of the island. In -this expedition, Vespasian, afterwards emperor, acted as second in -command to Plautius. Titus, the son of Vespasian, accompanied his -father. Thus was it, in Britain, that the destroyers of Jerusalem were -unconsciously trained for inflicting upon God’s chosen, but sinful -people, the chastisements of His displeasure. - -Ostorius Scapula, A.D. 50, succeeded to the command in Britain. The -brave Silures, headed by Caractacus, rendered his progress slow and -bloody. Ostorius at length sank under the harassing nature of his -duties. - -In the reign of Nero, Roman affairs in Britain received a severe check. -The Iceni, led on by their enraged queen Boadicea, threw off the yoke -and attacked the principal stations of the enemy. London, which was then -an important commercial city, fell, upon the first assault, and Verulam -(near the modern St. Albans) shared the same fate. The British -warrior-queen sullied the splendour of her exploits by her cruelty; -seventy thousand Romans, or adherents of the government of Rome, fell -under her hands. Suetonius, the Roman governor, collecting his forces, -gave battle to the queen and routed her. A frightful carnage ensued; of -the amazing number of two hundred and thirty thousand men of which the -British forces are said to have consisted, not less than eighty thousand -fell. - -During the remainder of the reign of Nero, and the short rule of his -three successors, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius, no advance was made in the -conquest of Britain. In the strifes of the rival emperors, it was -however destined to bear its part. Eight thousand soldiers were drafted -from it to fight under the banners of Vitellius. Thus early, as Dr. -Giles well observes, was this island, whose position in the bosom of the -ocean indicates a peaceful policy, induced to bear the brunt of -continental quarrels. - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: VESPASIAN ASSUMES THE PURPLE.] - -When Vespasian assumed the purple, a new era dawned upon the empire. -This fact is well indicated upon a coin struck at this period. In the -engraving, taken from a specimen found on the Wall, the emperor is -observed raising a prostrate female from the ground (doubtless Rome), -whilst Mars looks approvingly on; the inspiring motto “ROMA -RESURGES”—_Rome thou shalt rise again_,—encircles the group.[2] -Vespasian appointed Petilius Cerealis his proprætor in Britain, who in -five years succeeded in adding the Brigantes, a powerful tribe, to the -subjects of the empire. Julius Frontinus was his successor, who, in the -three years of his government, nearly subdued the warlike nation of the -Silures. - -[Sidenote: HIS PROPRÆTORS SUBJUGATE THE ISLAND.] - -One hundred and thirty-three years had now elapsed since the first -descent of Cæsar, and thirty-five years, since Claudius had claimed the -honour of conquering Britain, and yet but a fraction of the island was -in subjection to Roman power. Nothing, as Dr. Giles well remarks, can -more strongly shew the stubborn spirit of the natives, than their -protracted resistance to the invaders. Battle after battle had been -lost; but many of these tribes were still unsubdued, and several even -undiscovered. - -[Sidenote: THE OPERATIONS OF AGRICOLA.] - -But the reputation of all preceding governors, was obscured by a greater -man than they. Cnæus Julius Agricola had served in Britain under some -preceding commanders; so that when he landed as governor in the year 78 -he was prepared to act with all the promptitude which a knowledge of the -country and the people could give him. During the eight years of his -rule, he subjugated the remaining tribes of southern Britain, carried -his arms into the northern section of the island, and drove, in -successive campaigns, the natives before him, until at length, in the -battle of the Grampians, he paralyzed their strength for a while. He -circumnavigated the whole island, and planted the Roman standard upon -the Orkneys. He built walls and fortresses in all places where they were -required, and softened the fierceness of the barbarians, by fostering a -taste for letters and the luxuries of the Eternal City. But it is -necessary to trace the movements of Agricola, with some of the detail -with which they are given in the pages of Tacitus. - - The summer of A.D. 78 was far spent when he arrived; yet before going - into winter quarters, he attacked and subdued the Ordovices, and - brought the sacred isle of Anglesea a second time to obedience. The - respite from arms which the following winter afforded, was employed by - the general in the most useful and necessary purposes. Being well - acquainted with the temper of the inhabitants of the province, and - having learnt from the conduct and experience of others, that what is - gained by force avails little, where oppressions and grievances - follow, he determined to put an immediate end to all the causes of the - war. He began by checking and regulating the affairs of his own - household, correcting the abuses that had crept into the army, - promoting impartially those who deserved it; while at the same time he - redressed the grievances of the inhabitants, made an equitable - distribution of the public burthens, and abolished all hurtful - monopolies. By the prosecution of measures so salutary as these, six - months had scarcely elapsed, when affairs in Britain were entirely - changed, and assumed a bright and settled aspect. - -His second campaign, that of the year 79, was probably occupied in -subduing the ancient tenants of the LOWER ISTHMUS of the island. - - On the approach of summer, he re-assembled his army, and in advancing, - failed not to excite a proper spirit of emulation among the troops, - praising those who best observed their several duties, and checking - such as were remiss. He himself chose the ground for encamping; the - marshes, firths, and difficult places, he always examined first; and, - allowing the enemy no respite, he continually harassed them with - sudden incursions and ravages. Having alarmed and terrified them - sufficiently, he next tried the effect of good usage and the - allurements of peace. By this wise and prudent conduct, several - communities, which till then had maintained their independence, - submitted to the Romans, gave hostages, and suffered garrisons and - fortresses to be placed among them. These strongholds he established - with such judgment, as effectually secured all those parts of Britain - which had then been visited by the Romans. - - The following winter was employed in civilizing and polishing the rude - inhabitants, who, living wild and dispersed over the country, were - thence ever restless and easily instigated to war. At first, they were - prevailed upon to associate more together, and for this end were - instructed in the art of building houses, temples, and places of - public resort. The sons of their chiefs were taught the liberal - sciences; hence it was no unusual thing to see those who lately - scorned the Roman language, become admirers of its eloquence. By - degrees, the customs, manners, and dress of their conquerors, became - familiar to them, they acquired a taste for a life of inactivity and - ease, and at length were caught by the charms and incitements of - luxury and vice. By such as judged of things from their external - appearance only, all this was styled politeness and humanity, while, - in reality, Agricola was effectually enslaving them, and imperceptibly - rivetting their chains. - - During the third year of his command, he pushed his conquests - northwards, and carried his devastations as far as the mouth of the - Tay (_Taus_.) Here, the enemy were struck with so much terror, that - they durst not attack the Roman army, though it was greatly distressed - by the severities of the climate. Agricola, in order to secure - possession of these advanced conquests, again erected forts in the - most commodious situations; and so judiciously was this done, that - none of them were ever taken by force, abandoned through fear, or - given up on terms of capitulation. Each fort defended itself, and, - against any long siege, was constantly supplied with provisions for a - year. Thus the several garrisons not only passed the winter in perfect - security, but were likewise enabled, from these strongholds, to make - frequent excursions against the enemy, who could not, as heretofore, - repair the losses they had sustained in summer, by the successes - usually attending their winter expeditions. - -The forts here referred to, are probably those, which were drawn along -the UPPER ISTHMUS of the island, extending from the Firth of Forth to -the Firth of Clyde, and which were afterwards connected by the wall of -Antoninus Pius. - -This is rendered apparent from what follows:— - - Agricola employed the fourth summer (A.D. 81) in settling and further - securing the country he had subdued. Here, had it been compatible with - the bravery of the army, or if the glory of the Roman name would have - permitted it, there had been found a boundary to their conquests in - Britain; for the tide, entering from opposite seas, and flowing far - into the country by the rivers Glotta and Bodotria, their heads are - only separated by a narrow neck of land, which was occupied by - garrisons. Of all on this side, the Romans were already masters, the - enemy being driven, as it were, into another island. - -[Sidenote: AGRICOLA IS RECALLED.] - -It is not necessary to pursue the operations of Agricola further. In the -seventh summer he defeated Galgacus on the flanks of the Grampians. The -Roman power was now at its height. Agricola, probably from motives of -jealousy, was recalled by the emperor Domitian, and as his successors -were not men of the same vigour as himself, the barbarians were in a -condition, at least to dispute the pretensions of their conquerors. - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN ARRIVES IN BRITAIN.] - -In the year 120—thirty-five years after the recall of Agricola—affairs -in Britain had fallen into such confusion, as to require the presence of -the emperor HADRIAN, who had assumed the imperial purple three years -before. He did not attempt to regain the conquests which Agricola had -made in Scotland, but prudently sought to make the line of forts, which -that general had constructed in his second campaign, the limit of his -empire. With this object in view, he drew a wall across the island—the -BARRIER of the LOWER ISTHMUS. The testimony of Spartian, the historian -of his reign, though brief, is decisive. Hadrian, says he, visited -Britain, when he corrected many things, and first drew a wall (_murus_) -eighty miles in length, to divide the barbarians from the Romans. - -The arrival in Britain, of Hadrian, one of Rome’s greatest generals, was -thought an event of sufficient importance to be commemorated in the -currency of the empire. The large brass coin, here represented, was -struck by decree of the Senate in the year 121.[3] - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: THE BARRIER OF THE UPPER ISTHMUS.] - -The plans and the prowess of the emperor were thought to have -effectually secured those portions of the island, which it was prudent -to retain in the grasp of Rome. This circumstance was announced to the -world in another coin, bearing, on the reverse, a name destined to sound -through regions Hadrian never knew—BRITANNIA—and representing a female -figure seated on a rock, having a spear in her left hand, and a shield -by her side.[4] - -[Illustration] - -About twenty years after Hadrian’s expedition, Lollius Urbicus took the -command in Britain. He was not satisfied with the limits which Hadrian -had prudently assigned to the empire in Britain. Forcing back the -Britons, he raised an earthen rampart across the isthmus between the -Forth and the Clyde. Graham’s Dike, in Scotland, is the wall which was -built by Lollius Urbicus. This is proved by the numerous sculptures -which have, at different times, been discovered among its ruins. - -[Sidenote: DECLINE OF THE ROMAN POWER.] - -The remaining history of the Romans, on the northern frontier of -England, is fraught with disaster. The tide of war sometimes broke upon -the northern, and sometimes on the southern boundary; but its roar and -its devastation ceased not, until the Roman intruder had been driven -altogether from the island—or, rather, until the successive strifes of -Romans and Picts, Normans and Saxons, Border reavers and Scottish -troopers, had been hushed, under the vigorous rule of the last of the -Tudors. What Hadrian could not do, for the inhabitants of the North of -England; what Severus failed to accomplish; what the great Alfred—the -Norman oppressor—the Plantagenets—the despotic Henry VIII., attempted in -vain, was accomplished under what John Knox calls ‘the monstrous -regiment of a woman.’ Then, a ‘bright occidental star’ beamed upon these -Northern Parts, and Law began to assert its supremacy. - -Marcus Antoninus, who succeeded Antoninus Pius, was far from enjoying -the tranquillity which the northern rampart was expected to give. He was -obliged to carry on very troublesome wars with the Britons, and with -much difficulty kept them in check. - -[Sidenote: THE BRITONS PREVAIL.] - -In the reign of Commodus, who became sole emperor A.D. 180, the Britons, -as we are told by Xiphiline, who abridged the history of Dion, broke -through the wall which separated them from the Roman province, killed -the general, ruined the army, and, in their ravages, carried everything -before them. The wall referred to, was probably that of the Lower -Isthmus; for, as Horsley conjectures, "the Caledonians had broken -through the wall of Antoninus Pius not long after it was erected," and -certain it is, "that we meet with no inscriptions on the wall of -Antoninus but what belong to his reign." - -The circumstance, that the loathsome and ferocious Commodus assumed the -title of BRITANNICUS, is no proof that success attended his arms. He was -the first person who had ascribed to him the conjoined titles of _Pius_ -and _Felix_; but, as Lampridius satirically observes, "When he had -appointed the adulterer of his mother a consul, he was called _Pius_; -when he had slain Perennis, he was called _Felix_; and when the Britons -were ready to choose another emperor, he was flattered with the title of -BRITANNICUS." - -During the time that Septimius Severus, Pescennius Niger, and Clodius -Albinus contended with each other for the empire, the northern Britons -were held feebly in check. At length, A.D. 197, Severus prevailed, and -became sole master of the world. Virius Lupus became his proprætor in -Britain. Unable to resist the attacks of the Caledonians in the field, -and having in vain attempted to purchase their submission with money, -his lieutenant sent hasty letters to the emperor, entreating succour, -and, if possible, his presence. - -It is stated by Richard of Cirencester, that about this time the PICTS, -a tribe to which reference will presently be made, first landed in -Scotland. The extraordinary successes, as Dr. Giles remarks, which the -Caledonians gained, prior to the arrival of Severus, confirm the -supposition that they received considerable reinforcements from abroad. - -[Sidenote: THE ARRIVAL OF SEVERUS.] - -SEVERUS came at the call of his lieutenant. Both Herodian and Xiphiline -give us an account of the proceedings of this renowned emperor in -Britain, and as their narratives are not only interesting in themselves, -but important in the investigation of some subsequent questions, it will -be well to avail ourselves of their statements. Herodian says— - - Whilst Severus was under a mighty concern about the conduct of his two - sons, he received letters from the governor of Britain, informing him - of the insurrections and inroads of the barbarians, and the havoc they - made far and near, and begging, either a greater force, or that the - emperor would come over himself. Severus, for several reasons, was - pleased with the news, and, notwithstanding his age and infirmity, - resolved to go over in person. And though, by reason of the gout upon - him, he was forced to be carried in a litter, yet, he entered upon the - journey with a juvenile briskness and courage, and performed it with - great expedition. He quickly crossed the sea, and as soon as he came - upon the island, having gathered a very great force together, he made - ready for war. The Britons, being alarmed and terrified, would fain - have excused themselves, and treated about peace. But Severus, - unwilling to lose his labour, or to miss the glory of being called - BRITANNICUS, dismissed their ambassadors, and carried on his military - preparations. Particularly, he took care to make bridges or causeys - through the marshes, that the soldiers might travel and fight upon dry - ground. - -Herodian next gives a short description of the inhabitants, and says -that— - - Many parts of Britain were become fenny, by the frequent inundations - of the sea. The natives swim through those fens, or run through them - up to the waist in mud; for, the greatest part of their bodies being - naked, they regard not the dirt. They wear iron about their necks and - bellies, esteeming this as fine and rich an ornament as others do - gold. They make upon their bodies the figures of divers animals, and - use no clothing, that they may be exposed to view. They are a very - bloody and warlike people, using a little shield or target, and a - spear. Their sword hangs on their naked bodies. They know not the use - of a breastplate and helmet, and imagine these would be an impediment - to them in passing the fens. The air is always thick with the vapours - that ascend from these marshes. - -[Sidenote: THE OPERATIONS OF SEVERUS.] - -The historian proceeds with his story— - - Severus provided everything which might be of service to his own - people, and distress the enemy. And when all things were in sufficient - readiness, he left Geta, in that part of the island which was subject - to the Romans, to administer justice and manage civil affairs, - appointing some elderly friends to be his assistants. His son - Antoninus, better known by the name of Caracalla, he took with him - when he marched against the barbarians. The Roman army passing the - rivers and trenches, which were the boundaries of the empire, - skirmished often in a tumultuous manner with the barbarians, and as - often put them to flight. But it was easy for them to escape and to - hide themselves in the woods and fens, being well acquainted with the - country, whereas the Romans laboured under the opposite disadvantages. - By these means the war was prolonged. Severus, being old and infirm, - and confined at home, would have committed the management of the war - to his son Antoninus. But he, neglecting the barbarians, endeavoured - to gain the Roman army, with a view to the empire. During his father’s - lingering sickness he endeavoured to prevail with the physicians and - servants to despatch him. At last Severus died, worn out with sorrow, - more than disease. - -It will be observed, that in this detailed account of the proceedings of -Severus in Britain, not the least allusion is made to the construction -of a wall. - -[Sidenote: THE NARRATIVE OF DION CASSIUS.] - -Dion Cassius was contemporary with Severus. That portion of his work -which narrates the transactions of this emperor in Britain, is -unfortunately lost, but an epitome of it, prepared by Xiphiline, -remains. From this abridgment the following extracts are taken. - - Severus, observing that his two sons were abandoned to their - pleasures, and that the soldiers neglected their exercises, undertook - an expedition against Britain, though he was persuaded, from his - horoscope, that he never should return from thence to Italy. Nor did - he ever return from this expedition, but died three years after he - first set out from Rome. He got a prodigious mass of riches in - Britain. The two most considerable bodies of the people in that - island, and to which almost all the rest relate, are the Caledonians - and the Mæatæ. The latter dwell near the barrier wall which separates - the island into two parts; the others live beyond them. Both of them - inhabit barren uncultivated mountains, or desert marshy plains, where - they have neither walls nor towns, nor manured lands, but feed upon - the milk of their flocks, upon what they get by hunting, and some wild - fruits. - -The mode in which he speaks of the Wall, in this passage, implies its -existence at the time of the arrival of Severus. The historian, after -giving an interesting account of the manners of the inhabitants, -proceeds:— - - We are masters of little less than half the island. Severus, having - undertaken to reduce the whole under his subjection, entered into - Caledonia, where he had endless fatigues to sustain, forests to cut - down, mountains to level, morasses to dry up, and bridges to build. He - had no battle to fight, and saw no enemies in a body; instead of - appearing, they exposed their flocks of sheep and oxen, with design to - surprise our soldiers that should straggle from the army for the sake - of plunder. The waters, too, extremely incommoded our troops, insomuch - that some of our soldiers being able to march no farther, begged of - their companions to kill them, that they might not fall alive into - their enemies’ hands. In a word, Severus lost fifty thousand men - there, and yet quitted not his enterprise. He went to the extremity of - the island, where he observed very exactly the course of the sun in - those parts, and the length of the days and nights both in summer and - winter. He was carried all over the island in a close chair, by reason - of his infirmities, and made a treaty with the inhabitants, by which - he obliged them to relinquish part of their country to him. - -The peace thus purchased, by the cession of the northern portion of the -island, was badly observed. The inhabitants having taken up arms, -contrary to the faith of treaties, Severus commanded his soldiers to -enter their country, and to put all they met to the sword. He is said to -have signified his savage intention, by quoting, from Homer, the lines -which Cowper thus translates: - - .... Die the race! - May none escape us! neither he who flies, - Nor even the infant in the mother’s womb - Unconscious. - -[Sidenote: THE DEATH OF SEVERUS.] - -But in the midst of his enterprise he was taken off by a distemper, to -which, it was said, Antoninus, by his undutiful conduct, had very much -contributed. He died at York, Feb. 4th, A.D. 211. - -[Sidenote: THE RECORDS OF HIS VICTORIES.] - -[Illustration] - -The coins of Severus record his victories. One of them is represented -beneath. On the obverse is the laureated head of the ferocious -African—on the reverse are two winged victories, attaching a buckler to -a palm tree, at the foot of which two captives mournfully sit. The -legend, VICTORIAE BRITTANNICAE, declares who these captives are. Times -are changed! wide as ocean rolls, the burden of Britannia’s song -exultingly declares, 'Britons never will be slaves,'—and, better still, -Britain has long been actively engaged in rescuing from chains the sable -sons of that continent in which Severus first drew breath. - -Another curious record of the wars of Severus is found in the poems of -Ossian. The CARACUL, son of the ‘King of the World,’ in the dramatic -piece ‘Comala,’ is supposed to be Caracalla. - - DERSAGRENA. These are the signs of Fingal’s death. The King of shields - is fallen! and CARACUL prevails. - - COMALA. Ruin overtake thee, THOU KING OF THE WORLD! Few be thy steps - to the grave; and let one virgin mourn thee! - - MELICOMA. What sound is that on Ardven? Who comes like the strength of - rivers, when their crowded waters glitter to the moon? - - COMALA. Who is it but the foe of Comala, THE SON OF THE KING OF THE - WORLD! Ghost of Fingal! do thou from thy cloud, direct Comala’s - bow.... - - FINGAL. Raise ye bards, the song! CARACUL has fled from our arms along - the fields of his pride. - -After the death of Severus, a long period elapsed, in which the Roman -historians observe a profound silence respecting the affairs of Britain. -Local records and native historians supply but feebly the deficiency. -During the reign of Gallienus, which extended from A.D. 260 to 268, a -large number of usurpers arose, who are commonly denominated the Thirty -Tyrants. Of these Lollianus, Victorianus, Postumus, the two Tetrici, and -Marius, are supposed to have assumed the sovereignty in this island; for -their coins have been dug up more abundantly here than elsewhere. - -[Sidenote: BRITAIN REVOLTS.] - -Diocletian commenced his reign in the year 284. Though he was a man of -energy and ability, the care of a crumbling empire was too much for him, -and he divided his honours and anxieties with Maximian. Increasing -perplexities a few years afterwards induced the emperors to appoint two -Cæsars. Diocletian chose Galerius Maximianus, and Maximian nominated -Constantius Chlorus. To Constantius was assigned the charge of Britain, -where he eventually found a grave. He was the father of Constantine the -Great. - -[Sidenote: CARAUSIUS ATTAINS THE SOVEREIGNTY.] - -During a portion of the united reign of Diocletian and Maximian, Britain -assumed an independent position. In order to repress, in the northern -seas, the ravages of the Franks and Saxons, who about this period began -to demand a place in the world’s history, Carausius was appointed to the -command of ‘the channel fleet.’ Gesoriacum, the modern Boulogne, was his -place of rendezvous. Carausius, who was an expert seaman, exerted -himself, at first, with extraordinary success, against the pirates. -Afterwards, it was observed that he consulted his own interest, rather -than the public service. The emperors resolved upon his destruction. -Carausius, stimulated by self-preservation, as well as ambition, entered -into an alliance with his former foes, the Franks and Saxons, and -declared himself emperor of Britain. He was favourably received by the -natives of the island, and for seven years wielded the sovereignty of -his empire with vigour and ability. He repelled the Mæatæ and the -Caledonians, and having subdued these tribes, attached them to his -interest. Nothing, observes Mr. Thackeray, can more fully prove the -maritime strength and resources of Great Britain, under an able ruler, -than the fact, that Carausius for seven years bade defiance to the Roman -power; and at the end of that time fell, not overcome by the imperial -forces, but by private treachery. Never before, nor until several -hundred years after this period, was the country firmly united under the -government of one sovereign. - -Constantius was preparing to invade Britain with a fleet of a thousand -ships, when Carausius was murdered by Allectus, whom he had trusted as -his dearest friend. For about three years the assassin held, though with -a less firm grasp, the power formerly possessed by his victim. - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: THE SUCCESSES OF CARAUSIUS.] - -A very numerous suite of coins commemorates the successes of Carausius, -and vindicates his claim to a share in the empire of the world. Two -coins are represented here. On the reverse of one is a galley, which -indicates the chief source of his strength, and on the reverse of the -other is a lion with a thunderbolt in its mouth, significative, not only -of the bold bearing which the ancient sea-king assumed, but of that -which his successors in modern times have maintained. - -Carausius, according to Macpherson, is the CAROS of Ossian. The -following extract, upon this supposition, contains a remarkable allusion -to the Wall. - - Who comes towards my son, with the murmur of a song! His staff is in - his hand, his grey hair loose on the wind. Surly joy lightens his - face. He often looks back to CAROS. - - It is Ryno of Songs, he that went to view the foe. "What does CAROS, - KING OF SHIPS?" said the son of the now mournful Ossian; "spreads he - the wings of his pride,[5] bard of the times of old?" - - "He spreads them, Oscar," replied the bard, "but it is behind his - GATHERED HEAP. He looks over his STONES with fear. He beholds thee - terrible, as the ghost of night, that rolls the wave to his ships!" - -[Sidenote: BRITAIN UNDER DIOCLETIAN AND SUCCESSORS.] - -It would be improper to leave the reign of Diocletian without remarking, -that under it, the church of Christ endured the last and most terrible -of the ten persecutions, which pagan Rome inflicted upon the followers -of the cross. Britain did not escape. Alban and many others, as Gildas -and Bede inform us, were martyrs for the faith. - -On the withdrawal, in the year 305, of Diocletian and Maximian from the -cares of empire, Galerius and Constantius became the rulers of the -world. - -Constantine, afterwards surnamed the Great, was proclaimed emperor, on -the death of his father Constantius, at York. After a protracted -struggle with several rivals, he became, A.D. 313, sole possessor of the -imperial power. He was the first Christian Emperor, and, in token of his -faith, inscribed the monogram of the Redeemer upon his banner, and his -coin. The circumstances under which he adopted this step are thus -detailed— - - Constantine was in Gaul, and having heard of the opposition of his - rival, who was in possession of Rome, he immediately crossed the Alps, - and proceeded against him. When near Verona, on his march, and - meditating the difficulties of his situation, he was roused from deep - thought by a bright light, which suddenly illumined the sky, and, - looking up, he saw the sun, which was in its meridian, surmounted by a - cross of fire, and beneath it this inscription, τουτῳ νικα—"IN THIS - CONQUER." He immediately adopted the cross as his ensign, and formed - on the spot the celebrated Labarum, or Christian standard, which was - ever after substituted for the Roman eagle. This, as Eusebius - describes it, was a spear crossed by an arrow, on which was suspended - a velum, having inscribed on it the monogram, ☧ formed by the Greek - letters _Chi_ and _Rho_, the initials of the name of Christ. Under - this he marched forward, and rapidly triumphed over all his enemies; - and, struck with the preternatural warning he had received, and its - consequences, he now publicly embraced the doctrines of that religion - under whose banner he had conquered.[6] - -[Illustration] - -The monogram is well displayed on the reverse of a coin of -Magnentius,[7] which is here represented. The Alpha and Omega, which -accompany the symbol, indicate the faith of the emperor in the divinity -of Christ—‘the beginning and the ending, which is, and which was, and -which is to come, the Almighty.’ - -Constantine removed the imperial seat from Rome to Constantinople. - -[Sidenote: BRITAIN OVER-RUN BY THE PICTS.] - -During the life-time of Constantine, Britain partook of the civil -tranquillity of the rest of the world; but in the reign of his immediate -successors, the Picts and Scots renewed their incursions into the lower -province. This was not the only evil which Roman Britain had to endure. -Magnentius, a native of the isle, entered into a contest with -Constantius II. for the empire of the world, and in support of his -claims, collected an army, (chiefly drawn from Britain) with which he -three times met his foe. On the death of Magnentius, by his own hands, -in the year 353, his successful rival inflicted a bloody revenge upon -the Britons for having supported their countryman: meanwhile the Picts -and Scots harassed them, on the north, with redoubled fury. - -[Sidenote: THEODOSIUS REPAIRS THE WALL.] - -Little is recorded of Britain in the reign of Julian the Apostate. In -the time of Jovian his successor, the Picts, Saxons, and Scots, vexed it -by increasing calamities. Valentinian obtained the purple A.D. 364, when -the state of the country was so alarming as to require immediate -attention. Even London seems to have been menaced by the enemy, if it -was not actually in their hands. Theodosius, the ablest general of his -time, went to the assistance of the Britons, drove the enemy before him, -and recovered the provincial cities and forts. He then repaired the -cities and _prætenturæ_ and erected some new forts. Horsley thinks that -the Wall in the North of England, and the stations upon it, are the -_prætenturæ_ referred to. - -Valentinian, having, in 367, united with himself in the government of -the empire, Gratian his son, died, A.D. 375. Six days afterwards, his -second son, Valentinian II. was proclaimed his successor. The two -brothers reigned together, Theodosius the Great presiding at the same -time in the Eastern provinces, until Gratian was killed A.D. 383. Four -years afterwards, Valentinian was robbed of the purple by Maximus, but -applied for assistance to his eastern colleague, Theodosius, and once -more entered Rome with imperial dignity. The sovereignty of Britain, -Gaul, and Spain was, however, still conceded, for the present, to -Maximus, who adopted Treves as the seat of his government. - -[Sidenote: THE ISLAND DRAINED OF ITS YOUTH.] - -In this struggle Britain suffered severely. Maximus, having served in -the island under the elder Theodosius, was a favourite with the -Romanized Britons. They flocked to his standard in such numbers that the -island seemed drained of its youth. More than a hundred thousand persons -are said to have accompanied him from Britain to the continent. - -The loss of the native soldiery was severely felt in the North of -England, where the ruthless barbarians renewed their ravages without -molestation. The whole island, in the querulous language of its first -historian, Gildas,[8] "Deprived of all her armed soldiers and military -bands, was left to her cruel tyrants, deprived of the assistance of all -her youth who went with Maximus, and ignorant of the art of war, she -groaned in amazement for many years under the cruelty of the Picts and -Scots." - -Theodosius died A.D. 395. He left his dominions to his sons Arcadius and -Honorius, who permanently divided them into the empires of the East and -West. In the early part of the reign of Honorius, the province of -Britain, by the prudence of the emperor’s minister Stilicho, had -comparative rest from the incursions of the enemy. But when the Gothic -war diverted the attention of the government from so remote a province, -and the legions of Britain were called away to defend the seat of the -empire from the attacks of Alaric, the troubles which before distracted -the province, were again called into fearful operation. A spirit of -disaffection and revolt increased the evil. Marcus and Gratian were -successively declared emperors by the islanders, but were both speedily -murdered. Constantine was next raised to the sovereignty, an honour for -which he was indebted to his name, not his rank or fitness for the -office. Instead of endeavouring to secure the peace of Britain, he -transported his army to Gaul and made a successful stand against -Honorius. He was assassinated in the year 411. - -[Sidenote: BRITAIN BECOMES INDEPENDENT.] - -Whilst Honorius was struggling with the usurper Constantine, he wrote -letters to the cities of Britain, conceding the independence of the -island, and urging them to adopt measures for their own government and -protection. The gift of liberty was to them a fatal boon. Their -implacable enemies, finding that the military science of the Romans no -longer protected the south, rushed forth to invade the undefended -province. The natives, in despair, turned to the still powerful name of -Rome, and dispatched messengers to entreat help from the emperor.—But -let Gildas ‘the wise,’ depict the closing scene of ancient Britain’s -history— - -[Sidenote: THE NARRATIVE OF GILDAS.] - - The Britons, impatient at the assaults of their enemies, send - ambassadors to Rome, entreating, in piteous terms, the assistance of - an armed band to protect them. A legion is immediately sent, provided - sufficiently with arms. When they had crossed over the sea, and - landed, they came at once to close conflict with their enemies, and - slew great numbers of them. All of them were driven beyond the - borders, and the humiliated natives rescued from the bloody slavery - which awaited them. By the advice of their protectors, they now built - a wall across the island, from one sea to the other, which, being - manned with a proper force, might be a terror to the foes whom it was - intended to repel, and a protection to their friends whom it covered. - But this wall being made of turf, instead of stone, was of no use to - that foolish people, who had no head to guide them. - - The Roman legion had no sooner returned home in joy and triumph, than - their former foes, like hungry and ravening wolves, rushing with - greedy jaws upon the fold, which is left without a shepherd, are - wafted, both by the strength of oarsmen and the blowing wind, break - through the boundaries, and spread slaughter on every side. - - And now again they send suppliant ambassadors, with their garments - rent, and their heads covered with ashes, imploring assistance from - the Romans, like timorous chickens crowding under the protecting wings - of their parents. Upon this, the Romans, moved with compassion, send - forward, like eagles in their flight, their bands of cavalry and - mariners, and planting their terrible swords upon the shoulders of - their enemies, mow them down like leaves which fall at their destined - period. Having driven their enemies beyond the sea, the Romans left - the country, giving them notice, that they could no longer be harassed - by such laborious expeditions, but that the islanders, inuring - themselves to warlike weapons, should valiantly protect their country, - their property, their wives, and children; that they should not suffer - their hands to be tied behind their backs, by a nation, which, unless - they were enervated by idleness and sloth, was not more powerful than - themselves, but that they should arm those hands with buckler, sword, - and spear, ready for the field of battle; and, because they thought - this also of advantage to the people they were about to leave, they, - with the help of the miserable natives, built a wall, different from - the former, by public and private contributions, and of the same - structure as walls generally are, extending in a straight line from - sea to sea, between some cities, which, from fear of their enemies, - had then by chance been built. - -[Sidenote: THE DISTRESSES OF THE BRITONS.] - - No sooner were they gone, than the Picts and Scots, like worms, which - in the heat of mid-day, come forth from their holes, hastily land from - their canoes, differing one from another in manners, but inspired with - the same avidity for blood, and all, more eager to shroud their - villainous faces in bushy hair, than to cover with decent clothing - those parts of their body which required it. Moreover, having heard of - the departure of our friends, and their resolution never to return, - they seized, with greater boldness than before, on all the country - towards the extreme north, as far as the Wall. To oppose them, there - was placed on the heights, a garrison, equally slow to fight, and ill - adapted to run away, a useless and panic-struck company, which - slumbered away days and nights on their unprofitable watch. Meanwhile - the hooked weapons of their enemies were not idle, and our wretched - countrymen were dragged from the Wall, and dashed against the ground. - Such premature death, however, painful as it was, saved them from - seeing the miserable sufferings of their brothers and children. But - why should I say more? They left their cities, abandoned the - protection of the Wall, and dispersed themselves in flight more - desperately than before. - -Whilst the enemy butchered them like sheep, they increased their own -miseries by domestic feuds— - - They turned their arms upon each other, and for the sake of a little - sustenance, imbrued their hands in the blood of their fellow - countrymen. - -Again, in their distress, they applied to the Romans. In the address, -entitled ‘The Groans of the Britons,’ our author represents them as -saying:— - - The barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea throws us back on the - barbarians: thus two modes of death await us, we are either slain or - drowned. - -The Romans could not assist them, and, unwilling to assist themselves, -they sought and obtained the help of those ‘wolves’, as Gildas calls -them, the fierce and impious Saxons. The result is known to all—Celtic -Britain became Saxon England—and England, with all its faults,—has it -not been a blessing to the world? - -The picture drawn by Gildas of the misery of the southern Britons, and -of the ravages of the northern barbarians, is doubtless correct; but, in -ascribing the erection of the earthen rampart, and the stone wall of the -LOWER BARRIER to the period of the departure of the Romans, he probably -leans upon the erring traditions of his own times. His statement is -devoid of probability. A work so bold in its design, so skilfully -planned, and involving so much labour in its execution, cannot have been -the result of the expiring energies of Rome in Britain. Its very ruins -bespeak the masculine vigour of Rome’s maturity. - -Besides, if we receive the testimony of Gildas upon this point, we must -either suppose that several walls have been drawn across the island, or -we must reject the assertions of those classical writers who ascribe the -works to Hadrian or Severus. The former supposition cannot be -maintained, for we meet with no traces of more than one earthen vallum, -and one stone wall, in the region in question; and with reference to the -latter alternative, it is more likely that Gildas should err in his -dates, than that Dion Cassius, and Herodian, and Spartian, should -describe, as existing in their day, that which was not to be for -centuries. - -[Sidenote: THE BRITONS SUPINE IN YIELDING TO THE PICTS.] - -Another question will arise in the mind of the thoughtful reader;—how -was it that the Britons suffered themselves to become so easy a prey to -the Picts and Scots? Roman civilization could not, greatly at least, -have enervated them. The cultivation of the liberal arts removes from -the minds and manners of men their unsightly asperities, but it brings -out in bolder relief their more valuable qualities. The vices of the -Romans, when grafted upon the previously polluted life of the Britons, -would indeed have a tendency to unman them, but why should it have sunk -them beneath the level of the Romans themselves? We do not find, -moreover, that the Britons who fought in foreign parts were deficient in -courage. - -[Sidenote: THE BRITONS HAD BREATHING-TIME.] - -An acquaintance with Roman discipline, a knowledge of the Roman art of -war, ought to have given them great advantages over their less civilized -neighbours on the north of the Wall, and enabled them easily to have -retained that great structure as a boundary fence.[9] It is true that -great numbers of their youth had from time to time been drafted off by -successive emperors, to engage in foreign quarrels, and that thus the -land was deprived of its natural defenders. This accounts for a part of -their distress, but not all. In a rude state of society, every man is a -soldier, and it was an essential part of the policy of Rome to inure -every citizen to the practice of arms. There surely would be men enough -left to defend their homes, their liberties, and lives! Besides, half a -century elapsed between the time when the Romans began to leave Britain -to its own resources, and their final refusal of all succour. There was -thus time enough to have nurtured a whole generation of veterans; and -there was time enough—if the energy had been in them—to have shaken off -those feelings of dependence upon Rome, which the presence of their -conquerors had fostered. The opportunity, however, was lost; they -entreated, and wept, and groaned—and passed off the stage of this -world’s history. How are we adequately to account for this circumstance? -[Sidenote: THE GENEALOGY OF THE PICTS AND SCOTS.]This is not the place -to discuss the genealogy of the Picts, but if we adopt the theory of -their Germanic origin,[10] the enigma, if not made quite plain, will -appear less difficult than before. However great the valour, and however -estimable the other qualities of the Celtic race, they did not possess -the patience, the perseverance, the capacity for united action, and the -power of command, which characterized the Teutonic tribes; hence they -would fall before them in any contest which required sustained exertion. -[Sidenote: THE TEUTONES SUPPLANT THE CELTS.]Gibbon’s estimate of the -character of the ancient Britons is probably correct—‘The various tribes -possessed valour without conduct, and the love of freedom without the -spirit of union. They took up arms with savage fierceness, they laid -them down, or turned them against each other with wild inconstancy; and, -while they fought singly, they were successively subdued.’ - -[Sidenote: ANTAGONISM OF THE RACES.] - -The Picts, without the artificial advantages which the Romanized Britons -possessed, doubtless had the usual characteristics of the Gothic tribes. -By these they were enabled, in defiance of the desultory attempts of the -previous occupants of the soil, to ravage the land, until, through the -efforts of Vortigern, they were confronted with foes of their own kith -and kin. In our sister island, we unhappily witness, though in a subdued -form, much of that animosity of race which led to the devastation and -bloodshed that Gildas deplores. When will Saxon and Celt lay aside their -differences, and unite for the common weal of Britain! Why should they -regard each other with mutual suspicion? Why should the one triumph, and -the other sink into hopeless, helpless despair? Creation groans—a -prostrate world looks to united Britain and its offshoots, for that balm -which may heal its woes—let it, strong in the confidence and love of its -various constituent parts, faithfully fulfil its duty! - - -[Sidenote: THE ROMAN ESTIMATION OF BRITAIN.] - -On reviewing this sketch of the proceedings of Rome, in relation to this -distant portion of her great empire, the reader will perhaps be struck -with the amount of attention which the Imperial City bestowed upon it. - -The classic authors speak most disparagingly of the land, and its -inhabitants— - - Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos. - _Virg. Ec._ I. - Serves iturum Cæsarem in ultimos - Orbis Britannos. - _Hor. Od._ I. 35. - Visam Britannos, hospitibus feros. - _Hor. Od._ III. 4. - Te belluosus qui remotis - Obstrepit oceanus Britannis. - _Hor. Od._ IV. 14. - -—and yet Britain, which, according to these authorities, scarcely formed -a portion of the habitable earth, which was perpetually lashed by a -stormy ocean, and whose inhabitants, unlike many barbaric tribes, were -inhospitable to strangers, was the resort, not only of numerous -legionary and auxiliary troops, but of very many of the emperors -themselves. Great Julius came. Claudius fought upon our soil. Vespasian -entered into conflict thirty-two times with the southern Britons. Titus -shared in his toils and triumphs. Hadrian was here, and left the impress -of his mighty mind behind him. Septimius Severus ended his days in -Britain; his sons Geta and Caracalla first assumed the purple in -Britain. The emperor Maximinus breathed, sixteen centuries ago, the -sea-borne gales of Tynemouth. Britain, with its seas, was the chief -scene of the exploits of the emperor Carausius. Allectus reigned three -years over it. Constantius was long in the island, and his son, -Constantine the Great is said to have first drawn breath upon our soil. -Both Constans and Magnentius were here. Theodosius the Emperor fought -under his father in Britain. Maximus, who had previously married a -British lady, was invested by his soldiers with the purple at York—How -comes it that so many of those who boasted of the mastery of this wide -world, were induced personally to visit this little isle?—how was it, -but that - - Coming events cast their shadows before. - -[Sidenote: ROME FORESHADOWS BRITAIN’S DESTINY.] - -It seems as though there was an affinity between England and Earth’s -rulers—and that thus early it was pointed out as the spot in which, of -all others, save one—Jerusalem—mankind had the greatest interest. - -The importance of Britain, in the estimation of the Romans, is further -shewn by the fact, that, of the different coins struck by the imperial -government in the short period extending from the reign of Claudius to -that of Caracalla, at least fifty-six relate to this country. Of these, -two were struck in the reign of Claudius, five in that of Hadrian, -seventeen bear the impress of Antonine, ten of Severus, twelve of -Caracalla, and ten of his brother Geta.[11] - -[Sidenote: CAUSE OF THE ROMAN OCCUPATION.] - -Whilst however we maintain that Rome was led to Britain by the impulse -of a power of which she was not conscious, and whilst we willingly -acknowledge that the conquest of Britain by the Romans was the first of -that series of signal providential arrangements, by which, from the dawn -of history to the present hour, ‘the Governor among the nations’ has -prepared this island for performing that important part in the drama of -history, which she now sustains,—the enquiry yet remains, by what motive -were the conquerors more immediately impelled to settle in so remote an -island? Such toils would not have been endured, such sacrifices would -not have been made, victories over tribes so savage would not thus have -been gloried in, except the question ‘cui bono?’ could have been -satisfactorily answered. ‘I confess,’ says Horsley, 'that when I view -some part of the country in the north of England, where the Romans had -their military ways and stations, that question naturally arises, which -has been often proposed: What could move them to march so far to conquer -such a country? It appears wild and desolate enough at present, but must -have been more so at that time, from the accounts the Roman historians -have given us of it. I shall leave the Caledonian Galgacus, or Tacitus -for him, to return the answer—If the enemy was rich, their covetousness -moved them; if poor, their ambition. And when they added further -desolation to a desolate country, this was their peace.' Ambition was -doubtless the leading motive. From the earliest periods of Roman history -we find her bent upon conquest. Incessant wars engendered a thirst for -victory, and military glory became the ruling passion of the people. The -wide grasp of their ambition gave to the features of Roman character -harder, but grander lineaments than those which their more polished -neighbours of Greece possessed. Flattered, as the lords of the world, by -their favourite poets and historians, they gloried in their proud -pre-eminence, and thought that they were but fulfilling their destiny in -asserting a claim to universal dominion. Candidates for public favour -knew well that to fan the popular passion was the readiest way to -succeed in their aims. None understood this better than Julius Cæsar; -and the later emperors, who possessed not the power to strike an -energetic blow, found it necessary to maintain the show at least of -conquest and of triumph. - -[Sidenote: WEALTH OF ANCIENT BRITAIN.] - -Less worthy inducements were, however, not wanting. There are few evils -in the fibres of whose roots the love of money will not be found. Gold -was another secret but powerful cause of the hardships which the Romans -themselves underwent, and of the countless ills which they mercilessly -inflicted upon the miserable islanders. The British chiefs in general -appear to have had considerable riches among them. Cæsar, according to -Strabo, acquired a large booty in his two descents upon our shore. -Prasutagus, the king of the Iceni, died possessed of very great wealth. -To a few states in the south, and within a few years after their first -subjection, the philosophical Seneca lent more than four hundred and -eighty thousand pounds of our money upon good security, and at -exorbitant interest.[12] Severus got a prodigious mass of riches in this -land. Gold is not now an article of mineral wealth in Britain. We are -not from this to infer that it was not so when it was first invaded. The -precious metal is not met with in veins or strata, but is diffused over -the alluvial soil, or mixed with the sand of rivers in grains or lumps. -When the commercial value of the glittering dust is discovered, it is -speedily picked up, and a country, once rich in it, becomes, in the -course of ages, impoverished. The number of massive golden torques and -armillæ of the ancient Britons, which even yet are from time to time -being brought to light, favours the idea that the metal was, in ancient -days, tolerably abundant. Whatever the secret motives, Cæsar came and -conquered— - - The Roman taught thy stubborn knee to bow, - Though twice a Cæsar could not bend it now. - -[Sidenote: THE FATE OF ROME.] - -In passing from the contemplation of the Roman occupation of Britain to -our examination of the remains of the chief monument of imperial power -which time has left us, the mind will experience a great transition. In -the Wall, we have evident traces of the might of Rome, but it is the -might of a giant laid prostrate— - - . . . . . Her haughty carcass spread, - Still awes in ruins, and commands when dead. - -Centuries have elapsed since the vast fabric was upreared, but they have -been centuries rife with the fate of empires. - -The most ardent lover of the olden time cannot but startle, as he treads -the deserted streets, or enters the unbarred portals of BORCOVICUS, and -other cities of the Wall, at the thought that the Mistress of Nations is -now no more,[13] and that the Eternal City is buried in her own debris. -The broken column, the prostrate altar, ever and anon obtrude the fact -upon him. Another empire has sprung into being of which Rome dreamt not. -In a sense different from that which Virgil intended, the words in his -third Georgic are peculiarly striking— - - Vel scena ut versis discedat frontibus, utque - Purpurea intexti tollant aulæa Britanni. - - Or see how on the stage the shifting scenes - In order pass, and pictured Britons rise - Out of the earth, and raise the purple curtain. - -[Sidenote: PROSPECTIVE FATE OF BRITAIN.] - -In that island, where, in Roman days, the painted savage shared the -forest with the beast of prey—a lady sits upon her throne of state, -wielding a sceptre more potent than Julius or Hadrian ever grasped! Her -empire is threefold that of Rome in the hour of its prime. But power is -not her brightest diadem. The holiness of the domestic circle irradiates -her. Literature, and all the arts of peace, flourish under her sway. Her -people bless her. - -Will Britain always thus occupy so prominent a position in the scene of -this world’s history? - - ... Valet ima summis - Mutare, et insignem attenuat Deus - Obscura promens. - - The power that did create, can change the scene - Of things; make mean of great, and great of mean. - -[Sidenote: LESSON INCULCATED.] - -Is the fate of Persia, Macedon, and Rome, never to be hers? ‘O Thou, -that didst build up this Britannic empire to a glorious and enviable -height, with all her daughter islands about her; stay us in this -felicity!’ What would Britain at this moment be without the Bible? Let -the seven-hilled city say! If Britain herself obey the inspired word, -and give it to the nations, then she needs not fear the shock of -empires. If not, at a future day the native of a distant isle, or -obscure nation, then newly risen into greatness, moralizing over the -reedy docks and grass-grown streets of London, may exclaim—How true the -words of their own Milton! 'But if ... as you have been valiant in war, -you should grow debauched in peace, you that have had such visible -demonstrations of the goodness of God to yourselves, and his wrath -against your enemies ... you will find that God’s displeasure against -you, will be greater than it has been against your adversaries, greater -than his grace and favour has been to yourselves, which you have had -larger experience of than any other nation under heaven.' - -[Illustration: Base of Column at BORCOVICUS.] - ------ - -Footnote 2: - - This coin is in the possession of Mr. Bell, of the Nook, Irthington, - to whose cabinet of coins, chiefly procured from the line of the wall, - the author has kindly been allowed free access. - -Footnote 3: - - This interesting coin is thus described by - Akerman:—_OBVERSE_—HADRIANUS · AVG_ustus_, CO_nsul_ III. [tertium] - P_ater_ P_atriæ_. Laureated bust of Hadrian, with the chlamys buckled - over his right shoulder. _REVERSE_—ADVENTVS AVG_usti_ BRITANNIAE. In - the exergue—S_enatus_ C_onsulto_. An altar, with the fire kindled, - placed between the emperor in his toga, who holds a patera, and a - female figure, a victim lying at her feet. - -Footnote 4: - - Numismatists differ as to the appropriation of the female. The same - figure in other coins of this reign being used to personify Rome, it - probably does so in this case; and represents the secure possession - obtained by the Eternal City, of Albion’s rocky shore. However this - may be, the same figure has been placed by many successive generations - of mint-masters on the reverse of the copper coinage of Great Britain. - Britain in this still bows to Rome! - -Footnote 5: - - The Roman Eagle. - -Footnote 6: - - Walsh on Coins. - -Footnote 7: - - In the collection of Geo. Rippon, Esq., North Shields. - -Footnote 8: - - Historians differ as to the degree of credibility due to this author. - Mr. Wright, in his Biographia Britannica Literaria, says that his is - ‘a name of very doubtful authority.’ Sharon Turner thinks that ‘as far - as he can be supported, and made intelligible, by others, he is an - acceptable companion, but that he cannot be trusted alone;’ and Mr. - Stevenson, in the preface to his edition of the original Latin of - Gildas, writes ‘We are unable to speak with certainty as to his - parentage, his country, or even his name, the period when he lived, or - the works of which he was the author.’ Thus much, however, is certain, - that he lived before the time of Bede, and is quoted by him. - -Footnote 9: - - This point is well put by Sir Francis Palgrave, in his History of the - Anglo-Saxons. ‘The walls of the cities fortified by the Romans were - yet strong and firm. The tactics of the legions were not forgotten. - Bright armour was piled in the storehouses, and the serried line of - spears might have been presented to the half-naked Scots and Picts, - who could never have prevailed against their opponents.’ - -Footnote 10: - - The supposition is not destitute of support. The migratory tendencies - of the Gothic tribes have always been conspicuous. From the earliest - periods of our history, the inhabitants of Jutland and its - neighbouring provinces were in the habit of making descents upon the - coasts of Britain. After the departure of the Romans, their attempts - were probably more bold and frequent, but they did not then, for the - first time, commence. The Norfolk and Suffolk coast was, from its - position, peculiarly exposed to these incursions, and as early as the - close of the third century, was placed under the command of a military - Count called _Comes litoris Saxonici_. This district was called ‘the - Saxon shore,’ as Sir Francis Palgrave observes, not merely because it - was open to the incursion of the Saxons, but, most probably, because - they had succeeded in fixing themselves in some portion of it. The - weak hold which the Romans, at all times, had of Scotland, would - render it an easier prey than England to the Franks and Saxons. - Tacitus informs us, that the ruddy hair and lusty limbs of the - Caledonians indicate a Germanic extraction. Richard of Cirencester - tells us, that a little before the coming of Severus, the Picts landed - in Scotland; from which we are at least entitled to infer, that the - Picts were not the original inhabitants of North Britain; and probably - the statement is substantially correct, inasmuch as large - reinforcements landed in Scotland at this period, as previously - observed. The Scots—the other branch of the people classed under the - general term Caledonians—are confessedly of Irish origin. When St. - Columba, whose mother tongue was Irish Gaelic, preached to the Picts, - he used an interpreter. Fordun, the Father of Scottish History, tells - us, ‘The manners of the Scots are various as to their languages; for - they use two tongues, the Scottish and the Teutonic. The last is - spoken by those on the sea-coasts and in the low countries, while the - Scottish is the speech of the mountaineers and the remote islanders.’ - The proper Scots, Camden describes as those commonly called - Highlandmen; ‘for the rest,’ he adds, ‘more civilized, and inhabiting - the eastern part, though comprehended under the name of Scots, are the - farthest in the world from being Scots, but are of the same German - origin with us English.’ Dr. Jamieson, whose researches in philology - are well known, is decidedly of opinion that the Picts and Saxons had - a common origin. Upon what other theory, he argues, can the prevalence - of the Saxon tongue in the Lowlands of Scotland be accounted for? - William the Conqueror could not change the language of South - Britain—was it likely that a few Saxon fugitives at the Scottish court - could supplant that of their benefactors? - - The theory of the Germanic origin of the Picts removes another - difficulty. How is the disappearance of the Celtic tongue from England - to be accounted for? The Saxons, on seizing the soil, would not - exterminate the inhabitants, but retain them as bondsmen. Had the - majority of the occupants of England been the original Britons or - Romanized Celts, we should have found in our daily speech, and in the - names of our towns and villages, a large intermixture of Gaelic and - Latin; but such is not the case. Grant that the Picts were a branch of - the great Gothic family—and that successive waves of them had, long - before the time of Cerdic, poured from the lowlands of Scotland over - the plains of England, and the almost entire extermination of the - ancient British is easily accounted for. - - If the theory here advocated, cannot be sustained, it must at least be - allowed, that the population of North Britain was largely leavened - with individuals of the Saxon race. These strangers would doubtless - obtain that supremacy over the natives which the Franks did in Gaul; - so that, even upon this limited view of the question, the influence of - the Germanic race in fixing the destinies of Britain, at this critical - period, is apparent. - -Footnote 11: - - The whole of these are accurately figured and described in the - "Materials for the History of Britain," published by the government. - It is to be hoped that a work so auspiciously begun will not be - strangled in its birth, by a false application of the principles of - national economy. - -Footnote 12: - - Whitaker’s History of Manchester, i. 228. - -Footnote 13: - - "Politically speaking, Rome is now the city of the dead." - - _Times_, March 18th, 1850. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - PART II. - A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE OF THE WALL. - -Numerous are the appellations which the Great Barrier of the Lower -Isthmus has obtained. 'It was called by ancient writers _vallum -barbaricum_, _prætentura_ and _clusura_; by Dion διατειχισμα; by -Herodian χωμα; by Antoninus and others _vallum_; by some of the Latin -historians _murus_; by the English the Picts’-wall, or THE WALL; and by -the Britons _gual Sever_, _gal Sever_, and _mur Sever_. The names -_prætentura_ and _clusura_ are given to it upon account of its being -stretched out against, and excluding the enemy.' To the names thus -enumerated by Camden, must be added, the Thirl Wall, the Kepe Wall, and -that by which it is best known at present, the ROMAN WALL. - -[Sidenote: GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS.] - -This great fortification consists of three parts. - -I. A Stone Wall, strengthened by a ditch on its northern side. - -II. A Turf Wall or Vallum, to the south of the stone wall. - -III. Stations, Castles, Watch-towers, and Roads, for the accommodation -of the soldiery who manned the Barrier, and for the transmission of -military stores. These lie, for the most part, between the stone wall -and the earthen rampart. - -The whole of the works proceed from one side of the island to the other -in a nearly direct line, and in comparatively close companionship. The -stone wall and earthen rampart are generally within sixty or seventy -yards of each other.[14] The distance between them, however, varies -according to the nature of the country. Sometimes they are so close as -barely to admit of the passage of the military way between them, whilst, -in one or two instances, they are upwards of half-a-mile apart. It is in -the high grounds of the central region that they are most widely -separated. Midway between the seas, the country attains a considerable -elevation; here the stone wall seeks the highest ridges, but the vallum, -forsaking for a while its usual companion, runs along the adjacent -valley. Both works are, however, so arranged as to afford each other the -greatest amount of support which the nature of the country allows. - - _PLATE II._ - -[Illustration: PLAN OF THE BARRIER BETWEEN CILURNUM AND MAGNA AFTER -HORSLEY.] - -[Illustration: - - _A PLAN OF CILURNUM AFTER WARBURTON WITH PART OF THE PLAN OF THE STONE - WALL AND VALLUM._ - _Shewing how they are connected at the Stations, and by their mutual - relation to one another must have been one entire united Defence or - Fortification._ -] - - _Reid Litho. 117 Pilgrim Street Newcastle_ - -The stone wall extends from Wall’s-end on the Tyne, to Bowness on the -Solway, a space which Horsley estimates at sixty-eight miles and three -furlongs—the turf wall falls short of this distance by about three miles -at each end, terminating at Newcastle on the east side, and at Drumburgh -on the west. - -[Sidenote: GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS.] - -The Map of the Wall, the more detailed Plans of several parts of it in -Plate II, and the Sections given in a subsequent page, will afford a -pretty correct idea of the general arrangement of the works. - -Most writers who have treated of the Roman remains in Britain, have -considered that the two lines of fortification are the works of -different periods. The earth-wall, or Vallum, has generally been -ascribed to Hadrian, but the stone wall, or Murus, to Septimius Severus. -This is the opinion of Horsley, whose judgment is always deserving of -the highest consideration. Deferring to a subsequent period the -discussion of this question, it will be convenient, meanwhile, to speak -of the works as being but different parts of one great engineering -scheme. - -[Sidenote: THE COURSE OF THE WALL.] - -The most striking feature in the plan, both of the Murus and the Vallum, -is the determinate manner in which they pursue their straight-forward -course. The Vallum makes fewer deviations from a right line than the -stone Wall; but as the Wall traverses higher ground, this remarkable -tendency is more easily detected in it than in the other. Shooting over -the country, in its onward course, it only swerves from a straight line -to take in its route the boldest elevations. So far from declining a -hill, it uniformly selects it. For nineteen miles out of Newcastle, the -road to Carlisle runs upon the foundation of the Wall, and during the -summer months its dusty surface contrasts well with the surrounding -verdure. Often will the traveller, after attaining some of the steep -acclivities of his path, observe the road stretching for miles in an -undeviating course to the east and the west of him, resembling, as -Hutton expresses it, a white ribbon on a green ground. But if it never -moves from a right line, except to occupy the highest points, it never -fails to seize them, as they occur, no matter how often it is compelled, -with this view, to change its direction. It never bends in a curve, but -always at an angle. Hence, along the craggy precipices between -Sewingshields and Thirlwall, it is obliged to pursue a remarkably -zig-zag course; for it takes in its range, with the utmost pertinacity, -every projecting rock. - -This mode of proceeding involves another peculiarity. It is compelled to -accommodate itself to the depressions of the mountainous region over -which it passes. Without flinching, it sinks into the ‘gap,’ or pass, -which ever and anon occurs, and, having crossed the narrow valley, -ascends unfalteringly the steep acclivity on the other side. The -antiquary, in following it into these ravines, is often compelled to -step with the utmost caution, and in clambering up the opposite ascent, -he is as frequently constrained to pause for breath. After crossing the -river Irthing, in Cumberland, the Wall is opposed in its course westward -by a precipice of upwards of one hundred feet in height. It cannot now -be ascertained, whether or not the Wall was taken up the edge of this -cliff, for the stratum is of a soft and yielding nature, and is -continually being removed by the river below. Certain, however, it is, -that the Wall, accompanied by its ditch, is still to be seen on the very -brink of its summit. If it did not climb this steep, it is the only one -which, in the course of the line from sea to sea, it refused—and if it -did ascend it, it would more nearly resemble a leaning tower than a -barrier wall. - -[Sidenote: THE HEIGHT OF THE WALL.] - -In no part of its course is the Wall entirely perfect, and therefore it -is difficult to ascertain what its original height has been. Bede, whose -cherished home was the monastery of Jarrow, anciently part of the parish -of Wall’s-end, is the earliest author who gives its dimensions. He -says—‘It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height, in a straight -line from east to west, as is still visible to beholders.’ Subsequent -writers assign to it a greater elevation. It is not unlikely that the -venerable monk, who was no traveller, describes it as it existed in his -own neighbourhood; and we can readily conceive that in a flat country, -and upon the border of a navigable river, it would, even then, have -suffered more from the hand of the spoiler than in the wilder regions of -the West. - -In a letter written by Sir Christopher Ridley, is an account of the Wall -as it stood about the year 1572. The writer says— - - Rycht worschipfull, where as you spake unto me for a certayn knowledge - of one wall builded betwyxt the Brittons and Pightes (which we call - the KEPE WALL) builded by the Pightes, sure theyr is one. The length - whereof is about, I think, almost a C myles, bilded alwayis whar they - cold upon the hyghtes, whereon about the greatest cragis was, and - whare theyr was no cragis or hy placis theyr was a great stank cast of - other syd, the bredth iij yardis, the hyght remanith in sum placis yet - vij yardis, it goith from Bowlness in Cu'berland viij myles beyond - Carlell upon the west sea cost till it comes to a town called the - Wallis end besyd Tynemouth on the est sea.[15] - -Samson Erdeswick, an English antiquary of some celebrity, visited the -Wall, in the year 1574.[16] His account is here given— - - As towching Hadrian’s[17] Wall, begyning abowt a town called Bonus - standing vppon the river Sulway now called Eden. The sea ebbeth and - floweth there. The forsaid Wall begynning there, and there yet - standing of the heyth of 16 fote, for almost a quarter of a myle - together, and so along the river syde estwards, they space of an eight - myle by the shew of the trench, as certayne ruynes of castills in that - wall, tyll a qwarter of a myle of Carlyole, and there passeth ower the - river of Eden; and then goeth straight estwards hard by a late abbey - called Lanvercost, and so crossing ower the mowntaynes toward - Newcastell. - -[Sidenote: THE WIDTH OF THE WALL.] - -Camden, who visited the Wall in 1599, says— - - Within two furlongs of Carvoran, on a pretty high hill the Wall is - still standing fifteen feet in height, and nine in breadth. - -These statements leave upon the mind an impression that the estimate of -Bede is too low. - -In all probability, the Wall would be surmounted by a battlement of not -less than four feet in height, and as this part of the structure would -be the first to fall into decay, Bede’s calculation was probably -irrespective of it. This, however, only gives us a total elevation of -sixteen feet. Unless we reject the evidence of Ridley and Erdeswick, we -must admit, even after making due allowance for error and exaggeration, -that the Wall, when in its integrity, was eighteen or nineteen feet -high. This elevation would be in keeping with its breadth. - -The thickness of the Wall varies considerably; in some places it is six -feet, in others nine feet and a half.[18] Probably the prevailing width -is eight feet, the measurement given by Bede. - -The frequency with which the thickness of the Wall varies, favours the -idea that numerous gangs of labourers were simultaneously employed upon -the work, and that each superintending centurion was allowed to use his -discretion as to its width. The northern face of the Wall is continuous, -but the southern has numerous outsets and insets measuring from four to -twelve inches, at the points, doubtless, where the sections of the -different companies joined. - -[Sidenote: THE NORTH FOSSE.] - -Throughout the whole of its length, the Wall is accompanied on its -northern margin by a broad and deep FOSSE, which, by increasing the -comparative height of the Wall, would add greatly to its strength. This -portion of the Barrier may yet be traced, with trifling interruptions, -from sea to sea. Even in places where the Wall has quite disappeared, -its more lowly companion, the fosse, remains. In some fertile districts -the plough has been carried over it in vain; owing to the moisture of -the site, the corn sown upon it springs up with undue luxuriance, and is -almost uniformly laid prostrate before it can ripen. From this -circumstance the ground is frequently retained in grass, while the -neighbouring parts are under tillage.[19] The fosse thus more readily -catches the eye, and is likely longer to retain its groove-like form -than if subjected to the ordinary process of cultivation. - -When the ditch traverses a flat or exposed country, a portion of the -materials taken out of it has frequently been thrown upon its northern -margin, so as to present to the enemy an additional rampart. In those -positions, on the other hand, where its assistance could be of no avail, -as along the edge of a cliff, the fosse does not appear. - -No small amount of labour has been expended in the excavation of the -ditch; it has been drawn indifferently through alluvial soil, and rocks -of sandstone, limestone, and basalt. The patient exertion which this -involved is well seen on Tepper Moor, where enormous blocks of whin lie -just as they have been lifted out of the fosse. The fosse never leaves -the Wall to avoid a mechanical difficulty. - -The size of the ditch in several places is still considerable. To the -east of Heddon-on-the-Wall, it measures thirty four feet across the top, -and is nearly nine feet deep; as it descends the hill from Carvoran to -Thirlwall, it measures forty feet across the top, fourteen across the -bottom, and is ten feet deep. Westward of Tepper Moor is a portion -which, reckoning from the top of the mound on its northern margin, has a -depth of twenty feet. - -The dimensions of the fosse were probably not uniform throughout the -line; but these examples prepare us to receive, as tolerably correct, -Hutton’s estimate of its average size. ‘The ditch to the north,’ he says -'was as near as convenient, thirty-six feet wide and fifteen feet -deep.'[20] - -The care with which the fosse was dressed, has varied with the taste of -the overseer and the forbearance of the enemy. In some tracts, the work -presents as smooth and trim an aspect as a modern railway cutting; in -others, marks of haste, carelessness, or sudden surprise, appear. The -curious circumstance which Hodgson describes in the following paragraph -may be seen in more than one locality:— - - 'A little west of Portgate, the appearance of the fosse is still, to - the eye that loves and understands antiquity, very imposing and grand. - The earth taken out of it lies spread abroad to the north, in lines - just as the workmen wheeled it out and left it. The tracks of their - barrows, with a slight mound on each side remain unaltered in - form.'[21] - -[Illustration: The works near the 18th mile-stone West of Newcastle.] - -[Illustration: The works half a mile west of Carraw.] - -[Sidenote: THE VALLUM.] - -The VALLUM or TURF WALL, is uniformly to the south of the stone Wall. It -consists of three ramparts and a fosse. One of these ramparts is placed -close upon the southern edge of the ditch, the two others of larger -dimensions[22] stand, one to the north, and the other to the south of -it, at the distance of about twenty-four feet. The annexed sections of -the works exhibit their present condition. They are drawn to the scale -of seventy-five feet to the inch. The Wall is in these parts, unhappily, -entirely removed. - -The ramparts, in some parts of the line, stand, even at present, six or -seven feet above the level of the neighbouring ground.[23] They are -composed of earth, mingled, not unfrequently, with masses of stone. -Occasionally, the stone preponderates to such an extent as to yield to -the hand of the modern spoiler, ready materials for the formation of -stone dikes. In several places they are being quarried with this view. - -The fosse of the Vallum is of a character similar to the fosse of the -stone Wall; but, judging from present appearances, its dimensions have -been rather less. It, too, has been frequently cut through beds of -stone. - -The question will occasionally occur to the wanderer by the Wall, whence -were the materials obtained for constructing the mounds of the Vallum? -With the exception of the fosse, there are no marks of excavation in the -neighbourhood, and that the fosse of the Vallum would not yield -materials sufficient for the purpose, is abundantly evident.[24] - -[Sidenote: USE OF THE VALLUM.] - -The contents of the ditch on the north of the Wall have probably gone to -assist in the formation of these lines. This statement of course -proceeds upon the supposition that the Wall and the Vallum were -contemporaneous works. Upon the same assumption, it may be added that -the ramparts of the Vallum are probably indebted for some portion of the -stone which they contain, to the chippings of the Wall. - -Although the distance between the stone Wall and the Vallum is, as -already observed, perpetually varying, the lines of the Vallum maintain -amongst themselves nearly the same relative position throughout their -entire course. - -No apparent paths of egress have been made through these southern lines -of fortification. The only mode of communication with the country to the -south, originally contemplated, seems to have been by the gateways of -the stations. - -If we adopt the theory that the Wall and the Vallum exhibit unity of -design, a question of some importance arises—With what view was the -Vallum constructed? Hodgson, with much probability, conceives that, -whilst the Wall undertook the harder duty of warding off the professedly -hostile tribes of Caledonia, the Vallum was intended as a protection -against sudden surprise from the south. The natives of the country on -the south side of the Wall, though conquered, were not to be depended -upon; in the event of their kinsmen in the north gaining an advantage, -they would be ready to avail themselves of it. The Romans knew this, and -with characteristic prudence made themselves secure on both sides. - -[Sidenote: PECULIAR CONSTRUCTION OF THE VALLUM.] - -But, whatever we may conceive to have been the design of the Vallum, the -peculiarity of its form will excite the attention of the enquirer, -though probably without his arriving at any satisfactory explanation. -Supposing, according to the common theory, that the Vallum was an -independent fortification, erected long before the Wall, to resist a -northern foe, why was not the ditch, as in the case of the stone Wall, -drawn along the northern edge of the northern agger? I cannot supply an -answer. A similar difficulty meets us on the supposition that it was -meant to guard against attack from the other side. Again, what part did -the smaller rampart on the south edge of the fosse perform? Possibly it -may have been intended as a foot-hold for the soldiers when fighting on -this platform against the revolted Britons south of the barrier. - -The third, and perhaps the most important, part of the barrier line -consisted of the structures that were formed for the accommodation of -the soldiery, and for the ready transmission of troops and stores. -Neither stone walls, nor ditches, nor earthen ramparts, would alone have -proved material impediments to the incursions of the Caledonians— - - An iron race, ... - Foes to the gentler genius of the plain. - -It is reported that Agesilaus, when asked where were the walls of -Sparta, pointed to his soldiers and said, ‘There.’ The Romans placed -their chief reliance on the valour and discipline of their armies, -though they did not despise the assistance of mural lines. In a foreign -country, to which it was difficult to transmit relays of troops, it -became a matter of great importance to economize the lives of the -soldiery. Hence arose the Wall. - -Those portions of the great barrier which yet await our consideration, -are the STATIONS, the MILE-CASTLES, the TURRETS, and the ROADS. - -[Sidenote: THE STATIONS.] - -At distances along the line which average nearly four miles, STATIONARY -CAMPS (_stationes_ or _castra stativa_) were erected. These received -their distinctive appellation, in contradistinction from those temporary -ramparts, which were thrown up when an army halted for a night or for -some brief period. - -The stations on the line of the Wall were military cities, adapted for -the residence of the chief who commanded the district, and providing -secure lodgment for the powerful body of soldiery he had under him. Here -the commandant held his court; hence issued decrees which none might -gainsay; here Roman arts, and literature, and luxury, struggled for -existence, when all around was ignorance and barbarity. - -Some of the stations, though connected with the Wall, have evidently, as -will afterwards be shewn, been built before it: this does not prove that -they did not form part of the great design. To secure a safe retreat for -the soldiers employed upon the work would necessarily be the first care -of the builder. - -The stations are uniformly quadrangular in their shape, though somewhat -rounded at the corners, and contain an area of from three to five acres. -A stone wall, five feet thick, encloses them, and has probably in every -instance been strengthened by a fosse, and one or more earthen ramparts. -They usually stand upon ground which slopes to the south, and are -naturally defended upon one side at least. - -[Sidenote: THE PLACE OF THE STATIONS.] - -The Wall, when it does not fall in with the northern wall of a station, -usually comes up to the northern cheek of its eastern and western -gateways. The Vallum, in like manner, usually approaches close to the -southern wall of the station, or comes up to the defence of the southern -side of the eastern and western portals. Examples of these arrangements -are given in Plate II. At least three of the stations, it must, however, -be observed, are quite detached from both lines of fortification, being -situated to the south of them. They may have been members of Agricola’s -chain of forts. - -Probably all the stations have, on their erection, been provided, after -the usual method of Roman castrametation, with four gateways; in several -instances one or more of these portals have been walled up at an early -period, in consequence, probably, of some natural weakness in the -situation. - -Narrow streets, intersecting each other at right angles, occupy the -interior of the stations, and abundant ruins, outside the walls, -indicate the fact that extensive suburbs have, in every instance, been -required for the accommodation of the camp-followers. - -[Sidenote: THE FERTILITY OF THE STATIONS.] - -In selecting a spot for a station, care has been taken that an abundant -supply of water should be at hand. The springs, rivulets, wells, and -aqueducts, whence they procured the needful fluid, are still, in many -places, to be traced; and never did water more limpid, more sparkling, -more invigorating, lave the lips of man, than that which flows from -these sources. - -For the most part, the stations—cities which for centuries were the -abodes of busy men, and which resounded with the hum of multitudes, and -the clash of arms,—now present a scene of utter desolation. The wayfarer -may pass through them without knowing it; the streets are levelled, the -temples are overthrown, and the sons and daughters of Italy, Mauritania, -and Spain, whose adopted homes they were, no longer encounter him. The -sheep, depasturing the grass-grown ruins, look listlessly upon the -passer-by, and the curlew, wheeling above his head, screams as at the -presence of an intruder. Whether, or not, sites naturally fertile were -chosen for the stations does not appear; but certain it is, that they -are now for the most part coated with a sward more green and more -luxuriant than that which covers the contiguous grounds. Centuries of -occupation have given them a degree of fertility which, probably, they -will never lose.[25] One can scarcely turn up the soil without meeting, -not only with fragments of Roman pottery and other imperishable -articles, but with the bones of oxen, the tusks of boars, the horns of -deer, and other animal remains. The debris of some of these cities is -considered to be more valuable for farm purposes, than the recent -produce of the fold-yard, and is used as such. - -[Sidenote: THE NAMES OF THE STATIONS.] - -It is not a little remarkable that the names of the stations, which must -have been household words in the days of Roman occupation, have for the -most part been obliterated from the local vocabulary; they are now only -to be recalled, and that with difficulty, by exhuming the stony records -of the past, and comparing them with the notices of contemporaneous -geographers. The truth is, that military reasons dictated the choice of -the stations,—commercial facilities gave rise to modern cities. Long may -the mere military outpost be consigned to the shepherd’s use, whilst the -wharf and the warehouse are beset by the busy crowd! - -According to Horsley, the stations on the line of the Wall, were -eighteen in number, besides some that were placed in its immediate -vicinity, and lent to it important aid. Hodgson, conceiving that Horsley -has in one instance mistaken a mere summer fortification for a -stationary camp, reduces the number of stations on the line itself to -seventeen. - -[Sidenote: THE STATIONS ACCORDING TO THE NOTITIA.] - -In ascertaining the number and the names of the stations, a most -valuable document has come down to our times from the period of Roman -occupation. The ‘Notitia Imperii’ was probably written about the end of -the reign of Theodosius the younger, and was certainly composed before -the Romans abandoned this island. It is a sort of list of the several -military and civil officers and magistrates both in the eastern and -western empires, with the places at which they were stationed. It may, -in fact, be regarded as the roll-call of the Roman army. The sixty-ninth -section of the work contains a list of the prefects and tribunes under -the command of the Honourable the Duke of Britain. The portion of the -section in which we are at present interested is headed, _Item per -lineam valli_—Also along the line of the Wall—and contains the following -list:— - - The Tribune of the fourth cohort of the Lingones[26] at Segedunum. - The Tribune of the cohort of the Cornovii at Pons Ælii. - The Prefect of the first ala, or wing, of the Astures[27] at - Condercum. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Frixagi at Vindobala. - The Prefect of the Savinian ala at Hunnum. - The Prefect of the second ala of Astures at Cilurnum. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Batavians at Procolitia. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Tungri at Borcovicus. - The Tribune of the fourth cohort of the Gauls at Vindolana. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Astures at Æsica. - The Tribune of the second cohort of the Dalmatians at Magna. - The Tribune of the first cohort of Dacians, styled Ælia, at - Amboglanna. - The Prefect of the ala, called Petriana, at Petriana. - The Prefect of a detachment of Moors, styled Aureliani, at - Aballaba. - The Tribune of the second cohort of the Lergi at Congavata. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Spaniards at Axelodunum. - The Tribune of the second cohort of the Thracians at Gabrosentis. - The Tribune of the first marine cohort, styled Ælia, at - Tunnocelum. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Morini at Glannibanta. - The Tribune of the third cohort of the Nervii at Alionis. - The Cuneus of men in armour at Bremetenracum. - The Prefect of the first ala, styled Herculean, at Olenacum. - The Tribune of the sixth cohort of the Nervii at Virosidum. - -[Sidenote: THE CORROBORATION OF LETTERED STONES.] - -It is not said, nor does it appear, that all these twenty-three stations -were exactly upon the line of the Wall itself. It is very plain indeed, -says Horsley, that according to the Notitia, SEGEDUNUM was the first, -for that immediately follows the title _per lineam valli_; but he has -not told us expressly at what place or station they end.[28] Those -stations which were not on the Wall were probably in its vicinity, and -were connected with it by military ways. The stations in this list are -manifestly, as this writer also observes, set down in some order, and -those that were near to each other are placed together;[29] so that if -we ascertain the identity of some of them, we may form a pretty correct -estimate of the position of the intermediate or neighbouring stations. - -[Illustration] - -When, in the ruins of a station, inscribed stones are found bearing the -name of a cohort mentioned in the Notitia, the inference is natural, -that, in most cases at least, the imperial Notitia will furnish us with -a key to the ancient designation of the station. The argument becomes -irresistible, when, in several successive instances the designations -thus obtained correspond exactly with the order of the places as given -in the Notitia. Let us take an example. At the station of Chesters, on -the North Tyne, several slabs have been found, bearing the name of the -second ala, or wing, of the Astures. One of these is here -represented.[30] It is a sepulchral stone, and bears at the end of the -third and the beginning of the fourth lines the words— - - · · · · · · ALAE - II ASTVR[UM]· · · · - -[Sidenote: CILURNUM APPROPRIATED.] - -[Illustration] - -Now, as the Notitia represents this ala, or troop of cavalry, to have -been stationed at Cilurnum, the probability is, that the camp on the -west bank of the North Tyne is the CILURNUM of Roman Britain. - -Immediately following ‘The second wing of the Astures at CILURNUM,’ on -the Notitia list, is, ‘The first cohort of the Batavians at PROCOLITIA.’ -Now the station immediately west of Chesters is Carrawburgh, and here a -slab and an altar have been found, inscribed with the name of this very -cohort. The woodcut represents one of them,[31] an altar to Fortune, -which is thus inscribed— - - FORTVNAE - COH I BATAVOR[UM] - CVI PRÆEST - MELACCINIVS - MARCELLUS PRÆ[FECTUS] - - To Fortune - The first cohort of the Batavians - Commanded by - Melaccinius - Marcellus, Prefect. - -[Illustration] - -The conclusion is natural,—Carrawburgh is the PROCOLITIA of the Notitia. - -[Sidenote: BORCOVICUS ASCERTAINED.] - -Moving westward, the next station we come to is Housesteads; here -numerous inscribed stones have been discovered, which mention the first -cohort of the Tungri. One of these, an altar to Jupiter, which is now in -the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and -is preserved in their museum, is accurately given in the accompanying -engraving. - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - ET NVMINIBUS - AVG[USTI] COH[ORS] I TV- - NGRORVM - MIL[LIARIA] CVI PRÆE- - ST Q[UINTUS] VERIVS - SVPERSTIS - PRÆEFECTVS - - To Jupiter, the greatest and best, - And the Deities - Of Augustus; the first cohort of the - Tungri, - A milliary one,[32] commanded by - Quintus Verius - Superstis, - Prefect. - -The correspondence between the Notitia and the sculptures derived from -this station, is again too striking to admit a doubt, that the -Housesteads of the modern shepherd is the BORCOVICUS of the Roman hosts. - -[Sidenote: THE FATE OF LETTERED STONES.] - -In this way, the ancient designations of the stations from SEGEDUNUM, -Wall’s-end, to AMBOGLANNA, Birdoswald, have been accurately ascertained; -but no stony memorial of the past has arisen to confirm the Notitia -account of the stations westward of this point. The peculiarly fertile -nature of the soil between the river Irthing and the Solway has been -inimical to the preservation of the Wall and its antiquities. The wants -of a numerous population rendered stones of every kind valuable; and in -an ignorant age, when anything in the shape of a letter was regarded as -a thing of evil omen, those most precious to the historian were the -first to be sacrificed.[33] [Sidenote: THE STATIONS WEST OF -AMBOGLANNA.]Since the accuracy of the Notitia has been confirmed in so -many instances, it is but fair to conclude, that it may be safely taken -as a guide in fixing the Roman designations of the remaining stations -along the line. Cambeck Fort is the station next to Birdoswald; the -Notitia places PETRIANA next in order to AMBOGLANNA, which has been -ascertained to be Birdoswald—doubtless, according to this reasoning, -Cambeck Fort is the ancient PETRIANA. In this way, could it be certainly -ascertained which were the stations _per lineam valli_, each station -might have its Roman name restored, though not a syllable of the ancient -designation be retained in the modern cognomen. We should have but to -read over the roll-call, and let each camp in succession answer to its -name. Unhappily, there is some doubt as to which are the stations along -the line of the Wall. Horsley conceives that Watch Cross is the station -next in order to Cambeck Fort, and, accordingly, calls it ABALLABA; -Stanwix, Burgh, Drumburgh, and Bowness, he successively denominates, -after the Notitia, CONGAVATA, AXELODUNUM, GABROSENTIS, and TUNNOCELUM. -Subsequent inquirers, and, in particular, the Rev. John Hodgson, have -seen reason to suspect that Watch Cross was not a station _per lineam -valli_. It probably was destitute of stone walls, and was surrounded -only by a rampart of earth.[34] It seems to have been a mere _castra -æstiva_—a summer encampment, and consequently, was not entitled to rank -with those strongholds that were intended to withstand all foes at all -seasons. Should Watch Cross be laid aside, the whole of Horsley’s -subsequent allocation of the Notitia names is thrown out of course. It -is much to be desired that some ‘Witch Stone’ would start from its -hiding-place in the foundation of some cottage or castle in the -neighbourhood of any one of the stations west of Cambeck Fort, and -resolve the interesting question. Until such an event does occur, some -doubt must hang upon the subject. The reader will now understand how it -is, that, according to some authorities, the stations immediately -dependent upon the Wall are said to be eighteen in number, and according -to others only seventeen. For the reason just referred to, the Notitia -names of the stations are not given on the Map of the Wall westward of -PETRIANA. - -The remainder of the stations of the Notitia were probably out-posts, -intended to give support to the whole structure. The difficulty of -rightly appropriating the Notitia appellations to such of these as have -not yielded inscribed stones, is even greater than in the case of those -which follow more closely the line of the Wall. - -[Sidenote: THE EXTINCTION OF ROMAN NAMES.] - -Before leaving this subject, the reader will do well to compare the -ancient with the modern names of the stations, as far as they are -ascertained; in doing so, he will be struck with the almost total -absence of any similarity between them. So complete, it would appear, -has been the subversion by Pict, and Saxon, and Dane, of the Roman -domination in the north of England, that the very names of the cities -which were occupied by the empire for centuries have perished, - - And, like this unsubstantial pageant faded, - Leave not a rack behind. - -[Sidenote: THE CASTELLA OR MILE-CASTLES.] - -In addition to the Stations, CASTELLA or MILE-CASTLES were provided for -the use of the troops which garrisoned the Wall. They derive their -modern name from the circumstance of their being usually placed at the -distance of a Roman mile from each other. They were quadrangular -buildings, differing somewhat in size, but usually measuring from sixty -to seventy feet in each direction. With two exceptions, they have been -placed against the southern face of the Wall; the castle at Portgate, -every trace of which is now obliterated, and another near ÆSICA, the -foundations of which may, with some difficulty, still be traced, seem to -have projected equally to the north and south of the Wall. Though -generally placed about seven furlongs from each other, the nature of the -ground, independently of distance, has frequently determined the spot of -their location. Whenever the Wall has had occasion to traverse a river -or a mountain pass, a mile-castle has uniformly been placed on the one -side or other to guard the defile. The mile-towers have generally had -but one gate of entrance, which was of very substantial masonry, and was -uniformly placed in the centre of the south wall; the most perfect -specimen now remaining, however, has a northern, as well as a southern -gateway. It is not easy to conjecture what were the internal -arrangements of these buildings; probably they afforded little -accommodation beyond what their four strong walls and well-barred gates -gave. Hodgson states that when the foundations of the castle northeast -of Housesteads were removed in 1832, the remains of an inner wall were -seen, all round, parallel to the outer walls. He hence infers that the -space between the walls has been roofed, and the centre uncovered. -Deferring the further discussion of this subject until, in the course of -our local description, we arrive at the most perfect specimen -remaining—the mile-castle near Cawfields—the reader is meanwhile -referred to the lithograph which depicts this interesting remain. - -[Sidenote: THE TURRETS OR WATCH TOWERS.] - -Between the mile-castles, four subsidiary buildings, generally -denominated TURRETS or WATCH TOWERS, were placed. They were little more -than stone sentry-boxes. It is with much difficulty that they can now be -traced. Horsley, in his day, complained that ‘scarce three of them could -be made out in succession.’ Would that the modern antiquary could make -the same lamentation! Scarcely one along the whole line can with -certainty be determined. They contained an interior space of eight or -ten feet square. Horsley states the distance between them to have been -three hundred and eight yards—the whole number would consequently be -three hundred and twenty. Though small buildings, they were, like all -the works of the Romans, built for perpetuity. Hodgson found the walls -of one near Birdoswald to be nearly three feet thick. Such were the -buildings provided for the lodgement and security of the cohorts, whose -hard lot it was to guard this frontier barrier. A plan of Cilurnum, and -the works in its vicinity, taken from Warburton’s Vallum Romanum, in -Plate II., exhibits these arrangements, and shews, as he remarks, how -the Wall and the Vallum, the stations, turrets, and castles, yielded -mutual assistance to each other. - -[Sidenote: THE MILITARY WAY.] - -But all these arrangements were not enough; without ROADS, one important -element in the strength of the Great Barrier would have been wanting. -Nothing economizes military force more effectually than the possession -of means for quickly concentrating all available resources upon any -point that the enemy may select for attack. The advance of Roman armies, -and the formation of roads, were uniformly contemporaneous. The Barrier -had its MILITARY WAY. It is impossible to over-estimate the importance -of this part of the works. Without it, all the rest would have been -useless. It would not, perhaps, be incorrect to say that both Vallum and -Wall were subsidiary to it, and that the chief use of these structures -was to guard the road, and to protect and conceal from view, both on the -north and south, the troops that marched along it. The modern history of -the district traversed by the Wall furnishes a singular corroboration of -this opinion. In the rebellion of 1715, the operations of the royalist -forces were greatly impeded by the absence of a good road between -Newcastle and Carlisle. In the rebellion of 1745, a similar -inconvenience was experienced. Marshal Wade was at Newcastle when the -Pretender appeared before the city of Carlisle. The commandant of the -city immediately sent an express to inform him of his position. The -general’s answer contained these words:— - - Newcastle, November 10th, 1745, 7 o’clock. - - GENTLEMEN, - - I have just now the favour of your letter by express, with an account - of the Rebels’ approach near your city. The spirit and resolution with - which you exert yourselves is very commendable, and I hope will - contribute to disappoint the Rebels of any design they may have formed - against you. ..... _I cannot follow them, the way they may probably - take being impassable for Artillery_ ..... but I hope to meet them in - Lancashire, and make them repent of their rashness. ... I wish you all - imaginable success, - - And am, Gentlemen, your - Most obedient humble servant, - GEORGE WADE.[35] - -[Sidenote: THE IMPORTANCE OF MILITARY ROADS.] - -Thus, for want of a military road across the Isthmus, the importance of -which had been perceived by the Romans sixteen centuries previously, the -safety of the kingdom was perilled, and a hostile force permitted to -pour itself into the heart of England. After such terrible warnings, -government at last interfered, and an act of Parliament was passed which -set forth in the preamble:— - - Whereas the making and keeping a free and open communication between - the city of Carlisle and the town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by a road - for the passage of troops, horses, and carriages, at all times of the - year, would be of great use and service to the public, and it hath - been found by experience, that the want of such road, passage, and - communication, hath been attended with great inconvenience and danger - to this kingdom. ....: Be it enacted, &c. - -The road now known in the district by the name of the Military Road was -accordingly made at the public expense. It is not a little remarkable -that it takes precisely the track which the engineers of Rome had so -many centuries before selected. In the map of the Wall which accompanies -this work, the modern military road is delineated. - -The importance of a good road, protected by military posts at short -intervals, in securing the tranquillity of a turbulent district, is -strikingly shewn in another instance. That part of the great highway -between Madrid and Cadiz which crosses the wild hills of the Sierra -barrier, was formerly left to the robber and the wolf, without roads or -villages. A road, admirably planned, was at length executed by Charles -Le Maur, an able engineer in the service of Charles III. The task of -guarding it was the difficulty next to be overcome. For this purpose, -Spain, who had colonized the new world, and expelled her rich Jews and -industrious Moors, was compelled to resort to foreign assistance. In -1768, a colony of Germans and Swiss settled upon the line on condition -of maintaining a constant guard.[36] This is done to the present day. -Several consecutive towns, such as Carolina, in Andalusia, are occupied -by people speaking nothing but the German language, and regular patrols -are constantly on the move from one town to another. These Germans have -their land in better order and cultivation than the Spaniards. This -Spanish highway, with its stations at regular intervals, with its -foreign guards, who from generation to generation maintain the tongue -and the habits of their fatherland, presents too many points of -resemblance to the manner in which the northern frontier of Roman power -in Britain was defended, to be passed over without obtaining at least -this brief notice. - -[Sidenote: MILITARY ROADS.] - -Gordon, in his Itinerarium Septentrionale, says, that two military ways -belonged to the Barrier; a small Military Way a little to the south of -the Wall, and, beyond it, the Great Military Way. In addition to these, -Horsley enumerates a third, which he calls the Old Military Way. Horsley -conceives that the north rampart of the Vallum constitutes the road -which was used by Agricola and Hadrian in transporting their troops from -station to station, and that when Severus built the Wall, he formed a -new road—the great military way—which pursued an independent course, -sometimes coinciding with the old road, but more frequently keeping -nearer to the Wall. That there may have been a path-way immediately -under the Wall which went from turret to turret, on which the Roman -sentries marched with slow and measured pace, when they did not choose -to expose themselves upon the parapets of the Wall, is not improbable; -though we now look in vain for any traces of it. But that the north -agger of the Vallum was thrown up either by Agricola or Hadrian to serve -the purposes of a road, is a proposition too startling to be received -even on the authority of the learned Horsley. In some places, indeed, it -is sufficiently flattened to admit of the passage of traffic along it, -but in the greater part of the course where the works of the Vallum are -not under cultivation, the rampart is too conical, too narrow, and too -ragged, to admit of such a use. Excepting in those situations, where -stones are mingled with the whole mass of the agger, it exhibits no -signs of having been paved.[37] The manner in which all the ramparts of -the Vallum on Tepper Moor are encumbered with blocks of basalt, clearly -shews, that here at least there has been no road. Besides, few who trace -the lines of the Vallum from sea to sea, and observe their complete -parallelism, will be able to resist the conclusion, that the whole of -the works were contemporaneous; whereas, Horsley’s theory ascribes part -to Agricola, and part to Hadrian: moreover, it may be added, that so -much do the northern and the southernmost aggers resemble each other, -that unbiassed observers will scarcely entertain a doubt, that they have -been thrown up to serve a precisely similar purpose. - -[Sidenote: THE MILITARY WAY.] - -Happily, there is no room for doubt respecting the other road, which -Horsley calls Severus’ Greater Military Way, as in the untilled -districts of the country it may be traced for several consecutive miles; -and if we receive the theory, that the Murus and Vallum are one work, -there is no need to seek for any other. - -[Sidenote: CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROAD.] - -THE MILITARY WAY is usually about seventeen feet wide, and is composed -of rubble so arranged as to present a rounded surface, elevated in its -centre a foot or eighteen inches above the adjoining ground. When -carried along the slope of a hill, the hanging side is made up by large -kerb-stones. In most places where it still remains, it is completely -grass-grown, but may, notwithstanding, be easily distinguished from the -neighbouring ground by the colour of its herbage, the dryness of its -substratum allowing the growth of a finer description of plant. For the -same reason, a sheep-track generally runs along it. For the -accommodation of the soldiery, the road went from castle to castle, and -so, from station to station. In doing this, it did not always keep close -to the Wall, but took the easiest path between the required points. In -traversing the precipitous grounds between Sewingshields and Thirlwall, -the ingenuity of the engineer has been severely tried; but most -successfully has he performed his task. Whilst, as previously observed, -the Wall shoots over the highest and steepest summits, the road pursues -its tortuous course from one platform of the rock to another, so as to -bring the traveller from mile-castle to mile-castle by the easiest -possible gradients. Often has it been my lot to notice how naturally, -towards the close of a fatiguing day’s march, the less zealous of our -exploring party, more anxious to select an easy track than to keep close -companionship with the Wall, have, most unconsciously, pursued the route -of the Roman way. But, notwithstanding all the art of the engineer, the -steepness of the road in some places is such, that most of our modern -carmen, with all their boasted skill, would be greatly puzzled if -required to traverse it with a waggon laden with military stores.[38] - -[Sidenote: ADDITIONAL ROAD.] - -Although the road now described has probably been the only carriage-way -between the two great lines of fortification, another, situated to the -south of them, has afforded direct communication between some of the -inland stations. From CILURNUM to MAGNA, the Wall forms a curved line, -in order to gain the highest hills of the district. For the -accommodation of those whose business did not require them to call at -any intermediate point, a road went, like the string of a bow, direct -from the one station to the other. This road, which is shewn in Plate -II., went near the modern village of Newburgh, where Roman remains are -occasionally found, and passed by the north gate of VINDOLANA, -Chesterholm, near to which a Roman mile-stone still stands. Some -portions of the ancient pavement still remain near Morwood. It is -probable that this Roman Military Way was further continued, south of -the Wall, direct to Stanwix. - -[Sidenote: SPEAKING TUBES IN THE WALL.] - -If tradition is to be credited, the Romans were not satisfied with roads -as a means of rapidly communicating information; speaking-trumpets or -pipes, we are told, ran along the whole length of the Wall. Of this, -Drayton, long ago, sang in his Polyolbion— - - Townes stood upon my length, where garrisons were laid Their limits to - defend; and for my greater aid, With turrets I was built, where - sentinels were plac’d To watch upon the Pict; so me my makers grac’d - With hollow pipes of brasse, along me still they went, By which they - in one fort still to another sent, By speaking in the same, to tell - them what to doe, And soe from sea to sea could I be whispered - through. - -Sir Christopher Ridley, in his letter tells us, that— - - In this Wall was theyr a trunck of brass, or whatever kynd of mettal, - which went from one place to another along the Wall, and came into the - Captaynes chamber, whereat they had watchers for the same, and yf - theyr had bene stryfe or business betwyxt the enemies, and that the - watchmen did blow a horn in at the end of the truncke that came into - the chamber, and so from one to one; there was certayn money payed - yearly to the mantenance of this trunck by the inhabitants theyrabout, - and doith yet pay to some gentilmen in Northymberland, the which money - is called horn-geld money.[39] - -[Sidenote: THE THEORY PROBABLY INCORRECT.] - -Camden also refers to this curious tradition. Once, but only once, have -I met with this story in my own rambles. Such myths will not long -outlive the introduction of the electric telegraph. ‘There are no old -people upon the Wall now,’ as a man of three-score lately said to me, -when I was endeavouring to persuade him to gather up from his still more -ancient neighbour the fire-side lore of by-gone times. - -It is curious to observe that a similar statement is made respecting the -BARRIER of the UPPER ISTHMUS. A correspondent writes— - - One old man told me, that when he was young, on digging through one of - the wall stations—at Upper Croy—they came upon stone pipes, laid - horizontally in the soil, and joined at the ends like those for water. - From the elevation of the place, it is quite obvious that they could - not be water conduits. This old person said that the idea he had heard - ‘learned people’ give of these pipes, was, that they were for speaking - through. That the pipes were found, and made of stone, not clay, is - certain. - -Pipes of lead are occasionally met with in the ruins of the stations, -and pipes of burnt clay are of very frequent occurrence. To this -circumstance the tradition probably owes its rise. They are not, -however, found in the Wall, and when placed in the stations, seem to -have served a different purpose. One use to which the tile-tubes have -been put has been the transmission of warm air throughout an apartment. -The walls of one of the chambers of the ‘baths’ at HUNNUM were lined -with them. Others may have been used, especially in high situations, for -collecting rain-water from the roofs of the dwellings, and conveying it -to cisterns. Besides, the inutility of the contrivance militates against -the probability of its adoption: the sentinels at their posts could -easily transmit hasty intelligence from end to end, by the voice or by -horns, without pipes imbedded in the Wall, which, even if constructed, -would probably be useless for such a purpose. - -This traditionary fiction is probably of more than mediæval antiquity. -Xiphiline, in his life of Severus, tells some such marvellous tale about -the towers of Byzantium. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: THE MASONRY OF THE WALL.] - -A description of the MASONRY of the erections which have passed in -review before us will conclude this general examination of the Barrier. - -The following extract of a letter with which I have been favoured by -Robert Rawlinson, esq., Inspector of the Board of Health, will form an -excellent introduction to the subject. - - I have several times thought over the subject of the Roman Wall since - I had the pleasure of seeing you. The Romans constructed works with - many different kinds of masonry; no doubt all chosen to suit the - material used, the place, and the skill of the builders. In Rome, and - Italy generally, works of great magnificence were constructed, when - the art displayed was equal to the grandeur of the design. Such a work - was the famed Arch of Trajan, the Arch of Septimius Severus, the Arch - of Constantine, the Baths of Diocletian, and others. In these works, - construction of the highest order was used, and the sculptor emulated - the architect. The lettered altars and sculptured figures found on the - line of ‘the Wall’ must not be compared with the best workmanship of - Rome. - -[Sidenote: NATIVE LABOURERS EMPLOYED.] - - I am quite satisfied, in my own mind, that the general character of - the work on the Wall was adapted to suit the time, the country, and - more especially, the labourers employed on the work. The Wall, being a - work of defence, had to be constructed in haste; the country was wild, - rude, and without roads, excepting such as the Romans caused to be - made. This ‘caused to be made’ is I think, the key to the character of - the masonry chosen.... The form of construction is the easiest and - strongest which rude, uneducated men could accomplish; and, with good - mortar, such as the Romans knew so well how to make, is the kind of - work calculated to endure for centuries, as we find it has done.... - The works of the Wall I consider to have been chiefly constructed by - the natives, under the armed superintendence and teaching of the - soldier. The Roman knew no right but that of the conqueror; his object - was conquest for use; use of the land, and the labour that was upon - it. The Roman soldier was a fighting animal, and was so far civilized - as to know how to make the comparative savage do his work upon his - plan, and this was shaped to suit the labour used. Consider the length - of the Wall, and the extent of the works upon it, and it will be seen - that for the army to have constructed it, would have been to have kept - them constantly working instead of watching and fighting. - - Some years ago I had a large quantity of heavy masonry to construct on - one of the railways. It was not unlike the Roman Wall in character. I - found a difficulty in dealing with the regularly educated mason, and - bought several scores of trowels and hammers; these I placed in the - hands of uneducated labourers, set them to work under the - superintendence of educated foremen, looking after the whole myself. - This is a case similar to the one I have imagined for the great Wall; - only the work my labourers performed had more difficulties about it - than the Wall, and yet, these uneducated men performed the work - perfectly.[40] - - Think of the Roman bringing in at the sword’s point, hundreds of - captive natives, placing for the first time tools in their hands, - indicating the work to be done, and compelling the trembling slaves to - do it![41] - -The stones employed in building the Wall and stations were very -carefully selected. When good stones were to be had near at hand, they -were taken; but those of inferior quality were never used to avoid the -labour of bringing better from a distance. In some parts of the line, in -Cumberland especially, the stone must have been brought from quarries -seven or eight miles off. A quartzose grit was generally selected not -only on account of its hardness, but because its rough surface gave it a -firmer adhesion to the mortar. The stone which has been used in the -works at Wallsend is of a much coarser grit than any that is found in -the neighbourhood. - -[Sidenote: THE QUARRIES USED.] - -The quarries from which the stone has been procured can in many -instances be precisely ascertained. At Fallowfield, not far from -CILURNUM, is an ancient quarry on the face of which the words, - - [P]ETRA FLAVI CARANTINI, - -the rock of Flavius Carantinus—are still to be traced. The vignette at -the close of this part represents its present condition. On opening out, -in the year 1837, some old quarries on the high, brown hill of Borcum, -near Thorngrafton, a small copper vessel was found, containing a large -number of coins, all of the upper empire. Another Roman quarry existed -on Haltwhistle Fell. In a paper recently read before the Society of -Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Mr. John Clayton says— - - In riding over Haltwhistle Fell, before its enclosure, in the summer - of 1844, I came upon some workmen employed in re-opening an old - quarry. They told me they had met with a ‘written stone’; I - dismounted, and climbed the face of the rock, when I found inscribed - in letters clear and fresh - - LEG. VI. V. - - From its position on a wide waste, far removed from any abode, but in - the immediate vicinity of the Roman Wall, this quarry could not - possibly have been used for any other purpose than to supply stones - for the building of the Wall; and from the freshness of the letters of - the inscription, it must have been filled up with earth soon after the - soldiers ceased to use it. The workmen promised to spare the ‘written - rock,’ but the next time I rode that way it had been shivered to - atoms. - -[Illustration: - - Drawn & Lithographed by John Storey - WRITTEN ROCK ON THE RIVER GELT. -] - -[Sidenote: INSCRIPTIONS ON THE QUARRIES.] - -In Cumberland, there are several Roman inscriptions on the face of the -ancient quarries. About a mile west of Birdoswald, and little more than -a quarter of a mile south of the road, is Coome Crag, which, besides -other markings, presents the following inscription— - - SE · · RVS - AI · · · · - · · · VSTUS - -This perhaps may be read—SEVERUS ALEXANDER AUGUSTUS. The most remarkable -of this class of Antiquities, however, is the ‘Written Rock of the -Gelt,’ near Brampton. The lithograph on the opposite page is a very -accurate representation of this curious relic of antiquity. As the scar -is nearly perpendicular, and the river Gelt washes its base, it is not -without some difficulty that the inquiring visitor can give it a -satisfactory examination; it will, however, well reward his exertions, -and the beauty of the surrounding scenery will give additional zest to -the ramble. [Sidenote: INSCRIPTIONS ON THE QUARRIES.]The inscribed part -of the rock is fully fifty feet above the water. The letters seem to -have been made by connecting with a chisel or pick a [Illustration: -‘Letters] number of holes drilled in the rock in the required order; at -all events, the terminations of the strokes have been thus formed. Some -doubt exists as to the precise reading of the inscription, but the -general purport of it is this:—The vexillarii of the second legion under -an optio called Agricola, were, in the consulship of Flavius Aper and -Albinus Maximus (A.D. 207), employed to hew stone here for the -Romans.[42] It is piteous, when surveying so interesting a relic of -antiquity, and one which has outlived the accidents of upwards of -sixteen centuries, to observe that it has been approached by men who -cannot sympathize with the mighty dead, and who care not what violence -they do to the feelings of those who can. To the defacement, as I -believe, of some portion of the inscription, the names of F. GRAHAM, W. -HARDCASTLE, T. THOMPSON, W. NELSON, have been carved upon the rock. -Notoriety is easily earned, but it is not always of an enviable -character. - -[Illustration: Form of Wall-Stone] - -[Sidenote: CHARACTER OF THE FACING-STONES.] - -The exterior masonry of the Wall consists, on both sides, of carefully -squared free-stone blocks[43]; the interior, of rubble of any -description firmly imbedded in mortar. The character of the -facing-stones is peculiar, yet pretty uniform. They are eight or nine -inches thick, and ten or eleven broad; their length, which is perhaps -their characteristic feature, not unfrequently amounts to twenty inches. -The part of the stone exposed to the weather is cut across ‘the bait,’ -so as to avoid its scaling off by the lines of stratification; the stone -tapers towards the end which is set into the Wall, and has a form nearly -resembling that of a wedge. The cut shews its usual form. Owing to the -extent to which the stones are set into the Wall, the necessity of -bonding tiles—so characteristic of Roman masonry in the south of -England—is altogether superseded. There does not appear to have been a -single tile used in any part of the Wall. Stones of the shape and size -which have now been described were just those which could be most easily -wrought in the quarry, most conveniently carried on the backs of the -poor enslaved Britons to the Wall, and most easily fitted into their -bed. The uniformity in their appearance is such as to enable us, after a -little practice, at once to recognize them in the churches, castles, -farm-buildings, and fences of the district through which the Wall runs. - -[Illustration: Junction of the west wall of Birdoswald with the Wall] - -[Sidenote: MASONRY OF THE STATIONS.] - -In Cumberland, the stones are rather larger than in the eastern portion -of the line, a thickness of twelve inches not being uncommon, with a -corresponding breadth. The blocks in the north face of the Wall, also, -are not unfrequently larger than those in the south. The stones of which -the walls of the stations are composed are smaller than those of the -main Wall. Their average thickness is from five to seven inches, and -their breadth from six to eight. The woodcut which is here introduced, -depicts the junction of the west wall of the station of AMBOGLANNA with -the Wall, and well displays the different character of the stones used -in two erections. As already observed, the stations appear to have been -built before the Wall, and as the necessity of the case required that -they should be run up as quickly as possible, a smaller class of stone -was allowed to pass muster here than was used in the Wall. The -workmanship also is of inferior quality. - -[Sidenote: THE TOOLING OF THE STONES.] - -[Illustration: diamond broaching] - -The front of the stones, both of the Wall and stations, is roughly -‘scabbled’ with the pick. In some parts of the line, this tooling takes -a definite form; when this is the case, the marking called the diamond -broaching is most common. Sometimes the [Illustration: waved lines] -stone is scored with waved lines, or with small squares, or with nearly -upright lines. The woodcuts illustrative of the masonry at Chester Holm, -and of the Crypt at Hexham, to be introduced along with [Illustration: -upright lines] the account of these places, will exemplify some of these -kinds of broaching. It was not until I had become tolerably familiar -with the Wall, that my attention was called to this peculiar kind of -tooling. A visit to HABITANCUM and BREMENIUM, where the stones are -nearly all broached in the diamond fashion, induced me to inspect the -Wall more narrowly in this respect. I have since frequently detected it, -especially in Cumberland. It is rare in the Northumbrian portion. Is -this broaching peculiar to a particular legion, or to a certain period? -The station of HABITANCUM is understood to have been rebuilt by -Caracalla—can the other stations, and those parts of the Wall where this -kind of marking appears, have also undergone repair at the same time, or -is it the work of some particular legion? The same kind of broaching may -be noticed in some of the stones at Chester, the DEVA ICENORUM of the -Romans, which was for a long time the head quarters of the 20th legion. -Though unable to resolve the doubt, I think that the prosecution of the -inquiry may lead to some worthy result. - -[Sidenote: MASONS' MARKS.] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Cuttings resembling masons’ marks occasionally occur. Sometimes they -consist of a single or double stroke; sometimes of a diagonal cross, -sometimes of a rectangular. The other marks which are here represented -are less frequently met with.[44] - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: ROMAN MORTAR.] - -The tenacity of the mortar which was used, forms an important element in -the strength of the whole fabric. That which is in use now is generally -spoiled, from a variety of circumstances. The prevailing practice is, -first of all, to slack the lime by pouring a quantity of water upon it -when lying in a heap; in most cases this does not sufficiently pulverize -it: it is then mixed with any earth bearing the least resemblance to -sand, and the two are worked together very imperfectly with a shovel. -The mortar thus made often stands and hardens, so as to require to to be -once and again mixed with water, and worked up before it is used. It -thus becomes quite impoverished; and, after all, for the convenience of -the mason, it is employed in so dry a state that the stone soon takes -all the moisture from it, and it becomes little better than powder. The -gigantic railway operations of recent times have driven men out of the -beaten track, and compelled them afresh to discover the Roman method of -preparing mortar. On the authority of engineers well acquainted with the -Roman Wall, I am enabled to state, that the mortar of that structure is -precisely similar to the grout and concrete[45] of the railway mason of -the present day. Specimens of the ancient and modern grout are before -me, and there cannot be a doubt as to the identity of their preparation. - -The following is the mode in which the railway engineer prepares his -mortar. The lime, in the state in which it comes from the kiln, is first -ground to powder, and is then mixed with sand and gravel, and chippings -of stone. The purposes for which the mortar is required indicate the -coarseness and quantity of the intermingling gravel. When wanted as -concrete, to form, independently of other materials, the foundation of -some heavy structure, stony fragments of larger size are mingled with -the lime than when the mortar is to be used to cement chiselled stones, -or even than when wanted to constitute with rubble the interior of a -wall. The mixture of pounded lime and gravel, when made, is not mingled -with water, until the moment of its application to the work for which it -is required, but it is then intimately united with an abundant quantity -of it. When used as concrete, the mass will, in three hours, have -solidity sufficient to bear the weight of a man, and in about three days -it will have acquired a rock-like firmness. - -Such, doubtless, is the way[46] in which the mortar of the Roman Wall -was prepared, and it would have this very important advantage over that -generally used at present, that, in a very short time, the work would -acquire a massiveness and strength, sufficient to resist the attacks of -an enemy. The mortar of the Saxon and Norman periods is of the same -character. - -Occasionally, but by no means frequently, small pieces of charcoal are -mixed with the mortar. These have evidently been derived from the wood -used in burning the lime. Excepting in the buildings of the stations, -pounded tile, so characteristic of the Roman mortar in the south of -England, is by no means a common constituent of the mortar of the Wall. -Limestone is abundant in most parts of the district through which the -Wall passes. The Romans probably burnt it in ‘sow kilns.’ The limestone -and fuel being arranged in alternate layers, the whole was carefully -covered with turf and ignited. This simple method is still much resorted -to when the lime is wanted for farm purposes. - - _PLATE III_ - -[Illustration: Sections and Elevations of the Masonry of the Wall] - -[Sidenote: THE MODE OF BUILDING.] - -Supposing the stones to be now quarried and squared, the lime burnt and -mixed with sand and gravel, the next point to be attended to is the -method of using them. The foundation has been prepared by the removal of -the natural soil to the width of about nine feet. In the hill district, -a very scanty portion of earth covers the rocks; in the richer regions -an excavation of from fifteen to eighteen inches has been made before -the subsoil was reached. On the outer and inner margins of the ground -thus bared, two rows of flags of from two to four inches in thickness, -and from eighteen to twenty in breadth, were generally laid; no mortar -was placed under them.[47] On these lay the first course of -facing-stones, which were usually the largest stones used in the -structure. In higher courses the facing-stones are uniformly of -free-stone, on the ground course a ‘whin-stone’ is occasionally -introduced. The flagstones of the foundation usually project from one to -five inches beyond the first course of facing-stones, and these again -usually stand out an inch or two beyond the second course, after which, -the wall is taken straight up. In some parts of the line the flagstones -do not appear in the foundation—the first course of facing-stones being -laid directly upon the ground. In the neighbourhood of Sewingshields, -where large tracts of the Wall have been recently removed, a careful -observer informs me, that the entire foundation has for some distance -been laid upon a bed of clay of three or four inches thick. - -[Sidenote: THE RUBBLE OF THE WALL.] - -One or two courses of facing-stones having been placed in their beds and -carefully pointed, a mass of mortar in a very fluid state was poured -into the interior of the wall, and stones of any kind or shape that were -of a convenient size were ‘puddled’ in amongst it. Whin-stones, as being -most abundant in the district, are generally used for the filling. -Course after course was added, and one mass of concrete imposed upon -another, until the Wall reached the required height. When the whole was -finished it formed a solid, compact mass, without any holes or crevices -in the interior, and in a short time became as firm as the unhewn rock. - -In some parts of the line the mortar has been ‘hand-laid.’ The rubble of -the interior having been first disposed in its place, the mortar has -been laid upon it with a trowel. In this case the mortar never -penetrates the interstices of the mass, and does not make such solid -masonry as the method generally pursued. When, however, this plan is -adopted, the rubble stones are often laid upon their edges in a slanting -position; and when those of the next layer, as occasionally occurs, are -made to lean in the opposite direction, we have the kind of -[Illustration: herring-bone work] masonry represented in the adjoining -diagram, which is appropriately called herring-bone work. The nearest -approach to this that I have seen upon the line of the Wall is at -Steel-rig, and Hare-hill. In Hodgson’s Northumberland[48] a section of -the Wall on Walltown crag is given, exhibiting herring-bone masonry. In -this instance the stones are disposed transversely to the Wall, at -Steel-rig and Hare-hill they are disposed longitudinally; the latter -method is the easier of the two.[49] - -On wavy ground the courses of the Wall follow the undulations of the -surface, but on steep inclines the stones are laid parallel to the -horizon. The Wall, in this case, must have been built up from the bottom -of the defile, where also, in order the better to resist the -superincumbent mass, it not unfrequently has a greater breadth than -usual. As shewing that different sections of the Wall have been erected -under distinct superintendents, it may occasionally be observed that, -whilst on one slope of a ‘gap’ the stones are laid parallel to the -horizon, on the other, differing little perhaps in inclination, they are -laid even with the ground. - -[Sidenote: DURABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE.] - -We must now take leave of this important part of our subject, the -masonry of the Wall. Judging from those portions of it which remain, it -may safely be asserted, that no structure can be conceived to possess -greater strength and durability. The first time I happened to visit -Bowness (in the year 1831), some portions of the Wall, seven feet high, -were in the course of being removed; it was found necessary to resort to -the force of gunpowder in order to effect its destruction. In the -substantial nature of their works, the Romans have left the impress of -their own mighty minds. They built not for the day. They did not -conceive that their existence was bound up in the fate of a single -generation, but that it was spread over the destinies of succeeding -ages. Their works contrast strongly with the efforts of some modern -builders. The editor of the pictorial volume, styled ‘Old England,’ -seems, in the following passage, to speak from personal observation. - - Passing by the fragments of which we have spoken, we are under the - north wall [of Richborough]—a wondrous work calculated to impress us - with a conviction that the people who built it were not the petty - labourers of an hour, who were contented with temporary defences and - frail resting places. The outer works upon the southern cliff of - Dover, which were run up during the war with Napoleon, at prodigious - expense, are crumbling and perishing, through the weakness of job and - contract, which could not endure for half a century. And here stand - the walls of Richborough, as they have stood for eighteen hundred - years, from twenty to thirty feet high, eleven or twelve feet thick at - the base, with their outer masonry in many parts as perfect as at the - hour when their courses of tiles and stones were first laid in - beautiful regularity. - -[Sidenote: ITS EVENTUAL DECAY.] - -If the meddling hand of man had been withheld from the Barrier of the -Lower Isthmus, the Wall might have stood, even to the present hour, in -almost its original integrity. It is necessary to say ‘almost,’ for -nothing can be more correct than the observation of Hodgson— - - Though man has had the chief labour in effecting its destruction, its - whole line and all its stations, castles, and towers, ever since it - was deserted by the Romans, have been incessantly suffering - prostration by the hand of nature. The feeble roots of grasses, ferns, - and shrubs, have been assisted by the more destructive wedges and - levers of forest trees in levelling it with the ground; and, in many - places in the west of this county, for considerable distances - together, the ruins that time has thrown from its brow, lie in a deep - green mound at its feet; and thorns, briars, hazel, and mountain ash - (entwined with relentless ivy), are still, in the parts that remain - above ground, at the labour of demolition in which, for the last - fourteen centuries, they have been unceasingly engaged. - -In this day, when the Arabic numerals assert an influence quite as -potent as that which the lictors’ rods obtained in ancient Rome, the -inquiries may not be destitute of interest—What amount of labour was -involved in the construction of the Barrier, in what time could it be -accomplished, and what, at the present value of labour and materials, -would be the cost of its construction? - -[Sidenote: MONEY VALUE OF THE BARRIER.] - - The Wall is sixty-eight miles long; granting that it was only sixteen - feet high, but had a continuous thickness of eight feet, we have - 1,702,115 cubic yards of masonry, to say nothing of stations, - mile-castles, and turrets. - - Twelve shillings per cubic yard is as near as may be the present value - of masonry, such as that of which the Roman Wall consists—the cost of - this part of the structure would therefore be 1,021,269_l._ - - Taking into account that the labour was forced, each cubic yard of the - Wall would, at the least, require, in quarrying the stone, its - carriage to the Wall, its setting, and other operations, one entire - day’s exertions of one man. In this way we have 1,702,115 days’ labour - in the stone Wall. - - Taking the north fosse at the dimensions already given, its excavation - would involve the removal of 5,585,072 cubic yards. A modern - excavator, stimulated by pay proportioned to his work, enjoying food, - and raiment, and shelter, such as the ancient Briton was a stranger - to, and possessing the advantage of good tools, and good organization, - can remove the enormous quantity of twenty cubic yards of earth per - day. The labourer, driven to his ungrateful task by a Roman - task-master, and compelled to support himself as best he might, and to - labour with tools of the rudest construction, would not accomplish the - half of this task; the removal of eight yards _per diem_ would - probably be an average day’s work. The excavation of the north fosse - would thus, under these circumstances, involve 698,134 days’ labour. - At the present time, when twenty cubic yards may be removed per man in - a day, and when a day’s wages may be set down at half-a-crown, the - whole cost of the excavation of the fosse would be 34,906_l._ - - In this estimate no account has been taken of the increased labour - occasioned by cutting through the rocks that are sometimes met with. - The entire absence of the ditch, however, in the hilly district, - compensates for this omission. - - The fosse of the Vallum is rather less than that of the Wall. Making a - deduction of one-third on this account, and supposing that the - distance which the Vallum falls short of the Wall at each extremity, - makes amends for the increased labour of cutting through the rocky - ground, we have 3,723,382 cubic yards to be removed, involving 465,422 - days of forced labour. The whole could now be done for the sum of - 23,271_l._ No account is taken of the labour expended in raising the - earthen ramparts, or the cost of their construction, for the reason, - that the removal of the earth from the fosse implied its being - deposited somewhere; no place would be more convenient for this - purpose than the mounds of the rampart. - -[Sidenote: TIME REQUIRED FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION.] - - Adding together these results, we find that the cost of the Wall and - its north fosse would be 1,056,175_l._, and that the cost of the - Vallum, added to this would form a total of 1,079,446_l._ The number - of days’ labour involved in the Wall would be 2,400,249, and, adding - to this, that of the Vallum, we have for the whole 2,865,671 days’ - labour. - - The largest number of men that we can conceive to be brought to bear - at once upon the Wall, including such of the Roman troops as could be - spared from military operations, is ten thousand. This body, at the - rate already supposed, would, by continuous labour, execute the Wall - and its ditch in 240 days, and, taking the Vallum also into account, - in 286 days. In the exposed district over which the Wall runs, it is - not probable that the weather would allow of the work being pursued - during more than two hundred days in the year. If, in addition to - this, we make deductions for the chances of war, two years may be - stated as the shortest time in which the whole of the works could be - executed. - -A recent writer, who, in a work denominated ‘A History of the Picts or -Romano-British Wall,’ adopts the notion of Gildas, that the stone wall -was built, not by Hadrian or Severus, but by the trembling Britons on -their abandonment by the Romans, supports his opinion by denominating -the work an un-Roman-like defence, and argues that men who were -unaccustomed to fear, would not seek the assistance of a wall and a -ditch. However regardless of life the Romans may, in the abstract, have -been, they knew how to economize their resources. In the battle of the -Grampians, Agricola withheld his legionary soldiers, and made use only -of his auxiliary troops. He could better afford to expend the one than -the other. As well might a warrior despise the protection of a helmet or -a shield, as refuse the defence of a stone wall. - -[Sidenote: WALLS NOT UNWORTHY OF ROME.] - -The best refutation, however, of this theory, is the fact, that in other -places the Romans, about the same period, raised similar barriers. At -two of these we shall glance, before beginning a detailed inspection of -the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus. The comparison will probably afford -valuable instruction. - -[Sidenote: THE GERMAN BARRIER.] - -The DEVIL’S WALL, in Germany, bears many marks of resemblance to the -English Wall. It seems[50] to consist of the _Pfahl_, a mound of stakes, -or vallum, ascribed to Hadrian, and a stone wall which is said to have -been executed by some of his successors. The works extended westwards -from Regensburg [Ratisbon] on the Danube, towards the sources of that -river, a distance of nearly two hundred miles. They formed the boundary -of the Roman empire in those parts where the Danube was not broad and -deep enough to be of itself a sufficient protection. A deep trench ran -along the Wall on its northern side, and along its southern face roads -and camps were formed. At regular intervals of one mile, towers of -observation were placed of the same size, though, being circular, not of -the same form as the mile-castles on the English Wall. It is not -possible, from the present remains, to determine with certainty the -height or breadth of the Wall. ‘I found it in many places,’ says -Professor Buchner, ‘from four to six, in others from ten to twelve, feet -broad. We may therefore perhaps conclude, that its medium breadth was -from six to seven feet, and that its height, as corresponding to this -breadth, may have been from eighteen to twenty-four feet.’ The works -have the same tendency to advance in a straight line as those of our own -Barrier. ‘No mountain is so high, no abyss so steep, no wood so thick, -no morass so profound, through which it does not penetrate.’ ‘The whole -line of the fortification has been laid down and executed according to a -well-digested plan.’ - -[Sidenote: THE ANTONINE WALL.] - -GRAHAM’S DIKE, so denominated probably from the Celtic words _grym_, -strength, and _diog_, a ditch, is a barrier which fortified the Upper -Isthmus of Britain. It extended from Borrowstoness, on the Firth of -Forth, to West Kilpatrick, on the river Clyde, a distance of about -twenty-seven English miles. It was constructed by Lollius Urbicus in the -reign of Antoninus Pius, the adopted son of Hadrian. The following -succinct account of this important design is taken from the ‘Caledonia -Romana,’ a work of great ability, by the late lamented Mr. Robert -Stuart, of Glasgow:— - - This great military work consisted, in the first place, of an immense - fosse or ditch—averaging about forty feet in width, by some twenty in - depth—which extended over hill and plain, in one unbroken line, from - sea to sea. Behind this ditch, on its southern side, and within a few - feet of its edge, was raised a rampart of intermingled stone and - earth, strengthened by sods of turf, which measured, it is supposed, - about twenty feet in height, and twenty-four in thickness at the base. - This rampart, or _agger_, was surmounted by a parapet, behind which - ran a level platform, for the accommodation of its defenders. To the - southward of the whole was situated the Military Way—a regular - causewayed road, about twenty-feet wide—which kept by the course of - the Wall at irregular distances, approaching, in some instances, to - within a few yards, and in others receding to a considerable extent. - Along the entire line there were established, it is believed, nineteen - principal stations or forts. The mean distance between each may be - stated at rather more than two English miles. Along these intervals - were placed many smaller _castella_, or watch-towers. While the - continuous rampart seems to have been little more than a well-formed - earthen mound, it is probable that many, if not all, of the stations, - were either rivetted with stone or entirely built of that material. In - some places, it would even appear that the Vallum itself had been - raised upon a stone foundation—probably in situations where the ground - was low and marshy, and where it was found necessary to form drains - beneath the works, to prevent the accumulation of water on their - anterior side. - -[Sidenote: MUTUAL SUPPORT OF THE BARRIERS.] - -The Barrier of the Upper Isthmus never consisted of more than a single -line of fortification. This circumstance may seem to militate against -the view that we have taken of the double line of the Southern Barrier. -If in the one case the conquered tribes to the south were disregarded, -why should they not be so in the other also? We shall not, however, -greatly err if we regard the Antonine Wall as but an advanced work of -Hadrian’s entrenchment. On this view of the matter, the difficulty is at -once removed, for the Lower Barrier would be a sufficient security -against danger in the rear. Certain it is, that the southern line was -not abandoned when the other was constructed. Several altars have been -found on the Lower Barrier inscribed with the name Antoninus Pius.[51] A -slab bearing the names of the consuls Sex. Sulpicius Tertullus, and C. -Tineius Sacerdos, elicits the following remarks from judge Cay[52]:— - - These were consuls in A.D. 158; consequently, we have undeniable - authority to assert, that Antoninus Pius repaired Hadrian’s Vallum - (or, at least, the stations _per lineam Valli_), as well as built one - between the Scottish Firths. This stone is certainly most valuable, as - it clearly proves, that though Antoninus extended the boundary so far - north, he could not, or durst not, trust the Mæatæ, but thought - himself obliged to keep up the southern pretenturæ, lest they should, - on any disturbance, join the Caledonians. - -Such prudence is characteristic of good generalship. Napoleon never made -an important move without first resolving what to do in case of failure. -Assuredly Hadrian did not act in a manner unbecoming a Roman, when, at -the same time that he shewed a stony front to the Caledonians, he placed -an earthen rampart between himself and the doubtful fidelity of his -southern subjects. - -[Sidenote: THE BARRIERS IN RELATION TO THE RIVERS.] - -The position of the Barriers of the Lower and of the Upper Isthmus, and -of the Devil’s Wall, in relation to the rivers in their vicinity, -requires some remark. The Tyne in the eastern, and the Irthing and the -Eden in the western part of the island, are uniformly to the south of -the English Wall. A similar remark applies to the Devil’s Wall, in -Germany, which is drawn along the northern shore of the Danube, the side -exposed to the enemy. The Clyde, and its feeders, are to the south of -the Antonine Wall. Why did the Romans not avail themselves of the -natural trenches of these river-basins? The valley of the Tyne is -peculiarly broad and deep. A chain of camps on its southern bank, where -the mediæval castles afterwards stood, would alone, we might suppose, -have bid defiance to the passage of any foe. - -A similarity of practice in these cases favours the belief that -important objects were to be accomplished by it. What are they?— - -By erecting a chain of posts on the high grounds to the north of the -rivers, a better observation of the movements of the enemy was obtained -than would otherwise have been practicable. In the days of Roman -occupation, large tracts of country, the banks of rivers especially, -would be covered with forests. The conquerors, unless they had secured -the enemy’s side of the river-basins, would have been perpetually -subject to unexpected attacks. They could not be so easily taken by -surprise on the high grounds of the northern slopes. - -[Sidenote: IMPORTANCE OF RIVER BASINS.] - -Probably the value of the land on the margin of the rivers, was an -additional motive for the course pursued. The alluvial soil by a river’s -side is usually the most fertile portion of a country. The banks of the -Tyne and the Eden are peculiarly productive. Without a wall the enemy -would have had undisputed possession of the slopes which enjoyed the -finest aspect—that to the south—while those on the other side would have -been subject to frequent depredation. This consideration is of the more -importance, as the lands of the district were given to the soldiers who -garrisoned the frontier, as a means of securing their fidelity. - -[Sidenote: PRUDENCE OF THE ROMANS.] - -So far from the importance of the natural boundary, the river, being -overlooked by the Romans, I am disposed to regard the works on its -northern bank as a proof of the value which they set upon it. The -natural and the artificial barriers were probably regarded by them as -but separate members of one complete fortification. In case of a rush of -invasion from the North, the Wall would arrest the attack and the river -entirely repel it. The stone and earth works would impede the progress -of a foe, however formidable, and give time for the formation of an army -on the southern bank of the stream. It was, moreover, ‘political in the -Romans,’ as Stukely remarks,[53] 'to leave on the north side of the Wall -that huge tract of waterless and dismal moor, a great barren solitude, -where in some places you may walk sixty miles endwise, without meeting -with a house or tree; to ride is impracticable. Thus, as much as in them -lay, without the horror of barbarity, did they remove the barbarians -from their territories; whilst within the Wall, either naturally or by -their industry, all things smiled like the garden of Eden.' - -The vast hosts which the Caledonians were able to muster rendered all -these precautions necessary; and it was, moreover, becoming in the -Romans—a generation of warriors the mightiest the world has ever seen—to -plant the foot firmly on any land they thought fit to occupy. Assuredly -they did so in the Lower Isthmus of Britain. - -[Illustration: Written Rock, at Fallow-field.] - ------ - -Footnote 14: - - Hodgson states the mean of nineteen measurements to be one hundred and - twenty six yards.—_Northumberland_, II. iii. 310. This high number is - obtained by its including the mountain districts, where the works are - widely separated. - -Footnote 15: - - Harl. MSS. 374,—impr. Hodg. North’d. II. iii. 273. - -Footnote 16: - - Harl. MSS. 373,—impr. Richardson’s Reprints and Imprints, divis. - Miscell. - -Footnote 17: - - It will be observed here that the erection of this structure has not - been _always_ ascribed to Severus. - -Footnote 18: - - Greater extremes are met with, but they are rare. Hodgson in a note p. - 276 says, The foundations in the turnpike-road, just west of Portgate - are scarcely seven feet broad; but opposite a plantation a little - further west, ten feet and a half. Hutton found the Wall at Brunton - only five feet and a half thick. - -Footnote 19: - - This is particularly the case about Old Wall in Cumberland. - -Footnote 20: - - Hutton’s Roman Wall, 139. - -Footnote 21: - - Hodg. North’d. II. iii. 276. - -Footnote 22: - - Horsley, in the profiles of the barrier which he gives, represents the - marginal rampart or _agger_ as being much larger than the south one. - The present aspect of the works does not warrant such a delineation. - -Footnote 23: - - When travelling along the road west of Birdoswald, I have seen a - ploughman and his team entirely disappear, on descending into the - fosse of the Vallum. - -Footnote 24: - - An inspection of Horsley’s own sections will at once show - this.—_Britan. Romana_, 158. - -Footnote 25: - - In corroboration of this statement, it may be mentioned that an - intelligent and substantial farmer offered to take, on a twenty-one - years’ lease, the Corchester field, in which the station of - CORSTOPITUM stood, at the yearly rate of 6_l._ per acre. It contains - twelve acres. - -Footnote 26: - - The Notitia has _Lergorum_, but it will be afterwards shewn that this - is probably an error for _Lingonum_. - -Footnote 27: - - The Notitia has _Astorum_ in this and the subsequent instances, but - all the inscriptions hitherto found have _Asturum_. - -Footnote 28: - - Brit. Rom. 102. - -Footnote 29: - - Ibid. 473. - -Footnote 30: - - This slab is in the possession of his Grace the Duke of - Northumberland, and is preserved, along with several other interesting - reliques of the Wall, in that noble baronial residence, so worthy of - the chiefs of Percy, Alnwick Castle. - -Footnote 31: - - Now in the Dean and Chapter Library at Durham. - -Footnote 32: - - According both to Hyginus and Vegetius, the first cohort of a legion, - in the times of the lower empire, was called _milliaria_, from its - being stronger than any cohort of the legion, and from its generally - consisting of about a thousand men. - - _Arch. Æl._ ii., 83. - -Footnote 33: - - A correspondent of the author writes 'Even in my own day it was the - custom of the superstitious, on the line of the Wall, especially - between Birdoswald and Cambeck Fort to pound the stones, bearing - inscriptions, into sand for their kitchens, or bury them in the - foundations of houses or walls, for the simple reason that they - considered them unlucky—calling them 'witch stones’. When one was - found, the _old wives_ fearing that the butter might not form in the - churn, took good care that it should never again make its appearance. - Thus down went many a splendid Roman altar, a sacrifice to ignorance - and superstition'! - -Footnote 34: - - The plough has now passed over the station of Watch Cross. The - enquiries which I have made on the spot, and in the neighbourhood, - are, on the whole, confirmatory of Hodgson’s view. - -Footnote 35: - - Mounsey’s Account of the occupation of Carlisle in 1745. - -Footnote 36: - - Ford’s Hand-book of Spain, 1st edition, p. 306. - -Footnote 37: - - On putting the inquiry pointedly to a person who had ploughed up some - portions of the Vallum in the neighbourhood of Wallend, Cumberland, - and who was also acquainted with the mode in which the Maiden-way (a - Roman road) was formed, I was told that there were no traces of - pavement in the Vallum. - -Footnote 38: - - We must not, however, pronounce a road to be impracticable, because - now it would be thought so. A Northumberland farmer, speaking to me - upon this subject, said he had seen roads which, in his neighbourhood, - were regularly traversed only a century ago, on which no one would - venture now-a-days; ‘it was like coming down a crag-side.’ He had - driven through mosses in which the horses were commonly enveloped, but - had no misgivings so long as he could see the heads of the animals. - -Footnote 39: - - Hodgson, however, distinctly proves, that the _cornage_, or - castle-guard rent of the North of England—originally a payment in lieu - of cattle, and called in English, _horngeld_ and _neatgeld_, - cattle-tax, or ox-lay—has nothing whatever to do with sounding the - war-alarm by _horns_. - -Footnote 40: - - It must, however, be borne in mind, that even the uneducated labourer, - in a highly civilized community, has unconsciously received a - considerable amount of mental training, which places him in a - situation much superior to that of the mere savage. - -Footnote 41: - - The remainder of this valuable communication is, in order to avoid - repetition, embodied in the subsequent account of the Masonry of the - Wall. - -Footnote 42: - - Hodgson II. ii. 298. - -Footnote 43: - - It would be described by a modern builder as a rough blocking course. - -Footnote 44: - - The cuts representing these markings are transferred from my note - book, without reference to scale. - -Footnote 45: - - Concrete contains less lime, and is mixed with a smaller proportion of - water than grout. It is chiefly used in large masses, to form an - artificial foundation for a building. - -Footnote 46: - - The almost entire absence of those little white lumps of lime, not - properly mixed with sand, which are found in the imperfectly prepared - mortar of modern times, shews that the lime must in some way have been - crushed by rollers or beaters. - -Footnote 47: - - Mr. Bell, of Irthington, tells me that in some places the foundation - flags of the north side point upwards, at an angle of about twenty - degrees, caused apparently by the settling of the ponderous mass. In - this circumstance, we have an interesting confirmation of the - supposition that the Wall was surmounted with a parapet on its north - side. The foundation would have settled equally if both sides had been - burdened alike. - -Footnote 48: - - Part II. v. iii. p. 294. - -Footnote 49: - - In some parts of the line, the joints of the Wall are at present - filled with earthy matter instead of mortar, and it is the opinion of - some authorities, and amongst them, the eminent architect and - intelligent antiquary, Mr. Dobson, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, that in - these places, clay has been originally substituted for mortar. Very - loath to suppose that the original builders of the Wall would leave - any portion of it in so unsatisfactory a state, I have been in the - habit of accounting for the apparent absence of mortar in the - following way:—The upper part of the structure having been overthrown - by a ruthless enemy, and the lower parts covered with the fallen - rubbish, the whole heap would speedily become coated with vegetation. - Roman mortar, with all its tenacity, would not be able to resist the - powers of vitality; and the constant demands of the ferns and the - foxgloves would, in the course of time, abstract the whole of the - lime. The roots of the plants, by whose agency the work of abstraction - had proceeded, yielding in due time to the process of decay, would - themselves, in the form of vegetable earth, supply the place of the - lime which they had withdrawn. - -Footnote 50: - - The only source of information which I have upon the subject of this - wall, is a translation of an extract from a pamphlet by Professor - Buchner, of Regensburg, in the first volume of the ‘Archæologia - Æliana.’ The precise relation which the _Pfahl_ bears to the stone - Wall does not very clearly appear from this paper; to all appearance, - however, the analogy between the German and English barriers is very - close. - -Footnote 51: - - Hodg. North’d. II. iii. 276. - -Footnote 52: - - Ibid. 284. - -Footnote 53: - - Iter Boreale, 67. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - PART III. - LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS. - -Little did the Romans dream, when they fixed the eastern termination of -their Wall at SEGEDUNUM, of the world-wide celebrity which its -subsequent cognomen—Wallsend—would attain. Even Horsley, writing in -1731, and in what he lovingly terms 'my own county,'[54] did not foresee -the extensive mining operations which shortly after his day were to take -place in its immediate vicinity. In order to mark the site of the -station, he fixes upon Cousin’s House, which is at some distance from -the spot, whereas, the principal shaft of the celebrated mine is close -beside its western rampart. - - -SEGEDUNUM, Wallsend, is admirably selected as the site of a Roman -station, and as the eastern terminus of the Wall. Without being so -much[Sidenote: SEGEDUNUM.] elevated as to give it a painful exposure to -the blasts of the north and of the east, it commands a view, in every -direction, of the adjacent country. The ground, in front of it, slopes -rapidly down to the river’s brink, and has a full exposure to the -mid-day sun. The beauty of its situation is considerable now; what must -it have been when aged oaks crowned the contiguous heights, and the Tyne -rolled by in the brilliancy and exuberance of its youth! - -[Sidenote: WALLSEND.] - -Eastward of Wallsend, the river acquires a sufficient magnitude to make -it a barrier quite formidable enough to prevent the ready passage of a -foe, and to render the erection of a wall unnecessary. Frequently, -however, would it be needful for the watchful eye of the Roman prefect -at SEGEDUNUM to traverse the expanse which lay between him and the sea. -This he could easily do. The station stands upon a bend of the river, -formed by two of the longest ‘reaches’ which it makes in the whole of -its course. The Long-reach extends downwards as far as the high end of -South Shields, and the Bill-reach stretches nearly two miles up the -water. In both directions, therefore, any operations conducted on the -river would be easily discerned from the station. - -[Sidenote: SEGEDUNUM.] - -Although it was not thought requisite to extend the Wall further along -the northern bank of the Tyne than Wallsend, special precautions were -taken to secure the mouth of the river from hostile occupation. A camp -at Tynemouth, and another at North Shields, were garrisoned by troops -from the head quarters at SEGEDUNUM; these frowned over the northern -shore of the estuary. A subsidiary station at Tyne Lawe, near South -Shields, and another at Jarrow, guarded its southern bank, whilst one at -Wardley, opposite Wallsend, would effectually support, on that side of -the river, the operations of the garrison in the principal encampment. -All of these will be examined afterwards. - -[Illustration: Altar to Jupiter-Coh. IV. Lingonum] - -The evidence by which Wallsend is identified with the _Segedunum_ of the -Notitia is not so direct as could be desired. First in the list of -officers ‘along the line of the Wall,’ the Notitia places the Tribune of -the fourth cohort of the Lergi at SEGEDUNUM. Now, no inscription has -been found in Britain mentioning the Lergi, but inscriptions have been -found which mention the second and fourth cohorts of the Lingones; on -the other hand, the Lingones never occur in the Notitia, but the cohorts -of the Lergi which are there recorded, are the second and the fourth. -This being the case, and the difference in the form of the Latin words -_Lergorum_ and _Lingonum_ being very slight, the probability is, as Mr. -Thomas Hodgson, in an able paper in the Archæologia Æliana, conjectures, -that some early transcriber of the Notitia has written the one in -mistake for the other. Within the precincts of Tynemouth Castle, in the -year 1783, an altar was found, which formed part of the foundation of an -ancient church. It is now in the possession of the Society of -Antiquaries of London. The adjoining wood-cut accurately delineates it. -The inscription may be read as follows: - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - AEL[IVS] RVFVS - PRAEF[ECTVS] COH[ORTIS] - IIII LINGO - NVM. - - To Jupiter the best and greatest, - Ælius Rufus, - The Prefect of Cohort the - Fourth of the Lingo- - nes. - -On the supposition, which is a natural one, that Tynemouth was a station -subsidiary to Wallsend, this altar gives satisfactory proof that the -first of the stations at the eastern extremity of the Wall is the -SEGEDUNUM of the Notitia. On some occasion, when the prefect who -commanded the estuary of the Tyne, was on a visit to this out-post, he -erected to Jupiter, whom he ignorantly worshipped, the altar which still -remains. - -[Sidenote: ORIGIN OF THE NOTITIA NAMES.] - -The etymology of the names of the stations is an interesting, but -intricate subject. The new occupants of a country usually adopt the -appellations bestowed by their predecessors upon its more prominent -features. Thus, though in England the ancient Briton, Roman, Saxon, -Norman, and modern English, have successively prevailed, many of our -most familiar rivers, as the Thames, the Isis, and the Avon, have borne, -as Whitaker shows, through each successive change, their present names. -The appellations of cities are much more variable, but some even of -these are indelible. Strange as a painted Briton of the first century -would feel himself in the streets of modern London, its _name_ would -fall on his ear as an accustomed sound. - -The Romans were a minority in Britain; and, in their intercourse with -the natives, would be compelled to adopt the nomenclature of the people. -We may, therefore, expect to find that the names of the stations are -essentially British, though somewhat altered by the imperfect -pronunciation of the strangers, and by a ceaseless effort to recast the -words in the mould of their own tongue. The change most frequently -introduced consists in the addition of Latin terminations. The names -given by the aborigines of a country are usually descriptive of the -object to which they are attached: they are epithets changed into proper -names. Accordingly, we find that the names of the stations, so far as -they have been deciphered by the assistance of those modern -representatives of the ancient British tongue—the Gaelic and native -Irish—are descriptive of the locality. - -[Sidenote: ETYMOLOGY OF SEGEDUNUM.] - -SEGEDUNUM is an unfortunate example to begin with. There was a Segedunum -in Aquitania, the modern Rodez—a Segodunum in Northern Germany, the -modern Siegen. The camp at Wallsend may have received its name from some -resemblence to one of these. Still the question remains, What was the -common origin of the term? Wallis thinks it is derived from the Latin -_seges_, corn, and the Celtic _dunum_, a hill; but, excepting in extreme -cases, an etymology dependent upon two languages can scarcely be -admitted. A more consistent derivation is found in the Celtic _sech_, -(the root of the French _sec_) dry, and _dun_, a hill. The final -syllable is a Latin affix. The elevation of the spot, and its rapid -slope to the river, would render it comparatively free from -moisture.[55] - -[Sidenote: VILLAGE OF WALLSEND.] - -Whatever doubt may hang over the Roman name of this station, none -attaches to the modern—Wallsend - - ... Ab illo - Dicitur, æternumque tenet per sæcula nomen. - -The number of places along the course of the Wall which have derived -their names from this great work, is very striking, and proves the -importance that has been attached to it. Without examining a map, and -simply drawing upon the resources of my own memory and note-book, the -following examples occur: In Northumberland, we have Wallsend, Walker, -Wall-knoll in Newcastle, Benwell, Wallbottle, Heddon-on-the-Wall, -Welton, Wall-houses, Wall, Walwick, Shields-on-the-Wall, Wall-mill, -Walltown, Thirlwall, and Wall-end; in Cumberland, we have Walton, -Wallbours, Old-Wall, High Wallhead, Middle Wallhead, Low Wallhead, -Wallby, and Wallfoot. - -The present village of Wallsend is about half a mile distant from the -station, a little to the north of the turnpike road. It is, however, of -modern erection. Brand says that ‘an old woman, still living, remembers -when the site of the present Wallsend was an empty field.’ The -traditional account of its erection is, that a plague having desolated -the original town, which stood upon the site of the camp, and was built -out of its ruins, the terrified inhabitants forsook the spot, and sought -shelter in the new locality. - - _PLATE IV._ - -[Illustration: - - _SECTION, after Warburton, of the Mountains at Bradley, - shewing the relation, in the hill-district, between the Wall - and the Vallum._ - _REID. LITHO. NEWCASTLE._ -] - -[Sidenote: WALLSEND.] - -A person unaccustomed to examine the remains of Roman forts, will -probably be disappointed to find the ramparts of Wallsend so feebly -marked; but one who brings to the task a practised eye, will give a good -account of the land, and express his surprise that so much of the camp -is left. The station, it must be remembered, is situated on the edge of -a river the scene of an immense commerce, in the vicinity of a large -town, and in the centre of a great mining district. - -[Sidenote: SEGEDUNUM.] - -The station of SEGEDUNUM has occupied an area of three acres and a half. -The Wall, coming from the west, has struck the north cheek of its -western gateway, and there terminated. The walls of the station would be -a sufficient protection to the garrison against attack from the north or -other quarters, but to prevent the enemy getting within the barrier, by -passing between the station and the river, the eastern wall of the -station has been brought down to the river, and continued into it to -low-water mark.[56] - -[Illustration: - - Drawn & Lithographed by John Storey - WALLSEND, LOOKING EAST. -] - -[Sidenote: WALLSEND.] - -In tracing the outline of the station it will be well to begin at -Carville-hall, the 'Cousin’s-house,'[57] of Horsley. Between it and the -Gosforth ‘waggon-way,’ the north fosse of the Wall is very distinct, a -gravelled path, for some distance, occupies the site of the Wall.[58] -Behind the Methodist-chapel the ditch may still be traced, but after -that it disappears. The row of houses between the chapel and the station -is manifestly very close upon the line of the Wall. The old -engine-house, which Brand tells us was six yards north of the Wall, -still remains. The whole of the ramparts of the northern section of the -station are gone; the walls of the southern portion of it may, however, -be traced rising in the form of a grassy mound above the general level -of the soil. The continuation of the eastern wall of the station down -the bank to the river’s edge, may also be recognised, not only by the -gentle mound which it forms, but by the fragments of Roman mortar, Roman -tile, and coarse-grained sandstone, not proper to the district, which -may be picked up on it. This river-wall joins the Tyne at the spot where -a jetty has recently been formed. Numerous swellings in the ground to -the south, and to the east of the station, indicate the ruins of -suburban buildings. These seem to have been invariable concomitants of -stationary camps. Officers wishing to have more space than the fort -allowed, the families of the soldiers, the camp followers, and others, -who sought the protection of a fortified post, would occupy such -dwellings. The sunny exposure of the streets on the south of the camp, -would render them peculiarly acceptable to the Lingones who came from -that part of Gaul where the Meuse and Marne have their source.[59] The -fosse which protected the eastern rampart, is still distinctly visible, -and generally contains a little water. The accompanying lithographic -view is given chiefly with the intention of showing the extensive -command which the station had of the river below it; the south-east -angle of the rampart may be traced upon it, as well as the fosse beyond. -The altar, represented in the foreground, was found in the vicinity of -the station a few years ago, and is still preserved upon the spot, it is -without an inscription, but has a hole drilled through its centre, which -it had when found. An extensive natural valley protected the western -side of the camp, which some years ago was partially filled up, in order -to form the waggon-way. The house occupied by the late Mr. John Buddle, -the eminent colliery viewer, is just within the western wall of the -station, and that, formerly occupied by Mr. John Reay, is just within -the eastern rampart. The waggon-way leading from the Wallsend pit seems -to enter the station by its western portal, and to leave it by its -eastern, and thus exactly traverses the _via principalis_ of the camp. -The only trace of the northern division of the station that remains, -consists [Sidenote: SEGEDUNUM.]of the road which has apparently led from -SEGEDUNUM to the out-posts at Blake-chesters and Tyne-mouth. This -causeway extends from the station to the north of the Shields railway; -it is formed of a mass of rubble, about two feet deep, and is eleven -yards wide. It cannot be ploughed, and nothing that requires any depth -of earth will grow upon it. - -Numerous proofs of Roman occupation have been discovered at various -times in the station and its vicinity. Brand says, ‘I found a fibula, -some Roman tegulæ, and coins, a ring, &c. Immense quantities of bones -and teeth of animals are continually turning up. Stones with -inscriptions were found, but the incurious masons built them up again in -the new works of the colliery.’ Dr. Lingard was told, that in digging a -cellar under the dining room of Mr. Buddle’s house, a deep well was -found. I have been informed by Mr. John Reay, that another was -discovered outside the station, at the spot shown on the plan of the -station, Plate IV. A structure, which was conceived to be a bath, was -struck upon about the same time, near the river’s brink; it was -immediately removed, but its site is marked on the plan. Many coins have -been found, but most of them in a very corroded state. A beautiful piece -of Samian ware was got in sinking the shaft of the colliery, which is -now in possession of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; -it is figured in a subsequent Plate. - -[Sidenote: WALLSEND TO NEWCASTLE.] - -Leaving Wallsend, and proceeding westward, the Wall is chiefly to be -traced by the presence of its north fosse. This is very distinctly -marked nearly all the way to Byker. In front of Stote’s-houses, the -Beehouses of Horsley, it forms a pond, which is used for farm purposes. -Some traces of the foundation of the Wall may be seen, but they are -faint. Thirty years ago the Wall was standing, for a considerable -distance, three and four feet high, covered with brushwood of hazel, -oak, and alder. The tendency of the half-ruined Wall to give lodgement -to the roots of these plants, is very remarkable; wherever the Wall is -undisturbed they are found, and in regions where the hazel does not -occur elsewhere, as in the neighbourhood of Bowness, it is to be met -with abundantly upon the Wall. - -A mound, a little more elevated than the neighbouring ground, near to -Stote’s-houses, points out the site of the first mile-castle west of -Wallsend. The tenant of the farm told me that he had got a great -quantity of stones from it. In Horsley’s time, there were ‘two distinct -tumuli remaining near the Bee-houses’; what I take to be the rudiments -of them may yet be traced; one of them is just behind the stack-yard of -the farm, the other, the least marked of the two, a little to the west -of it. - -The road that is seen stretching in a straight line up the hill to Byker -indicates the direction of the Wall, and though the first, it is by no -means the most remarkable instance that we shall meet with, of the -unflinching and straightforward tendencies of this remarkable structure. -The Wall stood on the south side of the present road. The facing-stones -having already been removed, and it being desirable to have the rocky -remnant entirely cleared away, the ground was let to parties without -rent for a short term of years, on condition of their clearing it, and -bringing it into cultivation. It is on this account that the site of the -Wall and fosse, even yet, is portioned out in long narrow slips, which -are, for the most part, used as potato gardens. - -From the top of Byker-hill, an interesting view is obtained of the Tyne -and the numerous hives of busy men which bestud its banks. This would be -an important post for the Roman soldier, who could easily see from it -the stations on either hand—SEGEDUNUM and PONS ÆLII—and all that was -going on between them. - -Between Byker and Newcastle, all traces of the Wall are now nearly -destroyed. In 1725, it was, however, standing in a condition of imposing -grandeur, as appears from Stukeley’s ‘Prospect’ of it in the Iter -Boreale. He was induced to make this drawing because ‘the country being -entirely undermined’ by colliery excavations, it might ‘some time or -other sink, and so disorder the track of this stately work.’ He dreaded -an imaginary evil, and overlooked a real one. - -The north fosse was, till recently, very distinct within the wall of -Heaton-park; it is now filled up; many of the stones in the park-wall, -are to all appearance, Roman. Before descending the hill, a portion of -it, boldly developed, may yet be seen at the end of a small row of -houses called Howard-street. - -[Sidenote: COURSE THROUGH NEWCASTLE.] - -At the head of the bank overlooking the Ouse-burn stood a mile-castle, -as was usual in such situations, to guard the pass. Two stones which, I -am persuaded, formed part of the entrance gateway of this mile-tower, -now stand upon the stairs leading to the grand entrance of the keep of -the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. They measure two feet by one, and are -of the form usually employed in the portals of mile castles. One of them -bears a rude, and almost unintelligible, inscription. These stones were -found built up in a structure on the west bank of the Ouseburn, were -thence taken to Busy Cottage, afterwards removed to Heaton, and finally -presented to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - -The Wall crossed the Ouse-burn very near the ancient bridge which is -about a hundred and fifty yards south of the railway viaduct. In -preparing the foundations of Mr. Beckinton’s steam-mill about the year -1800, the workmen came upon the Wall, and, with great good taste, built -into the opposite quay three of the largest stones they met with, in -order to mark its site; they may yet be seen at low water, and are -evidently mile-castle stones. - -[Sidenote: COURSE THROUGH NEWCASTLE.] - -It is not possible to trace the Wall with minute accuracy through -Newcastle, a town which has been the seat of a large and active -population ever since the days of Roman occupation. In endeavouring to -follow its route, I shall mainly depend upon the investigations of Mr. -George Bouchier Richardson, who has for several years past made the -antiquities of ‘the Metropolis of the North’ his especial study, and -whose paper upon this subject, recently read before the Society of -Antiquaries of this town, will doubtless speedily appear in the -Archæologia Æliana. - -[Sidenote: NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.] - -Rising from the western bank of the Ouse-burn, it traversed the north -side of Stepney-bank, passed through the gardens at the Red Barns, along -the site of the present Melbourne-street, and, proceeding behind the -Keelmen’s Hospital, came to the Sallyport. This, which was one of the -gates of the town, is sometimes described as a Roman building, but is of -mediæval origin. Thence, the Wall went over the crest of the hill still -called the Wall-knoll, where the foundations of it were turned up about -the middle of the last century. It crossed Pandon-dean on the north side -of the locality called the Stock-bridge, and, in its western course, -ascended the steep hill, on the summit of which stands All Saints’ -church. Brand tells us that the crypt of the old church had plainly been -built of stones plundered from the adjacent Wall. A well of Roman -masonry is said to have been discovered near the church when the -foundations of the new building were prepared. Crossing Pilgrim-street a -little above Silver-street, the course of the Wall is indicated by the -present narrow street called the Low bridge. Until a comparatively -recent period, the site of Dean-street formed the unenclosed bed of the -Lort-burn, and was spanned by an arch called the Low-bridge. At the -point where this mediæval viaduct stood, its Roman predecessor carried -the Wall, with its attendant military way, across the gully. The church -of St. Nicholas, according to Leland, whose statement is confirmed by -subsequent writers, ‘stondithe on the very Picts Waulle.’ The Wall, -leaving the church, crosses Collingwood-street in an oblique direction, -and passing by St. John’s church, the Vicarage-house, and the -Assembly-rooms, makes for the Town-wall somewhat to the north of the -site of the West-gate. There can be little doubt that in its exit from -the town, the Wall occupied the elevation on which Cumberland-row now -stands. - - -[Sidenote: PONS ÆLII.] - -PONS ÆLII.—Having tracked the Wall in its passage through the modern -town, the site of the ancient station of PONS ÆLII next demands -attention. - -Horsley is the only writer who has attempted to define its limits, and -he had but slender evidence to guide him. He takes, as his data, the -three following facts:—1. The course of the Wall westward, which he -conceives, and no doubt correctly, would form the northern boundary of -the station; 2. The direction of the Vallum, some portions of which -remained, in his day, just outside the West-gate; 3. 'A traditionary -account of the Wall having passed through St. George’s porch, near the -north-west corner of St. Nicholas’-church.' As this porch stands a -little to the south of the line of the great Wall, as laid down by him, -he conceives that this traditionary wall must have been the east wall of -the station, and draws it upon his plan accordingly.[60] The western -wall now only remained to be determined, and this point was easily -settled, by supposing the station to have been square. According to the -line assigned by him to the Vallum, six chains is the distance which -would intervene between it and the Wall; he therefore places the western -rampart of the station at the corresponding distance of six chains from -the eastern, and encloses altogether an area of little more than three -acres. - -It may well be doubted whether the important station of PONS ÆLII would -be subjected to the ordinary rules of castrametation. I am strongly -disposed to think, that it would partake of the features of a commercial -as well as of a military capital, and that its walls would not only -embrace a wider range than ordinary camps, but would be allowed to adapt -themselves more freely to the nature of the ground. - -The wants of the immense body of troops required to garrison the Wall, -and man its out-posts, would create a considerable amount of commerce. -The inhabitants of Italy, Gaul, and Spain, would be unwilling all at -once to forego the comforts and luxuries of their sunny climes, and to -be entirely cut off from intercourse with the land of their nativity. -The fragments of amphoræ, which are so abundantly met with on the line -of the Wall, shew that the soldiers sometimes gladdened their hearts -with the wine of their native hills; and the innumerable sherds of -Samian ware, which usually bestrew the camps of Roman occupation, prove -that a continual intercourse was kept up with the continent. To the sea, -as a means of communication between many of the stations of Roman -Britain, frequent recourse would be had. - -The exports from this island to the continent were considerable. Camden -tells us, that every year not less than eight hundred vessels laden with -corn alone were sent out of it. Certain it is, that the imperial -government would expect an adequate return for the expenditure -occasioned by the troops in this country, and that the commodities of -the continent would not be transmitted to the occupants of the Wall from -motives of mere benevolence. Lead, which is now so abundant in the three -northern counties, would probably form one article of export, and corn -another. Those who have noticed the fertility of some portions of the -region watered by the Tyne, will be able to conceive how luxuriant were -the harvests which its alluvial soil produced when first turned up by -the plough. It is certain that coal has been wrought to some extent in -Roman times, and some of it may have been exported. - -No place in the north of England was so well fitted as Newcastle to be -the emporium of the commerce of the North. Situated upon a noble river, -at about ten miles from its mouth, it combined the naval advantages of -the coast, with the security of an inland situation. The wealth arising -from the commerce of the port would increase its importance, and the -facility with which foreign news and foreign luxuries could be obtained, -would render it the frequent resort of those prefects and tribunes whose -usual posts were in bleaker and more inhospitable regions. The fact that -the river was at this part spanned by a bridge of many arches, is a -striking indication of the importance of the place even in the days of -the emperor Hadrian. - -No account has come down to us of the state of Newcastle in the days of -Roman occupation, but if, after it had been deprived of the advantages -which the residence of the mural garrison conferred upon it, the -venerable Bede calls it 'an illustrious royal city'—'_vico regis -illustri_'—we must conclude that it was a place of considerable -importance. The natural advantages of the situation struck the eye of -Camden; ‘Now’, says he, ‘where the Wall and Tine almost meet together, -Newcastle sheweth itself gloriously the very eye of all the townes in -these parts.’ - -Under these circumstances, there seems to be no reason why the walls of -PONS ÆLII should form the usual military parallelogram any more than -Roman Rochester, or Pompeii, or Rome itself, much less that the station -should occupy an area of little more than three acres. - -The contour of the ground on which the modern Newcastle stands, is -peculiar. It consists of three tongues of land, separated by natural -valleys permeated by rivulets. The westernmost of these presents the -boldest front to the river, and is that on which the Castle stands; the -Skinner-burn bounds it on the west, and the valley of the Lort-burn, the -present Dean-street, on the east. The contiguous tongue lies between the -Lort-burn and Pandon-dean; and that still further removed, has for its -eastern boundary the Ouse-burn. The same natural advantages which -recommended the heights of the most westerly of these strips of ground -to the Normans for the erection of their stronghold, would no doubt -previously induce the Romans to select it as their chief position. They -probably enclosed nearly the whole of it within their walls. Horsley, -indeed, places his camp in this division, but in the least advantageous -part of it, whether considered in a military or in a commercial point of -view. The Romans would surely not overlook the importance of the ravine -of Dean-street as a defence on the east, especially at a time when the -tide flowed up it as far as the Painter-heugh, and of the cliff that -descends from the Castle to the river on the south. The necessity of -defending the bridge, and commanding the Tyne would not be forgotten. -Taking all these things into account, we may fairly suppose the walls of -PONS ÆLII to have been thus defined:—The Wall, passing through the site -of St. Nicholas’-church, would, of course, be its northern boundary; a -line coming from the church, and adapting itself to the crest of the -hill that overhangs Dean-street, crossing the Head-of-the-Side and -stretching as far as the elevated angle on which the County-courts now -stand, will probably mark its eastern boundary; the southern rampart -would run from this angle along the edge of the cliff overhanging the -Close, as far as the site of the White-friar-tower, which stood at the -head of the present Hanover-street; the western wall may have run in the -line of the Town-wall as far as Neville-tower, and then have struck up -in a straight line to meet the great Wall. Westward of this boundary, -the ground slopes down to the Skinner-burn. If these lines are correctly -drawn, Roman Newcastle would contain upwards of sixteen acres. - -Although the camp of PONS ÆLII occupied this tongue of land, there is no -reason to suppose that suburban buildings were not erected on the other -two, both of which are well protected by their natural situation. There -is good ground to believe that Pandon, which was formerly a separate -town from Newcastle, and is seated on the middle strip, was of Roman -origin. Villas and gardens probably extended as far as the Ouse-burn. - -In order to render the preceding description intelligible to persons -unacquainted with the topography of Newcastle, a plan of the town (Plate -V.) and a lithographic view of PONS ÆLII are appended. In the plan of -the town, Horsley’s demarkation of the station, as well as the one here -proposed, is laid down. For the view of PONS ÆLII, the frontispiece, I -am indebted to the pencil of Mr. G. Bouchier Richardson; the contour of -the ground is very accurately delineated, and the probable outline of -the station marked; the details of the picture are of course filled up -according to the artist’s fancy—a fancy regulated by his antiquarian -knowledge. - - _PLATE V._ - -[Illustration: - - Plan of PONS ÆLII AND OF THE COURSE OF THE WALL THROUGH _NEWCASTLE ON - TYNE_. - And^w. Reid s.c. -] - -[Sidenote: NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.] - -Roman antiquities, which, when they abound, are so serviceable in -defining the seat of Roman occupation, are unfortunately here rather -scanty and unimportant. This cannot be matter of surprise. In the middle -ages, Newcastle abounded in churches and monastic buildings. To the -erection of these and of the Castle, the Town-wall, and Gates, every -stone whether lettered, sculptured, or plain, that could easily be -obtained, would be appropriated. - -[Sidenote: PONS ÆLII.] - -The precincts of the Castle have afforded the most important discoveries -of this kind. The present County-courts occupy the site of a building -which used to be called the Half-moon-battery. This was probably the -position of the south-east angle of the station of PONS ÆLII, and some -of the lines of the octagonal face of the battery presented no doubt the -actual curve of the station. To a certain extent the Norman builders may -have converted to their own uses a portion of the labours of their -imperial predecessors; appearances seemed to shew that the Castle wall -between the Half-moon-battery and the Black-gate had rested upon a Roman -foundation. When the County-courts were built, some important -discoveries were made. Mr. Hodgson, who watched the progress of the -excavations, has thus described them:— - - In digging for the foundations for the Northumberland County - Court-house, in 1810, a well was found finely cased with Roman - masonry. It still remains below the centre part of the present - court-house. It had originally been a spring, or sunk low down on the - river bank, and its circular wall, raised within another strong wall - in the form of a trapezium to the height of the area of the station, - and the space between them traversed with strong connecting beams of - oak both horizontally and perpendicularly, and then tightly packed up - with pure blue clay. Some beams of this timber were taken up and - formed into the judges’ seats, and chairs for the grand-jury room, now - in use. Two of the perpendicular beams had very large stags’ horns at - their lower end, apparently to assist in steadying them till clay - sufficient was put around them to keep them upright. On the original - slope of the bank next the outer wall, there was a thick layer of - ferns, grasses, brambles, and twigs of birch and oak, closely matted - together, and evidently showing that before these works were - constructed, man had not tenanted the spot.[61] Here also were exposed - large remains of the foundations of other very thick and strong walls, - one of which rose into the eastern wall of the Old Moot-hall, which - was of exactly the same breadth, bearing, and style of building, and - doubtless of the same date as the Roman foundations of which it was a - continuance. - -[Sidenote: ANTIQUITIES OF PONS ÆLII.] - - The whole site of the Court-house, for several feet above the original - surface of the earth, was strewn with a chaos of Roman ruins. I was - frequently on the spot while the excavations were carrying on, and saw - dug up large quantities of Roman pottery, two bronze coins of - Antoninus Pius, parts of the shaft of a Corinthian pillar, fluted, and - of the finest workmanship; besides many millstones, and two altars, - one bearing an illegible inscription, and the other quite plain. The - altars were found near the north-east corner of the Court-house, and - near them a small axe, and a concave stone, which bore marks of fire, - was split, and had thin flakes of lead in its fissures. The broad - foundation walls were firm and impenetrable as the hardest rock. On - Aug. 11, 1812, when the foundations of the north portico were sinking, - a Roman coin was found (of what Emperor I have no minute,) and the - original surface of the ground was covered with a thick stratum of - small wood, some parts of which were wattled together in the form of - crates or the corfs of collieries, but in a decayed state, and cut as - easily with the workmen’s spades, as the brushwood found in peat - mosses does. As there was much horse or mules’ dung near them, and - some mules’ shoes amongst it, I thought they had been fixed there as - crates or racks to eat fodder out of. - -[Illustration] - -Since that period, few important discoveries have been made. In cutting -the crest of the hill in front of the Castle for one of the piers of the -Railway viaduct, a small stone figure of Mercury, represented in the -adjoining wood-cut,[62] was found. It is preserved, among other -antiquities, in the Museum in the Castle. - -Between the years 1840 and 1844, the White-friar-tower and the -contiguous portions of the Town-wall of Newcastle were removed. Two -Roman altars were discovered, which are now in the possession of the -Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. One of them is destitute of -an inscription, and the other seems to bear the word SILVANO. Several -coins of the Roman and mediæval age were picked up in its immediate -vicinity. The Roman coins were of both the upper and the lower empire. - -From the manner in which the pieces of the middle and ancient periods -were commingled, a thing of rare occurrence, it may be inferred that the -tower was formed out of Roman materials, and that the Roman coins were -re-imbedded without being noticed, whilst the workmen inadvertently -added Nuremberg tokens and other contemporary pieces to the numismatic -treasures of the spot. - -But, perhaps, the structure which gave name to PONS ÆLII affords the -most interesting foot-prints of Roman occupation in Newcastle. - -[Sidenote: THE BRIDGE OF ÆLIUS.] - -Horsley received sufficient evidence to convince him, that a Roman road -had gone from the south bank of the Tyne to Chester-le-street, and -thence to the south of England. A bridge was necessary to conduct the -road across the river. In 1771, a flood having carried away several of -the arches of the bridge which then existed, and materially damaged the -rest of the structure, it was found necessary to erect a new one. In -removing the old piers the distinguishing characteristics of Roman -masonry were observed; and the workmen were led to believe that the -arches of the mediæval structure had been placed upon the foundations -which Hadrian laid. Several piles of fine black oak, which had supported -the foundation, were drawn out of the bed of the river, and found to be -in a state of excellent preservation.[63] - -[Sidenote: COINS FOUND IN THE BRIDGE.] - -The coins that were found imbedded in the piers give decided evidence of -the Roman origin of the structure. To some of these, in the possession -of George Rippon, esq., of Waterville, North Shields, I have had access; -they are here represented. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._—HADRIANUS AUGUSTUS, CONSUL TERTIUM. PATER PATRIÆ. Bare head of -Hadrian. - -_Rev._—GERMANIA. The province personified as a female standing. In her -right she holds a lance; her left hand rests upon a German-shaped -shield. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._—IMPERATOR CÆSAR TRAJANUS HADRIANUS AUGUSTUS. Laureated head of -Hadrian. - -_Rev._—PONTIFEX MAXIMUS TRIBUNITIA POTESTATE CONSUL TERTIUM. A female -figure, with helmet, standing, holding a lance in her left hand, and in -her right a patera, under which is an object that appears to be an -altar. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._—Same as the former; but CONSUL SECUNDUM. - -_Rev._—Legend same as the former, but in the exergue JUSTITIA. A female -seated; in her right hand a patera, in her left a spear. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._—Same as the two former. - -_Rev._—Same as in the former, but in the exergue. FEL PR (Felicitas -Populi Romani). A female seated; in her right hand a caduceus, in her -left a cornucopia. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._—SEVERUS AUGUSTUS PARTHICUS MAXIMUS. Laureated head of the -emperor. - -_Rev._—PROVIDENTIA AUGUSTORUM. The figure of a female standing, with a -globe at her feet. - -The coins of Hadrian are remarkably bold and sharp, and cannot have been -long in circulation before being deposited in the bed where sixteen -centuries of repose awaited them; that of Severus is a good deal -corroded. Besides these, other coins have been found. Brand had one of -Trajan, and he engraves a copper coin of Hadrian; he also had in his -possession one of Antoninus Pius. Pennant describes, amongst others, a -coin of Faustina the Elder, and one of Lucius Verus. Hodgson saw coins -of Gordian and Magnentius, all of which had been obtained from the same -spot. - -The coins posterior to the time of Hadrian were probably deposited -during the repairs and alterations which the bridge received after its -original construction in A.D. 120. - -[Sidenote: CHARACTER OF THE BRIDGE.] - -It is probable that the ancient bridge had no stone arches, but was -provided with a horizontal road-way of timber. Pennant[64] who derived -his information from the workmen, says, that ‘the old piers seem -originally to have been formed without any springs for arches. This was -a manner of building used by the Romans; witness the bridge built over -the Danube by Trajan, at Severin, whose piers, I believe, still exist.’ - -The foundations of the piers of three Roman bridges in the region of the -Wall, still remain—one across the Tyne, at CORSTOPITUM, one across the -North Tyne, at CILURNUM, and another across the Reed-water, at -HABITANCUM; an examination of these has induced me to believe that they, -at least, had no arches. The piers are of a size and strength sufficient -to withstand the thrust of the waters without the aid of an arch; and in -one at least of these cases, the requisite spring of the arch would have -raised the road to an inconvenient height. An experienced mason who -examined carefully the ruins of the bridge at HABITANCUM told me that he -observed that all the stones which encumbered the spot were square, none -of them having the shape of stones used in building arches. It is -certain that in the mediæval period the Newcastle bridge had a road-way -of timber; for Matthew of Paris tells us that, A.D. 1248, it, and the -greater part of the town were destroyed by fire. - -[Sidenote: SUPPOSED MEDAL OF THE BRIDGE.] - -Brand, misled by the early numismatists, conceived that the bridge -across the Tyne had been honoured by a commemorative medal. He says— - - Two coins appear to have been struck upon the building of two bridges - by this emperor; one is doubtless to be referred to that of Rome; may - not the other have been intended to commemorate the work we are now - considering? One of the bridges marked on these coins has seven, the - other five arches. The Tiber being a very inconsiderable river, when - compared with the Tyne, we must therefore claim that with seven - arches—especially as we find a view of the Pons Ælius at Rome in - Piranesi’s collection, without the modern ornaments, where it is - represented as consisting of exactly five arches.[65] - -Alas! for a theory so beautiful and so grateful to the feelings of -Newcastle antiquaries! Mr. Akerman, in his work on rare and inedited -Roman coins, has pronounced the relentless verdict—‘The medallion with -the _Pont Ælius_, quoted by the early numismatic writers, is a modern -fabrication.’ - -It is perhaps too much to suppose that all the arches of the mediæval -bridge rested upon Roman foundations, but it is more than probable that -the piers of the original structure would be at least as numerous as -those of its successor. The mediæval bridge had twelve arches. - -[Sidenote: ORIGIN OF THE NAME PONS ÆLII.] - -No altar or other inscribed stone has been found to confirm the opinion -that Newcastle was the ancient PONS ÆLII. Brand was ‘of opinion that the -inscriptions belonging to the station of PONS ÆLII are all built up in -the old keep of the Castle, and that a rich treasure of this kind will -some time or other be discovered, lurking in its almost impregnable -walls, by future antiquaries.’ May the antiquary never be born that -shall behold this treasure! Such evidence is, however, scarcely needed -to lead us to the ancient designation of the place. The fact that PONS -ÆLII occurs in the Notitia between SEGEDUNUM and CONDERCUM, and that -Newcastle lies between the modern representatives of these two stations, -Wallsend and Benwell, is strong presumption in favour of the theory, and -the fact that a Roman bridge here crossed the Tyne, renders it almost -indubitable. This structure took the name of the Bridge of Ælius, after -Hadrian,[66] who was of the Ælian family, and the bridge gave name to -the station. The Notitia informs us that PONS ÆLII was governed by the -tribune of the cohort of the Cornovii, ‘a people,’ says Hodgson, ‘whose -name is unnoticed by all the ancient geographers I have access to.’ - -[Sidenote: THE CASTLE OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.] - -Before leaving the station of PONS ÆLII, a reference to the mediæval -structure—the Norman keep—which gives the town its modern name, may be -allowed. It is the most perfect specimen of Norman castrametation in the -kingdom; and a careful examination of its structure will yield a more -correct view of the mode of warfare adopted at the time of its erection, -and of the mournful condition of society then existing, than the fullest -verbal description could give. Within a recent period its passages have -been cleared and its portals opened, so as to afford the antiquary an -opportunity of examining it thoroughly. The Corporation of Newcastle, -whose property it is, have, in this respect, set an example which might -with advantage be followed by the national government. To the student of -the Wall, however, the collection of Roman antiquities which the castle -contains, will be the object of greatest interest. In the number and -importance of its altars and inscribed stones, it excels every other -museum in Britain. As the Castle contains so many of the spoils of the -Wall, it is much to be wished that it could be made the depository of -all that have been discovered on the line. Numerous individual objects -of interest are scattered over the country, and he who would examine -them all must travel several hundred miles, and propitiate the favour of -many private gentlemen, as well as public bodies. Documents illustrative -of the history of a country may be regarded as the property of the -country, so far at least, as to be made easily accessible to all. PONS -ÆLII is the fitting place to deposit those antiquities of the Wall which -cannot be carefully preserved on the spot where the Romans originally -placed them. - - -[Sidenote: ROAD TO BENWELL.] - -The reader will probably now be glad to disentangle himself from the -intricacies of PONS ÆLII, and to pursue with rapid steps the course of -the Wall westward. - -Between Newcastle and Benwell-hill, the traces of the works are faint -but interesting. The turnpike road runs upon the bed of the prostrate -Wall, so that, except occasionally in a neighbouring building, not one -stone of it is to be seen; its constant companion, the north fosse, may, -however, be recognized in a kind of depression or slack, which runs -nearly all the way parallel with the road on the traveller’s right hand. -On his left, he will sometimes be able to discern with tolerable -certainty the course of the Vallum. A small, but well defined portion of -it, is met with immediately after leaving the town, behind a row of -houses, appropriately termed Adrianople. Though the stone wall has -perished, this humble earth-work has survived the accidents of seventeen -eventful centuries! Its days, however, are now numbered; a contiguous -quarry is making rapid encroachments upon it. - - -[Sidenote: CONDERCUM.] - -CONDERCUM.—About two miles from Newcastle, and near the modern village -of Benwell, stood the third station of the line, CONDERCUM. - -The present turnpike road runs through it, occupying, in all -probability, very nearly the site of its ancient _via principalis_. So -feeble, however, are the traces of it which remain, that the wayfarer -who does not scrutinize the spot very narrowly, will pass on his journey -without knowing that he is treading ground once jealously guarded by -imperial power—the scene, for centuries, of a crowded city’s joys and -fears. - -The situation of the camp is good; without being much exposed, it -commands an extensive prospect in every direction. Northwards, looking -over the grounds of Fenham, the Simonside hills appear in the distance, -and still more remote, is the lofty range of Cheviot. To the south is -the vale of Ravensworth, which is exceeded by the vale of Clwyd only in -magnitude, not in beauty, and to the south-west, the lordly Tyne threads -its way through the richest of landscapes. - -The sunny slope, south of the station, was favourable for the erection -of the suburban buildings of the occupants of the camp, the foundations -of several having been discovered. - -In Horsley’s days, the ramparts were large and distinct; now, their -surface is chiefly marked by a general elevation, occasioned probably by -the accumulated ruins of the ancient fort. It contains in all a space of -nearly five acres. Gordon conceived that the Wall was continued right -through the station. This would have divided it into two distinct parts. -As Horsley and Brand prove, the Wall came up to its eastern and western -ramparts, but did not pass through it. The northern wall of the station -itself was a sufficient defence in that quarter. About a third of the -station was to the north of the line of the Wall, the remaining -two-thirds were within it. The Vallum, Horsley tells us, fell in with -the southern rampart. - -The portion north of the turnpike road is at present under tillage. In -Brand’s days it was covered with a plantation. The man who first -ploughed it told me that in doing so, his horse, on one occasion, sank -up to its middle in traversing some chambers that had been insecurely -covered. The quantity of Roman pottery which is found in this portion of -the camp is remarkable. Fragments may be seen at every step. The -peculiar character of the Roman earthenware, especially of the -coral-coloured kind, denominated Samian, renders this an interesting -evidence of Roman occupation. - -The larger portion of the station, that to the south of the road, is -enclosed within the walls of Benwell-park. The inequalities of its -grassy surface indicate the lines of its streets, and the position of -some of its principal buildings. Near its centre is a large mound, which -would probably reward examination. The southern rampart, with its fosse, -is very distinct. - -[Sidenote: BENWELL.] - -Two hypocausts have been discovered in connexion with this station; one -within its walls, close to the south side of the road, and between forty -and fifty yards from the eastern rampart, the other without them, and -about three hundred yards to the south-west. Of the latter building a -plan is given by Brand. It contained eight or nine apartments, five of -which had floors supported upon pillars. The floors consisted of ‘flags -covered with a composition of various hard ingredients, about eighteen -inches thick, such as small pieces of brick and blue and red pots, mixed -up with run lime.’ The pillars were all of stone, and were so arranged -as to allow hot air to circulate beneath the apartments. The idea -generally entertained of these arrangements is, that they were intended -for hot baths and sudatories. In pursuance of this opinion, Mr. Shafto, -who discovered this hypocaust, says: ‘Here were found many square bricks -with holes in the middle, which were probably joined together by way of -pipes, to conduct the water from the top of the hill, where there was -also the appearance of other baths, and where, probably, springs had -been, but since drained by the colliery.’ However much the Romans in -their own luxurious city may have been addicted to the indulgence of the -hot-bath and the sweating-room, it may well be doubted, whether, in this -cold climate, they would have any great desire for it, or if they had, -whether the dread realities of war would allow them to make, on an -enemy’s frontier, erections so extensive as this has been, for such a -purpose. Next to food, warmth would be their most urgent demand, and a -more effectual mode of maintaining a uniform temperature in their -dwellings could not be devised than that which the hypocaust supplied. - -[Illustration] - -Brand tells us that great conduits or sewers, composed of large wrought -stones, were discovered in the north part of the station at the depth of -about a yard and a half. - -Several inscribed slabs and small altars have been found in the station. -The most important one of these, which is preserved in the parsonage at -Ryton, is here represented. By comparing it with the Notitia, we learn -the ancient name of the station, and the locality of its original -occupants. - - MATRIBVS CAMPEST[RIBVS] - ET GENIO ALÆ PRI[MÆ] HISPANORVM - ASTVRVM [OB VIRTVTEM] - [APPELLATÆ] GORDIANÆ TITVS] - AGRIPPA PRÆ[FECTVS] TEMPLVM A S[OLO] - [RES]TITVIT. - - To the Campestral Mothers, - and to the Genius of the first wing of Spanish - Astures, on account of their valour, - styled Gordiana, Titus - Agrippa, their prefect, this temple, from the ground, - rebuilt. - -The Notitia records that the præfect ‘_alæ primæ Astorum_’ was stationed -at CONDERCUM. This slab, reads Ast_u_rum, not Ast_o_rum. At two other -stations the same people resided; at CILURNUM, the Notitia places the -præfect ‘_alæ secundæ Astorum_,’ and at Æsica, the tribune ‘_cohortis -primæ Astorum_.’ At both these forts, as well as in the case immediately -before us, inscriptions have been found which are written Ast_u_rum; the -probability, therefore, is, that a clerical error has crept into the -Notitia, and that it was the Astures, not the Asti (a people of -Liguria), who garrisoned these posts. The Astures were a people from the -eastern part of the modern Asturias, in Spain. 'Under the empire, the -term _ala_ was applied to regiments of horse, raised, it would seem, -with very few exceptions, in the provinces.'[67] This fractured slab, -therefore, furnishes us with the information that the camp at Benwell -was anciently named CONDERCUM, and that it was garrisoned by a Spanish -cavalry regiment. It supplies other facts. This regiment was styled, -probably on account of some illustrious achievement, Gordiana. The -emperor Gordian, from whom this title is derived, began his reign in the -year 238. We have thus a proof of the continued occupation of the camp -until a date subsequent to this period. The event recorded by the -inscription is to the same effect. A temple which had been erected, -probably at the first formation of the station, had through time or the -chances of war, become so entirely dilapidated, as to require -rebuilding, and Titus Agrippa accomplished the work. The Romans, -although they had at this time been long in the occupation of the -isthmus, had then no thoughts of relinquishing it. The woodland deities, -to whom the temple was dedicated, will require separate discussion -afterwards. [Illustration: ‘altar] To the same occasion will be referred -a remarkable altar inscribed to the three Lamiæ, which was discovered at -this station. Two altars[68] of less importance, which were found here, -may at once be disposed of. They are dedicated to one of the favourite -deities of Rome—Mars. The focus, or place for burning the offering, is -deep and well marked in each of them. They are small domestic altars, -before which the soldier would perform his private devotions. As such, -they give us a little insight into the heart and feelings of the -worshipper. - - DEO M - ARTI V - ICTOR[I] - VINDI[CI] - V[OTVM] - - To the god - Mars - The Conqueror _and_ - Avenger - In performance of a vow. - -Along with this altar, as Brand tells us, were found two stones -resembling pine-apples. This is by no means an unusual ornament of the -works along the line. The pine-apple ornament is frequently introduced -in the stained-glass works of the middle ages. [Illustration: Altar to -Mars] As the fruit to which it bears a resemblance could not be known in -Europe until after the discovery of America, the origin of the figure is -an interesting speculation. I am disposed to think it is of Mithraic -origin, and that the prototype of it was a mass of flame proceeding from -the torch usually represented in the statues of that deity. The other -altar, here given, is inscribed— - - ARTI - IENV - ANIV[S] - V[OTVM] - - To the god - Mars - Jenu- - anius _erected this_ - In performance of a vow. - -Besides these and some other inscribed stones, many coins have been -found here; amongst them, Brand mentions denarii of Trajan, Hadrian, -Faustina senior, and Domitian; brass coins of Valentinian, Gratianus, -Diocletian, Faustina, and Maxentius, with many others not legible. -Obscene figures are frequently found in Roman stations. They were worn -by females as a religious charm. Benwell has furnished one such example -of a very remarkable kind. Before leaving the station, the inquiring -traveller will do well to examine the stones of the park-wall. He will -soon detect many of Roman mould, whose faces have been scarred by the -blasts of many centuries. The larger ones have been derived from the -Wall—the smaller, from the curtain wall of the station, or the dwellings -erected within it. - -[Sidenote: CONDERCUM.] - -The pleasant village of Benwell lies a little to the south-west of the -station. ‘The old tower of Benwell-hall,’ says Bourne, 'was the place -where the prior of Tynemouth resided some part of the summer, and the -chapel, which Mr. Shaftoe opens and supplies for the good of the people -of his village, was the prior’s domestic chapel.' Who that visits the -spot will say that the prior who made the selection was not a man of -taste? Benwell, as Horsley remarks, is not improbably thought to have -its name from the northern word _ben_, (Saxon _binnan_) signifying -within, and _well_ for wall, as being seated within, or on the south -side of the Wall.[69] Whitaker derives the Roman name of the station, -CONDERCUM, from the Celtic _Cond ar gui_, the height upon the water.[70] -The river being near, the description is apposite. - - -Leaving CONDERCUM, we again pursue our journey westward. The road for -several miles running upon the base of the Wall, the facing stones may -not unfrequently be seen for some distance together, protruding through -the ‘metal.’ This used to be more the case formerly than at present, for -since the diversion of the traffic from the road to the rail, motives of -economy have induced the road surveyors to quarry, in some places, the -last remnants of this great work of antiquity, for materials with which -to repair the highway. The north fosse, as we pursue our journey, -becomes more distinct on the right of the road. - -[Sidenote: THE WALL AT DENTON.] - -Descending Benwell-hill, the village of East Denton is reached. Here we -meet for the first time with a fragment of the Wall. The accompanying -wood-cut exhibits its present state. William Hutton describes the -interesting relic with becoming reverence. - -[Illustration: The Wall at East Denton] - - At Denton Dean, situated at the bottom of Benwell-hill, the great road - veers a few yards to the right, that is into Severus’ ditch, and gives - us for the first time a sight of that most venerable piece of - antiquity, THE WALL, which is six yards south of the road, and twenty - short of the brook I am going to pass. The fragment is thirty-six feet - long, has three courses of facing stones on one side, and four on the - other, and is exactly nine feet thick. An apple tree grows on the top. - -It has lost a course of facing-stones since Hutton saw it, and the apple -tree is but the shadow of what it was. - -The turnpike road, which usually runs upon the site of the Wall, -uniformly swerves to the right when passing a village. The truth is, -nearly every house and hamlet in the district has sprung out of the -Wall. In many instances a mile-castle, slightly added to, has formed a -mediæval dwelling of some strength. The nucleus thus provided, became, -in the course of time, clustered round with contiguous habitations, so -that when, after the last season of strife with which the borders were -visited, the road came to be constructed, motives of economy required -that these spots of increased value should be avoided. - -Beyond the burn, the ground again rises, and the Wall, stretching -onwards in a line with the road, forms a distinct, but turf-covered -mound. At the distance of a field to the south of it, the Vallum is seen -in greater distinctness than before. Both of the aggers and the -intervening fosse may be clearly made out. Some young ash-trees grow in -the ditch. - -[Sidenote: DENTON HALL.] - -Advancing a little further, we have Denton-hall, formerly the seat of -the literary Mrs. Montague, on the right; attracted by her influence, -many of the great spirits of the age were occasionally found to be -assembled within its walls. Very nearly opposite the hall, a larger mass -of ruin than usual betokens the site of a mile-castle. - -Ascending the hill from West Denton, the fosse of the Murus is very -distinctly seen. The road is elevated two or three feet above the -natural level of the ground, the Wall, probably some courses high, -forming its nucleus. - -On the left hand, the lines of the Vallum are feebly indicated, but by -extending our glance some distance backwards and forwards, we can, with -tolerable certainty, distinguish the artificial mounds from the natural -heavings of the surface. - -[Sidenote: CHAPEL-HOUSE.] - -Passing the fourth mile-stone, we arrive at Chapel-houses. This name is -of sufficiently frequent occurrence along the line to suggest a -momentary inquiry into its origin. In the early ages of Christianity, a -mile-castle may have occasionally been the resort of the worshippers of -the true God; or in the ‘troublesome times’ of border warfare, when the -church not unfrequently shared in the general devastation, it may have -been set apart as a place for the confirmation of matrimonial vows, and -for the performance of religious rites. - -From the crown of this hill we have one of the finest views which -Northumberland can afford. The Tyne, in all its glittering beauty, -stretches far before us. Its southern bank is crowned by the pretty -village of Ryton, its left is variegated with the once beautiful, but -now furnace-fuming, Wylam. An amphitheatre of hills shuts in the distant -scene.[71] - -Horsley describes some ruined ramparts, called the Castle-steads near -Chapel-houses, to the south of both Vallum and Wall. They were probably -temporary encampments and have now disappeared. - -[Sidenote: WALBOTTLE-DEAN.] - -Before crossing Walbottle[72]-dean, the Vallum, which is very distinct, -and the Wall (_i. e._ the road) approach each other, apparently for -mutual support. There are no traces of a bridge across the ravine. - -As we ascend the next hill, and pass Throckley,[73] we have, for the -most part, the fosse on the right hand, and the mounds of the Vallum on -the left, very boldly developed. By the time the traveller has advanced -thus far, he will have learnt the necessity of bearing in mind that he -is in a mining district. If he overlook this circumstance, he will be in -danger of mistaking the track of some old ‘waggon way’ for the terraced -lines of Roman cultivation, or an old ‘pit-heap’ for an indubitable -British barrow. - -[Illustration: - - Cha^s Richardson, Delt. John Storey. Lith. - THE WORKS AT HEDDON-ON-THE WALL -] - -After passing Throckley, just where a gate on the left hand enters the -field from the road, a mound covered, in winter at least, with greener -herbage than the contiguous ground indicates the site of a mile-castle. -A little further on, a range of houses of peculiar appearance, called -the Frenchman’s-row, attracts the eye. It was the residence, after the -first French revolution, of a number of refugees. The dial which -ornaments the Row is of their fabrication. The building is now used as a -poor-house. - -[Sidenote: HEDDON-ON-THE-WALL.] - -On the top of the little eminence, at which we arrive before reaching -Heddon-on-the-Wall, the north fosse is deeper and bolder than it has -hitherto appeared; it must be nearly in its original perfection. The -works of the Vallum, about fifty yards to the south, are also finely -developed. The ditch, in both cases, is cut through the free-stone rock. -Here, also, if the traveller will forsake the turnpike, for the road, as -usual, diverges to the right in order to avoid the village, he may see a -fragment of the Wall much longer and somewhat higher than the one at -Denton. Its north face is destroyed, but about five courses of the -southern face are perfect. The accompanying lithograph shews the present -state of the Barrier here. The Wall is in the foreground, while in the -distance (looking eastward) the section of the north fosse, and of the -works of the Vallum, is distinctly seen. - -About a mile north of the village is a striking prominence called -Heddon-law. Horsley remarks—‘Not far from Heddon-on-the-Wall have been -some remarkable tumuli.’ - -The ditch of the Vallum cuts right through the village, its lowest dip -forming the village pond; it is rather remarkable that in such a -situation, it should not long ago have been obliterated. - -Descending the hill on which Heddon-on-the-Wall stands, the lines of the -Barrier keep close together, and not without reason. The crag on the -south, now the scene of extensive quarrying operations, completely -commands them. Surely a post must have been maintained on this eminence -in the days of Roman occupation, though it had only been for the sake of -a look-out. - -Passing the eighth mile-stone, where the Vallum is in good condition, we -approach the fourth great station of the Barrier. A road, crossing the -turnpike at right angles, is close to its east rampart. - - -[Sidenote: VINDOBALA.] - -VINDOBALA.—The station now called Rutchester, stands on flat ground, but -commands a considerable prospect. The Notitia places here the tribune of -the first cohort of the Frixagi, a people [Sidenote: RUTCHESTER.] whose -country does not seem to be mentioned by any ancient geographer. The -inside dimensions of this station, from north to south, are 178 yards, -and from east to west, 135; it consequently contains nearly five acres. -The Wall started each way from the north side of its east and west -gates; so that a a greater portion of the station lay on the north than -on the south side of it, as is shewn in the plan of it, Plate II. At -present, the turnpike road runs between these portions; that on the -north has been all ploughed, and three of its sides sloped into the -ditch; its general outlines may, however, be distinguished; the southern -part is irregular in its surface, with heaps of ruins, still covered -with sward.[74] In Horsley’s time, the northern part was sufficiently -perfect to enable him to discern six turrets in it, 'one at each corner, -one at each side of the gate, and one between each corner, and those -adjoining to the gate.'[75] The Vallum seems to have joined the station -in a line with its southern rampart. The ditch on the western side is -still tolerably distinct. The suburbs have been to the south of the -station, but their site has recently been disturbed by the opening of an -extensive quarry which has supplied large quantities of the stone used -in carrying the railway over the Tyne, and through Newcastle. - -On the brow of the hill, just west of the station, there is still to be -seen, hewn out of the solid rock, what Wallis calls a coffin. It has -more the appearance of a cistern. It is twelve feet long, four broad, -and two deep, and has a hole close to the bottom at one end. When -discovered, it had a partition of masonry across it, three feet from one -end, and contained many decayed bones, teeth and vertebræ, and an iron -implement resembling a three-footed candlestick. In the immediate -vicinity of this spot, three fine Roman altars were discovered in 1844; -they are now in the possession of Mr. James, of Otterburn, and are -described in the Archæologia Æliana, iv. 5. - -[Sidenote: VINDOBALA.] - -The etymology of the name of this station seems to be tolerably plain. -‘VINDOBALA,’ says Whitaker, ‘signifies merely the fort upon the heights. -_Bala_ remains, to the present period, the Welsh and Irish appellation -of a town.’ I have received a similar account of the word from those -acquainted with the Gaelic language. The station, however, though -possessing the advantage of a gentle elevation above the contiguous -ground, does not stand upon a lofty eminence. - -No inscriptions have been found here mentioning the first cohort of the -Frixagi, which, according to the Notitia, was quartered in VINDOBALA. -This is of little consequence; the names of the contiguous stations both -east and west having been ascertained, the order of the stations in the -Notitia is sufficient evidence as to the identity of this with the -ancient VINDOBALA. - -The farm-house at Rutchester partly consists of an ancient building, -possessing great strength of masonry. A gothic carving on the interior -wall of its principal apartment shews that it is not of Roman -construction. It was probably a mediæval stronghold, made out of the -ruins of the station. It contains a well, now boarded over, which may be -of Roman date. - -Most of the stones of the farm buildings and adjacent fences are Roman, -and one or two fragments of Roman inscriptions built up in the stables, -besides some small altars preserved on the premises, give interest to -the place. - -[Sidenote: MURAL HOSPITALITY.] - -Mr. Hutton is usually very particular in giving a detail of the kind of -entertainment he met with at the various points of his journey. The -recital of his reception at Rutchester kindles into poetry: - - I saw old Sir at dinner sit, - Who ne'er said, "Stranger, take a bit," - Yet might, although a poet said it, - Have saved his beef, and raised his credit. - -His own appearance, he tells us, was a little peculiar, and -archæological pursuits not being in vogue in that day, the farmer -probably had grave doubts as to the propriety of tempting the -enthusiastic old man to prolong his stay. - -It has frequently been my lot to receive the kindly attentions of the -inhabitants of the mural region. Often have my eyes, bedimmed with -fatigue, been ‘enlightened’ by partaking of the barley cake of the -cottager, (excellent food for a thirsty climb) as well as the costlier -viands of the farm tenant, or proprietor. Never shall I forget visiting, -on one occasion, a frail tenement near Chesterholm. Its only inmate, an -old woman, in the spirit of regal hospitality, asked me to join with her -in partaking of her only luxury—her pipe. I recently observed with -regret, that the cottage was tenantless. - -[Sidenote: NORTHUMBRIAN YEOMEN.] - -The inhabitants of that part of the district which is remote from towns, -do not affect the dress, or the speech, or the manners of polished -citizens. They like to know a person before they welcome him, and make -their approaches cautiously. But if slow in grasping the hand, they do -it heartily and sincerely. There is scarcely a latch in the wilder -regions of the country, that I would not freely lift in the assurance of -a smiling welcome. Often as I have groaned under the toils to which my -present undertaking has exposed me, I have reason to rejoice, that the -Barrier of the Lower Isthmus has been the means of making me acquainted -with many of the true-hearted and intelligent yeomen, both of my own -county, and of Cumberland, whom I should not otherwise have known. -Although their dialect may sound strangely to a southern ear, yet it is -English in its native purity and strength; a great authority, Mr. -Thorpe, having said, 'I believe the genuine Anglian dialect to be that -which is usually denominated the Northumbrian.'[76] - -Proceeding, now, after this long digression, on our journey, we pass, on -the left hand side of the road, an inn generally called the Iron-sign. -Some of the buildings are entirely composed of Roman stones. In the -erection nearest the road are three centurial stones. One has on it COH -VIII, another has the word LVPI, probably to announce the fact, that the -portion of the Wall in which it was originally inserted had been built -by the troop under the command of the centurion Lupus; the third is -illegible. - -[Sidenote: HARLOW-HILL.] - -Passing the ninth milestone, we stand upon the top of an eminence from -which there is a good view of Harlow-hill, and of the adjacent country. -The Wall here slightly changes its course for the purpose of ascending -the summit before it. The Vallum keeps company with the Wall for a short -distance, but eventually swerves to the south with the design of passing -along the base of the hill; it rejoins the Wall on the other side. This -is an arrangement which we should not have encountered had the Vallum -been intended for an independent barrier against a northern foe. The -north fosse is here very distinct, forming a deep groove on the left of -the road all the way to Harlow-hill. - -Just before entering the village of Harlow-hill, some portions of the -heart of the Wall may be seen, and a careful scrutiny will enable us to -ascertain its course through the village, a part of its foundation, of -the full width (nine feet), yet remaining. As usual, in passing through -the village, the turnpike road leaves the Wall for a short distance. -There was a mile-castle at Harlow-hill, which, Horsley says, had a high -situation, and a large prospect; all traces of it are now gone. A field, -about half a mile north of Harlow-hill, bears the ominous name of -Grave-riggs; the traditionary account of its origin being, that after a -bloody battle in ‘the troublesome times,’ it became the resting-place of -slaughtered multitudes. - -The village and ancient stronghold of Welton (a corruption no doubt of -Wall-town) is about half a mile to the south of the road. The fortlet is -entirely built of Roman stones. The adjoining mansion, at present -occupied by the farm tenant, bears the date of 1616. Its large hall, -with ample hearth and spacious bow-windows, is redolent of ancient -hospitality. In the memory of the villagers, the freaks of a benevolent -ghost, named Silky, which frequented the old tower, and the feats of -strength performed by William of Welton, still survive the weekly -intrusion of the newspaper. - -[Sidenote: WALL-HOUSES.] - -At Wall-houses, on the south side of the road, traces of a mile-castle -are obscurely visible; between this point and the fourteenth mile-stone -all the lines of the Barrier are developed in a degree that is quite -inspiriting. The north fosse is, for a considerable distance, planted -with trees, which will for some time save it from the envious plough. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - THE WORKS NEAR CARR HILL. -] - -[Sidenote: THE VALLUM AT DOWN-HILL.] - -Immediately after passing the farm house of Carr-hill, an appearance of -great interest presents itself. The works of the Vallum are coming -boldly forward in company with the Wall, when suddenly, and at a decided -angle, they change their course, evidently to avoid mounting a small -barrow-like elevation, called Down-hill.[77] The Wall pursues its course -straightforward. The view, exhibited on the opposite page, taken from -the edge of the hill, looking eastward, shews this arrangement. The -road, with the ditch on its north side, is the representative of the -Wall. The Vallum and Wall again converge as they approach HUNNUM. These -appearances strongly corroborate the opinion that all the lines of the -Barrier are but parts of one great engineering scheme. If the Vallum had -been constructed as an independent defence against a northern foe, and -nearly a century before the Wall, we cannot conceive that an elevation, -which so entirely commands the Vallum, would have been left open to the -enemy; especially as it would have been just as easy to take the Vallum -along the north flank of the hill as along the south. Horsley, who -advocates the opinion that the north agger is Agricola’s Military Way, -that the southern aggers were the work of Hadrian, and that the Wall was -not erected till the time of Severus, is rather at a loss to account for -these appearances. He says:— - - Before we come to Halton-chesters, somewhat appears that is pretty - remarkable. Hadrian’s Vallum running full upon a little hill, turns at - once round about the skirt of it, leaving the hill on the north, and - thereby, one would think, rendering the Vallum itself a weak defence - at that part. The north agger goes close to the south side of this - hill; so that they were also obliged to carry the Vallum round the - hill in order to preserve the parallelism. If the north agger was the - Old Military Way, and prior to the Vallum, there was nothing improper - in carrying it on the south skirts of the hill; and then when the - Vallum came afterwards to be built, (for a defence, or place of - retreat) they were under a kind of necessity to form it after this - manner. - -Since so able a man as Horsley can devise no better defence of his -theory, it may well be abandoned altogether. It cannot be conceived -that, under a rule so vigorous as Hadrian’s, the builders of the Barrier -would be allowed to give the enemy a material advantage, in order to -save themselves the trouble of reconstructing the Military Way for a -short space. - -Down-hill bears marks of having been quarried at some distant period for -its limestone. A little to the south of the Vallum are some circular -lines, which an experienced observer tells me, are the remains of -‘sow-kilns.’ It would, perhaps, be rash to claim for them a primeval -date, though in their appearance there is nothing inconsistent with the -supposition. - -[Sidenote: HALTON RED-HOUSE.] - -Halton Red-house is next passed on the right hand. It is entirely built -of stones taken from the neighbouring station; they have, however, been -fresh dressed. In the farm-yard is a rectangular stone trough, which was -found in the station, and which its owner describes as a ‘smiddy trow,’ -and shews upon the edge the place which had been worn away by the -attrition of the blacksmith’s irons. It might, indeed, serve very well -for such a purpose, but troughs of this kind are of too frequent -occurrence in the buildings along the line to allow us to suppose that -this was their usual application. They are generally very rudely carved -both outside and in, and not unfrequently are formed of an irregular -unsquared block of stone. I think that they were used for domestic and -culinary purposes. There is a fragment of one lying in the hypocaust at -Chesters, the edge of which is worn down by the sharpening of knives -upon it. - -We now approach the fifth station of the line, - - -[Sidenote: Hunnum.] - -HUNNUM.—This ancient abode of Rome’s warriors, with its walls, streets, -temples, markets, and aqueducts, is nearly one unbroken sweep of -luxuriant vegetation. The traveller may readily pass by it, as Hutton -did, without discerning symptoms of Roman occupation. A small, -half-ruined hut stands within its area, a fitting emblem of the -surrounding desolation. It is almost needless to name a city, which has -no existence, but for convenience sake,[Sidenote: HALTON-CHESTERS.] -Horsley conferred upon it the style and title of Halton-chesters. The -castle of Halton is close by. - -The form of the station is peculiar, as is shewn in the plan of it, -Plate II. The Wall joins the station at about one-third the distance -between its northern and southern extremity. The portion of the station -which is to the north of the Wall is not so broad as the part to the -south of it. The only reason which has been assigned for this is, that, -as Horsley observes, 'there is a descent or hollow ground joining to the -west side of this part, so that the work could not be carried on any -farther that way without much trouble and expense; though, it must be -owned, the Romans don't usually seem to have valued either the one or -the other'. It is remarkable that in adapting the station to the ground, -they have not given to the wall, at the north east corner, a slanting -direction, as would have been most convenient, but have, as usual, -adhered to the rectangular form. - -The turnpike road, keeping the line of the Wall, crosses the station -from the site of the eastern to that of the western gateway. The section -north of the road was brought under cultivation about twenty years ago, -when immense quantities of stones were removed. It is now called the -‘Brunt-ha’penny field’ in consequence of the number of corroded copper -coins which were found in it. The portion south of the road has a gentle -slope and a fair exposure to the sun. It has not recently been ploughed, -and consequently exhibits, with considerable distinctness, the lines of -the outer entrenchments and ditches, as well as the contour of the -ruined buildings and streets of the interior. The suburbs have covered a -fine tract of pasture-ground to the south. The valley on the west side -of the station would materially strengthen the position in this quarter. - -The excavations made in the northern section, a few years ago, revealed -several points of interest. The careful manner in which the stones, even -of the foundation, were squared and chiselled, struck beholders with -surprise. The thickness, of one part at least, of the west wall of the -station I have been assured, by a person who superintended the work, was -nine feet.[78] In the angle of the north-west portion of the station, -just outside the Wall, was a large heap, containing numerous fragments -of Roman pottery, the bones of animals, the horns of deer, and other -refuse matter—it must, in short, have been the dung-hill of the camp. -Even now, although the plough has passed repeatedly over it, its -position is shewn by the darkness of the soil. On the same occasion, -there was laid open an aqueduct of about three quarters of a mile in -length, which seems to have conducted water from a spring or burn in the -high ground north of the place where Stagshawbank fair is held. My -informant, who traced it for between two and three hundred yards, says, -that it was formed of stone, and was covered with flags.[79] In crossing -the valley to the west of the fort, it must have been supported on -pillars, or a mound. The most remarkable circumstance to be noticed -respecting this water-course is, that it was on the north, or the -enemy’s side of the Wall. It is scarcely probable that the Romans would -depend for that portion of their daily supply, which was required for -drinking and culinary purposes, on so precarious a source; but it is not -unlikely that the water so introduced was meant to fill the fosse to the -north of the station, and thus to give the additional security of a wet -ditch to a portion of the camp, which, though much exposed, possessed no -natural strength of situation.[80] Crossing the station diagonally from -below the eastern gateway to the north-west angle, a sewer or drain was -found, of considerable dimensions. My informant crept along it for about -one hundred yards. The bottom of it was filled with hardened mud, -imbedded in which, were found a lamp and many bone pins, such as those -with which the Romans fastened their woollen garments. - -The most interesting discovery made on this occasion, however, was a -suite of apartments, which have been usually supposed to be ‘the Baths.’ -The building was one hundred and thirty-two feet in length, and -contained not fewer than eleven rooms. The first of these was -forty-three feet long, and twenty wide, and was the place, it has been -conjectured, ‘where the bathers waited, and employed themselves in -walking and talking, till their turn came to bathe.’ The others beyond -are supposed to have been set apart for the purposes of undressing, -taking the cold, the tepid, and the hot-bath, sweating, anointing, and -robing. If the Roman prefects allowed the most important buildings of -their frontier camps to be devoted to the enjoyment of the bath in all -its elaborate details, they were more indulgent than some modern -generals would be. That one or two of the smaller rooms have been -devoted to ablution is not unlikely, this range of buildings having -contained two carefully constructed cisterns which may have been used as -baths. Several of the rooms had hanging floors, with flues beneath; -pipes of burnt clay, fixed to the walls by T-headed holdfasts, -communicated with the flues below, and conveyed the hot air up the sides -of the apartments. But no provision for heating large quantities of -water was discovered, such as we might have expected to find, if the -whole building had been used for bathing. - -The whole of this interesting structure was removed as the process of -exhumation proceeded. Our only consolation is, that a minute and able -description of it has been left us by Mr. Hodgson. - -[Illustration: The Works near Carr-hill] - -Several inscribed and sculptured stones have been discovered here. -Camden, in 1600, found a monumental slab, erected to the memory of a -soldier of the Ala Sabiniana; the regiment which the Notitia represents -as being quartered at HUNNUM. A stone, bearing the inscription, LEG. II. -AVG. F., _Legio secunda Augusta fecit_, is at Alnwick castle, and -belongs, I think, to this station. Wallis says 'as some labourers were -turning up the foundations here, for the sake of the stones to mend the -road, they met with a centurial stone with the above inscription, within -a civic garland, the crest of the imperial eagle at each end, and that -it was taken into the custody of Sir Edward Blackett. The one here -shewn, though not a centurial stone, must be the one in question.[81] It -is one of the most elegantly carved stones that have been found upon the -line, and closely resembles the style of those erected by the same -legion in the Barrier of the Upper Isthmus. The ornament in the upper -margin, and at the sides, has probably formed the type of one that -prevailed in the Transition Norman and Early English styles. - -Several busts of emperors and empresses, preserved about the house and -grounds of Matfen, shew the attention which the ancient inhabitants of -HUNNUM have paid to the decoration of the camp. - -[Illustration: Slab—Fulgur Divom] - -A little to the west of the station, not far from the gateway, was -recently found the slab which is here figured. Although the inscription -is not deeply cut, it is very legible, and doubtless means—The lightning -of the gods. When any spot was struck with lightning, it was immediately -deemed sacred, and venerated as such by the Romans, being surrounded by -a breastwork of masonry, similar to that put round the mouth of a well. -Conscious guilt makes cowards of the most dauntless warriors! Perhaps -some member of the Sabinian ala, hastening for shelter, and beseeching -meanwhile the protection of Jupiter Tonans, was here arrested on life’s -journey, and summoned to his great account. - -Among the minor antiquities found at this station was a particularly -massive finger ring of pure gold, set with an artificial stone, on which -a full-length figure was engraved. It was stolen from lady Blackett, to -whom it belonged, together with the rest of her jewellery. - -An intelligent observer informs me, that an ancient road of Roman -construction went direct north from HUNNUM. It, no doubt, soon joined -the eastern branch of the Watling-street which Horsley lays down, part -of whose course is represented in the map accompanying this volume. - -[Sidenote: HALTON-CHESTERS.] - -Halton-castle is to the south of the station. It is entirely composed of -stones taken from the Roman Wall. In the farm-buildings attached to it, -are some Roman mouldings, and a weathered figure of primeval aspect. - -No probable etymological account of the word HUNNUM has yet been -offered. If the word Halton can be supposed to have any affinity with -HUNNUM, besides the initial breathing, this is one of the few instances -in which there is any resemblance between the ancient and modern name of -the stations. - - -Leaving HUNNUM, we soon reach Stagshawbank-gate, where the ancient -Watling-street crosses the road at right-angles. This Roman Way was -probably first constructed by Agricola, as a means of keeping up a -communication with the garrisons in South Britain, while he was forcing -his way into Scotland. A fort formerly stood here to guard the passage -through the Wall; no trace of it now remains. - -[Sidenote: VALLUM NEAR ST. OSWALD’S.] - -The earth-works between this point and the crown of the hill descending -to the North Tyne are remarkably perfect. The description which Hutton -gives of them happily holds good at the present moment— - - I now travel over a large common, still upon the Wall, with its trench - nearly complete. But what was my surprise when I beheld, thirty yards - on my left, the united works of Agricola and Hadrian, almost perfect! - I climbed over a stone wall to examine the wonder; measured the whole - in every direction; surveyed them with surprise, with delight; was - fascinated, and unable to proceed; forgot I was upon a wild common, a - stranger, and the evening approaching. I had the grandest works under - my eye of the greatest men of the age in which they lived, and of the - most eminent nation then existing; all of which had suffered but - little during the long course of sixteen hundred years. Even hunger - and fatigue were lost in the grandeur before me. If a man writes a - book upon a turnpike road, he cannot be expected to move quick; but, - lost in astonishment, I was not able to move at all. - -The first time I visited the spot, this passage, through which there -runs so fine a vein of youthful enthusiasm, was fresh in my -recollection. The shades of evening were beginning to gather round me, -and the blackness of the furze which covered the ground, gave additional -solemnity to the scene. I looked for the venerable old man, as if -expecting still to find him fixed in his enthusiastic trance; but he was -not there. After all, he had moved on; and a few years more removed him -from this scene, to sleep in the church-yard under a humbler and less -durable mound than his favourite general and emperor had here raised! - -The section given in page 52, exhibits the state of the works at this -place. The north fosse is very boldly developed between the sixteenth -and eighteenth milestone: the whole of its contents lie strewed on its -outer margin. Near the eighteenth milestone, on the left of the road, is -a mound, which I take to be the remains of a mile-castle. In one part -near here, the Wall, as seen in the road, measures ten feet wide, but it -speedily becomes narrower. - -[Sidenote: ST. OSWALD’S CHAPEL.] - -Where the ground begins to dip strongly to the North Tyne, St. Oswald’s -chapel stands. On the north side of the road, is a field called -Mould’s-close, in which a number of bones and implements of war have -from time to time been turned up, and which is supposed to be the site -of a battle. The tradition runs, that from the fight which was won here, -England dates her advancing greatness, and that, from the fatal results -of a conflict to be lost on the same ground, she will date her decline. -[Sidenote: BATTLE OF HEAVEN-FIELD.]Hodgson says, ‘Was this the site of -part of the battle of Heaven-field, which Bede says was fought just -north of the Roman Wall, and in memory of which the chapel of St. Oswald -was built?’ That it was, the narrative of the venerable historian will -probably shew— - - The place is shewn to this day, and held in much veneration, where - Oswald (A.D. 635), being about to engage (with the ferocious British - king Cadwalla), erected the sign of the holy cross, and on his knees - prayed to God that he would assist his worshippers in their great - distress. It is further reported, that the cross being made in haste, - and the hole dug in which it was to be fixed, the king himself, full - of faith, laid hold of it, and held it with both his hands, till it - was set fast by throwing in the earth; and this done, raising his - voice, he cried to his army, ‘Let us all kneel, and jointly beseech - the true and living God Almighty, in his mercy, to defend us from the - haughty and fierce enemy; for He knows that we have undertaken a just - war for the safety of our nation.’ All did as he had commanded, and - accordingly advancing towards the enemy with the first dawn of day, - they obtained the victory, as their faith deserved. In that place of - prayer very many miraculous cures are known to have been performed, as - a token and memorial of the king’s faith; for even to this day, many - are wont to cut off small chips of the wood of the holy cross, which - being put into water, men or cattle drinking of, or sprinkled with - that water, are immediately restored to health. The place in the - English tongue is called Hefenfeld, or the Heavenly Field.... The same - place is near the Wall with which the Romans formerly enclosed the - island from sea to sea, to restrain the fury of the barbarous nations, - as has been said before. Hither, also, the brothers of the church of - Hagulstad (Hexham), which is not far from thence (it is in the valley - directly below), repair yearly on the day before that on which king - Oswald was afterwards slain, to watch there for the health of his - soul, and having sung many psalms, to offer for him in the morning the - sacrifice of the holy oblation. And since that good custom has spread, - they have lately built and consecrated a church there, which has - attached additional sanctity and honour to that place.[82] - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - THE WALL AT BRUNTON. -] - -A little to the south of the road, at St. Oswald’s-hill-head, is -Fallowfield-fell, where the Written-rock, of which an engraving is -given, page 102, may yet be seen. The face of the rock occupied by the -inscription is four feet long; the letters are distinct.[83] Continuing -to descend the hill, we come to Plane-tree-field, where on the left of -the road, a conspicuous piece of the Wall remains. It is about -thirty-six yards long, and has, in some places, five courses of -facing-stones entire; the grout of the interior which rises still -higher, gives root to some fine old thorns. This sight may be rendered -more interesting by the antiquary’s carrying his eye forward, and -tracing the Wall in its onward course; in its modern representative, the -turnpike road, it is seen, (having crossed the North Tyne, and passed -the station of CILURNUM,) bounding up the opposite hill in its usual -unflinching manner, and making for the wastes and mountains which it is -speedily to traverse. - -[Sidenote: THE WALL AT BRUNTON.] - -In the grounds of Brunton, a little below this, a small piece of the -Wall is to be seen in a state of very great perfection. It is seven feet -high, and presents nine courses of facing-stones entire. The mortar of -the five lower courses is good; the face of the south side is gone. The -ditch also is here well developed. The opposite lithograph gives an -accurate representation of what Hutton calls ‘this grand exhibition.’ -The altar which, at present, stands as it is placed in the drawing, -formerly discharged the office of a gate-post at the entry of the yard -of St. Oswald’s chapel. - -[Sidenote: BRIDGE OVER THE NORTH TYNE.] - -For some reason, which it is hard to divine, the turnpike road now -recedes from the Wall, and crosses the river at Chollerford, nearly -half-a-mile above the spot where the Roman bridge spanned it. - - _PLATE VI._ - -[Illustration: - - REMAINS OF ROMAN BRIDGE - OVER THE - NORTH TYNE. - _Reid Lith._ -] - - _PLATE VII._ - -[Illustration: Miscellaneous Antiquities, Chesters, Cilurnum] - -The remains of this bridge may yet be seen when the water is low, and -the surface smooth. There seem to have been three piers of considerable -size and solidity, set diagonally to the stream. The stones composing -them are large, regularly squared, and fastened with metallic -cramps.[84] Luis-holes, indicating the mode in which they have been -lowered into their bed, appear in several of them. The firmness with -which these foundation courses still retain the position assigned to -them by the soldiers of Hadrian is very remarkable; the rolling floods -of sixteen hundred winters seem to have spent their rage upon them -almost in vain. As the eastern side of the river is frequently -overflowed, the Vallum is here obliterated, but probably both works -approached the bridge in close companionship. On the western side, -appearances still bear out Horsley’s statement, that the 'Wall falls -upon the middle of the fort, and Hadrian’s Vallum, as usual, falls in -with the south side of it.' - -A plan of CILURNUM, and adjoining works, as figured by Warburton, is -given in Plate II. Probably, few who examine it attentively will -question the justness of the conclusion to which he has arrived, that -the Wall, Vallum, stations, castles, and turrets, ‘by their mutual -relation to one another, must have been one entire, united defence, or -fortification.’ - -We are now arrived at the station called in the locality, Chesters, but -by Horsley named, for the sake of distinction, Walwick-chesters. An -attentive examination of it will well reward the antiquary. - - -[Sidenote: CILURNUM.] - -CILURNUM.—This station has, as usual, the form of a parallelogram, the -corners being slightly rounded off. It contains an area of fully six -acres. In the latter part of the last century, when the mansion and -estate of Chesters came into the possession of the family of Clayton, -this area was covered with the ruins of buildings which had apparently -stood in strait, narrow streets, and although the surface of the station -has since been levelled and made smooth, in order to fit it for its use -as part of the park, yet its ramparts and fosse, the Wall and Vallum as -they approach and leave it, and the road leading to the river, may all -be distinctly discerned; even the ruined dwellings of the interior area, -as if dissatisfied with their lowly condition, struggle to rear -themselves into notice. A portion of the Wall, near the north-west -angle, has been freed from the encumbering soil; it is five feet thick, -and exhibits four courses of masonry in excellent preservation. - -Hutchinson was struck with the linear character which the ruined streets -of this fort had in his time, and was reminded, by their appearance, of -the arrangements of the Polybian camp. This will be observed in a -greater or less degree in all the stations, and there cannot be a doubt -but that the dwellings were arranged in rows parallel to the four sides -of the stations, and hence, intersecting each other at right angles. It -was necessary that the Roman camp, whether of a temporary or permanent -character, should be nearly uniform in its plan. If the troops rested -but for a night, each man knew the part he had to fill in preparing the -fortification, and could set about it at once; in the event of a sudden -attack in the darkness of the night, each knew his position, though he -may never have rested upon the spot before. - -Suburban buildings have occupied the space between the station and the -river, and ruins more extensive than usual are spread over the ground to -the south. There is no appearance of any habitations having been erected -to the north of the Wall. Whenever the surface of the contiguous ground -is broken, fragments of Samian ware and other marks of Roman occupation -appear. - -[Sidenote: CHESTERS.] - -Two remains of great interest are found within the station. One of these -is an underground vault near the middle. Its masonry is rough, and -somewhat peculiar; the sides incline slightly inwards, but the roof, -instead of being uniformly vaulted, is formed of three ribs arched in -the usual manner, and the intervals between them are in technical -language—‘stepped over,’ that is, the stones of each course are made to -project inwards a little, until, at length, one laid on the top -completes the junction. The woodcut, which is here introduced, together -with the following extract from Hodgson’s description of it, will give a -tolerably correct idea of this curious structure. - -[Illustration: Vault at Cilurnum] - - This vault, when it was first found, was supposed to have been the - Ærarium of the station. Between the joinings of the floor, which were - of thin free-stone flags, were found several counterfeit denarii, both - of copper and iron plated with silver. The approach to it was by four - steps downwards, the lowest of which was a large centurial stone, - which had borne an inscription, but nearly all of it had been - purposely erased. On the outside of the threshold was found, in a - sadly decayed state, its original door of wood, strongly sheathed with - plates of iron, and the whole firmly rivetted together with large - square nails. Within the door, which had opened inwards, the end wall - was two feet thick, plastered and painted. Its internal area is ten - feet by nine, and its height to the crown of the arch six feet four - inches.[85] - -[Illustration: Ground-plan, Hypocaust, CILURNUM.] - -[Illustration: Hypocausts at Cilurnum] - -Some buildings situated near to the spot where the eastern gateway must -be, and which have recently been freed from the earth and rubbish that -have long enveloped them, are objects of still greater interest. Their -general appearance, as seen from a slight elevation, is shewn in the -adjoining wood-cut, while, for a more minute knowledge of their size and -arrangements, reference may be made to the plan on the opposite page. -Eight apartments have already been exposed, and a little more research -would doubtless display others. - -[Sidenote: THE HYPOCAUSTS.] - -Descending a few steps (at L in the Plan), a street three feet wide at -one extremity, and four at the other, is entered. Another, leading from -it at right-angles, and which is paved with flag-stones, conducts to the -grand entrance (D) of what appears to be the principal section of the -building. The steps are very much worn down by the tread of feet, and -even some of the stones, which have evidently been put in the place of -others that have been too much abraded to be serviceable, exhibit -partial wear. This saloon must have been a place of general -concourse—can it have been the hall of justice, or the place where the -commander of the station transacted the business of the district under -his charge? The floor (E) is probably supported on pillars, and has been -warmed by flues beneath; but this cannot be ascertained without injuring -it. The upper covering is of flags, the fractured state of which induces -the belief, that the walls of the surrounding building have been -forcibly thrown down upon them. The northern enemies of Rome, knowing -the importance of these stations, would not be slow in involving them in -entire ruin, when permitted, by the withdrawal of the troops, to do so -without molestation. Passages diverge from this saloon, to the right and -left, into other apartments. In the room on the left was found, in good -preservation, a cistern or bath (C), lined with red cement. A breach had -been made in the street wall of this chamber (at B), and in the rubbish -which [Illustration: River-god] encumbered the gap, was found the statue -of a river-god, of which a correct sketch is here given. It is probably -intended to represent the genius of the neighbouring river—the North -Tyne. Although executed in coarse sand-stone, it is not without -considerable gracefulness of attitude and proportion. It is preserved in -the mansion at Chesters. Of the present state of the apartments beyond, -the wood-cut in the previous page, and the lithograph here introduced, -will give an accurate conception. The floors have been supported upon -pillars, some of them being of stone, others of square flat bricks. The -stone pillars are, for the most part, fragments of columns and balusters -which have been used in a prior structure.[86] The student of mediæval -architecture will probably recognise in some of them types of the Saxon -style. The dilapidated state of the floor of this apartment allows of an -easy examination of its mode of construction. Flags, about two inches -thick, rest upon the pillars; a layer of compost, five inches thick, and -formed of lime, sand, gravel, and burned clay or pounded tile, succeeds, -and above that, another covering of thin flag-stones.[87] This apartment -has been provided with a semicircular recess at its eastern extremity -(G), and, at the angle next the street (A), has been supported by a -buttress. A similar alcoved recess existed on the western side of one of -the principal rooms of the ‘baths’ at HUNNUM, and the same arrangement -may yet be observed in the corresponding building at Lanchester. All of -these buildings have been strengthened with buttresses, but it is only -in these and analogous cases, that the use of the buttress is admitted -among the erections of the Barrier; it never occurs in the great Wall or -the curtain-walls of the stations. In the circular recess[Sidenote: THE -HYPOCAUSTS.] of this apartment is an aperture (G), which probably has -served to regulate the current of air circulating in the hypocausts. The -furnace which warmed the suite of apartments was situated near the -south-east extremity of the building (at F); the pillars near the fire -having been much acted upon by the heat, the whole of this part of the -floor was reduced, on exposure to the frosts of winter, to the confused -heap represented in the drawing. The soot in the flues was found as -fresh as if it had been produced by fires lighted the day before.[88] -The walls of this apartment were coated with plaster, and coloured dark -red; exposure to the weather soon stripped them of this covering. An -arched passage curiously turned with Roman tile took the heated air from -the furnace through the party-wall (at X) into the chamber to the west -of it. The rooms to the westward of the intersecting street (HD), seem -to form an independent building, and have less of the aspect of a place -of public concourse than the other portions. They may have been the -private residence of the commander of the station. They, too, are heated -by hypocausts. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - HYPOCAUST AT CHESTERS, (CILURNUM) - Printed by W. Monkhouse, York -] - -[Sidenote: CILURNUM.] - -In urging the conviction, that the hanging floors of these Roman -buildings were meant to produce a comfortable warmth, rather than to -generate steam, by having water sprinkled upon them, attention may be -drawn to the thickness of their substance. At present, the floor of the -principal apartment is nine inches thick, and when its upper surface was -overlaid, as it no doubt was, with a tasteful concrete or mosaic -pavement, it would be an inch or two more. It would require a very -powerful furnace to raise this mass of matter to a considerable -temperature. On the other hand, if the production of a genial and -uniform warmth were the object in view, no contrivance could be more -suitable. The heated air from a small furnace permeating the underground -flues and the walls of a suite of apartments, and not passing off until, -in its lengthened passage, it had given out the larger part of the -warmth it had derived, would, in the lapse of some hours, give to the -whole building a comfortable temperature, which it would not readily -lose. Any inattention to the furnace, either by causing it to burn too -fiercely or too feebly, would not be felt. The thickness of the floors -would prevent the air from being scorched, and producing that -disagreeable sensation which is experienced in rooms that are heated by -the stoves in common use. It is not improbable that we may return to -this method of warming our churches and public halls, even if we do not -adopt it in our private buildings.[89] - -[Sidenote: METHOD OF WARMING BUILDINGS.] - -The door-ways of some of these apartments have been provided with double -doors, probably for more effectually maintaining the warmth of the room. - -The masonry of those portions of the walls which are standing, is in an -excellent state of preservation. In the angle near the buttress (A), the -action of the trowel in giving the finishing touch to the pointing may -be perceived. The walls rest upon two strong basement courses, the angle -of the uppermost being bevelled off with a neat moulding. - -Some of the quoins of the door-ways consist of very large stones; one is -six feet long, and is probably a ton in weight. This proves that it was -not from lack of mechanical means that the interior buildings and walls -of the stations were composed of small stones. More than one of the -thresholds have a groove very roughly cut in them, apparently to allow -of the egress of water. This has probably been done after the departure -of the Romans and the general demolition of the buildings, by some -houseless wanderers, who, having ‘camped’ in the ruin, were incommoded -by the lodgement of rain on the floor. - -The hydraulic properties of the concrete used in the floors of Roman -hypocausts, has, I believe, escaped the notice of previous writers, and -is the only other point which need longer detain us in this interesting -building. My attention was drawn to this subject by my brother, Mr. -George Barclay Bruce, Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in -the following communication:— - - In many places on the line of the Wall, the mortar has had mixed with - it broken tiles or burned clay, to assist it in resisting the moisture - of the atmosphere. - - The concrete at Chesters placed between the slabs of the bath-room, - has a very large proportion of this burned clay, and would thus be - better suited to resist the action of heat below and water above than - purer lime. - - A portion of this concrete was taken, by way of experiment, and burned - in a crucible, as though it had been a piece of limestone; it was then - ground fine, and mixed with a proper quantity of water; after being - allowed to dry for three or four hours, it was immersed in water, - where it set in the same manner as common mortar does in the open air, - clearly proving its hydraulic properties. The same experiment was - tried with the ordinary mortar of the Wall, but without the same - result, there not being a sufficiently large quantity of burned clay - to enable it to stand so severe a test. In the case of the concrete, - it did not set so readily as what is called Roman cement, but - sufficiently so to prove that it is a strong hydraulic mortar, made by - the mixture of burned clay with common lime. - -[Sidenote: THE CEMETERY.] - -Bidding farewell to these interesting structures, we may now bend our -steps a short way down the river, on a visit to the cypress-grove—the -burial ground of the station. This, which in Horsley’s days formed a -separate field called the Ox-close, is now included in the park of the -domain. Never was spot more appropriately chosen. The river here -descends with more than usual rapidity over its stony bed, and bending -at the same time to the left, exhibits to the eye the lengthened vista -of its well-wooded banks. No earthly music could better soothe the -chafed affections of the hopeless heathen mourner than the murmur of the -stream which is ceaselessly heard in this secluded nook. From this spot -have been procured several sepulchral slabs which will presently afford -us instruction; meantime, one is given on the next page whose lesson is -of a negative character. The blank memorial shews how vain are the -efforts which even affection makes to render buoyant on the wave of time -the memory of those departed. Our very monuments need memorials. But, -passing this, the character of the carving betokens a poor state of the -arts, and fixes its date in the lowest times of the empire: in this we -have a proof of the long-continued occupation of the station. The fate -of the stone has been singular. When Horsley saw it, the inscription was -legible; but having since been used as the door-stone of the cow-house -at Walwick Grange, the letters had, previous to its removal to -Alnwick-castle (its present resting place), been entirely obliterated. - -[Illustration: Funereal Slab, Cilurnum] - -Between the station and the cemetery is a well enclosed with Roman -masonry; it is now in a great measure filled up. - -[Illustration: Funereal Slab of Horse Soldier, Cilurnum] - -[Sidenote: ITS NAME ASCERTAINED.] - -The station of CILURNUM, which is the sixth on the line of the Wall, was -garrisoned by the second wing of the Astures, (a regiment of Spanish -cavalry) commanded by a prefect. This fact has gradually developed -itself to the antiquary. Camden thought it probable. Horsley concurred -in the opinion, and, in the absence of better evidence, sagaciously -referred to the tombstone of which a drawing is here presented, in proof -of its having been occupied by a horse regiment. ‘That some horse,’ says -he, 'kept garrison here in the lower empire, seems to be probable from -the inscription and sculpture yet remaining at Walwick-grange.'[90] ‘The -letters D. M.,’ he remarks in another place, ‘prove this to be a -sepulchral monument, and the figure shews that the deceased belonged to -the horse, and therefore probably was one of the _Ala secunda Astorum_, -which in the lower empire kept garrison at CILURNUM, as the Notitia -informs us.’ - -[Illustration: Slab–Ala II. Asturum] - -More decisive evidence has since been procured. The slab figured on page -61, is part of it. A still more satisfactory document of stone was -discovered at Chesters several years ago, where it is still preserved: -the wood-cut accurately portrays it. - - IMP[ERATORI] CAES[ARI] _MARCO_ AVREL[IO] - AUG[VSTO] . . . . . . . . . . . . _PONTIFICI MAXIMO_ - TRIB[VNITIA] P[OTESTATE] CO[N]S[VLI] _IV_ P[ATRI] P[ATRIÆ] DIV[I] - _ANTONINI FILIO_ - DIVI SEVER[I] NEP[OTI] - CAESAR[I] IMPER[ATORI] . . . . . . . . . . . _DUPLARES_ - ALÆ II ASTVRV[M] _TEMPLUM_ VETVSTAT[E] _CONLAPSUM RESTITU_- - ERVNT PER MARIUM VALER[IANUM] _LEGATUM AUGUSTALEM PROPRÆTOREM_ - INSTANTE SEPTIMIO NILO PRÆ[FECTO] - DEDICATVM III KAL[ENDAS] NOVEM[BRIS] GRATO ET SELE[VCO] - _CONSULIBUS_.[91] - - To the emperor Marcus Aurelius - Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . Pontifex Maximus, - With tribunitian power, fourth time Consul, Father of his Country, of - divine Antoninus the son, - Of the deified Severus the grandson, - To Cæsar our emperor . . . . . . . . the duplares[92] - Of the second wing of Astures, this temple, through age dilapidated, re- - stored by command of Marius Valerianus, Imperial Legate and Proprætor, - Under the superintendence of Septimius Nilus, Prefect. - Dedicated Oct. 30th, in the consulate of Gratus and Seleucus. - -Hutton, who has done such good service to the Wall, under-rated the -value of inscriptions. ‘When the antiquary,’ says he, 'has laboured -through a parcel of miserable letters, what is he the wiser?'—Let this -fractured and defaced stone answer the question.[93] 1. This dedication -was made by soldiers of the second wing of the Astures;—we thus learn -the name of the people who garrisoned the fort, and by a reference to -the Notitia, ascertain with certainty that this was[Sidenote: CILURNUM.] -CILURNUM. 2. We acquire the fact, that a temple, which through age had -become dilapidated, was restored;—learning thereby, not only the -attention which the Romans paid to what they conceived to be religious -duties, but their long occupation of this spot. It has been already -observed, that some of the pillars of the hypocaust have been portions -of a prior building;—the ruin and inscription thus corroborate each -other. 3. The date of the dedication is given; the third of the calends -of November falls upon the thirtieth of October, and the year in which -Gratus and Seleucus were consuls corresponds to A.D. 221;—the data on -which antiquaries found their conclusions, are not always so vague as -some imagine. 4. Even the erasures are instructive. By a reference to -the date, we find that Heliogabalus was reigning at the time of the -dedication of the temple; we find that what remain of the names and -titles on the stone apply to him; he, consequently, is the emperor -referred to. The year following he was slain by his own soldiers, his -body dragged through the streets and cast into the Tiber. The soldiers -in Britain seem to have sympathized with their companions at Rome and to -have erased the name of the fallen emperor from the dedicatory slab. -Human nature is the same in every age. How often have we, in modern -times, seen a name cast out with loathing which yesterday received the -incense of a world’s flattery! - -The above inscription gives us the station of the _Ala secunda Asturum_, -in the reign of Heliogabalus, A.D. 221. The Notitia Imperii gives us its -station in the reign of Theodosius the younger, ‘_ultra tempus Arcadii -et Honorii_,’ A.D. 430, and we find at both periods the same force in -the same station, which corresponds with the understood practice of the -Roman army with regard to the permanency of the quarters of its -auxiliary forces. With reference to the difference between the spelling -of the inscription and the Notitia, ‘Asturum’ and ‘Astorum,’ it may be -observed that as the Notitia Imperii was preserved for a thousand years -in manuscript before the art of printing came to its rescue, it is more -likely that the error should be in the book, than on the stone. - -The ancient name of the station having been ascertained, the etymology -of it may be inquired into. Whitaker says it means a creek. An authority -acquainted with the Gaelic language suggests the following derivation; -_caol_, narrow, probably pronounced by the Romans _kil_, and _doir_, -water (in composition _dhoir_, the dh not sounded); so that _caol-oir_ -is narrow stream; the _um_ is a usual Latin affix. Of course, this -branch of the Tyne is narrow in comparison with the united floods. The -word may have had an Italian origin; the Latin _celer_, swift, has some -resemblance to it, and the river, when swollen by floods, very speedily -discharges its superfluous water. Whatever be the origin of the word, -the names of the neighbouring places, Chollerton and Chollerford, have -had a similar derivation. - -[Sidenote: ROMAN SCULPTURES.] - -[Illustration: Statue of Cybele, Cilurnum] - -The miscellaneous antiquities which have been found here, and are still -preserved upon the spot, are of a very interesting character. Chief -among them is a broken statue, which is here represented. - -The fragment, consisting of a fine-grained sandstone, is six feet two -inches long. Statues of so large a size are of very rare occurrence in -Roman camps in Britain. It is generally supposed to have been meant for -Cybele, the mother of the gods. The gracefulness of the design, and the -excellence of the execution, show us that the state of the arts in Roman -Britain was not so low as is sometimes supposed. The arrangement of the -drapery, and the ornament placed upon its margins, are suggestive of the -mode in which these details were managed in the statues of the early -ecclesiastical architects. The ancient builders professedly followed the -Roman modes. - -[Illustration: Group of Carved Stones, Cilurnum] - -The fine Corinthian capital, which is here shewn, enables us to judge of -the beauty of some of the buildings which adorned the ancient CILURNUM. -In the drawing, it rests upon one of the foundation stones of the -bridge; on the right-hand side of the group are two centurial stones, -inscribed— - - C[ENTVRIA] VAL[ERII] - MAXI[MI] - [CENTVRIA] RVFI SABI - NI - - The century (or company) of Valerius - Maximus - The century of Rufus Sabi- - nus. - -On the top of these is a pipe of red earthenware. - - _PLATE VIII_ - -[Illustration: Miscellaneous Antiquities, Cilurnum] - - _PLATE IX_ - -[Illustration: Samian Ware] - -[Sidenote: MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES.] - -Preserved in the collection here, is a tile of the usual Roman -fabrication, on which are impressed the foot-marks of a dog, seemingly -of the terrier species. The animal must have run over it while the clay -was in a soft state. Plate VIII. fig. 4. - -In making the excavations at the hypocausts, many coins of silver and -brass were found. They extend from the reign of Hadrian to that of -Gratian; those of Constantine and his immediate successors prevail. A -massive silver signet ring, representing, on a cornelian stone, a cock -pecking at an an ear of corn, was found in one of the rooms. As is -uniformly the case, numerous fragments of the different kinds of pottery -used by the Romans were turned up; some of the fragments of vessels of -Samian ware are figured on Plate IX. A key, fig. 4. an iron implement -with springs on each side of it, fig. 1. and a spear head fig. 3. drawn -on Plate X., were found here. Some soles of sandals, similar in -character to those which will afterwards be described, several glass -beads of curious fabrication, and broken pieces of glass vessels, were -picked up. A piece of _cut_ glass procured here is shewn in Plate VII. -fig. 10. One of the most curious relics obtained from this treasury of -Roman effects was the tooth of a bear; it is of a large size, and is -pierced with two holes to enable its possessor to suspend it by a -string, and wear it as a trophy or a charm on his person. It is figured -of the full size in Plate VII. Bears, as well as wolves, prowled in the -forests of ancient Britain, and no doubt the formidable animal which -yielded this tusk, cost its captor a severe struggle. - -Not the least interesting of the circumstances of a place of very early -occupation, are the traditions of the ‘ancients’ respecting it. -Notwithstanding their rudeness, some latent truth may generally be -educed from them; and they always manifest the modes of thought that -prevailed in former times. Sixty years ago the traditions of the Wall -might easily have been gathered, but now the old men have nearly -forgotten the tales with which their ‘fore-elders’ used to entertain -them on a winter’s evening. The products of the press have nearly -superseded this unlettered lore. A few fragments relative to CILURNUM -have, however, been supplied to me. A belief used to prevail, that there -existed a subterranean stable under the camp capable of containing five -hundred horse. It was, moreover, currently related, that beneath the -river a tunnel was formed, which led to the opposite side. There is a -pool in the vicinity of the station, on its western side, called the -Ingle-pool, and which, until partially filled up a few years ago, was -very deep; the peasantry believed, that it derived its supplies by an -underground canal from the North Tyne, at Nunwick-mill, between three -and four miles up the river. - - _PLATE X._ - -[Illustration: - - J. STOREY DEL. ET LITH. PRINTED BY AND^W. REID. - Roman Spears, etc. -] - -In these traditions we may perhaps recognise the facts, that a regiment -of horse garrisoned the station; that the Romans carefully maintained -the means of intercourse with both sides of the river; and that, if in -this instance they did not, which is by no means certain, in others they -undoubtedly did bring water from great distances, either for the purpose -of sustenance, or to strengthen their position. - -We must now take leave of CILURNUM. Whatever may be the views of the -reader, the visitor will do so with regret. As Hodgson well remarks, -‘The Astures, in exchanging the sunny valleys of Spain for the banks of -the tawny Tyne, might find the climate in their new situation worse, but -a lovelier spot than CILURNUM all the Asturias could not give them.’ -During many days spent in the prosecution of my inquiries here—the -beauty of the landscape, the instructive nature of the ruins, and the -pleasant intercourse which I was privileged to enjoy with the hospitable -family at the hall, combined to make a deep impression upon my mind. - - -[Sidenote: CHESTERS.] - -Again we bend our steps westward. Behind the garden wall at Chesters -stands a fragment of the Wall. The north fosse is filled with water. -Ascending the hill which leads to Walwick, the earth works are seen on -the left hand. When near the top of it, our out-door antiquary, while he -pauses for breath, will do well to look back, and contemplate the scene -he is leaving. The lines of the Barrier are seen boldly descending the -well-wooded and fertile banks on the east side of the river. Warden-hill -is to the south, and will attract attention by its elevation. Its summit -is seen still to bear marks of having been occupied by the aborigines of -Britain. Whilst the works of the Barrier were going on, they may have -maintained their position for a while, and, from behind their -entrenchments, scowled upon the intruders who were soon to drive them to -the remoter region of the Cheviots. After watering both sides[Sidenote: -WARDEN-FELL.] of the tongue of land of which Warden-fell consists, the -North and South Tyne meet, and their waters roll on in a united stream -to the Emporium of the North. We can follow it with the eye for some -distance, as it goes sparkling in the sunshine, spreading fertility and -beauty on either hand. - - ... O ye dales - Of Tyne and ye most ancient woodlands; where - Oft as the giant flood obliquely strides, - And his banks open, and his lawns extend, - Stops short the pleased traveller to view, - Presiding o’er the scene, some rustic tower, - Founded by Norman or by Saxon hands. - -Nestled in the fairest part of the valley is the abbey church of Hexham; -closely inspected, it is found to be a chaste specimen of the most -simple and beautiful of our ecclesiastical styles—the early English, -and, when viewed from a distance, as in this case, its venerable towers -lend a quiet charm to the landscape. - -How different the scene which the Romans beheld! In their day, and for -long afterwards, the painful cultivator of the soil knew not who should -reap the harvest; those only, therefore, who had power to protect -themselves would engage in the occupation. Now, the husbandman dreams -not of a foreign foe, or of troops of lawless marauders; steadily he -evokes the riches of the soil, and something like an Eden smiles! - -A strip of the Wall, though in a disordered state, and covered with -brushwood, is in a field beyond Walwick; its fosse is finely developed. - -[Sidenote: TOWER-TAY.] - -Ascending the next hill, called Tower Tay, the earth-works are still -very conspicuous. About half way up are the ruins of a tower, erected -about a century ago, as an object in the landscape. It stands on the -Wall, and has been entirely formed out of its stones. At the summit, the -ditches of both Wall and Vallum are cut through the native rock, of -which the hill consists, and are in excellent order. The Wall stands -very near the edge of a scar, sufficiently elevated to have formed of -itself a defence; it is remarkable that the Romans should have thought -it necessary to draw a ditch on the north side of it at all. - -Looking forward from the top of this hill, we see, for a considerable -distance, all the lines of the Barrier proceeding on their course; -descending one hill and ascending the opposite, called the -Limestone-bank, they keep perfectly parallel. It would have delighted -Horsley’s heart to notice that the present road runs upon the north -agger of the Vallum, maintaining, as he did, that this was the Military -Way of Agricola. - -At a short distance, further in advance, the ruins of a mile-castle are -seen on the right. The whole of the facing-stones are gone, as is -usually the case, and the place where it stood is chiefly marked by the -vacuity occasioned by their removal. This castellum measures, inside, -fifty-four feet from east to west, and sixty-one from north to south; it -has been protected by a fosse. A long range of the Wall is next seen in -the Black-carts farm, in an encouraging state of preservation; it is -between five and six feet high, and shews, in some places, seven courses -of facing-stones. - -[Sidenote: TEPPER-MOOR.] - -On the summit of the next hill, many objects of great interest await us. -The view from it is most extensive. To the north, a vast sweep of -country meets the eye; a beautiful undulated valley occupies the -foreground, behind it the hills rise boldly, and the lofty Cheviots -bound the scene. Chipchase castle occupies a commanding position. The -modern mansion of Nunwick, embowered in wood, selects the lower ground. -Towards the west, the lofty crags traversed by the Wall come into view. - -In the corner of a field adjoining the road, are the remains of another -mile-castle; it measures fifty-seven feet by fifty-four. Horsley says, -it was detached about a yard from the Wall, the reason of which was not -very obvious. A portion of the Roman Military Way may here be seen as it -curves towards the gateway of the castellum, and again recedes from it. -A good section of it is obtained at the margin of the places where its -stones have been removed to form the stone dikes of the field. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Del. John Storey, Lith. - THE WORKS, TEPPER MOOR. -] - -The fosse of the Wall and Vallum at this point deserve attentive -examination. In passing over the crown of the hill, they have been -excavated with enormous labour out of the basalt of which the summit -consists. The workmen, as if exhausted with the task of raising the -splintered fragments, have left them lying on the sides of the moats. A -mass on the outside of the north ditch, though now split by the action -of the frost into three pieces, has evidently formed one block, and -cannot weigh less than thirteen tons. It is not easy to conceive how -they managed to quarry so tough a rock without the aid of gunpowder, or -contrived to lift, with the machinery at their command, such huge -blocks. No luis-holes appear in them. - -The lithograph presents a view of the giant works of the Vallum and -fosse at this point. It is quite evident that here, at least, the north -agger did not form the Military Way. There are several breaks and -irregularities in both the mounds; the works have probably been left by -the Romans in a rough, unfinished state. - -Between this spot and the craggy summit on which Sewingshields -farm-house is perched, the ground is flat, and destitute of any decided -descent to the north. On this account, and for mutual defence, the lines -of the Barrier keep close together, so close, sometimes, as scarcely to -leave room for the passage of the Military Way between them. - - -[Sidenote: PROCOLITIA.] - -PROCOLITIA is the seventh stationary camp on the line of the Wall. It -was garrisoned by the first Batavian cohort, which, with two others from -the same country, and the two Tungrian cohorts, was with Agricola in his -great battle with Galgacus in the Grampian Hills. That the ruined camp -at Carrawburgh was the adopted home of this cohort, is proved by the -altar engraved on page 62, and by [Illustration: Slab—Coh. I. Batavorum] -the fractured slab now introduced,[94] and which was found here in the -year 1838. On this mutilated stone, the words COH I BATAVORVM are quite -distinct, and are of themselves sufficient, not only to fix the site of -the ancient PROCOLITIA, but to corroborate the testimony of Tacitus, on -the presence of Batavians in Britain during the period of Roman -occupation. The line following may probably be read INST[ANT]E BVRRIO, -and bears the name of the prefect under whose superintendence the -building was erected, to which the slab referred. In the last line, the -word CO[RNELIANO may be perceived. In 237, when Maximinus was emperor, -Titius Perpetuus and Rusticus Cornelianus were consuls. That this is the -date of the inscription is rendered likely from a fragment of this -emperor’s name appearing in the beginning of it. - -Whitaker gives, as the meaning of the word PROCOLITIA, the ‘fortress in -the woodlands.’ In the Gaelic tongue, _coille_ signifies a wood. - -There is little in this station to detain us. The course of its ramparts -and moats can be easily traced, and the rich green sward of its area is -seen to cover numerous irregular heaps of ruins; every building, -however, is prostrate; scarcely one stone is left upon another. The Wall -forms the northern boundary of the station; its eastern and western -gateways are, as usual, opposite to each other, but strike the side -walls between the upper end and the middle. The position of the southern -gateway cannot be detected; in the present state of the ruins, there is -no appearance of one. The southern corners are rounded off, but the side -walls of the station, in joining the Murus on the north, seem to -preserve their rectilinear course. Outside the western wall are the -ruins of the suburbs. A natural valley, consisting at present of boggy -ground, gives strength to the fortification on this side. Horsley saw a -well in the slack, cased with Roman masonry; it is now removed. - -No modern habitation is on the ground or in its immediate vicinity to -relieve the general desolation— - - ... here, as in the wild, - The day is silent, dreary as the night; - None stirring save the herdsman and his herd, - ... or they that would explore, - Discuss and learnedly. - -[Sidenote: CARRAWBURGH.] - -Passing onwards, we soon reach the farm-house of Carraw, formerly a -rural retreat of the priors of Hexham. On the crown of the next -elevation, the works are brought into close proximity, apparently for -the purpose of avoiding an extensive bog on the north, and of -maintaining possession of the point of the hill on the south. The -earth-works are very boldly developed, but are in a ragged state. The -contents of the north fosse are piled up high on its outer margin. The -fosse of the Vallum is cut through free-stone rock; its southern agger -is very elevated, and would present a bold and angry front to any -intruder from the south. - -[Sidenote: THE GREAT MURAL RIDGE.] - -We must now, to adopt the language of Hutton, ‘quit the beautiful scenes -of cultivation, and enter upon the rude of nature, and the wreck of -antiquity.’ Four great mountain waves are before us, and seem to chase -each other to the north, on which side their crests rise almost -perpendicularly. To the highest of these, the second from the south, the -Wall directs its course. It is a ridge of basalt, which crosses the -island obliquely, from Cumberland to Holy Island. The Vallum here parts -company with the Wall, and takes the ‘tail’ of the hill on the ‘crag’ of -which the other runs. The accompanying drawing shews the nature of the -country before us. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - APPROACH TO SEWINGSHIELDS. - Printed by W. Monkhouse, York -] - -Before approaching Sewingshields[95] farm-house, which is on the line of -Wall, an experienced eye will detect the Roman Military Way. It runs at -first nearly parallel with the Wall, at about thirty-six paces from it, -but, in its subsequent course, recedes from the Barrier, or approaches -it, according to the position of the mile-castles, and the nature of the -ground. With but few interruptions, it may be traced by the appearance -of its herbage, by its slightly elevated, rounded form, and by the -occasional protrusion of the stones composing it, all the way from -Sewingshields to Thirlwall. - -The north fosse, which we have had in view from the very commencement of -our journey, accompanies the Wall for a short distance up the hill, as -is seen in the lithograph, but when the ground becomes precipitous, it -forsakes it until the high grounds are passed, only to appear when the -Wall sinks into a gap or chasm between the crags. - -[Sidenote: THE WALL ON THE CRAGS.] - -A difficulty will here present itself to nearly every mind; why was the -Wall drawn along the cliffs at all? Horsley cut the knot instead of -untying it. ‘As such steep rocks,’ says he, ‘are a sufficient fence of -themselves, I am inclined to think the Wall has not in those parts had -either strength or thickness, equal to what it has had in other parts.’ -Present appearances give us no reason to suppose that the Wall on the -crags was in any respect inferior to what it was in the low grounds. A -different method of accounting for the circumstance has been forced upon -my attention. It was my fortune to traverse the heights near -Sewingshields late in December last year, when the wind blew a violent -gale from the north, and the thermometer, even in the valley, was ten -degrees below the freezing point. In order to maintain the ordinary -temperature of the body, very active exertion was necessary, and to make -any progress on my way, I was constrained to get under the lee of the -hill. The conclusion was irresistible; if the Romans were to keep watch -and ward here during the winter, a Wall was necessary, even though only -for the sake of sheltering them from the blast. The habits of the enemy -demanded continual vigilance; for, as Tacitus tells us, before the time -of Agricola they usually repaired the losses they had sustained in -summer by the success of their winter expeditions. The loftier the -mountain peak, the more necessary, in this view of it, was the friendly -shelter of the Wall to the shivering soldiers of southern Europe. - -[Sidenote: SEWINGSHIELDS.] - -The Wall in the neighbourhood of Sewingshields is not in good condition; -its site is marked by the rubble which encumbers it, but the -facing-stones are gone, having contributed to the erection of every -building in the vicinity, from the time of Honorius to the present day. -A considerable tract of it was removed lately. Thorough draining, the -life of agriculture, is death to the Wall. - -The aspect of the country in the immediate vicinity of the heights of -Sewingshields is dreary enough, but the elevation enables the eye to -revel in the fertility and beauty of the distant landscape. Hexham is -distinctly discernible from the farm-house. On the flats to the north of -the crags, there formerly stood the border fortress, Sewingshields -castle.[96] It was at one time the property of the late Ralph Spearman, -esq., the Monkbarns of THE ANTIQUARY. - -[Sidenote: MURAL TRADITIONS.] - -A situation so remote from the crowded haunts of men is favourable to -the preservation of legendary lore. It occurred to me that here, if -anywhere, I might ascertain the kind of ideas which the rude forefathers -of the mural region entertained respecting the Wall and its builders. -Although on the Antonine Wall all tradition of the Romans has been lost, -this has certainly not been the case here; the recollection of them is -still distinctly preserved, and some stories of them are told, which, -though in several respects resembling written history, are not derived -from this source. For the following scraps of traditional information, I -am chiefly indebted to the master of Grindon school, in the immediate -neighbourhood of Sewingshields, who says he has often heard them -repeated. Though he denominates them ‘absurd,’ the learned in mediæval -legends will probably think them worth preserving. - - The Romans are said to have been remarkably lazy, so much so, that in - the hot weather of summer, having almost nothing to do, they lay - basking in the sun, on the south side of the Wall, almost in a state - of torpor. The Scots were in the habit of watching their opportunity, - and, throwing hooks, with lines attached to them, over the Wall, - caught the poor Romans by their clothes or flesh, and by this means, - dragging them to the other side, made them prisoners. - - An old man in this neighbourhood told me, that he had often heard - people say, that the Romans had remarkably broad feet, with still - broader shoes, and that, when it rained, they lay on their backs, and - holding up their feet in a perpendicular direction, protected, by this - means, their persons from the weather.—This legend, under various - modifications, seems to have been widely diffused in the middle ages. - Sir John Maundevile, describing ‘Ethiope,’ says—‘In that contree, ben - folk that han but o foot; and thei gon so fast, that it is marvaylle; - and the foot is so large, that it schadewethe all the body azen the - sonne, whan they wole lye and reste hem.’ Precisely similar to this is - Pliny’s account—'Item hominum genus, qui Monoscelli vocarentur, - singulis cruribus, miræ pernicitatis ad saltum: eosdemque Sciopodas - vocari, quod in majori æstu, humi jacentes resupini, umbra se pedum - protegant.'[97] - - It is the tradition of the country that all the stones of the Wall - were handed from one man to another by a set of labourers stationed in - a line from the quarry to the place where they were required. Many - will tell you, 'I have heard my mother say, that the Wall was built in - a single night, and that no one was observed to be engaged upon it, - save an old woman with an apron full of stones.'—This, however, is a - tradition of almost universal application. - - The people say that the Wall was hollow, or, as they express it, had a - flue running the whole length of it, through which the sentinels - communicated intelligence by a speaking trumpet. - - Some of the people of this neighbourhood tell me that the Britons, - tired, at length, of Roman oppression, rose in a body, and drove the - garrison, with considerable slaughter, from all their stations. The - Romans, when making their way to the sea to look for ships to carry - them home, were met by a seer, who told them that if they returned - home they would all be drowned; and if they went back to their old - stations they would all be slain. This prophecy disconcerted them - greatly, and they were at their wits’ end; however, after long - consultation, they resolved to escape both calamities by marching - direct to Wales. This they did, and there the pure, unadulterated - Roman breed is to be found to this day.—Can this story refer to the - passage of the second legion, at an early period, to Caerleon? - -[Sidenote: LEGENDS OF KING ARTHUR.] - -We next pass on to some tales, which, though not connected with the -Wall, belong, as Hodgson remarks, to times nearer the Roman than these -degenerate days. They chiefly relate to king Arthur. Sir William Betham -observes that this monarch’s name is more celebrated in Scotland than in -Wales, which was the chief resort of the conquered Britons, and is -disposed to think, that this favourite hero of romance was not a -Romanized Briton, but an invading Pictish king. This idea would account -for the frequent reference to his name in the region of the Wall. - - Immemorial tradition has asserted, that king Arthur, his queen - Guenever, his court of lords and ladies, and his hounds, were - enchanted in some cave of the crags, or in a hall below the castle of - Sewingshields, and were to continue entranced there till some one - should first blow a bugle horn that lay on a table near the entrance - of the hall, and then with ‘the sword of the stone’ cut a garter also - placed there beside it. But none had ever heard where the entrance to - this enchanted hall was, till the farmer at Sewingshields, about fifty - years since, was sitting upon the ruins of the castle, and his clew - fell, and ran downwards through a rush of briars and nettles, as he - supposed, into a deep subterranean passage. Firm in the faith that the - entrance into king Arthur’s hall was now discovered, he cleared the - briary portal of its weeds and rubbish, and entering a vaulted - passage, followed, in his darkling way, the thread of his clew. The - floor was infested with toads and lizards; and the dark wings of bats, - disturbed by his unhallowed intrusion, flitted fearfully around him. - At length, his sinking courage was strengthened by a dim, distant - light, which, as he advanced, grew gradually brighter, till, all at - once, he entered a vast and vaulted hall, in the centre of which, a - fire without fuel, from a broad crevice in the floor, blazed with a - high and lambent flame, that shewed all the carved walls and fretted - roof, and the monarch and his queen, reposing around in a theatre of - thrones and costly couches. On the floor, beyond the fire, lay the - faithful and deep-toned pack of thirty couple of hounds; and on a - table before it, the spell-dissolving horn, sword, and garter. The - shepherd reverently, but firmly, grasped the sword, and as he drew it - leisurely from its rusty scabbard, the eyes of the monarch, and of his - courtiers began to open, and they rose till they sat upright. He cut - the garter; and as the sword was being slowly sheathed, the spell - assumed its ancient power, and they all gradually sunk to rest; but - not before the monarch had lifted up his eyes and hands, and - exclaimed: - - O woe betide that evil day - On which this witless wight was born, - Who drew the sword—the garter cut, - But never blew the bugle-horn. - - Terror brought on loss of memory, and the shepherd was unable to give - any correct account of his adventure, or to find again the entrance to - the enchanted hall.[98] - - To the north of Sewingshields, two strata of sandstone crop out to the - day; the highest points of each ledge are called the King and - Queen’s-crag, from the following legend. King Arthur, seated on the - farthest rock, was talking with his queen, who, meanwhile, was engaged - in arranging her ‘back hair.’ Some expression of the queen’s having - offended his majesty, he seized a rock which lay near him, and, with - an exertion of strength for which the Picts were proverbial, threw it - at her, a distance of about a quarter of a mile! The queen, with great - dexterity, caught it upon her comb, and thus warded off the blow; the - stone fell between them, where it lies to this day, with the marks of - the comb upon it, to attest the truth of the story. It probably weighs - about twenty tons! - - A few miles to the north of Sewingshields stands an upright stone, - which bears the name of Cumming’s cross. Cumming, a northern - chieftain, having paid, one day, a visit to king Arthur at his castle - near Sewingshields, was kindly received by the king, and was, as a - token of lasting friendship, presented by him with a gold cup. The - king’s sons coming in, shortly after Cumming had left the castle, and - being informed of what their father had done, immediately set out in - pursuit of him. They overtook him, and slew him at this place, which - has borne the name of Cumming’s cross ever since. - - King Arthur’s chair used to be pointed out in this vicinity. It was a - column of basalt, fifty feet high, slightly detached from the rest of - the cliff. The top of it had something of the appearance of a seat. It - was thrown down, several years ago, by a party of idle young men, who - were at great pains to effect their foolish purpose. - -[Sidenote: SEWINGSHIELDS CRAGS.] - -We now return to our more immediate object, the examination of the Wall. - -Soon after leaving Sewingshields, a narrow chasm in the rocks, slightly -aided by art, called the Catgate, admits of an awkward descent to the -plain below. Here, says Hutton, the Scots bored under the Wall, so as to -admit the body of a man. Whether the Romans or the Scots made this -passage, it is certain that the garrison on the Wall would sometimes -visit the country to the north, for the purposes of plunder and of -slaughter, and would require the means of egress. - -The mile-castles may now all be recognised in due succession. - -[Sidenote: BUSY GAP.] - -The next point of interest is Busy-gap, a broad, basin-like recess in -the mountain ridge, about a mile from Sewingshields. The Wall here, -being more than usually exposed, is not only strengthened with the fosse -common in the low grounds, but has the additional protection of a -rampart, of triangular form, to the north of this. The wood-cut will -give some idea of the arrangement. A common stone dike occupies at -present the place of the Wall, the foundations of which, and, for the -most part, a portion of the grout of the interior, remain. At a little -elevation, on the western side of the valley, is a gate called the -King’s-wicket (Arthur’s again, probably), through which a drove-road -passes. The gate is well situated for defence, and may have been a Roman -passage. - -[Illustration: Busy Gap] - -Busy-gap was in the middle ages a place of much notoriety; it was the -pass frequented by the moss-troopers and reavers of the debateable -country. - -[Sidenote: STATE OF THE BORDERS.] - -The incessant war which was waged between England and Scotland before -the union of the two kingdoms, rendered property exceedingly insecure, -and nurtured a race of men who had no expectation of holding their own, -unless they could repel force by force. It was the policy of the -governments of both countries, to maintain on the Borders a body of men -inured to feats of arms, whom, on any emergency, they might call to -their assistance. Habits long indulged are not easily laid aside. When -the policy of Elizabeth, and the accession of James to the throne of -England, allayed the national strife, the stern warriors of the Border -degenerated into sheep-stealers; and, instead of dying in the fray, or -yielding their necks _honourably_ to the headsman’s stroke, burdened by -the score the gallows-tree at Newcastle or Carlisle. The vales of North -Tyne and the Rede, which anciently abounded with warriors, became -infested with thieves. It is impossible to imagine the desolation and -misery occasioned by such a state of society. Landed property was of -little value. Precious life was idly sacrificed. Bernard Gilpin, the -‘apostle of the north,’ was esteemed a brave man because he annually -ventured as far as Rothbury to preach the gospel of peace to the lawless -people of the vale of Coquet. Camden and sir Robert Cotton, though -ardently desirous of examining the Wall, durst not venture in their -progress eastward beyond Carvoran. ‘From thence,’ Camden says, ‘the Wall -goeth forward more aslope by Iverton, Forsten, and Chester-in-the-Wall, -near to Busy-gap, a place infamous for thieving and robbing, where stood -some castles (chesters they called them), as I have heard, but I could -not with safety take the full survey of it, for the rank robbers -thereabouts.’ In such ill-repute were the people of these parts, even in -their own county, that we find the Newcastle Merchants’ company in 1564, -enacting that ‘no free brother shall take non apprentice to serve in the -fellyshipe of non such as is or shall be borne or brought up in Tyndale, -Lyddisdale, or any such lycke places, on pain of 20_ll_,’ because, says -the order, ‘the parties there brought up are known, either by education -or nature, not to be of honest conversation; they commit frequent thefts -and other felonys, proceeding from such lewde and wicked progenitors.’ -The offence of calling a fellow-free-man ‘a Bussey-gap rogue,’ was -sufficiently serious to attract the attention of a guild; a case of this -kind being recorded in the books of the Bakers and Brewers’ company of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1645. - -The traces of this disordered state of society remained until the early -part of the reign of George III., when the sheriff of Northumberland was -first enabled to execute process in the north-western parts of the -county. ‘Within my own recollection,’ says Mr. Hedley, ‘almost every old -house in the dales of Rede and Tyne was what is called a _Peel_ house, -built for securing its inhabitants and their cattle in the moss-trooping -times.’ Very many of these yet exist. Far different is the state of the -district now. The men of the mural region, and of the vales of North -Tyne, and Rede-water, are as upright as any in England. With the -exception of a few aged individuals, an uneducated person is not to be -found. Although, in addition to the ordinary courts of law, they have -access to courts-leet and courts-baron, (those admirable institutions by -which our Saxon forefathers gave to the poorest villager the ready means -of procuring redress of wrong,) nowhere has the law less occasion -forcibly to assert its claims. Property is secure, and land brings its -full price in the market. On some of the extensive farms of the Cheviot -range, not fewer than ten thousand sheep are kept; they are counted but -twice a year, and seldom is one amissing. The value of land in -Northumberland (exclusive of towns and mines) is seven times greater -than it was at the commencement of the eighteenth century, and two -hundred times what it was in the middle of the sixteenth. The antiquary, -who will not fail to rejoice in the prosperity of the country through -which he is travelling, as well as in the safety of his own person, may -therefore go on his way cheerfully and in confidence. - -The second mile-castle from Sewingshields, opposite the farm-house -called the Kennel, is remarkable as having been built upon an absolute -declivity. Hodgson observes that it had an interior wall on every side -of it, at the distance of about twenty feet from the exterior wall. - -[Sidenote: THE BLACK DIKE.] - -Shortly after leaving Busy-gap, two narrow, but rather steep gaps are -passed in quick succession, which do not seem to have obtained names. -Through the first of these the BLACK DIKE has probably run. This is an -earth-work of unknown antiquity, which is supposed to have stretched, in -a nearly straight line, from the borders of Scotland near Peel-fell, -through Northumberland and Durham, to the south of Yorkshire. The -scantiness of the soil on the crags of the Wall, accounts for its not -being discernible there, and the ground immediately to the north and -south of it is boggy. In a plantation on the hill side, opposite to -where we now are, looking south, the dike exists in excellent -preservation. The _seuch_, or slack of it, may be seen even from the -Wall, on the western edge of the plantation, which is called the -‘Black-dike planting.’ From the information of those who knew it half a -century ago, I shall set down its probable course in this vicinity. -Coming in a south-east direction, it passes the east end of -Broomlee-lough; having cleared the Wall and Vallum, it goes by the west -of Beggar-bog, the east of Low Morwood, through the Muckle-moss, and so -to the Black-dike plantation. Passing afterwards a field called the -Black-hall, it is last seen on the north bank of the Tyne near the -Water-house. It re-appears on the south bank at Morley, and passing -Tedcastle and Dean-row, is supposed to go by Allenheads into the county -of Durham. In the best piece of it which I have seen, the ditch is ten -feet across the top, and about five feet deep, reckoning from the top of -the mound on its east side. Within the memory of my informants, it was -much deeper. The sheep were often covered up in it in a snow-storm, as -they naturally went there for shelter. The earth taken out of the ditch -is uniformly thrown to the east side, where it forms an embankment. No -stones, or such only as were derived from the cutting, have been used in -its formation. The only conjecture hazarded respecting its origin is, -that it formed the line of demarcation between the kingdoms of -Northumbria and Cumbria; and certainly the course pursued by the -Black-dike is very nearly similar to the boundary assigned to these -regions in the most authentic maps of Saxon England. The antiquity of -the cutting may be inferred from the circumstances, that for some -distance it forms the division between the adjacent parishes of -Haltwhistle and Warden, and that it passes through bogs which probably -owe their origin to the devastations committed in the north of England -by William the Norman.[99] The Black-dike is laid down in the map of -Northumberland which was prepared to accompany Horsley’s Britannia, and -in Kitchin’s Map of Northumberland, under the name of the ‘Scots’-dike.’ - -South of the turnpike road, and behind a small house, called Beggar-bog, -is a low freestone crag, which exhibits some quarry-like excavations, -filled with the chippings of stone. It has probably furnished material -for the Wall, the stone being of the same character. - -The stream which we next cross is the Knag-burn; it forms the eastern -boundary of Housesteads. Passing it, we scale the ramparts of this -far-famed station. - - -[Sidenote: THE ANCIENT BORCOVICUS.] - -BORCOVICUS.—‘This’ says Gordon, ‘is unquestionably the most remarkable -and magnificent station in the whole island;’ and ‘it is hardly credible -what a number of august remains of the Roman grandeur is to be seen here -to this day, seeing in every place where one casts his eye there is some -curious Roman antiquity to be seen: either the marks of streets and -temples in ruins, or inscriptions, broken pillars, statues, and other -pieces of sculpture all scattered along the ground.’ Stukely, in the -vehemence of his admiration, denominates it ‘the Tadmor of Britain.’ Let -not the visitor, however, approach it with expectations too greatly -excited. There is very much to admire, but not a great deal to strike -the eye at first sight. The altars and sculptured figures which lay in -profusion on the ground when Gordon and Stukely were there, have been -removed,[100] but the ruins of the place remain as complete and vast as -ever. The city is, in a great measure, covered with its own debris, but -the excavations which have recently been made, shew us that when they -are continued throughout the entire station, the ancient BORCOVICUS will -be the Pompeii of Britain. - -[Sidenote: HOUSESTEADS.] - -The station of Housesteads contains an area of nearly five acres. 'Half -of it hangs on a slope, with a southern aspect: the other, or northern -half, is flat, floored with basalt, covers the summit of a lofty ridge, -and commands a prospect on the east, south, and west, far away beyond -the valley of the Tyne, over blue air-tinted grounds and lofty -mountains; and to the north of the Wall, over the vast waste of the -forest of Lowes, where indeed, a proud, stupendous solitude frowns o’er -the heath.' - -The Wall forms its northern boundary, and the Vallum, it is probable, -came to the support of its southern rampart.[101] It is naturally -defended on all sides, except the west. In order duly to protect this -side, the gateway seems to have been walled up at an early period, and a -triple line of ramparts drawn along it. - -Although the position of Housesteads clearly indicates that this fort -was erected for the accommodation of a mural garrison, it would seem to -have been built independently of the Wall. The first anxiety of the -soldiers engaged in that great work would be to erect a secure -habitation for themselves. The west wall of the station, instead of -coming up to the great Wall in a straight line, makes the curve which is -usual in those corners of a camp that are independent of the Wall; as is -shewn in the wood-cut at the top of the next page. - -[Illustration: Junction of West Wall of Housesteads with the Wall] - -[Illustration: Ground Plan of Gateway, Housesteads] - -[Sidenote: BORCOVICUS.] - -All the gateways, except the north, have been explored, and present very -interesting subjects of study to the antiquary. The western[Sidenote: -WEST GATEWAY OF BORCOVICUS.] is in the best condition, and is specially -worthy of attention. Its arrangements will readily be understood by an -inspection of the ground plan which is here introduced, together with -the views of it as seen from the outside and inside of the station, on -the next page. This gateway, as well as the others which have been -explored, is, in every sense of the word, double. Two walls must be -passed before the camp can be entered; each is provided with two -portals, and each portal has been closed with two-leaved gates. The -southern entrance of the outside wall has alone, as yet, been entirely -cleared of the masonry that closed it. The jambs and pillars are formed -of massive stones of rustic masonry. The doors, if we may judge from the -fragments of corroded iron which have been lately picked up, were of -wood, strengthened with iron plates and studs; they moved, as is -apparent from the pivot-holes, upon pivots of iron. In the centre of -each portal stands a strong upright stone, against which the gates have -shut. Some of the large projecting stones of the exterior wall are worn -as if by the sharpening of knives upon them; this has probably been done -by the occupants of the suburban buildings after the closing of the -gateway. The guard-chambers on each side are in a state of choice -preservation, one of the walls standing fourteen courses high. Were a -roof put on them, the antiquary might here stand guard, as the Tungrians -did of old, and, for a while, forget that the world is sixteen centuries -older than it was when these chambers were reared. At least two of the -chambers in this part of the camp have been warmed by U shaped flues -running round three of their sides beneath the floor.[102] These -chambers, when recently excavated, were found to be filled with rubbish -so highly charged with animal matter as painfully to affect the -sensibilities of the labourers. The teeth and bones of oxen, horns -resembling those of the red-deer, but larger, and boars’ tusks were very -abundant; there was the usual quantity of all the kinds of pottery used -by the Romans. It is not improbable that this rubbish may have been -derived from some dunghill outside the walls, and thrown here when the -gateway was walled up; it is, however, a remarkable fact, that the soil -of the interior area of the stations on the Wall is, for the most part, -thickly mingled with bones. Is it possible that the Romans have thrown -on the floors of their apartments, and suffered to remain amongst the -straw or rushes which may have covered them, the refuse of their food? - -[Illustration: Outside View of the West Portal of BORCOVICUS.] - -[Illustration: Inside View of the West Portal of BORCOVICUS.] - -The view of Housesteads in the accompanying lithograph, is taken from -beside the eastern gateway, and gives a general idea of the scene of -desolation which it presents.[103] The only habitation near is a -shepherd’s cottage to the south of the station. A peculiarity in the -upper division of the eastern gateway requires attention; the lower -division, as seen in the lithograph, has been walled up at an early -period. A rut, nearly nine inches deep, appears in the threshold, on -each side of the central stone against which the gates closed. Grooves, -similar in character, are seen in the gateways of the camps at -Birdoswald and Maryport. Were it not for the central stone, which -presents an impediment to the passage of chariots, no one would doubt -that these hollows have been occasioned by the action of their wheels. -The following extract, explanatory of the condition of the city of -Pompeii, will probably throw light upon this and other things belonging -to the camp. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - HOUSESTEADS (BORCOVICUS) FROM THE EAST. - Printed by W Monkhouse, York -] - -[Sidenote: RUTS IN THE GATEWAY.] - - The Domitian way which led to it was narrow, the carriage-way seldom - exceeding ten feet in width. The streets of the city itself are paved - with large irregular pieces of lava, joined neatly together, in which - the chariot wheels have worn ruts, still discernible; in some places - they are an inch and a half deep, and in narrow streets follow one - track.... In most places, the streets are so narrow, that they may be - crossed at one stride; where they are wider, a raised stepping-stone - has been placed in the centre of the crossing. This, though in the - middle of the carriage-way, did not much inconvenience those who drove - about in the _biga_, or two-horsed chariot, because the width of these - streets being only sufficient to admit the carriage, the wheels passed - freely in the spaces left between the curb on either side, and the - stone in the centre.[104] - -The stone in the centre of the doorway would not be a greater impediment -than the stepping stones in the streets of Pompeii. - -The remains of the gateways of BORCOVICUS shew that in plan and -construction they must have resembled the Roman Gateway which, under the -name of the ‘Porta nera,’ is preserved entire at Treves, AUGUSTA -TREVIRORUM, once the seat of government of the Western Empire. - -In examining this and other Roman camps, the spectator will, perhaps, be -struck with the narrowness of the streets, and the very small capacity -of the the dwellings. It is well to recollect that in their encampments -the Romans studiously avoided occupying a larger space than was -absolutely necessary. Gibbon observes that a modern army would present -to the enemy a front three times as extended as a Roman one of the same -force. In the field, ten men were apportioned to a tent, ten feet -square;[105] a similar proportion would without doubt be followed in the -stationary camp. - -[Sidenote: BORCOVICUS.] - -It is not easy to ascertain the precise character of the dwellings of -the soldiers; the more perfect of the ruins in this and other forts, -induce the belief that they were dark, bare, and cheerless. The roofs -were probably formed of free-stone slate. Several thin slabs of this -kind, with nail-holes in them, as well as some of the nails themselves, -have been found in this and other stations.[106] On Plate XIII, figs. 1, -7, are drawn some door or window heads, found here; these most likely -belonged to buildings of a superior class. The entrance into a chamber -at HABITANCUM, recently excavated, was found to be only fourteen inches -wide; it was rudely ‘stepped over’ at the top. Fragments of a sort of -window glass are frequently found in some of the stations; this would -probably be a rare luxury.[107] - -[Sidenote: THE CHAMBERS OF THE STATION.] - -At Housesteads, two or three of the ruined chambers will, above the -rest, attract the attention of the visitor. Near the centre of the -northern division is one which is seventy feet long and eight broad; it -must have been a place of public concourse. In the front of it is a kiln -which has probably been used for drying corn; near the southern gateway -is another which was nearly destroyed in the endeavour made to extricate -a cow which had fallen into it, and, in struggling to relieve herself, -had thrust her head and neck into the flue. The Romans seem to have -kiln-dried their corn at the close of the harvest; it would not have -been safe to stack it in the open fields. They would the more readily do -this, as it is still by no means unusual, in the central and southern -parts of Europe, to thrash the corn at the close of harvest on the field -where it grew. - -Three hypocausts have been found here, two within the station, and -another to the east of it, on the Knag-burn; the flues of the latter -were full of soot; very slight traces of any of them now remain. - -In this and most other stations, writes Hodgson, ‘there are found -considerable quantities of limestone, having partly the character of -stalagmite, and partly that of such cellular stone as forms about the -mouths of petrifying wells. Some of it is in amorphous lumps; but the -greatest part of it has been either sawn into rectangular pieces, or -formed in a fluid state in moulds.’ They are probably artificial; at -HABITANCUM, where this calcareous substance is abundant, it seems to -have acquired its porosity by being mixed with straw. The use to which -it has been applied is by no means obvious. Hodgson thought that it had -been inserted in the side walls of the hypocausts, to allow heat to -arise from below without smoke. This is doubtful. At HABITANCUM, the -blocks, I am told, have been used as ordinary stones. In the -construction of the Pharos at Dover, (where building stone is scarce) -the calcareous composition has been largely used. Why it should have -been employed at HABITANCUM, and other places, where free-stone is -abundant, does not appear. - -[Sidenote: BORCOVICUS] - -The suburbs of BORCOVICUS have been very extensive, the ruins of them -distinctly appearing on the east, south, and west sides of the station. -A little to the south of it, and stretching westward, the ground has -been thrown up in long terraced lines, a mode of cultivation much -practised in Italy and in the east. Similar terraces, more feebly -developed, appear at Bradley; I have seen them very distinctly marked on -the banks of the Rede-water, Old Carlisle and other places. - -A well, cased with Roman masonry, is in front of the shepherd’s house, -south of the station; a spring, yielding excellent water, is at the -bottom of the same field; the Knag-burn washes the station on its -eastern side, and there is ‘a fine well under the high basaltic cliff’ -on which the northern wall of the station stands, ‘which is still well -walled round,’ and has occasionally been used as a bath. None has been -discovered within the station itself. - - _PLATE XI_ - -[Illustration: Broken Columns, Borcovicus] - - _PLATE XII_ - -[Illustration: Sculpted Figures, Borcovicus] - - _PLATE XIII_ - -[Illustration: Sculpted Figures, etc.] - -[Sidenote: ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS.] - -In the valley below is a small sandstone ridge, called Chapel-hill, from -the idea that a temple stood upon it. Two fine altars have been found -here.[108] The ruins that contained the Mithraic antiquities, to which -reference will be made afterwards, stood a little to the west of this -hill. All traces of the small, dark temple, where the horrid mysteries -of the god were performed, are now nearly obliterated. - -The fragments of columns which are engraved in Plate XI, enable us to -imagine the original grandeur of the place.[109] With some of the -certainty with which a comparative anatomist decides upon the character -and habits of an animal, from an inspection of a fragment of its osseous -system, an architect determines the size and style of a building from an -examination of some of its parts. Thus, the circular column, of which -one of the stones (Plate XI.) that now lies in the valley below the -station, has formed a part, was probably not less than twenty feet high; -how imposing must the entire temple have been! - -Plates XII and XIII exhibit several of the carved figures which formerly -lay in confusion among the ruins of the station. They are interesting, -as exhibiting the state of the arts in Britain at that time, the mode of -dress adopted by the Romans, and the [Illustration: Figure of Victory] -high degree of attention which they paid to the decoration of their -stations. Roman art in Britain has surely been rated too low. - -The figure introduced on this page was found here. It represents one of -old Rome’s most favourite deities,—Victory, careering, with outstretched -wings, over the globe. How strong must the passion for conquest have -been in the breast of a people, who, though nurtured in a southern -climate, braved for more than three centuries, the fogs, and storms, and -desolation of this wild region! Wherever the winged goddess led, they -followed, and, most pertinaciously too, maintained their ground. But, -there is a tide in the affairs of men. - -A Roman poet, in the fulness of his heart, sang— - - Urbs oritur (quis tunc hoc ulli credere posset?) - Victorem terris impositura pedem. - Cuncta regas: et sis magno sub Cæsare semper - Sæpe etiam plures nominis hujus habe. - Et quoties steteris domito sublimis in orbe, - Omnia sint humeris inferiora tuis. - -How different the strains which, in a distant age, and in another clime, -were to flow from the lyre of a brother bard, and how appropriate to the -present condition of the deserted BORCOVICUS!— - - Where is Rome? - She lives but in the tale of other times; - Her proud pavilions are the hermit’s home, - And her long colonnades, her public walks - Now faintly echo to the pilgrim’s feet, - Who comes to muse in solitude, and trace, - Through the rank moss revealed, her honoured dust. - -That Housesteads is the BORCOVICUS of the empire, [Illustration: -Sepulchral Slab to a young Physician] appears plain from the numerous -inscriptions that allude to the first cohort of the Tungrians, which, -according to the Notitia, was quartered there. One of these inscriptions -is shewn on page 63; another, a sepulchral stone, is here presented. The -figure on the top of the slab I take to be a rabbit, and suspect that it -had some reference to the worship of the obscene god, Priapus. The -inscription is usually read in the following manner, though, perhaps, -_ordinario_ might with equal propriety be read _ordinato_:— - - D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] - ANICIO - INGENVO - MEDICO - ORDI[NARIO] COH[ORTIS] - PRIMÆ TVNGR[ORVM] - VIX[IT] AN[NIS] XXV - - _Sacred_ to the gods of the shades below. - To Anicius - Ingenuus, - physician - in ordinary, of cohort - the first of the Tungrians. - He lived twenty-five years. - -From an inscription found at Castlecary, it appears that this cohort of -Tungrians built one thousand paces of the Antonine Wall in Scotland. -They were from about Tongres, on the banks of the Mæse, in Belgic Gaul. -Their rank, as a milliary cohort, conferred on them the dangerous honour -of advancing in the van of the army to battle, and their acknowledged -valour probably procured for them the appointment to this exposed and -dangerous post. - -[Sidenote: THE NAME ASCERTAINED.] - -The etymology of _Borcovicus_ is easy. A high hill to the south of the -station is called Borcum or Barcomb, a neighbouring stream is designated -Bardon-burn, and a village near its confluence with the Tyne, -Bardon-mill. _Bar_, in Celtic, means a height, and probably forms the -root of all these names; the termination, _vicus_, is a Latin word, -signifying a village. - -The stone used in the inside of the walls of the station, and for other -ordinary purposes, has been quarried out of the cliffs in the sandstone -ridge, along which the present military road passes. 'The altars, -columns, and quoins, and much of the ashlar work, have been taken from a -stratum of freestone on the north side of the Wall, and similar to that -in which the recesses, called the King and Queen’s Caves, on the south -side of Broomlee-lough, are formed.'[110] - - -[Sidenote: THE VALLUM COMMANDED BY THE CRAGS.] - -Again taking the Wall as our guide, we will pursue our course westward. -For the greater part of the way along the high ground, the Wall is in a -sufficiently good state of preservation to make it a varied and -interesting study; it not unfrequently exhibits five, six, and even -seven courses of facing-stones. The Northumbrian lakes also lend a charm -to the scene. Though appearing in native simplicity and rude grandeur, -they will not on that account be less appreciated by men of taste. The -Vallum is generally very boldly developed, and runs for several miles in -the valley below, completely commanded by the hill on which the Wall -stands, as is shewn in the section, Plate IV. This fact is surely fatal -to the theory of its having been erected to withstand the brunt of a -northern foe. It would have been impolitic to allow the enemy to occupy -these heights even as a post of observation. It is true, that the Vallum -is occasionally commanded by the rising ground on the south: opposite -Sewingshields it is so, and opposite Hot-bank, a little to the west of -where we now are, it is overlooked on both sides. This difficulty is not -a very formidable one. The engineer of the Barrier has drawn the Vallum -chiefly in straight lines from one point to another, and has not thought -it necessary to guard with excessive jealousy every little rising ground -to the south; he never, however, departs from his course to go round the -north of a hill, as he does to go round the south of that one near -Halton-chesters. The cases, moreover, in which the Vallum is exposed to -observation from the south, are very few. Horsley’s own testimony upon -this point is decided. He writes— - - It must be owned, that the southern prospect of Hadrian’s work, and - the defence on that side, is generally better than on the north; - whereas the northern prospect and defence have been principally, or - only taken care of in the Wall of Severus.[111] - -[Sidenote: RAPISHAW-GAP.] - -After passing a mile-castle we come to a depression in the ridge of -basalt, that places us opposite the west end of Broomlee-lough; the crag -on the west side of this slack is called Cuddy’s-crag. A little farther -on, we reach a more extensive pass, called Rapishaw-gap; a road passes -through it under the same circumstances as that through Busy-gap, a -little above the bottom of the valley. The traveller may here with -advantage go to the north of the Wall, in order to examine the -geological character of the cliffs he has passed; they are seen ‘to rise -in rude and pillared majesty.’ - -Regaining the high grounds, the Wall for a short space is found to -possess less than its usual interest; the ground on the east side of the -Bradley estate was formerly common, and the object of our study was -every man’s prey. Other objects of inquiry, however, abundantly relieve -the attention. Langley castle, on the south bank of the Tyne, is in -sight, and during our western journey will long continue to be so. It is -a square building strengthened by rectangular towers at the corners. -Formerly a seat of the Percys, it became afterwards the property of the -Radcliffes. It passed, on the rebellion of 1715, along with the other -possessions of the earl of Derwentwater, into the hands of the -commissioners of Greenwich Hospital, who at present retain it. Destroyed -by fire at an early period, it has never been repaired; its masonry is -notwithstanding in excellent preservation. On a clear day the singularly -strong tongue of land on which are the ruins of Staward-le-peel, may -also be discerned to the south. But, more to our present purpose, the -high, brown hill of Borcum, from which the Romans obtained much of the -stone used in the construction of this part of the Wall, is in the -foreground. [Sidenote: ANCIENT QUARRY] An interesting discovery was made -here in 1837, to which subsequent reference will be made. On opening an -ancient quarry on the top of it, near the ‘longstone,’ a workman found a -small copper vessel, containing a large number of Roman coins; four of -these were of the time of Hadrian, and all the rest, of previous reigns. -Those of Trajan and Hadrian were as fresh as if new from the die. The -conclusion is natural, that the quarry had been last wrought in the time -of Hadrian, the Wall itself being possibly of the same date. An -extensive earthen camp is on the summit of the hill, probably raised by -the soldiers who were engaged in quarrying the rock. - -Greenlee-lough is to the north; on its western margin is a modern -structure, Bonny-rig, the property of sir Edward Blackett. - -Proceeding westward, the Wall again rises into notice. ‘Much of it -remains of very various thicknesses, the whole of the perpendicular -outsets and insets being on the south side.’ - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN SLAB.] - -On the tail of the crag on which we now are, the farm-house of Bradley -stands. Built up in the doorway of its old kitchen, was a stone, now at -Matfen, bearing the fragment of an inscription. Another fractured slab, -formerly in the possession of the ‘judicious’ Warburton, and now at -Durham, when joined to it, gives an inscription precisely similar to one -immediately to be noticed, with the exception of a letter or two in the -line of the fracture. The fragments, doubtless, as Hodgson conjectures, -formed one stone, deposited in the foundation of some castellum in this -neighbourhood, as a memorial of its erection by Hadrian. The wood-cut -annexed has been prepared from drawings carefully made of the two -portions in their separate localities. - -[Illustration: Slab to Hadrian, Bradley] - -[Sidenote: BRADLEY HALL.] - -Once, at least, since the days of Hadrian, this central region of the -Wall has been honoured with the presence of royalty. Hodgson says,— - - On the authority of documents in Rymer, Prynne, and the Calender of - Patent Rolls, I find Edward the First testing records in the presence - of several great officers of state, at Lanchester, on Aug. 10; at - Corbridge, Aug. 14; at Newburgh, Aug. 28, 30, 31, and Sep. 4; at - Bradley ‘in Marchia Scotiæ,’ Sep. 6 and 7; at Haltwhistle on the 11th, - and at Thirlwall on the 20th of the same month; and at Lanercost on - Oct. 4, A.D. 1306, at which last house he continued all winter. The - Bradley here mentioned is probably Bradley-hall, on the right bank of - Craglough-burn, and a little south both of Vallum and Wall, not the - farm-house of Bradley, which is between the two barriers.—_Northd._ - II. iii. 288. - -The exigencies of war have again and again drawn to this secluded spot -the mightiest potentates of earth; as yet this imperial ground has not -been trodden by the feet of Majesty, attracted by the sweet allurements -of peace. - -On the margin of the military road, opposite to us, is the only Inn in -the district, which is known by no other name than that of _Twice -Brewed_. Before the construction of the Railway it was much resorted to -by the carriers who conducted the traffic between the eastern and -western portions of the island. As many as fifty horses and about twenty -men would be put up here for the night. Now, it is nearly forsaken. -Hutton took up his abode here on a carrier’s night. The difficulty he -had in procuring an exclusive bed was compensated by the amusement of -observing the carriers at their meal—he soon perceived that they had ‘no -barricade in the throat; and became convinced that eating was the chief -end of man!’ - -[Sidenote: MILKING-GAP.] - -The next break in the basaltic ridge, is the Milking-gap. As we approach -it, Crag-lough is seen laving the base of the perpendicular cliff along -which the Wall runs. In order to take the high ground, westward of the -gap, the Wall here turns at a considerable angle. In this valley, the -north fosse again comes to the help of the structure. In front of the -farm-house, called Hot-bank, are distinct traces of a mile-castle. In -taking up its foundations, the slab, of which the annexed drawing is a -faithful copy, was found, which would seem to be a tablet precisely -similar to that which is formed by the junction of the two fragments -referred to above. - -[Illustration: Slab to Hadrian, Milking-gap] - - IMP[ERATORIS] CAES[ARIS] TRAIAN[I]. - HADRIANI AVG[VSTI] - LEG[IO] SECVNDA AVG[VSTA] - AVLO PLATORIO NEPOTE LEG[ATO] PR[O]PR[ÆTORE.] - - Of the Emperor Cæsar Trajanus - Hadrianus Augustus, - The second legion, styled the August, - Aulus Platorius Nepos, being legate and proprætor. - -Of all the inscriptions discovered in Britain, Hodgson pronounces this -to be of the greatest historical importance, inasmuch as it leads to the -true reading of several fragments of similar inscriptions -throwing[Sidenote: MILKING-GAP INSCRIPTION.] light upon the authorship -of the Wall. One of these was known to Horsley, and seems to have -puzzled that great antiquary. It and other fragments which have since -been found in different mile-castles, tend to produce the conviction, -that the mile-castles, (which are on the line of the Wall, ascribed to -Severus,) were built by Hadrian. The simplicity of the inscription will -strike the classical reader, who will not fail also to observe the -peculiarity of the name of the emperor being in the genitive case. - -Although the station of _Vindolana_ lies considerably to the south of -the lines of the Barrier, it is ranked by the Notitia among the stations -_per lineam valli_, and as such, must be examined by us in our mural -peregrination. Leaving Milking-gap with this view, and crossing the low -grounds to the south of the Wall, the Vallum is observed, contrary to -its usual tendency, making two rapid curves, something in the form of -the letter S, to avoid, apparently, the swellings of the contiguous -marsh. At High-shields, a cottage on the little ridge south of the -turnpike-road, the station comes into view. It stands upon a partially -detached eminence, surrounded, though not so closely as to be commanded, -by hills of superior elevation. On all sides, except the western, it is -naturally defended, whilst the summits of the surrounding heights afford -it a degree of shelter which would be peculiarly grateful to the natives -of southern Europe. The Chineley-burn flows past it, and the situation -is altogether one of peculiar beauty. In modern times, the place has -been variously designated Little Chesters, the Bowers, and Chesterholm. - - -[Sidenote: VINDOLANA.] - -VINDOLANA.—As this station is detached from the Wall, and lies upon the -line of the ancient road which ran from CILURNUM to MAGNA, it is not -improbable that it was one of Agricola’s forts. The road which connected -it with the Wall may yet be distinctly traced between High Shields and -the farm-house of Chesterholm. - -The walls, ditches, and gateways of the station are all discernible. The -northern gateway would be the one chiefly used by the garrison, as it -opens directly upon the Great Military Way. An examination of the -western gateway, some years ago, led to the belief that it had been -walled up at an early period; this is the most exposed side of the camp. -A portion of the wall of the station near the north-east corner, when -cleared by its late owner, Mr. Hedley, stood twelve courses high. In -this case, as in many others, the researches of the antiquary have only -facilitated the operations of the destroyer; much of it has since been -removed. The size of the stones, which is considerable in the foundation -course, gradually diminishes upwards. - -[Sidenote: CHESTERHOLM.] - -At least two buildings provided with hypocausts, have been discovered -here. One of these stood about fifty yards beyond the western rampart, -and when discovered, contained a square apartment, vaulted above. Some -of the vaulting-stones are still preserved at Chesterholm; they are -grooved near the lower extremity, apparently to allow of the joints -being strengthened by the insertion between them of keys of slate or -wood. The remains of this building were more complete when Hodgson wrote -the following paragraph than at present:— - - The pillars of the hypocaust are still very black with fire and soot; - and people say that the Bowers, from the Roman age till within the - last century, was the elysium of a colony of fairies; and this ruined - bath, the kitchen to one of their palaces, of which the soot among the - stones was undeniable evidence; and confident belief affirmed, that - long passages led from this laboratory of savoury messes to - subterranean halls that ever echoed to the festivities and music of - the Queen of the Bowers, and her aërial court. - -[Illustration: Altar to Fortune, Chesterholm] - -The other hypocaust was partially explored by Warburton in 1717, but -more fully by the rev. Ant. Hedley in 1831. It stood within the area of -the camp not far from the eastern gateway. In its ruins, Warburton found -the fine altar to Fortune, here engraved. It is now preserved in the -Library of the Dean and Chapter at Durham, the ‘judicious’ antiquary not -having been able to obtain his price for it of my lord Oxford.[112] Here -also Mr. Hedley discovered the three noble altars [Illustration: -Hypocaust Pillar] which are still preserved at Chesterholm. The pillars -which supported the floor of the hypocausts were of different shapes and -diameters; some of them were portions of square columns, as in the -annexed example, some circular, like the balusters of stairs, as may be -seen by the specimens of them in the garden at Chesterholm. The Romans -themselves, Hodgson remarks, seem to have treated the fallen works of -their predecessors here with very little ceremony, when they cut down -the handsome columns of halls and temples into pillars for sooty -hypocausts. - -About a furlong west of the camp is a copious spring, from which the -water was taken by a channel formed of large stones into the station. -The water still, in some measure, follows its ancient track, as the -appearance of the herbage shews, and pours itself, by a covered passage, -into the Chineley-burn on the opposite side. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - MILE STONE AT CHESTERHOLM. -] - -In the vicinity of the camp is an object of peculiar interest. On the -line of the ancient Roman road which skirts its northern rampart, stands -a mile-stone at the spot where the soldiers of Agricola or Hadrian -placed it. The opposite lithograph shews it in the foreground; the camp -is in the distance. It is upwards of six feet high, and is nearly two -feet in diameter. There are traces of an inscription on its western -face, but scarcely a letter can now be deciphered.[Sidenote: ROMAN -MILE-STONE.] Another mile-stone formerly stood to the west of this, but -it was removed and split up by its tasteless owner, into two gate-posts. -Horsley says that it bore the inscription— - - BONO REIPVBLICÆ NATO. - To one born for the good of the republic— - -an inscription which, supposing it to be perfect, though this is a -little doubtful, is happily contrived to be complimentary to each -successive emperor. The Romans, with wise policy, paid great attention -to their roads; the stones which they erected at every mile were -generally inscribed with the name of the consul or emperor under whose -auspices they were made. Horsley mentions another mile-stone, which was -to the east of the present one. - -Close by the mile-stone is a tumulus of considerable size. - -In the house and grounds of the late Mr. Hedley, are preserved some very -valuable antiquarian remains. A very fine altar to Jupiter is reserved -for subsequent description. Another, whose focus is reddened by the -action of fire, is here introduced on account of the evidence which it -affords, in corroboration of the conjecture of Horsley, that Little -Chesters was the VINDOLANA of the Romans, where, according to the -Notitia, the fourth cohort of the Gauls was stationed. - -[Illustration: Altar to Genius of the Pretorium] - -GENIO PRÆTORI[I] SACRVM PI TVANIVS SE CVNDVS PRÆ FECTVS COH[ORTIS] IV -GALLOR[VM] - -To the genius of the Prætorium sacred; Pi- tuanius Se- cundus præ- fect -of the fourth cohort of the Gauls, _erects this_. - -Several other inscriptions by the fourth cohort of the Gauls have been -found here since the time of Horsley. - -The altar to Fortune, given in a previous page, shews us that at least a -detachment of the sixth legion had, at some period, its abode here. -[Sidenote: THE TWENTIETH LEGION.] A stone, [Illustration: alt=Symbol, -Leg. XX.] preserved at the place, and of which an engraving is here -given, bears testimony to the presence of the twentieth legion also, -which was surnamed V[ALENS] V[ICTRIX], ‘the valiant and victorious’, and -of which the symbol was a boar. This legion was first sent over to -Britain by Claudius, and remained in it until the island was abandoned -by the Romans. Horsley conceives that this legion was concerned in the -erection of the Vallum, though, he adds, we have no inscriptions to -prove it. He suspects that it was no-way concerned in building the Wall, -because, among all the centurial inscriptions which had come under his -notice, not one mentioned this legion, or any cohort belonging to it. -The discovery, since the publication of the Britannia Romana, of this -and other memorials to be noticed as we proceed, renders [Illustration: -alt=Part of Slab to Hadrian] it probable that the twentieth legion was -engaged upon both the Wall and the Vallum; and as, according to Horsley, -‘it is evident that this legion was at Chester in the year 154,’ where -it long continued, the probability is strengthened, that the Wall, as -well as the Vallum, was built before that period. A fragment of an -inscription, represented above, bears direct reference to Hadrian. The -Milking-gap slab, to which it has a very close resemblance, enables us -to supply the parts that are wanting. The only difference seems to be, -that the emperor’s name is in the dative case instead of the genitive as -in the other example. - - _IMP CA_ES TRAIA_N_ - _HAD_RIANO _AVG P P_ - _LE_G II _AVG_ - _A PLATORIO NEPOTE LEG PR PR._ - -The cottage which Mr. Hedley erected for his own residence is, with the -exception of the quoins, [Illustration: alt=Coping-stone, Roman -‘broaching’] entirely formed of stones procured from the station. In -addition to the altars which stand in front of the house, several -objects of considerable interest are built up in the covered passage -which leads from the kitchen to the burn; among them is a range of Roman -coping-stones, of the form shewn in the cut. The ‘broaching’ of the -stones has been alluded to previously. - -Near the stables attached to the house, is a Roman altar converted into -a swine-trough; the figure on its side seems to have been intended for -an eagle, the emblem of the imperial Jove. A foretaste this of the day -when every idol shall be cast to the moles and to the bats. May it -speedily arrive! - -[Illustration: - - John Storey, Del. et Lith. - THE CRAGS, WEST OF CRAG LOUGH. -] - -[Sidenote: VINDOLANA] - -The probable meaning of the word VINDOLANA, is ‘the hill of arms;’ -_vin_, with slight variations of pronunciation, signifying, in all the -Celtic dialects, a height; and _lann_, in the Gaelic, weapons. The name -well accords with those common in Ossian’s poems. - -Rejoining the Wall at Milking-gap, and continuing our course westward, -we soon arrive at a conspicuous gap, on the Steel-rig grounds. The Wall -on the eastern declivity of this pass may be studied to great advantage. -The courses are laid parallel to the horizon; the mortar of each course -of the interior seems to have been smoothed over before the -superincumbent mass was added. In order to give the in-door antiquary an -idea of its condition, a drawing of it is here introduced. - -[Sidenote: PEEL-CRAG.] - -Mounting another hill, and again descending into the valley, we find -another gap, in which the remains of a mile-castle will be noticed, from -which it has received the name of the Castle-nick. A little farther -removed is Peel-crag, one of the most precipitous faces which the Wall -has had to traverse. The military way ingeniously avoids the sudden -descent by winding round the southern projections of the rock. After -passing a cottage, called the Peel, a modern road is encountered which -leads to Keilder, and so into Scotland; in its progress northwards, -however, it soon degenerates into a mere track. As this pass is more -than usually open, the fosse again appears surmounted by a mound on its -northern margin; the earth-works are strongly marked, but the Wall is -gone. - -The lithographic view represents the northern aspect of the crags, as -they appear here. - -On the western side of this, sheltered by a few trees, is the farm-house -of Steel-rig. Attaining the next elevation—Winshields-crag—we are on -ground reputed to be the highest between the two seas; a turf cairn has -been erected on it for the purposes of the ordnance survey. From this -lofty summit, the vessels navigating the Solway may easily be descried. - -[Sidenote: BLOODY-GAP.] - -Proceeding in the same direction, we reach another gap of wide -dimensions, but very steep on both declivities. Here the Wall has been -provided with a ditch, strengthened, as usual in dangerous situations, -with a rampart on its outer margin. If the local vocabulary does not -furnish this pass with a name (and I have not been able to find that it -does), Bloody-gap, from the following circumstance, well befits it. -Nearly direct north from it, is a rising ridge of ground, called -Scotch-coulthard. When the moss-troopers, who abounded in these parts, -succeeded in safely reaching it, their pursuers commonly considered -farther chase useless. Between the Wall and this point of safety, -therefore, the race and the conflict were necessarily of the most -desperate character; that many deadly conflicts have taken place, is -evidenced by the numerous skeletons which are turned up in draining the -ground. - -A lonely cottage, upon an exposed part of the ridge, is called -Shield-on-the-Wall. - -Near the modern military way, two large stones, called ‘the mare and -foal,’ are standing. In Armstrong’s map of Northumberland, three are -marked; they are probably remains of a Druidical circle. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - THE WALL AT STEEL-RIG. - Printed by W. Monkhouse, York -] - -[Sidenote: ANCIENT TRADITIONS.] - -Shortly afterwards we come to a gap of very bold proportions. Popular -faith asserts it to have been the abode of evil spirits, and it is known -by the ominous name of Bogle-hole. The sides of the gap are steep; on -the western declivity the courses of the Wall are for the most part -conformable to the ground, but they are stayed up by occasional steps -parallel to the horizon. In the valley, to the south, the Vallum is seen -bending up towards the Wall, apparently to assist in defending the pass; -it would not have done so, had it been an independent fortification. The -vicinity of Bogle-hole seems a fitting place for introducing the -following passage from Procopius, a writer of the fifth century. We can -readily conceive that at a period when the inroads of the Caledonians -were still fresh in the memory of the inhabitants, the country north of -the Wall would be regarded with superstitious dread. Doubtless, many who -passed the boundary, found, to their cost, that in this region lay the -pathway to the world of spirits:— - - Moreover, in this isle of Brittia, men of ancient time built a long - wall, cutting off a great portion of it: for the soil, and the man, - and all other things, are not alike on both sides; for on the eastern - (southern) side of the Wall, there is a wholesomeness of air in - conformity with the seasons, moderately warm in summer, and cool in - winter. Many men inhabit here, living much as other men. The trees, - with their appropriate fruits, flourish in season, and their corn - lands are as productive as others; and the district appears - sufficiently fertilized by streams. But on the western (northern) side - all is different, insomuch indeed, that it would be impossible for a - man to live there, even half an hour. Vipers and serpents innumerable, - with all other kinds of wild beasts, infest that place; and, what is - most strange, the natives affirm, that if any one, passing the Wall, - should proceed to the other side, he would die immediately, unable to - endure the unwholesomeness of the atmosphere. Death also, attacking - such beasts as go thither, forthwith destroys them.... They say that - the souls of men departed are always conducted to this place; but in - what manner I will explain immediately, having frequently heard it - from men of that region relating it most seriously, although I would - rather ascribe their asseverations to a certain dreamy faculty which - possesses them.—_Giles’s Ancient Britons_, I. 404. - -[Sidenote: CAW-GAP.] - -The next defile is Caw-gap; some ruined cottages, formed of Wall-stones, -stand in it. The extreme jealousy with which the Romans defended an -exposed situation is well shewn here. The fosse, which guards the pass -through the low ground, is discontinued on the western side as soon as -the Wall attains a sufficient elevation, but upon the the ground -drooping, though only for the space of a few yards, it re-appears for -that short distance. - -A road runs through this pass to the north, which soon becomes a mere -track. It passes a solitary house, called Burn Deviot, nearly due north -from the gap, which was long the resort of smugglers and sheep-stealers. -The memory of its last tenants, Nell Nichol and her two daughters, who -were a pest to the country, is still fresh in the district. Though many -years have elapsed since any one occupied the dwelling, lights are said -often to be seen at the windows at night, visible tokens of the presence -of the spirits of the murdered children of Nell’s daughters. - -[Sidenote: CAWFIELDS CRAGS.] - -The crags along which we soon find ourselves to be proceeding, possess a -perpendicular elevation of nearly five hundred feet above the plains -below. Passing another small gap, called the Thorny Doors, we come to a -tract of Wall in an excellent state of preservation. The lower courses -have lately been freed from the rubbish which for centuries has covered -them, and the fallen stones replaced in their proper order. The whole -face of the Wall has a remarkably fresh appearance, and nowhere can the -tooling of the stones be examined with more advantage. Amongst the -fallen stones, one was lately found which furnishes us with additional -evidence, that the twentieth legion was engaged in the erection of this -part of the Wall. It [Illustration: alt=Mural Stone, Leg. XX. V.V.] is -preserved amongst the antiquities at Chesters, and is represented in the -adjoining cut. This sculpture cannot have been derived from the Vallum, -in the construction of which, in the time of Hadrian, the twentieth -legion is acknowledged to have been employed; for the Vallum is here -distant more than three hundred yards from the Wall. The reader will of -course perceive the bearing which this fact has upon the question of the -contemporaneous origin of the two structures, and the construction of -the Wall, as well as the Vallum, by Hadrian. - -While the antiquary is eagerly scrutinizing indentations in stones which -were chiselled sixteen centuries ago, his eye will occasionally rest -upon the memorials of an antiquity so indefinite as to throw into the -shade even his primeval records. Lepidodendra, and other fossils of the -mill-stone-grit and coal series, are of occasional occurrence. Who shall -tell when these giant plants flourished, how they were enveloped in -their sandy bed, and how hardened into the flinty stone made use of by -the Roman soldiers? Imagination reels at the questions suggested. - -[Sidenote: PILGRIMS'-GAP.] - -We are now arrived at the most perfect mile-castle remaining on the -line, generally named, from the farm-house to the north of it, the -Cawfields Castle. The gap which it guarded was denominated by the -peripatetic party of 1849, in commemoration of their visit, the -Pilgrims’-gap, a name which is beginning to be recognised by the -inhabitants of the neighbourhood. - -[Sidenote: THE CAWFIELDS CASTELLUM.] - -Until recently, the castellum was nearly covered with its own ruins. -Since the annexed drawing was taken, the rubbish has been entirely -removed from the inside, as well as the out. - -The building is a parallelogram, but the corners at its lower side are -rounded off. It measures, inside, sixty-three feet from east to west, -and forty-nine feet from north to south. The great Wall forms its -northern side. The stones used in the construction of this building are -of the same size and character as those employed in the Wall itself; the -mortar has disappeared from between the courses of the facing-stones, -but portions of lime are seen in the grout of the interior. In the -western wall, nine courses of stones are standing. The side walls of the -castle have not been tied to the great Wall, but have been brought close -up to it, and the junction cemented with mortar. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson Delt. John Storey, Lith. - MILE-CASTLE NEAR CAW-FIELDS - Printed by W. Monkhouse York. -] - -It is provided with a gateway of large dimensions, both on its northern -and southern side. In Horsley’s day, it was a matter of doubt whether -there was any opening through the Wall, excepting at the points where -the Watling-street and the Maiden-way crossed it; the disinterment of -this mile-castle sets the question at rest, and justifies us in -believing that the passages at Busy-gap, Rapishaw-gap, and other places, -are of Roman formation. - -The gateways are formed of large slabs of rustic masonry, and to give -them full development, the walls are thicker here than in other parts. -The width of the wall at the lower gateway is nine feet three inches; at -the upper, which was, of course, the more exposed, ten feet six inches. -The opening of each gateway is ten feet. Two folding-doors have closed -the entrance, which, when thrown back, have fallen into recesses -prepared for them. Some of the pivot holes of the doors remain, which -exhibit a circular chafing, and are slightly tinged with the oxide of -iron. The security of the northern gateway did not entirely depend upon -the solidity of its masonry, or the strength of its doors. It opens upon -a sort of cliff, and the road from it does not lead directly away, but -runs for a little distance under the Wall, so as to give an opportunity -of more readily acting against an enemy. - -The masonry of the whole building, but particularly of the gateways, is -peculiarly fresh. The lines that have been lightly chiselled on some of -the large rustic slabs of the gateways, in order to guide the workmen in -correctly placing those above which project less than than the others, -are still quite distinct. The stone is of a very durable nature, but it -is difficult to conceive how such slender markings, particularly when in -a horizontal position, could long resist the action of the weather. Were -we to judge only from the appearance of the masonry, we might be led to -suppose that the building had been enveloped in its own ruins not long -after its erection—perhaps in that dreadful irruption of the Caledonians -which brought Severus to this country—and that it was never afterwards -repaired. - -In clearing out the interior of this building, no traces of party-walls, -of a substantial character at least, were found. It stands upon a slope -of about one foot in five, and, towards the hanging side of it, the -ground has been rendered horizontal by ‘made earth.’ Some fragments of -gray slate, pierced for roofing, were found among the rubbish; it is -therefore not improbable that a shed was laid against the southern wall -for the protection of the soldiers. At about the elevation which the -raised floor would reach, the Wall is, in one place, eaten away by the -action of fire. Here, probably, was the hearth round which the shivering -soldiers of the south clustered, to forget, in the recital of their -country’s tales, the fierce Caledonians who prowled around them, or the -still fiercer tempests, which all their valour and all their engineering -skill could not exclude from their dwellings. With the exception of such -sheds, or mere temporary erections, the whole building seems to have -been open above. Two large fragments of funereal slabs were found in the -castellum; one of them has been roughly shaped into a circular form, and -is reddened by fire; the letters which remain are distinct and well -formed. Has it been the hearth? The inscription has been erased from the -other. Another stone of still greater interest was found here, -furnishing additional [Illustration: Part of Slab to Hadrian] evidence -of the erection of the mile-castles by Hadrian. From the annexed cut, it -will at once be perceived that it is a duplicate of the inscription, -already described, in which the second legion endeavours to perpetuate -its name, and those of its emperor, Hadrian, and Aulus Platorius Nepos, -his legate. There cannot be a doubt that the castellum and the Wall were -built at the same time, and by the same parties; if Hadrian therefore -built the one, the other is erroneously ascribed to Severus. - -Two small silver coins were found amongst the rubbish within the -castellum, one of Vespasian, the other of Marcus Aurelius. Although -their testimony is of a negative character, it will be observed, that it -is not inconsistent with the idea, that the castle was erected in the -time of Hadrian, and with the opinion already hazarded, that it was -dismantled at an early period. There were also found large pieces of -earthen-ware, chiefly of the coarser kinds, and fragments of millstones -formed of lava, which shew that culinary operations were carried on -within these cold, bare walls, and a solitary oyster-shell among the -rubbish bore testimony to the attachment of the Romans to this article -of luxury. The mile-castle is very nearly midway between the seas. - -Besides the articles already enumerated, there were picked up within the -castellum some large glass beads of somewhat singular appearance, (Plate -VII., figs. 7, 8) and a fibula of brass. The whole of these relics are -safely deposited in the collection of antiquities at Chesters. The -interesting building is, happily, upon an estate belonging to John -Clayton, esq.; the hand of the spoiler will therefore not be allowed to -touch it. - -About one hundred and fifty yards south of the castellum, is a spring of -excellent water. Near it, about midway between the Vallum and the Wall, -an altar to Apollo was lately discovered, which will afterwards be -described. - -[Sidenote: TEMPORARY CAMP.] - -A road leads from the vicinity of the mile-castle to the town of -Haltwhistle, in the sheltered valley of the Tyne, whither, should the -shades of evening be approaching, the way-worn antiquary may be glad to -bend his steps. At the point where the path joins the modern military -road, a Roman camp will be observed. On the sides which are most -exposed, double and triple lines of earth-works have been raised. The -rock on the western face of the ground where the camp stands, has been -wrought by the Romans for stones, and the camp has given them temporary -protection. It was here that the inscription on the face of the rock, -LEG. VI. V., was discovered in 1847, as already mentioned, page 81. The -quarry, not being required for the use of the district, was shortly -afterwards closed. - -[Sidenote: HALTWHISTLE.] - -The Castle-hill at Haltwhistle is, apparently, a diluvial deposit; -ramparts, still quite distinct, run round the margin of its summit. -Several peel-houses in the town and its vicinity, will interest the -antiquary.[113] - -To those who cherish the religious views of the early Anglican -reformers, it will be interesting to remember, that this is the native -district of Nicholas Ridley, bishop and martyr. Willimoteswick-castle, -his reputed birth-place, is on the south bank of the Tyne, about three -miles below Haltwhistle.[114] - -[Sidenote: HALTWHISTLE-BURN-HEAD.] - -Rejoining the Wall, Haltwhistle-burn-head is the first object of -interest that we meet with in our course westward. The burn, to which -important reference will presently be made, is derived from the -overflowings of Greenlee-lough. Between its source, and the gap by which -it passes the ridge on which the Wall stands, it is called the Caw-burn; -below that point it bears the name of Haltwhistle-burn. - -As the width of the defile, and the passage of the stream, render this a -weak point in the barrier, the two lines of fortification approach very -near to each other; they afterwards again diverge. - -Westward of Burn-head farm-house, the fosse is boldly developed, but the -Wall is traceable only in the ruins of its foundation. As we proceed -onwards to Great Chesters, the foundations of a mile-castle which has -stood half to the north of the Wall, and half within it, may be, though -not without careful scrutiny, observed. The tower which formerly stood -at Portgate is the only other known example of a similar arrangement. - - -[Sidenote: GREAT CHESTERS.] - -ÆSICA, or Great Chesters, is the tenth stationary camp on the line of -the Wall. Its superficial contents are 3 acres, 35 poles. The ramparts -and fosse are clearly defined. The southern gateway may be traced; it is -nearer the eastern than the western side. A double rampart of earth -seems to have given additional security to the western side, which, by -situation, is the weakest. A vaulted room in the centre of the camp -still answers very correctly to the description given of it in 1800 by -Dr. Lingard, (quoted by Hodgson, II. iii. 203.) - - It is 6½ feet square, and 5 feet high. It was descended by steps, and - had, at the opposite end to its entrance, a sort of bench, raised on - mason work, 2½ feet wide and high, and covered with a slab of stone. - The roof consisted of six similar and contiguous arches of stone, each - 15 inches broad. It had also one pillar. The floor had on it a great - quantity of ashes, was flagged, and on raising one of the stones, a - spring gushed out, which converted the vault into a well. - -About one hundred and fifty yards south of the station, in a field which -has for years been furrowed by the plough, the remains of a building of -somewhat rude construction have just been discovered. Its floor, -consisting, for the most part, of the usual compost, is nearly a foot -thick. Further examination would probably disclose, in its vicinity, the -foundations of numerous suburban buildings. - -An ancient road leads from the southern gateway of the station to the -great military way which ran from CILURNUM to MAGNA. - -[Sidenote: ÆSICA.] - -The station of ÆSICA, according to the Notitia, was about the year 430, -garrisoned by the _cohors prima Astorum_.[115] Horsley (writing in 1731) -observes, that no inscriptions had been found here mentioning the first -cohort of the Asti, or any other cohort. In 1761, however, an -inscription was dug up in this station, which is now deposited in the -museum at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, recording that in the reign of Alexander -Severus (200 years before the date of the Notitia) the ‘cohors secunda -Asturum’ rebuilt a granary here which had fallen into decay from -age—‘horreum vetustate conlabsum.’ It is to be observed that the -spelling of ‘Asturum’ is similar to that of the inscription at CILURNUM, -and we do not find that the _second_ cohort, either of the Asti or -Astures, is mentioned elsewhere as part of the Roman auxiliary forces in -Britain. - -Near the eastern gateway of the station there has been lately dug up a -large mural tablet, shewn in the wood-cut, and bearing the following -inscription: - -[Illustration: - - IMP. CÆS. TRAI[A]N. HADRIA - NO AVG. P[ATRI] P[ATRIÆ]. - - To the emperor Cæsar Trajanus Hadria- - nus Augustus, the father of his country. -] - -It is not probable that this slab has been derived from the Vallum, -which is upwards of a quarter of a mile from the station.[116] Why the -upper part of the tablet was left blank does not appear; enough, -however, has been inserted to support the theory, that Hadrian built the -Wall. Although several of the stations were probably built before the -Wall, and were quite independent of it, this can scarcely have been one -of them; its position seems to indicate that it was called into -existence in order to accommodate the mural garrison. - -[Illustration: - - _SURVEYED BY I. T. W. BELL 1860_ _A. Reid’s Lithog. 117 - Pilgrim St. Newcastle._ - Plan of - AN ANCIENT WATER COURSE EXTENDING FROM - SAUGHY BIG WASH POOL TO ÆSICA GREAT-CHESTERS. -] - -[Sidenote: ETYMOLOGY OF ÆSICA.] - -Celtic authorities all agree in tracing the name ÆSICA to a word -signifying _water_. The propriety of such an appellation does not at -first sight appear. The camp is far from either the eastern or western -sea; no lake is visible from its ramparts; the only water which is near -is the Haltwhistle-burn, a somewhat tiny stream. The low ground to the -south has a fenny aspect, but the station itself stands high and dry, -though upon a part of the mural ridge less elevated than usual. It is -not improbable that it may have derived its name from an aqueduct which -leads the water from the Greenlee-lough to the camp. As this -water-course has hitherto escaped the notice of writers upon the Wall, -and is a work of considerable interest, a somewhat detailed description -of it may be allowable. - - - THE WATER-COURSE AT ÆSICA. - - The camp, though not greatly elevated, stands higher than the ground, - either north or south of it. The country to the north, though - generally flat, is studded with numerous hills of moderate elevation. - On the sides of some of these, about two-thirds up, may be noticed a - line that reminds the spectator of the parallel roads in Glenroy and - other places. On examination, it is found to be an artificial cutting, - made with evident reference to the maintenance of the water level. The - sections given in Plate XVI., shew its size and form. In some places - the water stands in it yet; in others a mass of peat fills it; and - very frequently, where the channel has been obliterated, its course is - shewn by a line of rushes, which grow on the damp ground. Wherever the - water-course can be distinctly discerned, it has been laid down in the - accompanying plan by a green line; where the traces of it are lost, - the line of the water level has been pursued, and is indicated by dots - of the same colour. - -[Sidenote: THE WATER-COURSE.] - - The whole length of the water-course is six miles; the distance in a - straight line is little more than two miles and a quarter. It takes - its commencement at the Saughy-rig-washpool, which is formed by the - occasional damming up of the Caw-burn, at about a mile from its exit - from the Greenlee-lough. In the immediate vicinity of the burn, the - side of the water-course next the rivulet which would be endangered by - the overflowing of the natural stream, is made up with flat stones put - in endwise, some of which still remain as shewn in the section at B, - in the plan. In its course to the station, in order at once to - preserve the level, and avoid the necessity of using forced - embankments or stone aqueducts, it is taken along the sides of the - moderately elevated hills which rise from the plain. So ingeniously is - this done, that once only has it been necessary to cross a valley by - an artificial mound of earth. This has been at a spot between the - third and fourth mile of the water-course, and which is still known in - the district by the name of Benks-bridge, though probably few of the - inhabitants are aware of the evident origin of the term. Some - ingenuity has been employed in fixing the site of this mound. It is - placed in that part of the valley where there is a slight descent on - each side of it; the drainage of the surface is thus provided for - without the use of a culvert; the surface water on the west, naturally - making for the Halt-whistle-burn, that on the east for the river - Tipalt. The mound which has taken the water-course across the valley - at Benks-bridge has entirely disappeared, having probably been - absorbed, in the course of ages, by the mossy ground on which it - stood. The whole fall of the water-course, reckoning from the - Wash-pool to the bottom of the arched chamber in the centre of the - station is thirty feet. This is distributed over its entire length in - the way shewn in the following table:— - - ft. in. m. f. c. ft. in. - - Commencing at A 0 0 At 2 6 0½ 11 10 fall - - m. f. c. 2 7 5 E 14 4 ” - - 0 0 6 B 2 10 fall. 3 0 0 21 6 ” - - 0 1 5 3 10 ” 3 0 3 23 7 ” - - 0 2 4 3 7 ” 3 0 6 23 5 ” - - 0 3 4½ 3 7 ” 3 1 3 29 10 ” - - 0 4 9 3 6 ” 3 3 5 25 3 ” - - 0 6 0 3 7 ” 3 5 0 North end, 25 4 ” - Benks-bridge. - - 0 7 8½ 4 0 ” 3 5 0 South end, 29 7 ” - Do. - - 1 0 6½ 4 1½ ” 4 1 5 29 9 ” - - 1 1 3½ 3 7 ” 4 5 8 29 11 ” - - 1 3 2½ 3 6 ” 5 3 5½ 28 6 ” - - 1 4 0 C 3 10 ” 5 4 4 28 11 ” - - 2 0 5 5 9 ” 5 5 5 29 0 ” - - 2 1 6½ 11 4 ” 6 0 0 Present 30 4 ” - bottom of - arched - chamber in - centre of - station. - - 2 2 9½ D 11 2 ” - - The nature of the ground threw considerable difficulties in the way of - the engineer, which accounts for the exceedingly tortuous nature of - the track pursued. It is indeed remarkable that without the aid of - accurate levelling instruments, any one could be so fully assured that - the requisite fall existed as to venture upon the task of its - formation. The workmen in the execution of the design probably drew - the water along with them as they proceeded. In one place, (G) they - seem to have made too free with the fall, and after proceeding for - some distance, (upwards of a furlong) have retraced their steps, and - constructed the cutting at a higher level. In crossing the valleys, - there is sometimes an unusual loss of fall. This is particularly the - case at the third mile (E) where there is a difference in the level of - the course, on the opposite side of the slack, of nearly ten feet. - This valley is permeated by a streamlet, and to take the water across - it at the level previously preserved, a stone aqueduct would have been - necessary. Appearances seem to indicate that an easier plan was - adopted. A dam being formed across the hanging side of the valley, the - water of the course was allowed to deliver itself freely into it, and - eventually rising after the manner of a mill-head to the level of the - course on the western side, pursued its way as before. That this plan - was the result of a change in the design of the architect seems - evident, for on the eastern side of the valley a second cutting (E) - has been made at a lower level than the other, apparently with the - view of leading the water more gradually to the lower point. - - Unfortunately all traces of the water-course are lost for some - distance before approaching the station, so that it cannot be - ascertained where it entered it, if it did so at all. - - That some important object was gained by the formation of so long a - cutting is undoubted, but what that object was is a perplexing - question. It can scarcely be supposed that the garrison at ÆSICA were - dependent for their daily supply of so important an article as water - upon an open cutting outside the Barrier. The feeblest of their foes - could, in an instant, cut off the provision. No doubt the country, for - some distance north of the Wall, was held in subjection by the Roman - forces, but when the Wall was built, and the station planned, such was - not the case. The station itself is not destitute of water. A well, - sunk some years ago, to the depth of twenty-four feet, yields to the - tenants of the farm-house an unfailing supply. I am disposed to think - that the water brought by the cutting was to give to the north rampart - of the station the advantage of a wet ditch. By throwing an embankment - across the depression on the north of the station, as it begins to - slope down to the bed of the Haltwhistle-burn, a considerable body of - water would lodge here. The station of ÆSICA was an important one. In - a particularly wild district, at an unusual distance from the great - lines of Roman communication, and close beside the great opening in - the mural ridge, by which the waters of the Forest of Lowes effect a - passage to the low grounds, it would be peculiarly exposed to the - attacks of the enemy. Although somewhat elevated above the ground - north of the Wall, it is not so much so as to be impregnable on that - quarter. A body of water collected here to keep the enemy at a still - greater distance might not be beneath the attention of the garrison. - Any temporary interference with the aqueduct would in this case be - productive of no inconvenience. The existence of a water-course on the - enemy’s side of the Wall at HUNNUM, which may have served a similar - purpose, has already been noticed. At BREMENIUM, High Rochester, some - guttered stones, covered with flags, were recently found lying in a - direction which led to the supposition, that they brought water from - some springs outside the station to the eastern moat. - - In the Archæologia Æliana[117] is a plan and description of an ancient - aqueduct, which brought water from some distant rivulets to the - station at Lanchester. It consists of two branches, the longer of - which is nearly four miles in extent. Earthen embankments, to preserve - the level, are occasionally used in both of them, and, as they run - over sandy ground, the bottom of them has been puddled. The two lines, - after uniting, deliver their water into a reservoir outside the - station, near to its south-west corner. That the water of this - aqueduct cannot have been used for domestic purposes appears from what - Hodgson, the author of the paper, adds—‘Several wells have, from time - to time, been discovered here by labourers, on the outside of the - walls, and there is a plentiful spring at a short distance from where - the bath stood.’ - - Whatever may have been the object served, the water-course at ÆSICA is - a striking memorial of the skill, forethought, and industry of the - Roman garrisons. At the present day, in a highly civilized country, - and after the enjoyment of a long period of internal peace, we are but - beginning to see the necessity of bringing water from a distance into - our large towns. An individual garrison, exposed to all the hazards of - war, scrupled not, even fourteen or sixteen centuries ago, for some - purpose which they thought important, to cut a water-course six miles - long! - - It is not a little remarkable too, that after the lapse of so long a - period, the cutting should be distinctly visible through so large a - portion of its track. - - The view which is here taken of the object of the water-course is not - given because it is absolutely satisfactory, but because it presents - the fewest difficulties. We might have expected that if a miniature - lake had been formed on the north of the station, some remains of the - embankment necessary to confine its waters would appear; none are, - however, to be observed. The soil, on being turned up, has not the - black and sludgy aspect, which might be anticipated, but is of a - yellow hue; the bottom of a pond at Wall-mill, which was drained - within living memory, has, however, a precisely similar appearance. - -To the south of Great Chesters is Wall-mill, near to which the burying -ground of the station seems to have been. Brand observed here several -remarkable barrows, and was shewn some of the graves which had been -opened. ‘They consisted,’ he tells us, ‘of side stones set down into the -earth, and covered at top with other larger stones.’ He took them to be -very early Christian sepulchres; this is more than doubtful. The -progress of agricultural improvement has obliterated all traces of the -cemetery; to one, however, of its sepulchral monuments reference will -afterwards be made. - -The Romans systematically avoided intra-mural interments. The following -is one of the laws of the Twelve Tables: - - HOMINEM MORTUUM IN URBE NE SEPELITO NEVE URITO. - -It is remarkable that at so early a period of the history of the -republic, attention should have been turned to this subject, and that in -a digest of legislation so brief as that referred to, this should form -one of the enactments. - - -[Sidenote: COCK-MOUNT-HILL.] - -Shortly after leaving ÆSICA, the crags again appear, and the Wall -ascends the heights. At Cock-mount-hill, about a quarter of a mile -forward, the Murus is four or five feet high. On the Ollalee ground, it -is six and seven feet high, and shews on the north, nine courses of -facing-stones; at another place, ten courses appear, and the height is -six feet four inches.[118] The earth-works are seen in the valley below, -covered with the whin, called by botanists, _Genista Anglica_. The -continuous sandstone ridge is deeply scarred with ancient quarries.[119] -Here the view is most extensive, Skiddaw, Crossfell, and other -celebrated summits, shewing themselves conspicuously on the south, and -Burnswark, a peculiar flat-topped eminence, and several more distant -hills, on the north. A truncated pyramid of stones and earth, used by -the ordnance surveyors,[120] has been left upon the elevated ridge, -called Mucklebank-crag. - -[Sidenote: WALLTOWN-CRAGS.] - -The next defile that we reach is a very wide one, and is denominated -Walltown crags. Walltown consists of a single house, which, though now -occupied by the tenant of the farm, bears marks of having formerly been -a place of strength, and the residence of persons of consideration. -Ridley the Martyr refers with much affection in his valedictory letter -to his brother who resided here:— - - Farewell, my dearly beloved brother John Ridley of the Waltoune, and - you my gentle and loving sister, Elizabeth, whom, besides the natural - league of amity, your tender love, which you were said ever to bear - towards me above the rest of your brethren, doth bind me to love. My - mind was to have acknowledged this your loving affection, and to have - requited it with deeds, and not with words alone. Your daughter - Elizabeth I bid farewell, whom I love for the meek and gentle spirit - that God hath given her, which is a precious thing in the sight of - God. - -In the crevices of the whin rock, near the house, chives grow -abundantly. The general opinion of the country is, that they are the -produce of plants cultivated by the Romans, who were much addicted to -the use of this and kindred vegetables. This belief is but a -modification of the more extended statements of our earliest writers on -the Wall. Sampson Erdeswicke in 1574, says— - - The Skotts lyches, or surgeons, do yerely repayr to the sayd Roman - Wall next to thes, (Caer Vurron) to gether sundry herbs for surgery, - for that it is thought that the Romaynes there by had planted most - nedefull herbes for sundry purposes, but howsoever it was, these - herbes are fownd very wholesome. - -Camden gives an account precisely similar. - -On the eastern declivity of the gap, and near the line of the Wall, is a -well, which, in the district, is generally called king Arthur’s Well. -Brand, however, gives a different account of it:— - - At Walltown, I saw the well wherein Paulinus is said to have baptized - king Ecfrid. It has evidently been enclosed, which indicates something - remarkable in so open and wild a country. Some wrought stones lay near - it. The water is very cool and fine. - -The western ascent is steep. Hutton tells us he was sometimes obliged to -crawl on all fours. On the summit are evident traces of a mile-castle. - -[Illustration: Nine-nicks of Thirlwall] - -[Sidenote: NINE-NICKS OF THIRLWALL.] - -We now enter upon a most interesting part of the line. The mural ridge, -divided by frequent breaks into as many isolated crags, is denominated -the Nine Nicks of Thirlwall. The view from the edge of the cliff is -extensive; stunted trees unite with the craggy character of the rock in -giving variety to the foreground. The Wall adheres, with tolerable -pertinacity, to the edge of the crags, and hence pursues a course that -is by no means direct. The accompanying wood-cut, which exhibits the -view looking eastwards, shews the zig-zag path which it adopts. Nearly -all our historians agree in stating that the most perfect specimens of -the Wall now remaining, are on Walltown crags. Certain it is that all -who have examined the other parts of the Wall with care, will visit this -with peculiar pleasure; but such are the varied features which each -section of the Barrier presents, and the consequent interest which each -excites, that it is difficult to determine which part, on the whole, is -most worthy of attention. - -[Sidenote: WALLTOWN-CRAGS.] - -For a considerable distance along the crags, the Wall is in excellent -preservation, presenting, on the north side, in several places, ten -courses of facing-stones, and in one, twelve. In the highest part it is -eight feet nine inches high, and nine feet thick. The military way may -in many places be seen, avoiding very dexterously the more abrupt -declivities of its rocky path. - -At length the cliffs, which extend in a nearly unbroken series from -Sewingshields to Carvoran, sink into a plain, and the fertility and the -beauty of a well-cultivated country re-appear. - -However pleasing the change, the traveller will not fail occasionally to -look back upon the road he has trod, and view with secret satisfaction -those bold and airy heights which so well symbolize the austere and -undaunted spirit of that great people whose works he is contemplating; -and when in after years, and it may be in some region far distant, the -image of them rises in his imagination, he will be ready to exclaim— - - I feel the gales that from ye blow - A momentary bliss bestow. - - -[Sidenote: CARVORAN.] - -MAGNA, the modern Carvoran, lies to the south both of the Vallum and -Wall. The nature of the ground in its neighbourhood seems to have -dictated this arrangement. The Wall occupies the edge of a strip of -elevated ground, the benefit of which, as a position of strength against -an enemy, it was desirable not to lose. Had the station been placed as -usual on the line of the Wall, the Vallum, in skirting its southern -rampart, would have been brought into a swamp that occupies the valley -between the high ground on which the Wall stands, and the somewhat -commanding site of the station. Both the lines of the Barrier have -therefore been allowed to pursue their parallel course nearly together, -and the station has been placed about two hundred and fifty yards within -the Wall, on a platform which is sufficiently defended on the south by -the declivity that slopes from it to the modern village of Greenhead. - -It is not impossible, however, that MAGNA may have been one of -Agricola’s forts, the valley, through which the river Tipalt flows, -requiring the adoption of this method of resisting the aggressions of -the Caledonians. - -The station has enclosed an area of four acres and a half. Having, a few -years ago, been brought under tillage, it is with difficulty that even -its outline can now be traced; some fragments of the north rampart, -however, remain, and the north fosse is distinct.[121] - -[Sidenote: MAGNA.] - -In the front of the farm-house which was erected in the year—long to be -remembered in these parts—1745, is built up a Roman altar, apparently -without an inscription. In the garden, and behind the dwelling, are -several other interesting memorials of Roman occupation. Amongst them -are broken capitals and fragments of columns, moulded coping-stones, -gutter-stones, and troughs, of various shapes and rude construction. -Several bases of columns lie scattered about, the prevailing form of -which is square, as shewn in Plate XIII., fig. 5; one of them is, -however, of circular shape, and is ornamented with a cable-pattern -moulding, resembling the Housesteads pedestal, given in Plate XI.[122] -There are also preserved here a small altar, in perfect preservation, -inscribed, D[E]O BE[L]ATVCADRO, some imperfect altars, several centurial -stones, a broken effigy of the bird of Jove, a pair of bronze shears -(figured of the full size on Plate XIV., fig. 1), evidently, from their -proportions, meant to be handled by fair fingers, fragments of Samian -ware and amphoræ, a few beads, and some implements of iron. Amongst the -articles disinterred from the stations on the line, there are generally -to be found numerous small flat circular implements, of which examples -are engraved (of the full size) on Plate XI. They vary from half-an-inch -to two inches in diameter, and have a circular hole in the centre. For -the most part they are composed of sherds of Samian ware, occasionally, -of jet, and of amber; at Carvoran are some of rude shape, made of -imperfectly burnt clay and shale. Various conjectures have been hazarded -respecting their use; the most probable is, that they were employed as -tallies, the small beads representing units, the large, tens. In the inn -at Glenwhelt are preserved a magnificent pair of stag’s horns, nearly -perfect, which were found in the well of the station; each antler is a -yard long. In the possession of the Society of Antiquaries, -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, are several valuable inscribed stones derived from -this station, which have been presented by Colonel Coulson of Blenkinsop -Hall. - - _PLATE XIV._ - -[Illustration: - - Lamp, Fibula, Shears, and Compasses -] - -MAGNA, during the days of Roman occupation, must have been a place of -considerable importance. Not only did the road which leads directly from -CILURNUM, come up to it, but the Maiden-way, from Whitley Castle and the -south, ran through it, as is supposed, to Bewcastle and the other -stations north of the Wall, as shewn on the Map, Plate I. - -Rejoining the lines of the Barrier, we find them about to descend into -the valley watered by the Tipalt, _insaniens flumen_, as Camden calls -it. The moat of the Wall is peculiarly well developed, that of the -Vallum, though less so, is still distinct; they are exactly parallel to -each other. Before the traveller forsakes his present elevation, it will -be well for him to mark the westward course of the objects of his study, -lest he lose their track in the swampy ground fronting Thirlwall Castle. -A valley of considerable extent stretches before him; on the north brow -of it, at the distance of about three miles, Gilsland Spa is situated; -the works of the Barrier stand upon its southern edge. The trough of the -north fosse may easily be discerned where it is intersected by the -railway. - -It has been suggested that one of the objects contemplated by the Romans -in the construction of a double line of fortification, was the enclosure -of a space of ground which might be cultivated by the garrison, and -where their cattle might graze in security. If this had been the case, -the Wall would have been drawn along the northern margin of the wide and -fruitful valley of Gilsland, and the Vallum along its southern edge. - -[Sidenote: THIRLWALL CASTLE.] - -Thirlwall Castle is, as Hutchinson calls it, ‘a dark, melancholy -fortress’ of the middle age.[123] It was for many centuries previous to -its purchase by the ancestors of the earl of Carlisle, the residence of -an ancient Northumbrian family of the name of Thirlwall. Amongst the -witnesses examined on the occasion of the famous suit between the -families of Scrope and Grosvenor, for the right to bear the shield -‘azure, a bend or,’ which was opened at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1385, -before king Richard II. in person, was John Thirlwall, an esquire of -Northumberland. The witness related what he had heard on the subject of -the dispute, from his father, who ‘died at the age of 145, and was when -he died the oldest esquire in all the North, and had been in arms in his -time sixty-nine years.’ Such is the language of the record of these -proceedings, preserved in the Tower of London. - -This locality may also bring to the reader’s remembrance the lines in -Marmion— - - The whiles a Northern harper rude - Chaunted a rhyme of deadly feud, - ‘_How the fierce Thirlwalls, and Ridleys all, - Stout Willimondswick, - And Hardriding Dick, - And Hughie of Hawdon, and Will o’ the Wall, - Have set on Sir Albany Featherstonhaugh, - And taken his life at the Deadman’s-shaw_.’— - -It is not generally known that this ‘ancient ditty,’ which sir Walter -Scott gives at length in a note as a genuine antique, is a modern -fabrication, the production of his correspondent Surtees, the historian -of Durham. The ballad, however, breathes the very spirit of the fierce -borderers, or it would not have deceived so accomplished an antiquary as -Scott. - -The walls of the castle are nine feet thick, and are faced, both inside -and outside, with stones taken from the Roman Wall. It is a singular -thing to see a building, formed out of a prior structure, itself in -ruins, and becoming a prey to yet more modern depredators. The stones -remain meanwhile, whether in the primeval structure, or in those of -mediæval and recent date, as good as ever. Brand observes— - - There is built up near the inn at Glenwhelt, a most barbarous, - gigantic head of stone, which is most certainly not Roman. It came - from Thirlwall Castle, and has no doubt belonged to some of those - hideous figures made use of anciently in such castles to frighten the - distant enemy. - -Brand’s original still graces the vicinity of the inn, and its effigy, -this page. Its ugliness is no proof that it is not Roman; but, after -all, whose beauty would not be tarnished by exposure such as it has -endured? - -[Illustration: Stone Effigy] - -[Sidenote: CENTRAL REGION OF THE BARRIER.] - -That portion of the line which lies between the Tipalt and the Irthing -is probably weaker than any other between Wallsend and Bowness. Not only -is the ground flat, but it is destitute of the aid which copious rivers -give it, both at its eastern and western extremities. Throughout the -whole of this district, both barriers keep close together. Except in the -neighbourhood of Rose-hill, no portion of the stone Wall remains in all -this tract. - -The country between the Tipalt and the Solway is characterized by a -number of diluvial hills, not unfrequently resembling barrows. To the -south of Brampton, they are so numerous and so nearly uniform in size -and shape as to suggest to the playful imagination the idea of their -being gigantic mole-hills. The occurrence of these in the line of the -Barrier must have caused some trouble to the engineer of the Wall. The -difficulty, however, was overcome. The first hill of this description -that we meet with, occurs immediately westward of the point where the -Newcastle and Carlisle railroad crosses the mural line. The Wall -unhesitatingly ascends it on the one side, and descends it on the other, -though it would scarcely have described a larger arc had it gone round -its base. - -[Sidenote: VALLUM AT WALLEND.] - -About half-a-mile onward is a small village, called Wallend. The -earth-works are, for a short distance, in an admirable state of -preservation; nowhere else is the Vallum seen to greater advantage. - -A peculiarity in the relative position of the Wall and Vallum will here -force itself upon the attention. The Wall, which, for the larger portion -of its course, stands considerably above the Vallum, now takes a lower -level, and for nearly the whole space between this point and the -Irthing, is completely commanded by the earthen ramparts. The following -diagram will give a general idea of the country, and of the mutual -relation between the two structures. Had the Wall (A) and Vallum (B) -been independent undertakings, this arrangement would not have been -adopted. The earth-works ascribed to Hadrian having been found -inefficient, would have been relentlessly cut in upon by the officers of -Severus, who would doubtless have planted the Wall in those positions -which were naturally the strongest, irrespective of any prior work. As -it is, to give the Vallum the advantage of an eminence in resisting a -southern foe, the Wall relinquishes a portion of the acclivity which it -might with advantage have taken. - -[Illustration: Section of Works near Wallend] - -[Sidenote: CHAPEL HOUSE.] - -Chapel-house and Fowl-town, two contiguous farm-houses, are next met -with in our course. Chapel-house is probably the site of a mile-castle, -it having been constructed out of the materials of a [Illustration: Slab -to Hadrian, by Leg. XX. V. V.] prior building, which boasted walls of -great thickness. An inscribed stone, of which the woodcut is a copy, is -to be seen lying in an out-house, from the walls of which it has -recently been taken. The letters on one end have been worn away. The -inscription may be read— - - NERVÆ N[EPOTI] - TRA[IANO] HADRIA[NO] - AVG[VSTO] - LEG. XX. VV. - - To the grandson of Nerva, - Trajanus Hadrianus - Augustus, - The twentieth legion, valiant and victorious. - -This is another testimony which recent research has brought to light, of -the part which Hadrian and the twentieth legion bore in the -construction, both of the Wall and the Vallum. - -At the village of Gap, the Vallum, which is very distinct, stands -considerably above the Wall. The place is said to take its name from the -Wall having been broken through here at an early period. - -Rose-hill is a hill no longer. The top of the diluvial mount was thrown -into the surrounding hollow, in order to afford a site for the railway -station, that has assumed the name of the summit which it displaced. - -[Sidenote: MUMP’S HALL.] - -In the immediate neighbourhood of Rose-hill is Mump’s-hall, formerly the -residence of the Meg Merrilies of sir Walter Scott:— - - 'Mump’s-hall,' says Hodgson, 'according to tradition, was once a - public-house, kept by a notorious person of the name of Meg Teasdale, - who drugged to death such of her guests as had money. In Guy Mannering - she glares in the horrid character of Meg Merrilies. But certainly all - this tradition is deeply coloured with unpardonable slander against - the ancient and respectable family of the Teasdales of Mump’s-hall.' - - Sir Walter Scott was in early life an occasional resident at Gilsland. - The broad, flat stone is pointed out, a little above the Shaws Hotel, - on which tradition asserts he was standing when he declared to the - subsequent lady Scott the emotions which agitated his bosom. He had - therefore the opportunity of becoming acquainted with the district and - its traditions. - - The small thatched cottage, opposite to the road leading from the - railway station, is usually pointed out as the residence of Meg, but - it is not the one which was occupied by her. She lived in the larger - building beyond, round which the road bends at a right angle. The - front of the house is modernized, but the back of it still retains the - character of a border fortress. My information upon this and other - subjects respecting her, has been derived from an individual residing - in the district, whose mother knew Meg well, and visited her upon her - death-bed. Although the heroine of Mump’s-hall was cast in a mould - somewhat suited to the state of the district at that time, she was not - the fiend-like woman that she is generally represented. One murder, - however, the tradition of the country lays to her charge. A pedlar - having called upon Meg’s brother, who kept a school at Long Byers - (mid-way between Rose-hill and Greenhead), accidentally presented to - him a box filled with guineas instead of his snuff-box. The traveller - was requested to convey a note to Mump’s-hall, which he did, but was - not seen alive afterwards. Suspicion arising, the house was searched, - and the body found concealed among hay in the barn; but the parties - who made the discovery durst not reveal it, for fear of injury to - themselves and families. About six weeks afterwards the body was found - lying upon the moors. My informant added to his narrative—‘probably - the laws were not so active in those days as at present, for these - things could not escape now.’ - - When Meg was upon her death-bed, the curiosity of the neighbourhood - was excited, and many of her cronies visited her, in hopes of hearing - her disburthen her conscience respecting the death of the pedlar. They - were, however, disappointed; for whenever she attempted to speak upon - the subject, some one of the family, who always took care to be - present, placed a hand upon her mouth. - - Upper Denton church is hard by. It is evidently a very ancient - building, and possibly exhibits some Saxon work. It is one of the - smallest churches in England, and is as damp and mouldy as felons’ - dungeons used to be. Meg and several of the members of her family lie - in the church-yard. Four tombstones, ranged in a row, mark their - resting places. - -[Sidenote: POLTROSS-BURN.] - -The works of the Barrier are crossed by the railway a little to the west -of Rose-hill station. The Wall here exhibits three or four courses of -facing-stones. A little beyond this point, the lines, still clearly -defined, cross the stream called Poltross-burn, which divides the -counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. The gorge in which the stream -flows is deep and well-wooded. There are no remains of a bridge in the -valley, but traces of a mile-castle, by which the defile has been -guarded, are distinct upon its western bank. Before reaching the -Irthing, at a farm-house called Willowford, the site of another -castellum may be discerned. From this point to the water’s edge, the -Wall and Vallum have probably gone in close companionship; but this is a -matter which cannot now be ascertained. The western bank of the river is -lofty and precipitous. Consisting, as it does, chiefly of diluvial soil -and gravel, on which the water of the stream below is continually -acting, it is not surprising that all traces of the Wall, if it ever -ascended the height, have long since disappeared. On the very brink of -the precipice above, the remains of the Wall and fosse re-appear. The -faithful followers of the Wall, who have closely pursued its track from -the eastern sea, will not be willing to desert their companion, even for -a brief space, at this point. The cliff, however, will test their -constancy. Hutton had his troubles; he says, somewhat magniloquently— - -[Sidenote: PASSAGE OF THE IRTHING.] - - I had this river to cross, and this mountain to ascend, but I did not - know how to perform either. I effected a passage over the river by the - assistance of stones as large as myself, sometimes in and sometimes - out; but, with difficulty, reached the summit of the precipice by a - zig-zag line, through the brambles, with a few scratches. - -The latest historian of the Wall attempted to ascend the bank in a right -line; he has given us the result of his experience, as a warning to -others. - - None of the party completely succeeded in ascending the precipitous - bank by the course of the Wall. The attempt is very dangerous, and, as - success accomplishes nothing, should never be tried by those whose - life and existence are in any way useful. - -On the top of the cliff is a mile-castle. To the north, two conical -summits appear, which strongly resemble barrows. We now approach -Birdoswald, the twelfth station on the line. - -[Sidenote: AMBOGLANNA.] - -AMBOGLANNA, the Birdoswald of the present day, is an interesting -station. [Illustration: alt=Altar to Jupiter, by Coh. I. Ael. Dac.] -Numerous inscriptions have been found within its walls, mentioning the -first cohort of the Dacians, surnamed the Ælian, which, according to the -Notitia, was quartered at AMBOGLANNA. One of them, in the possession of -Robert Bell, esq., of the Nook, Irthington, is here figured. - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - ET N[VMINIBVS] AVG[VSTI] - COH[ORS] PRIMA AEL[IA] - DAC[ORVM] CVI PR[ÆEST] - GALLICVS - TR[I]B[VNVS] - - To Jupiter, the best and greatest, - And the deities of Augustus, - The first cohort (the Ælian) - Of the Dacians, commanded by - Gallicus, - The Tribune. - -The name AMBOGLANNA seems to signify, the circling glen. The former part -of the word, meaning _about_, is met with in most of the western -languages; as the Welsh _am_, the Irish and Gaelic _umain_, the Saxon -_ymb_ or _embe_, the Greek αμφι, and the Latin (in compound words) -_amb_. _Glanna_ is obviously synonymous with the modern _glen_, a term -of very frequent use in the land of the Gäel. - -Here the name has been most appropriately bestowed. The camp stands upon -the precipitous edge of a tongue of land, which, on every side except -the west, is severed from the adjoining ground by deep scars. Hodgson -describes the spot with great accuracy— - - The Irthing, in front of the station, makes two grand and sweeping - turns, under red scars, which have rich flat grounds before them, - deeply fringed along the margin of the river with a border of alder, - heckberry (_Prunus Padus_, or bird-cherry,) and other upland trees. - When the banks are not steep, they are deeply wooded: and diluvial - hills, rounded into vast and beautiful varieties of form, present to - the eye rich sylvan and cultivated scenes, while their component - parts, as the river passes their sides, expose to the geologist - rounded specimens of the different kinds of rocks to be found in the - plains of Cumberland, and the high mountains that lie on each side of - the Firth of the Solway. - -[Sidenote: BIRDOSWALD.] - -The modern name presents greater difficulties than the ancient one. Had -king Oswald been a denizen of these parts, which he was not, we might -have supposed that Birdoswald was a _burgh_ of his. The name is one of -old standing, but the etymology of it can only be a subject of -conjecture.[124] - -The station contains an area of between five and six acres. The walls -are in an unusually good state of preservation; the southern rampart -shewing eight courses of facing-stones. Camden’s statement is still true -to the letter;—‘it has been surrounded with a stately wall of -free-stone, about five feet thick, as may be fairly measured at this -day.’ The moat which surrounded the wall may also be satisfactorily -traced. - -Although the Wall adapts itself to the north rampart of the fort, the -station is entirely independent of the Wall (see the wood-cut _p._ 84), -and must have been built before it. Probably the first step taken in the -construction of the Barrier, in every case, was the erection of the -stationary camps. - -The Vallum cannot now be traced in the immediate vicinity of the -station; but Gordon tells us, that it came close up to the southern -rampart. - -[Illustration: West Gateway, Birdoswald, Amboglanna] - -The southern gateway may be discerned, though it is encumbered with -rubbish; the eastern and western have recently been divested of much of -the matter that has for ages obscured them. The wood-cut, representing -the western portal, as seen from the inside, exhibits the pivot-holes of -the gates, and the ruts worn by the chariots or wagons of the Romans. -The ruts are nearly four feet two inches apart, the precise gauge of the -chariot marks in the east gateway at Housesteads. The more perfect of -the pivot-holes exhibits a sort of spiral grooving, which seems to have -been formed with a view of rendering the gate self-closing. The aperture -in the sill of the doorway, near the lower jamb, has been made -designedly, as a similar vacuity occurs in the eastern portal; perhaps -the object of it has been to allow of the passage of the surface water -from the station. - -The whole area of the camp is marked with the lines of streets and the -ruins of buildings. The present farm-house occupies, according to -Horsley, the site of the pretorium. On the east side of the southern -gateway are the remains of a kiln for drying corn; the stones are -reddened by fire. Near the eastern gateway a building, furnished with a -hypocaust, has been partially excavated. From its ruins a sculptured -figure, draped, and in a sitting posture, has recently been taken. The -head and other highly relieved parts were found to have been broken off: -it remains on the ground. - -[Illustration: Mural Stone, Leg. VI. V. F.] - -A large altar with an inscription, which is in a great measure -illegible, lies within the walls of the camp. A stone broken in two -pieces, and which is preserved on the spot, bears testimony to the -presence of the sixth legion here; it may be read, LEGIO SEXTA VICTRIX -FIDELIS—The Sixth legion the Victorious and Faithful. - -[Sidenote: AMBOGLANNA.] - -The boldness of the lettering, and the depth and clearness of the -cutting, give reason to suppose that the inscription is of early date. -Besides these, several centurial stones, mill-stones, and coping-stones, -as well as portions of tile, and fragments of pottery, are preserved in -the farm-house, and yield to the visitor indubitable proofs of Roman -occupation. In draining the field to the west of the station, many small -altars, without inscriptions, have been found, which were remorselessly -broken, and used with other materials for filling the drains. Strange, -that altars before which Romans of ‘fierce countenance’ have bowed, -should be put to such a use! - - Imperious Cæsar, dead, and turned to clay, - Might stop a hole to keep the wind away: - O, that the earth which kept the world in awe, - Should patch a wall to expel the winter’s flaw! - -On the east of the station are extensive and well-defined marks of -suburban buildings. - -The accompanying lithograph is taken from the western side of the -station. It well represents the chilly and somewhat forbidding aspect of -this now nearly deserted place. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - BIRDOSWALD, WESTERN RAMPART. - Printed by W. Monkhouse, York. -] - -Westward of Birdoswald, the Wall is in an unusually good state of -preservation. Taking into account, not only the height, but the length -of the fragment, and the completeness of the facing-stones on both -sides, it may be pronounced the finest specimen of the great structure -that now remains. Some portions of it, however, are beginning to exhibit -evident signs of decrepitude and decay. - -[Illustration: Section of Works, Wallbours] - -Within a short mile of the station, the remains of a castellum appear. -Here the Vallum exhibits the unusual feature of a second ditch, as is -represented in the subjoined section.[125] Hodgson says— - - Through a bog, about a mile west of AMBOGLANNA, the Vallum has had two - ditches, probably intended for draining the military road that ran - between them. They are still very distinct. - -A careful examination of the spot induces me to think, that the -additional fortification was intended to give increased security to a -defile, which, running from the vicinity of the Wall to the bed of the -Irthing below, renders the works in this part more than usually liable -to attack from the south. - -[Sidenote: THE WORKS AT WALLBOURS.] - -At the western extremity of this extra ditch, the Wall and Vallum come -into close proximity; the space between them was, with the exception of -room for the military way, occupied by the foundations of a castellum. -The place bears the name of Wallbours. - -The Barrier next crosses a small hill called the Pike. The Vallum is a -little below the summit of the eminence, on its southern side; if this -fortification had been formed irrespective of the Wall, it would -doubtless have been drawn along the top of the height. The same remark -applies to Hare-hill. - -The view from the Pike, of the flat and fertile vale below is truly -magnificent. - -[Sidenote: THE WALL AT HARE-HILL.] - -Soon after passing Banks-burn, we arrive at Hare-hill, where a portion -of the Wall stands nine feet ten inches in height. This is the highest -piece of the Wall that is anywhere to be met with; but, owing to the -smallness of the fragment, and to its being entirely deprived of -facing-stones, it is less imposing than it would otherwise be. Hutton’s -enthusiasm, however, never fails him; his remark at Hare-hill is— - - I viewed this relick with admiration: I saw no part higher. - -At this point of our progress, the antiquary may be disposed to turn -aside for a little, to view two relics of the mediæval period of great -interest—Lanercost Priory and Naworth Castle. The priory is a beautiful -specimen of the early English style, and bears architectural evidence of -having been built somewhere between the years 1155 and 1160. Besides the -church, partially in ruins and partially in repair, the refectory and -some portions of the monastic buildings remain. The whole structure has -been formed of stones taken from the Roman Wall. In addition to some -altars preserved in the crypt of the church, several centurial and -carved stones are to be seen in the walls of the adjacent buildings. - -[Sidenote: NAWORTH CASTLE.] - -Naworth Castle, though still an interesting building, is destitute of -some of the attractions which it once possessed. The Roman altars and -other primeval monuments collected by lord William Howard, have long -been dispersed, and a fire in 1844, almost entirely destroyed the -baronial residence of that renowned border-chief, which, until that -event, remained nearly in the state in which it was in his own day. The -dungeons, however, in which the daring moss-troopers were immured, -remain, and two magnificent oak trees near the grand entrance still -extend those brawny arms on which, according to tradition, lord William -suspended the victims of his lawless power. The load of twenty gasping -wretches would not materially weigh down the larger boughs of these fine -trees. That the government of lord William—the Belted Will of Border -tales—was of a vigorous character, there cannot be a doubt; but that he -used his power capriciously, cruelly, or tyrannically, there is no -evidence. Lord William seems to have sent the most desperate of his -prisoners to Newcastle-upon-Tyne or Carlisle. They would probably have -as good a chance for life at Belted Will’s tribunal as at the assizes of -either of these towns, if we may judge of the state of feeling towards -them from North’s Life of Lord-keeper Guildford. His lordship, then sir -Francis North, came to Newcastle, on the northern circuit, in 1676. His -biographer says— - - The country is yet very sharp upon thieves; and a violent suspicion, - there, is next to conviction. When his lordship held the assizes at - Newcastle, there was one Mungo Noble, supposed to be a great thief, - brought to trial before his lordship, upon four several indictments; - and his lordship was so much a south-country judge as not to think any - of them well proved. One was for stealing a horse of a person unknown, - and the evidence amounted to no more than that a horse was seen - feeding upon the heath near his shiel, and none could tell who was the - owner of it. In short the man escaped, much to the regret of divers - gentlemen, who _thought he deserved_ to be hanged, and that was - enough. While the judge at the trial discoursed of the evidence and - its defects, a Scotch gentleman upon the bench, who was a border - commissioner, made a long neck towards the judge and said—'My laird, - send him to huzz, and ye’s ne'er see him mair.' - -On rejoining the Barrier, we find, that though the line of the Wall, in -its course to the Eden, may yet be distinctly discerned, in very few -instances any portion of the masonry remains. - -[Sidenote: MONEY-HOLES.] - -The site of a mile-castle nearly opposite Lanercost Priory, is termed -Money-holes, in consequence of the efforts made to discover some -treasure supposed to be concealed in it. At Crag-hill the north ditch is -very bold. At Hayton-gate, a drove road, probably an ancient pass, -crosses the line of the Wall from north to south. At Randilands the -north fosse is still well developed. After crossing the rivulet, called -Burtholme-beck, a piece of the Wall is seen, which stands about seven -feet high; its facing-stones are gone, but the rough pebbly mortar -possesses its original tenacity. As is often the case, the ruin is -tufted with hazel bushes and stunted specimens of the alder and oak. The -Vallum is about seventy yards to the south of the Wall. - -Approaching Low-wall,[126] something like an out-work appears on the -north side of the Barrier. Has there been a double line of wall here? -After crossing a road, denominated Friar-wain-gate, which leads from -Bewcastle to Lanercost, we reach another house called Wall; Roman masons -might claim many of the stones as theirs. At How-gill is a cottage, -where probably a mile-castle stood to defend the ‘beck,’ In the modern -structure may be observed stones broached in the Roman fashion, and -others variously tooled by Roman hands. - -The farm-house of Dove-cote is on the eastern bank of the King-water. -The fosse and the foundation of the Murus are seen crossing the hill on -the northern side of the summit: the Vallum, which is indistinctly -marked, probably took a corresponding position on the southern side. - -[Sidenote: WALTON.] - -The village of Walton, by its very name, bears testimony to its -relationship with the great Barrier-line. Many of the stones of the Wall -may be detected in its cottages. One of its dwellings furnishes a good -specimen of the mode of cottage-building formerly prevalent in the -North. The rafters of the house, which consist of large and -rudely-shaped pieces of timber, instead of resting upon the walls, come -down to the ground; they are tied together near the top by a transverse -beam, and the mud walls, as well as the thatched roof, partially depend -upon them for support. Horsley says, 'at Wal-town there seems to have -been some fortification or encampment. One side of the square is yet -very visible, and the ramparts pretty large, about eighty yards long. It -is high ground and dry. Perhaps it has been a summer encampment or -exploratory post for the garrison at Cambeck.' - -At Sandysike farm-house the foundation of the Wall as well as abundant -traces of mural vicinage are to be seen. The barn consists of Roman -stones marked with the diamond-broaching. Several sculptured stones are -built up in the garden-wall; amongst them is one which displays the -thunderbolt of Jove; the wall-fruit peacefully rests upon it. Another, -exhibiting the wheel of Nemesis, the emblem of swift justice, and which -no doubt once formed part of an altar to Jupiter, is built into a -pig-sty. A mill-stone of peculiar shape, and closely resembling one at -Naworth Castle, is preserved on the grounds; it is probably Roman. - - -[Sidenote: PETRIANA.] - -PETRIANA, the Cambeck-fort of Horsley, and the Castle-steads of the -locality, is to the south of the Vallum and Wall. A deep scar separates -it from the lines of the Barrier. The site of the station may be -recognised, but it is long since its ramparts were overthrown, and the -ruined buildings of the interior entirely obliterated. - -Its rich soil and sunny exposure recommended it to the father of the -present proprietor of Walton-house as a fitting site for a garden, and -such it is at the present day. It has yielded many altars and[Sidenote: -CAMBECK-FORT.] sculptured stones, some of which are still preserved upon -the spot, and from time to time the spade still reveals to the -numismatist, treasures, over the loss of which, Romans in ancient days -may have mourned, though not in a degree proportioned to their present -value. Wood-cuts of three of the coins which have been found at -Castlesteads are here introduced, as they commemorate the family of a -man whose name is intimately connected with the Wall. They are in the -cabinet of Robert Bell, esq., of Irthington. - -[Illustration: Coin of Severus, Julia] - - JULIA, the second wife of Severus, and the mother of Caracalla and - Geta. Severus, who was a believer in astrology, on the death of his - first wife, looked out for another whose nativity was favourable to - the ambitious views which he at that time entertained. He heard of a - woman in Syria whose destiny it was to marry a king, and accordingly - solicited and obtained in marriage Julia Domna. - -[Illustration: Coin of Caracalla] - - BASSIANUS, commonly called Caracalla. He was created Cæsar by his - father, A.D. 196, when he took the names of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. - In A.D. 198, he was invested with the dignity of Augustus. Amongst his - other titles, he bore the name of Britannicus, as is shewn on the - coin. The engraver of the die from which this coin was struck, has - probably given a correct likeness of his subject; at least, he has - represented an individual who appears capable of attempting an aged - father’s life, and of imbruing his hands in the blood of a brother. - Vengeance at length overtook him. - -[Illustration: Coin of Geta] - - GETA, who, together with his brother Caracalla, accompanied his father - to Britain. He was murdered by Caracalla A.D. 212. - -The finest of the altars, standing in the garden of Walton-house, is -here engraved. The thunderbolt of Jupiter adorns one side of it, the -wheel of Nemesis the other. The inscription has been read by Mr. Thomas -Hodgson, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the following way, after a careful -and learned examination of it, and kindred inscriptions. - -[Illustration: Altar to Jupiter, Coh. II. Tungr.] - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - COH[ORS] SECVNDA TVNGR[ORVM] - M[ILLIARIA] EQ[ITATA] C[IVIVM] L[ATINORVM] CVI - PRAEEST ALB[VS] - SEVERVS PR- - AEF[ECTVS] TVNG[RORVM] IN- - STA[NTE] VIC[TORE] SEVRO - PRINCIPI - - - To Jupiter, the best and greatest, - The second cohort of the Tungrians, - A milliary _regiment_, having a proportionate supply of horse, _and - consisting of_ citizens of Latium, - Commanded by Albus - Severus, pre- - fect of the Tungrians, _erects this_; - The work being superintended by Victor Sevrus (or Severus), the - princeps.[127] - -[Sidenote: PETRIANA.] - -The Notitia places the ‘Ala Petriana,’ under a prefect, at PETRIANA. -Although two inscriptions belonging to this place mention the second -cohort of the Tungri, none have been found here which name the Ala -Petriana. It is possible that this cohort may have been a part of the -Ala Petriana, but until this point be settled, or some further light -thrown upon the subject, the occurrence of Cambeck-fort[Sidenote: -CAMBECK-FORT.] next in order to AMBOGLANNA, must be regarded as the best -evidence of its being the PETRIANA of the Notitia. - -[Illustration: View of Pigeon Crag] - -[Sidenote: WRITTEN-ROCK OF GELT.] - -Before crossing the Cambeck-water it may be well to remind the reader, -that the river Gelt, on whose rocky banks the Roman quarrymen have left -lettered memorials of their toil, is about four miles to the south of -this place. With the view of clearly displaying the inscription, which -has frequently been inaccurately engraved, the lithograph opposite to -page 81, has been drawn to a scale which precludes the possibility of -shewing the height of the cliff. The adjoining wood-cut partly supplies -this deficiency; it exhibits another inscription, not of a very -intelligible.[Sidenote: PIGEON-CRAG.] character, on the Pigeon-crag, -which is a little higher up the water, and shews the general character -of the scenery on this beautiful stream. - -The distance of these quarries on the Gelt, from the line of the -Barrier, renders it very questionable whether large supplies were -derived from them for the Wall. Hodgson remarks— - - The quarry at Helbeck-scar (the Written-rock) might serve for the - largest stones for part of the Murus, and the stations at - Brampton-old-church, and Walton-castlesteads; for the general purpose - of the Murus, stone, however, could be got in places much nearer than - Helbeck-scar. - -At the quarries of High and Low Breaks, about a mile and a half north of -the Wall, there are marks of extensive ancient workings; the quarries -are still in use and yield stone of good quality. - -The Written-rock will not be easily found by a stranger, but directions -and assistance may generally be obtained from the workmen employed upon -a modern quarry, which is not far from the spot. - - -[Sidenote: HEADSWOOD.] - -We now rejoin the Barrier. The passage of the Cambeck-water seems to -have been guarded with some care. On the eastern margin of the stream, -to the north of the Wall, is an earth-work raised a little above the -general level of the surface, which here is somewhat depressed. Stones, -which do not appear in the contiguous parts, lie scattered about the -place. These circumstances seem to favour the idea of there having been -some additional fortification in this part. The western bank of the -stream consists of a bold breastwork of red-sandstone, rising about -fifty feet above the level of the water. The fosse of the Wall has been -deeply cut into this rock; it still remains in a state of great -perfection. The old drove-road between Newcastle and Carlisle, which, -for some distance west of this, runs upon the site of the Wall, or close -by it, here avails itself of the fosse as a means of climbing the bank. -The ditch of the Vallum is also discernible. The farm-house of Beck is -partially constructed of Roman stones, and on the east side of the -rivulet of Beck a few stones of the Wall are in their original -situation. Headswood, as its name implies, occupies a commanding -position. The ditch of the Vallum is at this place peculiarly bold, and -is about thirty-five yards distant from the Wall. The fosse of the Wall -[Illustration: Mural Stone, Leg. II. Aug.] bends round an object which -has the appearance of being an additional fortification outside the -Wall. At the west end of Newtown-of-Irthington are the remains of a -large mile-castle; the stones still lie in confusion upon the site. The -stone represented in the margin was found at this place. We next come to -White-flat, where the rubble of the foundation of the Wall is very -discernible and the ditch very deep. Hurtleton (the town of strife) is -next reached; both lines of fosse are distinct and in close contiguity. - -In the corner of a field, called Chapel-field, there are evident signs -of a mile-castle; the plough, however, has been drawn over the site. The -two works, which between White-flat and this point have approached each -other very closely, now quickly diverge, the Wall bending to the north. - -[Sidenote: IRTHINGTON.] - -The village of Irthington is a little to the south of the Barrier. Here -formerly stood one of the strongholds of the powerful Norman family of -De Vallibus; the building is now entirely removed, its site being -occupied by the Nook, the residence of Robert Bell, esq. The foundations -of some of its walls have recently been exposed. The keep probably -occupied a lofty earthen mound which is now crowned with thriving trees. -The parish church has recently been renewed with much skill and taste. -The old fabric was entirely built of Roman wall-stones. In the course of -its restoration, a striking proof of the disturbed state of the border -district in the middle ages was disclosed; a number of skeletons, -confusedly thrown together, being found buried within its area. The -church, originally a Transition-Norman building, had evidently at some -period after its erection, been contracted in its dimensions by the -rejection of the side aisles. The outer walls consisted of the original -columns of the aisles, filled up very roughly with common rubble. The -columns bore decided marks of fire. The neighbouring parish church of -Kirklinton, which has also been recently rebuilt, exhibited similar -appearances. On taking down the old tower, which was a fortified -stronghold, the bony remnants of upwards of sixty bodies were found in a -space of not more than five yards square; others were found in confused -masses in other parts. [Sidenote: BORDER STRIFE.] The probable -explanation of these circumstances is this:—After the battle of -Bannockburn, the Scottish forces, flushed with success, entered England, -and the inhabitants, unable to withstand them, fled to the churches for -protection. But neither the strength of the buildings nor their supposed -sanctity could yield them effectual succour; the miserable people were -slain, and their bodies left among the smouldering ruins. Those of their -countrymen who escaped, buried them in a hasty manner upon the spot. -When the desolated district had recovered energy enough to repair the -churches, its utmost efforts were barely sufficient to enclose those -parts which had, by their solidity, withstood the fire; and the reduced -population required nothing more. - -The coins of Edw.I. and II. are comparatively abundant in this district, -the armies of that monarch and his immediate successors, frequently -taking the western route, in their marches to and from Scotland. - -Rejoining the Wall, we meet, when within a quarter of a mile of -Old-wall, with the site of a mile-castle. The ruins of the building -slightly raise it above the general level, and prevent the plough biting -into it. The road formerly deviated from its track to go round it. An -altar, an urn, and several coins of Edward I., have been found in it. In -the buildings at Old-wall, many Roman stones will be noticed, and the -earth-works of both lines of the Barrier may be traced. The Wall is -entirely uprooted; upwards of six hundred cart-loads of stones, within -the recollection of the inhabitants, have been taken from it in this -immediate vicinity. - -Between this point and Stanwix, the works may be traced with tolerable -satisfaction, an ancient drove-road running upon the site of the Wall -for the greater part of the way. - -[Sidenote: BLEATARN.] - -At Bleatarn (blue tarn or lake), on the south side of the Wall, is a -mound of earth resembling an elongated barrow; between this earth-work -and the Wall, is a marshy hollow, which is said to have formerly been -the bed of a lake or tarn. The Vallum takes a sweep to avoid this -morass, and at its greatest distance is removed from the Wall about two -hundred and twenty yards. - -About half-a-mile south from Bleatarn, is the site of a Roman camp, -which Horsley conceived to be one of the stations _per lineam Valli_; it -is now called Watch-cross. If it be a station of this class, and if the -order in which the stations are arranged in the Notitia exactly -corresponds with their consecutive positions in reality, the name of it -was ABALLABA, which was garrisoned by a _numerus_ or troop of Moors, -under a prefect. There is, however, reason to doubt whether this was a -stationary camp at all, as will presently appear. - -As already remarked, no inscribed stones have been found to identify any -of the stations west of AMBOGLANNA with the list given in the Notitia. -Even though this difficulty respecting Watch-cross had not occurred, to -go on appropriating the names of the Notitia, station after station, -guided solely by the slender thread of the order of their succession, -would be a hazardous undertaking, and is rendered still more so by the -uncertainty existing as to those which are, and which are not, -_stationes per lineam Valli_. In our journey from this point westward, -the stations will, therefore, be designated by their modern names; when -the Latin names are added, it is to be understood that they are -conjectural. - - -[Sidenote: WATCH-CROSS.] - -_WATCH-CROSS._—Horsley gives the following account of this station:— - - A little detached from the wall, to the south, is a Roman fort, of - about four chains and an half square, called Watch-cross; and as I was - assured by the country people, and have had it since further - confirmed, a military way has gone near it, or between it and the - military way belonging to the Wall; for they often plough up paving - stones here, and think part of the highway to Brampton to be upon it. - This is the least station on the line of the Wall, and is as usual, - plundered of its stones, as that at Burgh and Drumburgh. However, the - ramparts and ditches are very fair and visible. - -The common on which it stood having been enclosed about seventy years -ago, and brought into cultivation, all traces of the camp have been -obliterated. On a careful examination of its site, I failed to discover -any fragments of Roman pottery, or other marks of Roman occupation. In -those parts of Cumberland where the soil is not naturally stony, the -site of a mile-castle or station, which has been brought into -cultivation, may often be distinguished by the occurrence in that -particular spot of numerous fragments of freestone. No such appearance -here presents itself. The person who farms the ground says it is of -better quality than the surrounding land; still, it does not seem to -possess the peculiar fertility of a spot that has at any period for a -length of time been the resort of a crowded population. Hutchinson -describes ‘the whole ground-plot’ as being covered, in his day, ‘with a -low growth of heath;’ the sites of all the other cities of the Wall are -too replete with animal remains to yield, even unaided by cultivation, -so coarse a product. I am therefore strongly disposed to think, with -Hodgson, that it was a mere summer encampment. The spot has been well -chosen; for, though not greatly elevated, it has an extensive prospect. -Horsley himself had some doubts of the propriety of admitting it into -the rank of a stationary camp, ‘by reason of its being so small, and -having no remains of stone walls.’ The distance, however, between -Cambeck-fort and Stanwix, which is rather greater than that between any -other two stations, induced him to give it this position. - -From Bleatarn the antiquary will, with some care, be able to trace the -Barrier by Wall-head, Walby, and Wall-foot, to Tarraby. From this -village to Stanwix, a rural road runs upon the foundations of the Wall; -the ditch on its north side, which within living memory was very boldly -marked, although partially filled up is yet distinctly traceable. - - -[Sidenote: STANWIX.] - -_STANWIX._—The church and church-yard of Stanwix occupy the site of the -station which guarded the northern bank of the Eden. Recent explorations -have displayed distinct remains of ancient edifices. In pulling down the -old church, to make way for the present structure, a very fine figure of -Victory, somewhat mutilated, was disclosed, which is now in the museum -at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The name of the place indicates, that whilst the -dwellings in the vicinity were made of clay, as many of them are yet, by -reason of the plunder of the Roman station, it could boast of being a -_town of stones_. The situation is one of great beauty. To the east, at -a considerable distance, the Nine-nicks of Thirlwall rear their rugged -peaks; and to the south and south-west, appear the beautiful grounds of -Rickerby-house, the river Eden permeating a rich and well-cultivated -country, the ancient city of Carlisle crowned with its venerable -cathedral, and the long vista of country terminating in the Cumbrian -mountains. - - -Between the station and the north bank of the river Eden, the fosse of -the Wall is distinctly marked, and a hollowed line, formed by the -excavation of the foundation of the Wall itself, shews its track to the -water’s edge, near to the Hyssop-holme-well. We are told by Camden— - - That the Wall passed the river over against the castle—where in the - very channel, the remains of it, namely, the great stones, appear to - this day. - -That the Wall, on the other side of the river, clambered up that part of -the castle-bank which projects most boldly forward, is rendered probable -by the appearance of masonry, resembling its foundations, beneath the -grassy surface. At this point, however, we lose all trace of the great -structure until we get beyond the boundaries of the famous Border city -of the West. - -[Sidenote: CARLISLE.] - -All antiquaries agree that Carlisle is the LUGUVALLIUM of the Romans. It -is not improbable that it was one of Agricola’s forts. It is not named -in the list of the stations _per lineam Valli_ given in the Notitia. The -Notitia mentions only the forts having separate garrisons, and it is -probable that after the erection of the camp at Stanwix, LUGUVALLIUM -became subordinate to that camp, and had no distinct garrison, which -will account for its omission. - -Whitaker says LUGUVALLIUM signifies, in the ancient Celtic, the fort -upon the Waters. - -Extensive remains of the ancient city lie beneath the modern Carlisle; -seldom is the ground penetrated to any considerable depth without -disclosing ancient masonry, Samian ware, and Roman coins. - -Carlisle contains two interesting structures of the mediæval period—the -castle and the cathedral. The keep of the castle is a good specimen of -the Norman donjon, though some parts of it have been modernized. On the -walls and door of one of its chambers, used as a prison in the ‘Fifteen’ -and the ‘Forty-five,’ are to be seen the coats of arms, the devices, and -marks of the ‘sorrowful sighings,’ of the unhappy rebels, who beguiled -their wretched hours in carving them. The cathedral exhibits some -interesting specimens of the Norman as well as later styles. Its east -window, which is of the decorated period, is the finest in the kingdom, -with the exception, perhaps, of the west window at York. - -About a quarter of a mile beyond the canal basin, and nearly midway -between the canal and the river, the track of the Wall may again be -discerned. Owing to the difficulty of entirely uprooting it, its -foundations have been suffered to remain; they form a cart-road which is -used for farm purposes. A little farther on, the plough has won the day, -and a uniform green sward or luxuriant harvest baffles our research. - -[Illustration: Altar—ob res trans vallum prospere gestas] - -[Sidenote: KIRK-ANDREWS.] - -A turf-covered mound on the east side of the church of Kirk-andrews, is -occasioned by a portion of the ruins of the Wall. In the village is -preserved the altar of which the wood-cut gives a representation. It was -found at Kirk-steads, about a mile south of the Wall, and bears marks of -having been cut down to suit the purpose of some comparatively modern -builder. The focus of the altar is unusually large; the boldness of the -lettering indicates an early date. It may be read— - - L[VCIVS] IVNIVS VIC- - TORINVS ET (?) - C[AIVS] AELIANVS LEG[ATI] - AUG[VSTALES] LEG[IONIS] VI VIC[TRICIS] - P[IÆ] F[IDELIS] OB RES TRANS - VALLVM PRO- - SPERE GESTAS. - - Lucius Junius Vic- - torinus, and - Caius Ælianus, Augustal legates - Of the sixth legion, victorious, - Pious, and faithful, on account of achievements beyond - The Wall pros- - perously performed. - -This is a vivid memorial of deeds of common occurrence during the period -of Roman occupation. The original possessors of the isthmus, driven from -their homes, and forced to seek an asylum in the hills to the north of -the Wall, would be accounted the lawful prey of the aggressor. - - The gates of mercy shall be all shut up; - And the fleshed soldier,—rough and hard of heart,— - In liberty of bloody hand, shall range - With conscience wide as hell; mowing like grass - Your fresh fair virgins and your flowering infants. - -Whilst the Roman warrior gloated over his success, and feasted, and -thanked his gods, and recorded his exploits on the votive stone, the -routed remnants of the Caledonian bands would mourn over their -slaughtered comrades and desolated home-steads. - -The great scarcity of stone in the western part of Cumberland has -rendered the Wall a valuable quarry to the inhabitants from time -immemorial. In our future progress we shall see little of it, except in -the buildings contiguous to its site. The heart of the antiquary will, -however, occasionally be gladdened by the recognition of the lines of -the earth-works—their slightly elevated mounds appearing to his eager -gaze scarcely less beautiful than the moulded forms produced by the -genius of the sculptor, in districts more rich than this, in the remains -of antiquity. - -The Vallum appears to have gone nearly due west, along the valley, from -Kirk-andrews to Burgh; the Wall proceeds, after its usual manner, from -eminence to eminence. - -[Sidenote: BURGH-UPON-SANDS.] - -_BURGH-UPON-SANDS_ is the next station. In Horsley’s day the remains of -its ramparts were to be seen at a place called the Old-castle, a little -to the east of the church. He says— - - On the west side these remains are most distinct, being about six - chains in length. And Severus’s Wall seems to have formed the north - rampart of the station. I was assured by the person to whom the field - belonged, that stones were often ploughed up in it, and lime with the - stones. Urns have also frequently been found here. I saw, besides an - imperfect inscription, two Roman altars lying at a door in the town, - but neither sculptures nor inscriptions are now visible upon them. - ...... If besides all this, we consider the distance from the last - station at Stanwix, I think it can admit of no doubt but there must - have been a station here, though most of its ramparts are now - levelled, the field having been in tillage many years. I shall only - further add, that it was very proper to have a station at each end of - the marsh, which, if the water flowed as high as some believe, would - make a kind of bay. - -At present, little meets the eye of the inquirer, to inform him of the -spot where the station stood, but when the surface of the ground is -broken, the traces of a Roman city are still sufficiently distinct. The -church-yard is filled with fragments of red sandstone blocks. At the -depth of two feet, it contains several distinct lines of foundations. -Entire ‘lachrymatory’ vessels and fragments of unglazed jars and urns -have repeatedly been dug up. A small bronze figure was recently found. -When the canal was cut, blocks of stone, blackened by smoke, were dug -out of the soil to the south-east of the church. - -A few inscribed stones have been found since Horsley’s day, but none of -them name the cohort which was stationed in the camp. Hence we have no -means of knowing whether Watch-cross has been rightly thrown out of the -list of ‘stations along the line,’ and whether Burgh is, as Horsley -states it to be, the AXELODUNUM of the Notitia, or CONGAVATA, according -to the opinion of Hodgson. - -In the absence of more decided remains of the camp or Wall, an -examination of the church of this long straggling town will reward the -attention of the antiquary. It is a good specimen of the fortified -Border churches. It has served the threefold purpose of a church, a -fortress, and a prison. - - In case of an inroad from the Scottish coast, the cattle appear to - have been shut up in the body of the church, and the inhabitants to - have had recourse to the large embattled tower at its western end. The - only entrance to this tower is from the inside of the church, and it - is secured by a ponderous iron door, fastening with two large bolts. - The walls of the tower are seven feet thick. Its lowest apartment is a - vaulted chamber, lighted by three arrow-slits. At the south angle is a - spiral stone staircase, leading to two upper chambers. - -Many of the stones of which the church is built, are Roman, and exhibit -reticulated tooling. - - -[Sidenote: KING EDWARD’S MONUMENT.] - -Near to Burgh is the site on which the castle of sir Hugh de Morville, -one of the murderers of Thomas à Becket, formerly stood. The adjoining -field is called—‘Hang-man-tree,’ doubtless because my lord had his -gallows here, always ready for use. A neighbouring enclosure bears a -designation not less ominous—‘Spill-blood-holm.’ But the most -interesting historical memorial which the neighbourhood of Burgh -affords, is the monument to king Edward I., which stands on the marsh. - - Longshanks had marshalled his army: his numerous host lay encamped - upon the sandy flat on the north of the town: the waters of the Solway - alone separated him from the objects of his vengeance. Here the mighty - Edward was called to enter into conflict with an enemy whom he had - often braved on the battle-field, but who was now to approach him by a - new method of assault. In this struggle, his valour availed him - nothing, his chivalrous hosts could yield him no aid, and no devoted - Eleanor was there to abstract from his veins the subtle poison which - the king of terrors had infused. On Burgh-marsh the ‘ruthless king’ - breathed his last. A monument, represented in the vignette at the - close of this part, marks the spot. - -[Sidenote: TOWER OF REPENTANCE.] - -Another structure, on the opposite side of the Firth, may be noticed by -the traveller. The history of the ‘Tower of Repentance’ is strikingly -illustrative of the disordered state of society in this district before -the union of the two kingdoms. - - A chieftain from the northern side having made a successful inroad - into the English border, was crossing the Solway on his return, laden - with booty, when a sudden storm arose. In order to lighten his - labouring vessel, he threw his prisoners overboard in preference to - the cattle which he had stolen. The danger past, he was smitten with - remorse. In order to make such amends as he could, he built a - beacon-tower which overlooks the Solway, and to this day is called the - Tower of Repentance. Tradition avers that the penitent himself carried - all the stones used in its erection to the top of the hill. It is not - far from the town of Ecclefechan. - -In passing along the village of Burgh, the observing visitor will notice -the large number of boulder-stones, some of them half a ton in weight, -which are strewed over the ground; several of them have been used in -forming the foundations of the cottages. They are of granite, and in -some distant age have been wrenched from the summit of Criffel, the hill -which lends so much beauty to the landscape on the northern side of the -Solway. - -On the western side of the village of Dykesfield, which we next -encounter, is a common that contains several earthen ramparts and -temporary camps. - -Between Dykesfield and the next station, Drumburgh, an extensive marsh -occurs, which even now is occasionally overflowed by the waters of the -Solway. Hodgson inclines to the belief, that the Wall ran directly -across it. Horsley, however, took a different view of the subject. - - From hence to Drumburgh Castle no vestige of the Wall is to be seen; - though I think it certain that the Wall did not pass through the - marsh, but by Boustead-hill and Easton, for both tradition and matter - of fact favour this course of it. The country people often strike upon - the Wall, and could tell exactly several places through which, by this - means, they knew it had passed, and always by the side of the marsh. - Besides it is no way reasonable to suppose that the Romans would build - their Wall within tide-mark. - -[Sidenote: EASTON-MARSH.] - -After careful inquiry, I am disposed to adopt Horsley’s view; even now, -stones which appear to be Wall-stones, are turned up by the operations -of the husbandmen in the line which the Wall is supposed to have taken -by Boustead and Easton. It need not be a subject of surprise, that the -Wall in this district has been so thoroughly removed, as there is no -quarry within a convenient distance, and the Wall, therefore, has been -the source from which the inhabitants of the country have drawn their -supply of building stones. The Romans seem to have gone to Howrigg -quarry, which is not less than eight miles south of the Barrier, for -their facing-stones; those which they used for the interior of the Wall -correspond in character with the proceeds of Stone-pot-scar, a quarry on -the north shore of the Solway. - -We must now part company with the Vallum. This wonderful earth-work, -which has outlived the accidents of seventeen centuries, and which we -have traced, with but few interruptions, from the modern representative -of PONS ÆLII to this point, is not observed going beyond it. As the -Vallum falls short of the Wall at its eastern extremity by about four -miles, so it does at its western. Horsley, who wrote more than a century -ago, and who, consequently, had better opportunities of judging than we -can now have, says— - - Whether Hadrian’s work (the Vallum) has been continued any further - than this marsh, or to the water-side beyond Drumburgh, is doubtful. - But I am pretty confident that it was not carried on so far as the - Wall of Severus at this end, any more than at the other. And I can by - no means yield to Mr. Gordon’s sentiments, that the one, for a good - space at each end, was built upon the foundation of the other. - However, it is certain that from the side of the marsh to the west end - of the Wall there is no appearance of Hadrian’s work, or any thing - belonging to it. - -[Sidenote: DRUMBURGH.] - -_DRUMBURGH_ contains distinct remains of a small stationary camp. This, -if Watch-cross be rejected, was the sixteenth station of the Wall, and -consequently, the AXELODUNUM of the Notitia, which was garrisoned by the -first cohort of the Spaniards. The camp is on the grounds of Richard -Lawson, esq. The ramparts are well defined, as well as the ditch which -surrounds them. The whole area is covered with a luxuriant sward, and -its northern margin is shaded by some thriving ash-trees. No portion of -the Wall remains in its vicinity, but its present proprietor remembers -witnessing the removal of the foundation. The northern rampart of the -station did not come up to the Wall, but was removed a few yards from -it; probably the military way ran between the station and the Wall. The -station at Barr-hill, on the Antonine Wall, is similarly situated. - -South of the station is a well, enclosed by a circular wall of Roman -masonry. It is still in use, though the water is drawn from it by a -pump. - -The mediæval castle, of which there are considerable remains, is a very -fine specimen of the ancient fortified manor-house. It is built of Roman -stones. Extensive alterations were made upon it in the reign of Henry -VIII. The habitable part of it is now occupied as a farm-house. - - -The tranquillity of this region was not always what it now is. - - Standing on the northern rampart of the station, Mr. Lawson, the aged - proprietor, directed the attention of the Pilgrim-party of 1849 to a - small cottage on the opposite shore. ‘There,’ said he, ‘lived a - Scottish reaver, who in the days of my grandfather made, on nineteen - successive Easter-eves, a successful foray on the English side. A - twentieth time he prepared to go; his family remonstrated, he however - persisted, saying that this should be his last attempt. Our people - were prepared for him and slew him.’ Some of the party asked ‘what - notice did the law take of the transaction?’ 'None; the law which - could not protect a man, would not punish him for taking the law into - his own hands.' - -Now, nearly arrived at the western extremity of the great Barrier, we -meet with but few traces of its characteristic masonry; enough, however, -remains to lure us pleasantly to our journey’s end. - -In cutting the canal from Carlisle to the Solway Firth, in 1823, a -prostrate forest of oak was discovered, which belonged to an age -anterior to that of Hadrian. The engineer of the canal says— - -[Sidenote: PRIMEVAL FOREST.] - - A subterraneous forest was cut through in the excavation of the canal, - near the banks of the Solway Firth, about half a mile north-west of - the village of Glasson, and extending into Kirklands. The trees were - all prostrate, and they had fallen, with little deviation, in a - northerly direction, or a little eastward of it.—Some short trunks, of - two or three feet in height, were in the position of their natural - growth; but although the trees, with the exception of their alburnum - and all the branches, were perfectly sound, yet the extremity of the - trunks, whether fallen or standing, were so rugged, that it was not - discoverable whether the trees had been cut down, or had fallen by a - violent storm. The level upon which the trunks lay, was a little below - that of high tides, and from eight to ten feet below the surface of - the ground they were embedded in; which, excepting the superficial - soil, is a soft blue clay, having the appearance of marine - alluvion.... Although the precise period when this forest fell is not - ascertainable, there is a positive proof that it must have been long - prior to the building of the Wall because the foundations of the Wall - passed obliquely over it, and lay three or four feet above the level - of the trees.—_Arch. Æl._ ii. 117. - -The forest extends over a considerable tract of ground. It is -probable that it was overthrown by a tempest from the south or -south-west, at a time when the sea occupied a lower level than it -does at present. The wood was so sound, that it was used in common -with other oak timber in forming the jetties at the outlet of the -canal into the Solway Firth. The president’s chair of the Society of -Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is formed of it. - - -At Port-Carlisle is a mound resembling an ancient British barrow, called -Fisher’s-cross. About half-a-mile to the westward of it is another which -has been somewhat encroached upon by the road that runs along the margin -of the Solway, and is denominated Knock’s-cross. The proverb is common -throughout Cumberland, 'As old as Knock’s-cross.' - -In the front of the Steam-packet hotel, Port-Carlisle, is built up the -fragment of a small Roman altar, bearing the inscription, SVIS MATRIBVS. -It is one of the numerous instances that we meet with, along the line of -the Wall, of altars dedicated to the _Deæ Matres_. - - -[Sidenote: BOWNESS.] - -Between Port-Carlisle and Bowness, the site of the Wall may be traced -nearly the whole way; not unfrequently the foundations of it and its -fosse may be discerned. In one place some large stones resembling those -used in forming the gateways of the mile-castles will be noticed. In -Brand’s day some considerable portions of the Wall remained, between -these points. He says— - - About three quarters of a mile to the east of Bowness, some fragments - of Severus’ Wall remain, of a great height; on measuring one of them, - we found it to be about eight feet high; it was bound and overgrown - with ivy in a most picturesque manner. The facing-stones on both sides - have been taken away. - -On my first visit to Bowness, I saw a portion of it as Hodgson describes -it— - - It is six feet high. Its rugged and weathered core, still hard as a - rock, is thickly bearded with sloe-thorn and hazel, and mantled below - with ivy and honey-suckle. - -This interesting object has been entirely removed, which is the more to -be regretted, as no advantage has been gained by its destruction; it -served as a fence between two fields. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey Lith. - BOWNESS. -] - - -[Sidenote: TERMINATION OF THE WALL.] - -_BOWNESS_ is the name of the low, bow-shaped ness, or peninsula, at the -extreme point of the left bank of the Solway Firth. It is slightly -elevated above the surrounding country, as is plainly seen when it is -viewed from a distance. A little to the east of the site of the station, -the Solway is easily fordable at low water; but no one, in the memory of -the inhabitants of these parts, has forded the estuary westward of the -town. This circumstance would render Bowness a fit place at which to -terminate the Barrier Wall. With difficulty the antiquary detects some -slight traces of the walls of the station, its southern lines near the -church being those which are most apparent. No quarry being within -several miles of the spot, the Wall and station have furnished the -materials of which the church and most of the habitations of the town -are composed. A small altar built up in the front of a barn in the -principal street, has an inscription importing that it was dedicated to -Jupiter the best and greatest, by Sulpicius Secundianus, the tribune of -the cohort for the safety of our lords, the emperors Galbus and -Volusianus. - -Bowness may be the GABROSENTUM of the Notitia; Horsley reckoning -Watch-cross among the stations of the line, conceives it to be -TUNNOCELUM. - -Over that beautiful expanse of waters bounded by the Criffel and other -Dumfriesshire hills, which we see from the somewhat elevated beach that -has formed the northern margin of the station, the eye of the Roman -sentinel must often have listlessly rolled, as he paced his tedious -hours away. The memory of Roman and Caledonian feuds gives to the -picture, as we now behold it, a charm enhanced by contrast with the -state of things which existed in ancient days. [Sidenote: CHANGE OF -TIMES.]The hills have the aspect which they formerly bore, the waters of -the Solway ebb and flow as they were wont, the same clear sky spans the -vault of heaven which was outstretched in Roman days;—but then, the -occupants of the opposite shores scowled upon each other with deadly -hate, and planned the means of mutual slaughter. Stealthily they cast -the net and threw the leister into the margin of the sea, or when they -openly appeared upon the waters, it was in galleys armed for sanguinary -aggression;—now, with each returning tide, the fisherman plies his -peaceful trade, fearless of harm, and the inhabitants of both the -northern and the southern shore hail each other as friends and -fellow-countrymen. - -[Illustration: Monument to Edward I.] - ------ - -Footnote 54: - - He who has the heart of a pilgrim ‘_per lineam Valli_,’ will not fail - to accompany the author, while he attempts, at the very commencement - of his local peregrination, to pay a tribute of respect to three - departed worthies who made the Wall their especial study. - - JOHN HORSLEY was the first and mightiest of the three—is it too much - to say that he was the father of the science of Archæology? Born in an - unknown locality of this county, receiving his elementary education at - Newcastle, his academical at Edinburgh, he spent the greater portion - of his life as the pastor of a Presbyterian congregation in Morpeth. - His tastes, and great familiarity with the classics, induced him to - devote his leisure hours to the study of the antiquities of - Northumberland. Had he conceived that the Britannia Romana would have - cost him one-third of the time which its execution required, the world - would never have seen it. Having embarked in the undertaking, he felt - it his duty to make it as good as he could. How severe his toils, how - great his pecuniary sacrifices, how ardent his aspirations after - emancipation from his self-imposed task, in order that he might - entirely devote himself to his sacred calling, who shall tell? The - thought that his flock might eventually be no losers, that his family - and his own fair fame might gain by the enterprise, buoyed him up in - his course. On 2 Jan. 1731-2, he put the finishing stroke to his - labours, the dedication of his work bearing that date. Now he might - hope to reap the fruits of his toils—the enjoyment of rest, such as - the wearied only know, the congratulations of friends, the approbation - of the learned, the replenishment of his exhausted means. None of - these fruits he enjoyed. He can scarcely have had the satisfaction of - casting his eyes upon a completed copy of his work. The ink of his - dedication was hardly dry when he was summoned to the unseen world. - Respecting him who recorded the mighty doings of the Romans in - Britain, the parish clerk of Morpeth made the following entry in the - church-yard calendar:—Buried, - - ‘_1731-2, Jan. 15_, Mr. John Horsley.’ - - ‘Vanity of vanities, all is vanity.’ As regards the honours or - enjoyments of this world, he died an utterly unrequited man. Even of - that bubble, posthumous fame, an attempt was made to rob him. - Warburton, in his Vallum Romanum, transfers Horsley ‘in bulk’ to his - pages—he even copies, without alteration, the opinions which Horsley - expresses in the first person. The honest Hutton often quotes the - ‘judicious Warburton,’ little knowing whose the feathers are which he - so justly admires. The precise spot where his remains rest is unknown. - He whose lot it was to interpret, after the lapse of many centuries, - the throbbings of natural affection over departed relatives in the - heathen breast, had no one to erect over him, though a Christian - minister, a memorial that should outlive a single century. Even the - parish clerk, in his attachment to the altar and the throne, denies - him, in the sepulchral register, the title which courtesy, at least, - would have accorded him. _Requiescat in pace!_ - - - The Rev. ANTHONY HEDLEY, was also a native of Northumberland; he was a - man of literary tastes, and considerable antiquarian acquirements. He - entered public life as curate of Hexham, where his preaching was that - of a Boanerges. He subsequently held some temporary appointments at - Whelpington, Newcastle, and Whitfield. Having, however, actively - espoused the cause of that political body, who, until lord Grey became - premier, had no patronage to bestow, it was his lot to sigh in vain - for a summons to active occupation in the work which he loved. When - the party whom he had long and conscientiously served, came into - office, neglect was his portion. One of the original members of the - Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, he did much to promote - the study of primæval archæology in the fruitful region traversed by - the Wall. Biased by his taste for antiquities, he was led to select, - as his abode for life’s evening, the beautiful valley of the Chineley - Burn. The rural hall arose at his bidding, nearly every stone of which - was chiseled by Roman hands. The milliary which told to Hadrian’s - soldiers that another mile had been traversed, stood by his barn. The - station of VINDOLANA was in his grounds—many beautiful altars and - other important reliques had he dug out of it—he could tell where the - prætorium stood, where the standards were deposited, where every - soldier slept. Scarcely were all the arrangements for his comfortable - residence at Chesterholm made, when death seized him as its victim. - Imprudently superintending, whilst somewhat indisposed, the exhumation - of an urn in the station, his mortal part was a few days afterwards - deposited in the church-yard at Beltingham. He died in 1835, and his - beautiful abode has since remained desolate. - - - Westmoreland has the honour of giving birth to the Rev. JOHN HODGSON, - but Northumberland enjoyed the advantage of his youthful and maturer - labours. Successively curate of Sedgefield, Lanchester, and Heworth, - and afterwards vicar of Kirkwhelpington, he was shortly before his - death promoted to the living of Hartburn. He was the chief founder of - the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and the chief - contributor to its transactions. His tastes led him to contemplate, - and an honourable desire to make provision for the education and - settlement of his family, induced him to begin, a history of - Northumberland. Seldom have laudable designs been so signally - defeated. He lived but to complete a part of his task; his health - failed, and his mind gave way under his excessive labours. His - fortunes were not bettered by them; ‘I have lived,’ said he, 'to see - that works of this kind are not suited to the times I live in, perhaps - to any time. It is not profitable to me—it is not suited to my - profession—I ought to do my duty in my profession—to take up night and - day to do it well. Well? no; but as well as good intentions, holy - zeal, every thought and faculty of my mind fully exerted, could do - it.' Hodgson paid great attention to the Wall, and its antiquities. - The last published portion of his history contains a vast mass of - learned information upon the subject. It is perhaps enough for the - present author to say, that had not Horsley and Hodgson cleared the - way before him, he would never have adventured to write a book upon - the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus. Though he cannot be a Horsley or a - Hodgson, he hopes he will never prove a Warburton. - -Footnote 55: - - Brand conceives that SEGEDUNUM may be derived from the Saxon _secg_, a - sedge or flag, and _dun_, which is an Anglo-Saxon, as well as a Celtic - word; this would give, as its meaning—the hill of sedge. If we can - suppose that any of the Germanic hordes had obtained so complete a - settlement here, as to give them the power of forming a local - vocabulary in accordance with their own language prior to the Roman - occupation of this post, the Saxon origin of the term is by no means - improbable. In no part of England was an early settlement more likely - to take place than on the eastern coast of Northumberland, but, after - all, we must probably assign a later date to the first arrival of our - Gothic forefathers. If a Saxon derivation be at all admissible, - another might be suggested: _sige_ is the Anglo-Saxon for victory, and - _tun_ is town—the town of victory—an appropriate name for a station - occupied either by Roman or Saxon forces. - -Footnote 56: - - This statement I make on the authority of the late Mr. Buddle, who - said, as I remember, that in his youth he had seen the stones - extending far into the river. - -Footnote 57: - - This place derived its earlier name from being the property, and - perhaps the suburban residence of John Cosyn, a worthy alderman of - Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the seventeenth century. About 1740, sir - Robert Carre, a London knight, and draper, but also, it is thought, a - burgess of the northern metropolis, bought Cosyn’s house at Wallsend, - and thenceforward designated it Carre-ville. The present mansion is, - with some little impropriety, called Carville-_hall_. - - When I began my inquiries at Wallsend, I had much difficulty in - ascertaining which was Cousin’s-house. One man told me he had lived - all his life in Wallsend—sixty years—and had never heard of it. Our - books still continue to copy from Horsley, and to give us the - out-of-date information that the Wall began at Cousin’s-house. - -Footnote 58: - - In districts where the Wall has been levelled with the earth, a - foot-path or bridle-road frequently indicates its course. When land - was of less value than it is now, the farmers, who appropriated the - stones of the Wall to their own use, were not at the trouble to remove - its foundation. The stony track, however, afforded a firm road, and - when the increased value of the ground rendered it worth while to - bring the whole into cultivation, a right of way had, in many - instances, been established. - -Footnote 59: - - Hodgson, II. iii. 169. - -Footnote 60: - - Horsley’s traditionary account was probably derived from the same - source as Leland’s; and therefore may indicate, not the station wall, - but the great Wall itself. If, as the excavations made since Horsley’s - day seem to prove, the Wall crossed obliquely from the south to the - north side of Collingwood-street, it must have passed over the site of - St. Nicholas’-church—not to the north of it. - -Footnote 61: - - So inviting a post would not escape the notice of the ancient - British warrior—the appearances Mr. Hodgson describes, are not - inconsistent with its having been an Ancient-British strong-hold. - -Footnote 62: - - Drawn to twice the usual size. - -Footnote 63: - - The author, as the leader of the pilgrim-band who traversed the Wall - in the summer of 1849, used a staff made out of this primeval oak. It - is now in the Newcastle collection of antiquities. - -Footnote 64: - - Tour, iii. 313, quoted by Brand, i. 37. - -Footnote 65: - - Brand’s Newcastle, i. 37. - -Footnote 66: - - Jerusalem was called after him Ælia Capitolina, and the games at - Pincum, in Mæsia, Ælia Pincensia. - -Footnote 67: - - Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. - -Footnote 68: - - In the possession of the Society of Antiquaries at Somerset-house. The - wood-cuts are drawn to twice the usual scale. - -Footnote 69: - - Baxter, in his glossary, derives it from the ancient British words - _Pen ual_, the head of the Wall. A comparatively modern village would - hardly take a Celtic name; besides, although the Roman station has a - commanding prospect in a military point of view, it is scarcely so - elevated as to be entitled to the epithet of Pen or Ben; the village - of Benwell is below it. - -Footnote 70: - - History of Manchester, i. 224. - -Footnote 71: - - The cottage is still standing in the neighbourhood of Wylam, in which - George Stephenson first saw the light. Aided, in due time, by his son, - worthy of such a father, he did more than any other man to elaborate - our present railway system. The antiquary who has been revelling in - the associations of the past will scarcely fail, as he looks down from - his Wall-traversed heights upon the vale which gave birth to such a - man, to give for a moment the reins to his imagination, and suffering - his mind to penetrate the mists of futurity, ruminate upon the changes - which the efforts of the Stephensons are destined to produce, not only - in the physical, but in the moral aspect of society. - -Footnote 72: - - Derived from wall and _botle_, the Saxon for an abode. - -Footnote 73: - - Anciently written Throcklow. Low, or Law, is applied either to a low, - round-topped eminence, or an artificial mound. - -Footnote 74: - - Hodgson, II. iii. 178. - -Footnote 75: - - Britannia Romana, 139. - -Footnote 76: - - Note in Lappenberg’s Anglo-Saxon Kings, i. 91. - -Footnote 77: - - The road leaves the Wall here, and keeps to the right of the hill. The - north side of the hill is planted with trees, and it is interesting to - notice in the summit of the plantation, a dip, corresponding to the - depression of the fosse of the Wall. - -Footnote 78: - - Unable to resist the positive testimony of an intelligent eye-witness, - I was, at first, disposed to think that he had included in his - measurement some chamber on the inside of the station wall. I am now - prepared to receive the statement without deduction. Some recent - excavations at Risingham have laid bare a part of the curtain wall - which has been built double, the intervening space, or chamber, being - filled up with rubble and rubbish run together with lime, so as to - form a solid mass of masonry of considerable thickness. The object of - this arrangement may have been, to form a solid, elevated platform, - for the use of the soldiery. - -Footnote 79: - - Both Horsley and Lingard had previously noticed it. Horsley says he - was told by a countryman that ‘it was what the speaking trumpet was - laid in.’ - -Footnote 80: - - The aqueduct was not traced on the Halton side of the valley, so that - the precise point where it joined the station is not known; it is now - entirely removed. - -Footnote 81: - - Several of the sculptures at Matfen were sent to Alnwick Castle. - Wallis uses the term, ‘centurial stone,’ very loosely, applying it - even to the large Milking-gap slab. - -Footnote 82: - - Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, b. III. ch. ii. Giles’s translation. - -Footnote 83: - - Although a walk of a few minutes will bring the traveller, who knows - exactly whither to bend his steps, to this curious relic, a stranger - may fruitlessly spend much time in examining the many low scars which - diversify the surface of the fell. It is a deeply interesting object. - -Footnote 84: - - The cramps seem to have been of various kinds. Some authors speak of - iron cramps. One antiquary, I know, spent a livelong summer’s day - knee-deep in the water, extracting one which proved to be entirely of - lead. A. cramp, of very curious form and structure, taken from this - bridge, is preserved in the museum at Chesters, and is figured Plate - VII. fig. 1.; it seems to have been triply dove-tailed; the substance - of it is iron, but it has been coated all over to the thickness of - one-eighth of an inch with lead. The iron would give the instrument - tenacity, and the lead protect the more corrosive metal from - oxidization; truly the Romans built for perpetuity. - -Footnote 85: - - History of Northumberland, II. iii. 180. - -Footnote 86: - - The initial L, page 103, is formed of two of these Roman balusters. - The lower one is at Chesters, the upright one at Chesterholm. - -Footnote 87: - - The section of the hypocaust wall on Plate III is taken from this - example, and shews the hanging floor. - -Footnote 88: - - See an interesting ‘Account of an Excavation recently made within the - Roman Station at CILURNUM, by John Clayton, esq.’ in the Archæologia - Æliana, iii. 142. - -Footnote 89: - - The improved method of making draining-tiles for agricultural uses has - suggested the formation of hollow bricks for building purposes. A - floor might be paved and side-walls formed of these, so as readily to - admit of the circulation of air throughout the whole substance of the - apartment, and a handful of coke or charcoal, placed at the entrance - of the flue, would effectually warm the whole. Specimens of bricks of - this kind, remarkably strong, and ingeniously contrived for securely - locking into one another, are before me, for which I am indebted to - Robert Rawlinson, esq., after whose design they were formed. The Latin - comedy represents the miser begrudging the smoke that escaped from his - chimney—well may the benevolent man regret that whilst his poor - neighbours are bending under the chills of winter, three-fourths of - the heat generated in his parlour-grate is absolutely wasted. - -Footnote 90: - - Now at Alnwick-castle. - -Footnote 91: - - The words printed in italics have been supplied from contemporaneous - inscriptions; they can scarcely be said to be conjectural readings. - -Footnote 92: - - Soldiers who by their good conduct had earned a double allowance of - corn or pay. - -Footnote 93: - - Hodgson learnedly explains this inscription—Arch. Æl. i. 128. - -Footnote 94: - - Preserved in the interesting collection at Chesters. - -Footnote 95: - - This peculiar term is probably derived from the Saxon _Seuch_, a - furrow or fosse, and _Shiel_, a hut for those who have the care of - cattle, and thus signifies, the cottage by the fosse. - -Footnote 96: - - It is reported in the neighbourhood, that Mrs. Spearman having dreamt - that she found a rich hoard of treasure among the ruins of the castle, - made diligent search for it, but without success. When the castle was - removed, however, the farmer obtained a valuable deposit of mediæval - manure. - -Footnote 97: - - Pliny’s Natural History, lib. vii. c. 2, q. - -Footnote 98: - - Hodgson’s Northumberland, II., iii., 287. - -Footnote 99: - - The country being depopulated, lands once in tillage, again became - wastes. The forests being partially destroyed, either by fire or the - axe, the streams which used to permeate the low-grounds were arrested - in their course by prostrate trunks and branches, and gave rise to - extensive morasses. In the bogs of the district we are now - considering, immense quantities of large oak and birch timber, as well - as of oak leaves and hazel nuts, are continually being found. The Dike - would not, of course, originally, be drawn through swampy ground. - -Footnote 100: - - Many of them are preserved in the Museum of the Society of - Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - -Footnote 101: - - Horsley remarks, 'I cannot say that Hadrian’s Vallum has made the - south rampart of this station at Housesteads, but I think it has - passed it not much to the south, and seems to have a small turn just - at the brook, in order to come near, if not up to it.' This looks as - if Horsley could not altogether throw off the idea that the works - exhibit unity of design. Hutton notices his inconsistency, and, - quoting him, (as transferred to the pages of ‘the judicious - Warburton,’) writes—‘But can a thing be brought near to what does not - exist! Hadrian was dead long before the appearance of this station.’ - -Footnote 102: - - This circumstance, together with the fact, that all the camps of the - Barrier abound in stones reddened with fire, is confirmatory of the - view, that the buildings supplied with hypocausts were not necessarily - baths. - -Footnote 103: - - The site of the western gateway is marked by a figure in the - background of the picture. - -Footnote 104: - - Pompeii.—Library of Entertaining Knowledge. - -Footnote 105: - - Two of this number, however, would always be on duty, to the very - great comfort of the eight who remained. - -Footnote 106: - - The initial N, page 43, is formed of three nails from Housesteads, - drawn to three-fourths of the actual size. - -Footnote 107: - - The most satisfactory specimen that I have seen is at Carvoran; it has - apparently been rolled, when in a soft state, on a stone table, and - presents, from its slightly roughened surface, the degree of opacity - which plate-glass has before it is polished. - -Footnote 108: - - One of them is engraved, on p. 63, the inscription of the other is - illegible; both are in the Museum at Newcastle. - -Footnote 109: - - See also the vignette, page 42. Most of these are still on the ground. - They are drawn to the usual scale. - -Footnote 110: - - Archæologia Æliana, i. 268. - -Footnote 111: - - Britannia Romana, 125. - -Footnote 112: - - Hutchinson’s Northumberland, i. 60. - -Footnote 113: - - A dilapidated building, near the east end of the town, illustrates - some of the peculiarities of this species of border fortress. The - lower portion of it was devoted to the reception of cattle—the upper - was occupied by the family. The floor of the second story consists of - stone flags laid upon massive beams of oak, very roughly dressed. The - object of this arrangement has probably been to prevent the enemy, who - might get possession of the lower part of the building without being - able to take the upper part by storm, from applying, with much success - at least, fire to the floor. The stone slates of the roof were - generally fastened with the bones of sheeps’ trotters—a most durable - fastening—instead of wooden pins; but, in this instance, the original - roof has been removed. - -Footnote 114: - - Whilst lying in prison, and cheerfully waiting for the time when he - should be offered, his mind reverted to the scenes and companions of - his youth. 'My hope was of late that I should have come among you, and - to have brought with me abundance of Christ’s blessed gospel, - according to the duty of that office and ministry whereunto among you - I was chosen, named, and appointed, by the mouth of that our late - peerless prince, king Edward.' In a letter, in which, as one ‘minding - to take a far journey,’ he bids farewell to his loving brothers and - sisters, and his well-beloved and worshipful cousins, he specifies - many of the well-known localities of this district, then their places - of residence. - -Footnote 115: - - Labbe’s edition of the Notitia Imperii, published at Paris, 1651. - -Footnote 116: - - It is preserved in the collection of antiquities at Chesters. - -Footnote 117: - - Arch. Æliana, i. 118. - -Footnote 118: - - History of the Picts’ or Romano-British Wall, 35. - -Footnote 119: - - Hodgson, II. iii. 293. - -Footnote 120: - - History of the Picts’ Wall, 35. - -Footnote 121: - - The owner of the ground was provoked to obliterate the remains of this - ancient city, in consequence of the manner in which curiosity-mongers - (not antiquaries) trespassed on his fields, in their way to the - station, instead of taking the beaten track. - -Footnote 122: - - I have been strongly reminded of these circular pedestals by the - figures of the columns of the Roman part of Reculver church, given (p. - 198) in Mr. C. Roach Smith’s admirable work on Richborough and - Reculver. The northern examples are, however, of coarser workmanship - than the southern seem to have been; the moulding that encircles the - Carvoran specimen resembles straw-ropes rather than carefully - fabricated cables. - -Footnote 123: - - Thirl, from the Saxon _thirlian_, signifies to pierce, to bore. It is - generally supposed, that this stronghold derived its name from the - Scots having broken through the Wall here. It may, however, have taken - it from the sluice or bridge where the river passed through the Wall; - thirl, says Hutchinson, being frequently applied to the opening left - in moor fences for sheep to pass through. - -Footnote 124: - - Can it have been derived from the Saxon _bryddes wald_ or _weald_, the - bird’s forest? The local pronunciation of the name of the place is - peculiar and rather favours the proposed etymology. - -Footnote 125: - - The Wall is at too great a distance from the Vallum to be introduced - into the section; it is beyond the extra fosse, on the right hand side - of the wood-cut. - -Footnote 126: - - In this locality, the traveller is apt to lose his reckoning, in - consequence of the number of cottages and villages which are - denominated ‘Wall.’ - -Footnote 127: - - Some antiquaries have conceived, that in the last two words of the - inscription, a reference is made to the emperor Septimius Severus. - This cannot be admitted, for—1. The emperor’s name would not be placed - after that of the prefect: 2. The term _instante_ implies the - discharge of a subordinate duty; for, not to mention other examples, - the temple of which the CILURNUM slab records the restoration (p. - 186), was built by command of Marius Valerianus, under the - superintendence of (_instante_) Septimius Nilus: 3. That _princeps_ - was the designation of a subordinate officer in the army, appears not - only from a collation of other inscriptions, but from the following - statement of Manutius—'In a legion there were three kinds of foot - soldiers, _hastati_, _principes_, and _triarii_, and in each there - were ten centurions, who were called the first _hastatus_, the second - _hastatus_, the third, and so on, up to the tenth; the first - _princeps_, the second, and so on; but the _triarii_, the bravest of - all, were named in a different manner, for they did not call them - first triarius, but _primipilus_, or _primipili centurio_.'—_Arch. - Æl._, ii. 88. - - _Principi_ is doubtless intended for the more usual form of the - ablative, _principe_. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - - - - PART IV - THE SUPPORTING STATIONS OF THE WALL. - -Altho’ we have now traversed the line of the mural Barrier from one -extremity to the other, and examined all the camps that lie upon its -track, we have met with but seventeen or eighteen of the twenty-three -that are mentioned in the Notitia as stations _per lineam Valli_. -According to Horsley, five remain to be accounted for, and according to -Hodgson, who rejects Watch-cross, six. These must be sought for among -the stations which support the great Barrier on its northern or southern -side. As the names of the camps north of the Wall have been ascertained -by independent authority, and as they do not correspond[Sidenote: -SECONDARY FORTS OF THE NOTITIA.] with those of the remaining stations of -the Notitia, it is agreed on all hands, that the list is to be completed -from among the fortified places which support the Barrier on the south. -Without dwelling upon the reasons which have guided the conjectures, -(for they are but conjectures at the best), of the great author of the -Britannia Romana, and other antiquaries, in appropriating the remaining -names supplied by the Notitia, it may be sufficient to say, that as the -primary stations, so far as they have been ascertained, are found to be -arranged in that document in regular consecutive order, beginning at the -eastern extremity of the line, it is conceived to be highly probable -that a similar course has been pursued with the secondary camps. If, -therefore, we could correctly ascertain which, of all the camps that dot -the country in the southern vicinage of the Wall, are mural stations, we -might, with tolerable plausibility, bestow upon them in their order the -remaining names of the Notitia roll. But this is a task of great -difficulty, and considerable uncertainty must necessarily attend the -appropriation of the names upon this principle. - -An examination of the forts themselves, however, on both sides of the -Wall, is a task equally easy and instructive, and it is one which is -essential to a correct estimate of the strength of the principal -fortification—the Wall. Sir John Clark must have altogether overlooked -the existence of these supporting stations, when he wrote in the -following strain to his friend Gale:— - - After all, I cannot but take notice of two things with regard to the - Wall, that have given me great matter of speculation. The first is, - why it was made at all, for it could never be a proper defence, and - perhaps at Bowness less than at any other place, since our barbarian - forefathers on the north side could pass over at low water, and if the - sea was higher or deeper than it is now, could make their attacks from - the north-east side by land.—The second is, why the Scots historians, - vain enough by nature, have not taken more pains to describe the Wall, - a performance which did their ancestors more honour than all the - trifling stories put together which they have transmitted to us. It is - true the Romans walled out humanity from us; but it is as certain they - thought the Caledonians a very formidable people, when they at so much - labour and cost built this Wall; as before they had made a Vallum - between the Forth and the Clyde. - -[Sidenote: THE BARRIER NOT A NAKED WALL.] - -The Romans did not oppose to the enemy a single line of fortification -only, which, by some casual negligence on their part, or a sudden -exertion of desperate bravery on the side of their antagonists, might in -a moment be rendered useless. In addition to the Wall, stationary camps -were planted along its whole course, at a few miles distance from it, -both to the north and the south; so that, in reality, a triple line of -fortresses was opposed to the passage of an enemy from either quarter. -These subsidiary stations were connected with the garrisons on the Wall, -and to some extent with each other, by good roads. In maintaining a -surveillance over an enemy, whether to the north or the south of the -chief member of the fortification, in furnishing a secure retreat for -the soldiery when venturing beyond their line, and in stemming the first -shock of an onset, the importance of the out-stations cannot be -over-rated. - -[Sidenote: THE SUPPORTING FORTS OF DIFFERENT ERAS.] - -It is not contended that all the stations which are immediately on the -north and south of the Wall were erected with the express view of -supporting it. Several of them doubtless were, but others, there is -reason to believe, were made by Agricola, before the Wall was projected -or thought of. All that is necessary for us to admit is, that they -contributed materially to the strength of the main structure, and as -such, formed an important element in the calculations of the engineer of -the Wall. - -In taking a cursory survey of the supporting stations of the line, it -may be well, first, to examine those which defended its eastern -extremity: next, those which are upon Watling-street—the great channel -of communication between the northern and southern sections of Britain -on the east side of the summit level: afterwards, those which are on the -Maiden-way—the road on the west of the summit level: and reserve to the -last, the important stations which strengthened the works on the -northern and southern shores of the Solway. - - -_TYNEMOUTH._—The Castle and Priory stand upon a peninsula so strong and -so easily defended, that it could not have escaped the attention either -of the aboriginal Britons or the Romans. The altar, which was erected by -the fourth cohort of the Lingones, [Illustration: Tablet, Gyrum Cumbas] -has been already described (_p._ 109). Another lettered stone, found -along with it, is here represented. - - GYRVM CVMBAS - ET TEMPLVM - FECIT C IV - MAXIMINVS - LEG VI VI - EX VOTO - -About the reading of the first line of this inscription, which Brand -translates, ‘a circular harbour for the shipping,’ there is some -uncertainty; but there is no doubt about the other lines, which import -that— - - Caius Julius Maximinus, _of_ the Sixth Legion, victorious, - in the performance of a vow, erected _this_ temple. - -The mere circumstance of its selection as the site of a temple, proves -this to have been a place of some importance in the Roman age. The name -of the builder of the temple fixes, with a near approach to precision, -the date of its dedication. Caius Julius Verus Maximinus was a Thracian -shepherd of great personal strength; he attracted at an early period of -his life the notice of Septimius Severus, and under Caracalla attained -to the rank of centurion. On the assassination of Alexander Severus, in -235, he assumed the purple, and was himself assassinated in 238. He -probably accompanied Septimius Severus into Britain, and on this -occasion erected the temple commemorated by this inscription. The -following amusing account of the personal qualifications of Maximinus, -is given in Dr. William Smith’s admirable Dictionary of Biography and -Mythology. - - His height exceeded eight feet, but his person was not ungraceful, for - the size and muscular developement of his limbs were in proportion to - his stature, the circumference of his thumb being equal to that of a - woman’s wrist, so that the bracelet of his wife served him for a - ring.... The remarkable magnitude of his eyes communicated a bold and - imposing expression to his features. He was able single-handed to drag - a loaded wagon, could with his fist knock out the grinders, and with a - kick break the leg of a horse; while his appetite was such, that in a - day he could eat forty pounds of meat, and drink an amphora of wine. - At least such are the statements of the ancient writers. - -Nearly all traces of the camp at Tynemouth have been erased. Some years -after the modern well near the entrance into the castle was sunk, -another of wide diameter, and cased with masonry, was discovered, in -consequence of the falling in of its covering; it is supposed to be -Roman, but was again closed by order of the commander of the garrison, -before it could be properly inspected. - -[Sidenote: MEDIÆVAL REMAINS.] - -The mediæval remains at Tynemouth are of great interest. The castellated -gateway which formerly defended the approaches to the priory precincts -has been sadly mutilated by tasteless renovators, but the ecclesiastical -buildings, which have happily been left to the mercy of the elements, -exhibit even in their ruins, much of their original beauty. The -church-yard, affords a resting place to many who for years had been -tossed upon the restless ocean, and to some who, venturing into the -briny flood in search of health and pleasure, met with an untimely end. -Friendly tomb-stones, speak of them; some names, however, are in danger -of being forgotten. - -The murdered body of Oswin king of Deira, was deposited in the -church-yard of this monastery. Here too, were buried Malcolm Canmore -king of Scotland—the friend of the Saxon—and his son, prince Edward, so -named after his maternal ancestor the Confessor; they were both slain in -the same fatal battle fought near Alnwick, A.D. 1094. Queen Margaret, -through whom her present majesty, queen Victoria, derives her Saxon -blood, survived the slaughter of her husband and son but a few days. - - -[Sidenote: BLAKE-CHESTERS.] - -_BLAKE-CHESTERS_, at the high end of North Shields, is the site of -another camp. Waterville, the residence of George Rippon, esq., is -within its bounds. Several carved stones, much worn by the weather, are -on the ground, and many Roman building-stones may be observed in the -contiguous fences. - -These are not the only camps which were situated on the east coast north -of the Wall. Hodgson says— - -From the Wall northward, are numerous small square camps, strengthened -with deep ditches, scattered over the country, as if they had been -intended for rural purposes.[128] A line of them may still be traced -through the parishes of Long-Benton, past Cramlington, into the Plessy -grounds. - -There is every probability that the site of Morpeth castle was fortified -by the Romans. Some portions of the curtain-wall still standing have -been pronounced by competent judges to be of Roman masonry. - - -[Sidenote: FORT AT SOUTH SHIELDS.] - -_SHIELDS LAWE._—The southern shore of the estuary of the Tyne was as -well protected as the northern. A camp, comprehending several acres, -stood upon the slightly elevated headland at South Shields called the -Lawe. The excellence of the situation, as a post of observation, is -proved by the acts of the pilots who have planted a beacon and erected -many of their residences upon it. In 1798, the foundations of many old -walls, which obstructed the plough, were removed. The lowest course of -some of them consisted ‘of rough whinstone, evidently brought from the -shore, as the barnacles were still adhering to them.’ The remains of a -hypocaust were discovered at the same time. Several coins were also -found, and as some of them were of the reign of Valentinian (A.D. 380), -it may be presumed that the station was in use only a short time before -the desertion of Britain by the Romans. An altar, despoiled of its -inscription, which was found in this station, is preserved in the -library at Durham. - -The ancient military-way called the Wreckendike terminated at this -station. Until a recent period, one branch of it could be traced by -Lay-gate, the Dean-bridge, and Jarrow-slake, to Gateshead-fell. It also -led to Lanchester, Binchester, and the South. - - -[Sidenote: STATION AT JARROW.] - -_JARROW._—At nearly the same distance from the camp on the Lawe, on the -south side of the river, as Blake-chesters is from Tynemouth, on the -north, the site of another Roman fort occurs. Hodgson, who first drew -attention to it, says— - - At Jarrow, an oblong square of about three acres, with its corners - rounded off, overlooking the estuary of Jarrow-slake, and fronting on - the south the bank of the navigable stream called the Don, is, on good - grounds, supposed to have been the site of a station or fortified town - of the Romans. Under-ground foundations of a wall of strong masonry - mark out its area on every side, and include within them the site of - the present church and church-yard, and some ragged remains of the - ancient monastery of Jarrow. In digging up part of the remains of - these walls in 1812, a silver denarius of Aulus Vitellius was found - embedded in mortar in the heart of the wall; and when the road was - formed past Jarrow-row, in 1803, two square pavements of Roman brick - were discovered. - -[Illustration: 323] - -Two inscribed stones have been found here which give strength to the -opinion that Jarrow was a Roman station. One of them, now at -Somerset-house, is shewn in the wood-cut. As Brand observes, it is -interesting as containing the name of our island at length. It has been -read— - - DIFFVSIS PROVINC_IIS IN_ BRITANNIA AD VTRVMQVE - O_CEANVM_ EXERCITVS _FECIT_.— - -The army erected this, on the extension of the Roman dominion in -Britain, from the western to the eastern sea. - -The other stone has formed part of an altar erected in honour of the -adopted sons of Hadrian. - -The church of Jarrow is a simple building, but it contains some -undoubted Saxon work. Within the walls of the ancient monastery, some -portions of which exist, the venerable Bede passed his useful and -unostentatious life. Of him, Surtees, the Historian of Durham, observes— - - The lamp of learning, trimmed by the hand of a single monastic who - never passed the limits of his Northumbrian province, irradiated from - the cell of Jarrow, the Saxon realm of England with a clear and steady - light; and when Bede died, history reversed her torch, and quenched it - in deep night. - -This venerable man died, A.D., 735, in the act of completing a -translation into Anglo-Saxon of the Gospel of St. John. His name would -have been worthy of all reverence, even had he done nothing more than -give to his countrymen the Scriptures in their vernacular tongue. It -must however be confessed that ‘he fell on evil times,’ and that his -works embody many of the errors and superstitions of the period. - - -[Sidenote: WARDLEY.] - -_WARDLEY._—An ancient entrenchment containing an area of upwards of six -acres, may yet be observed at Wardley, in the parish of Jarrow, nearly -opposite to Wallsend. Hodgson, who resided for several years in this -neighbourhood, was not able to learn that any Roman antiquities were -ever found in it. He was disposed, however, to think that it belonged to -the Roman era. It may have been a summer encampment of the garrison at -Wallsend, and as such, would contribute not a little to their comfort, -and the defence of the river. - -Wardley, there is some reason to suppose, is the Wredelau of the -chroniclers, where the body of St. Cuthbert became immoveable, and where -the wandering monastics received the revelation which directed them to -Durham. - -Such were the strongholds by which the garrisons on the eastern -extremity of the Wall were assisted in maintaining their ground against -the foe. - -Watling-street, running north and south, crossed the Wall at about -twenty miles from its termination at Wallsend. The modern turnpike-road -between Corbridge and West-Woodburn adheres very closely to its track, -and occasionally the ancient ditches protecting it on both sides are to -be seen. Its stations were probably planted by Agricola, but were not on -that account less useful to the soldiers of the Barrier. Our examination -of them must be brief. - - -_CHEW-GREEN._—Here, close upon the Scottish border, is an extensive -Roman camp; investigation is necessary to decide whether it was of a -temporary or permanent character; it is probably only an earthen -entrenchment. - - -[Sidenote: HIGH-ROCHESTER.] - -BREMENIUM, or High Rochester, is a station of considerable interest. It -stands upon Watling-street, at about twenty two miles north of the Wall. -Between Rochester and Chew-green the pavement of the Roman road may be -distinctly traced for many miles together. The site on which the station -stands is high and much exposed; but, in a military point of view, it is -very strong. On all sides the ground slopes from it, but on the north it -sinks so rapidly, as to give it the protection of a bold breastwork. The -walls of the station are stronger than those of the forts on the line of -the Wall; they are not only thicker, but are composed of larger -stones.[Sidenote: BREMENIUM.] A moat has surrounded the camp; on the -east side, which is by nature the weakest, two ditches have been formed, -which there is reason to believe were supplied with water. All the -gateways may be traced with considerable distinctness; the southern one -has suffered least from depredation. The interior of the station is -filled with the ruins of buildings; some of them would well repay -examination. Of the modern structures which have been raised within its -area, two are peel-houses or fortified dwellings of considerable -strength. The suburban buildings of the station have been situated on -the west side, where their foundations still appear. Here they would be -protected by the valley along which, at about a quarter of a mile’s -distance, the Sills-burn runs. The stones of the ramparts are strongly -marked by the diamond broaching. The station contains an area of four -acres and three roods. - -At about half-a-mile distant from the station, in a south-east -direction, there have recently been discovered the foundations of some -Roman _cippi_ or funeral monuments. They are close by the road, and as -was usually the case, on the south side of it. Three of them are square, -the fourth, which is the largest, is circular. The masonry of all of -them is remarkably fresh. The circular tomb has two courses of stones -standing, besides the flat stones which form the foundation. On clearing -out the interior, a jar of unburnt clay was found; it had no bones in -it. The natural soil was found to have been acted upon by fire to the -depth of more than a foot. Mixed with the rubbish was a quantity of -white ashes. A coin of Alexander Severus was found within the area, a -circumstance which strengthens the presumption that the station was -occupied by the Romans until a late period. - -There are several temporary camps in this neighbourhood. Persons well -acquainted with the country, and who have noticed the peculiar structure -of Roman roads, give it as their opinion that a Roman way has proceeded -eastwards from Rochester by Yatesfield, Potts-Durtrees, Yardhope, -Holystone, and Glanton, in a direction which renders it probable that it -joined that branch of Watling-street which traversed the eastern side of -Northumberland, and is often inelegantly termed the Devil’s-causeway. - -Some distance south of the station, and near to the point at which -Watling-street crosses the modern high-way, (in front of Redesdale -cottage) the remains of an ancient lime-kiln were recently found. It was -situated on the slope of a rocky hill, and had been formed partly by the -excavation of the natural rock, and partly by regular courses of -masonry. In order to take advantage of the form of the ground, the mouth -for drawing out the lime was placed in front. The stones were much -reddened by the action of fire, and portions of lime were adhering to -them. There is excellent limestone near the kiln, and several beds of -coal are in the vicinity. Several heaps of rubbish, on the line of -Watling-street, where the coal crops out, render it probable that this -mineral was wrought by the Romans. - -[Sidenote: THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINE.] - -In ascertaining the Roman names of the stations on the line of the Wall, -reference has hitherto been made only to the Notitia Imperii. Another -document has come down to our time, of which we may now avail -ourselves—the Itinerary of Antonine. It does not mention any of the -stations immediately upon the Wall, but names some to the north and and -south of it. It is a sort of road-book of the whole Roman empire, and is -supposed to have been made by one of the emperors who bore the name of -Antoninus. Horsley thinks that Caracalla is best entitled to be -accounted its author. That part of it which relates to Britain contains -fifteen routes; the towns upon each are named, and the distances from -one to another given in Roman miles. The aid which such a document gives -in ascertaining the ancient designations of the stations that occur in -it is obvious. The first ‘Iter’ is entitled ‘A Route from the Limit, -that is, from the Wall, to PRÆTORIUM, 156 miles.’ It begins thus— - - From BREMENIUM to CORSTOPITUM XX miles. - To VINDOMORA IX ” - To VINOVIA XIX ” - -The second ‘Iter’ also begins at the Wall, and goes to the -Ritupian-port, Richborough, 481 miles. - -The first portion only, of it also, bears upon our present -investigation. - - From BLATUM BULGIUM to CASTRA EXPLORATORUM XII miles. - To LUGUVALLIUM XII ” - To VOREDA XIV ” - -The tenth ‘Iter,’ which is from GLANOVENTA to MEDIOLANUM, 150 miles, -begins with towns which are supposed to be in the vicinity of the Wall. - - From GLANOVENTA to GALAVA XVIII miles. - To ALIONE (or ALIONIS) XII ” - -That Rochester is the BREMENIUM of the first route, is established by -the discovery of an altar in it, which professes to be erected by the -_duplares_ of the exploratory troops stationed at BREMENIUM. In no -position would exploratory troops be more needed than here, and no place -could be more appropriately fixed upon as the starting point of an -‘Iter’ than this. Several of the inscriptions belonging to this station -bear the name of Caracalla. Both BREMENIUM and HABITANCUM seem to have -undergone important repairs in the time of this emperor. - -Eight miles south of High Rochester, and on the line of Watling-street, -is another Roman station. - - -[Sidenote: HABITANCUM.] - -HABITANCUM is the name which Camden, and Horsley, on the authority of a -stone found near the station, and which was inspected by them both, -agree in bestowing upon the modern Risingham. - -The position of HABITANCUM will strike a stranger with surprise. Instead -of occupying an eminence, it is placed in a valley, and close upon the -banks of the Rede. Hills environ it, though not very closely, on every -side. They who, in early spring, have been exposed on the neighbouring -heights to the sleety shower, will know the reason of the selection. The -climate of Risingham is peculiarly mild. The west wind blows with the -steadiness of a trade wind, and the harsh east seldom descends into this -favoured valley. The village of Woodburn is on the opposite side of the -river. The lines in ‘Rokeby’ well characterize the spot, though its wood -is fast disappearing— - - Where Rede upon his margin sees - Sweet Woodburn’s cottages and trees. - -Notwithstanding the secluded nature of the situation, it is not -destitute of military strength. The Rede defends it on the north, which -was the point of greatest danger; and, excepting on the south, where an -out-post seems to have been maintained, an enemy could be descried long -before approaching the camp. - -The walls of the station have been constructed of the same strong -masonry as those of BREMENIUM. Owing to the excellence of the stone, the -marks of the tool upon them are peculiarly distinct. In the hill behind -the station, called the Bell-knowe, the ancient quarrymen have left -numerous wedge-holes and other indications of their labours. Although a -fosse usually surrounded the ramparts of a station, and although sir -Walter Scott has sung of— - - The moated mound of Risingham, - -[Sidenote: RISINGHAM.] - -Risingham does not appear to have been defended in this way. In company -with the owner of the property, who had a little before thorough-drained -the ground bordering on the south and east sides of the camp, I sought -in vain for any traces of a fosse. The ruins of the interior would yield -a rich harvest to the careful explorer. Recent excavations have revealed -some chambers of great interest; but, with the exception of those near -the south-east corner, they have been removed as soon as displayed. Some -of the buildings were evident restorations of prior structures: a -circumstance which confirms the conclusion deduced from other -considerations, that the station was long occupied by the Romans. After -being deserted, a portion of its north rampart has been carried away by -the river. Until recently, the remains of the bridge by which -Watling-street crossed the Rede, on the west side of the station, were -distinctly visible. The soil which covers the camp is peculiarly rich, -being replete with animal matter. Many important antiquarian treasures -have been procured from this spot. The large slab, six feet long, which -forms the ground-work of the initial letter at the beginning of this -part, was found among the ruins of the south gateway. The inscription -mentions the restoration of the gate with the walls of the station -(PORTAM CUM MURIS VETUSTATE DILAPSIS). The upper part, which is lost, -probably contained the name of Severus; in what remains, some of the -titles of Caracalla appear. Geta’s name seems to have been erased. The -stone is now at Newcastle. Another very fine slab found at this station, -is at Cambridge. Some of the altars discovered here will be described in -the last part. - -Horsley is naturally surprised that HABITANCUM is not named in the -Antonine Itinerary. One conjecture in which he indulges, in order to -account for this is, ‘that the station might be neglected before the -reign of Caracalla,’ which is proved to be unfounded by the slab already -referred to, and by the discovery last year of some large fragments of -inscriptions, mentioning that emperor by his title Adiabenicus. A second -supposition which he entertains may be the correct one. He says— - - Possibly Risingham might be looked on as too near to - Rochester, to make it another mansion in this route. And - though two places are sometimes set down in the same iter, - which are at no greater distance, yet other circumstances - might render this proper at one place, and not so at another. - -It is not improbable that the two stations may have been under one -command. The exposed situation of BREMENIUM would render it highly -desirable that the _exploratores_, after having battled for a season -with the elements and the Caledonians, should be allowed a period of -comparative relief in some more sheltered spot, such as HABITANCUM. - - -[Sidenote: CORSTOPITUM.] - -CORSTOPITUM is the next place that occurs in this ‘iter,’ in which it is -set down as being twenty miles from BREMENIUM. At the distance of about -twenty-three English miles from the camp of High Rochester, and on the -line of Watling-street, are now to be found the remains of the station -of Corchester. - -[Sidenote: CORCHESTER.] - -This, which is a little to the west of the town of Corbridge, is -doubtless the ancient CORSTOPITUM. The station, which is now entirely -levelled, and can with difficulty be traced, has stood upon a gently -swelling knoll on the north bank of the Tyne. A bridge, the foundations -of which the floods of seventeen centuries have spared, connected it -with the opposite bank of the river; the remains of this bridge are -precisely similar in appearance to those on the North Tyne at CILURNUM. -The bridge has crossed the river obliquely, a circumstance which -corroborates the opinion formerly expressed, that the bridges in these -parts consisted of horizontal roadways, supported upon piers—unless, -indeed, we suppose that the Romans were acquainted with the construction -of the skew-arch. Hutchinson states, that a ‘military way passes from -this place south-west through Dilston Park, over Hexham Fell to Old Town -in Allendale, and meets with the Maiden-way at Whitley Castle.’ -Abundance of medals, inscriptions, and other Roman antiquities, have -been found at Corchester. Pieces of Roman bricks and pots are spread -over the surface of the ground. The church at Corbridge has been raised -at the expense of the station. Horsley conceives that this fort was -abandoned before the compilation of the Notitia, as it is not mentioned -in that document. It is about two miles south of the Wall. - -The large altar which is figured in the initial letter at the beginning -of this volume, formed, in Horsley’s days, the shaft of the market-cross -at Corbridge. It is now on the stairs of the entrance-tower, at the -castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The inscription is defaced, but the -carving on both sides remains; on the one side is a soldier, armed—the -representative probably of war; on the other is a warrior, having laid -aside his weapons, dragging an amphora of wine—a picture, emblematic of -peace. The singular use made of this heathen relic suggests the -insertion here of the story of the ‘Fairy stone,’ as it is still told in -this neighbourhood. - - A Roman altar in the vicinity of Bywell was, during the ‘troublesome - times’ of 1715, put to a use little contemplated either by the - ancients or moderns. It was employed as the post-office of the - non-juring gentry of the district. The parties, wishing to keep up a - correspondence with each other, arranged to deposit their - communications in a hollow of the altar. In the gray of the morning - little girls clad in green, and trained to the task, approached the - stone with a dancing step, and, having got the letters, retired with - antic gestures. So well did they perform their part that they were - mistaken for fairies, and the object of their visits was not - discovered for a long time afterwards. The stone was known by the name - of the Fairy stone. - -[Sidenote: CORBRIDGE LANX.] - -But the greatest curiosity which has been discovered at CORSTOPITUM, is -the silver _lanx_, or dish, which is represented on the next page. A -piece of plate so massive, is of rare occurrence in the stations of the -North. It is in the possession of the duke of Northumberland. There is -an accurate cast of it in the Newcastle Museum of Antiquities. - -[Illustration: Corbridge Lanx] - - 'It was found (says Mr. Robert Cay, in a letter of 4th March 1734) - near Corbridge, by some ignorant poor people who have cut off the feet - in such a vile barbarous manner, that they have broke two holes - through the table, and a small piece off one of the corners too.' It - is 19½ inches long, and 15 broad; it weighs about 150 ounces. The rim - of the plate rises nearly an inch above the interior. The figures have - been punched into form. Gale’s conjecture as to its use is probably - the correct one. ‘This is big enough (he says) to contain the _exta_ - of a sheep, or other small victims, which seems to me to be the - likeliest employment for it, and that it was one of these sacrificing - utensils that Virgil calls _Lances_: - - Lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta.’ - - The principal figures on the plate are probably, those of Diana, - Minerva, Juno, Vesta, and Apollo. - - On the left side of the design is Diana, armed with a bow and arrow. - Below her feet is an urn with water flowing from it; in front of her, - is an altar with an offering, of a globular form, upon it, and below - the altar, is a dog of the greyhound species, looking up to the - goddess. - - The next figure is Minerva. She wears a helmet, and her breast is - adorned with the Gorgon’s head. A spear is in her left hand. The thumb - and first two fingers of her right hand are uplifted, as if in the act - of bestowing a benediction. - - The next figure is supposed to be Juno, though no symbol is given by - which she can be decisively distinguished. Her right hand is uplifted - in a manner similar to Minerva’s. At her feet lies a dead buck. - - Vesta succeeds. She is seated; part of her peplus or mantle is drawn - over her head; the two fore-fingers of her left hand, which is - apparently resting upon her bosom, are upraised. Beneath the goddess - is an altar with the fire burning. - - On the right of the piece is Apollo, standing under a canopy. His bow - is in his left hand, a flower in his right. His lyre is on the ground - by his side, and a griffin is below him. - - An eagle and some other birds are among the branches of the tree in - the upper part of the piece. - - Under the whole representation some recondite meaning is probably - concealed, which can only be a subject of conjecture. (_See Hodgson’s - Northumberland_, II. iii. 246.) - -[Illustration: Altar to Astarte] - -[Sidenote: GREEK ALTAR.] - -Two important altars, with Greek inscriptions have been found at -Corbridge. One is dedicated to the Tyrian Hercules; the other, which is -represented in the adjoining wood-cut, to Astarte, the Ashtaroth of the -Scriptures. - - ΑΣΤΑΡΤΗΣ - ΒΩΜΟΝ Μ’ - ΕΣΟΡΑΣ - ΠΟΥΛΧΕΡ Μ’ - ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ - - Of Astarte, - The altar - You see, - Pulcher - replaced. - -Josephus tells us, that Hiram king of Tyre, built two temples, which he -dedicated to these deities. The Israelites, in forsaking the living God, -not unfrequently betook themselves to the abominations of the Sidonians. - - ... With these in troop - Came Astoreth, whom the Ph[oe]nicians call’d - Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns; - To whose bright image nightly by the moon - Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs, - In Sion also not unsung,... - -It is deeply and painfully interesting to dig up in our British soil -decided traces of this gross idolatry.[129] - - -[Sidenote: HEXHAM CRYPT.] - -_HEXHAM_ is generally admitted by antiquaries to have been a Roman town, -though the proof of it is not absolutely decisive. St. Wilfrid built a -church and monastery here about the year 673, after the Roman manner, -which was considered the wonder of the age. We are told by the -historians of that period that ‘secret cells and subterranean oratories -were laid with wondrous industry beneath’ the building. Some vaults -[Illustration: Crypt of Hexham Abbey Church] still remaining probably -formed the crypt of this ancient structure. The stones which compose -this under-ground building are all Roman; the peculiar mode in which -they are chiselled is exhibited in the annexed wood cut, representing -one of its chambers. The walls exhibit several Roman mouldings and -cornices, besides inscriptions.[130] It is not likely that these stones -would be brought from Corbridge (the nearest Roman station, if Hexham be -not one), which is on the other side of the river, and three miles -distant; especially as there is abundance [Illustration: Slab to Severus -at Hexham] of stone in the immediate neighbourhood. The most important -of the inscribed slabs which are walled up in the crypt, is here -exhibited; it is one[Sidenote: INSCRIPTION TO SEVERUS.] of the -inscriptions bearing the names of the emperor Septimius Severus (who -added to his own name that of his predecessor, Pertinax), of his eldest -son, Caracalla, who styled himself Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius, and -of Geta, his younger son, whose name and title have obviously been -erased from the tablet, an operation which we find has been studiously -performed on many similar inscriptions, doubtless after his murder by -his unnatural brother Caracalla. The date of this inscription is marked -by the union of Severus and his two sons in the imperial title. Its -object does not appear from what remains of the stone, further than that -it recorded some act done by a vexillation of some portion of the Roman -forces. - -The mediæval antiquities of Hexham are highly interesting. The gateways -and embattled towers will repay examination; but the gem of this fine -old town, which in the Saxon era was an episcopal see, is the -Abbey-church. The choir and transepts alone remain; they exhibit much -beauty of detail, and their several parts blend most harmoniously -together. The church formerly possessed the right of sanctuary. The -frid-stool is still in its place. The cross which marked the eastern -boundary of the privileged territory is nearly entire, and is kept near -its original site, in the yard of the poor-house. The _disjecta membra_ -of that which marked the northern boundary of the sanctuary lie by the -side of the road going over Cross-bank, a hill between two and three -miles north of Hexham, and from which the traveller approaching the town -from the north first obtains a view of the venerable abbey-church, and -surrounding town. The prospect is now, to the peaceful antiquary, -guiltless of his neighbour’s blood, singularly interesting—what must it -have been when descried in ancient times by panting fugitives, pressed -by an avenging hand, and fleeing to the sanctuary! This cross remains a -monument of the disordered state of society in the middle ages, and -leads the reflecting passenger to contrast his present tranquility with -the insecurity of former times. No favoured spot is now necessary to -shield the innocent from the rage of a stronger assailant, or will be -allowed to stay the course of justice upon the guilty. - - -[Sidenote: EBCHESTER.] - -_EBCHESTER_, situated upon the line of Watling-street, is, as its name -indicates, a Roman station. Surtees thus describes it:— - - Ebchester stands at the foot of a long descent, yet on the edge of a - still steeper declivity. Its cottages and trees are scattered along a - lofty brow overhanging the green haugh-lands of the Derwent. On the - very edge of the steep, the vallum of a Roman station is still - extremely distinct, and the little chapel of Ebchester, a farmhold, - and a few thatched cottages, stand within the very area of the ancient - VINDOMORA—if VINDOMORA it be, for the point is by no means stated as - beyond controversy. - - -[Sidenote: LANCHESTER.] - -_LANCHESTER_ is, on the authority of the itinerary of Richard of -Cirencester, conceived to be the EPEIACUM of the Romans. Though several -miles removed from the Wall, its position upon Watling-street would -render it useful as a supporting station. It occupies a lofty brow to -the west of the village, on a tongue of land formed by the junction of -two small streams. On three sides the ground falls from the camp; on the -west only it is commanded by a high moorland hill, whose prospect ranges -from the Cheviots, in the north, to the Cleveland hills, in the south. -The station is one of the largest class, containing an area of about -eight acres. The walls may be distinguished on all sides. The south -wall, though deprived of its facing-stones, stands eight feet high, and -shews nine courses of thin rubble-stones arranged edgewise in a leaning -direction. A layer of very rough mortar has been placed on each course -of stones after they have been placed in their bed. On the outside of -the south-east angle a subterranean chamber has been discovered; the -descent to it is by steps. It is difficult to conjecture the use to -which it has been put; a similar chamber was found to occupy the same -position outside the camp at Plumpton. The masonry of some chambers near -the south-east corner of the station, which when first opened were found -to be full of bones, is very perfect. The remains of a hypocaust may be -seen near to the place where the pretorium has probably stood. -Lanchester seems to have been garrisoned almost throughout the entire -period of Roman occupation; a large proportion of the coins found at it -are of the higher empire, but the series extends down to Valentinian. -The name of Gordian occurs on two inscriptions as the restorer of some -of its buildings. The destruction of the station was probably owing to -some sudden and violent catastrophe. The observations of Surtees on this -subject, are applicable to many of the camps of the Barrier. - - The red ashes of the basilica and bath, the vitrified flooring, and - the metallic substances evidently run by fire, which occur amongst the - ruins, form a strong indication that the structure perished in the - flames. - -It has already been observed (p. 261) that two aqueducts have brought -water to the station from a distance of some miles. This is the more -remarkable as several deep wells have been found near the camp, and -there are open springs within fifty paces from the south and east wall. - -The surrounding moor abounds in iron-stone; of this the Romans seem to -have availed themselves, for immense heaps of slag, of ancient -production, have been found in the neighbourhood. - - -_BINCHESTER_ is still farther to the south, on the same line of road; -but, on account of its distance, would have but little intercourse with -the stations immediately connected with the Barrier. It contains some -hypocausts, which are peculiarly worthy of careful examination. - - -Retracing our steps and again penetrating the region of fierce -Caledonian onslaughts and border feuds, we find Bewcastle occupying a -position north of the Wall, on the Maiden-way, corresponding with that -which Risingham does on Watling-street. - - -[Sidenote: BEWCASTLE.] - -_BEWCASTLE_ stands in the bottom of a basin formed by a wide -amphitheatre of bleak and lofty hills. The camp occupies a platform -slightly elevated above the rivulet, the Kirkbeck, which washes its -southern ramparts and permeates the valley. The northern side is the -weakest part of the position, but even here there is a depression in the -contour of the ground, which would render it more easily defensible. In -this quarter too there are marks of artificial fortifications beyond the -station wall. The fort, in order to suit the nature of the ground, is -not of the usual square form, but is six-sided; it probably encloses an -area of about four acres. The ground on which the camp stands is -reckoned the most fertile in all Cumberland. It was in the depth of -winter that I visited it (1, Jan. 1850) but even then the space occupied -by the fortifications might be distinguished by its peculiar verdure. To -the east of the camp are some barrow-like mounds, and on the west of it -are terraced lines, bearing testimony to the agricultural industry of -the Romans. On the eminence westward of the camp are the foundations of -square buildings, probably posts of observation. On the lofty summits of -some of the adjacent hills the concentric lines of British encampments -plainly appear. They still seem to bid defiance to the Roman fort in the -valley. - -Within the lines of the camp, and protected by a moat of its own, is a -dark and frowning castle; it is tersely described in an ancient -manuscript, ‘as a strength against the Scots in time of warre.’ The -captain of Bewcastle was a military chief of considerable power; he is -frequently mentioned in Border minstrelsy. The castle is built with the -stones of the station. Its masonry is very rude; the mortar which has -been used is rough, containing, besides gravel and sand, pieces of coal, -charcoal, burnt clay, and broken bricks. A tower, apparently added after -the main structure was reared, guards the entrance-gateway. - -This, or some previous building, gives name to Bewcastle—Bueth’s-castle. - - Bueth was, before the conquest, lord of Bewcastle and Gilsland. After - some previous changes, Henry II., by a grant, dated ‘_apud Novum - Castrum super Tynam_,’ gave the manor of Gilsland to Hubert de - Vallibus, one of his Norman retainers. The Saxons were not men quietly - to submit to wrong. Gilbert Bueth, son of the dispossessed proprietor, - collecting a band of followers, made frequent incursions into his - ancient patrimony. Robert de Vallibus, son of Hubert, the former - possessor, suggested a conference, at which he basely assassinated the - unarmed Saxon. Expiation was easy; the[Sidenote: ORIGIN OF LANERCOST - PRIORY.] priory of Lanercost was founded and richly endowed. It is - traditionally said that part of the expiatory ceremony consisted in - the demolition of the walls of his castle at Castle-steads - (Cambeck-fort), and sowing the site with salt. The baronial residence - was transferred to Irthington, where, as already observed, some traces - of it remain. Robert de Vallibus was afterwards employed by Henry II. - as a judge of assize. How lax must the state of morality have been, - when a murderer was allowed to sit upon the bench! His ill-gotten - lands were not permitted to descend to his posterity, William, his - only child, dying before him. - -The far-famed Runic cross, respecting which so much has been written, -holds its ancient place in the church-yard of Bewcastle. The -inscription, which is now hardly legible, is pronounced by Kemble -(Archæologia xxviii. 347) to be an Anglo-Saxon, not a Norse one. Two -Roman inscriptions, not now to be found, have been described as -belonging to this station. One of them, which Camden saw used as a -grave-stone, bore the letters, - - LEG[IO] II AVG[VSTA] - FECIT - - The second legion, the august, - made _this_. - -The other, much fractured, Horsley saw fulfilling the same office. He -says, ‘I take it to have been an honorary monument erected to Hadrian, -by the _Legio secunda Augusta_, and the _Legio vicesima_.’ - - -[Sidenote: WHITLEY CASTLE.] - -_WHITLEY CASTLE_ is the modern name of another outpost, which is -situated on the Maiden-way, as far south of the Wall as Bewcastle is -north of it. An imperfect inscription found here, and described by -Camden and Horsley, commemorates the dedication of a temple to -Caracalla, in his fourth consulship (A.D. 213), by the third cohort of -the Nervii. As the Notitia places the third cohort of the Nervii at -ALIONIS, it is conceived that such may have been the ancient designation -of the camp at Whitley Castle. The station stands upon the gently -inclining side of a hill, about two miles north of the town of Alston. -The railway approaches within a few furlongs of it. The form of the camp -is peculiar, being that of a trapezoid, whereas the usual figure is that -of a parallelogram. In another respect it differs from all the other -camps that we have hitherto examined; it is surrounded by an -extraordinary number of earthen entrenchments. On the western side, -which is the most exposed, there are no fewer than seven ditches, with -corresponding ramparts, and on the north, four. These earth-works are in -a state of wonderful preservation. The strength of these lines, and the -comparative absence, both within and without the station, of Roman -stones, render it probable that the garrison trusted to breastworks of -earth, rather than of masonry. The general level of the camp is elevated -above the surface of the contiguous ground, in consequence, probably, of -the mass of ruins which it contains. Its whole area, including the -entrenchments and ditches, amounts to nine acres. - -A large altar procured from the station is in the neighbouring farm -house; the inscription is illegible, but it has on the upper part of its -four sides, a carving in bold relief. - -[Sidenote: ROMAN DUNGHILL.] - -It is no unusual thing to find in the neighbourhood of a Roman station -manifest traces of the dunghill of the fort. As might be expected, such -a repository is replete with objects which, though once despised and -cast away as worthless, well repay the search of the antiquary. Not far -from the north-east angle of this camp a large dunghill was found, which -has been recently removed for farm purposes. It contained numerous -fragments of Roman earthenware and glass, as well as armillæ of jet or -fine cannel coal. Its most curious product, however, was a large store -of old shoes or sandals. The soles were all made ‘right and left,’ and -consisted of several folds of leather fastened together with -round-headed nails. (See Plate XVIII. figs. 3, 4, 5.) Were this the only -place where these curious objects have been found, we might hesitate to -assign to them a primeval date, but very many having been discovered in -digging the foundations of Carlisle gaol, and some in clearing the -buildings at CILURNUM, as well as other places, and being accompanied in -every instance by other articles of undoubted Roman manufacture, we are -entitled to consider them as the produce of Roman hands. Modern artists -might examine them with advantage; Roman shoe-makers thought it no -dishonour to let nature prescribe the form that their handy-work should -assume. - -[Sidenote: WALLIS’S ENTHUSIASM.] - -Wallis, the author of the Natural History and Antiquities of -Northumberland, was born within the ramparts of this camp; the house is -now removed. In the preface to his work he accounts for the antiquarian -bias of his mind in the following strain:— - - Northumberland being Roman ground, and receiving my first breath in - one of their _castra_, I was led by a sort of enthusiasm to an inquiry - and search after their towns, their cities, and temples, their baths, - their altars, their _tumuli_, their military ways, and other remains - of their splendour and magnificence; which will admit of a thousand - views and reviews, and still give pleasure to such as have a gust for - any thing Roman; every year almost presenting new discoveries of the - wisdom, the contrivance, ingenuity, and elegance of that respectable - people. - -Although nearly a century has elapsed since Wallis wrote this, the field -of Romano-British antiquities still retains much of the fertility he -ascribes to it, and doubtless, has stores yet in reserve for the -assiduous inquirer. - - -Before proceeding to the stations which supported the western extremity -of the Wall, there are two camps, one to the east, and another to the -west of the Maiden-way, which demand a little of our attention. - - -_OLD TOWN._—Horsley entertained the idea that he had found the remains -of a Roman camp at Old Town, near Catton Beacon, in Allendale. Hodgson -treats the opinion with some degree of ridicule. I am disposed to think -that Horsley is right, though the inquiries I made on the spot did not -lead me to a decision of the question. - -[Sidenote: STATION NEAR BRAMPTON.] - -_BRAMPTON._—About a mile west of the modern town of Brampton, upon a -gentle eminence commanding a view in every direction of a most beautiful -country, are the traces of a small Roman camp. The father of English -topography, guided in some measure by the similarity of the names, fixed -the ancient BREMETENRACUM at Brampton; but Horsley, in consequence of -the absence of Roman remains, demurred to the correctness of the -conclusion. It is not surprising that this camp escaped the attention of -Horsley, as it is situated within the ancient park of Brampton, -considerable portions of which were, a century ago, covered with tangled -brushwood and venerable forest trees. Its trenches, though still -visible, are fast disappearing; every time it is ploughed, the furrow is -turned into the hollow of its fosse. Though hundreds of cart-loads of -stones have been taken from it, the ground on which the camp stood is -thickly strewed with stony fragments. On walking over the spot, I picked -up a piece of dove-coloured pottery, part of a millstone, and several -portions of Roman tile. Besides individual coins which have occasionally -been found here, an earthen jar, containing a large hoard, was turned up -by the plough in 1826. It contained not fewer than five thousand pieces, -all of them of the lower empire. - -If Whitley Castle be the ALIONIS of the Notitia, this, as coming next in -order, may be, as Camden conjectured, BREMETENRACUM.[131] - -[Sidenote: ANCIENT TUMULI.] - -In the plain to the south of the camp, are some remarkable _tumuli_. One -mound of large dimensions, standing alone, is covered with oak trees. -Three others of small size, and close to each other, are at the eastern -extremity of the same field. Two of them are circular, and about twelve -yards in diameter; the third is elongated, and measures about thirty-two -yards in length. Whatever opinion we may form respecting the larger -mound, there can be no doubt that the smaller ones are artificial -barrows; the hollow made by the excavation of the soil for their -formation is discernible. They do not appear to have been opened, but -will no doubt soon yield up their long-hoarded treasures to some -enterprising antiquary. - -Between the station and the town of Brampton, may be noticed the faint -traces of an earthen encampment of the usual Roman form; it is fast -disappearing under the action of the plough. West of the station, stands -an ancient church, formed of Roman stones. Though the living have -forsaken the venerable pile, the dead are still being laid in its -church-yard. - - -We now approach the stations which supported the Barrier near its -western extremity; it will be well to examine first those north of the -Wall. - - -[Sidenote: CAMP AT NETHERBY.] - -_NETHERBY._—The nucleus of the seat of sir James Graham is a border -tower, with walls of great thickness. These walls were doubtless erected -at the expense of the ramparts and buildings of the camp, within which -the mansion is situated. The form of the station cannot now be -satisfactorily defined; but the number and importance of the coins, -altars, and sculptures, which have been found within it, prove that it -was a place of consequence during the period of Roman occupation. The -site, though not greatly elevated, commands an extensive prospect in -every direction. The bank on its western side, which slopes down to the -valley of the Esk, is said to have been washed in ancient days by the -waters of the Solway. - -Among the many important inscriptions discovered here, is one to -Hadrian, closely resembling those which have been found at Milking-gap, -Bradley, and other places. The stone has long been lost, but in Gough’s -Camden the inscription is given thus— - - IMP. CAES. TRA. - HADRIANO - AVG. - LEG. II. AVG. F. - -[Sidenote: SCULPTURE AT NETHERBY.] - -Some very fine sculptured stones, found in the station, are preserved on -the spot. Amongst them is one which is figured on the adjoining page. A -youth stands in a niche, a mural crown is on his head, a cornucopia in -his left hand, and a patera, from which he pours out a libation on an -altar, in his right; it is one of the finest carvings that is to be met -with on the line of the Wall. From the grooves which are cut in the -lower part of the stone, [Illustration: Genius of the Wall] we may -naturally conclude, that the figure has been formerly set in masonry, -perhaps to adorn the approach to some temple. Gordon supposes the figure -to be intended for Hadrian; Lysons thinks that it was meant for the -‘Genius of the Wall of Severus’—let us combine the two ideas, and -suppose, that the figure is that of Hadrian, representing, as he had the -best right to do, ‘the Genius of the Barrier.’ - -Reference will afterwards be made to the figures of the _Deæ Matres_ -which have been found here. - -[Sidenote: BLATUM BULGIUM.] - -Netherby is supposed to be the CASTRA EXPLORATORUM of the second -Antonine ‘Iter,’ which was garrisoned by a _numerus exploratorum_. Its -situation is very suitable for an exploratory garrison; and its distance -from Carlisle on the one hand, and Middleby on the other, nearly -corresponds with the distance at which it is set down in the Itinerary -both from LUGUVALLIUM and BLATUM BULGIUM. - - -[Sidenote: CAMP NEAR MIDDLEBY.] - -_MIDDLEBY._—To the south of Middleby Kirk, in the county of Dumfries, is -a camp which is called in the district Burns, or Birrens. It occupies a -low and sheltered situation, but possesses, notwithstanding, -considerable natural capabilities of defence. The water of Mein washes -the earthy scar which forms its southern margin, and the Middleby burn, -which joins the Mein at the south-east angle of the camp, runs parallel -to its eastern rampart. It appears, from the plan given in Roy’s -Military Antiquities, to have been protected, in addition to its stone -walls, on three sides by four earthen ramparts, with intervening -ditches; and on the north, which was at once by nature the weakest, and -the quarter most exposed to the attack of the enemy, by not fewer than -six. The northern ramparts remain in nearly their original completeness, -but the overflowings of the Mein on the south, the construction of a -road on the east, and the operations of agriculture on the west, have -destroyed the ramparts on these sides. A _procestrium_, or out-work, -protected by its own ramparts, appears to have been appended to the west -side of the original camp; or, perhaps, to speak more correctly, the -suburban buildings, which were situated in this quarter were embraced by -an additional fortification. In so exposed a situation, such a -precaution would be highly proper. The field in which the _procestrium_ -was, has been brought into cultivation, and a great number of carved -stones, which were found in it, taken to Hoddam Castle. The corners of -the camp are, as is usually the case, rounded; the four gateways are -clearly discernible. The interior area of the station measures three -acres and three-quarters. On the south side of the station a large -vault, arched with stone, was laid open more than a century ago. Popular -credulity has magnified it into an underground passage, which extended -all the way to Burnswark; the people in the neighbourhood aver that they -have known persons go a considerable way along it. - -The altars and sculptures found at this place are engraved and -described, apparently with great accuracy, in Stuart’s Caledonia Romana. -Amongst them is a stone tablet, bearing the words— - - IMP. CAESARI TRAIAN. LEG. SECVND. AVG. - -A piece of another, with the inscription— - - LEG. XX. VICT. - -The lamented author of this work says— - - With the exception of a brass coin of Germanicus, and the inscription - containing the name of Hadrian, the greater part, if not all the - antiquities found at Birrens, may be ascribed perhaps to the third or - fourth century. The striking similarity of style and execution which - exists between them and the bulk of those discovered in the north of - England, of which the dates can be ascertained, is sufficient to stamp - them as the productions of a period subsequent to the reign of - Septimius Severus.—_Caledonia Romana_, 130. - -It did not belong to the author’s subject; to inquire, how the fact of -so few of the memorials of the mural line being of the age of Severus, -comported with the popular idea that he built the Wall! - - -[Sidenote: BURNSWARK HILL.] - -_BURNSWARK_, or Birrenswork.—A solitary hill, nearly three miles to the -north-west of Middleby, rises to the height of nearly seven hundred and -forty feet above the level of the sea. 'On its top lies an unequal -plain, about nine hundred feet long, by four hundred and fifty of mean -width—almost inaccessible on two of its sides, and by no means of easy -attainment on any.'[132] From this elevated summit, the mountain ridges -which are scattered over not fewer than six of the Scottish counties can -be descried; looking eastward, the Nine-nicks of Thirlwall are in sight; -southward, the familiar forms of Skiddaw, Saddleback, and Cross-fell -rise into view; to the south-west, the craggy peaks of the Isle of Man -arrest the attention in favourable states of the atmosphere; and, not -unfrequently a long, black streak, on the distant verge of the ocean, -indicates the position of Ireland. According to the former political -divisions of the British empire, four kingdoms were thus to be seen from -Burnswark-hill. - -So commanding a position was not neglected by the ancient Britons. -'Around the area of the summit may still be traced the remains of a -wall, composed of earth and stones, which seems to have been raised at -every spot where the precipitous rock did not of itself afford -sufficient protection.' Unhappily most of the stones have been hurled -into the valley below, to form a long boundary fence. The enclosure is -divided into two compartments of nearly equal size; one of them contains -a circular range of stones, the remains apparently of an ancient cairn -or watch-tower. - -[Sidenote: CAMPS ON THE HILL.] - -On two of the sides of Burnswark are the vestiges of Roman military -works. The largest, which is on the southern slope, encloses an area of -twelve acres. It has been originally encompassed by two ramparts, -separated, as usual, by a deep trench; it had three gates on the upper, -and apparently the same number on the under side, with a single one at -each end. These gateways have been protected by circular mounds, thrown -up before them, and fortified on the top. The pretorium, or general’s -quarters, defended by an entrenchment of its own, was placed on the -north-west angle of the camp. This circumstance would seem to warrant us -in supposing, that, even in the stationary camps of the Wall, the -pretorium was not uniformly placed in the upper part of the central -area, where, according to the usual theory, we should expect to find it. -All the entrenchments are of earth, and on the north side they are -peculiarly bold. - -The camp on the northern face of the hill has been constructed upon the -same principle, but is in a less perfect condition. It is of the same -length, but has only half its breadth. A covered way conducts from the -one to the other. It is probable that both these camps have been the -summer quarters, _castra æstiva_, of the garrison at Middleby. So -important a position would not, however, at any period of the year be -abandoned to the enemy; 'when not filled with the tents of its summer -inhabitants, it is probable that a small garrison was maintained on its -summit.'[133] - - -[Sidenote: CAMP AT PLUMPTON.] - -_PLUMPTON._—Several camps south of the line, and at nearly equal -distances from the Wall and from one another, added security to the -fortification in the western district. Plumpton, or Old Penrith, called -in the locality by the common name of Castlesteads, is a large station -about thirteen miles south of Carlisle. The conjecture of Horsley -ascribed to it, the name of BREMETENRACUM. The turnpike-road goes close -past it, as did the ancient Roman way which led from LUGUVALLIUM to the -south of Britain. The station presents the usual characteristics of a -Roman camp. Though not much elevated, it is sufficiently raised to enjoy -a most extensive view of the surrounding country. The western side is -the strongest, being protected by the deep but narrow valley in which -the river Peterel flows. Its ramparts are boldly marked, and the -interior of the station is filled up to their level by a mass of -prostrate habitations. The largest heap of ruins is on the north-east -quarter; it may be the remains of the pretorium. The fosse is well -defined on the north, south, and west sides. Enough of the eastern gate -remains to shew that it has been a double portal. One stone of the -threshold yet retains its position; it is worn by the feet of the -ancient tenants of the city, and is circularly chafed by the action of -the door in opening and shutting. Several very large stones, which have -been used in the construction of the south gateway, lie near their -original site—some of them yet exhibit the holes in which the pivots of -the doors turned. The line of the street, which went from the eastern to -the western gateway (_via principalis_), is discernible. On the outside -of the south-east corner of the station, an arched chamber, or passage, -was discovered a few years ago; but it is now filled up with rubbish. - -[Sidenote: OLD PENRITH.] - -Extensive remains of ancient foundations have been removed from the -field on the east of the station; here, according to tradition, Old -Penrith stood. There are also indications of suburban buildings to the -west of the station. In the neighbourhood of the camp, and even at some -distance from it, we meet, in the houses and stone fences, with such a -number of the small neat stones which were usually employed in the -construction of Roman dwellings, as to impress us with the idea, that -the suburban buildings were very extensive in every direction. - -In recently lowering a part of the turnpike-road, about a quarter of a -mile south of the station, a well, cased with Roman masonry, was -exposed. It is square, and is set diagonally to the road; it now -copiously supplies the neighbouring farm-houses, which formerly were, in -dry seasons, much inconvenienced by the scarcity of water. - -Several sculptured, and inscribed stones, as well as coins, have been -found here; but none of them are of a nature sufficiently interesting to -detain us longer at Plumpton. - - -[Sidenote: OLD CARLISLE.] - -_OLD CARLISLE_ is nearly two miles south of Wigton. The station is a -large one; the ruins of its ramparts and interior buildings are boldly -marked. A double ditch, with intervening vallum, seems to have -surrounded the fort. The rivulet Wiza runs in a deep ravine immediately -below the station, on its west side, and at a remoter distance, on its -south also, thereby lending to it additional strength. [Illustration: -Altar to Jupiter for the safety of Severus] The remains of suburban -buildings may still be seen outside the walls, on the south, east, and -west. Within the fort, a street may be distinctly traced from the north -to the south gate, and another from the east towards the west. Near the -centre of the station is a moist spot of ground where we may conceive a -well to have been. Up to a recent period, the Roman roads leading from -this station on the one hand, to Carlisle, and on the other to Maryport, -were distinctly visible. Of the many important inscribed stones dug out -of this station, that which is represented above is probably the most -interesting. It was found in the year 1775, about two hundred yards east -of the camp, and is now in the collection at Netherby. - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - PRO SALVT[E] - IMP[ERATORIS] L. SEPTIM[II] - SEVERI AVG[VSTI] N[OSTRI] - EQVITES ALAE - AVG[VSTÆ] CVRANTE - EGNATIO VERE- - CVNDO PRA- - EF[ECTVS] POSVERVNT - - To Jupiter, best and greatest. - For the safety - of the emperor Lucius Septimius - Severus, our Augustus; - The cavalry of the wing _styled_ - the Augustan, under the direction of - Egnatius Vere- - cundus pre- - fect, placed _this_. - - -[Sidenote: CAMP NEAR MARYPORT.] - -_MARYPORT._—On the cliffs overhanging the modern town of Maryport, are -the manifest remains of a large Roman station. Its position gives it a -commanding view of the Solway Firth and Irish Channel. The camp is a -very large one, and the lines of its ramparts are very boldly developed. -The eastern side, which is the only one that is not defended by a -natural defile, or valley, was protected by a double ditch. There are -some traces of masonry also near the gateway on this side, which render -it probable that this entrance had been guarded by additional outworks. -Some portions of this gateway remain; the sill of it is strongly marked -by the action of chariot wheels. The ruts are about five inches deep, -and five feet ten inches apart. Within the station is a well, encased -with circular masonry. The interior of the station was excavated in -1766. The following account of the appearances which were then observed, -is given in Lysons’ Cumberland:— - - The workmen found the arch of the gate beat violently down and broken; - and on entering the great street, discovered evident marks of the - houses having been more than once burnt to the ground and rebuilt; an - event not unlikely to have happened on so exposed a frontier. The - streets had been paved with broad flag-stones, much worn by use, - particularly the steps into a vaulted room, supposed to have been a - temple. The houses had been roofed by Scotch slates, which, with the - pegs which fastened them, lay confusedly in the streets. Glass - vessels, and even mirrors were found; and coals had evidently been - used in the fire places. Foundations of buildings were round the fort - on all sides. - -[Sidenote: HOSPITAL CAMP.] - -In the grounds of Nether Hall, the seat of J. Pocklington Senhouse, -esq., is a small entrenchment containing an area of about an acre and a -half; it is in a low and sheltered position, and has probably been a -retreat for invalids. Ancient roads have diverged from this station, -leading to Bowness, Wigton, and Papcastle. On draining, lately, the -fields on the line of road leading towards Old Carlisle, its pavement -was met with, and to a great extent removed. The body of the road was -composed of large granite boulders, some of them a quarter of a ton in -weight; the interstices being filled up with smaller stones. On the -south side of this way several slabs of stone were found, lying flat on -the ground. They probably covered the ashes of the dead; fragments of -red pottery and glass were found beneath them. - -[Illustration: Altar to Jupiter, Maryport] - -[Sidenote: ANTIQUITIES AT NETHER HALL.] - -Very numerous and very important are the remains of antiquity which this -station has yielded. With the exception of one fine altar, they are all -carefully preserved in the house and grounds at Nether Hall. Many of the -sculptured stones which have been found here, are more highly carved and -more tastefully designed than is usual in the mural region. An altar to -the genius of the place, which has been removed to Whitehaven Castle, -and will be described in the last Part of this work, is characterized by -Camden as ‘_ara pulcherrima affabrè artificio antiquo exculpta_,’ and a -more graceful altar than that which is shewn in this cut, we have not -met with in our mural peregrination. It is important, also, as proving -the residence here of the '_prima cohors Hispanorum_.' In consequence, -probably, of some service done to Hadrian this cohort seems, -subsequently to the dedication of this altar, to have obtained the title -of Ælia and the rank of _milliaria equitata_. The inscription may be -read.— - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - COH[ORS] I HIS[PANORVM] - CVI PRAE[EST] - MA[RCVS] MAENI- - VS AGRIP[PA] - TRIBV[NVS] - POS[VIT] - - To Jupiter, the best and greatest. - This first cohort of the Spaniards, - Commanded by - Marcus Mæni- - us Agrippa - The Tribune, - Erected _this_. - -A plain, square, but now partially fractured, pillar, inscribed, ROMAE -AETERNAE ET FORTVNAE REDVCI, is reserved to form the concluding cut on -the last page of this volume. It is a striking memorial at once of the -aspiring pretensions and blighted prospects of the imperial city. A -boar, the symbol of the twentieth legion, exhibiting more than the usual -spirit, forms the vignette at the close of this Part; and the slab which -bears testimony to the labours which the second, and twentieth, legion -underwent in constructing the works of this station, is introduced at -the close of the Part devoted to the discussion of the question ‘Who -built the Wall?’ There is preserved in the piazza at Nether Hall, a -carving in relief of a warrior on horseback trampling on a fallen enemy; -the drawing is not strictly correct, but is very spirited, and the -foreshortening of the horse’s head remarkably good. Besides these, there -are several large and instructive altars and funereal slabs, as well as -a tablet having a Greek inscription to this effect—Aulus Egnatius Pastor -set up this to Æsculapius. - -The minor antiquities consist of fragments of tiles, one of which bears -the stamp of the first cohort of the Spaniards, a bronze pot bearing a -marked resemblance to some which are in modern use, several earthenware -vessels of large size, and quite perfect, implements of iron, and -weapons of war. Amongst the coins which have been found in the station, -are a great many forged denarii of Trajan and Hadrian. They are chiefly -formed of lead, and are badly made; in some instances the metal has not -reached the centre of the mould, and in scarcely any have the edges of -the casting been properly dressed. Genuine coin must have been -exceedingly scarce among the soldiery of the camp, and their credulity -very great, to allow of the circulation of such base imitations. - -[Sidenote: ANCIENT BARROW.] - -A large artificial mound or barrow is to the left of the station. The -inhabitants had an old tradition respecting it; they conceived it to be -the sepulchre of a king. It was opened in 1763; near its centre ‘the -pole and shank bones of an ox’ were found, but neither urns, burnt -bones, nor coins, were discovered. - -There is great uncertainty about the ancient name of this fort. Camden -pronounced it to be OLENACUM, chiefly influenced by the resemblance in -sound between it and the name of the neighbouring village of -Ellenborough (Maryport is but of recent origin). This supposition -gathers force from the fact that in ancient documents the river Ellen, -which gives name to the place, is written ‘Alne’ and ‘Olne.’ - - -_PAPCASTLE_ is about six miles south-east of Maryport. Numerous relics -of antiquity have been found here, but little now remains to mark it out -as the site of a Roman station except its extraordinary fertility. The -town of Cockermouth, a mile to the south of the fort, is supposed to -have risen from its ruins. - -The forts which we have already examined may be thought sufficient to -support the line of the Wall. The peculiar circumstances of its western -extremity will perhaps justify us in reckoning Moresby, notwithstanding -its distance from the Wall, among the out-stations of the Barrier. Not -only does the Scottish coast, by projecting considerably beyond the -western termination of the Wall, facilitate the invasion of the -intra-mural portion of the island—but Ireland, the native land of the -Scoto-Celts, is nigh at hand. It was necessary to prevent, not only the -inhabitants of Caledonia landing on the coast of Cumberland, but the -‘Scots,’ also, who at that time ‘poured out of Ireland.’ Another -sea-port station, south of Maryport, was therefore requisite. - - -[Sidenote: CAMP AT MORESBY.] - -_MORESBY_, within a short distance of Whitehaven, still exhibits the -remains of a Roman camp. It occupies a commanding position, enjoying -especially an extensive marine prospect. Its western and southern -ramparts are still good. The parish church and church-yard border upon -its eastern wall. A sculptured stone, evidently chiselled by Roman -hands, lies upon the spot, under the ruined chancel-arch of the old -church. The important slab, of which the wood-cut gives a -representation, was found in digging for the foundations of the present -parish church. It is another of the interesting testimonies which we -have of the energy and influence of the emperor Hadrian in those parts. -Like the Milking-gap inscription, it gives the name of the emperor in -the genitive case. - -[Illustration: Slab to Hadrian, Moresby] - -[Sidenote: FORT AT MALBRAY.] - -A military way ran along the coast from this station, by way of -Maryport, to the extremity of the Wall, at Bowness. By this means, the -defence of the coast could be more effectually secured. As the distance -between Maryport and Bowness is considerable, a small camp was planted -at Malbray, which is about midway between the two places. The site of it -is now a ploughed field. - -We have now taken a hasty review of the stations on both sides of the -Wall, which have supported that structure. Never, assuredly, was a -dangerous frontier more securely guarded. So long as the stations were -supplied with vigilant and well-disciplined troops, no foe, however well -armed, could successfully attempt the passage of the Barrier of the -Lower Isthmus. - -[Sidenote: MURAL SCENES.] - -Even the cursory view that we have taken of the subject, entitles us to -say, that the boldness of the design was worthy of Rome in the zenith of -her glory; and that the manner in which the project was carried out was -becoming a nation with whom to conceive was to execute. - -If we turn our attention for a moment from the work, to the object for -which it was intended, regret, that man should use his ingenuity for the -purposes of aggression and bloodshed, will take the place of admiration. -Milton aptly describes the scenes which this region would often -witness:— - - He look’d, and saw wide territory spread - Before him, towns, and rural works between, - Cities of men with lofty gates and towers, - Concourse in arms, _fierce faces_ threatening war, - Giants of mighty bone, and bold emprise; - Part wield their arms ... - ... now scattered lies - With carcases and arms th' ensanguined field - Deserted.... - ... Others from THE WALL defend - With dart and javelin.... - On each hand slaughter and gigantic deeds. - Adam was all in tears. - _Paradise Lost_, xi. 638-674. - -[Illustration: Symbol of Leg. xx. v. v.] - ------ - -Footnote 128: - - An earthen encampment is cut in two by the Newcastle and Berwick - railway, in the second field south of the Netherton station. In the - space of three fields, lying east of this camp, three others may be - distinctly discerned, varying in size from forty to seventy yards - square. At Dove-cote, which is less than a mile west of Netherton - station, is a large field covered with the ruins of stone buildings. - Excavations in one portion at least of the ground yield large - quantities of glazed pottery. The remains are apparently mediæval, but - it is remarkable that no record of ruins so extensive is known to - exist. - -Footnote 129: - - Hutchinson says (A.D. 1778), the altar to Hercules is in the - possession of the duke of Northumberland; it is not now among those - preserved at Alnwick-castle. The altar to Astarte is in the collection - at Netherby. - -Footnote 130: - - The last time I was in the crypt, I was impressed with the idea that - some portions of it were actually of Roman workmanship; if so, St. - Wilfrid has adapted to his own uses the vaults which he found on the - spot. The crypt at Ripon, to which this bears a marked resemblance, is - now understood to be Roman. - -Footnote 131: - - Horsley, near the close of his work, was less opposed to this view - than at the beginning. In a note (_p._ 481), he says—‘I see no reason - to change my sentiments concerning any one of these stations; except - that I am more inclined to yield to the common opinion, that - BREMETENRACUM is at Brampton, and to think that OLENACUM and VIROSIDUM - are transposed; so that OLENACUM may be Ellenborough, on the river - Ellen, and VIROSIDUM, Old Carlisle, on the Wiza. And if the - military-way near the Wall, which goes by Watchcross, has led to - Brampton, as the country people suppose, this might still make it more - probable, that Brampton is BREMETENRACUM.’ - -Footnote 132: - - Caledonia Romana, 131. - -Footnote 133: - - Caledonia Romana, 134. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - - - - PART V. - THE QUESTION—WHO BUILT THE WALL?—DISCUSSED. - -Our course hitherto has been a detail of facts; now we enter upon the -region of speculation. In the former Parts of this work, the history of -the Roman occupation of Britain has been briefly told and an attempt -made to depict the present condition of the Vallum and Wall, with their -camps, castles, and outworks; now the question must be put—Is the -Barrier the Work of one master-mind, or are its several parts the -productions of different periods, and of different persons? Had the -statements of the ancient historians upon the subject been explicit and -consistent, the inquiry would involve simply an appeal to their -authority; unhappily, the information which they afford is not only very -meagre, but of a character so unsatisfactory, as to compel us to sift -their evidence, and to compare it with the facts which we glean from an -examination of the fortifications themselves. - -[Sidenote: AGRICOLA’S WORKS.] - -Agricola, we are informed by Tacitus, erected forts both on the Lower -and Upper Isthmus; we are nowhere told that he drew walls, whether of -earth or stone, across either of them. The northern rampart of the -Vallum has by many been conceived to be the work of Agricola. In the -absence of any direct historical testimony bearing upon this subject, -the circumstance that the lines of the Vallum pursue a course precisely -parallel to each other, must be considered as fatal to this theory. It -is altogether incredible, that two engineers should at different periods -construct independent works, without crossing each other’s ramparts. In -Roy’s Military Antiquities, several instances are given where the -trenches of one encampment cut arbitrarily those of another, the troops -who last occupied the post, not seeming to pay the least attention to -the works of their predecessors; the lines of the Vallum would doubtless -exhibit the same appearance had they been the works of different -periods. The claims of Agricola to the authorship of any part of the -Vallum may therefore at once be set aside, and the inquiry be confined -to the relative claims of Hadrian and Severus. - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN AND SEVERUS.] - -If the parallelism of the lines of the Vallum be fatal to the theory, -that one of the mounds is the work of Agricola, and the others the work -of Hadrian, a similar mode of reasoning leads to the conclusion, that -the Vallum and the Wall cannot be independent structures. If Severus, -finding that the earth-works of Hadrian had fallen into decay, or were -no longer sufficient to wall out the Caledonians, had determined to -erect a more formidable Barrier, would he not have mapped out its track -without any reference to the former ruinous and inefficient erection? -Had he done so, we should find the lines taking independent -courses—sometimes contiguous, occasionally crossing each other; -sometimes widely separated, seldom pursuing for any distance a parallel -course, but the Wall, as the latest built, uniformly seizing the -strongest points, whether previously occupied by the Vallum or not. -This, however, is not the case; the Wall and Vallum, in crossing the -island, pursue precisely the same track from sea to sea; for the most -part they are in close companionship, and in no instance does the Wall -cut in upon the trenches of the Vallum. At the first view of the -subject, therefore, we should be disposed to question the accuracy of -the opinion which gives to these works distinct dates, and ascribes the -Vallum to Hadrian, and the stone Wall to Severus. Before further -prosecuting this inquiry, it will be well to lay before the reader all -the statements of the ancient historians upon the matter in question; he -will by this means see the necessity of appealing to the structures -themselves for a satisfactory decision of the question. - -[Sidenote: TESTIMONY OF HISTORIANS.] - -Herodian was contemporary with Severus, and professes to have been an -eye-witness of all that he relates. He gives a detailed account of the -emperor’s proceedings in Britain, but does not once mention the Wall. -Dion Cassius was also contemporary with Severus. As before observed, -that part of the original work which treats of Britain is lost; we have, -however, Xiphiline’s abridgment of it. The only reference which he makes -to the Wall, comports with its existence previous to the arrival of -Severus in Britain, Speaking of that emperor’s expedition against the -Caledonians, he says— - - Nor did he ever return from this expedition, but died three years - after he first set out from Rome. He got a prodigious mass of riches - in Britain. The two most considerable bodies of people in that island, - and to which almost all the rest relate, are the Caledonians and the - Meatæ. _The latter dwell near the Barrier Wall_ (οιχουσι δε οἱ μεν - Μαιαται προς αυτῳ τῳ διατειχισματι, ὁ την νῆσον διχῆ τεμνει) _which - divides the island into two parts_. - -Spartian, writing about A.D. 280, is the first person who gives us any -direct information about the erection of a Wall; and it is on his -testimony chiefly that the credit of the work has been given to Severus. -Speaking of Hadrian, he says— - - He went to Britain where he corrected many things, and first drew a - Wall (_murumque primus duxit_) eighty miles long, to separate the - Romans from the barbarians. - -No testimony could be more explicit than this in favour of the view that -Hadrian built the Wall. As this writer, however, subsequently ascribes -the work to Severus, many are of opinion that Spartian here speaks of -the Vallum, not of the stone Wall. Mere verbal criticism will not decide -the point, but it may be observed in passing, that although the words -_murus_ and _vallum_ are occasionally interchanged by Latin authors, the -term (_murus_) which Spartian uses in the passage, taken strictly, means -a stone wall. Speaking of Severus, the same writer says— - - He fortified Britain with a Wall drawn (_muro ducto_) across the - island, and ending on each side at the sea, which was the chief glory - of his reign, and for which he received the name of Britannicus. - -The same writer, in a subsequent chapter, makes a second reference to -the Wall, which is of some importance in discussing the question. -Narrating an incident which occurred near the Wall, he says— - - After the Wall or Vallum in Britain was completed, and the emperor was - returning to the next stage _not as conqueror only, but as founder of - eternal peace_, and was thinking within himself what omen might happen - to him, an Ethiopian soldier, famous as a mimic, and noted for his - jokes, crossed his path, crowned with cypress. Struck with the colour - of the man, and his crown, he was angry with him, and ordered him to - be put out of his sight, when the fellow is reported, by way of a - joke, to have said—'Thou hast been everything—conquered everything: - now conqueror, be a god!' - -Julius Capitolinus, a writer who flourished about the same time as -Spartian (A.D. 280) speaking of the Antonine Wall, uses an expression -which seems to imply, that the only previously existing Barrier was one -of turf. He says— - - Antoninus, by his legate Lollius Urbicus, conquered the Britons, the - barbarians being secluded by _another_ earthen wall (_alio muro - cespiticio ducto_). - -All the remaining classical historians sum up in favour of Severus; -they, however, probably only re-echo the statements of Spartian, with a -slight addition of errors of their own. Eusebius Pamphilius says, that— - - Clodius Albinus being slain at Lyons, Severus made war upon the - Britons, and in order to render the subject provinces more secure from - barbaric invasion, he drew a Wall from sea to sea, an hundred and - thirty-two miles long. - -Aurelius Victor, who wrote about A.D. 360, recording his great exploits, -says— - - He achieved greater things than those, for after repulsing the enemy - in Britain, he drew a Wall from sea to sea. - -The younger Victor, in his epitome of the work of the elder, says— - - He drew a Vallum thirty-two miles long from sea to sea. - -Eutropius wrote about the year 360. He says— - - Severus’s last war was in Britain; he drew a Wall of thirty-two miles - from sea to sea. - -Paulus Orosius, who wrote A.D. 417, says, that the conqueror Severus— - - Having fought many severe battles, determined to separate the part of - the island which he had recovered, from the tribes that remained - unsubdued, and, therefore, drew a deep fosse, and a very strong Vallum - (_magnam fossam firmissimumque vallum_), strengthened with numerous - towers, from sea to sea, over a space of one hundred and thirty-two - miles. - -Cassiodorus, who wrote A.D. 520, gives a similar testimony. Among the -events of the consulship of Aper and Maximus (A.D. 207), he enumerates -the transference of the war by Severus to Britain— - - Where, that he might render the subject provinces more secure against - the incursions of the barbarians, he drew a Wall (_vallum_) from sea - to sea, one hundred and thirty-two miles in length. - -[Sidenote: VALUE OF THEIR TESTIMONY.] - -Such are the statements of the Roman historians respecting the -authorship of the Wall. Several circumstances tend to invalidate the -claim which they make in behalf of Severus. The first author who -attributes the Wall to Severus is Spartian, a weak writer, who lived in -an ignorant age, and nearly a century after the time of Severus. Surely -his assertion will not be allowed to outweigh the negative testimony of -Herodian and Dion Cassius, the contemporaries of Septimius Severus. Of -all the authors who mention the length of the Wall, the only one who -approaches correctness is Spartian, when speaking of the Wall, which he -states that Hadrian drew from sea to sea; eighty Roman miles is very -nearly the true length. The other writers call it thirty-two, [Sidenote: -SPARTIAN INCONSISTENT.]or one hundred and thirty-two. Admitting, as some -have supposed, that the larger number is an error, occasioned by some -careless transcriber’s inserting in the copies the centurial number (C), -which did not exist in the original, the difficulty is not removed. -Thirty-two Roman miles is the length of the Barrier of the Upper -Isthmus, not of the Lower, and these writers seem to have confounded the -one with the other. Buchanan, Usher, and several writers, who were as -capable of weighing the evidence furnished by the ancient historians as -we are, have accordingly maintained, that the Wall which extended from -the Forth to the Clyde, is that which was reared by Severus. This -opinion we now know, from the inscriptions found upon it, to be -erroneous; but the fact that it was entertained by such able scholars, -proves the incompleteness of the historic evidence upon the subject. -Milton correctly estimates the vague nature of this testimony. He -writes— - - Severus, on the frontiers of what he had firmly conquered, builds a - wall across the island from sea to sea; which our author judges the - most magnificent of all his other deeds; and that he thence received - the style of Britannicus; in length a hundred and thirty-two miles. - Orosius adds, it is fortified with a deep trench, and between certain - spaces many towers or battlements. The place whereof, some will have - to be in Scotland, the same which Lollius Urbicus had walled before. - Others affirm it only Hadrian’s work re-edified; both plead - authorities, and the ancient track, yet visible: but this I leave, - among the studious of these antiquities, to be discussed more at - large.—(_History of England_, _bk._ ii.) - -Spartian, moreover, invalidates his own testimony when he says, that the -erection of this Wall was the greatest glory of Severus’s reign (_quod -maximum ejus imperii decus est_). The Wall is indeed a magnificent work; -it is, as Stukely characterizes it, ‘the noblest monument’ of Roman -power ‘in Europe;’ but if reared by Severus, it is, a lasting monument -of his failure. He came to Britain panting for renown—he resolved to -reduce the whole island to his subjection—to make the sea-girt cliffs of -Northern Caledonia his barrier. The efforts which he put forth were -worthy of his resolve—‘In a word,’ says Dion Cassius, ‘Severus lost -fifty thousand men there, and yet quitted not his enterprise.’ Were the -abandonment of the Wall of Antonine, and the withdrawal of the frontier -to the southern Isthmus, where Hadrian, eighty years before, had -prudently fixed it, the glorious results of all his aspirations? -Spartian assuredly errs, if not in saying that Severus built the Wall, -at least in stating that this was the great boast of his reign. - -[Sidenote: OCCUPATIONS OF SEVERUS.] - -When, too, we may ask, did he build the Wall? not assuredly when he -issued forth on the expedition that was to win him so much renown, and -which occupied him the greater part of the time he was in Britain. He -was then bent upon aggression, not defence. Neither is it probable that -he would do it on his return. According to Spartian, he had at that time -proved himself not only victorious, but the founder of eternal peace, -and thus had removed all ground for apprehension in the direction of -Caledonia. Or, on the other hand, according to the more accurate and -trustworthy historians, Herodian and Dion Cassius, he was returning worn -out with disease and the endless fatigues he had sustained; chagrined at -the havoc which the islanders had made in his army, though they -uniformly refused to hazard a general engagement; and broken-hearted at -the misconduct and ingratitude of his sons, and so would, we may -suppose, have been deficient in the spirit and the means to embark in so -large a work. That he should have repaired some of the stations, -particularly those upon the line of his march, when about to enter upon -what he hoped to be the crowning enterprise of his life, and that he -should have maintained garrisons in them to make good his communications -with the south, is not only probable, but is rendered almost certain by -the inscriptions which several of them have yielded; but that, in such -circumstances, he should have planned and executed the whole line of the -Wall, its castles and turrets, and several of the stations, is almost -incredible. - -[Sidenote: POPULAR OPINION.] - -But it may be asked, if Hadrian formed the whole Barrier, how is it that -the popular voice should ascribe the most important part of it not to -him, but to Severus? That the Wall is generally called by the name of -Severus, is at once admitted. So long ago as the reign of Elizabeth, -Spencer wrote— - - Next there came Tyne, along whose stony bank - That Roman monarch built a brazen wall, - Which mote the feebled Britons strongly flank - Against the Picts, that swarmed over all, - Which yet thereof _Gualsever_ they do call. - -Popular testimony, apart from the authentic records of history, is of -value for our present purpose only so far as it is the traditional -statement of the knowledge of those who lived when the event took place. -The nearer to its source that we trace a tradition, the clearer and more -unequivocal it will become, if it have its origin in truth. The popular -opinion that Severus built the Wall, will not stand this test. Whatever -value may be attached to the testimony of Gildas, the first British -historian, it is not denied that he records correctly the hear-say -evidence of his day. He does not mention Severus, but tells us, that -after the departure of the Romans, the Britons, distressed by the Picts -and Scots, sought the assistance of their former conquerors, and at -their suggestion, and with their assistance, raised first a wall of -turf, and afterwards, when that was found insufficient, a wall of stone. -The narrative of Gildas has been already given. (_p._ 29.) - -[Sidenote: BEDE’S TESTIMONY.] - -Bede refers to the opinion that Severus built the stone Wall, only to -refute it; he says— - - Severus was drawn into Britain by the revolt of almost all the - confederate tribes; and, after many great and dangerous battles, he - thought fit to divide that part of the island which he had recovered - from the other unconquered nations, not with a wall, as some imagine, - but with a rampart. For a wall is made of stones, but a rampart, with - which camps are fortified to repel the assaults of enemies, is made of - sods, cut out of the earth, and raised above the ground all around - like a wall, having in front of it the ditch whence the sods were - taken, and strong stakes of wood fixed upon its top. Thus Severus drew - a great ditch and strong rampart, fortified with several towers, from - sea to sea; and was afterwards taken sick, and died at York. - -He then repeats Gildas’ account of the origin of the Wall, and -adds—‘that it was not far from the trench of Severus.’ - -These quotations are made simply to prove, that the testimony of -tradition, at a period not long subsequent to the departure of the -Romans, was by no means decisive; no stress ought, therefore, now to be -laid upon it. - -[Sidenote: TRADITION IN ERROR.] - -The popular report, which ascribes the building of the Wall to Severus, -is the less worthy of credit, inasmuch as it imputes to him also the -building of the northern Barrier, which we know was the work of Lollius -Urbicus, in the reign of Antonine. Pinkerton says, 'As to the Welsh name -of _Gual Sever_, which it is said they give to the Wall in the North of -England, it is also given to that between the Firths of Scotland.[134] A -small grave-stone, which was discovered in Falkirk church-yard, in the -immediate neighbourhood of the Antonine Wall, about the year 1815, -confirms the testimony of Pinkerton upon this point. The inscription, a -cast of which I have seen, records the burial there, in the reign of -Fergus II., of ‘a knight, Rob. Graham, who first threw down the Wall of -Severus’ (ILLE EVERSVS VALL. SEVER). If popular opinion has erred with -reference to the one Wall, it may have erred with respect to the other -also.[135] - -But we ought not to expect minute accuracy in a tradition transmitted -through many generations. It is enough that the general impress of the -truth remains. It is nothing surprising, that, after the lapse even of a -century or two, the name of Severus should have been connected with -every military stronghold in the northern section of the island. As -having inflicted the last and heaviest blow upon it, his hated memory -would be the longest retained. - -In the absence of any decisive testimony from the historians of Rome, -respecting the emperor who upreared the Murus, we may next examine the -inscribed stones which have been found upon it. - -[Sidenote: COMMEMORATIVE SLABS.] - -In some instances, inscriptions attached to Roman buildings give their -history with great particularity. This is the case with the Antonine -Wall in Scotland. Slabs inserted at intervals, record the name of the -reigning emperor, of his legate, of the troops engaged upon the work, -and also the number of paces executed by each detachment. Unfortunately -these commemorative slabs are of rare occurrence in the Lower Barrier, -and the information given by such as do exist, is very scanty. This will -appear the more surprising, if we bear in mind that the English Wall is -not only twice as long as the other, but is built of stone throughout; -the Scotch Wall is chiefly formed of earth. On the theory, that Hadrian -reared all the members of the Barrier, the paucity of inscriptions -admits of easy explanation. The custom of raising these memorials did -not commence until his day, and at the time of the erection of the Wall -was probably in its infancy; the practice was in vogue during the reigns -of several of his successors, and was not discontinued until after the -time of Caracalla. If, on the other hand, Severus built the Wall, it is -a most unaccountable thing that his soldiers have left no record of the -fact upon the line of the Wall itself, and but very scanty traces of his -name even in the out-stations. This is [Sidenote: PAUCITY OF -INSCRIPTIONS TO SEVERUS.] the more remarkable, when we remember that the -Wall was built by the same legions as were employed upon the Vallum of -the Upper Barrier. The Antonine Wall was constructed by the twentieth -legion and by vexillations of the second, and sixth. On the mural line -of the Lower Barrier we frequently meet with stones inscribed with the -names and insignia of the second, and sixth, legion, and occasionally -with those of the twentieth. If the English Wall was built in A.D. 210, -as is generally stated, how is it that the troops disregarded a custom -so natural and so laudable as that which was practised so extensively by -their predecessors, in A.D. 140? Extensive repairs were made by -Caracalla at HABITANCUM, BREMENIUM, and some other stations; of these we -have distinct records in the inscriptions which remain. How is it, if -the mind and hand of his father gave being to the magnificent fence of -the English isthmus, that not one of the many stones which he upreared -records the fact? Mural slabs and contemporary historians are alike -silent upon the subject, and, probably, for the simple reason that -Severus did not build it. - -It will serve the purposes of truth to cite all the instances in which -the name of either emperor has been found upon the line; wood-cuts of -all to which I have had access, have been already presented to the -reader. - -[Sidenote: INSCRIPTIONS NAMING HADRIAN.] - -The name of Hadrian occurs in many instances. At Jarrow a stone was -found, and is figured in Brand, which was inscribed OMNIVM FIL. -HADRIANI. In the foundations of the castellum at Milking-gap a stone was -discovered (p. 234), bearing in bold letters the name of the emperor, -and of his legate Aulus Platorius Nepos. At Chesterholm a fragment of a -precisely similar inscription was found (p. 241). In the neighbourhood -of Bradley, two fragments were discovered, which, when placed together, -give us an accurate copy of the same inscription (p. 232). In the ruins -of the castellum near Cawfields, was a portion of another, with a -precisely similar inscription (p. 251); and near the eastern gateway of -ÆSICA a large tablet was dug up, bearing the name of the same emperor -(p. 256). In an outhouse, which probably occupies the site of a -castellum, at Chapel-house, in Cumberland, a stone was found, which -mentions Hadrian and the twentieth legion (p. 274). Horsley describes a -slab which he saw at Bewcastle, bearing the following inscription— - - _IMP._ CAES. TRA_IANO_ - _HADRIANO AVG. - L_EG. II AVG. ET XX V. - LICINIO PR_ISCO_ - LEG. AVG. PR. PR. - -In Gough’s Camden, a stone, inscribed to Hadrian by the second legion, -is stated to have been found at Middleby; and at Moresby we have the -fine slab now at Whitehaven castle (p. 367). - -It will perhaps be said that these inscriptions prove nothing beyond the -universally admitted facts, that many of the stations existed in -Hadrian’s day, and that the Vallum was raised by him. The reply to this -is, that several of them have been found at a distance from any station, -and on the line of the Wall itself, and that too, in positions where it -is farther removed than usual from the Vallum. The occurrence of three -or four of them in mile-castles, seems to prove that they owed their -position there to no accidental circumstance, and no one will deny that -these mile-towers were contemporaneous with the Wall. - -[Sidenote: INSCRIPTIONS TO SEVERUS.] - -The force of these remarks will more clearly appear after ascertaining -what inscriptions bear the name of Severus. If we turn to the inquiry -with the impression that he built the more important member of the -Barrier, we might expect to find the evidences of the activity which -prevailed in his day more abundant than in the time of Hadrian. Such, -however, is not the fact. The one at Hexham (p. 340) was the only -inscription to Severus which was known to Gordon and Horsley. Well might -Gordon, who maintained the Septimian theory, denominate it—‘a very -precious jewel of antiquity.’ Hexham is nearly four miles south of the -Wall. To this must be added the altar discovered at Old Carlisle (p. -360), which is about ten miles distant from the Wall; and another in a -dilapidated state, found at the same place; and the gateway slab found -at HABITANCUM (p. 315), one of the _castra exploratorum_ nearly ten -miles in advance of the Wall, recording the restoration of part of the -fortifications there. Besides these, I know not of any inscriptions to -Severus. I purposely omit all reference to an altar, said to have been -discovered at Netherby, bearing the inscription SEPT. SEVERO IMP. QVI -MVRVM HVNC CONDIDIT, because, both Gordon and Horsley pronounce it to be -spurious. - -[Sidenote: THE GELT QUARRY.] - -Much importance is attached by those who advocate the claims of Severus -to the inscription on the face of the ancient quarry, on the river Gelt. -Here, it may be said, is the very spot from which the stones of the Wall -were taken, and the precise date is fixed—the consulship of Aper and -Maximus. That the quarry was used by the Romans at this period, is not a -matter of dispute, but it is very questionable whether much of the stone -from it was used in the building of the Wall, because, suitable -materials could be procured nearer at hand. The year in which Aper and -Maximus were consuls was A.D. 207; the year in which, according to the -received reckoning, Severus came to Britain, was that in which Geta and -Caracalla were consuls, A.D. 208.[136] It is not likely that Severus -would order the stones to be quarried before his arrival in Britain. -But, allowing that the chronology of Severus’ reign is to be received -with some latitude, and granting that he had landed in Britain in A.D. -207, some time would necessarily elapse in making inquiries into the -state of the country, and no inconsiderable period would be occupied in -making surveys, even after the construction of the Wall had been -determined on. The quarry has probably been wrought for some ordinary -purpose, perhaps for the erection of some buildings in the station near -Brampton, at the period in question. - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN’S QUARRIES.] - -Evidence is not wanting to prove, on the other hand, that quarries near -the line of the Roman Wall were wrought in the time of Hadrian. In an -old quarry near the top of Borcum, or Barcombe (a hill near the village -of Thorngrafton, and opposite to the station of BORCOVICUS), a large -number of Roman coins was found. They are described and figured in the -last Part of this work. Since none of the pieces of this hoard were -later than the time of Hadrian, and the coins of his reign and Trajan’s -were peculiarly fresh, it is agreed that the treasure must have been -deposited in Hadrian’s time. The quarry on Haltwhistle-fell (p. 81), it -will also be remembered, bore the name of the sixth legion, which, if -the reasoning in the next paragraph be admitted, will appear to have -been inscribed before the arrival of Severus in Britain. - -It has already been observed that numerous stones along the line bear, -without any addition, the names of the second legion, the sixth, and the -twentieth. There can be no doubt that these legions and their -vexillations executed the principal part of the Work. The main bodies of -these forces, however, had their head-quarters, at the time of the -arrival of Severus, in districts of the country southward of the Barrier -line. The second legion, after the building of the Antonine Wall, -appears to have gone to Carleon, in South Wales, the Isca of the Romans. -The sixth legion removed to York before A.D. 190, where it continued as -long as the Romans remained in the island. Horsley, speaking of the -inscriptions on the Wall which mention this legion,[Sidenote: MOVEMENTS -OF THE LEGIONS.] says, ’some of them, from the characters and other -circumstances, may be supposed as ancient as Hadrian’s reign.' The -twentieth legion had taken up its abode at Chester, the DEVA of the -Romans, as early as the year 154. Though it is probable that Septimius -Severus may have taken detachments of these legions with him in his -Scottish campaign, it is not likely that he would withdraw the main -bodies from forts of such importance; and those which did accompany him -would find the discharge of their military duties sufficiently onerous, -without engaging in a work so vast as the building of the Wall. - -But, after all, the works themselves furnish us with the best proof that -the whole is one design, and the production of one period. It is -difficult to conceive how any person can traverse the line of the -Barrier without coming to the conclusion, that all the works—Vallum, -Wall and fosse, turrets, castles, stations, and outposts—are but so many -parts of one great design, essential to each other, and unitedly -contributing to the security of a dangerous frontier. The Murus and the -Vallum throughout their whole course pursue tracks harmonizing with each -other; the Murus, however, selecting those acclivities from which an -attack from the north can be best repulsed—the Vallum, those from which -aggression from the south can be repelled. Stukeley was unable to resist -the evidence of his senses. Speaking of the works in the neighbourhood -of Carvoran, he says— - -[Sidenote: STUKELEY’S TESTIMONY.] - - I suppose this Wall built by Severus is generally set upon the same - track as Hadrian’s Wall or Vallum of earth was; for, no doubt, they - there chose the most proper ground; but there is a Vallum and ditch - all the way accompanying the Wall, and on the south side of it; and - likewise studiously choosing the southern declivity of the rising - ground. I observe, too, the Vallum (Wall?) is always to the north. It - is surprising that people should fancy this to be Hadrian’s Vallum; it - might possibly be Hadrian’s work, but may be called the line of - contravallation; for, in my judgment, the true intent, both of - Hadrian’s Vallum and Severus’s Wall, was, in effect, to make a camp - extending across the kingdom; consequently, was fortified both ways, - north and south: at present, the Wall was the north side of it; that - called Hadrian’s work, the south side of it; hence we may well suppose - all the ground of this long camp, comprehended between the Wall and - the southern rampire, was the property of the soldiers that guarded - the Wall.—_Iter Boreale_, p. 59. - -Speaking of the works westward of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, he says— - - The Vallum runs parallel to the Wall, but upon the declining ground - south, as the other north; this confirms me in my suspicion, that both - works were made at the same time, and by the same persons, and with - intent that this should be a counter-guard to the other, the whole - included space being military ground.—_Iter Boreale_, 66. - -The reader needs scarcely to be reminded of the striking illustration of -these remarks which is furnished by the appearance of the works a little -to the west of Carrhill, and by the fact, that for nearly ten miles in -the middle of their course, the Vallum is commanded by the heights on -which the Wall stands. - -[Sidenote: RELATIVE POSITION OF THE WORKS.] - -Whenever the distance between the Wall and Vallum varies, it is -generally with some obvious design in view. Thus, as Hodgson, who -powerfully supports the view here taken, remarks— - - The Vallum and Murus always contract the width of the interval between - them as they approach a river, apparently for no other purpose than a - close protection of the military way, and the defence of one bridge; - for if they had passed the brooks and rivers on their line at any - considerable distance from each other, two bridges would have been - necessary, and two sets of guards to defend them: and here it is not - unimportant to remark, that the Murus always takes that brow of the - ridge it traverses, which is precipitous to the north, and never - deserts its straightest or most defensible course to find a convenient - situation for a bridge, while the Vallum almost invariably bends - inwards as it approaches a bridge, and diverges outwards as it leaves - it.—_Hist. Nor._ II. iii. - -Horsley’s plan of the Barrier between CILURNUM and MAGNA, which is -copied on Plate II., will afford several examples of the truth of these -remarks. - -The position of the Vallum and Murus, in relation to the stations, -furnishes additional evidence. The Murus usually forms the northern wall -of the station, or comes up to the northern cheek of its eastern and -western gates, while the Vallum protects its southern rampart, or comes -up to the lower side of its doorways. The two lines give complete -protection to the camps, and to the roads leading to and from them. On -the supposition that the Vallum is an independent fortification, and -that it was constructed nearly a century before the Wall was thought of, -we must concede that its plan was such as to give the stations the least -possible support, to leave them, in short, in a great measure exposed to -the enemy. The manner in which the two walls combine in giving strength -to a station, is very well shewn in Warburton’s plan of the works in the -vicinity of CILURNUM (Plate II). It is scarcely possible to deny the -justice of the remark, which he appends to the title—‘A Plan of CILURNUM -... with part of the Plan of Severus’ Wall and Hadrian’s Vallum, shewing -how they are connected at the stations, and by their mutual relation to -one another, _must have been one entire united defence or -fortification_.' - -[Sidenote: SEVERUS REPAIRED THE WALL.] - -It is not improbable that Severus may have repaired some portions of the -Wall, and perhaps added some few subsidiary defences. Richard of -Cirencester gives us correct information upon several points connected -with Roman Britain, which we do not learn from other authors; it is not -unlikely that his view of the subject of our present study may be the -correct one. He says— - - About this time the emperor Hadrian, visiting this island, erected a - Wall, justly wonderful, and left Julius Severus his deputy in - Britain.... Virius Lupus did not perform many splendid actions, for - his glory was intercepted by the unconquerable Severus, who, having - rapidly put the enemy to flight, _repaired the Wall of Hadrian_, now - become ruinous, and restored it to its former perfection. Had he - lived, he intended to extirpate the very name of the barbarians. - -The supposition that Hadrian built the Wall is consistent with the -accounts which historians give us of his attachment to architectural -undertakings. One writer, of great research, says of him— - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN A GREAT BUILDER.] - - No prince, perhaps, ever raised so many public and private edifices as - Hadrian. In every city of note, throughout the empire, some erection - perpetuated his memory: bridges, aqueducts, temples, and palaces, rose - on every hand. Many cities, likewise, were either wholly built or - repaired by him. _Building seems, indeed, to have been a main feature - in his system of government._ He was the first who appointed that each - cohort should have its quota of masons, architects, and all kinds of - workmen needed for the erection and adornment of public - edifices.—_Hist. Rome_, _Tract Soc. London 277_. - -It is perhaps needless to pursue the subject further. More might easily -be said; but I was unwilling, on a point of so much importance, to say -less. The reader will not fail to perceive what an impressive view the -works of the mural barrier, considered as one vast scheme, and not as a -series of after-thoughts, give of the mighty conceptions and energies of -imperial Rome. - -In taking leave of those renowned men, Hadrian and Severus, it may be -allowable to advert to the testimony which, before departing this life, -they are said to have given as to the vanity of all earthly things. -Hadrian, who used to say, that an emperor should be like the sun, -visiting all the regions of the earth, found himself then, in darkness. -His knowledge of the Eleusinian mysteries gave him no peace; he -addressed his soul in these words:— - - Animula, vagula, blandula - Hospes, comesque corporis - Quæ nunc abibis in loca - Pallidula, rigida, nudula? - Nec ut soles dabis joca. - -These lines are thus happily imitated by Prior— - - Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing, - Must we no longer live together? - And dost thou prune thy trembling wing, - To take thy flight thou know’st not whither? - Thy humorous vein, thy pleasing folly, - Lies all neglected, all forgot; - And, pensive, wavering, melancholy, - Thou dread’st and hop’st thou know’st not what. - -[Sidenote: DEATH OF HADRIAN AND SEVERUS.] - -Severus’ restless pursuit after happiness was equally vain. His dying -words are said to have been, '_Omnia fui et nihil expedit_'—I have tried -everything, and found nothing of any avail. What a contrast to the -language addressed to him by the Ethiopian soldier—'Thou hast been -everything—conquered everything: now, conqueror, be a god!' - -[Illustration: Slab, Leg. II. and Leg. XX.] - ------ - -Footnote 134: - - Pinkerton’s Inquiry into the History of Scotland, i. 55. - -Footnote 135: - - I do not, however, find that the Antonine Wall is now known in the - district by the name of Severus’ Wall. - -Footnote 136: - - See chronological tables of Roman History in Smith’s Dictionary of - Biography and Mythology. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - -~The Roman Barrier of the Lower Isthmus.~ - - - - - PART VI. - MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES FOUND ON THE LINE OF THE WALL. - - -Most apposite is the remark of Dr. Johnson, that ‘Whatever withdraws us -from the power of our senses; whatever makes the past, the distant, or -the future predominate over the present, advances us in the dignity of -thinking beings.’ Few things are so well calculated to produce this -effect, as the altars and lettered tablets that have been left on our -soil by the Romans. When we but glance at them, who is not moved at the -reflection, that they were chiselled by hands which for so many -centuries have mouldered nerveless in the dust! - - Still on its march, unnoticed and unfelt - Moves on our being. We do live and breathe, - And we are gone! The spoiler heeds us not; - We have our spring-time and our rottenness; - And as we fall, another race succeeds - To perish likewise. - _Kirke White._ - -On proceeding to decipher the antique records, our emotions are more -varied and more intense. The old Roman seems to arise from the tomb, and -to reveal his modes of thought and principles of action. His breast -heaves; his heart is laid bare. In lines which his own fingers have -carved, the gods before whom he trembled are declared. Looking on the -very altar at which he knelt, we almost seem to see ‘the mean man bowing -down, and the great man humbling himself.’ - -[Sidenote: LETTERED STONES.] - -The region of the Wall has yielded more inscribed stones of the Roman -period than any other portion of the kingdom. Many of them have already -been presented to the reader; a few others will here be described. The -lettered stones of the mural line may be divided into three -classes—altars, funereal slabs, and centurial stones. - - ALTARS. - -[Sidenote: PARTS OF AN ALTAR.] - -The offering of such sacrifices as were supposed to be acceptable to -their deities, formed an essential part of the religion of the Greeks -and Romans. Very numerous are the altars which have been discovered on -the line of the Wall. Many of them are small, some not larger than the -palm of the hand, rough in the workmanship, and without any inscription; -others are of large size, [Illustration: alt=Altar, Deo Vetri] and of -ornate character. The usual form of them is shewn in the annexed cut. -The inscription is on the face of the altar; the base and upper portion -project a little beyond the sides. A small cavity on the top called the -_focus_, or hearth, received the offering. The sides of the altar were -frequently adorned with carvings representing the victims, the -implements used in sacrifice, and insignia of the god. On the altar[137] -before us, we have represented the _præfericulum_, or pitcher, which -contained the wine for the offering; the _patera_, a round, shallow -dish, generally with a handle, which was used in throwing a small -portion of the wine upon the altar; the _securis_, or axe, with which -the animal was slain; and the _culter_, or knife, used in flaying or -dividing it. In the Chesterholm altar, figured _p._ 240, the sacrificial -ox is represented; and on the sides of the altar to Jupiter, which is -shewn on page 290, the thunder-bolt of the god, and the wheel of -Nemesis— the emblem of swift vengeance—are given. The small size of the -_focus_ proves that the offerings presented to the deities occupied a -very small bulk. When an animal was slain, a portion of the entrails was -often all that fell to the lot of the god. - - Idibus in magni castus Jovis æde sacerdos - Semimaris flammis viscera libat ovis.[138] - _Ovid’s Fasti_, i. 587. - -[Sidenote: NATURE OF THE OFFERINGS.] - -Frequently the offering consisted of a little barley-meal, some fruit, -some frankincense, or chips of fragrant wood, with wine or milk. -Occasions of sacrifice were often times of merry-making. The slain -victim and the dedicated wine formed the ready materials of a feast. -Ovid sarcastically represents an old woman performing the rites due to -the goddess of Silence; upon her offering (three grains of incense) she -allows a few drops of wine to fall, and assisted by her companions, -though needing little help, she drinks up the remainder, departing from -her devotions tipsy, and anything but taciturn. - - Ecce anus ... annosa, - Et digitis tria thura tribus sub limine ponit - Vina quoque instillat. Vini, quodcumque relictum est, - Aut ipsa, aut comites, plus tamen ipsa, bibit. - ... ebriaque exit anus. - _Fasti_, ii. 571. - -[Sidenote: ALTAR TO JUPITER.] - -As might be expected, many altars are dedicated to Jupiter, the king and -father, as he was styled, of gods and men. The wood-cut represents a -very fine one, which was found in the station at Chesterholm, and is now -preserved under the piazza of the House. - -[Illustration: Large Altar to Jupiter] - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - CETERISQUE - DIIS IMMORT[ALIBVS] - ET GEN[IO] PRAETOR[II] - Q[VINTVS] PETRONIVS - Q[VINTI] F[ILIVS] FAB[IA] VRBICVS - PRAEF[ECTVS] COH[ORTIS] IIII - GALLORUM - EX ITALIA - DOMO BRIXIA - VOTVM SOLVIT - PRO SE - AC SVIS - - To Jupiter, best _and_ greatest, - And to the rest of the - Immortal gods, - And the genius of the pretorium, - Quintus Petronius - Son of Quintus, of the Fabian family, _surnamed_ Urbicus. - Prefect of the Fourth cohort - Of the Gauls, - From Italy, _and_ - Of a house of Brixia, - Performed a vow - For himself - And family. - -Two lines have been purposely erased, perhaps in consequence of some -error committed by the sculptor. The town of Brixia, the modern Brescia, -is situated on a feeder of the Po. Petronius, it would appear, still -remembered, and doubtless with affection, his former home in sunny -Italy. Storks adorn both sides of the altar; the object of their -introduction is rather doubtful. In the Risingham slab, now at -Cambridge, to which reference has already been made (_p._ 332), a cock -is associated with the figure of Mars, and a stork with that of Victory. -Can the stork have been the emblem of victory, as the cock was of the -god of war? The powerful wing and stately motions of this bird render it -a fitting emblem of the goddess whose favours Petronius must often have -sought. The inscription is distinct, and strikingly displays the -polytheism of the Romans. Petronius associates with Jupiter, not only -all the immortal gods, but the genius of the pretorium also. - -[Sidenote: POLYTHEISM OF ROME.] - -Not only were the superior deities and invisible genii blended in one -invocation, but mortal men were not unfrequently associated with the -greatest of the gods on the same altar. This is the case in one already -described (_p._ 63). Quintus Verius, on an altar found at Housesteads, -calls upon Jupiter, the best and greatest, together with ‘the deities of -Augustus.’ The emperor himself is probably intended by this phrase, not -the gods whom the emperor worshipped. The use of the noun in the plural -number, _numina_, is not opposed to this view. Horsley remarks that -_numina_ is frequently, in classical writers, applied to a particular -deity; thus we have _numina Dianæ_ in Horace, and _numina Ph[oe]bi_ in -Virgil. The emperors, we know, were frequently worshipped as gods. The -Mantuan bard, addressing Augustus, has no doubt of his divinity, though -he knows not what region to assign to his especial care; - - ... urbesne invisere, Cæsar, - Terrarumque velis curam;... - An deus immensi venias maris, ac tua nautæ - Numina sola colant.... - _Georg._ I. 25. - -[Illustration: Altar, Genio Loci, etc.] - -[Sidenote: MARYPORT ALTAR.] - -An altar, which is not less remarkable for the ornate character of its -decorations, than for the striking display which it affords of the -polytheism of the Romans, was found in the camp at Maryport, and is now -in the possession of the earl of Lonsdale, at Whitehaven Castle. An -accurate representation is given of it in the preceding engraving. - - GENIO LOCI - FORTVNÆ REDVCI - ROMÆ AETERNÆ - ET FATO BONO - G[AIVS] CORNELIVS - PEREGRINVS - TRIB[VNVS] COHOR[TIS] - EX PROVINCIA - MAVR[ITANIÆ] CÆSA[RIENSIS] - DOMOS E . . . - . . . . . - - To the Genius of the place, - To returning Fortune, - To eternal Rome, - And to propitious fate, - Gaius Cornelius - Peregrinus, - Tribune of a cohort, - From the province of - Mauritania Cæsariensis, - . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . - -The lower lines of the inscription of this altar are much injured; they -probably refer to the restoration of some buildings. The upper portion -is sufficiently plain. Peregrinus addresses first the deity of the place -over which his arms had triumphed; lest the local god should not smile -benignantly, he resorts to Fortune, who had conducted him safely to the -land of his adoption; if this deity should fail him, he thinks to find a -refuge in the genius of the eternal city; but driven from this resource, -there is nothing for it, but to trust to fate or chance. - -On the back of this altar (which as it is at present placed at -Whitehaven Castle, cannot be seen), are inscribed the words, VOLANTI -VIVAS. This was probably the expression of the good wishes of some party -for his friend, inscribed for greater efficacy on the sacred stone; and -may be translated, Volantius, long may you live! - -[Sidenote: ALTARS TO MARS.] - -Mars is occasionally addressed, though not so frequently as we might -expect in a chain of mural garrisons. Two small altars dedicated to him -have already been introduced. On several altars, chiefly found in -Cumberland, he is addressed by the name [Illustration: Altar, Deo -Cocidio] of Cocidius. One which was found at Bank’s-head, and is now -preserved at Lanercost Priory, is here introduced. An altar found at -Lancaster bearing the inscription, DEO SANCTO MARTI COCIDIO, is the -authority for supposing that Cocidius was a name of Mars. The altar -before us has been dedicated by the soldiers of the twentieth legion, -surnamed the Valiant and Victorious; the boar, the badge of the legion, -is at the bottom of the altar. It appears also that Mars was sometimes -styled Belatucadrus, the expression DEO MARTI BELATUCADRO being found -upon some altars; the altars to Belatucadrus are, however, confined to -Cumberland. One of them is here [Illustration: Altar, Deo Belatucadro] -given. It was found at Walton Castlesteads, where it still remains. The -letters are rudely carved, and the last two lines not very intelligible. -The name Belatucadrus or Belatucader is derived from the words Baal and -Cadir; and probably means—The invincible or omnipotent Baal. The fact -that Baal, the great idol of the east, found votaries in Britain shews -how easy it is to propagate error. - -It was the practice of the Romans to adopt the deities of the countries -which they subdued, and they may be supposed to have sought to -amalgamate with their own god of war, the corresponding divinity -worshipped in that part of Britain where these altars were reared. - -[Illustration: Altar to Minerva] - -[Sidenote: MINERVA.] - -The worship of Minerva was not neglected by the soldiers of the Wall. -The wood-cut exhibits an altar to the virgin goddess, which was found in -the station at Rochester; it is now at Alnwick Castle. Several others -exist. Science is required in the arts of war as well as peace. The -victory which mere daring achieved, was by the Greeks and Romans -ascribed to the intervention of Mars; that which was the result of -skilful strategy to the influence of Minerva. This altar was consecrated -by Julius Carantus. - -[Sidenote: FORTUNA.] - -Fortune was one of the favourite deities of Rome. The great confidence -which the Romans placed in her is expressed in the story related by -Plutarch, that on entering Rome she put off her wings and shoes, and -threw away her globe, as she intended to take up her permanent abode -among the Romans. Several altars addressed to Fortune have been found on -the line of the Wall. One of the most remarkable is shewn in the annexed -cut. It was found in a building in the south-east corner of the station -at Risingham, and is now in the Museum of - -Antiquities, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The great peculiarity of it is, that -the projecting base of the altar is provided with a focus, and that on -the projection the inscription is repeated. It reads— - - FORTVNAE - SACRVM - VALERIVS - LONGINVS - TRIB[VNVS] - - To Fortune - Sacred - Valerius - Longinus - Tribune. - -[Illustration: Altar to Fortune] - -The altar, when in its original position, was raised by means of two -courses of masonry considerably above the level of the ground. The -object of the second focus is a matter of conjecture. According to the -grammarians, _altare_ (_alta ara_, high altar) was dedicated only to the -gods above, whilst the _ara_ was both lower, and employed in sacrificing -to the gods below as well as those above. Can Fortune have been viewed -in the double capacity of a superior and inferior divinity, and can the -tribune, Valerius Longinus, have sought to secure the favour of the -powerful deity both in this life and the one to come! - -[Illustration: Altar to Mithras] - -[Sidenote: MITHRAS.] - -Several of the altars found on the line of the Wall are dedicated to the -god Mithras. _Mitra_, it appears, is one of the names for the sun in -Sanscrit; and that - -Mithras was, by the Romans, identified with the sun, is clearly -proved by many of the inscriptions on the altars of that deity. One, -found in the Mithraic cave at Housesteads, and which is now at -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is figured on the former page. The inscription -upon it may be read thus;— - - DEO - SOLI INVI - CTO MYTRÆ - SAECVLARI - LITORIVS - PACATIANVS - B[ENE]F[ICIARIVS] COS. PRO - SE ET SVIS V[OTVM] S[OLVIT] - L[IBENS] M[ERITO] - - To the god - The Sun the in- - vincible Mithras - The Lord of ages - Litorius - Pacatianus - A consular beneficiary; for - himself and family discharges a vow - Willingly and deservedly. - -[Sidenote: WORSHIP OF THE SUN.] - -[Illustration] - -Another small and roughly-cut altar procured from the same place, and -also now at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, has a figure of the sun on its capital: -Hodgson reads the inscription in this manner—Hieronymus, performing a -vow, freely and duly dedicates this to the sun. - -When we contemplate the powerful and beneficial influence of the sun, we -cannot be surprised that the worship of this luminary, especially in the -east, constituted the first form of idolatry— - - To solemnize this day, the glorious sun - Stays in his course, and plays the alchemist; - Turning, with splendour of his precious eye, - The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold. - -[Sidenote: WORSHIP OF MITHRAS.] - -The various ceremonies which were observed in the worship of Mithras, -are supposed to have been emblematic of the different influences -exercised by the sun upon vegetable and animal life. The notices which -we have of the meaning of these emblems are, however, a mass of -mysticism and absurdity. The god is commonly represented as a youth -wearing the Phrygian cap and attire, and [Illustration: Attendant of -Mithras] kneeling on a bull thrown on the ground, the throat of which he -is cutting. He is usually accompanied by two attendants, the one bearing -an uplifted torch, representing the sun in the vernal equinox, ascending -to the zenith of his power, the other, an extinguished torch, resting on -the ground, emblematic of the orb of day, when hastening to the winter -solstice. The wood-cut here introduced exhibits one of these figures -(now at Newcastle-upon-Tyne), which was found in the cave at -Housesteads. - -The Mithraic worship was introduced into the western world, from Persia, -about the time of Julius Cæsar, and speedily spread over all parts of -the empire. It appears to have outlived other forms of idolatry in -Europe. Its favourers seem to have abandoned polytheism; on the line of -the Wall at least, the name of Mithras is not combined with that of any -other deity. This circumstance, together with the laborious, though -vain, researches of its philosophical supporters, recommended it to -those who rejected the pure and simple truths of Christianity. - -[Sidenote: MITHRAIC CAVE.] - -Another of the Housesteads altars to Mithras is here figured. It is -inscribed— - -[Illustration] - - D[EO] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - INVICTO MYT - RÆ SAECVLARI - PVBL[IVS] PROCVLI - NYS C[ENTVRIO] PRO SE - ET PROCVLO FIL[IO] - SVO V. S. L. M. - -——— - - D.D. (_dominis_) N.N. (_nostris_) GALLO ET - VOLVSINO CO[N]S[VLIBVS] - -CC - - To the god best and greatest - The invincible Mith- - ras, lord of ages, - Publius Proculinus, - Centurion, for himself - And Proculus his son, - his vow freely and deservedly pays. - ——— - Our lords Gallus and - Volusinus being consuls. - -The temples of Mithras generally consisted of a cave, or a small -building from which the light was excluded. A cave was adopted, -‘because,’ says Porphyry, ‘a cave is the image and symbol of the world,’ -and it was dark, ‘because the essence of the virtues is obscure.’ All -who sought the favour of this god were subjected to a long course of -painful initiatory discipline. Nonnius, a Greek poet, says— - -[Sidenote: MITHRAIC RITES.] - - No one can be admitted into his mysteries, unless he has previously - undergone all the punishments, the number of which they say is eighty, - some of them of the gentler sort, others more severe. The milder are - undergone first, then the severer; and after the whole course is gone - through, they are initiated. Fire and water are the sorts of - punishment which they endure. These torments are said to be inflicted - to produce examples of piety and greatness of mind under sufferings. - After they have been many days in water, they cast themselves into - fire; then live in desert places, and there subdue the cravings of - hunger; and thus, as we have said, the aspirant goes through the whole - course of eighty torments; which if he survive, then he is initiated - into the mysteries of Mithras. - -Human sacrifices seem to have been used in the worship of Mithras. -Photius, in his life of Athanasius, asserts that there was a Greek -temple in Alexandria, in which, in ancient times, the Greeks performed -sacred rites to Mithras, sacrificing men, women, and children, and -auguring from their entrails. Pliny tells us that in the year of Rome -657, a decree of the senate was passed, forbidding the immolation of -man; for till that time monstrous solemnities were openly -celebrated.[139] The emperor Heliogabalus, a native of Syria, styled -himself high priest of Mithras. His assassination is partly ascribed to -the horror with which the people listened to the tales of magic rites in -which he was concerned, and of human victims secretly slaughtered.[140] - -[Sidenote: MITHRAIC CAVE.] - -The cave at Housesteads in which the Mithraic sculptures were found, was -situated in the valley to the south of the station. It was discovered in -1822 by the tenant of the farm in which it stood, who fixed upon the -spot as one likely to yield him the material which he required for -building a stone fence hard by. The building was square; its sides faced -the cardinal points. It had been originally, as was usually -[Illustration: Zodiacal Tablet, Borcovicus] the case in a Mithraic -temple, permeated by a small stream. Hodgson, who saw it as soon as it -was laid bare, says, ‘The cave itself seems to have been a low -contemptible hovel, dug out of a hill side, lined with dry walls, and -covered with earth or straw.’ Though the building has been entirely -removed, a small hollow is left which marks the spot where it stood. All -the sculptured stones have happily been placed in the custody of the -Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Amongst them, besides the -altars already given, and some which it has not been thought necessary -here to engrave, is the curious stone shewn in the wood-cut. It -represents Mithras, surrounded by the zodiac. The signs of cancer and -libra are omitted. The zodiacal tablet assumes an egg-like form, -probably to symbolize the principle of generation. The god holds a sword -in his right hand, and a peculiar spiral object in his left. It more -nearly resembles an ear of corn than the flame of a torch. We are -reminded [Illustration: Pine-apple Ornament, etc., Cilurnum] by it of -the ornaments resembling pine apples, which are frequently found on the -line of the Wall; and were probably connected with the worship of this -deity. The example here figured, as well as the small altar which -accompanies it, was found at Housesteads; both are now preserved at -Chesters. - -[Illustration: Presumed Mithraic Sculpture, Cilurnum] - -[Sidenote: MITHRAIC SYMBOLS.] - -The accompanying wood-cut represents a subject which is supposed to be -connected with the mysteries of Mithraic worship. The slab was found at -CILURNUM, and is now at Alnwick Castle. Though not satisfied with -Hodgson’s description of it, I am unable to supply a better. He says;— - - The sculpture is in two compartments: that on the left seems to - contain a lion, statant, raising the head of a naked and dead man: - that on the right, a figure of Mithras seated on a bench, and having a - flag in one hand, a wand in the other, and on its head the Persian - tiara.(?) I would hazard a conjecture that the whole relates to the - Mithraic rites called Leontica; for the lion, in the zodiac of the - ancient heathens, stood for Mithras, or the sun, which threw its - greatest heat upon the earth during its course through the - constellation Leo. - -[Illustration: Altar to Apollo, Cawfield mile-castle] - -[Sidenote: ALTAR TO APOLLO.] - -Numerous as are the altars on the line of the Wall to the Persian god, -only one has been found dedicated to Apollo, the Grecian representative -of the luminary of day. It was discovered in the summer of 1850, lying -near a spring in the vicinity of the Cawfield mile-castle, about midway -between the Wall and the Vallum, and is now preserved in the collection -of antiquities at Chesters. The following reading must be regarded as, -in a great measure, conjectural; no doubt, however, can exist as to the -deity to which it is dedicated. - - DEO APOL - INI ET O[MNIBVS] N[VMINIBV]S - SINIS[TRA] EXPL[ORATORVM] - CVI PR[AEEST] SVLP[ICIVS] - _VOTVM_ S[OLVIT] - L.L. (_libentissime_) M[ERITO] - - To the God Apol- - lo and the other deities, - The left _wing_ of guides - Commanded by Sulpicius, - In discharge of a vow - Most willingly and deservedly. - -It is believed that this is the only inscription to Apollo yet -discovered in England, though one at least has been found in Scotland. -The Roman soldiers in Britain were probably not much given to the study -of the _belles lettres_, which were under the peculiar patronage of the -god of the silver bow. - -The next is an inscription of unusual importance. - - Ultima Cumaei venit jam carminis aetas; - Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo. - Jam redit et VIRGO. - -[Illustration: Inscription to the Syrian Goddess, Magna] - -[Sidenote: INSCRIPTION TO THE SYRIAN GODDESS.] - -A slab was found at Carvoran in 1816, and is now in the castle of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, which contains an exposition in iambic verse of the -creed of a Roman tribune respecting the mother of the gods. Faber -remarks, that Ceres, Cybele, Venus, the Syrian goddess Derceto, the -Ph[oe]nician Astarte, and the Egyptian Isis, were all one and the same -deity. The inscription, which is an unusually long one, is here arranged -in lines of the length which the scansion requires— - - IMMINET LEONI VIRGO CÆLESTI SITU - SPICIFERA, JUSTI INVENTRIX, URBIUM CONDITRIX, - EX QUIS MUNERIBUS NOSSE CONTIGIT DEOS - ERGO EADEM MATER DIVUM, PAX, VIRTUS, CERES, - DEA SYRIA; LANCE VITAM ET JURA PENSITANS. - IN CÆLO VISUM SYRIA SIDUS EDIDIT, - LYBIÆ COLENDUM INDE CUNCTI DIDICIMUS, - ITA INTELLEXIT, NUMINE INDUCTUS TUO - MARCUS CÆCILIUS DONATINUS, MILITANS - TRIBUNUS IN PRÆFECTO DONO PRINCIPIS. - - The Virgin in her celestial seat overhangs the Lion, - Producer of corn, Inventress of right, Foundress of cities, - By which functions it has been our good fortune to know the deities; - Therefore the same _Virgin is_ the Mother of the gods, _is_ Peace, _is_ - Virtue, _is_ Ceres, - _Is_ the Syrian Goddess poising life and laws in a balance, - The constellation beheld in the sky hath Syria sent forth - To Lybia to be worshipped, thence have all of us learnt it, - Thus hath understood, overspread by thy protecting influence, - Marcus Cæcilius Donatinus, a warfaring - Tribune in _the office of_ prefect, by the bounty of the emperor. - -Cæcilius probably prepared this exposition of his faith on being -admitted into the mysteries of Ceres. However unintelligible, we cannot -but admire the humility and teachable disposition of the tribune. - - Their judge was conscience, and her rule their law, - That rule, pursued with reverence, and with awe, - Led them, however faltering, faint and slow, - From what they knew, to what they wished to know. - But let not him that shares a brighter day, - Traduce the splendour of a noontide ray, - Prefer the twilight of a darker time, - And deem his base stupidity no crime! - -[Sidenote: MINOR DEITIES.] - -A glance at some of the minor, and local deities must conclude our -review of the gods of the Barrier. - -The deities of Greece and Rome were without number. Every fountain and -river, every hill and forest, had its tutelary deity; every product of -earth, air, or sea, its guardian; every place its genius; every -household its _penates_. The antiquities found on the Wall furnish us -with numerous illustrations of this fact. The engraving represents an -altar which was found at Birdoswald, and is now at Lanercost. - -[Illustration: Altar to Silvanus, Amboglanna] - - DEO SANCTO - SILVANO VE - NATORES - BANNE S.S. (_sacraverunt_) - - To the holy god - Silvanus, - The hunters of - Banna - Have consecrated _this_. - -[Sidenote: THE NYMPHS.] - -Silvanus seems to have presided over woods and boundaries. Several -altars have been erected to him along the line. Forests must at that -time have covered a great portion of the country, and given shelter to -beasts of chase worthy of the martial prowess of the occupants of the -Isthmus. - -A host of female forms, denominated nymphs, haunted mountain, valley, -and stream. - -When in the Iliad, the father of the gods calls together his council, - - Nor of the Floods was any absent thence - Oceanus except, or of the NYMPHS - Who haunt the pleasant groves, or dwell beside - Stream-feeding fountains, or in meadows green. - -An interesting altar, dedicated to these deities, was found by the side -of a spring overlooking the station of HABITANCUM. It is now in the -garden of Spencer Trevelyan, esq., of Long Witton. - -[Illustration: Altar to the Nymphs, Habitancum] - - SOMNIO PRAE - MONITVS - MILES HANC - PONERE IVS - SIT - ARAM QVAE - FABIO NVP - TA EST NYM - PHIS VENE - RANDIS. - -The inscription is roughly cut, but quite legible, no contraction is -used in it, and no ligature is admitted, even in the case of diphthongs. -The construction of the sentence is peculiar, and admits of two -renderings. Taking _nupta est_ to signify dedicated, a peculiar use of -the word, suggested perhaps by its etymological relationship with the -one which it governs, _nymphis_, the inscription will read— - - A soldier, warned in a dream, directed the erection of this altar, - which is dedicated by Fabius to the nymphs to whom worship is due. - -The other method of rendering it is the following,— - - A soldier, warned in a dream, directed her (_eam_ supplied) who is - married to Fabius to erect this altar to the nymphs to whom worship is - due. - -[Sidenote: THE GODS OF THE MOUNTAINS.] - -According to either interpretation the altar was erected to the sylphs -of the fountain, in consequence of a dream. The lively imagination of -the Roman has invested the humble spring where it originally stood with -such an air of romance, as to render it a matter of regret that the -altar does not still grace the spot. - -[Illustration: Altar to the Gods of the Mountains, Vindobala] - -The adjoining wood-cut represents a small altar found at Rutchester, -VINDOBALA, and now in the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The inscription -reads—To the gods of the mountains, Julius Firminus, the decurion,[141] -erected this. Epona, to whom the next [Illustration: Altar to Epona, -Magna] altar is dedicated, was the protectress of horses; images of her -were to be seen in most stables. Juvenal’s dandy jockey swore by her -alone. This altar was found at Carvoran, and is now in the High School -of Edinburgh. The accompanying example [Illustration: Altar, sculptured -with a Toad, Cilurnum] is not the only instance of a toad being -represented on an altar. This was found at Chesters, CILURNUM, where it -is still preserved. Did the Romans stoop so low as to worship reptiles? -If so, the superstitious practice has probably been derived from the -east. Dr. Kitto remarks, ‘The importance attached to the frog, in some -parts of Egypt, is shewn by its being embalmed, and honoured with -sepulture in the tombs of Thebes. In the Egyptian mythology, the frog -was an emblem of man in embryo.’ - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: VITERES.] - -Many altars have been found on the line dedicated to gods unknown to -Rome’s Pantheon, and supposed to have a purely local celebrity. The -engraving exhibits one of a numerous class.[142] It was discovered near -Thirlwall Castle about 1757, in the course of the formation of the -military road, and shortly after presented to the Society of -Antiquaries. Vitres, or Viteres, or Veteres, is a god whose name is -confined to the north of Britain. Hodgson remarks, that Vithris was a -name of Odin, as we find in the death-song of Lodbroc—'I will approach -the courts of Vithris, with the faltering voice of fear.' If Viteres and -the Scandinavian Odin be identical, we are thus furnished with evidence -of the early settlement of the Teutonic tribes in England. The altar -given on page 395 is [Illustration: Altar to Viteres, Condercum] also -dedicated to Viteres. The occurrence of the name of this god in a plural -form, as in the annexed example, which was found at CONDERCUM, and is -now at Somerset-house, has suggested the idea, that Viteres is not the -proper name of a god, but that _diis veteribus_—the ancient gods—is the -inscription intended. Most probably, however, Viteres was the name of a -local deity. - -[Illustration: Altar to the Dea Hamia, Thirlwall-castle] - -[Sidenote: LOCAL DEITIES.] - -The next altar is also dedicated to a local goddess; at least it is not -easy to give any more satisfactory account of the _Dea Hamia_. The altar -was found near Thirlwall castle, and belongs to the Society of -Antiquaries, London. - -[Sidenote: DEÆ MATRES.] - -We now proceed to an important group of altars and sculptures, which, -if not strictly local, are yet chiefly found in those regions of -Europe which were swept by the Teutonic wave in its progress westward. -They have been met with in England, the Netherlands, along the banks -of the Rhine and other parts of Germany, and in France. These deities, -when sculptured, are represented as triple, generally seated, clothed -in long flowing drapery, and bearing in their laps baskets of fruit. A -slab, of which a drawing has already been given (p. 140), is inscribed -MATRIBUS CAMPESTRIBUS, to the mothers of the plains; it probably -refers to the deities in question. An altar found in the same -[Illustration: Altar to the Three Lamiæ, Condercum] station, -CONDERCUM, and now in the vaults of Somerset-house, is inscribed -LAMIIS TRIBUS, to the three Lamiæ. The wood-cut accurately represents -it. In Rich’s companion to the Latin Dictionary, the Lamiæ are -represented as ‘Vampires; believed to be malignant spirits of the -female sex, who wandered about at night in the guise of old hags, -sucking blood, and devouring the flesh of human beings. This -superstition,’ continues the writer, ‘originated in Egypt.’ In -corroboration of the Egyptian origin of this class of demons, it may -be stated that small images, arranged in triplets, are of common -occurrence among [Illustration: Egyptian Idols] [Illustration: -Egyptian Idols] the antiquities of Egypt. The cuts here introduced -exhibit two groups of this class of idols, selected from a large -number of similar sets, in the possession of his Grace the duke of -Northumberland, at Alnwick Castle. Their resemblance to some of those -found upon the line of the Wall is striking. The foreign origin of -these mother-deities is further proved by their being denominated in -inscriptions MATRES TRAMARINÆ, Transmarine Mothers. The altar here -figured is an example of this kind; it was found at HABITANCUM, and is -now preserved [Illustration: Altar to the Transmarine Mothers, -Habitancum] at Alnwick Castle. The inscription records, that Julius -Victor dedicated it in discharge of a vow freely and deservedly to the -Transmarine Mothers. This Victor, it appears by another inscription, -was a tribune of the first cohort of the Vangiones, a Germanic tribe. -On none of these altars are the deities distinguished by a proper -name. This would seem to be in conformity with the superstitious -feelings of the middle ages in England and Germany, where it was -thought unlucky to call the fairies and elves by any other -denominations than the respectful titles of ‘the ladies,’ or ‘the good -people.’ Several sculptures representing, as is supposed, the -mother-goddesses, have been found on the line of the Wall. One group, -found at Housesteads, and now in the castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is -drawn (fig. 4) on Plate XI. When seen by Horsley, this slab had in the -upper part of it two fishes and a sea-goat in relief. Two other sets -got at the same place, are figured in the Britannia Romana. In one of -them, the central or chief figure is represented as bound by the legs. -The ancients, in order to prevent a deity, whose favour they coveted, -taking his departure against their will, not unfrequently used -[Illustration: Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby] the -unwarrantable liberty of securing him by chains. At Netherby, there -are three sculptures belonging to this class. One of them, shewn in -the wood-cut, is in a perfect condition. The figures are standing, an -ample covering envelopes their heads, and a short tunic scantily -[Illustration: Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby] invests their -bodies. Another group, here engraved, has met with the usual fate of -Roman sculptures in the north of England—they have suffered -decapitation; the ample folds of the garments by which they are -[Illustration: Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby] clothed have -happily not been disturbed, and the central or chief personage holds a -basket of fruit. The third sculpture is of larger size and has -suffered more extensive injury; the left hand figure of the group only -remains; she is seated, and holds fruit in her lap. The Byzantine -character of the drapery will be noticed. At Nether-hall another -fragment of a [Illustration: Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at -Nether-hall] group, procured from the neighbouring station, is -preserved—the left hand figure has been broken off; the two remaining -ladies wear the same cowl-like head-dress as the Netherby mothers; -shewn on the former page. Mr. Thomas Wright, speaking of these mythic -personages, says— - - The ancient mythology of the Germanic race was not entirely eradicated - by Christianity; and it is interesting to trace it as reflected in the - popular superstitions of the present day. The reverence for the three - goddesses who presided over the woods and fields, pre-arranged the - fates of individuals, and dispensed the blessings of Providence to - mankind, may thus be traced down to a comparatively late period, both - in Germany and in England. They are sometimes regarded as the three - Fates—the _Norni_ of the north, the wælcyrian of the Anglo-Saxons (the - weird sisters, transformed in Shakespeare into three witches), - disposing of the fates of individuals, and dealing out death and life. - But they are also found distributing rewards and punishments, giving - wealth and prosperity, and conferring fruitfulness. They are the three - fairies who are often introduced in the fairy legends of a later - period, with these same characteristics.[143] - -[Sidenote: INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY.] - -After so long a companionship with the heathen relics found on the line -of the Wall, the reader will naturally ask—Have no Christian remains -been found?—Does no memorial record the name of JEHOVAH, the living God? -A negative reply must be given to the inquiry. There is, however, -abundant evidence to prove, that Christianity was extensively diffused -through the world long before the Romans departed from Britain. Tacitus -tells us, that in his day there was a great multitude of Christians at -Rome itself. The younger Pliny, in the second century, addressing the -emperor, complains that the heathen temples were almost deserted. Justin -Martyr says, there is not a nation in which prayers and thanksgivings -are not offered up in the name of the crucified Jesus; and Tertullian, -the most ancient of the Latin fathers, appealing to the magistrates, -says, ‘We are but of yesterday, yet we have filled every place, your -cities, garrisons, and free towns, your camps, senate, and forum; we -have left nothing empty but your temples.’ Britain early received the -glad tidings. ‘The concurrent voice of antiquity,’ says Mr. Thackeray, -‘although it has not designated the individuals who were the immediate -instruments of Providence in enlightening Britain, assigns the year 60 -as about the period when the Christian religion was introduced into this -island.’ At this time there were not fewer than 48,000 Roman soldiers, -including their auxiliaries, in this country, some of whom must have -been well acquainted with the name of Christ. In the army there would be -some centurions like Cornelius, some deputies like Sergius Paulus, who, -not content with knowing the truth themselves, endeavoured to -communicate it to others, and yet these Christian soldiers have, along -the line of the Wall, left no memorial of their faith. The God whom they -served required not the erection of an altar of stone, or an offering of -frankincense. Their ‘inscription’ was, a holy life, ‘seen and read of -all men.’ Notwithstanding the example and teaching of such men, it is a -lamentable fact, that heathenism continued to rear its head in Britain -until near the close of the period of Roman occupation, as several of -the altars found on the line of the Wall clearly testify. - -[Sidenote: CHRISTIAN SYMBOL.] - -Brand conceived that an altar discovered at Rutchester, and now in the -museum at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, exhibited the Christian symbol. It may -well be doubted whether the rude carving to which he refers, is any -thing more than a partially obliterated letter. There are other letters, -evidently of modern fabrication, carved on this altar. - -_Fas est ab hoste doceri._ An obvious remark clothed in Horsley’s own -language, and extracted from a work that is now scarce, will form a -suitable conclusion to this section. Speaking of vows in sickness he -says— - - There is one thing in these pagan votive altars that may be a shame - and reproach to a great many who call themselves Christians; and that - is, the willingness and cheerfulness with which they paid, or - pretended to pay, the vows they had made. Such as have any - acquaintance with those things, know how commonly these letters V. S. - L. M. or V. S. L. L. M., are added at the end of inscriptions that are - on such altars, whereby they signified how _willingly_ and - _cheerfully_, as well as _deservedly_, they performed the vows they - had made, viz., _votum solvit libens merito_, or _votum solvit libens, - lubens_ (or _lætus_) _merito_. Much more _deservedly_, and therefore - more _willingly_ and _cheerfully_, should the vows made to the Most - High, to the true and living God, be paid or performed to him, and - particularly the vows made in trouble.[144] - - SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS. - -[Sidenote: MONUMENTAL SLABS.] - -Extreme importance was attached by both Greeks and Romans to the due -discharge of the rites of sepulture. Until earth had been three times -sprinkled over the body of the departed, his spirit was conceived to be -denied admission into the Elysian fields. The practice of burning the -dead became common at Rome about the latter period of the republic. The -inconvenience and expense of the process would necessarily restrict it -to persons of some wealth. After the pile was consumed, the ashes of the -deceased were gathered up by the nearest relative, and deposited in an -urn. There are numerous instances in Britain of the Romans having buried -their dead entire. Skeletons have been found in London, which Mr. -Charles Roach Smith considers must have been deposited in the higher -empire. As Christianity gained ground, the custom of burning the dead -fell into disuse; the early Christians were unwilling to do needless -violence to the dust of a fellow disciple, and resolved to discontinue -the superstitious ceremonies which usually attended cremation. - -Whether the body was previously reduced to ashes, or deposited in the -ground unburnt, it was usual to raise a mound over the spot. - - Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus: et ingens - Aggeritur tumulo tellus. - _Æn._ III. 62. - -[Sidenote: FUNERAL URN.] - -Sometimes, instead of a mound of earth, a monument of stone covered the -place where the sepulchral urn was deposited. This was the case at -BREMENIUM, as already described (_p._ 326). With the ashes or body of -the deceased, it was usual to deposit a small brass coin to answer the -demands of Charon. 'This custom of burying valuables and coins with the -dead is by no means extinct; the humbler Irish will pawn their clothes -to provide fresh pieces of money to throw into the coffins of their -departed friends.'[145] The Romans, as formerly observed, did not -usually deposit either the unburnt bodies of the dead, or their ashes, -within the walls of towns or stations. A curious exception to this -practice has lately been noticed. In the month of October last (1850), a -funereal urn was discovered within the station of BORCOVICUS, near the -north-west corner. It was sunk in the earth, and was covered by an -oblong flat stone, without inscription. The vase, which was of -earthen-ware, and altogether devoid of ornament, was globular in its -form, and of large dimensions. It measured two feet in diameter, and two -feet in height. It contained ashes, amongst which was found a solitary -silver coin of Hadrian. This urn is preserved at Chesters. On the slab -covering the remains of the deceased person, the name and age were not -unfrequently inscribed. The carving, which sometimes includes an effigy -of the individual, is often very rude; the back of the stone is, for the -most part, undressed. The inscriptions on these ‘frail memorials’ which -in the mural region have come down to our times, and ‘implore the -passing tribute of a sigh,’ almost uniformly commence [Sidenote: DII -MANES.] with the letters D. M.—_diis manibus_. The shades or departed -spirits are, probably, themselves intended in this address, though much -confusion exists upon the subject in the works of the ancient writers. -In the following lines, Ovid represents the manes as being objects of -worship:— - - Est honor et tumulis: animas placate paternas; - Parvaque in extinctas munera ferte pyras. - Parva petunt MANES: pietas pro divite grata est - Munere: non avidos Styx habet ima Deos. - Tegula projectis satis est velata coronis; - Et sparsæ fruges, parcaque mica salis. - -[Illustration: Sepulchral Altar to the Manes of Fabia Honorata, Cilurnum] - -Some of the ceremonies here referred to by the Latin poet, are still in -use, as all know who have visited the cemetery of Père la Chaise, in -Paris. On the sepulchral slab, death is rarely mentioned; but the number -of years, months, and days, that the deceased lived, is recorded with -great particularity. The altar, of which an engraving is here -introduced, was found at CILURNUM, and is now in the Library of the Dean -and Chapter at Durham. It bears the following inscription— - - D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] S[ACRVM] - FABIÆ HONOR - ATÆ FABIVS HON - ORATIVS TRIBVN[VS] - COH[ORTIS] I. VANGION[VM] - ET AVRELIA EGLIC - IANE FECER - VNT FILIÆ DVLCISSIMÆ - - Sacred to the divine Manes of - Fabia Honorata. - Fabius Hon- - oratius the tribune of the - First cohort of Vangiones,[146] - And Aurelia Eglic- - iane erected _this_ - To their most sweet daughter. - -[Sidenote: MORTALITY OF THE GARRISON.] - -‘Tender souls!’ exclaims Hodgson, ‘your last act of piety to a beloved -daughter has not been forgotten: the altar that bears the memorial of -your affection still exists, though it has been banished from the -custody of the ashes which were committed to its care.’ Though painful, -it is yet pleasant to notice the heavings of natural affection in the -martial bosom of a Roman soldier. This stone differs from most of the -sepulchral monuments, in being an altar instead of a slab, and in not -mentioning the age of the deceased. It has been remarked that the larger -proportion of the tomb-stones of the mural region record the deaths of -young persons. The climate of the north of England, particularly of the -exposed district of the Barrier, must have told with fearful severity -upon the constitutions of those who had been reared under the sunny -skies of Italy and Spain. - -[Illustration: Sepulchral Slab to the Manes of Aurelia Faia, Magna] - -[Sidenote: SEPULCHRAL SLAB.] - -The large slab which is here figured, was found at Carvoran, and is now -in the castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. It reads— - - D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] - AVRE[LIAE] FAIAE - D[OMO] SALONAS - AVRE[LIVS] MARCVS - Ↄ (_centurio_) OBSEQ[IO] CON- - IVG[IS] SANCTIS- - SIMAE QVAE VI- - XIT ANNIS XXXIII. - SINE VLLA MACVLA - - To the divine Manes of - Aurelia Faia, - Of a house of Salona, - Aurelius Marcus - A centurion, out of affection - For his most holy wife - Who lived - Thirty three years, - Without any stain, _erected this_. - -[Sidenote: MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS.] - -It is not unnatural that a soldier while bemoaning the loss of a beloved -wife in a land of strangers, should so dwell upon her virtues as to -conceive that hers was a faultless character. Gruter gives an -inscription which nearly resembles this. It was erected by Marcus -Aurelius Paullus— - - CONIVGI INCOMPARABILI - CVM QVA VIXIT ANNIS XXVII - SINE VLLA QVERELA - - To his incomparable wife, with whom he had lived twenty-seven years - without having had a single squabble. - -‘This couple,’ says Mr. Akerman, ‘must for ever throw into the shade all -the candidates for the Dunmow flitch.’ - -[Illustration: Sepulchral Slab to the Memory of Cornelius Victor] - -At Chesterholm is a slab which, though suffering from exposure to the -weather, is still distinct:— - - DIIS MANIBVS - CORN[ELIVS] VICTOR S. C. (_Sibi Constitvit_) - MIL[ES] ANN[OS] XXVI CIV[IS] - PANN[ONIAE] FIL[IVS] SATVRNI- - NI P.P VIX[IT] ANN[OS] LV. D[IES] XI - CONIVX PROCVRAVI - - To the divine Manes; Cornelius Victor ordered this to be erected over - himself. He was a soldier twenty-six years, a citizen of Pannonia, and - the very dutiful (P.P. _pientissime_) son of Saturninus. He lived - fifty-five years and eleven days. I, his wife, saw his order executed. - -The tomb-stone to a young physician has already been given, page 227. - - CENTURIAL STONES. - -[Sidenote: CENTURIAL STONES.] - -The only other class of inscribed stones to which reference will now be -made, is that of centurial stones. The centurions seem to have been in -the habit of placing a common stone, inscribed with the name of their -_century_—company or troop, in that section of the Wall which they had -built. The letters are usually very rudely cut; sometimes they are -enclosed in a border, as in the annexed example, which, probably found -in the vicinity of CILURNUM, is now at Alnwick Castle. - -[Illustration: Centurial Stone, Coh. V. Cæcilii Proculi, Cilurnum] - - COH[ORS] V - > (_centuria_) CAECILI[I] - PROCVLI - - The fifth cohort. - The century of Cæcilius - Proculus. - -More frequently, however, the stone is entirely unadorned, as in this -example, which, along with [Illustration: Centurial Stone, Cilurnum] the -former, was removed from Walwick Chesters to Alnwick Castle. The letter -C, reversed thus Ↄ, or more frequently an angular mark resembling the -letter V, laid upon its side thus >, is the sign usually adopted for -_centuria_, century. Two centurial stones are shewn in the wood-cut -introduced in page 190. The upper one, that of Valerius Maximus, was -described, a century ago, by Horsley, who found it near -Haltwhistle-burn. Afterwards it was built up in a gable of the Cawfield -farm-house, against which a coal-shed was formed. Here, though sadly -begrimed, it was protected from further injury, until rescued by the -present owner of the farm, and safely deposited in the museum of -antiquities at Chesters. - - COINS. - -[Sidenote: NUMISMATIC REMAINS.] - -Next in importance to the inscribed stones found on the line of the -Wall, the student of history will reckon the coins which the spade and -plough of the husbandman turn up in considerable numbers in the mural -region. In a rude state of society the commercial transactions of the -residents of a district are almost entirely confined to an interchange -of the commodities produced by each. A body of soldiery, however, liable -to be removed from place to place, and compelled to expend their -energies in unproductive industry, are necessarily obliged to resort to -the use of money. It is chiefly in the stations where the Roman legions -lodged, or on the roads which they traversed, that the imperial coin is -found. These metallic pieces, bearing the insignia of Rome, thus become -exceedingly important in tracking the march of Roman armies. As works of -art, the design and execution of many of them are truly admirable. The -copper coins of Hadrian are especially worthy of study. The custom which -prevailed during the best periods of the empire, of rendering the -circulating medium of the market-place the means of commemorating the -leading events of the day, gives them increased value. Were all the -other records of Roman story destroyed, its most stirring incidents -might be recovered by a careful examination of the coins which the -cabinets of the antiquary contain. - -[Sidenote: COINS.] - -Ample use has already been made of this source of information in the -first Part of this work. Why is it that Britain neglects this means of -rousing the spirit of her people, of communicating information, and of -securing an almost imperishable memorial of her mighty acts? Had she -recorded upon her coinage the events of the last half-century, she would -have transmitted to posterity the memory of a series of warlike -achievements and peaceful triumphs unparalleled in extent and unequalled -in glory. As it is, our metallic currency has little value beyond its -commercial worth, and generation after generation is compelled to -contemplate, with what complacency they may, the same lady sitting -immoveably upon the same enduring rock, and the same mounted knight -making his interminable attempt to slay the same deathless dragon. The -immense number of the coins found upon the line of the Wall, and the -extension of the series from the earliest periods down to the time of -Honorius, prove incontestibly the length of time that the Romans -maintained their hold of this isthmus. The accidental loss of pieces of -money will not, alone, account for the large quantity which has been -found. In times of danger the possessors of treasure seem to have been -in the habit of concealing it in the earth; the secret of their having -done so must often have perished with them. In excavating that portion -of the station of CILURNUM which was opened in 1843, not fewer than -seventy Roman coins were found. In 1833, near the west gateway of -VINDOLANA, three hundred small brass coins, mostly of Constantius and -Mangentius, were found, not in a heap or vessel, but dispersed among the -soil. The Rev. John Walton, who, about a century ago was vicar of -Corbridge, made a considerable collection of Roman coins, by purchasing -such as were turned up in the neighbouring station of Corchester. The -following circumstance is related concerning him. A party of Jews having -established in the neighbourhood a prussian-blue manufactory, felt -disposed to enter the market with the vicar. Mr. Walton, unwilling to -compete with them by offering a larger price, had the fields where the -coins were found, strewed with imitations of the genuine pieces. These, -on being picked up, were freely bought by the Jews, who, soon finding -the trade a losing one, abandoned it altogether. - -The station, notwithstanding such systematic gleaning, is not yet -deprived of its treasures. Not long ago, a rustic eked out a livelihood -by searching for its coins, and disposing of them to occasional -customers. The other day a plough-boy being asked if he had found any -lately, produced straight-way from his pocket not less than thirty, most -of them, indeed, highly corroded. - -The coinage of Rome seems to have continued in circulation in the north -of England for a very short time after the departure of the Roman forces -from Britain. Saxon money is found in Northumberland of a date coeval -with the arrival of that people, but is never mingled with the Roman -coinage. The coins of the Romans, on the other hand, are never -accompanied by those of their successors. Within about forty years after -the departure of the Romans, the circulation of the imperial coinage -seems to have ceased. This circumstance proves incontestibly that a -mighty political revolution had taken place in the interval. The present -appearance of the stations corroborates the idea. The walls have been -forcibly thrown down, the statues and other objects within them -purposely mutilated, and the whole inclosure rendered, as far as -possible unfit for human habitation. - -[Sidenote: THORNGRAFTON COINS.] - -To attempt a description of even the principal coins that can still be -ascertained to have been procured from the district of the Wall, would -be to compose a treatise upon numismatics. It will perhaps be sufficient -to lay before the reader a brief [Illustration: Vessel, in which the -Thorngrafton Coins were found] account of the hoard which was discovered -in 1837, in an ancient quarry near Thorngrafton. The coins, sixty-five -in number, were contained in a small skiff-shaped receptacle with a -circular handle. The vessel represented in the adjoining wood-cut is -about six inches long; the lid has a hinge at one end, and fastens with -a spring at the other. The coins are at present in the possession of the -brother of the quarryman who discovered them, and he holds them with -such tenacity, that my artist was refused permission to see even the -case which contained them, though he had taken a journey of thirty miles -for the purpose of drawing them. Mr. Fairless, of Hexham, was more -fortunate, and obtained leave to take sealing-wax impressions of the -coins, from which the wood-cuts have been prepared. I am indebted to Mr. -Fairless for the description of the coins, which he took from the pieces -themselves. - - GOLD. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._ TI. CLAVD. CAESAR. AVG. GERM. P.M. TRIB.POT. P.P. - -_Rev._ NERO CLAVD. CAES. DRVSVS. GERM. PRINC. IVVENT. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._ NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS. - -_Rev._ SALVS. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._ IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG. - -_Rev._ A Victory holding a garland over the head of a Roman soldier, and -in the exergue, COS. VIII. - - SILVER. - - 1. _Obv._ IMP. NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS. - - _Rev._ SALVS. Device same as in gold above. - -[Illustration] - -2. _Obv._ IMP. SER. GALBA CAESAR AVG. - - _Rev._ DIVA AVGVSTA. - -[Illustration] - -3. _Obv._ IMP. SER. GALBA CAESAR AVG. - - _Rev._ S.P.Q.R. OB. C.S. (Within a wreath.) - - 4. _Obv._ SER. GALBA AVG. _Rev._ Same as last. - -[Illustration] - -5. _Obv._ OTHO CAESAR AVG. - - _Rev._ PONT. MAX. - -[Illustration] - -6. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ IMP. XIX. A basket filled with corn or bread. - -[Illustration] - -7. _Obv._ CAES. VESP. AVG. P.M. COS. III. - - _Rev._ CONCORDIA AVGVSTI. - -[Illustration] - -8. 9. 10. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ PON. MAX. TR.P. COS. VI. - -[Illustration] - -11. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. VESP. AVG. CENS. - - _Rev._ PONTIF. MAXIM. - -[Illustration] - -12. _Obv._ DIVV. AVGVSTVS VESPASIANVS. - - _Rev._ No inscription. A figure standing. - -[Illustration] - -13. _Obv._ IMP. VESP. AVG. P. M. COS. VIII. - - _Rev._ VES (figure) TA. - -[Illustration] - -14. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. VESPASIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ COS. ITER.—(figure)—TR. POT. - -[Illustration] - -15. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Rev._ COS.—(an eagle standing on cippus)—VII. - -[Illustration] - -16. _Obv._ Inscription same as last. - - _Rev._ Reversed goats’ heads, bearing a shield. - -[Illustration] - -17. _Obv._ Inscription same as last. - - _Rev._ COS. ITER. TR. POT. - -[Illustration] - -18. _Obv._ Inscription same as last. - - _Rev._ GENIVM—(figure)—P.R. - -[Illustration] - -19. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. DOMITIANVS AVG. P.M. - - _Rev._ TR. POT. II. COS. VIIII. DES. X. P.P. - -[Illustration] - -20. 21. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Rev._ IMP. XXI. COS. XVI. CENS.P. P.P. - -[Illustration] - -22. 23. _Obv._ CAESAR AVG. DOMITIANVS. - - _Rev._ COS. IIII. Pegasus. - -[Illustration] - -24. _Obv._ CAES. DOMIT. AVG. GERM. P.M. T.R.P. - - _Rev._ IMP. XIIII. COS. XIII. CENS. P. P. P. - -[Illustration] - -25. _Rev._ IMP. XXII. COS. XVI. CENS.P. P. P. - -[Illustration] - -26. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. DOMITIANVS AVG. P. M - - _Rev._ TR. POT. II. COS. VIIII. DES. XII. - -[Illustration] - -27. _Obv._ CAES. AVG. DOMIT. COS. III. - - _Rev._ PRINCEPS IVVENTVT. - -[Illustration] - -28. _Obv._ IMP. NERVA. CAES. AVG. P.M. TR.P. COS. III. P.R. - - _Rev._ FORTVNA P.R. - -[Illustration] - -29. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA. TRAIAN. AVG. GERM. - - _Rev._ PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS. II. - -[Illustration] - -30.31. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. - -_Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R. - -[Illustration] - -32. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P. M. TR.P. - - _Rev._ COS. V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. - -[Illustration] - -33. 34. 35. _Rev._ COS. V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. - -[Illustration] - -36. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P. COS. V. P.P. - - _Rev._ S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. - -[Illustration] - -37. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Rev._ S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. - - _Exergue._ FORT.RED. - -[Illustration] - -38. Same as before. - - _Exergue._ PAX. - -[Illustration] - -39. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P. - -_Rev._ COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R. - -[Illustration] - -40. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC. - - _Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R. - - 41. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. GERM. - -[Illustration] - -42. 43. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. GERM. - - _Rev._ P.M. TR. P. COS. II. P.P. - -[Illustration] - -44. Same as 40. with _Exergue_. TRO—VIO. - -[Illustration] - -45. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P. - - _Rev._ COS.V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. - -[Illustration] - -46. The same as last. - -[Illustration] - -47. Same as last. Seated figure, the right hand extended, holding a -Victory. - -[Illustration] - -48. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. III. - -[Illustration] - -49. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Exergue._ FEL. P.R. (doubtful.) - - _Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. III. - -[Illustration] - -50. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ P.M.TR.P. COS. III. - - PIE—TAS, in the field. - - 51. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Rev._ P.M.TR.P. COS. III. - - - CONSULAR AND OTHERS. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -This coin symbolizes the peace concluded between the Roman general -Scaurus and the Arabian monarch Aretas. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - MINERALS AND METALS. - -In nearly all the stations of the line, the ashes of mineral fuel have -been found; in some, a store of unconsumed coal has been met with, -which, though intended to give warmth to the primeval occupants of the -isthmus, has been burnt in the grates of the modern English. In several -places the source whence the mineral was procured can be pointed out; -but the most extensive workings that I have heard of, are in the -neighbourhood of Grindon Lough, near Sewingshields. Not long ago, a -shaft was sunk, with the view of procuring the coal which was supposed -to be below the surface; the projector soon found, that though coal had -been there, it was all removed. The ancient workings stretched beneath -the bed of the lake. - -[Sidenote: MINING OPERATIONS.] - -In Allendale and Alston Moor, numerous masses of ancient scoriæ have -been found, which must have resulted from the reduction of lead from its -ore. In the station of Corchester, portions of lead pipe have been -found; it is an inch and a half in diameter, and has been formed by -bending round a flat strip of the metal, and soldering the joint. - -Iron has been produced in large quantities. In the neighbourhood of -HABITANCUM masses of iron slag have been found. It is heavier than what -proceeds from modern furnaces, in consequence, probably, of the -imperfect reduction of the ore. In the neighbourhood of Lanchester, the -process seems to have been carried on very extensively. On the division -of the common, two large heaps were removed, the one containing about -four hundred cart loads of dross, the other six hundred. It was used in -the construction of some new roads which were then formed, a purpose for -which it was admirably adapted. In the neighbourhood of one of these -heaps of scoriæ, the iron tongs represented in Plate XVII. fig. 8, so -much resembling those at present used by blacksmiths, were ploughed up. -During the operation of bringing this common into cultivation, the -method adopted by the Romans of producing [Sidenote: BLAST FURNACE.] the -blast necessary to smelt the metal was made apparent. Two tunnels had -been formed in the side of a hill; they were wide at one extremity, but -tapered off to a narrow bore at the other, where they met in a point. -The mouths of the channels opened towards the west, from which quarter a -prevalent wind blows in this valley, and sometimes with great violence. -The blast received by them would, when the wind was high, be poured with -considerable force and effect upon the smelting furnaces at the -extremity of the tunnels. - - METALLIC IMPLEMENTS. - -Notwithstanding the tendency of iron to oxidize, several weapons made of -this material, and used by the Romans, have come down to our day. Their -general character and form can be better learnt from an inspection of -the drawings which depict them than by verbal description. On Plate X. -are shewn two spear or javelin heads, and on Plate XVII. the iron points -of some arrows. - -Vessels of cast-metal, fitted for domestic use, are occasionally met -with. On Plate XVII. fig. 2, is a specimen of a pot or boiler, closely -resembling those in modern use; it was found in cutting the Newcastle -and Carlisle Railway, near Haydon Bridge. - -[Sidenote: METALLIC IMPLEMENTS.] - -Bronze vessels are occasionally found. The utensils depicted on Plate -XVI. are of this metal. Fig. 1, is a pan, evidently intended for -culinary purposes. The use of the other vessel, fig. 2, so nearly -resembling a modern coffee-pot, is not so apparent, though several of -this form have been found in the Roman stations in the north of England. -Is it a decanter—a sort of wine flagon? Both of these vessels were found -on the line of the Wall, but at what point I have been unable to learn. - -Near to Whitfield, were recently found three camp-kettles, of peculiar -make, which are now in the Museum of Antiquities at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. -They are formed of bronze, but of exceedingly thin metal; they have -evidently seen much service, and are patched in several places. Owing to -the thinness of the metal they would very readily feel the fire. In -Italy, where during a great part of the year a fire is only lighted when -indispensable, similar vessels are still in use. These three vessels -vary in size, so as to allow of their being placed one within the other. -The smallest of them is shewn on Plate XVII. fig. 3. The strainer, fig. -1, also of bronze, and very finely and tastefully perforated, was found -with them. - -The boss of a shield, having something of the appearance of the head of -a snake, Plate VII. fig. 2, is also of bronze. It is preserved at -Chesters. - -Fibulæ or clasps, for fastening the loose robes worn by the Romans, are, -as may be supposed, of ordinary occurrence. The one represented, of the -full size, Plate XIV. fig. 2, was found at Carvoran. It is of bronze, -and is of a form of which there are many examples. The tongue is -wanting, but the spiral spring to which it was attached, and the groove -which caught it, are distinctly observed. The small pair of bronze -shears or scissors, which are shewn of their full size, Plate XIV. fig. -1, were also found at Carvoran. - - _PLATE XV._ - -[Illustration: - - J. STOREY DEL ET LITH. PRINTED BY A. REID. - Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester -] - - _PLATE XVI_ - -[Illustration: - - J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID. - Bronze Vessels -] - - _PLATE XVII._ - -[Illustration: - - J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID. - Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc. -] - - _PLATE XVIII_ - -[Illustration: - - J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID. - Soles of Sandals, etc. -] - - EARTHENWARE AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. - -[Sidenote: ROMAN POTTERY.] - -Few subjects possess more interest than the pottery of the Romans. -Whether we regard the shape of the vessels, the beauty of their -ornaments, or the excellence of the material of which they are composed, -they are worthy of our admiration. Fortunately for the present writer, -so much has recently been published upon the subject, as to justify him -in dismissing it with a brief notice. - -Among the earthenware vessels found in the mural region are some of -coarse structure, such as _amphoræ_, _mortaria_, pans for common -domestic purposes, and some which have probably been intended for -exposure to the fire. The amphoræ are large narrow-necked vessels, -capable of containing several gallons, and formed of red clay. In -general, they have been furnished with two handles, on one of which the -maker’s name is not unfrequently stamped. They were used for holding -wine. I am not aware of any having been found on the line of the Wall, -in a state at all approaching to completeness. - -The mortars are strong shallow vessels, provided with a lip for the -convenience of pouring. They are formed of clay, resembling fire-brick -in colour. On their inner surface, are frequently imbedded angular -fragments of quartz, chert, or iron scoriæ. By this contrivance, the -bruising of parched corn or other articles of food would be more easily -effected. - -Various vessels of common earthenware, such as would be required in -every household for holding water, grain, and kindred substances, are -discovered, occasionally nearly perfect. At Nether Hall some very fine -ones are preserved, which were found in the neighbouring station; one is -twelve inches in diameter, and nearly six deep. Another, of globular -form, is ten inches in diameter, and nine in depth. - -Besides these, fragments of thick vessels are frequently met with, which -are of a porous nature, and hence well adapted to withstand the sudden -application of heat. In these, when placed upon the fire, we may readily -conceive that food was baked or stewed. - -Other vessels, for the most part of smaller size, more elegant shape, -and composed of finer materials, are of common occurrence. Some are -nearly black, others grey or slate-coloured: these are quite plain and -unembossed. A species of yellow earthen-ware is found, tinted with a -brown pigment, by the partial removal of which, a sort of pattern is -given to it. All these are of British manufacture. Many of the potteries -in which they were fabricated, have been clearly ascertained. The -slate-coloured and grey kinds owe their peculiar hue to the action of -what has been called, the smother kiln. During the process of baking the -vessels, the vent of the furnace has been closed, so as to fill the kiln -with smoke. The unconsumed carbon not only communicated its own hue to -the objects exposed to it, but prevented the iron, which usually forms -the colouring matter of clay, from being converted into the peroxide, -which is of a brick-red colour.[147] - -[Sidenote: SAMIAN WARE.] - -The finest species of earthenware found in Roman camps, is that called -Samian. It is of a bright coral-red colour. It can at once be detected -by its glaze, which has not yet, in modern times, been successfully -imitated. Some vessels are quite plain, but others are very tastefully -embossed. Plates IX. and XV. furnish specimens of the more ornamental -kind. The large fragment, engraved Plate XV. fig. 1, was found in -sinking the shaft of the famous Wallsend pit. No potteries for the -manufacture of this species of ware, have been found in Britain; and as -the maker’s marks, and the patterns of the embossed varieties correspond -with those found on the continent, it is conceived to be of foreign -origin. Gaul and Spain have been pointed out as the countries from which -the specimens exhumed in Britain were probably procured. The vast -quantity of fragments of Samian ware mingled with the rubbish of some of -the stations is truly remarkable; and not less worthy of observation is -the fact, that not only has the clay of which the broken vessels are -composed, undergone no deterioration by being buried for centuries in -the damp earth, but even the glaze is, to all appearance, uninjured. -That even the plainer kinds of Samian ware have been accounted valuable -by their owners, is evident from the circumstance, that marks and names, -by which they might be identified, have in numerous instances been -scratched upon them. In Plate VII. figs. 9 and 11, are two examples of -this kind, found at CILURNUM, and still preserved there. In some cases -where a vessel has been fractured, it has been joined by clasps of lead. -Fig. 1, Plate VII., is an example of this, also found at CILURNUM. The -process of boring the holes to receive the lead must have been one of -some labour, and would not have been undertaken unless the vessel had -been accounted valuable. - -An imitation of the Samian ware seems to have been made in Britain -during the continuance of the Roman period. It is not equal to the -original in colour, texture, or design. Fig. 2, Plate IX. differs in -appearance from true Samian—it may be an imitation. - -The lamp shewn on Plate XIV. fig. 4, is of red earthenware, covered with -a black pigment; it proves the vast amount of skill and taste which the -Romans lavished even upon articles of minor importance. - -[Sidenote: MINOR ANTIQUITIES.] - -Mill-stones are among the most frequent of the discoveries made in our -Roman stations. Some, found at CILURNUM, are shewn in Plate XIII. fig. -4. They closely resemble the querns which were used in Scotland and the -rural districts of Northumberland, within a recent period. Many of the -stones consist of the mill-stone grit, basalt, or granite of the -district; others are formed of a species of lava which is not procured -in any locality nearer than Rhine Prussia. The advantage of these -foreign stones is, that, though hard, they are porous, and, as they wear -away, still present a continuity of sharp edges to the action of the -grain. - -The process of grinding the corn by hand-mills must have been a most -tedious one. Probably a large proportion of the grain consumed by the -soldiers of the Barrier was simply boiled, after being slightly bruised -in mortars. - - -[Sidenote: CONCLUSION.] - -Here a period must be put to this account of the Roman Wall and its -antiquities. Many topics worthy of fuller discussion have been but -cursorily treated, and some omitted altogether; but it is impossible, in -a work of this extent, to do full justice to a subject of such -magnitude; we content ourselves with imitating the moderation of -Hadrian, who, instead of grasping at universal empire, sought only a -dominion which he might reasonably hope to maintain. - -Still, we may reckon on some advantage from the brief communion we have -held with the Mighty among the Ancients. We can hardly tarry, even for -an hour, in association with the palmy days of the Great Empire, without -learning, on the one hand, to emulate the virtues that adorned her -prosperity, and on the other, to shun the vices that were punished by -her downfall. The sceptre which Rome relinquished, we have taken up. -Great is our Honour—great our Responsibility— - - ... Heavenly wisdom on this ball - Creates, gives birth to, guides, consummates all. - States thrive or wither (as moons wax and wane) - E'en as His will and His decrees ordain; - While Honour, Virtue, Piety, bear sway, - They flourish; and as those decline, decay. - -[Illustration: Tail piece—Romæ Æternæ Fortunæ Reduci] - ------ - -Footnote 137: - - This small altar was found at Benwell, and is now in the possession of - the Society of Antiquaries, London—it is drawn to twice the usual - scale. - -Footnote 138: - - On the ides the undefiled priest in the temple of the great Jove - offers in the flames the entrails of a wether. - -Footnote 139: - - Archæologia Æliana, i. 306. - -Footnote 140: - - Smith’s Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. - -Footnote 141: - - Decurion, a commander of a troop of ten men. - -Footnote 142: - - This and the two subsequent cuts are drawn to twice the usual scale. - -Footnote 143: - - For further information on this interesting subject the reader is - referred to two admirable papers by Mr. C. Roach Smith, and Mr. Thomas - Wright, in the second volume of the Journal of the British - Archæological Association. - -Footnote 144: - - Vows in Trouble, by John Horsley, A.M. London: Printed for Richard - Ford, at the Angel, in the Poultry, near Stocks market. And sold by R. - Akenhead, Bookseller, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1729.—At the time - Horsley published this book, he was engaged in the preparation of the - _Britannia Romana_. - -Footnote 145: - - Smith’s Collectanea Antiqua i. 21. - -Footnote 146: - - The first cohort of the Vangiones were in Britain in the time of - Hadrian, from whom some of them, in 132, had a discharge from the - army, with the privilege to marry. They were from Belgic Gaul, and - were a long time quartered at Risingham, at which station eight of - their tribunes have left their names on inscriptions. - - _Hist. Nor._ II. iii. 183. - -Footnote 147: - - See Remains of Roman Art in Cirencester, 78. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - INDEX. - - ABALLABA, 297. - ÆSICA, Great Chesters, 254. - Agricola lands in Britain, 7. - ALIONIS, 347. - Altars, form of, 395. - AMBOGLANNA, Birdoswald, 278. - Amphoræ, 445. - Ancient Britons, description of, 16. - Apollo, altar to, 411. - Aqueduct at Great Chesters, 257. - Arthur, King, traditions respecting, 205. - Arthur’s Well, 264. - Astures, a people from Spain, 141. - - - Battle of Heaven-field, 167. - Bede, on the building of the Wall, 379. - Belatucadrus, altar to, 401. - Belted Will, 285. - Benwell, CONDERCUM, 137. - Bewcastle, 344. - Binchester, 344. - Birdoswald, AMBOGLANNA, 278. - Black-carts farm, Wall on, 196. - Black-dike, 211. - Blake-chesters, 321. - Blast furnace, 443. - Blea-tarn, 297. - Bloody-gap, 244. - Bogle-hole, traditions of, 245. - BORCOVICUS, Housesteads, 214. - BORCOVICUS, etymology of, 228. - Borcum or Barcombe, quarry on, 231. - Border strife, 296. - Borders, state of, in middle ages, 209. - Bradley, 232. - Brampton, 349. - Bridge at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 130. - Bridge over North Tyne, 170. - Britain, first notice of, 2. - BREMENIUM, High-Rochester, 325. - BREMETENRACUM, 350. - Broaching of the stones, 85. - Brunton, the Wall at, 169. - Bueth’s castle, 345. - Burgh-upon-Sands, 304. - Burnswark, 356. - Busy-gap, 207. - Byker-hill, 118. - - - Cæsar’s landing in Britain, 3. - Carrawburgh, PROCOLITIA, 197. - Cambeck-fort, PETRIANA, 288. - Camp kettles, 444. - Carausius, 21. - Carlisle, LUGUVALLIUM, 301. - Carvoran, MAGNA, 267. - Castella, 67. - CASTRA EXPLORATORUM, 353. - Caw-gap, 246. - Cemeteries, 183, 262. - Centurial Stones, 429. - Chapel-hill, 224. - Chapel-house, 274. - Chapel-houses, 147. - Chesters, CILURNUM, 171. - Chesterholm, VINDOLANA, 236. - Chew-green, 325. - Chives on Walltown crags, 264. - Christian remains, none on the Wall, 421. - Christianity, early introduction of into Britain, 422. - CILURNUM, Chesters, 171. - _Cippi_, 326. - Coal wrought by the Romans, 442. - Cocidius, altar to, 401. - Coins found on Borcum, 231, 434. - Coins found in Cambeck fort, 289. - Coins found in Newcastle bridge, 131. - Coins, number of Roman, relating to Britain, 37. - Coins, general remarks upon, 431. - Coins, number found on the Wall, 432. - Coins, Roman and Saxon, not commingled, 433. - Coins, spurious, 365. - Concrete, hydraulic properties of Roman, 182. - Constantine proclaimed emperor, 23. - CONDERCUM, Benwell, 137. - Corchester, CORSTOPITUM, 332. - CORSTOPITUM, Corchester, 332. - Cost of the Wall, 94. - Cousin’s-house, 113. - Crags, why the Wall built upon, 201. - Cumming’s cross, 206. - - - _Dea Hamia_, 417. - _Deæ Matres_, 417. - Denton Hall, 146. - Devil’s Wall in Germany, 96. - Down-hill, 156. - Drumburgh, 309. - Dykesfield, 307. - - - Earthenware, 445. - Ebchester, 341. - Edward I. at Bradley, 233. - Egyptian triple goddesses, 418. - Ellenborough, 361. - Emperors worshipped, 398. - EPEIACUM, 342. - Epona, altar to, 415. - - - Fibulæ, 444. - Fisher’s-cross, 311. - Forest, primeval, 310. - Fortune, altar to, 403. - Fosse of the Wall, 51. - - - Gelt quarry, 385. - Genius, local, altar to, 399. - Genius of the Wall, 353. - Gildas’ account of the miseries of the Britons, 27. - Glass for windows, 222. - Goddess mothers, 417. - Graham’s-dike, 97. - Great Chesters, ÆSICA, 254. - Grooves in thresholds of gates, 220. - - - HABITANCUM, Risingham, 329. - Hadrian arrives in Britain, 11. - Hadrian, death of, 391. - Hadrian slabs, 383. - Harlow-hill, 155. - Halton-chesters, HUNNUM, 159. - Haltwhistle, 252. - Haltwhistle-burn-head, 254. - Hare-hill, 284. - Heddon-on-the-Wall, 149. - Hedley, Rev. Anthony, 105. - Hexham, 194, 339. - Historical testimonies respecting the building of the Wall, 372. - Hodgson, Rev. John, 106. - Horsley, biographical notice of, 103. - Horsley on Christian vows, 423. - Hospital, camp, 362. - Housesteads, BORCOVICUS, 214. - HUNNUM, Halton-chesters, 159. - Hypocausts at HUNNUM, 162. - Hypocausts, their probable use, 180. - Hypocausts at Chesters, 174. - - - Inscriptions, value of, 187. - Iron wrought by the Romans, 442. - Irthington, 295. - Itinerary of Antonine, 328. - - - Jarrow, 323. - Jupiter, altar to, 397. - - - Keep of Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 135. - Kiln for drying corn, 223. - Kirk-Andrews, 302. - - - Lakes of Northumberland, 229. - _Lamiæ_, 418. - Langley castle, 231. - Lanchester, 342. - Lanercost priory, 284. - Lanx, the Corbridge, 334. - Lead wrought by the Romans, 442. - Legio XX. engaged upon the Wall, 247. - Limekiln, 327. - Limestone-bank, 195. - _Lingones_ at Tynemouth, 108. - LUGUVALLIUM, Carlisle, 301. - - - MAGNA, Carvoran, 267. - Maiden-way, 269. - Malcolm Canmore, 321. - Mars, altars to, 401. - Maryport, 361. - Masonry of the Stations, 84. - Masonry of the Wall, 78. - Maximus, 319. - Middleby, 354. - Mile-castles, 67. - Mile-castle at Cawfield, 248. - Mile-stone, 239. - Mill-stones, 448. - Military-way, 69. - Milking-gap, 234. - Minerva, altar to, 402. - Mithras, altar to, 404. - Monument to Edward I., 306. - Moresby, 366. - Mortar, Roman, 86. - _Mortaria_, 445. - Mountain-god, 415. - Mumps-hall, 275. - Murus and Vallum, one design, 387. - Mythology of Gothic tribes, 421. - - - Names of stations ascertained, 61. - Naworth-castle, 284. - Netherby, 352. - Nether-hall, 362. - Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 121. - Nine-nicks of Thirlwall, 265. - North Shields, 321. - Nymphs, 414. - - - Old Carlisle, 360. - Old Town, 349. - Ouseburn mile-castle, 119. - - - Pap-castle, 366. - Passage of the Eden, 300. - Passage of the Irthing, 277. - Peel-crag, 243. - Peel-houses, 253. - PETRIANA, Cambeck-fort, 288. - Polytheism of the Romans, 398. - Plumpton, 358. - PONS ÆLII, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 121. - PROCOLITIA, Carrawburgh, 197. - - - Quarry on Fallowfield fell, 80. - Quarry on Haltwhistle fell, 80. - Quarry, Roman, 292. - - - Rapishaw-gap, 230. - Richard of Cirencester on the building of the Wall, 390. - Risingham, HABITANCUM, 329. - Rochester, High, BREMENIUM, 325. - Roman emperors, number who visited Britain, 36. - Ruts in gateway of Birdoswald, 280. - Rutchester, VINDOBALA, 150. - - - Sacrifices, Roman, 396. - Samian ware, 447. - Sandals, Roman, 348. - Secondary forts, 315. - SEGEDUNUM, Wallsend, 105. - Sepulchral inscriptions, 424. - Severus lands in Britain, 15. - Severus, death of, 392. - Sewingshields farm-house, 200. - Shields’-lawe, 322. - Silvanus, altar to, 413. - Speaking pipes in the Wall, 76. - Stags’-horns, 269. - Stanwix, 299. - Stations, description of, 56. - _Stationes per lineam valli_, 60. - Steel-rig, 243. - Stotes-houses, 117. - Streets, narrowness of, 221. - Syrian goddess, 412. - - - Tepper-moor, 196. - Terraced gardens, 224. - Thirlwall-castle, 270. - Time occupied in building the Wall, 94. - Toads represented on altars, 416. - Tower of Repentance, 307. - Tower-tay, 195. - Traditions regarding CILURNUM, 192. - Traditions, Sewingshields, 203. - Transmarine Mothers, 419. - Troughs of stone, 158. - _Tumuli_, 351, 365. - Turrets, 68. - Twice-brewed-ale (inn), 233. - Tynemouth, 318. - - - Vallum, description of, 52. - Vallum, additional rampart of, 283. - Vangiones, 427. - Vegetation inimical to the Wall, 93. - Vespasian and Titus in Britain, 5. - Viteres, altars to, 395, 416, 417. - Victory, figure of, 300. - VINDOBALA, Rutchester, 150. - VINDOLANA, Chesterholm, 236. - VINDOMORA, 342. - - - Wallend, 273. - Wall, in relation to the rivers, 100. - Wallis, 349. - Wall-mill, 262. - Wall, probable height of, 47. - Wallsend, SEGEDUNUM, 105. - Walltown crags, 263. - Walton, 287. - Warden-hill, 194. - Wardley, 324. - Water-course, ancient, 161, 257. - Watch-cross, 298. - Whitley-castle, 346. - Wreckendike, 322. - Written rock on the Gelt, 81. - - - Zodiacal tablet, #409.# - - - - - Transcriber’s Note - -On p. 178, footnote 86 appears with no anchor in the text. Judging from -the context, the anchor has been placed at the end of the sentence -beginning ‘The stone pillars are...’, which mentions the balusters -referred to in the note. - -On p. 317, based on the context, the word ‘stones’ in the phrase ‘all -the trifling [stones] put together’, is most likely a misprinting of -‘stories’. - -Lapses and inconsistencies in punctuation and format in tabular matter, -or in the Index have been silently corrected. - -The index entry 'Fosse of the Wall' is out of order, and its position -has been adjusted. - -Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and -are noted here. - - p. x. British Archæ[o]logical Association Added. - - p. xx. 16. Section of Works, near eighteenth Transposed. - mile-stone [25/52] - - p. xxiii. 164. Sc[lu]/ul]pture to the Deæ Matres Transposed. - - p. 8 f[ri/ir]ths Transposed. - - p. 16 that ascend from these marshes.[”] Removed. - - p. 50 T[ih/hi]s portion Transposed. - - p. 62 wh[i]ch is thus inscribed Added. - - p. 65 n. 34 and in the neig[h]bourhood Added. - - p. 103 n. 54 a native of No[r]thumberland Added. - - The mi[l]liary which told to Hadrian’s Added. - soldiers - - p. 134 suc[c]essor Added. - - p. 150 so that a [a ]greater portion Line break - repetition. - - p. 204 have bee[e]n widely diffused Removed. - - p. 258 artific[i]al mound Added. - - Wher[e]ever line break - hyphenation - error. - - p. 310 circu[cu]lar Removed. - - p. 362 The body of [of] the road Removed. - - p. 380 n. 135 is now known in the [p/d]istrict Corrected. - - p. 407 dis[c]ipline Added. - - p. 423 _deserve[r]dly_ Removed. - - p. 430 vi[n]cinity Removed. - - p. 447 f[n/u]rnace Corrected. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Roman Wall, by Rev. 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Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/50364-0.zip b/old/50364-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e724a6f..0000000 --- a/old/50364-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50364-8.txt b/old/50364-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 78ddfd7..0000000 --- a/old/50364-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15556 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Roman Wall, by Rev. John Collingwood Bruce - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Roman Wall - -Author: Rev. John Collingwood Bruce - -Release Date: November 1, 2015 [EBook #50364] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROMAN WALL *** - - - - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - Transcriber's Note: - -This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. -Italics are delimited with the '_' character as _italic_. The frequent -appearance of blackletter font is noted here by enclosing the text in -'~' as '~blackletter text~'. Superscripted characters are preceded by -'^'. - -Minor errors in punctuation and formatting have been silently corrected. -Please see the transcriber's note at the end of this text for details -regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its -preparation. - -Page headers signalled changes of topic, and have been retained as -paragraph descriptions ('sidenotes'). Where the headers persist across -multiple pages, they were removed. On occasion, the headers on facing -pages are interleaved during an extended discussion of a topic. Only the -first of each were retained. - -The position of illustrations may have been adjusted slightly. Those -which appeared within a paragraph are indicated in-line as -[Illustration: <caption>]. Most were grayscale in the original, and have -been brightened to counteract the effects of age. Those few which were -colorized have been retained as they now appear. - -Captions for the Plates which appear within the images have been -repeated as text to facilitate searches. Where no captions were given, -or the images are composites (e.g. Plate III), the descriptions used in -the Table of Contents were used. - -The alphabetic footnotes in the original restarted with 'a' and cycled -through the alphabet multiple times. Several notes to tables used the -typical asterisk and dagger symbols. All footnotes have been -re-sequenced numerically for uniqueness. - -Footnotes, some of which are quite lengthy digressions, have been moved -to the end of each chapter to facilitate reading. - -[Illustration: - - G. Bouchier Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - PONS-LII, RESTORED. -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - THE - ROMAN WALL - - A - HISTORICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE - ACCOUNT OF THE - - ~Barrier of the Lower Isthmus,~ - - EXTENDING FROM THE TYNE TO THE SOLWAY, - - DEDUCED FROM NUMEROUS PERSONAL SURVEYS, - - BY THE - - REV. JOHN COLLINGWOOD BRUCE, M. A. - -[Illustration] - - LONDON: JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 4, OLD-COMPTON-STREET, SOHO SQUARE. - - NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE; WILLIAM SANG, 61, GREY STREET; - - G. BOUCHIER RICHARDSON, 38, CLAYTON-STREET-WEST. - - M.DCCC.LI. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE: - IMPRINTED BY GEORGE BOUCHIER RICHARDSON, CLAYTON-STREET-WEST; PRINTER - TO THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, AND TO THE TYPOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, - BOTH OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - TO - JOHN CLAYTON, ESQUIRE, - THE PROPRIETOR - OF THE - MOST SPLENDID REMAINS OF THE ROMAN BARRIER - IN NORTHUMBERLAND - WHOSE - ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE AND CLASSICAL LEARNING - HAVE BEEN MOST PROFUSELY AND KINDLY - AFFORDED TO THE AUTHOR - THIS WORK - ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE MILITARY CHARACTER AND USAGES - OF A GREAT PEOPLE - IS MOST GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - PREFACE. - -The famous Roman Wall, which, in former times, protected southern -Britain from the ravages of the northern tribes, exhibits, at this day, -remains more entire, and forms a subject of study more interesting than -is generally supposed. - -Two authors of great learning have treated of this renowned -structure--Horsley, in the Britannia Romana, and Hodgson, in the last -volume of his History of Northumberland. Both are treatises of -considerable size, and both are, to a certain extent, rare. The -Britannia Romana, moreover, describes the Wall, not as it is, but as it -was more than a century ago. Hodgson's work is of recent date, and forms -a valuable storehouse of nearly all that is known upon the subject. The -mind, however, of that amiable man and zealous antiquary was, at the -time of its preparation, bending under the weight of his ill-requited -labours, and he has failed to present his ample materials to the reader -in that condensed and well-arranged form which distinguishes his -previous volumes, and without which a book on antiquities will not -arrest the attention of the general reader. - -The following work may be regarded as introductory to the elaborate -productions of Horsley and Hodgson. The reader is not assumed to be -acquainted with the technicalities of archology; and, at each advancing -step the information is supplied which may render his course easy. I -have not attempted, in the last part of the work, to enumerate all the -altars and inscribed stones which have been found upon the line of the -Wall, but have made a selection of those which are most likely to -interest the general reader, and to give him a correct idea of the -nature and value of these remains. - -In the body of the work I have endeavoured to furnish a correct -delineation of the present condition of the Wall and its outworks. All -my descriptions are the result of personal observation. To secure as -great accuracy as possible, I have read over many of my proof sheets on -the spot which they describe. - -The pictorial illustrations have been prepared with care, and will give -the reader, who is not disposed to traverse the ground, a correct idea -of the state of the Barrier. The wood-cuts and plates, illustrative of -the antiquities found on the line, have, with the exception of a few -coins introduced into the first Part of the volume, and copied from the -MONUMENTA HISTORICA, been prepared from original drawings, taken for -this work from the objects themselves. I am not without hope that the -well-read antiquary will value these delineations for their beauty and -accuracy. - -The inhabitants of the isthmus are proud of the Wall and its -associations; and whatever may have been the case with their -forefathers, will not needlessly destroy it. Most kind has been the -reception I have met with in my peregrinations, and most valuable the -assistance I have received from the gentry and yeomen of the line, and -others interested in my labours! Gladly would I enumerate all to whom I -am indebted, had it been possible. Some names, however, must be -mentioned. His Grace the Duke of Northumberland has not only given me -free access to all his antiquarian stores, but directed me to prepare at -his expense engravings on wood of all that I thought suitable to my -purpose. Would that his Grace knew how much I have been cheered in my -course by his notice of my humble labours! To John Clayton, esq., I am -obliged for the gift of the wood-cuts illustrative of the numerous and -interesting antiquities preserved at CILURNUM, the produce of that -station and BORCOVICUS. To Albert Way, esq., the accomplished and -honorary secretary of the Archological Institute, with whom I had last -year the pleasure and advantage of spending a day upon the Wall, I am -indebted for the cuts representing the altar and slab discovered at -Tynemouth. The suite of wood-cuts illustrative of the hoard of coins -found in the ancient quarry on Barcombe-hill, have been engraved at the -expense of my tried and valued friend, John Fenwick, esq., of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and to William Kell, esq., town-clerk of Gateshead, -with whom I have traversed the Wall from sea to sea, and some portions -of it repeatedly, I am indebted for the beautiful representation of the -ancient PONS LII fronting the title-page. My former school-fellow, -William Woodman, esq., town-clerk of Morpeth, besides otherwise -assisting me, has caused surveys to be made for my use of not fewer than -eighty of the strongholds of the Britons still existing on the heights -north of the Wall. To trace the movements of the brave people whom the -Romans drove to the more inaccessible portions of the island, would have -been an interesting sequel to the account of the Roman Wall, but I found -the undertaking too great for me. - -It is with no ordinary emotion that I write the last lines of a work to -the preparation of which I have devoted the leisure of three years. The -Wall and I must now part company. Gladly would I have withheld the -publication of this work for the Horatian period, and have spent the -interval in renewed investigations; though even then I should have felt -that I had fallen short of - - 'The height of this great argument;' - -other cares, however, now demand my attention. - -_Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1 January, 1851._ - - LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. - - THE MOST NOBLE ALGERNON DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, - Patron of the Society of Antiquaries of - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto and octavo._ - - THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL GREY, Lord Lieutenant of the County of - Northumberland. - - THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF CARLISLE. - - THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD LONDESBOROUGH. _Quarto and Octavo._ - - THE RIGHT REVEREND THE LORD BISHOP OF DURHAM. - - THE HONOURABLE HENRY THOMAS LIDDELL, ESLINGTON, - NORTHUMBERLAND. _Quarto and octavo._ - - THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR GEORGE GREY, BART. - - SIR JOHN EDWARD SWINBURNE, BART., Capheaton, Northumberland, President - of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - SIR JOHN P. BOILEAU BART., F.R.S., Ketteringham, Norfolk, and Upper - Brook-street, London. - - SIR WALTER CALVERLEY TREVELYAN, BART., Wallington, High Sheriff of - Northumberland. - - SIR WILLIAM LAWSON, BART., Brough Hall. - - SIR FRANCIS PALGRAVE, K.H., F.R.S. Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, - London. - - WILLIAM ARMSTRONG, ESQ., MAYOR OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. - - THE REV. R. C. COXE, M.A., VICAR OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE. - - The University of Edinburgh. _Quarto._ - - The British Archological Association. - - The Archological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. - - The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. - - The Society of Writers to her Majesty's Signet, Edinburgh. - - The Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Literary and Philosophical Society, North - Shields. - - The Mechanics' Institute, Gateshead. - - The Mechanics' Institute, South Shields. - - The Scientific and Mechanical Institution, - Alnwick. - - The Edinburgh Select Library. - - The Wansbeck Book Club. - - Richard Abbatt, esq., Stoke Newington, London. - - John Adamson, esq., one of the Secretaries of the Society of - Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and one of the Secretaries of the - Literary and Philosophical Soc., of the same town. - - R. Addison, esq., The Friary, Appleby. - - Joshua Alder, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Anderson, esq., Coxlodge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Annandale, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Arthur Ashpitel, esq., F.S.A., 5, Crown-court, City, London. - - George Clayton Atkinson, esq., Denton, - Northumberland. - - Charles Austin, esq., Brandeston Hall, Suffolk. - - William Austin, esq., Egerton House, - Berkhampstead. - - J. C. Backhouse, esq., Blackwell, Darlington. - - Charles Baily, esq., F.S.A., one of the Honorary Secretaries of the - British Archological Association, Gracechurch-street, London. - - J. Bailey, esq., Wood-street, Cheapside, London. - - The Rev. Thomas Baker, M.A., Rector of Whitburn, Durham. - - Thomas Baker, esq., Official Assignee of the Court of Bankruptcy, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. E. A. Barker, Ludlow. - - Thomas Barnes, esq., M.D., Bunker's-hill, - Carlisle. - - Thomas Bateman, esq., M.D., Yolgrave, Bakewell. - - Nathaniel Bates, esq., Milbourne Hall, - Northumberland. - - William Beamont, esq., Warrington. - - William Beamont, junior, esq., Trin. Coll. Camb. - - Matthew Bell, esq., M.P., Wolsington, - Northumberland. - - The Rev. Meyrick Beebee, Simonburn. - - George Bell, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Lee Bell, esq., Brampton. - - Robert Bell, esq., Nook, Irthington. - - Mr. Robert Bell, Dean-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Bell, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - James Beman, esq., Cheltenham. - - William Bennett, esq., Newport, Salop. - - John Brodribb Bergne, esq., F.S.A., Treasurer of the Numismatic - Society, London. - - The Rev. John Besly, D.C.L., Vicar of Long Benton, Northumberland, and - Rector of Aston-sub-edge, Gloucestershire. - - The Rev. Frederick Betham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Charles William Bigge, esq., Linden, Northumberland. - - Matthew R. Bigge, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - The Rev. John Frederic Bigge, Stamfordham, Northumberland. - - The Rev. H. J. Bigge, Rockingham, North Hants. - - John Cass Birkinshaw, esq., Whickham, Durham. - - William Bolam, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Whitburn. - - James Bogle, esq., Glasgow. _Quarto._ - - William Henry Brockett, esq., Gateshead. - - Stamp Brooksbank, esq., The Hermitage, Hexham. - - E. J. J. Browell, esq., East Boldon. - - Mrs. Bruce, senior, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Two copies._ - - Mrs. Bruce, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Miss Williamina Bennett Brace, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - George Barclay Bruce, esq., M. Inst. C.E., Alston. - - Mr. Gainsford Bruce, University, Glasgow. _Quarto._ - - Mr. Thomas Bruce, Leghorn. - - John Buchanan, esq., Western Bank of Scotland, Glasgow. - - James Buckman, esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cirencester. - - Thomas Burnet, esq., Summerhill-terrace. _Quarto._ - - Robert Busby, esq., Alnwick. - - Richard Cail, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Duncan Campbell, esq., Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. - - Ralph Carr, esq., Dunston-hill, Durham. _Quarto._ - - John Lowry Carrick, esq., Sandysike, Cumberland. - - William Chaffers, jun., esq., F.S.A., London. - - Edward Charlton, esq., M.D., one of the Secretaries of the Society of - Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Henry Charlton, esq., Hesleyside. - - Mr. Emerson Charnley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Chartres, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. Henry Christopherson, Bowdon, near Manchester. - - Miss Anne Clayton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Clayton, esq., Town-clerk of _Six copies, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Quarto._ - - Matthew Clayton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Miss Clayton, Chesters, Northumberland. - - Nathaniel Clayton, esq., Chesters, Northumberland. _Quarto and octavo._ - - The Rev. Richard Clayton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Clayton Clayton, Esq., Lincoln's Inn, - London. _Quarto._ - - Mr. Thomas L. Colbeck, Denton, Northumberland. - - The Rev. John Collinson, Rector of Boldon, Durham. - - Ralph Compton, esq., Church-court, Old Jewry, London. - - John Coppin, esq., North Shields. - - Capt. Gustavus Hamilton Coulson, R.N., Newbrough, Northumberland. - - John Blenkinsop Coulson, esq., Ochtertyre, Crieff. - - John Ross Coulthart, esq., Croft House, - Ashton-under-Lyne. - - Robert Cowen, esq., Carlisle. - - George Cowen, esq., Dalston, Carlisle. - - Joseph Crawhall, esq., Stagshaw. - - William Crighton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - James Crosby, esq., Church Court, Old Jewry, - London. - - William Daggett, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. John Daglish, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mrs. Daglish, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. William Nicholas Darnell, Rector of Stanhope, Durham. - - Matthew Dawes, esq., F.G.S., Westbrooke, Bolton. - - James Dearden, esq., F.S.A., The Manor, Rochdale. - - Robert Richardson Dees, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Dickson, esq., F.S.A., Clerk of the Peace for Northumberland, - Alnwick. - - Dixon Dixon, esq., Unthank, Northumberland. _Quarto._ - - J. P. Dodd, esq., LL.D., North Shields. - - Mrs. Dodd, Greenwood Manse, Wigton. - - The Rev. Isaac Dodgson, Incumbent of Lanercost. - - James Menteith Douglas, esq., Stonebyers, - Lanarkshire. _Quarto._ - - The Rev. G. J. Duncan, North Shields, Northumberland. - - Alfred John Dunkin, esq., Dartford, Kent. - - Samuel Edgar, esq., M.D., Berwick. - - Robert Elliot, esq., M.D., Carlisle. - - Miss Ellis, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Nathaniel Ellison, esq., Commissioner of the Court of Bankruptcy, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. John Ellison, Manchester. - - Dennis Embleton, esq., M.D., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Errington, esq., High Warden. _Two copies._ - - The Very Rev. Monsignor Charles Eyre, Haggerston - Castle. - - Joseph Walter King Eyton, esq., F.S.A., Lond. and - Scot. _Quarto._ - - Frederick William Fairholt, esq., F.S.A., - Brompton, London. - - John Brunton Falconar, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Faulkner, esq., Chelsea. - - R. M. Fawcett, esq., Cambridge. - - The Rev. John Fell, M.A., Huntingdon. - - John Fenwick, esq., Campville, North Shields. - (_deceased_) - - John Fenwick, esq., one of the Secretaries of the - Literary and Philosophical Society, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - John Clerevaulx Fenwick, esq., - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Miss Fergus, Hereford-street, Park-lane, London. - - William Ferguson, esq., Hill-street, Glasgow. - - Robert Ferguson, esq., Shadwell Lodge, Carlisle. - - Mr. John Forrest, Ellison-terrace, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Finley, esq., Durham. - - William John Forster, esq., Tynemouth. _Quarto._ - - Messrs. Finlay and Charlton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Hugh Watson Friend, esq., Harbut Lodge, Alston. - - J. H. Fryer, esq., Whitley House. - - John Gainsford, esq., Brighton. - - Mrs. Gainsford, Cheltenham. - - Joseph Garnett, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Garrett, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Benjamin Gilpin, esq. - - Robert Mortimer Glover, esq., M.D., F.R.S.E., - Newcastle. - - William Glover, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - T. H. Graham, esq., Edmond Castle. - - John Graham, esq., M.D., Brampton. - - Richard Grainger, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Gray, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Benjamin Green, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Grey, esq., Dilston, Northumberland. _Three copies._ - - Henry Guy, esq., Gateshead. - - M. E. Hadfield, esq., Sheffield. - - Charles Hall, esq., Ansty, Blandford, Dorset. - - Mr. William Hall, Milton Station, Cumberland. - - Mr. George Hardcastle, Sunderland. _Quarto._ - - Mr. Anthony Harrison, Hexham. - - Thomas Emerson Headlam, esq., M.P. - - Thomas Hedley, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Ions Hewison, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - S. Heywood, esq., Walshaw-hall, Bury, Lancashire. - - William Hill, esq., Edinburgh. - - John Hodgson Hinde, esq., Acton House, - Northumberland. _Quarto._ - - Robert Hodgson, esq., Salkeld Hall, near Penrith. - - Joseph Hope, esq., Carlisle. - - John Houseman, esq., M.D., M.R.C.S. L. and E., - Newcastle. - - Richard Hoyle, esq., Denton Hall, Northumberland. - - The Rev. J. Hudson, Incumbent of Hexham. - - The Rev. Abraham Hume, LL.D., Liverpool. - - Henry Hunt, esq., Birtley, Durham. - - Mr. W. S. Irving, B.A., Blencow Grammar School, Cumberland. - Robert Ingham, esq., Westoe, Durham. - - Henry Ingledew, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Ions, esq., Mus. Bac., Oxon., - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Henry Jackson, esq., Sheffield. _Quarto._ - - J. M. Jessop, esq., King's College, London. _Quarto._ - - George Johnson, esq., Willington, Northumberland. _Quarto._ - - John Johnson, esq., Killingworth, Northumberland. - - Robert Johnson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - - William Kell, esq., Town Clerk of Gateshead. _Quarto and octavo._ - - Miss Kemp, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Rev. John Kenrick, York. - - Miss Lamb, Kylesike Hill, Brampton. - - Richard Lambert, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Messrs. M. and M. W. Lambert, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Richard Holland Law, esq., Brunswick-square, - London. - - Robert Leadbitter, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - John Leathead, esq., Gallowgate. - - Thomas Carr Lietch, esq., Town Clerk of North - Shields. - - Charles J. Lamb, esq., Ryton, Durham. - - William Hylton Longstaffe, esq., Gateshead. _Quarto._ - - M. A. Lower, esq., Lewes. - - Nicholas Lowes, esq., Allansgreen, Northumberland. - - David Mackinlay, esq., North Shields. _Quarto and octavo._ - - John Mackinlay, esq., Comptroller of Customs, - Whitehaven. - - Henry Mac Lauchlan, esq., Printing-house-square, - Blackfriars. - - J. M'Intosh, esq., Milton Abbey, near Blandford, Dorsetshire. - John M'Intosh, esq., Lansdowne Crescent, Glasgow. - - Mr. Luke Mackey, 67, King-street, South Shields. - - The Rev. W. H. Massie, Rector of St. - Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester. - - Joseph Mayer, esq., F.S.A., Liverpool. - - Michael Meredith, esq., Finsbury, London. - - Samuel Mitchell, esq., The Mount, near Sheffield. - - John Moore, esq., West Coker, Yeovil, Somerset. - - George Gill Mounsey, esq., Castletown, Carlisle. - - J. B. Musgrave, esq., London. - - The Rev. G. M. Nelson, Bodicot Grange, Banbury. - - Joseph Nelson, esq., Waterloo, Oldham. - - The Rev. Robert Nelson, Edinburgh. - - George Nelson, esq., Fernhill, Pendleton, - Manchester. - - Charles H. Newmarch, esq., Cirencester. - - The Rev. William Nichol, Jedburgh. _Quarto._ - - M. O'Connor, esq., 4, Berners street, Oxford-street, London. - - Messrs. Ogle and Son, Glasgow. - - Mr. George A. Oliver, Rye-hill, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mrs. W. H. Ord, Riding, Gateshead. - - Robert Ormston, esq., Saville-row, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. Lewis Paige, M.A., Newcastle. - - Mr. Joseph Parker, Brampton. - - George Paton, esq., A.R.A., London. - - Hugh Lee Pattinson, esq., Scots House, near - Boldon. - - William Pattinson, esq., Wigton. - - Mrs. Peart, North Shields. - - George Hare Philipson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Robert Plummer, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. James Pringle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Edward Pruddah, Hexham. - - Mr. William Pruddah, Hexham. - - Henry Glasford Potter, esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Jonathan Priestman, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Ramsay, esq., M,A., F.S.S., F.P.S., Professor of Humanity in - the University of Glasgow; Corresponding Member of the - Archological Society of Athens. - - Thomas Ramshaw, esq., Brampton. - - Robert Rawlinson, esq., Superintending Inspector - of the General Board of Health, Gwydyr House, - Whitehall. _Quarto._ - - The Rev. Wm. Rees, M.A., Carlisle. - - Mr. C. F. Reid, Grey-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Christian Bruce Reid, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Edw. Richardson, Summerhill Grove, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thos. Riddell, esq., Felton Park. _Quarto._ - - Mr. George Bouchier Richardson, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Jonathan Richardson, esq., Benwell House. - - Thomas Richardson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - George Rippon, esq., North Shields. - - Thomas Robertson, esq., Alnwick. - - Mr. Thomas Robinson, Collingwood-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Robert Robinson, Pilgrim street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - William Robson, esq., Paradise, - Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - - Mr. Robert Stephen Salmon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Richard Burdon Sanderson, jun., esq., West Jesmond, Newcastle. - - Mr. William Sang, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - John Sang, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Master John Fenwick Schofield, 11, Ellison-place, Newcastle. - - Miss Agnes Percy Schofield, 11, Ellison-place, Newcastle. - - The Rev. T. H. Scott, Canon of Durham, Rector of Whitfield. - - Mr. Hudson Scott, Carlisle. - - J. S. Donaldson Selby, esq., Cheswick House, Northumberland. - - George Selby, esq., Belle Vue, Alnwick. - - Isaac Sheffield, esq., London. - - John Sheffield, esq., Carlisle. - - Thomas Sheffield, esq., Exeter. - - Mr. George Robertson Shield, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Charles Roach Smith, esq., F.S.A., Lond., and Scot., Honorary - Secretary of the Numismatic Society, Liverpool-street, City. - - William George Smith, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. George Hunt Smyttan, Charlton Hall, - Alnwick. - - S. Reynolds Solly, esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Serge Hill, Herts. - - Thomas Sopwith, esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Allenheads, - Northd. _Quarto._ - - Philip Holmes Stanton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Stephens, esq., North Shields. - - Robert Stephenson, esq., M.P., F.R.S., London. _Quarto._ - - James Cochrane Stevenson, esq., South Shields. - - George Waugh Stable, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - John George Stoker, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Robert Stokoe, esq., Hexham. - - John Storey, esq., F.B.S.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Mr. John Storey, jun., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - R. W. Swan, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - George Tate, esq., F.G.S., Alnwick. - - John Taylor, esq., M.A., Edinburgh. - - Mr. John Thompson, Bloomfield-terrace, Gateshead. - - Thomas Thorp, esq., Alnwick, Northumberland. - - John Thurnam, esq., M.D., London. - - Mr. Charles Thurnam, Carlisle. - - Arthur Trollope, esq., Lincoln. - - Charles Tucker, esq., F.S.A., one of Honorary Secretaries of the - Archological Institute, 26, Suffolk-street, London. - - W. B. D. D. Turnbull, esq., Sec. Society of Antiquaries, Scotland. - - Mr. Robert Turner, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. John Ventress, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Mr. Robert Vint, Sunderland. - - John Waldie, esq., Hendersyde Park, Kelso. - - Ralph Walters, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Robert Walters, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - James Wardell, esq., Leeds. - - Charles Warne, esq., Milbourne St. Andrews, Blandford, Dorset. - - Mr. Christopher Watson, Marsh House, Easton, Cumberland. - - Joseph Watson, esq., Gresham-place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Albert Way, esq., M.A., F.S.A., one of the Hon. Secretaries of the - Archological Institute, 26, Suffolk-street, Pall-Mall-East. - - Captain James Dent Weatherley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Thomas Weddell, esq., F.R.A.S., Addiscombe. - - Robert M. Weeks, esq., Ryton, Durham. - - Matthew Wheatley, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. Richard Cuthbertson Whinfield, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Mr. G. H. Whinfield, Pilgrim-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Alfred White, esq., Curator and Registrar of the British Archological - Association, Tyndale-place, Islington. - - Robert White, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - The Rev. Robt. Hopper Williamson, Rector of - Hurworth. _Quarto._ - - John Williamson, esq., Glasgow. - - Mr. John Heron Wilson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - Daniel Wilson, esq., Hon. Sec. Soc. of Antiquaries, Scotland. - - Mr. David Hamilton Wilson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._ - - Charles Winn, esq., Nostell, Wakefield. _Quarto._ - - William Woodman, esq., Town-clerk, Morpeth. - - M. Wright, esq., Trinity House, London. - - Thomas Wright, esq., M.A., F.S.A., Corresponding Member of the National - Institute of France, etc. 24, Sydney-street, Brompton. - - Edgar Garston, K.S., Liverpool. - - Mrs. Grey, Dilston House, Northumberland. - - George Patten, esq., A.R.A., London. - - Mr. William Richardson, 71, Percy-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - - CONTENTS - AND - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - _Page._ - - 1. FRONTISPIECE--PONS LII restored. - - The site of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the PONS LII of - the Romans, is here shewn. The ground on which it - stands, rising abruptly from the bed of the river - Tyne, to the height of about an hundred feet, is - cut into three very remarkable tongues of land by - four ravines, permeated by as many streams, which - all disembogue in the Tyne. The easternmost and - largest of these tongues of land is that formed by - the Ouseburn and Pandon-dean; the smallest by - Pandon-dean and the Lort-burn; and the - westernmost, wheron stands the castle, and - formerly the Roman station, by the Lort-burn and - Skinner-burn. Extensive suburbs probably occupied - all these eminences. - - 2. TITLE--Modern Buildings on the site of PONS LII. - - The Norman keep of the Castle of - Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the Church of St. Nicholas; - and the court-house for the county of - Northumberland, built upon the site of the - south-east corner of the station of PONS LII. - - 3. Plan of the course of the Roman Wall _facing_ 1 - - PART I.--AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN 1 - OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN. - - 4. Initial letter--altar from Corbridge 1 - - 5. Coin of Claudius--DE BRITANNIS 4 - - 6. Coin of Vespasian--ROMA RESURGES 6 - - 7. Coin of Hadrian--ADVENTUS BRITANNI 11 - - 8. Coin of Hadrian--BRITANNIA 12 - - 9. Coin of Severus--VICTORI BRITTANIC 19 - - 10. Coin of Carausius--reverse, a galley 22 - - 11. Coin of Carausius--reverse, a lion 22 - - 12. Coin of Magnentius--reverse, Christian monogram 24 - - 13. Base of column--Housesteads 24 - - - PART II.--A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE OF THE 43 - WALL. - - 14. Initial Letter--Roman Nails 43 - - 15. Plan of Barrier between CILURNUM and MAGNA--Plan _facing_ - of CILURNUM[1] and contiguous Works--Plans of 45 - individual Stations - - 16. Section of Works, near eighteenth mile-stone 52 - - 17. Section of Works, west of Carraw 52 - - 18. Mural Slab--ALA II. ASTURUM 61 - - 19. Altar to Fortune--COH. I. BATAVORUM 62 - - 20. Altar to Jupiter--COH. I. TUNGRORUM 63 - - 21. Written-Rock, on the river Gelt _facing_ - 81 - - 22. Letters on the Written-Rock 82 - - 23. Form of Wall-Stone 83 - - 24. Junction of the west wall of Birdoswald with the 84 - Wall - - 25-27. Broaching of the Wall Stones 85 - - 28-31. Marks on the Stones 86 - - 32. Sections and Elevations of the Masonry of the Wall _facing_ - 89 - - 33. Herring-bone Masonry 91 - - 34. Written-Rock at Fallow-field-fell 102 - - PART III.-LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS. 103 - - 35. Initial Letters--Balusters from the Wall 103 - - 36. Altar to Jupiter--COH. IV. LINGONUM 109 - - 37. Plan of Wallsend, SEGEDUNUM; Section of Mountain _facing_ - and Works at Bradley 113 - - 38. Wallsend, looking East _facing_ - 115 - - 39. Plan of PONS LII _facing_ - 126 - - 40. Mercury, PONS LII 129 - - 41-44. Coins of Hadrian found in the Bridge, PONS LII 131 - - 45. Coin of Severus found in Bridge, PONS LII 131 - - 46. Slab to the Campestral Mothers 140 - - 47. Altar to Mars 142 - - 48. Altar to Mars 143 - - 49. Fragment of the Wall, near Denton 145 - - 50. The Works at Heddon-on-the Wall _facing_ - 149 - - 51. The Works near Carr-hill _facing_ - 156 - - 52. Mural Slab--LEG. II. AUG. 163 - - 53. Slab--FULGUR DIVOM 164 - - 54. The Wall at Brunton _facing_ - 169 - - 55. Remains of Roman Bridge over North Tyne _facing_ - 170 - - 56. Miscellaneous Antiquities, Chesters, CILURNUM _facing_ - 170 - - 57. Vault at CILURNUM 173 - - 58. Hypocausts at CILURNUM 174 - - 59. Ground Plan of Hypocausts, CILURNUM 175 - - 60. River God, CILURNUM 178 - - 61. Hypocaust, CILURNUM _facing_ - 178 - - 62. Funereal Slab, CILURNUM 184 - - 63. Funereal Slab of Horse Soldier, CILURNUM 185 - - 64. Slab--ALA II. ASTURUM 186 - - 65. Statue of Cybele, CILURNUM 189 - - 66. Group of Carved Stones, CILURNUM 190 - - 67. Miscellaneous Antiquities, CILURNUM _facing_ - 191 - - 68. Samian Ware _facing_ - 192 - - 69. Roman Spears, etc. _facing_ - 192 - - 70. The Works, Tepper-moor _facing_ - 197 - - 71. Slab--COH. I. BATAVORUM 198 - - 72. Approach to Sewingshields _facing_ - 200 - - 73. Busy Gap 208 - - 74. Junction of West Wall of Housesteads, BORCOVICUS, 216 - with the Wall - - 75. Ground Plan of Gateway, Housesteads 216 - - 76. Outside View of the West Portal, Housesteads 217 - - 77. Inside View of West Portal, Housesteads 217 - - 78. Housesteads, BORCOVICUS, from the East _facing_ - 220 - - 79. Broken Columns, BORCOVICUS _facing_ - 225 - - 80. Sculptured Figures, BORCOVICUS _facing_ - 225 - - 81. Sculptured Figures, etc. _facing_ - 225 - - 82. Figure of Victory 226 - - 83. Sepulchral Slab to a young Physician 227 - - 84. Slab to Hadrian, Bradley 232 - - 85. Slab to Hadrian, Milking-gap 234 - - 86. Altar to Fortune, Chesterholm 237 - - 87. Hypocaust Pillar 238 - - 88. Milestone at Chesterholm, VINDOLANA _facing_ - 239 - - 89. Altar to Genius of the Pretorium 240 - - 90. Symbol, LEG. XX. 241 - - 91. Part of Slab to Hadrian 241 - - 92. Coping-stone, Roman 'broaching' 242 - - 93. The Crags, West of Craglough _facing_ - 243 - - 94. The Wall at Steel-rig _facing_ - 244 - - 95. Mural Stone, LEG. XX. V.V. 247 - - 96. Mile-castle at Cawfield _facing_ - 248 - - 97. Part of Slab to Hadrian 251 - - 98. Tablet to Hadrian 256 - - 99. Plan of ancient Water-course, Great Chesters, _facing_ - SICA 257 - - 100. Nine-nicks of Thirlwall 265 - - 101. Lamp, Fibula, Shears, and Compasses _facing_ - 268 - - 102. Stone Effigy 272 - - 103. Section of Works near Wallend 273 - - 104. Slab to Hadrian, by LEG. XX. V. V. 274 - - 105. Altar to Jupiter, by COH. I. AEL. DAC. 278 - - 106. West Gateway, Birdoswald, AMBOGLANNA 280 - - 107. Mural Stone, LEG. VI. V. F. 281 - - 108. Birdoswald, western Rampart _facing_ - 282 - - 109. Section of Works, Wallbours 283 - - 110. Coin of Severus, JULIA 289 - - 111. Coin of Caracalla 289 - - 112. Coin of Geta 289 - - 113. Altar to Jupiter, COH. II. TUNGR. 290 - - 114. View of Pigeon Crag 292 - - 115. Mural Stone, LEG. II. AUG. 294 - - 116. Altar--_ob res trans vallum prospere gestas_ 302 - - 117. Bowness _facing_ - 313 - - 118. Monument to Edward I. 314 - - PART IV.--THE SUPPORTING STATIONS OF THE WALL. 315 - - 119. Initial A, and Mural Slab, Risingham 315 - - 120. Tablet, GYRUM CUMBAS 319 - - 121. Tablet found at Jarrow 323 - - 122. Corbridge Lanx 335 - - 123. Altar to Astarte 338 - - 124. Crypt of Hexham Abbey Church 339 - - 125. Slab to Severus at Hexham 340 - - 126. Genius of the Wall 353 - - 127. Altar to Jupiter for the safety of Severus 360 - - 128. Altar to Jupiter, Maryport 363 - - 129. Slab to Hadrian, Moresby 367 - - 130. Symbol of LEG. XX. 368 - - PART V.--THE QUESTION--WHO BUILT THE 369 - WALL?--DISCUSSED. - - 131. Initial O, bronze ornament found at BORCOVICUS 369 - - 132. Slab, LEG. II. and LEG. XX. 392 - - PART VI.--MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES FOUND ON THE 393 - LINE OF THE WALL. - - 133. Initial M, bronze ornament, an Eagle, found at 393 - MAGNA - - 134. Altar, DEO VETRI 395 - - 135. Large Altar to Jupiter 397 - - 136. Altar, GENIO LOCI, etc. 399 - - 137. Altar, DEO COCIDIO 401 - - 138. Altar, DEO BELATUCADRO 401 - - 139. Altar to Minerva 402 - - 140. Altar to Fortune 403 - - 141. Altar to Mithras 404 - - 142. Altar to the Sun 405 - - 143. Attendant of Mithras 406 - - 144. Altar to Mithras 407 - - 145. Zodiacal Tablet, BORCOVICUS 409 - - 146. Pine-apple Ornament, etc., CILURNUM 410 - - 147. Presumed Mithraic Sculpture, CILURNUM 410 - - 148. Altar to Apollo, Cawfield mile-castle 411 - - 149. Inscription to the Syrian Goddess, MAGNA 412 - - 150. Altar to Silvanus, AMBOGLANNA 413 - - 151. Altar to the Nymphs, HABITANCUM 414 - - 152. Altar to the Gods of the Mountains, VINDOBALA 415 - - 153. Altar to Epona, MAGNA 415 - - 154. Altar, sculptured with a Toad, CILURNUM 416 - - 155. Altar to Viteres, Thirlwall-castle 416 - - 156. Altar to Viteres, CONDERCUM 417 - - 157. Altar to the Dea Hamia, Thirlwall-castle 417 - - 158. Altar to the Three Lami, CONDERCUM 418 - - 159-60. Egyptian Idols 418 - - 161. Altar to the Transmarine Mothers, HABITANCUM 419 - - 162. Sculpture to the De Matres, at Netherby 420 - - 163. Sculpture to the De Matres, at Netherby 420 - - 164. Sculpture to the De Matres, at Netherby 420 - - 165. Sculpture to the De Matres, at Nether-hall 421 - - 166. Sepulchral Altar to the Manes of Fabia Honorata, 426 - CILURNUM - - 167. Sepulchral Slab to the Manes of Aurelia Faia, 428 - MAGNA - - 168. Sepulchral Slab to the Memory of Cornelius Victor, 429 - VINDOLANA - - 169. Centurial Stone, COH. V. CCILII PROCULI, CILURNUM 430 - - 170. Centurial Stone, CILURNUM 430 - - 171. Vessel, in which the Thorngrafton Coins were found 434 - - 172-224. The Thorngrafton Coins, imperial, consular, and 435-441 - others - - 225. Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester _facing_ - 445 - - 226. Bronze Vessels _facing_ 445 - - 227. Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc. _facing_ - 445 - - 228. Soles of Sandals, etc. _facing_ 445 - - 229. Tail piece--ROM TERN FORTUN REDUCI 450 - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - The Plan represents the position of each stone now remaining in the - river. It is the result of a series of observations made during the - summer of 1850, by Mr. Robert Elliot, of Wall. Most of the stones have - luis-holes. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - _PLATE I_ - -[Illustration: - - _A. Reid, Sc 117, Pilgrim S^t. Newcastle._ - ~Plan~ - _OF THE COURSE OF THE_ - ROMAN WALL - _FROM THE_ - TYNE TO THE SOLWAY. -] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - PART I. - AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN. - -IN no country of the world are there such evident traces of the march of -Roman legions as in Britain. In the northern parts of England -especially, the footprints of the Empire are very distinct. -Northumberland, as Wallis long ago remarked, is Roman ground. Every -other monument in Britain yields in importance to THE WALL. As this -work, in grandeur of conception, is worthy of the Mistress of Nations, -so, in durability of structure, is it the becoming offspring of the -Eternal City. - -A dead wall may seem to most a very unpromising subject. The stones are -indeed inanimate, but he who has a head to think, and a heart to feel, -will find them suggestive of bright ideas and melting sympathies; though -dead themselves, they will be the cause of mental life in him. A large -part of the knowledge which we possess of the early history of our -country has been dug out of the ground. The spade and the plough of the -rustic have often exposed documents, which have revealed the movements, -as well as the modes of thought and feeling, of those who have slept in -the dust for centuries. The casual wanderer by the relics of the Vallum -and the Wall, may not succeed in culling facts that are new to the -Historian, but he will probably get those vivid glances into Roman -character, and acquire that personal interest in Roman story, which will -give to the prosaic records of chroniclers, a reality, and a charm, -which they did not before possess. - -As a natural introduction to the subject, and as a means of preparing -for some discussions which are to follow, it may be well briefly to -trace the progress of the Roman arms in Britain, from the arrival of -Csar on our shores, to the eventual abandonment of the island. - -[Sidenote: EARLIEST NOTICES OF THE BRITISH ISLES.] - -It is curious to observe, that the curtain of British history is raised -by some of the earliest and greatest of profane writers. Herodotus, who -wrote about the year B.C. 450, mentions the "Cassiterides, from which -tin is procured"; Aristotle, about the year B.C. 340, expressly names -the islands of Albion and Ierne; and Polybius, about the year B.C. 160, -makes a distinct reference to the "Britannic Isles." To Julius Csar, -however, we are indebted, for the first detailed account of Britain and -its inhabitants. On 26 Aug. B.C. 55, that renowned conqueror landed in -Britain, with a force of about ten thousand men. Both on that occasion, -and on a second attempt, which, with a larger force, he made the year -following, he met with a warm reception from the savage islanders. Tides -and tempests seconded the efforts of the natives, and great Julius bade -Britain a final farewell, without erecting any fortress in it, or -leaving any troops to secure his conquest. Tacitus says, that he did not -conquer Britain, but only shewed it to the Romans. Horace, calling upon -Augustus to achieve the conquest, denominates it 'untouched'-- - - Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet - Sacra catenatus via. - -and Propertius, in the same spirit, describes it as 'unconquered,' -_invictus_. There is, therefore, little exaggeration in the lines of -Shakspere-- - - ... A kind of conquest - Csar made here; but made not here his brag - Of, came, and saw, and overcame: with shame - (The first that ever touched him) he was carried - From off our coast, twice beaten; and his shipping - (Poor ignorant baubles!) on our terrible seas, - Like egg-shells moved upon their surges, cracked - As easily 'gainst our rocks. - -[Sidenote: PLAUTIUS AND CLAUDIUS VISIT BRITAIN.] - -During the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, Britain was -unmolested by foreign invasion. - -At the invitation of a discontented Briton, Claudius resolved to attempt -the reduction of the island. In the year of our Lord 43, he sent Aulus -Plautius, with four legions and their auxiliaries, amounting in all to -about fifty thousand men, into Britain. It was with difficulty that the -troops could be induced to engage in the undertaking. They were -unwilling, as Dion Cassius informs us, "to engage in a war, as it were, -_out of the world_." The fears of the soldiery were not without -foundation. The Britons, though their inferiors in discipline and arms, -were not behind them in valour and spirit, whilst, in a knowledge of the -country they had an important advantage. - -[Illustration] - -The year following, Claudius personally engaged in the war. He advanced -into the country, as far as Camelodunum (Colchester), and after some -sanguinary contests, received the submission of the natives in that -vicinity. The estimation in which Britain, even at this time, was held, -was such, that the Senate, on learning what he had achieved, surnamed -him BRITANNICUS, granted him a triumph, and voted him annual games. The -event was of sufficient importance, to be celebrated on the current coin -of the day. Several gold and silver pieces have come down to our times, -bearing on the reverse, a triumphal arch, on which is inscribed the -words DE BRITANN_is_--Over the Britons. This is the first occasion on -which allusion is made to Britain, on the coinage of Rome. - -[Sidenote: ITS PARTIAL SUBJUGATION. BOADICEA.] - -On the return of Claudius, the supreme command again devolved upon his -lieutenant, Aulus Plautius, who succeeded in bringing into complete -subjection, the tribes occupying the southern portion of the island. In -this expedition, Vespasian, afterwards emperor, acted as second in -command to Plautius. Titus, the son of Vespasian, accompanied his -father. Thus was it, in Britain, that the destroyers of Jerusalem were -unconsciously trained for inflicting upon God's chosen, but sinful -people, the chastisements of His displeasure. - -Ostorius Scapula, A.D. 50, succeeded to the command in Britain. The -brave Silures, headed by Caractacus, rendered his progress slow and -bloody. Ostorius at length sank under the harassing nature of his -duties. - -In the reign of Nero, Roman affairs in Britain received a severe check. -The Iceni, led on by their enraged queen Boadicea, threw off the yoke -and attacked the principal stations of the enemy. London, which was then -an important commercial city, fell, upon the first assault, and Verulam -(near the modern St. Albans) shared the same fate. The British -warrior-queen sullied the splendour of her exploits by her cruelty; -seventy thousand Romans, or adherents of the government of Rome, fell -under her hands. Suetonius, the Roman governor, collecting his forces, -gave battle to the queen and routed her. A frightful carnage ensued; of -the amazing number of two hundred and thirty thousand men of which the -British forces are said to have consisted, not less than eighty thousand -fell. - -During the remainder of the reign of Nero, and the short rule of his -three successors, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius, no advance was made in the -conquest of Britain. In the strifes of the rival emperors, it was -however destined to bear its part. Eight thousand soldiers were drafted -from it to fight under the banners of Vitellius. Thus early, as Dr. -Giles well observes, was this island, whose position in the bosom of the -ocean indicates a peaceful policy, induced to bear the brunt of -continental quarrels. - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: VESPASIAN ASSUMES THE PURPLE.] - -When Vespasian assumed the purple, a new era dawned upon the empire. -This fact is well indicated upon a coin struck at this period. In the -engraving, taken from a specimen found on the Wall, the emperor is -observed raising a prostrate female from the ground (doubtless Rome), -whilst Mars looks approvingly on; the inspiring motto "ROMA -RESURGES"--_Rome thou shalt rise again_,--encircles the group.[2] -Vespasian appointed Petilius Cerealis his proprtor in Britain, who in -five years succeeded in adding the Brigantes, a powerful tribe, to the -subjects of the empire. Julius Frontinus was his successor, who, in the -three years of his government, nearly subdued the warlike nation of the -Silures. - -[Sidenote: HIS PROPRTORS SUBJUGATE THE ISLAND.] - -One hundred and thirty-three years had now elapsed since the first -descent of Csar, and thirty-five years, since Claudius had claimed the -honour of conquering Britain, and yet but a fraction of the island was -in subjection to Roman power. Nothing, as Dr. Giles well remarks, can -more strongly shew the stubborn spirit of the natives, than their -protracted resistance to the invaders. Battle after battle had been -lost; but many of these tribes were still unsubdued, and several even -undiscovered. - -[Sidenote: THE OPERATIONS OF AGRICOLA.] - -But the reputation of all preceding governors, was obscured by a greater -man than they. Cnus Julius Agricola had served in Britain under some -preceding commanders; so that when he landed as governor in the year 78 -he was prepared to act with all the promptitude which a knowledge of the -country and the people could give him. During the eight years of his -rule, he subjugated the remaining tribes of southern Britain, carried -his arms into the northern section of the island, and drove, in -successive campaigns, the natives before him, until at length, in the -battle of the Grampians, he paralyzed their strength for a while. He -circumnavigated the whole island, and planted the Roman standard upon -the Orkneys. He built walls and fortresses in all places where they were -required, and softened the fierceness of the barbarians, by fostering a -taste for letters and the luxuries of the Eternal City. But it is -necessary to trace the movements of Agricola, with some of the detail -with which they are given in the pages of Tacitus. - - The summer of A.D. 78 was far spent when he arrived; yet before going - into winter quarters, he attacked and subdued the Ordovices, and - brought the sacred isle of Anglesea a second time to obedience. The - respite from arms which the following winter afforded, was employed by - the general in the most useful and necessary purposes. Being well - acquainted with the temper of the inhabitants of the province, and - having learnt from the conduct and experience of others, that what is - gained by force avails little, where oppressions and grievances - follow, he determined to put an immediate end to all the causes of the - war. He began by checking and regulating the affairs of his own - household, correcting the abuses that had crept into the army, - promoting impartially those who deserved it; while at the same time he - redressed the grievances of the inhabitants, made an equitable - distribution of the public burthens, and abolished all hurtful - monopolies. By the prosecution of measures so salutary as these, six - months had scarcely elapsed, when affairs in Britain were entirely - changed, and assumed a bright and settled aspect. - -His second campaign, that of the year 79, was probably occupied in -subduing the ancient tenants of the LOWER ISTHMUS of the island. - - On the approach of summer, he re-assembled his army, and in advancing, - failed not to excite a proper spirit of emulation among the troops, - praising those who best observed their several duties, and checking - such as were remiss. He himself chose the ground for encamping; the - marshes, firths, and difficult places, he always examined first; and, - allowing the enemy no respite, he continually harassed them with - sudden incursions and ravages. Having alarmed and terrified them - sufficiently, he next tried the effect of good usage and the - allurements of peace. By this wise and prudent conduct, several - communities, which till then had maintained their independence, - submitted to the Romans, gave hostages, and suffered garrisons and - fortresses to be placed among them. These strongholds he established - with such judgment, as effectually secured all those parts of Britain - which had then been visited by the Romans. - - The following winter was employed in civilizing and polishing the rude - inhabitants, who, living wild and dispersed over the country, were - thence ever restless and easily instigated to war. At first, they were - prevailed upon to associate more together, and for this end were - instructed in the art of building houses, temples, and places of - public resort. The sons of their chiefs were taught the liberal - sciences; hence it was no unusual thing to see those who lately - scorned the Roman language, become admirers of its eloquence. By - degrees, the customs, manners, and dress of their conquerors, became - familiar to them, they acquired a taste for a life of inactivity and - ease, and at length were caught by the charms and incitements of - luxury and vice. By such as judged of things from their external - appearance only, all this was styled politeness and humanity, while, - in reality, Agricola was effectually enslaving them, and imperceptibly - rivetting their chains. - - During the third year of his command, he pushed his conquests - northwards, and carried his devastations as far as the mouth of the - Tay (_Taus_.) Here, the enemy were struck with so much terror, that - they durst not attack the Roman army, though it was greatly distressed - by the severities of the climate. Agricola, in order to secure - possession of these advanced conquests, again erected forts in the - most commodious situations; and so judiciously was this done, that - none of them were ever taken by force, abandoned through fear, or - given up on terms of capitulation. Each fort defended itself, and, - against any long siege, was constantly supplied with provisions for a - year. Thus the several garrisons not only passed the winter in perfect - security, but were likewise enabled, from these strongholds, to make - frequent excursions against the enemy, who could not, as heretofore, - repair the losses they had sustained in summer, by the successes - usually attending their winter expeditions. - -The forts here referred to, are probably those, which were drawn along -the UPPER ISTHMUS of the island, extending from the Firth of Forth to -the Firth of Clyde, and which were afterwards connected by the wall of -Antoninus Pius. - -This is rendered apparent from what follows:-- - - Agricola employed the fourth summer (A.D. 81) in settling and further - securing the country he had subdued. Here, had it been compatible with - the bravery of the army, or if the glory of the Roman name would have - permitted it, there had been found a boundary to their conquests in - Britain; for the tide, entering from opposite seas, and flowing far - into the country by the rivers Glotta and Bodotria, their heads are - only separated by a narrow neck of land, which was occupied by - garrisons. Of all on this side, the Romans were already masters, the - enemy being driven, as it were, into another island. - -[Sidenote: AGRICOLA IS RECALLED.] - -It is not necessary to pursue the operations of Agricola further. In the -seventh summer he defeated Galgacus on the flanks of the Grampians. The -Roman power was now at its height. Agricola, probably from motives of -jealousy, was recalled by the emperor Domitian, and as his successors -were not men of the same vigour as himself, the barbarians were in a -condition, at least to dispute the pretensions of their conquerors. - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN ARRIVES IN BRITAIN.] - -In the year 120--thirty-five years after the recall of Agricola--affairs -in Britain had fallen into such confusion, as to require the presence of -the emperor HADRIAN, who had assumed the imperial purple three years -before. He did not attempt to regain the conquests which Agricola had -made in Scotland, but prudently sought to make the line of forts, which -that general had constructed in his second campaign, the limit of his -empire. With this object in view, he drew a wall across the island--the -BARRIER of the LOWER ISTHMUS. The testimony of Spartian, the historian -of his reign, though brief, is decisive. Hadrian, says he, visited -Britain, when he corrected many things, and first drew a wall (_murus_) -eighty miles in length, to divide the barbarians from the Romans. - -The arrival in Britain, of Hadrian, one of Rome's greatest generals, was -thought an event of sufficient importance to be commemorated in the -currency of the empire. The large brass coin, here represented, was -struck by decree of the Senate in the year 121.[3] - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: THE BARRIER OF THE UPPER ISTHMUS.] - -The plans and the prowess of the emperor were thought to have -effectually secured those portions of the island, which it was prudent -to retain in the grasp of Rome. This circumstance was announced to the -world in another coin, bearing, on the reverse, a name destined to sound -through regions Hadrian never knew--BRITANNIA--and representing a female -figure seated on a rock, having a spear in her left hand, and a shield -by her side.[4] - -[Illustration] - -About twenty years after Hadrian's expedition, Lollius Urbicus took the -command in Britain. He was not satisfied with the limits which Hadrian -had prudently assigned to the empire in Britain. Forcing back the -Britons, he raised an earthen rampart across the isthmus between the -Forth and the Clyde. Graham's Dike, in Scotland, is the wall which was -built by Lollius Urbicus. This is proved by the numerous sculptures -which have, at different times, been discovered among its ruins. - -[Sidenote: DECLINE OF THE ROMAN POWER.] - -The remaining history of the Romans, on the northern frontier of -England, is fraught with disaster. The tide of war sometimes broke upon -the northern, and sometimes on the southern boundary; but its roar and -its devastation ceased not, until the Roman intruder had been driven -altogether from the island--or, rather, until the successive strifes of -Romans and Picts, Normans and Saxons, Border reavers and Scottish -troopers, had been hushed, under the vigorous rule of the last of the -Tudors. What Hadrian could not do, for the inhabitants of the North of -England; what Severus failed to accomplish; what the great Alfred--the -Norman oppressor--the Plantagenets--the despotic Henry VIII., attempted -in vain, was accomplished under what John Knox calls 'the monstrous -regiment of a woman.' Then, a 'bright occidental star' beamed upon these -Northern Parts, and Law began to assert its supremacy. - -Marcus Antoninus, who succeeded Antoninus Pius, was far from enjoying -the tranquillity which the northern rampart was expected to give. He was -obliged to carry on very troublesome wars with the Britons, and with -much difficulty kept them in check. - -[Sidenote: THE BRITONS PREVAIL.] - -In the reign of Commodus, who became sole emperor A.D. 180, the Britons, -as we are told by Xiphiline, who abridged the history of Dion, broke -through the wall which separated them from the Roman province, killed -the general, ruined the army, and, in their ravages, carried everything -before them. The wall referred to, was probably that of the Lower -Isthmus; for, as Horsley conjectures, "the Caledonians had broken -through the wall of Antoninus Pius not long after it was erected," and -certain it is, "that we meet with no inscriptions on the wall of -Antoninus but what belong to his reign." - -The circumstance, that the loathsome and ferocious Commodus assumed the -title of BRITANNICUS, is no proof that success attended his arms. He was -the first person who had ascribed to him the conjoined titles of _Pius_ -and _Felix_; but, as Lampridius satirically observes, "When he had -appointed the adulterer of his mother a consul, he was called _Pius_; -when he had slain Perennis, he was called _Felix_; and when the Britons -were ready to choose another emperor, he was flattered with the title of -BRITANNICUS." - -During the time that Septimius Severus, Pescennius Niger, and Clodius -Albinus contended with each other for the empire, the northern Britons -were held feebly in check. At length, A.D. 197, Severus prevailed, and -became sole master of the world. Virius Lupus became his proprtor in -Britain. Unable to resist the attacks of the Caledonians in the field, -and having in vain attempted to purchase their submission with money, -his lieutenant sent hasty letters to the emperor, entreating succour, -and, if possible, his presence. - -It is stated by Richard of Cirencester, that about this time the PICTS, -a tribe to which reference will presently be made, first landed in -Scotland. The extraordinary successes, as Dr. Giles remarks, which the -Caledonians gained, prior to the arrival of Severus, confirm the -supposition that they received considerable reinforcements from abroad. - -[Sidenote: THE ARRIVAL OF SEVERUS.] - -SEVERUS came at the call of his lieutenant. Both Herodian and Xiphiline -give us an account of the proceedings of this renowned emperor in -Britain, and as their narratives are not only interesting in themselves, -but important in the investigation of some subsequent questions, it will -be well to avail ourselves of their statements. Herodian says-- - - Whilst Severus was under a mighty concern about the conduct of his two - sons, he received letters from the governor of Britain, informing him - of the insurrections and inroads of the barbarians, and the havoc they - made far and near, and begging, either a greater force, or that the - emperor would come over himself. Severus, for several reasons, was - pleased with the news, and, notwithstanding his age and infirmity, - resolved to go over in person. And though, by reason of the gout upon - him, he was forced to be carried in a litter, yet, he entered upon the - journey with a juvenile briskness and courage, and performed it with - great expedition. He quickly crossed the sea, and as soon as he came - upon the island, having gathered a very great force together, he made - ready for war. The Britons, being alarmed and terrified, would fain - have excused themselves, and treated about peace. But Severus, - unwilling to lose his labour, or to miss the glory of being called - BRITANNICUS, dismissed their ambassadors, and carried on his military - preparations. Particularly, he took care to make bridges or causeys - through the marshes, that the soldiers might travel and fight upon dry - ground. - -Herodian next gives a short description of the inhabitants, and says -that-- - - Many parts of Britain were become fenny, by the frequent inundations - of the sea. The natives swim through those fens, or run through them - up to the waist in mud; for, the greatest part of their bodies being - naked, they regard not the dirt. They wear iron about their necks and - bellies, esteeming this as fine and rich an ornament as others do - gold. They make upon their bodies the figures of divers animals, and - use no clothing, that they may be exposed to view. They are a very - bloody and warlike people, using a little shield or target, and a - spear. Their sword hangs on their naked bodies. They know not the use - of a breastplate and helmet, and imagine these would be an impediment - to them in passing the fens. The air is always thick with the vapours - that ascend from these marshes. - -[Sidenote: THE OPERATIONS OF SEVERUS.] - -The historian proceeds with his story-- - - Severus provided everything which might be of service to his own - people, and distress the enemy. And when all things were in sufficient - readiness, he left Geta, in that part of the island which was subject - to the Romans, to administer justice and manage civil affairs, - appointing some elderly friends to be his assistants. His son - Antoninus, better known by the name of Caracalla, he took with him - when he marched against the barbarians. The Roman army passing the - rivers and trenches, which were the boundaries of the empire, - skirmished often in a tumultuous manner with the barbarians, and as - often put them to flight. But it was easy for them to escape and to - hide themselves in the woods and fens, being well acquainted with the - country, whereas the Romans laboured under the opposite disadvantages. - By these means the war was prolonged. Severus, being old and infirm, - and confined at home, would have committed the management of the war - to his son Antoninus. But he, neglecting the barbarians, endeavoured - to gain the Roman army, with a view to the empire. During his father's - lingering sickness he endeavoured to prevail with the physicians and - servants to despatch him. At last Severus died, worn out with sorrow, - more than disease. - -It will be observed, that in this detailed account of the proceedings of -Severus in Britain, not the least allusion is made to the construction -of a wall. - -[Sidenote: THE NARRATIVE OF DION CASSIUS.] - -Dion Cassius was contemporary with Severus. That portion of his work -which narrates the transactions of this emperor in Britain, is -unfortunately lost, but an epitome of it, prepared by Xiphiline, -remains. From this abridgment the following extracts are taken. - - Severus, observing that his two sons were abandoned to their - pleasures, and that the soldiers neglected their exercises, undertook - an expedition against Britain, though he was persuaded, from his - horoscope, that he never should return from thence to Italy. Nor did - he ever return from this expedition, but died three years after he - first set out from Rome. He got a prodigious mass of riches in - Britain. The two most considerable bodies of the people in that - island, and to which almost all the rest relate, are the Caledonians - and the Mat. The latter dwell near the barrier wall which separates - the island into two parts; the others live beyond them. Both of them - inhabit barren uncultivated mountains, or desert marshy plains, where - they have neither walls nor towns, nor manured lands, but feed upon - the milk of their flocks, upon what they get by hunting, and some wild - fruits. - -The mode in which he speaks of the Wall, in this passage, implies its -existence at the time of the arrival of Severus. The historian, after -giving an interesting account of the manners of the inhabitants, -proceeds:-- - - We are masters of little less than half the island. Severus, having - undertaken to reduce the whole under his subjection, entered into - Caledonia, where he had endless fatigues to sustain, forests to cut - down, mountains to level, morasses to dry up, and bridges to build. He - had no battle to fight, and saw no enemies in a body; instead of - appearing, they exposed their flocks of sheep and oxen, with design to - surprise our soldiers that should straggle from the army for the sake - of plunder. The waters, too, extremely incommoded our troops, insomuch - that some of our soldiers being able to march no farther, begged of - their companions to kill them, that they might not fall alive into - their enemies' hands. In a word, Severus lost fifty thousand men - there, and yet quitted not his enterprise. He went to the extremity of - the island, where he observed very exactly the course of the sun in - those parts, and the length of the days and nights both in summer and - winter. He was carried all over the island in a close chair, by reason - of his infirmities, and made a treaty with the inhabitants, by which - he obliged them to relinquish part of their country to him. - -The peace thus purchased, by the cession of the northern portion of the -island, was badly observed. The inhabitants having taken up arms, -contrary to the faith of treaties, Severus commanded his soldiers to -enter their country, and to put all they met to the sword. He is said to -have signified his savage intention, by quoting, from Homer, the lines -which Cowper thus translates: - - .... Die the race! - May none escape us! neither he who flies, - Nor even the infant in the mother's womb - Unconscious. - -[Sidenote: THE DEATH OF SEVERUS.] - -But in the midst of his enterprise he was taken off by a distemper, to -which, it was said, Antoninus, by his undutiful conduct, had very much -contributed. He died at York, Feb. 4th, A.D. 211. - -[Sidenote: THE RECORDS OF HIS VICTORIES.] - -[Illustration] - -The coins of Severus record his victories. One of them is represented -beneath. On the obverse is the laureated head of the ferocious -African--on the reverse are two winged victories, attaching a buckler to -a palm tree, at the foot of which two captives mournfully sit. The -legend, VICTORIAE BRITTANNICAE, declares who these captives are. Times -are changed! wide as ocean rolls, the burden of Britannia's song -exultingly declares, 'Britons never will be slaves,'--and, better still, -Britain has long been actively engaged in rescuing from chains the sable -sons of that continent in which Severus first drew breath. - -Another curious record of the wars of Severus is found in the poems of -Ossian. The CARACUL, son of the 'King of the World,' in the dramatic -piece 'Comala,' is supposed to be Caracalla. - - DERSAGRENA. These are the signs of Fingal's death. The King of shields - is fallen! and CARACUL prevails. - - COMALA. Ruin overtake thee, THOU KING OF THE WORLD! Few be thy steps - to the grave; and let one virgin mourn thee! - - MELICOMA. What sound is that on Ardven? Who comes like the strength of - rivers, when their crowded waters glitter to the moon? - - COMALA. Who is it but the foe of Comala, THE SON OF THE KING OF THE - WORLD! Ghost of Fingal! do thou from thy cloud, direct Comala's - bow.... - - FINGAL. Raise ye bards, the song! CARACUL has fled from our arms along - the fields of his pride. - -After the death of Severus, a long period elapsed, in which the Roman -historians observe a profound silence respecting the affairs of Britain. -Local records and native historians supply but feebly the deficiency. -During the reign of Gallienus, which extended from A.D. 260 to 268, a -large number of usurpers arose, who are commonly denominated the Thirty -Tyrants. Of these Lollianus, Victorianus, Postumus, the two Tetrici, and -Marius, are supposed to have assumed the sovereignty in this island; for -their coins have been dug up more abundantly here than elsewhere. - -[Sidenote: BRITAIN REVOLTS.] - -Diocletian commenced his reign in the year 284. Though he was a man of -energy and ability, the care of a crumbling empire was too much for him, -and he divided his honours and anxieties with Maximian. Increasing -perplexities a few years afterwards induced the emperors to appoint two -Csars. Diocletian chose Galerius Maximianus, and Maximian nominated -Constantius Chlorus. To Constantius was assigned the charge of Britain, -where he eventually found a grave. He was the father of Constantine the -Great. - -[Sidenote: CARAUSIUS ATTAINS THE SOVEREIGNTY.] - -During a portion of the united reign of Diocletian and Maximian, Britain -assumed an independent position. In order to repress, in the northern -seas, the ravages of the Franks and Saxons, who about this period began -to demand a place in the world's history, Carausius was appointed to the -command of 'the channel fleet.' Gesoriacum, the modern Boulogne, was his -place of rendezvous. Carausius, who was an expert seaman, exerted -himself, at first, with extraordinary success, against the pirates. -Afterwards, it was observed that he consulted his own interest, rather -than the public service. The emperors resolved upon his destruction. -Carausius, stimulated by self-preservation, as well as ambition, entered -into an alliance with his former foes, the Franks and Saxons, and -declared himself emperor of Britain. He was favourably received by the -natives of the island, and for seven years wielded the sovereignty of -his empire with vigour and ability. He repelled the Mat and the -Caledonians, and having subdued these tribes, attached them to his -interest. Nothing, observes Mr. Thackeray, can more fully prove the -maritime strength and resources of Great Britain, under an able ruler, -than the fact, that Carausius for seven years bade defiance to the Roman -power; and at the end of that time fell, not overcome by the imperial -forces, but by private treachery. Never before, nor until several -hundred years after this period, was the country firmly united under the -government of one sovereign. - -Constantius was preparing to invade Britain with a fleet of a thousand -ships, when Carausius was murdered by Allectus, whom he had trusted as -his dearest friend. For about three years the assassin held, though with -a less firm grasp, the power formerly possessed by his victim. - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: THE SUCCESSES OF CARAUSIUS.] - -A very numerous suite of coins commemorates the successes of Carausius, -and vindicates his claim to a share in the empire of the world. Two -coins are represented here. On the reverse of one is a galley, which -indicates the chief source of his strength, and on the reverse of the -other is a lion with a thunderbolt in its mouth, significative, not only -of the bold bearing which the ancient sea-king assumed, but of that -which his successors in modern times have maintained. - -Carausius, according to Macpherson, is the CAROS of Ossian. The -following extract, upon this supposition, contains a remarkable allusion -to the Wall. - - Who comes towards my son, with the murmur of a song! His staff is in - his hand, his grey hair loose on the wind. Surly joy lightens his - face. He often looks back to CAROS. - - It is Ryno of Songs, he that went to view the foe. "What does CAROS, - KING OF SHIPS?" said the son of the now mournful Ossian; "spreads he - the wings of his pride,[5] bard of the times of old?" - - "He spreads them, Oscar," replied the bard, "but it is behind his - GATHERED HEAP. He looks over his STONES with fear. He beholds thee - terrible, as the ghost of night, that rolls the wave to his ships!" - -[Sidenote: BRITAIN UNDER DIOCLETIAN AND SUCCESSORS.] - -It would be improper to leave the reign of Diocletian without remarking, -that under it, the church of Christ endured the last and most terrible -of the ten persecutions, which pagan Rome inflicted upon the followers -of the cross. Britain did not escape. Alban and many others, as Gildas -and Bede inform us, were martyrs for the faith. - -On the withdrawal, in the year 305, of Diocletian and Maximian from the -cares of empire, Galerius and Constantius became the rulers of the -world. - -Constantine, afterwards surnamed the Great, was proclaimed emperor, on -the death of his father Constantius, at York. After a protracted -struggle with several rivals, he became, A.D. 313, sole possessor of the -imperial power. He was the first Christian Emperor, and, in token of his -faith, inscribed the monogram of the Redeemer upon his banner, and his -coin. The circumstances under which he adopted this step are thus -detailed-- - - Constantine was in Gaul, and having heard of the opposition of his - rival, who was in possession of Rome, he immediately crossed the Alps, - and proceeded against him. When near Verona, on his march, and - meditating the difficulties of his situation, he was roused from deep - thought by a bright light, which suddenly illumined the sky, and, - looking up, he saw the sun, which was in its meridian, surmounted by a - cross of fire, and beneath it this inscription, [Greek: touti - nika]--"IN THIS CONQUER." He immediately adopted the cross as his - ensign, and formed on the spot the celebrated Labarum, or Christian - standard, which was ever after substituted for the Roman eagle. This, - as Eusebius describes it, was a spear crossed by an arrow, on which - was suspended a velum, having inscribed on it the monogram, [CHI RHO] - formed by the Greek letters _Chi_ and _Rho_, the initials of the name - of Christ. Under this he marched forward, and rapidly triumphed over - all his enemies; and, struck with the preternatural warning he had - received, and its consequences, he now publicly embraced the doctrines - of that religion under whose banner he had conquered.[6] - -[Illustration] - -The monogram is well displayed on the reverse of a coin of -Magnentius,[7] which is here represented. The Alpha and Omega, which -accompany the symbol, indicate the faith of the emperor in the divinity -of Christ--'the beginning and the ending, which is, and which was, and -which is to come, the Almighty.' - -Constantine removed the imperial seat from Rome to Constantinople. - -[Sidenote: BRITAIN OVER-RUN BY THE PICTS.] - -During the life-time of Constantine, Britain partook of the civil -tranquillity of the rest of the world; but in the reign of his immediate -successors, the Picts and Scots renewed their incursions into the lower -province. This was not the only evil which Roman Britain had to endure. -Magnentius, a native of the isle, entered into a contest with -Constantius II. for the empire of the world, and in support of his -claims, collected an army, (chiefly drawn from Britain) with which he -three times met his foe. On the death of Magnentius, by his own hands, -in the year 353, his successful rival inflicted a bloody revenge upon -the Britons for having supported their countryman: meanwhile the Picts -and Scots harassed them, on the north, with redoubled fury. - -[Sidenote: THEODOSIUS REPAIRS THE WALL.] - -Little is recorded of Britain in the reign of Julian the Apostate. In -the time of Jovian his successor, the Picts, Saxons, and Scots, vexed it -by increasing calamities. Valentinian obtained the purple A.D. 364, when -the state of the country was so alarming as to require immediate -attention. Even London seems to have been menaced by the enemy, if it -was not actually in their hands. Theodosius, the ablest general of his -time, went to the assistance of the Britons, drove the enemy before him, -and recovered the provincial cities and forts. He then repaired the -cities and _prtentur_ and erected some new forts. Horsley thinks that -the Wall in the North of England, and the stations upon it, are the -_prtentur_ referred to. - -Valentinian, having, in 367, united with himself in the government of -the empire, Gratian his son, died, A.D. 375. Six days afterwards, his -second son, Valentinian II. was proclaimed his successor. The two -brothers reigned together, Theodosius the Great presiding at the same -time in the Eastern provinces, until Gratian was killed A.D. 383. Four -years afterwards, Valentinian was robbed of the purple by Maximus, but -applied for assistance to his eastern colleague, Theodosius, and once -more entered Rome with imperial dignity. The sovereignty of Britain, -Gaul, and Spain was, however, still conceded, for the present, to -Maximus, who adopted Treves as the seat of his government. - -[Sidenote: THE ISLAND DRAINED OF ITS YOUTH.] - -In this struggle Britain suffered severely. Maximus, having served in -the island under the elder Theodosius, was a favourite with the -Romanized Britons. They flocked to his standard in such numbers that the -island seemed drained of its youth. More than a hundred thousand persons -are said to have accompanied him from Britain to the continent. - -The loss of the native soldiery was severely felt in the North of -England, where the ruthless barbarians renewed their ravages without -molestation. The whole island, in the querulous language of its first -historian, Gildas,[8] "Deprived of all her armed soldiers and military -bands, was left to her cruel tyrants, deprived of the assistance of all -her youth who went with Maximus, and ignorant of the art of war, she -groaned in amazement for many years under the cruelty of the Picts and -Scots." - -Theodosius died A.D. 395. He left his dominions to his sons Arcadius and -Honorius, who permanently divided them into the empires of the East and -West. In the early part of the reign of Honorius, the province of -Britain, by the prudence of the emperor's minister Stilicho, had -comparative rest from the incursions of the enemy. But when the Gothic -war diverted the attention of the government from so remote a province, -and the legions of Britain were called away to defend the seat of the -empire from the attacks of Alaric, the troubles which before distracted -the province, were again called into fearful operation. A spirit of -disaffection and revolt increased the evil. Marcus and Gratian were -successively declared emperors by the islanders, but were both speedily -murdered. Constantine was next raised to the sovereignty, an honour for -which he was indebted to his name, not his rank or fitness for the -office. Instead of endeavouring to secure the peace of Britain, he -transported his army to Gaul and made a successful stand against -Honorius. He was assassinated in the year 411. - -[Sidenote: BRITAIN BECOMES INDEPENDENT.] - -Whilst Honorius was struggling with the usurper Constantine, he wrote -letters to the cities of Britain, conceding the independence of the -island, and urging them to adopt measures for their own government and -protection. The gift of liberty was to them a fatal boon. Their -implacable enemies, finding that the military science of the Romans no -longer protected the south, rushed forth to invade the undefended -province. The natives, in despair, turned to the still powerful name of -Rome, and dispatched messengers to entreat help from the emperor.--But -let Gildas 'the wise,' depict the closing scene of ancient Britain's -history-- - -[Sidenote: THE NARRATIVE OF GILDAS.] - - The Britons, impatient at the assaults of their enemies, send - ambassadors to Rome, entreating, in piteous terms, the assistance of - an armed band to protect them. A legion is immediately sent, provided - sufficiently with arms. When they had crossed over the sea, and - landed, they came at once to close conflict with their enemies, and - slew great numbers of them. All of them were driven beyond the - borders, and the humiliated natives rescued from the bloody slavery - which awaited them. By the advice of their protectors, they now built - a wall across the island, from one sea to the other, which, being - manned with a proper force, might be a terror to the foes whom it was - intended to repel, and a protection to their friends whom it covered. - But this wall being made of turf, instead of stone, was of no use to - that foolish people, who had no head to guide them. - - The Roman legion had no sooner returned home in joy and triumph, than - their former foes, like hungry and ravening wolves, rushing with - greedy jaws upon the fold, which is left without a shepherd, are - wafted, both by the strength of oarsmen and the blowing wind, break - through the boundaries, and spread slaughter on every side. - - And now again they send suppliant ambassadors, with their garments - rent, and their heads covered with ashes, imploring assistance from - the Romans, like timorous chickens crowding under the protecting wings - of their parents. Upon this, the Romans, moved with compassion, send - forward, like eagles in their flight, their bands of cavalry and - mariners, and planting their terrible swords upon the shoulders of - their enemies, mow them down like leaves which fall at their destined - period. Having driven their enemies beyond the sea, the Romans left - the country, giving them notice, that they could no longer be harassed - by such laborious expeditions, but that the islanders, inuring - themselves to warlike weapons, should valiantly protect their country, - their property, their wives, and children; that they should not suffer - their hands to be tied behind their backs, by a nation, which, unless - they were enervated by idleness and sloth, was not more powerful than - themselves, but that they should arm those hands with buckler, sword, - and spear, ready for the field of battle; and, because they thought - this also of advantage to the people they were about to leave, they, - with the help of the miserable natives, built a wall, different from - the former, by public and private contributions, and of the same - structure as walls generally are, extending in a straight line from - sea to sea, between some cities, which, from fear of their enemies, - had then by chance been built. - -[Sidenote: THE DISTRESSES OF THE BRITONS.] - - No sooner were they gone, than the Picts and Scots, like worms, which - in the heat of mid-day, come forth from their holes, hastily land from - their canoes, differing one from another in manners, but inspired with - the same avidity for blood, and all, more eager to shroud their - villainous faces in bushy hair, than to cover with decent clothing - those parts of their body which required it. Moreover, having heard of - the departure of our friends, and their resolution never to return, - they seized, with greater boldness than before, on all the country - towards the extreme north, as far as the Wall. To oppose them, there - was placed on the heights, a garrison, equally slow to fight, and ill - adapted to run away, a useless and panic-struck company, which - slumbered away days and nights on their unprofitable watch. Meanwhile - the hooked weapons of their enemies were not idle, and our wretched - countrymen were dragged from the Wall, and dashed against the ground. - Such premature death, however, painful as it was, saved them from - seeing the miserable sufferings of their brothers and children. But - why should I say more? They left their cities, abandoned the - protection of the Wall, and dispersed themselves in flight more - desperately than before. - -Whilst the enemy butchered them like sheep, they increased their own -miseries by domestic feuds-- - - They turned their arms upon each other, and for the sake of a little - sustenance, imbrued their hands in the blood of their fellow - countrymen. - -Again, in their distress, they applied to the Romans. In the address, -entitled 'The Groans of the Britons,' our author represents them as -saying:-- - - The barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea throws us back on the - barbarians: thus two modes of death await us, we are either slain or - drowned. - -The Romans could not assist them, and, unwilling to assist themselves, -they sought and obtained the help of those 'wolves', as Gildas calls -them, the fierce and impious Saxons. The result is known to all--Celtic -Britain became Saxon England--and England, with all its faults,--has it -not been a blessing to the world? - -The picture drawn by Gildas of the misery of the southern Britons, and -of the ravages of the northern barbarians, is doubtless correct; but, in -ascribing the erection of the earthen rampart, and the stone wall of the -LOWER BARRIER to the period of the departure of the Romans, he probably -leans upon the erring traditions of his own times. His statement is -devoid of probability. A work so bold in its design, so skilfully -planned, and involving so much labour in its execution, cannot have been -the result of the expiring energies of Rome in Britain. Its very ruins -bespeak the masculine vigour of Rome's maturity. - -Besides, if we receive the testimony of Gildas upon this point, we must -either suppose that several walls have been drawn across the island, or -we must reject the assertions of those classical writers who ascribe the -works to Hadrian or Severus. The former supposition cannot be -maintained, for we meet with no traces of more than one earthen vallum, -and one stone wall, in the region in question; and with reference to the -latter alternative, it is more likely that Gildas should err in his -dates, than that Dion Cassius, and Herodian, and Spartian, should -describe, as existing in their day, that which was not to be for -centuries. - -[Sidenote: THE BRITONS SUPINE IN YIELDING TO THE PICTS.] - -Another question will arise in the mind of the thoughtful reader;--how -was it that the Britons suffered themselves to become so easy a prey to -the Picts and Scots? Roman civilization could not, greatly at least, -have enervated them. The cultivation of the liberal arts removes from -the minds and manners of men their unsightly asperities, but it brings -out in bolder relief their more valuable qualities. The vices of the -Romans, when grafted upon the previously polluted life of the Britons, -would indeed have a tendency to unman them, but why should it have sunk -them beneath the level of the Romans themselves? We do not find, -moreover, that the Britons who fought in foreign parts were deficient in -courage. - -[Sidenote: THE BRITONS HAD BREATHING-TIME.] - -An acquaintance with Roman discipline, a knowledge of the Roman art of -war, ought to have given them great advantages over their less civilized -neighbours on the north of the Wall, and enabled them easily to have -retained that great structure as a boundary fence.[9] It is true that -great numbers of their youth had from time to time been drafted off by -successive emperors, to engage in foreign quarrels, and that thus the -land was deprived of its natural defenders. This accounts for a part of -their distress, but not all. In a rude state of society, every man is a -soldier, and it was an essential part of the policy of Rome to inure -every citizen to the practice of arms. There surely would be men enough -left to defend their homes, their liberties, and lives! Besides, half a -century elapsed between the time when the Romans began to leave Britain -to its own resources, and their final refusal of all succour. There was -thus time enough to have nurtured a whole generation of veterans; and -there was time enough--if the energy had been in them--to have shaken -off those feelings of dependence upon Rome, which the presence of their -conquerors had fostered. The opportunity, however, was lost; they -entreated, and wept, and groaned--and passed off the stage of this -world's history. How are we adequately to account for this circumstance? -[Sidenote: THE GENEALOGY OF THE PICTS AND SCOTS.]This is not the place -to discuss the genealogy of the Picts, but if we adopt the theory of -their Germanic origin,[10] the enigma, if not made quite plain, will -appear less difficult than before. However great the valour, and however -estimable the other qualities of the Celtic race, they did not possess -the patience, the perseverance, the capacity for united action, and the -power of command, which characterized the Teutonic tribes; hence they -would fall before them in any contest which required sustained exertion. -[Sidenote: THE TEUTONES SUPPLANT THE CELTS.]Gibbon's estimate of the -character of the ancient Britons is probably correct--'The various -tribes possessed valour without conduct, and the love of freedom without -the spirit of union. They took up arms with savage fierceness, they laid -them down, or turned them against each other with wild inconstancy; and, -while they fought singly, they were successively subdued.' - -[Sidenote: ANTAGONISM OF THE RACES.] - -The Picts, without the artificial advantages which the Romanized Britons -possessed, doubtless had the usual characteristics of the Gothic tribes. -By these they were enabled, in defiance of the desultory attempts of the -previous occupants of the soil, to ravage the land, until, through the -efforts of Vortigern, they were confronted with foes of their own kith -and kin. In our sister island, we unhappily witness, though in a subdued -form, much of that animosity of race which led to the devastation and -bloodshed that Gildas deplores. When will Saxon and Celt lay aside their -differences, and unite for the common weal of Britain! Why should they -regard each other with mutual suspicion? Why should the one triumph, and -the other sink into hopeless, helpless despair? Creation groans--a -prostrate world looks to united Britain and its offshoots, for that balm -which may heal its woes--let it, strong in the confidence and love of -its various constituent parts, faithfully fulfil its duty! - - -[Sidenote: THE ROMAN ESTIMATION OF BRITAIN.] - -On reviewing this sketch of the proceedings of Rome, in relation to this -distant portion of her great empire, the reader will perhaps be struck -with the amount of attention which the Imperial City bestowed upon it. - -The classic authors speak most disparagingly of the land, and its -inhabitants-- - - Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos. - _Virg. Ec._ I. - Serves iturum Csarem in ultimos - Orbis Britannos. - _Hor. Od._ I. 35. - Visam Britannos, hospitibus feros. - _Hor. Od._ III. 4. - Te belluosus qui remotis - Obstrepit oceanus Britannis. - _Hor. Od._ IV. 14. - ---and yet Britain, which, according to these authorities, scarcely -formed a portion of the habitable earth, which was perpetually lashed by -a stormy ocean, and whose inhabitants, unlike many barbaric tribes, were -inhospitable to strangers, was the resort, not only of numerous -legionary and auxiliary troops, but of very many of the emperors -themselves. Great Julius came. Claudius fought upon our soil. Vespasian -entered into conflict thirty-two times with the southern Britons. Titus -shared in his toils and triumphs. Hadrian was here, and left the impress -of his mighty mind behind him. Septimius Severus ended his days in -Britain; his sons Geta and Caracalla first assumed the purple in -Britain. The emperor Maximinus breathed, sixteen centuries ago, the -sea-borne gales of Tynemouth. Britain, with its seas, was the chief -scene of the exploits of the emperor Carausius. Allectus reigned three -years over it. Constantius was long in the island, and his son, -Constantine the Great is said to have first drawn breath upon our soil. -Both Constans and Magnentius were here. Theodosius the Emperor fought -under his father in Britain. Maximus, who had previously married a -British lady, was invested by his soldiers with the purple at York--How -comes it that so many of those who boasted of the mastery of this wide -world, were induced personally to visit this little isle?--how was it, -but that - - Coming events cast their shadows before. - -[Sidenote: ROME FORESHADOWS BRITAIN'S DESTINY.] - -It seems as though there was an affinity between England and Earth's -rulers--and that thus early it was pointed out as the spot in which, of -all others, save one--Jerusalem--mankind had the greatest interest. - -The importance of Britain, in the estimation of the Romans, is further -shewn by the fact, that, of the different coins struck by the imperial -government in the short period extending from the reign of Claudius to -that of Caracalla, at least fifty-six relate to this country. Of these, -two were struck in the reign of Claudius, five in that of Hadrian, -seventeen bear the impress of Antonine, ten of Severus, twelve of -Caracalla, and ten of his brother Geta.[11] - -[Sidenote: CAUSE OF THE ROMAN OCCUPATION.] - -Whilst however we maintain that Rome was led to Britain by the impulse -of a power of which she was not conscious, and whilst we willingly -acknowledge that the conquest of Britain by the Romans was the first of -that series of signal providential arrangements, by which, from the dawn -of history to the present hour, 'the Governor among the nations' has -prepared this island for performing that important part in the drama of -history, which she now sustains,--the enquiry yet remains, by what -motive were the conquerors more immediately impelled to settle in so -remote an island? Such toils would not have been endured, such -sacrifices would not have been made, victories over tribes so savage -would not thus have been gloried in, except the question 'cui bono?' -could have been satisfactorily answered. 'I confess,' says Horsley, -'that when I view some part of the country in the north of England, -where the Romans had their military ways and stations, that question -naturally arises, which has been often proposed: What could move them to -march so far to conquer such a country? It appears wild and desolate -enough at present, but must have been more so at that time, from the -accounts the Roman historians have given us of it. I shall leave the -Caledonian Galgacus, or Tacitus for him, to return the answer--If the -enemy was rich, their covetousness moved them; if poor, their ambition. -And when they added further desolation to a desolate country, this was -their peace.' Ambition was doubtless the leading motive. From the -earliest periods of Roman history we find her bent upon conquest. -Incessant wars engendered a thirst for victory, and military glory -became the ruling passion of the people. The wide grasp of their -ambition gave to the features of Roman character harder, but grander -lineaments than those which their more polished neighbours of Greece -possessed. Flattered, as the lords of the world, by their favourite -poets and historians, they gloried in their proud pre-eminence, and -thought that they were but fulfilling their destiny in asserting a claim -to universal dominion. Candidates for public favour knew well that to -fan the popular passion was the readiest way to succeed in their aims. -None understood this better than Julius Csar; and the later emperors, -who possessed not the power to strike an energetic blow, found it -necessary to maintain the show at least of conquest and of triumph. - -[Sidenote: WEALTH OF ANCIENT BRITAIN.] - -Less worthy inducements were, however, not wanting. There are few evils -in the fibres of whose roots the love of money will not be found. Gold -was another secret but powerful cause of the hardships which the Romans -themselves underwent, and of the countless ills which they mercilessly -inflicted upon the miserable islanders. The British chiefs in general -appear to have had considerable riches among them. Csar, according to -Strabo, acquired a large booty in his two descents upon our shore. -Prasutagus, the king of the Iceni, died possessed of very great wealth. -To a few states in the south, and within a few years after their first -subjection, the philosophical Seneca lent more than four hundred and -eighty thousand pounds of our money upon good security, and at -exorbitant interest.[12] Severus got a prodigious mass of riches in this -land. Gold is not now an article of mineral wealth in Britain. We are -not from this to infer that it was not so when it was first invaded. The -precious metal is not met with in veins or strata, but is diffused over -the alluvial soil, or mixed with the sand of rivers in grains or lumps. -When the commercial value of the glittering dust is discovered, it is -speedily picked up, and a country, once rich in it, becomes, in the -course of ages, impoverished. The number of massive golden torques and -armill of the ancient Britons, which even yet are from time to time -being brought to light, favours the idea that the metal was, in ancient -days, tolerably abundant. Whatever the secret motives, Csar came and -conquered-- - - The Roman taught thy stubborn knee to bow, - Though twice a Csar could not bend it now. - -[Sidenote: THE FATE OF ROME.] - -In passing from the contemplation of the Roman occupation of Britain to -our examination of the remains of the chief monument of imperial power -which time has left us, the mind will experience a great transition. In -the Wall, we have evident traces of the might of Rome, but it is the -might of a giant laid prostrate-- - - . . . . . Her haughty carcass spread, - Still awes in ruins, and commands when dead. - -Centuries have elapsed since the vast fabric was upreared, but they have -been centuries rife with the fate of empires. - -The most ardent lover of the olden time cannot but startle, as he treads -the deserted streets, or enters the unbarred portals of BORCOVICUS, and -other cities of the Wall, at the thought that the Mistress of Nations is -now no more,[13] and that the Eternal City is buried in her own debris. -The broken column, the prostrate altar, ever and anon obtrude the fact -upon him. Another empire has sprung into being of which Rome dreamt not. -In a sense different from that which Virgil intended, the words in his -third Georgic are peculiarly striking-- - - Vel scena ut versis discedat frontibus, utque - Purpurea intexti tollant aula Britanni. - - Or see how on the stage the shifting scenes - In order pass, and pictured Britons rise - Out of the earth, and raise the purple curtain. - -[Sidenote: PROSPECTIVE FATE OF BRITAIN.] - -In that island, where, in Roman days, the painted savage shared the -forest with the beast of prey--a lady sits upon her throne of state, -wielding a sceptre more potent than Julius or Hadrian ever grasped! Her -empire is threefold that of Rome in the hour of its prime. But power is -not her brightest diadem. The holiness of the domestic circle irradiates -her. Literature, and all the arts of peace, flourish under her sway. Her -people bless her. - -Will Britain always thus occupy so prominent a position in the scene of -this world's history? - - ... Valet ima summis - Mutare, et insignem attenuat Deus - Obscura promens. - - The power that did create, can change the scene - Of things; make mean of great, and great of mean. - -[Sidenote: LESSON INCULCATED.] - -Is the fate of Persia, Macedon, and Rome, never to be hers? 'O Thou, -that didst build up this Britannic empire to a glorious and enviable -height, with all her daughter islands about her; stay us in this -felicity!' What would Britain at this moment be without the Bible? Let -the seven-hilled city say! If Britain herself obey the inspired word, -and give it to the nations, then she needs not fear the shock of -empires. If not, at a future day the native of a distant isle, or -obscure nation, then newly risen into greatness, moralizing over the -reedy docks and grass-grown streets of London, may exclaim--How true the -words of their own Milton! 'But if ... as you have been valiant in war, -you should grow debauched in peace, you that have had such visible -demonstrations of the goodness of God to yourselves, and his wrath -against your enemies ... you will find that God's displeasure against -you, will be greater than it has been against your adversaries, greater -than his grace and favour has been to yourselves, which you have had -larger experience of than any other nation under heaven.' - -[Illustration: Base of Column at BORCOVICUS.] - ------ - -Footnote 2: - - This coin is in the possession of Mr. Bell, of the Nook, Irthington, - to whose cabinet of coins, chiefly procured from the line of the wall, - the author has kindly been allowed free access. - -Footnote 3: - - This interesting coin is thus described by - Akerman:--_OBVERSE_--HADRIANUS AVG_ustus_, CO_nsul_ III. [tertium] - P_ater_ P_atri_. Laureated bust of Hadrian, with the chlamys buckled - over his right shoulder. _REVERSE_--ADVENTVS AVG_usti_ BRITANNIAE. In - the exergue--S_enatus_ C_onsulto_. An altar, with the fire kindled, - placed between the emperor in his toga, who holds a patera, and a - female figure, a victim lying at her feet. - -Footnote 4: - - Numismatists differ as to the appropriation of the female. The same - figure in other coins of this reign being used to personify Rome, it - probably does so in this case; and represents the secure possession - obtained by the Eternal City, of Albion's rocky shore. However this - may be, the same figure has been placed by many successive generations - of mint-masters on the reverse of the copper coinage of Great Britain. - Britain in this still bows to Rome! - -Footnote 5: - - The Roman Eagle. - -Footnote 6: - - Walsh on Coins. - -Footnote 7: - - In the collection of Geo. Rippon, Esq., North Shields. - -Footnote 8: - - Historians differ as to the degree of credibility due to this author. - Mr. Wright, in his Biographia Britannica Literaria, says that his is - 'a name of very doubtful authority.' Sharon Turner thinks that 'as far - as he can be supported, and made intelligible, by others, he is an - acceptable companion, but that he cannot be trusted alone;' and Mr. - Stevenson, in the preface to his edition of the original Latin of - Gildas, writes 'We are unable to speak with certainty as to his - parentage, his country, or even his name, the period when he lived, or - the works of which he was the author.' Thus much, however, is certain, - that he lived before the time of Bede, and is quoted by him. - -Footnote 9: - - This point is well put by Sir Francis Palgrave, in his History of the - Anglo-Saxons. 'The walls of the cities fortified by the Romans were - yet strong and firm. The tactics of the legions were not forgotten. - Bright armour was piled in the storehouses, and the serried line of - spears might have been presented to the half-naked Scots and Picts, - who could never have prevailed against their opponents.' - -Footnote 10: - - The supposition is not destitute of support. The migratory tendencies - of the Gothic tribes have always been conspicuous. From the earliest - periods of our history, the inhabitants of Jutland and its - neighbouring provinces were in the habit of making descents upon the - coasts of Britain. After the departure of the Romans, their attempts - were probably more bold and frequent, but they did not then, for the - first time, commence. The Norfolk and Suffolk coast was, from its - position, peculiarly exposed to these incursions, and as early as the - close of the third century, was placed under the command of a military - Count called _Comes litoris Saxonici_. This district was called 'the - Saxon shore,' as Sir Francis Palgrave observes, not merely because it - was open to the incursion of the Saxons, but, most probably, because - they had succeeded in fixing themselves in some portion of it. The - weak hold which the Romans, at all times, had of Scotland, would - render it an easier prey than England to the Franks and Saxons. - Tacitus informs us, that the ruddy hair and lusty limbs of the - Caledonians indicate a Germanic extraction. Richard of Cirencester - tells us, that a little before the coming of Severus, the Picts landed - in Scotland; from which we are at least entitled to infer, that the - Picts were not the original inhabitants of North Britain; and probably - the statement is substantially correct, inasmuch as large - reinforcements landed in Scotland at this period, as previously - observed. The Scots--the other branch of the people classed under the - general term Caledonians--are confessedly of Irish origin. When St. - Columba, whose mother tongue was Irish Gaelic, preached to the Picts, - he used an interpreter. Fordun, the Father of Scottish History, tells - us, 'The manners of the Scots are various as to their languages; for - they use two tongues, the Scottish and the Teutonic. The last is - spoken by those on the sea-coasts and in the low countries, while the - Scottish is the speech of the mountaineers and the remote islanders.' - The proper Scots, Camden describes as those commonly called - Highlandmen; 'for the rest,' he adds, 'more civilized, and inhabiting - the eastern part, though comprehended under the name of Scots, are the - farthest in the world from being Scots, but are of the same German - origin with us English.' Dr. Jamieson, whose researches in philology - are well known, is decidedly of opinion that the Picts and Saxons had - a common origin. Upon what other theory, he argues, can the prevalence - of the Saxon tongue in the Lowlands of Scotland be accounted for? - William the Conqueror could not change the language of South - Britain--was it likely that a few Saxon fugitives at the Scottish - court could supplant that of their benefactors? - - The theory of the Germanic origin of the Picts removes another - difficulty. How is the disappearance of the Celtic tongue from England - to be accounted for? The Saxons, on seizing the soil, would not - exterminate the inhabitants, but retain them as bondsmen. Had the - majority of the occupants of England been the original Britons or - Romanized Celts, we should have found in our daily speech, and in the - names of our towns and villages, a large intermixture of Gaelic and - Latin; but such is not the case. Grant that the Picts were a branch of - the great Gothic family--and that successive waves of them had, long - before the time of Cerdic, poured from the lowlands of Scotland over - the plains of England, and the almost entire extermination of the - ancient British is easily accounted for. - - If the theory here advocated, cannot be sustained, it must at least be - allowed, that the population of North Britain was largely leavened - with individuals of the Saxon race. These strangers would doubtless - obtain that supremacy over the natives which the Franks did in Gaul; - so that, even upon this limited view of the question, the influence of - the Germanic race in fixing the destinies of Britain, at this critical - period, is apparent. - -Footnote 11: - - The whole of these are accurately figured and described in the - "Materials for the History of Britain," published by the government. - It is to be hoped that a work so auspiciously begun will not be - strangled in its birth, by a false application of the principles of - national economy. - -Footnote 12: - - Whitaker's History of Manchester, i. 228. - -Footnote 13: - - "Politically speaking, Rome is now the city of the dead." - - _Times_, March 18th, 1850. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - PART II. - A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE OF THE WALL. - -Numerous are the appellations which the Great Barrier of the Lower -Isthmus has obtained. 'It was called by ancient writers _vallum -barbaricum_, _prtentura_ and _clusura_; by Dion [Greek: diateichisma]; -by Herodian [Greek: chma]; by Antoninus and others _vallum_; by some of -the Latin historians _murus_; by the English the Picts'-wall, or THE -WALL; and by the Britons _gual Sever_, _gal Sever_, and _mur Sever_. The -names _prtentura_ and _clusura_ are given to it upon account of its -being stretched out against, and excluding the enemy.' To the names thus -enumerated by Camden, must be added, the Thirl Wall, the Kepe Wall, and -that by which it is best known at present, the ROMAN WALL. - -[Sidenote: GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS.] - -This great fortification consists of three parts. - -I. A Stone Wall, strengthened by a ditch on its northern side. - -II. A Turf Wall or Vallum, to the south of the stone wall. - -III. Stations, Castles, Watch-towers, and Roads, for the accommodation -of the soldiery who manned the Barrier, and for the transmission of -military stores. These lie, for the most part, between the stone wall -and the earthen rampart. - -The whole of the works proceed from one side of the island to the other -in a nearly direct line, and in comparatively close companionship. The -stone wall and earthen rampart are generally within sixty or seventy -yards of each other.[14] The distance between them, however, varies -according to the nature of the country. Sometimes they are so close as -barely to admit of the passage of the military way between them, whilst, -in one or two instances, they are upwards of half-a-mile apart. It is in -the high grounds of the central region that they are most widely -separated. Midway between the seas, the country attains a considerable -elevation; here the stone wall seeks the highest ridges, but the vallum, -forsaking for a while its usual companion, runs along the adjacent -valley. Both works are, however, so arranged as to afford each other the -greatest amount of support which the nature of the country allows. - - _PLATE II._ - -[Illustration: PLAN OF THE BARRIER BETWEEN CILURNUM AND MAGNA AFTER -HORSLEY.] - -[Illustration: - - _A PLAN OF CILURNUM AFTER WARBURTON WITH PART OF THE PLAN OF THE STONE - WALL AND VALLUM._ - _Shewing how they are connected at the Stations, and by their mutual - relation to one another must have been one entire united Defence or - Fortification._ -] - - _Reid Litho. 117 Pilgrim Street Newcastle_ - -The stone wall extends from Wall's-end on the Tyne, to Bowness on the -Solway, a space which Horsley estimates at sixty-eight miles and three -furlongs--the turf wall falls short of this distance by about three -miles at each end, terminating at Newcastle on the east side, and at -Drumburgh on the west. - -[Sidenote: GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS.] - -The Map of the Wall, the more detailed Plans of several parts of it in -Plate II, and the Sections given in a subsequent page, will afford a -pretty correct idea of the general arrangement of the works. - -Most writers who have treated of the Roman remains in Britain, have -considered that the two lines of fortification are the works of -different periods. The earth-wall, or Vallum, has generally been -ascribed to Hadrian, but the stone wall, or Murus, to Septimius Severus. -This is the opinion of Horsley, whose judgment is always deserving of -the highest consideration. Deferring to a subsequent period the -discussion of this question, it will be convenient, meanwhile, to speak -of the works as being but different parts of one great engineering -scheme. - -[Sidenote: THE COURSE OF THE WALL.] - -The most striking feature in the plan, both of the Murus and the Vallum, -is the determinate manner in which they pursue their straight-forward -course. The Vallum makes fewer deviations from a right line than the -stone Wall; but as the Wall traverses higher ground, this remarkable -tendency is more easily detected in it than in the other. Shooting over -the country, in its onward course, it only swerves from a straight line -to take in its route the boldest elevations. So far from declining a -hill, it uniformly selects it. For nineteen miles out of Newcastle, the -road to Carlisle runs upon the foundation of the Wall, and during the -summer months its dusty surface contrasts well with the surrounding -verdure. Often will the traveller, after attaining some of the steep -acclivities of his path, observe the road stretching for miles in an -undeviating course to the east and the west of him, resembling, as -Hutton expresses it, a white ribbon on a green ground. But if it never -moves from a right line, except to occupy the highest points, it never -fails to seize them, as they occur, no matter how often it is compelled, -with this view, to change its direction. It never bends in a curve, but -always at an angle. Hence, along the craggy precipices between -Sewingshields and Thirlwall, it is obliged to pursue a remarkably -zig-zag course; for it takes in its range, with the utmost pertinacity, -every projecting rock. - -This mode of proceeding involves another peculiarity. It is compelled to -accommodate itself to the depressions of the mountainous region over -which it passes. Without flinching, it sinks into the 'gap,' or pass, -which ever and anon occurs, and, having crossed the narrow valley, -ascends unfalteringly the steep acclivity on the other side. The -antiquary, in following it into these ravines, is often compelled to -step with the utmost caution, and in clambering up the opposite ascent, -he is as frequently constrained to pause for breath. After crossing the -river Irthing, in Cumberland, the Wall is opposed in its course westward -by a precipice of upwards of one hundred feet in height. It cannot now -be ascertained, whether or not the Wall was taken up the edge of this -cliff, for the stratum is of a soft and yielding nature, and is -continually being removed by the river below. Certain, however, it is, -that the Wall, accompanied by its ditch, is still to be seen on the very -brink of its summit. If it did not climb this steep, it is the only one -which, in the course of the line from sea to sea, it refused--and if it -did ascend it, it would more nearly resemble a leaning tower than a -barrier wall. - -[Sidenote: THE HEIGHT OF THE WALL.] - -In no part of its course is the Wall entirely perfect, and therefore it -is difficult to ascertain what its original height has been. Bede, whose -cherished home was the monastery of Jarrow, anciently part of the parish -of Wall's-end, is the earliest author who gives its dimensions. He -says--'It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height, in a straight -line from east to west, as is still visible to beholders.' Subsequent -writers assign to it a greater elevation. It is not unlikely that the -venerable monk, who was no traveller, describes it as it existed in his -own neighbourhood; and we can readily conceive that in a flat country, -and upon the border of a navigable river, it would, even then, have -suffered more from the hand of the spoiler than in the wilder regions of -the West. - -In a letter written by Sir Christopher Ridley, is an account of the Wall -as it stood about the year 1572. The writer says-- - - Rycht worschipfull, where as you spake unto me for a certayn knowledge - of one wall builded betwyxt the Brittons and Pightes (which we call - the KEPE WALL) builded by the Pightes, sure theyr is one. The length - whereof is about, I think, almost a C myles, bilded alwayis whar they - cold upon the hyghtes, whereon about the greatest cragis was, and - whare theyr was no cragis or hy placis theyr was a great stank cast of - other syd, the bredth iij yardis, the hyght remanith in sum placis yet - vij yardis, it goith from Bowlness in Cu'berland viij myles beyond - Carlell upon the west sea cost till it comes to a town called the - Wallis end besyd Tynemouth on the est sea.[15] - -Samson Erdeswick, an English antiquary of some celebrity, visited the -Wall, in the year 1574.[16] His account is here given-- - - As towching Hadrian's[17] Wall, begyning abowt a town called Bonus - standing vppon the river Sulway now called Eden. The sea ebbeth and - floweth there. The forsaid Wall begynning there, and there yet - standing of the heyth of 16 fote, for almost a quarter of a myle - together, and so along the river syde estwards, they space of an eight - myle by the shew of the trench, as certayne ruynes of castills in that - wall, tyll a qwarter of a myle of Carlyole, and there passeth ower the - river of Eden; and then goeth straight estwards hard by a late abbey - called Lanvercost, and so crossing ower the mowntaynes toward - Newcastell. - -[Sidenote: THE WIDTH OF THE WALL.] - -Camden, who visited the Wall in 1599, says-- - - Within two furlongs of Carvoran, on a pretty high hill the Wall is - still standing fifteen feet in height, and nine in breadth. - -These statements leave upon the mind an impression that the estimate of -Bede is too low. - -In all probability, the Wall would be surmounted by a battlement of not -less than four feet in height, and as this part of the structure would -be the first to fall into decay, Bede's calculation was probably -irrespective of it. This, however, only gives us a total elevation of -sixteen feet. Unless we reject the evidence of Ridley and Erdeswick, we -must admit, even after making due allowance for error and exaggeration, -that the Wall, when in its integrity, was eighteen or nineteen feet -high. This elevation would be in keeping with its breadth. - -The thickness of the Wall varies considerably; in some places it is six -feet, in others nine feet and a half.[18] Probably the prevailing width -is eight feet, the measurement given by Bede. - -The frequency with which the thickness of the Wall varies, favours the -idea that numerous gangs of labourers were simultaneously employed upon -the work, and that each superintending centurion was allowed to use his -discretion as to its width. The northern face of the Wall is continuous, -but the southern has numerous outsets and insets measuring from four to -twelve inches, at the points, doubtless, where the sections of the -different companies joined. - -[Sidenote: THE NORTH FOSSE.] - -Throughout the whole of its length, the Wall is accompanied on its -northern margin by a broad and deep FOSSE, which, by increasing the -comparative height of the Wall, would add greatly to its strength. This -portion of the Barrier may yet be traced, with trifling interruptions, -from sea to sea. Even in places where the Wall has quite disappeared, -its more lowly companion, the fosse, remains. In some fertile districts -the plough has been carried over it in vain; owing to the moisture of -the site, the corn sown upon it springs up with undue luxuriance, and is -almost uniformly laid prostrate before it can ripen. From this -circumstance the ground is frequently retained in grass, while the -neighbouring parts are under tillage.[19] The fosse thus more readily -catches the eye, and is likely longer to retain its groove-like form -than if subjected to the ordinary process of cultivation. - -When the ditch traverses a flat or exposed country, a portion of the -materials taken out of it has frequently been thrown upon its northern -margin, so as to present to the enemy an additional rampart. In those -positions, on the other hand, where its assistance could be of no avail, -as along the edge of a cliff, the fosse does not appear. - -No small amount of labour has been expended in the excavation of the -ditch; it has been drawn indifferently through alluvial soil, and rocks -of sandstone, limestone, and basalt. The patient exertion which this -involved is well seen on Tepper Moor, where enormous blocks of whin lie -just as they have been lifted out of the fosse. The fosse never leaves -the Wall to avoid a mechanical difficulty. - -The size of the ditch in several places is still considerable. To the -east of Heddon-on-the-Wall, it measures thirty four feet across the top, -and is nearly nine feet deep; as it descends the hill from Carvoran to -Thirlwall, it measures forty feet across the top, fourteen across the -bottom, and is ten feet deep. Westward of Tepper Moor is a portion -which, reckoning from the top of the mound on its northern margin, has a -depth of twenty feet. - -The dimensions of the fosse were probably not uniform throughout the -line; but these examples prepare us to receive, as tolerably correct, -Hutton's estimate of its average size. 'The ditch to the north,' he says -'was as near as convenient, thirty-six feet wide and fifteen feet -deep.'[20] - -The care with which the fosse was dressed, has varied with the taste of -the overseer and the forbearance of the enemy. In some tracts, the work -presents as smooth and trim an aspect as a modern railway cutting; in -others, marks of haste, carelessness, or sudden surprise, appear. The -curious circumstance which Hodgson describes in the following paragraph -may be seen in more than one locality:-- - - 'A little west of Portgate, the appearance of the fosse is still, to - the eye that loves and understands antiquity, very imposing and grand. - The earth taken out of it lies spread abroad to the north, in lines - just as the workmen wheeled it out and left it. The tracks of their - barrows, with a slight mound on each side remain unaltered in - form.'[21] - -[Illustration: The works near the 18th mile-stone West of Newcastle.] - -[Illustration: The works half a mile west of Carraw.] - -[Sidenote: THE VALLUM.] - -The VALLUM or TURF WALL, is uniformly to the south of the stone Wall. It -consists of three ramparts and a fosse. One of these ramparts is placed -close upon the southern edge of the ditch, the two others of larger -dimensions[22] stand, one to the north, and the other to the south of -it, at the distance of about twenty-four feet. The annexed sections of -the works exhibit their present condition. They are drawn to the scale -of seventy-five feet to the inch. The Wall is in these parts, unhappily, -entirely removed. - -The ramparts, in some parts of the line, stand, even at present, six or -seven feet above the level of the neighbouring ground.[23] They are -composed of earth, mingled, not unfrequently, with masses of stone. -Occasionally, the stone preponderates to such an extent as to yield to -the hand of the modern spoiler, ready materials for the formation of -stone dikes. In several places they are being quarried with this view. - -The fosse of the Vallum is of a character similar to the fosse of the -stone Wall; but, judging from present appearances, its dimensions have -been rather less. It, too, has been frequently cut through beds of -stone. - -The question will occasionally occur to the wanderer by the Wall, whence -were the materials obtained for constructing the mounds of the Vallum? -With the exception of the fosse, there are no marks of excavation in the -neighbourhood, and that the fosse of the Vallum would not yield -materials sufficient for the purpose, is abundantly evident.[24] - -[Sidenote: USE OF THE VALLUM.] - -The contents of the ditch on the north of the Wall have probably gone to -assist in the formation of these lines. This statement of course -proceeds upon the supposition that the Wall and the Vallum were -contemporaneous works. Upon the same assumption, it may be added that -the ramparts of the Vallum are probably indebted for some portion of the -stone which they contain, to the chippings of the Wall. - -Although the distance between the stone Wall and the Vallum is, as -already observed, perpetually varying, the lines of the Vallum maintain -amongst themselves nearly the same relative position throughout their -entire course. - -No apparent paths of egress have been made through these southern lines -of fortification. The only mode of communication with the country to the -south, originally contemplated, seems to have been by the gateways of -the stations. - -If we adopt the theory that the Wall and the Vallum exhibit unity of -design, a question of some importance arises--With what view was the -Vallum constructed? Hodgson, with much probability, conceives that, -whilst the Wall undertook the harder duty of warding off the professedly -hostile tribes of Caledonia, the Vallum was intended as a protection -against sudden surprise from the south. The natives of the country on -the south side of the Wall, though conquered, were not to be depended -upon; in the event of their kinsmen in the north gaining an advantage, -they would be ready to avail themselves of it. The Romans knew this, and -with characteristic prudence made themselves secure on both sides. - -[Sidenote: PECULIAR CONSTRUCTION OF THE VALLUM.] - -But, whatever we may conceive to have been the design of the Vallum, the -peculiarity of its form will excite the attention of the enquirer, -though probably without his arriving at any satisfactory explanation. -Supposing, according to the common theory, that the Vallum was an -independent fortification, erected long before the Wall, to resist a -northern foe, why was not the ditch, as in the case of the stone Wall, -drawn along the northern edge of the northern agger? I cannot supply an -answer. A similar difficulty meets us on the supposition that it was -meant to guard against attack from the other side. Again, what part did -the smaller rampart on the south edge of the fosse perform? Possibly it -may have been intended as a foot-hold for the soldiers when fighting on -this platform against the revolted Britons south of the barrier. - -The third, and perhaps the most important, part of the barrier line -consisted of the structures that were formed for the accommodation of -the soldiery, and for the ready transmission of troops and stores. -Neither stone walls, nor ditches, nor earthen ramparts, would alone have -proved material impediments to the incursions of the Caledonians-- - - An iron race, ... - Foes to the gentler genius of the plain. - -It is reported that Agesilaus, when asked where were the walls of -Sparta, pointed to his soldiers and said, 'There.' The Romans placed -their chief reliance on the valour and discipline of their armies, -though they did not despise the assistance of mural lines. In a foreign -country, to which it was difficult to transmit relays of troops, it -became a matter of great importance to economize the lives of the -soldiery. Hence arose the Wall. - -Those portions of the great barrier which yet await our consideration, -are the STATIONS, the MILE-CASTLES, the TURRETS, and the ROADS. - -[Sidenote: THE STATIONS.] - -At distances along the line which average nearly four miles, STATIONARY -CAMPS (_stationes_ or _castra stativa_) were erected. These received -their distinctive appellation, in contradistinction from those temporary -ramparts, which were thrown up when an army halted for a night or for -some brief period. - -The stations on the line of the Wall were military cities, adapted for -the residence of the chief who commanded the district, and providing -secure lodgment for the powerful body of soldiery he had under him. Here -the commandant held his court; hence issued decrees which none might -gainsay; here Roman arts, and literature, and luxury, struggled for -existence, when all around was ignorance and barbarity. - -Some of the stations, though connected with the Wall, have evidently, as -will afterwards be shewn, been built before it: this does not prove that -they did not form part of the great design. To secure a safe retreat for -the soldiers employed upon the work would necessarily be the first care -of the builder. - -The stations are uniformly quadrangular in their shape, though somewhat -rounded at the corners, and contain an area of from three to five acres. -A stone wall, five feet thick, encloses them, and has probably in every -instance been strengthened by a fosse, and one or more earthen ramparts. -They usually stand upon ground which slopes to the south, and are -naturally defended upon one side at least. - -[Sidenote: THE PLACE OF THE STATIONS.] - -The Wall, when it does not fall in with the northern wall of a station, -usually comes up to the northern cheek of its eastern and western -gateways. The Vallum, in like manner, usually approaches close to the -southern wall of the station, or comes up to the defence of the southern -side of the eastern and western portals. Examples of these arrangements -are given in Plate II. At least three of the stations, it must, however, -be observed, are quite detached from both lines of fortification, being -situated to the south of them. They may have been members of Agricola's -chain of forts. - -Probably all the stations have, on their erection, been provided, after -the usual method of Roman castrametation, with four gateways; in several -instances one or more of these portals have been walled up at an early -period, in consequence, probably, of some natural weakness in the -situation. - -Narrow streets, intersecting each other at right angles, occupy the -interior of the stations, and abundant ruins, outside the walls, -indicate the fact that extensive suburbs have, in every instance, been -required for the accommodation of the camp-followers. - -[Sidenote: THE FERTILITY OF THE STATIONS.] - -In selecting a spot for a station, care has been taken that an abundant -supply of water should be at hand. The springs, rivulets, wells, and -aqueducts, whence they procured the needful fluid, are still, in many -places, to be traced; and never did water more limpid, more sparkling, -more invigorating, lave the lips of man, than that which flows from -these sources. - -For the most part, the stations--cities which for centuries were the -abodes of busy men, and which resounded with the hum of multitudes, and -the clash of arms,--now present a scene of utter desolation. The -wayfarer may pass through them without knowing it; the streets are -levelled, the temples are overthrown, and the sons and daughters of -Italy, Mauritania, and Spain, whose adopted homes they were, no longer -encounter him. The sheep, depasturing the grass-grown ruins, look -listlessly upon the passer-by, and the curlew, wheeling above his head, -screams as at the presence of an intruder. Whether, or not, sites -naturally fertile were chosen for the stations does not appear; but -certain it is, that they are now for the most part coated with a sward -more green and more luxuriant than that which covers the contiguous -grounds. Centuries of occupation have given them a degree of fertility -which, probably, they will never lose.[25] One can scarcely turn up the -soil without meeting, not only with fragments of Roman pottery and other -imperishable articles, but with the bones of oxen, the tusks of boars, -the horns of deer, and other animal remains. The debris of some of these -cities is considered to be more valuable for farm purposes, than the -recent produce of the fold-yard, and is used as such. - -[Sidenote: THE NAMES OF THE STATIONS.] - -It is not a little remarkable that the names of the stations, which must -have been household words in the days of Roman occupation, have for the -most part been obliterated from the local vocabulary; they are now only -to be recalled, and that with difficulty, by exhuming the stony records -of the past, and comparing them with the notices of contemporaneous -geographers. The truth is, that military reasons dictated the choice of -the stations,--commercial facilities gave rise to modern cities. Long -may the mere military outpost be consigned to the shepherd's use, whilst -the wharf and the warehouse are beset by the busy crowd! - -According to Horsley, the stations on the line of the Wall, were -eighteen in number, besides some that were placed in its immediate -vicinity, and lent to it important aid. Hodgson, conceiving that Horsley -has in one instance mistaken a mere summer fortification for a -stationary camp, reduces the number of stations on the line itself to -seventeen. - -[Sidenote: THE STATIONS ACCORDING TO THE NOTITIA.] - -In ascertaining the number and the names of the stations, a most -valuable document has come down to our times from the period of Roman -occupation. The 'Notitia Imperii' was probably written about the end of -the reign of Theodosius the younger, and was certainly composed before -the Romans abandoned this island. It is a sort of list of the several -military and civil officers and magistrates both in the eastern and -western empires, with the places at which they were stationed. It may, -in fact, be regarded as the roll-call of the Roman army. The sixty-ninth -section of the work contains a list of the prefects and tribunes under -the command of the Honourable the Duke of Britain. The portion of the -section in which we are at present interested is headed, _Item per -lineam valli_--Also along the line of the Wall--and contains the -following list:-- - - The Tribune of the fourth cohort of the Lingones[26] at Segedunum. - The Tribune of the cohort of the Cornovii at Pons lii. - The Prefect of the first ala, or wing, of the Astures[27] at - Condercum. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Frixagi at Vindobala. - The Prefect of the Savinian ala at Hunnum. - The Prefect of the second ala of Astures at Cilurnum. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Batavians at Procolitia. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Tungri at Borcovicus. - The Tribune of the fourth cohort of the Gauls at Vindolana. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Astures at sica. - The Tribune of the second cohort of the Dalmatians at Magna. - The Tribune of the first cohort of Dacians, styled lia, at - Amboglanna. - The Prefect of the ala, called Petriana, at Petriana. - The Prefect of a detachment of Moors, styled Aureliani, at - Aballaba. - The Tribune of the second cohort of the Lergi at Congavata. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Spaniards at Axelodunum. - The Tribune of the second cohort of the Thracians at Gabrosentis. - The Tribune of the first marine cohort, styled lia, at - Tunnocelum. - The Tribune of the first cohort of the Morini at Glannibanta. - The Tribune of the third cohort of the Nervii at Alionis. - The Cuneus of men in armour at Bremetenracum. - The Prefect of the first ala, styled Herculean, at Olenacum. - The Tribune of the sixth cohort of the Nervii at Virosidum. - -[Sidenote: THE CORROBORATION OF LETTERED STONES.] - -It is not said, nor does it appear, that all these twenty-three stations -were exactly upon the line of the Wall itself. It is very plain indeed, -says Horsley, that according to the Notitia, SEGEDUNUM was the first, -for that immediately follows the title _per lineam valli_; but he has -not told us expressly at what place or station they end.[28] Those -stations which were not on the Wall were probably in its vicinity, and -were connected with it by military ways. The stations in this list are -manifestly, as this writer also observes, set down in some order, and -those that were near to each other are placed together;[29] so that if -we ascertain the identity of some of them, we may form a pretty correct -estimate of the position of the intermediate or neighbouring stations. - -[Illustration] - -When, in the ruins of a station, inscribed stones are found bearing the -name of a cohort mentioned in the Notitia, the inference is natural, -that, in most cases at least, the imperial Notitia will furnish us with -a key to the ancient designation of the station. The argument becomes -irresistible, when, in several successive instances the designations -thus obtained correspond exactly with the order of the places as given -in the Notitia. Let us take an example. At the station of Chesters, on -the North Tyne, several slabs have been found, bearing the name of the -second ala, or wing, of the Astures. One of these is here -represented.[30] It is a sepulchral stone, and bears at the end of the -third and the beginning of the fourth lines the words-- - - ALAE - II ASTVR[UM] - -[Sidenote: CILURNUM APPROPRIATED.] - -[Illustration] - -Now, as the Notitia represents this ala, or troop of cavalry, to have -been stationed at Cilurnum, the probability is, that the camp on the -west bank of the North Tyne is the CILURNUM of Roman Britain. - -Immediately following 'The second wing of the Astures at CILURNUM,' on -the Notitia list, is, 'The first cohort of the Batavians at PROCOLITIA.' -Now the station immediately west of Chesters is Carrawburgh, and here a -slab and an altar have been found, inscribed with the name of this very -cohort. The woodcut represents one of them,[31] an altar to Fortune, -which is thus inscribed-- - - FORTVNAE - COH I BATAVOR[UM] - CVI PREST - MELACCINIVS - MARCELLUS PR[FECTUS] - - To Fortune - The first cohort of the Batavians - Commanded by - Melaccinius - Marcellus, Prefect. - -[Illustration] - -The conclusion is natural,--Carrawburgh is the PROCOLITIA of the -Notitia. - -[Sidenote: BORCOVICUS ASCERTAINED.] - -Moving westward, the next station we come to is Housesteads; here -numerous inscribed stones have been discovered, which mention the first -cohort of the Tungri. One of these, an altar to Jupiter, which is now in -the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and -is preserved in their museum, is accurately given in the accompanying -engraving. - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - ET NVMINIBUS - AVG[USTI] COH[ORS] I TV- - NGRORVM - MIL[LIARIA] CVI PRE- - ST Q[UINTUS] VERIVS - SVPERSTIS - PREFECTVS - - To Jupiter, the greatest and best, - And the Deities - Of Augustus; the first cohort of the - Tungri, - A milliary one,[32] commanded by - Quintus Verius - Superstis, - Prefect. - -The correspondence between the Notitia and the sculptures derived from -this station, is again too striking to admit a doubt, that the -Housesteads of the modern shepherd is the BORCOVICUS of the Roman hosts. - -[Sidenote: THE FATE OF LETTERED STONES.] - -In this way, the ancient designations of the stations from SEGEDUNUM, -Wall's-end, to AMBOGLANNA, Birdoswald, have been accurately ascertained; -but no stony memorial of the past has arisen to confirm the Notitia -account of the stations westward of this point. The peculiarly fertile -nature of the soil between the river Irthing and the Solway has been -inimical to the preservation of the Wall and its antiquities. The wants -of a numerous population rendered stones of every kind valuable; and in -an ignorant age, when anything in the shape of a letter was regarded as -a thing of evil omen, those most precious to the historian were the -first to be sacrificed.[33] [Sidenote: THE STATIONS WEST OF -AMBOGLANNA.]Since the accuracy of the Notitia has been confirmed in so -many instances, it is but fair to conclude, that it may be safely taken -as a guide in fixing the Roman designations of the remaining stations -along the line. Cambeck Fort is the station next to Birdoswald; the -Notitia places PETRIANA next in order to AMBOGLANNA, which has been -ascertained to be Birdoswald--doubtless, according to this reasoning, -Cambeck Fort is the ancient PETRIANA. In this way, could it be certainly -ascertained which were the stations _per lineam valli_, each station -might have its Roman name restored, though not a syllable of the ancient -designation be retained in the modern cognomen. We should have but to -read over the roll-call, and let each camp in succession answer to its -name. Unhappily, there is some doubt as to which are the stations along -the line of the Wall. Horsley conceives that Watch Cross is the station -next in order to Cambeck Fort, and, accordingly, calls it ABALLABA; -Stanwix, Burgh, Drumburgh, and Bowness, he successively denominates, -after the Notitia, CONGAVATA, AXELODUNUM, GABROSENTIS, and TUNNOCELUM. -Subsequent inquirers, and, in particular, the Rev. John Hodgson, have -seen reason to suspect that Watch Cross was not a station _per lineam -valli_. It probably was destitute of stone walls, and was surrounded -only by a rampart of earth.[34] It seems to have been a mere _castra -stiva_--a summer encampment, and consequently, was not entitled to rank -with those strongholds that were intended to withstand all foes at all -seasons. Should Watch Cross be laid aside, the whole of Horsley's -subsequent allocation of the Notitia names is thrown out of course. It -is much to be desired that some 'Witch Stone' would start from its -hiding-place in the foundation of some cottage or castle in the -neighbourhood of any one of the stations west of Cambeck Fort, and -resolve the interesting question. Until such an event does occur, some -doubt must hang upon the subject. The reader will now understand how it -is, that, according to some authorities, the stations immediately -dependent upon the Wall are said to be eighteen in number, and according -to others only seventeen. For the reason just referred to, the Notitia -names of the stations are not given on the Map of the Wall westward of -PETRIANA. - -The remainder of the stations of the Notitia were probably out-posts, -intended to give support to the whole structure. The difficulty of -rightly appropriating the Notitia appellations to such of these as have -not yielded inscribed stones, is even greater than in the case of those -which follow more closely the line of the Wall. - -[Sidenote: THE EXTINCTION OF ROMAN NAMES.] - -Before leaving this subject, the reader will do well to compare the -ancient with the modern names of the stations, as far as they are -ascertained; in doing so, he will be struck with the almost total -absence of any similarity between them. So complete, it would appear, -has been the subversion by Pict, and Saxon, and Dane, of the Roman -domination in the north of England, that the very names of the cities -which were occupied by the empire for centuries have perished, - - And, like this unsubstantial pageant faded, - Leave not a rack behind. - -[Sidenote: THE CASTELLA OR MILE-CASTLES.] - -In addition to the Stations, CASTELLA or MILE-CASTLES were provided for -the use of the troops which garrisoned the Wall. They derive their -modern name from the circumstance of their being usually placed at the -distance of a Roman mile from each other. They were quadrangular -buildings, differing somewhat in size, but usually measuring from sixty -to seventy feet in each direction. With two exceptions, they have been -placed against the southern face of the Wall; the castle at Portgate, -every trace of which is now obliterated, and another near SICA, the -foundations of which may, with some difficulty, still be traced, seem to -have projected equally to the north and south of the Wall. Though -generally placed about seven furlongs from each other, the nature of the -ground, independently of distance, has frequently determined the spot of -their location. Whenever the Wall has had occasion to traverse a river -or a mountain pass, a mile-castle has uniformly been placed on the one -side or other to guard the defile. The mile-towers have generally had -but one gate of entrance, which was of very substantial masonry, and was -uniformly placed in the centre of the south wall; the most perfect -specimen now remaining, however, has a northern, as well as a southern -gateway. It is not easy to conjecture what were the internal -arrangements of these buildings; probably they afforded little -accommodation beyond what their four strong walls and well-barred gates -gave. Hodgson states that when the foundations of the castle northeast -of Housesteads were removed in 1832, the remains of an inner wall were -seen, all round, parallel to the outer walls. He hence infers that the -space between the walls has been roofed, and the centre uncovered. -Deferring the further discussion of this subject until, in the course of -our local description, we arrive at the most perfect specimen -remaining--the mile-castle near Cawfields--the reader is meanwhile -referred to the lithograph which depicts this interesting remain. - -[Sidenote: THE TURRETS OR WATCH TOWERS.] - -Between the mile-castles, four subsidiary buildings, generally -denominated TURRETS or WATCH TOWERS, were placed. They were little more -than stone sentry-boxes. It is with much difficulty that they can now be -traced. Horsley, in his day, complained that 'scarce three of them could -be made out in succession.' Would that the modern antiquary could make -the same lamentation! Scarcely one along the whole line can with -certainty be determined. They contained an interior space of eight or -ten feet square. Horsley states the distance between them to have been -three hundred and eight yards--the whole number would consequently be -three hundred and twenty. Though small buildings, they were, like all -the works of the Romans, built for perpetuity. Hodgson found the walls -of one near Birdoswald to be nearly three feet thick. Such were the -buildings provided for the lodgement and security of the cohorts, whose -hard lot it was to guard this frontier barrier. A plan of Cilurnum, and -the works in its vicinity, taken from Warburton's Vallum Romanum, in -Plate II., exhibits these arrangements, and shews, as he remarks, how -the Wall and the Vallum, the stations, turrets, and castles, yielded -mutual assistance to each other. - -[Sidenote: THE MILITARY WAY.] - -But all these arrangements were not enough; without ROADS, one important -element in the strength of the Great Barrier would have been wanting. -Nothing economizes military force more effectually than the possession -of means for quickly concentrating all available resources upon any -point that the enemy may select for attack. The advance of Roman armies, -and the formation of roads, were uniformly contemporaneous. The Barrier -had its MILITARY WAY. It is impossible to over-estimate the importance -of this part of the works. Without it, all the rest would have been -useless. It would not, perhaps, be incorrect to say that both Vallum and -Wall were subsidiary to it, and that the chief use of these structures -was to guard the road, and to protect and conceal from view, both on the -north and south, the troops that marched along it. The modern history of -the district traversed by the Wall furnishes a singular corroboration of -this opinion. In the rebellion of 1715, the operations of the royalist -forces were greatly impeded by the absence of a good road between -Newcastle and Carlisle. In the rebellion of 1745, a similar -inconvenience was experienced. Marshal Wade was at Newcastle when the -Pretender appeared before the city of Carlisle. The commandant of the -city immediately sent an express to inform him of his position. The -general's answer contained these words:-- - - Newcastle, November 10th, 1745, 7 o'clock. - - GENTLEMEN, - - I have just now the favour of your letter by express, with an account - of the Rebels' approach near your city. The spirit and resolution with - which you exert yourselves is very commendable, and I hope will - contribute to disappoint the Rebels of any design they may have formed - against you. ..... _I cannot follow them, the way they may probably - take being impassable for Artillery_ ..... but I hope to meet them in - Lancashire, and make them repent of their rashness. ... I wish you all - imaginable success, - - And am, Gentlemen, your - Most obedient humble servant, - GEORGE WADE.[35] - -[Sidenote: THE IMPORTANCE OF MILITARY ROADS.] - -Thus, for want of a military road across the Isthmus, the importance of -which had been perceived by the Romans sixteen centuries previously, the -safety of the kingdom was perilled, and a hostile force permitted to -pour itself into the heart of England. After such terrible warnings, -government at last interfered, and an act of Parliament was passed which -set forth in the preamble:-- - - Whereas the making and keeping a free and open communication between - the city of Carlisle and the town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by a road - for the passage of troops, horses, and carriages, at all times of the - year, would be of great use and service to the public, and it hath - been found by experience, that the want of such road, passage, and - communication, hath been attended with great inconvenience and danger - to this kingdom. ....: Be it enacted, &c. - -The road now known in the district by the name of the Military Road was -accordingly made at the public expense. It is not a little remarkable -that it takes precisely the track which the engineers of Rome had so -many centuries before selected. In the map of the Wall which accompanies -this work, the modern military road is delineated. - -The importance of a good road, protected by military posts at short -intervals, in securing the tranquillity of a turbulent district, is -strikingly shewn in another instance. That part of the great highway -between Madrid and Cadiz which crosses the wild hills of the Sierra -barrier, was formerly left to the robber and the wolf, without roads or -villages. A road, admirably planned, was at length executed by Charles -Le Maur, an able engineer in the service of Charles III. The task of -guarding it was the difficulty next to be overcome. For this purpose, -Spain, who had colonized the new world, and expelled her rich Jews and -industrious Moors, was compelled to resort to foreign assistance. In -1768, a colony of Germans and Swiss settled upon the line on condition -of maintaining a constant guard.[36] This is done to the present day. -Several consecutive towns, such as Carolina, in Andalusia, are occupied -by people speaking nothing but the German language, and regular patrols -are constantly on the move from one town to another. These Germans have -their land in better order and cultivation than the Spaniards. This -Spanish highway, with its stations at regular intervals, with its -foreign guards, who from generation to generation maintain the tongue -and the habits of their fatherland, presents too many points of -resemblance to the manner in which the northern frontier of Roman power -in Britain was defended, to be passed over without obtaining at least -this brief notice. - -[Sidenote: MILITARY ROADS.] - -Gordon, in his Itinerarium Septentrionale, says, that two military ways -belonged to the Barrier; a small Military Way a little to the south of -the Wall, and, beyond it, the Great Military Way. In addition to these, -Horsley enumerates a third, which he calls the Old Military Way. Horsley -conceives that the north rampart of the Vallum constitutes the road -which was used by Agricola and Hadrian in transporting their troops from -station to station, and that when Severus built the Wall, he formed a -new road--the great military way--which pursued an independent course, -sometimes coinciding with the old road, but more frequently keeping -nearer to the Wall. That there may have been a path-way immediately -under the Wall which went from turret to turret, on which the Roman -sentries marched with slow and measured pace, when they did not choose -to expose themselves upon the parapets of the Wall, is not improbable; -though we now look in vain for any traces of it. But that the north -agger of the Vallum was thrown up either by Agricola or Hadrian to serve -the purposes of a road, is a proposition too startling to be received -even on the authority of the learned Horsley. In some places, indeed, it -is sufficiently flattened to admit of the passage of traffic along it, -but in the greater part of the course where the works of the Vallum are -not under cultivation, the rampart is too conical, too narrow, and too -ragged, to admit of such a use. Excepting in those situations, where -stones are mingled with the whole mass of the agger, it exhibits no -signs of having been paved.[37] The manner in which all the ramparts of -the Vallum on Tepper Moor are encumbered with blocks of basalt, clearly -shews, that here at least there has been no road. Besides, few who trace -the lines of the Vallum from sea to sea, and observe their complete -parallelism, will be able to resist the conclusion, that the whole of -the works were contemporaneous; whereas, Horsley's theory ascribes part -to Agricola, and part to Hadrian: moreover, it may be added, that so -much do the northern and the southernmost aggers resemble each other, -that unbiassed observers will scarcely entertain a doubt, that they have -been thrown up to serve a precisely similar purpose. - -[Sidenote: THE MILITARY WAY.] - -Happily, there is no room for doubt respecting the other road, which -Horsley calls Severus' Greater Military Way, as in the untilled -districts of the country it may be traced for several consecutive miles; -and if we receive the theory, that the Murus and Vallum are one work, -there is no need to seek for any other. - -[Sidenote: CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROAD.] - -THE MILITARY WAY is usually about seventeen feet wide, and is composed -of rubble so arranged as to present a rounded surface, elevated in its -centre a foot or eighteen inches above the adjoining ground. When -carried along the slope of a hill, the hanging side is made up by large -kerb-stones. In most places where it still remains, it is completely -grass-grown, but may, notwithstanding, be easily distinguished from the -neighbouring ground by the colour of its herbage, the dryness of its -substratum allowing the growth of a finer description of plant. For the -same reason, a sheep-track generally runs along it. For the -accommodation of the soldiery, the road went from castle to castle, and -so, from station to station. In doing this, it did not always keep close -to the Wall, but took the easiest path between the required points. In -traversing the precipitous grounds between Sewingshields and Thirlwall, -the ingenuity of the engineer has been severely tried; but most -successfully has he performed his task. Whilst, as previously observed, -the Wall shoots over the highest and steepest summits, the road pursues -its tortuous course from one platform of the rock to another, so as to -bring the traveller from mile-castle to mile-castle by the easiest -possible gradients. Often has it been my lot to notice how naturally, -towards the close of a fatiguing day's march, the less zealous of our -exploring party, more anxious to select an easy track than to keep close -companionship with the Wall, have, most unconsciously, pursued the route -of the Roman way. But, notwithstanding all the art of the engineer, the -steepness of the road in some places is such, that most of our modern -carmen, with all their boasted skill, would be greatly puzzled if -required to traverse it with a waggon laden with military stores.[38] - -[Sidenote: ADDITIONAL ROAD.] - -Although the road now described has probably been the only carriage-way -between the two great lines of fortification, another, situated to the -south of them, has afforded direct communication between some of the -inland stations. From CILURNUM to MAGNA, the Wall forms a curved line, -in order to gain the highest hills of the district. For the -accommodation of those whose business did not require them to call at -any intermediate point, a road went, like the string of a bow, direct -from the one station to the other. This road, which is shewn in Plate -II., went near the modern village of Newburgh, where Roman remains are -occasionally found, and passed by the north gate of VINDOLANA, -Chesterholm, near to which a Roman mile-stone still stands. Some -portions of the ancient pavement still remain near Morwood. It is -probable that this Roman Military Way was further continued, south of -the Wall, direct to Stanwix. - -[Sidenote: SPEAKING TUBES IN THE WALL.] - -If tradition is to be credited, the Romans were not satisfied with roads -as a means of rapidly communicating information; speaking-trumpets or -pipes, we are told, ran along the whole length of the Wall. Of this, -Drayton, long ago, sang in his Polyolbion-- - - Townes stood upon my length, where garrisons were laid Their limits to - defend; and for my greater aid, With turrets I was built, where - sentinels were plac'd To watch upon the Pict; so me my makers grac'd - With hollow pipes of brasse, along me still they went, By which they - in one fort still to another sent, By speaking in the same, to tell - them what to doe, And soe from sea to sea could I be whispered - through. - -Sir Christopher Ridley, in his letter tells us, that-- - - In this Wall was theyr a trunck of brass, or whatever kynd of mettal, - which went from one place to another along the Wall, and came into the - Captaynes chamber, whereat they had watchers for the same, and yf - theyr had bene stryfe or business betwyxt the enemies, and that the - watchmen did blow a horn in at the end of the truncke that came into - the chamber, and so from one to one; there was certayn money payed - yearly to the mantenance of this trunck by the inhabitants theyrabout, - and doith yet pay to some gentilmen in Northymberland, the which money - is called horn-geld money.[39] - -[Sidenote: THE THEORY PROBABLY INCORRECT.] - -Camden also refers to this curious tradition. Once, but only once, have -I met with this story in my own rambles. Such myths will not long -outlive the introduction of the electric telegraph. 'There are no old -people upon the Wall now,' as a man of three-score lately said to me, -when I was endeavouring to persuade him to gather up from his still more -ancient neighbour the fire-side lore of by-gone times. - -It is curious to observe that a similar statement is made respecting the -BARRIER of the UPPER ISTHMUS. A correspondent writes-- - - One old man told me, that when he was young, on digging through one of - the wall stations--at Upper Croy--they came upon stone pipes, laid - horizontally in the soil, and joined at the ends like those for water. - From the elevation of the place, it is quite obvious that they could - not be water conduits. This old person said that the idea he had heard - 'learned people' give of these pipes, was, that they were for speaking - through. That the pipes were found, and made of stone, not clay, is - certain. - -Pipes of lead are occasionally met with in the ruins of the stations, -and pipes of burnt clay are of very frequent occurrence. To this -circumstance the tradition probably owes its rise. They are not, -however, found in the Wall, and when placed in the stations, seem to -have served a different purpose. One use to which the tile-tubes have -been put has been the transmission of warm air throughout an apartment. -The walls of one of the chambers of the 'baths' at HUNNUM were lined -with them. Others may have been used, especially in high situations, for -collecting rain-water from the roofs of the dwellings, and conveying it -to cisterns. Besides, the inutility of the contrivance militates against -the probability of its adoption: the sentinels at their posts could -easily transmit hasty intelligence from end to end, by the voice or by -horns, without pipes imbedded in the Wall, which, even if constructed, -would probably be useless for such a purpose. - -This traditionary fiction is probably of more than medival antiquity. -Xiphiline, in his life of Severus, tells some such marvellous tale about -the towers of Byzantium. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: THE MASONRY OF THE WALL.] - -A description of the MASONRY of the erections which have passed in -review before us will conclude this general examination of the Barrier. - -The following extract of a letter with which I have been favoured by -Robert Rawlinson, esq., Inspector of the Board of Health, will form an -excellent introduction to the subject. - - I have several times thought over the subject of the Roman Wall since - I had the pleasure of seeing you. The Romans constructed works with - many different kinds of masonry; no doubt all chosen to suit the - material used, the place, and the skill of the builders. In Rome, and - Italy generally, works of great magnificence were constructed, when - the art displayed was equal to the grandeur of the design. Such a work - was the famed Arch of Trajan, the Arch of Septimius Severus, the Arch - of Constantine, the Baths of Diocletian, and others. In these works, - construction of the highest order was used, and the sculptor emulated - the architect. The lettered altars and sculptured figures found on the - line of 'the Wall' must not be compared with the best workmanship of - Rome. - -[Sidenote: NATIVE LABOURERS EMPLOYED.] - - I am quite satisfied, in my own mind, that the general character of - the work on the Wall was adapted to suit the time, the country, and - more especially, the labourers employed on the work. The Wall, being a - work of defence, had to be constructed in haste; the country was wild, - rude, and without roads, excepting such as the Romans caused to be - made. This 'caused to be made' is I think, the key to the character of - the masonry chosen.... The form of construction is the easiest and - strongest which rude, uneducated men could accomplish; and, with good - mortar, such as the Romans knew so well how to make, is the kind of - work calculated to endure for centuries, as we find it has done.... - The works of the Wall I consider to have been chiefly constructed by - the natives, under the armed superintendence and teaching of the - soldier. The Roman knew no right but that of the conqueror; his object - was conquest for use; use of the land, and the labour that was upon - it. The Roman soldier was a fighting animal, and was so far civilized - as to know how to make the comparative savage do his work upon his - plan, and this was shaped to suit the labour used. Consider the length - of the Wall, and the extent of the works upon it, and it will be seen - that for the army to have constructed it, would have been to have kept - them constantly working instead of watching and fighting. - - Some years ago I had a large quantity of heavy masonry to construct on - one of the railways. It was not unlike the Roman Wall in character. I - found a difficulty in dealing with the regularly educated mason, and - bought several scores of trowels and hammers; these I placed in the - hands of uneducated labourers, set them to work under the - superintendence of educated foremen, looking after the whole myself. - This is a case similar to the one I have imagined for the great Wall; - only the work my labourers performed had more difficulties about it - than the Wall, and yet, these uneducated men performed the work - perfectly.[40] - - Think of the Roman bringing in at the sword's point, hundreds of - captive natives, placing for the first time tools in their hands, - indicating the work to be done, and compelling the trembling slaves to - do it![41] - -The stones employed in building the Wall and stations were very -carefully selected. When good stones were to be had near at hand, they -were taken; but those of inferior quality were never used to avoid the -labour of bringing better from a distance. In some parts of the line, in -Cumberland especially, the stone must have been brought from quarries -seven or eight miles off. A quartzose grit was generally selected not -only on account of its hardness, but because its rough surface gave it a -firmer adhesion to the mortar. The stone which has been used in the -works at Wallsend is of a much coarser grit than any that is found in -the neighbourhood. - -[Sidenote: THE QUARRIES USED.] - -The quarries from which the stone has been procured can in many -instances be precisely ascertained. At Fallowfield, not far from -CILURNUM, is an ancient quarry on the face of which the words, - - [P]ETRA FLAVI CARANTINI, - -the rock of Flavius Carantinus--are still to be traced. The vignette at -the close of this part represents its present condition. On opening out, -in the year 1837, some old quarries on the high, brown hill of Borcum, -near Thorngrafton, a small copper vessel was found, containing a large -number of coins, all of the upper empire. Another Roman quarry existed -on Haltwhistle Fell. In a paper recently read before the Society of -Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Mr. John Clayton says-- - - In riding over Haltwhistle Fell, before its enclosure, in the summer - of 1844, I came upon some workmen employed in re-opening an old - quarry. They told me they had met with a 'written stone'; I - dismounted, and climbed the face of the rock, when I found inscribed - in letters clear and fresh - - LEG. VI. V. - - From its position on a wide waste, far removed from any abode, but in - the immediate vicinity of the Roman Wall, this quarry could not - possibly have been used for any other purpose than to supply stones - for the building of the Wall; and from the freshness of the letters of - the inscription, it must have been filled up with earth soon after the - soldiers ceased to use it. The workmen promised to spare the 'written - rock,' but the next time I rode that way it had been shivered to - atoms. - -[Illustration: - - Drawn & Lithographed by John Storey - WRITTEN ROCK ON THE RIVER GELT. -] - -[Sidenote: INSCRIPTIONS ON THE QUARRIES.] - -In Cumberland, there are several Roman inscriptions on the face of the -ancient quarries. About a mile west of Birdoswald, and little more than -a quarter of a mile south of the road, is Coome Crag, which, besides -other markings, presents the following inscription-- - - SE RVS - AI - VSTUS - -This perhaps may be read--SEVERUS ALEXANDER AUGUSTUS. The most -remarkable of this class of Antiquities, however, is the 'Written Rock -of the Gelt,' near Brampton. The lithograph on the opposite page is a -very accurate representation of this curious relic of antiquity. As the -scar is nearly perpendicular, and the river Gelt washes its base, it is -not without some difficulty that the inquiring visitor can give it a -satisfactory examination; it will, however, well reward his exertions, -and the beauty of the surrounding scenery will give additional zest to -the ramble. [Sidenote: INSCRIPTIONS ON THE QUARRIES.]The inscribed part -of the rock is fully fifty feet above the water. The letters seem to -have been made by connecting with a chisel or pick a [Illustration: -Letters on the Written-Rock] number of holes drilled in the rock in the -required order; at all events, the terminations of the strokes have been -thus formed. Some doubt exists as to the precise reading of the -inscription, but the general purport of it is this:--The vexillarii of -the second legion under an optio called Agricola, were, in the -consulship of Flavius Aper and Albinus Maximus (A.D. 207), employed to -hew stone here for the Romans.[42] It is piteous, when surveying so -interesting a relic of antiquity, and one which has outlived the -accidents of upwards of sixteen centuries, to observe that it has been -approached by men who cannot sympathize with the mighty dead, and who -care not what violence they do to the feelings of those who can. To the -defacement, as I believe, of some portion of the inscription, the names -of F. GRAHAM, W. HARDCASTLE, T. THOMPSON, W. NELSON, have been carved -upon the rock. Notoriety is easily earned, but it is not always of an -enviable character. - -[Illustration: Form of Wall-Stone] - -[Sidenote: CHARACTER OF THE FACING-STONES.] - -The exterior masonry of the Wall consists, on both sides, of carefully -squared free-stone blocks[43]; the interior, of rubble of any -description firmly imbedded in mortar. The character of the -facing-stones is peculiar, yet pretty uniform. They are eight or nine -inches thick, and ten or eleven broad; their length, which is perhaps -their characteristic feature, not unfrequently amounts to twenty inches. -The part of the stone exposed to the weather is cut across 'the bait,' -so as to avoid its scaling off by the lines of stratification; the stone -tapers towards the end which is set into the Wall, and has a form nearly -resembling that of a wedge. The cut shews its usual form. Owing to the -extent to which the stones are set into the Wall, the necessity of -bonding tiles--so characteristic of Roman masonry in the south of -England--is altogether superseded. There does not appear to have been a -single tile used in any part of the Wall. Stones of the shape and size -which have now been described were just those which could be most easily -wrought in the quarry, most conveniently carried on the backs of the -poor enslaved Britons to the Wall, and most easily fitted into their -bed. The uniformity in their appearance is such as to enable us, after a -little practice, at once to recognize them in the churches, castles, -farm-buildings, and fences of the district through which the Wall runs. - -[Illustration: Junction of the west wall of Birdoswald with the Wall] - -[Sidenote: MASONRY OF THE STATIONS.] - -In Cumberland, the stones are rather larger than in the eastern portion -of the line, a thickness of twelve inches not being uncommon, with a -corresponding breadth. The blocks in the north face of the Wall, also, -are not unfrequently larger than those in the south. The stones of which -the walls of the stations are composed are smaller than those of the -main Wall. Their average thickness is from five to seven inches, and -their breadth from six to eight. The woodcut which is here introduced, -depicts the junction of the west wall of the station of AMBOGLANNA with -the Wall, and well displays the different character of the stones used -in two erections. As already observed, the stations appear to have been -built before the Wall, and as the necessity of the case required that -they should be run up as quickly as possible, a smaller class of stone -was allowed to pass muster here than was used in the Wall. The -workmanship also is of inferior quality. - -[Sidenote: THE TOOLING OF THE STONES.] - -[Illustration: diamond broaching] - -The front of the stones, both of the Wall and stations, is roughly -'scabbled' with the pick. In some parts of the line, this tooling takes -a definite form; when this is the case, the marking called the diamond -broaching is most common. Sometimes the [Illustration: waved lines] -stone is scored with waved lines, or with small squares, or with nearly -upright lines. The woodcuts illustrative of the masonry at Chester Holm, -and of the Crypt at Hexham, to be introduced along with [Illustration: -upright lines] the account of these places, will exemplify some of these -kinds of broaching. It was not until I had become tolerably familiar -with the Wall, that my attention was called to this peculiar kind of -tooling. A visit to HABITANCUM and BREMENIUM, where the stones are -nearly all broached in the diamond fashion, induced me to inspect the -Wall more narrowly in this respect. I have since frequently detected it, -especially in Cumberland. It is rare in the Northumbrian portion. Is -this broaching peculiar to a particular legion, or to a certain period? -The station of HABITANCUM is understood to have been rebuilt by -Caracalla--can the other stations, and those parts of the Wall where -this kind of marking appears, have also undergone repair at the same -time, or is it the work of some particular legion? The same kind of -broaching may be noticed in some of the stones at Chester, the DEVA -ICENORUM of the Romans, which was for a long time the head quarters of -the 20th legion. Though unable to resolve the doubt, I think that the -prosecution of the inquiry may lead to some worthy result. - -[Sidenote: MASONS' MARKS.] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Cuttings resembling masons' marks occasionally occur. Sometimes they -consist of a single or double stroke; sometimes of a diagonal cross, -sometimes of a rectangular. The other marks which are here represented -are less frequently met with.[44] - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: ROMAN MORTAR.] - -The tenacity of the mortar which was used, forms an important element in -the strength of the whole fabric. That which is in use now is generally -spoiled, from a variety of circumstances. The prevailing practice is, -first of all, to slack the lime by pouring a quantity of water upon it -when lying in a heap; in most cases this does not sufficiently pulverize -it: it is then mixed with any earth bearing the least resemblance to -sand, and the two are worked together very imperfectly with a shovel. -The mortar thus made often stands and hardens, so as to require to to be -once and again mixed with water, and worked up before it is used. It -thus becomes quite impoverished; and, after all, for the convenience of -the mason, it is employed in so dry a state that the stone soon takes -all the moisture from it, and it becomes little better than powder. The -gigantic railway operations of recent times have driven men out of the -beaten track, and compelled them afresh to discover the Roman method of -preparing mortar. On the authority of engineers well acquainted with the -Roman Wall, I am enabled to state, that the mortar of that structure is -precisely similar to the grout and concrete[45] of the railway mason of -the present day. Specimens of the ancient and modern grout are before -me, and there cannot be a doubt as to the identity of their preparation. - -The following is the mode in which the railway engineer prepares his -mortar. The lime, in the state in which it comes from the kiln, is first -ground to powder, and is then mixed with sand and gravel, and chippings -of stone. The purposes for which the mortar is required indicate the -coarseness and quantity of the intermingling gravel. When wanted as -concrete, to form, independently of other materials, the foundation of -some heavy structure, stony fragments of larger size are mingled with -the lime than when the mortar is to be used to cement chiselled stones, -or even than when wanted to constitute with rubble the interior of a -wall. The mixture of pounded lime and gravel, when made, is not mingled -with water, until the moment of its application to the work for which it -is required, but it is then intimately united with an abundant quantity -of it. When used as concrete, the mass will, in three hours, have -solidity sufficient to bear the weight of a man, and in about three days -it will have acquired a rock-like firmness. - -Such, doubtless, is the way[46] in which the mortar of the Roman Wall -was prepared, and it would have this very important advantage over that -generally used at present, that, in a very short time, the work would -acquire a massiveness and strength, sufficient to resist the attacks of -an enemy. The mortar of the Saxon and Norman periods is of the same -character. - -Occasionally, but by no means frequently, small pieces of charcoal are -mixed with the mortar. These have evidently been derived from the wood -used in burning the lime. Excepting in the buildings of the stations, -pounded tile, so characteristic of the Roman mortar in the south of -England, is by no means a common constituent of the mortar of the Wall. -Limestone is abundant in most parts of the district through which the -Wall passes. The Romans probably burnt it in 'sow kilns.' The limestone -and fuel being arranged in alternate layers, the whole was carefully -covered with turf and ignited. This simple method is still much resorted -to when the lime is wanted for farm purposes. - - _PLATE III_ - -[Illustration: Sections and Elevations of the Masonry of the Wall] - -[Sidenote: THE MODE OF BUILDING.] - -Supposing the stones to be now quarried and squared, the lime burnt and -mixed with sand and gravel, the next point to be attended to is the -method of using them. The foundation has been prepared by the removal of -the natural soil to the width of about nine feet. In the hill district, -a very scanty portion of earth covers the rocks; in the richer regions -an excavation of from fifteen to eighteen inches has been made before -the subsoil was reached. On the outer and inner margins of the ground -thus bared, two rows of flags of from two to four inches in thickness, -and from eighteen to twenty in breadth, were generally laid; no mortar -was placed under them.[47] On these lay the first course of -facing-stones, which were usually the largest stones used in the -structure. In higher courses the facing-stones are uniformly of -free-stone, on the ground course a 'whin-stone' is occasionally -introduced. The flagstones of the foundation usually project from one to -five inches beyond the first course of facing-stones, and these again -usually stand out an inch or two beyond the second course, after which, -the wall is taken straight up. In some parts of the line the flagstones -do not appear in the foundation--the first course of facing-stones being -laid directly upon the ground. In the neighbourhood of Sewingshields, -where large tracts of the Wall have been recently removed, a careful -observer informs me, that the entire foundation has for some distance -been laid upon a bed of clay of three or four inches thick. - -[Sidenote: THE RUBBLE OF THE WALL.] - -One or two courses of facing-stones having been placed in their beds and -carefully pointed, a mass of mortar in a very fluid state was poured -into the interior of the wall, and stones of any kind or shape that were -of a convenient size were 'puddled' in amongst it. Whin-stones, as being -most abundant in the district, are generally used for the filling. -Course after course was added, and one mass of concrete imposed upon -another, until the Wall reached the required height. When the whole was -finished it formed a solid, compact mass, without any holes or crevices -in the interior, and in a short time became as firm as the unhewn rock. - -In some parts of the line the mortar has been 'hand-laid.' The rubble of -the interior having been first disposed in its place, the mortar has -been laid upon it with a trowel. In this case the mortar never -penetrates the interstices of the mass, and does not make such solid -masonry as the method generally pursued. When, however, this plan is -adopted, the rubble stones are often laid upon their edges in a slanting -position; and when those of the next layer, as occasionally occurs, are -made to lean in the opposite direction, we have the kind of -[Illustration: herring-bone work] masonry represented in the adjoining -diagram, which is appropriately called herring-bone work. The nearest -approach to this that I have seen upon the line of the Wall is at -Steel-rig, and Hare-hill. In Hodgson's Northumberland[48] a section of -the Wall on Walltown crag is given, exhibiting herring-bone masonry. In -this instance the stones are disposed transversely to the Wall, at -Steel-rig and Hare-hill they are disposed longitudinally; the latter -method is the easier of the two.[49] - -On wavy ground the courses of the Wall follow the undulations of the -surface, but on steep inclines the stones are laid parallel to the -horizon. The Wall, in this case, must have been built up from the bottom -of the defile, where also, in order the better to resist the -superincumbent mass, it not unfrequently has a greater breadth than -usual. As shewing that different sections of the Wall have been erected -under distinct superintendents, it may occasionally be observed that, -whilst on one slope of a 'gap' the stones are laid parallel to the -horizon, on the other, differing little perhaps in inclination, they are -laid even with the ground. - -[Sidenote: DURABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE.] - -We must now take leave of this important part of our subject, the -masonry of the Wall. Judging from those portions of it which remain, it -may safely be asserted, that no structure can be conceived to possess -greater strength and durability. The first time I happened to visit -Bowness (in the year 1831), some portions of the Wall, seven feet high, -were in the course of being removed; it was found necessary to resort to -the force of gunpowder in order to effect its destruction. In the -substantial nature of their works, the Romans have left the impress of -their own mighty minds. They built not for the day. They did not -conceive that their existence was bound up in the fate of a single -generation, but that it was spread over the destinies of succeeding -ages. Their works contrast strongly with the efforts of some modern -builders. The editor of the pictorial volume, styled 'Old England,' -seems, in the following passage, to speak from personal observation. - - Passing by the fragments of which we have spoken, we are under the - north wall [of Richborough]--a wondrous work calculated to impress us - with a conviction that the people who built it were not the petty - labourers of an hour, who were contented with temporary defences and - frail resting places. The outer works upon the southern cliff of - Dover, which were run up during the war with Napoleon, at prodigious - expense, are crumbling and perishing, through the weakness of job and - contract, which could not endure for half a century. And here stand - the walls of Richborough, as they have stood for eighteen hundred - years, from twenty to thirty feet high, eleven or twelve feet thick at - the base, with their outer masonry in many parts as perfect as at the - hour when their courses of tiles and stones were first laid in - beautiful regularity. - -[Sidenote: ITS EVENTUAL DECAY.] - -If the meddling hand of man had been withheld from the Barrier of the -Lower Isthmus, the Wall might have stood, even to the present hour, in -almost its original integrity. It is necessary to say 'almost,' for -nothing can be more correct than the observation of Hodgson-- - - Though man has had the chief labour in effecting its destruction, its - whole line and all its stations, castles, and towers, ever since it - was deserted by the Romans, have been incessantly suffering - prostration by the hand of nature. The feeble roots of grasses, ferns, - and shrubs, have been assisted by the more destructive wedges and - levers of forest trees in levelling it with the ground; and, in many - places in the west of this county, for considerable distances - together, the ruins that time has thrown from its brow, lie in a deep - green mound at its feet; and thorns, briars, hazel, and mountain ash - (entwined with relentless ivy), are still, in the parts that remain - above ground, at the labour of demolition in which, for the last - fourteen centuries, they have been unceasingly engaged. - -In this day, when the Arabic numerals assert an influence quite as -potent as that which the lictors' rods obtained in ancient Rome, the -inquiries may not be destitute of interest--What amount of labour was -involved in the construction of the Barrier, in what time could it be -accomplished, and what, at the present value of labour and materials, -would be the cost of its construction? - -[Sidenote: MONEY VALUE OF THE BARRIER.] - - The Wall is sixty-eight miles long; granting that it was only sixteen - feet high, but had a continuous thickness of eight feet, we have - 1,702,115 cubic yards of masonry, to say nothing of stations, - mile-castles, and turrets. - - Twelve shillings per cubic yard is as near as may be the present value - of masonry, such as that of which the Roman Wall consists--the cost of - this part of the structure would therefore be 1,021,269_l._ - - Taking into account that the labour was forced, each cubic yard of the - Wall would, at the least, require, in quarrying the stone, its - carriage to the Wall, its setting, and other operations, one entire - day's exertions of one man. In this way we have 1,702,115 days' labour - in the stone Wall. - - Taking the north fosse at the dimensions already given, its excavation - would involve the removal of 5,585,072 cubic yards. A modern - excavator, stimulated by pay proportioned to his work, enjoying food, - and raiment, and shelter, such as the ancient Briton was a stranger - to, and possessing the advantage of good tools, and good organization, - can remove the enormous quantity of twenty cubic yards of earth per - day. The labourer, driven to his ungrateful task by a Roman - task-master, and compelled to support himself as best he might, and to - labour with tools of the rudest construction, would not accomplish the - half of this task; the removal of eight yards _per diem_ would - probably be an average day's work. The excavation of the north fosse - would thus, under these circumstances, involve 698,134 days' labour. - At the present time, when twenty cubic yards may be removed per man in - a day, and when a day's wages may be set down at half-a-crown, the - whole cost of the excavation of the fosse would be 34,906_l._ - - In this estimate no account has been taken of the increased labour - occasioned by cutting through the rocks that are sometimes met with. - The entire absence of the ditch, however, in the hilly district, - compensates for this omission. - - The fosse of the Vallum is rather less than that of the Wall. Making a - deduction of one-third on this account, and supposing that the - distance which the Vallum falls short of the Wall at each extremity, - makes amends for the increased labour of cutting through the rocky - ground, we have 3,723,382 cubic yards to be removed, involving 465,422 - days of forced labour. The whole could now be done for the sum of - 23,271_l._ No account is taken of the labour expended in raising the - earthen ramparts, or the cost of their construction, for the reason, - that the removal of the earth from the fosse implied its being - deposited somewhere; no place would be more convenient for this - purpose than the mounds of the rampart. - -[Sidenote: TIME REQUIRED FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION.] - - Adding together these results, we find that the cost of the Wall and - its north fosse would be 1,056,175_l._, and that the cost of the - Vallum, added to this would form a total of 1,079,446_l._ The number - of days' labour involved in the Wall would be 2,400,249, and, adding - to this, that of the Vallum, we have for the whole 2,865,671 days' - labour. - - The largest number of men that we can conceive to be brought to bear - at once upon the Wall, including such of the Roman troops as could be - spared from military operations, is ten thousand. This body, at the - rate already supposed, would, by continuous labour, execute the Wall - and its ditch in 240 days, and, taking the Vallum also into account, - in 286 days. In the exposed district over which the Wall runs, it is - not probable that the weather would allow of the work being pursued - during more than two hundred days in the year. If, in addition to - this, we make deductions for the chances of war, two years may be - stated as the shortest time in which the whole of the works could be - executed. - -A recent writer, who, in a work denominated 'A History of the Picts or -Romano-British Wall,' adopts the notion of Gildas, that the stone wall -was built, not by Hadrian or Severus, but by the trembling Britons on -their abandonment by the Romans, supports his opinion by denominating -the work an un-Roman-like defence, and argues that men who were -unaccustomed to fear, would not seek the assistance of a wall and a -ditch. However regardless of life the Romans may, in the abstract, have -been, they knew how to economize their resources. In the battle of the -Grampians, Agricola withheld his legionary soldiers, and made use only -of his auxiliary troops. He could better afford to expend the one than -the other. As well might a warrior despise the protection of a helmet or -a shield, as refuse the defence of a stone wall. - -[Sidenote: WALLS NOT UNWORTHY OF ROME.] - -The best refutation, however, of this theory, is the fact, that in other -places the Romans, about the same period, raised similar barriers. At -two of these we shall glance, before beginning a detailed inspection of -the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus. The comparison will probably afford -valuable instruction. - -[Sidenote: THE GERMAN BARRIER.] - -The DEVIL'S WALL, in Germany, bears many marks of resemblance to the -English Wall. It seems[50] to consist of the _Pfahl_, a mound of stakes, -or vallum, ascribed to Hadrian, and a stone wall which is said to have -been executed by some of his successors. The works extended westwards -from Regensburg [Ratisbon] on the Danube, towards the sources of that -river, a distance of nearly two hundred miles. They formed the boundary -of the Roman empire in those parts where the Danube was not broad and -deep enough to be of itself a sufficient protection. A deep trench ran -along the Wall on its northern side, and along its southern face roads -and camps were formed. At regular intervals of one mile, towers of -observation were placed of the same size, though, being circular, not of -the same form as the mile-castles on the English Wall. It is not -possible, from the present remains, to determine with certainty the -height or breadth of the Wall. 'I found it in many places,' says -Professor Buchner, 'from four to six, in others from ten to twelve, feet -broad. We may therefore perhaps conclude, that its medium breadth was -from six to seven feet, and that its height, as corresponding to this -breadth, may have been from eighteen to twenty-four feet.' The works -have the same tendency to advance in a straight line as those of our own -Barrier. 'No mountain is so high, no abyss so steep, no wood so thick, -no morass so profound, through which it does not penetrate.' 'The whole -line of the fortification has been laid down and executed according to a -well-digested plan.' - -[Sidenote: THE ANTONINE WALL.] - -GRAHAM'S DIKE, so denominated probably from the Celtic words _grym_, -strength, and _diog_, a ditch, is a barrier which fortified the Upper -Isthmus of Britain. It extended from Borrowstoness, on the Firth of -Forth, to West Kilpatrick, on the river Clyde, a distance of about -twenty-seven English miles. It was constructed by Lollius Urbicus in the -reign of Antoninus Pius, the adopted son of Hadrian. The following -succinct account of this important design is taken from the 'Caledonia -Romana,' a work of great ability, by the late lamented Mr. Robert -Stuart, of Glasgow:-- - - This great military work consisted, in the first place, of an immense - fosse or ditch--averaging about forty feet in width, by some twenty in - depth--which extended over hill and plain, in one unbroken line, from - sea to sea. Behind this ditch, on its southern side, and within a few - feet of its edge, was raised a rampart of intermingled stone and - earth, strengthened by sods of turf, which measured, it is supposed, - about twenty feet in height, and twenty-four in thickness at the base. - This rampart, or _agger_, was surmounted by a parapet, behind which - ran a level platform, for the accommodation of its defenders. To the - southward of the whole was situated the Military Way--a regular - causewayed road, about twenty-feet wide--which kept by the course of - the Wall at irregular distances, approaching, in some instances, to - within a few yards, and in others receding to a considerable extent. - Along the entire line there were established, it is believed, nineteen - principal stations or forts. The mean distance between each may be - stated at rather more than two English miles. Along these intervals - were placed many smaller _castella_, or watch-towers. While the - continuous rampart seems to have been little more than a well-formed - earthen mound, it is probable that many, if not all, of the stations, - were either rivetted with stone or entirely built of that material. In - some places, it would even appear that the Vallum itself had been - raised upon a stone foundation--probably in situations where the - ground was low and marshy, and where it was found necessary to form - drains beneath the works, to prevent the accumulation of water on - their anterior side. - -[Sidenote: MUTUAL SUPPORT OF THE BARRIERS.] - -The Barrier of the Upper Isthmus never consisted of more than a single -line of fortification. This circumstance may seem to militate against -the view that we have taken of the double line of the Southern Barrier. -If in the one case the conquered tribes to the south were disregarded, -why should they not be so in the other also? We shall not, however, -greatly err if we regard the Antonine Wall as but an advanced work of -Hadrian's entrenchment. On this view of the matter, the difficulty is at -once removed, for the Lower Barrier would be a sufficient security -against danger in the rear. Certain it is, that the southern line was -not abandoned when the other was constructed. Several altars have been -found on the Lower Barrier inscribed with the name Antoninus Pius.[51] A -slab bearing the names of the consuls Sex. Sulpicius Tertullus, and C. -Tineius Sacerdos, elicits the following remarks from judge Cay[52]:-- - - These were consuls in A.D. 158; consequently, we have undeniable - authority to assert, that Antoninus Pius repaired Hadrian's Vallum - (or, at least, the stations _per lineam Valli_), as well as built one - between the Scottish Firths. This stone is certainly most valuable, as - it clearly proves, that though Antoninus extended the boundary so far - north, he could not, or durst not, trust the Mat, but thought - himself obliged to keep up the southern pretentur, lest they should, - on any disturbance, join the Caledonians. - -Such prudence is characteristic of good generalship. Napoleon never made -an important move without first resolving what to do in case of failure. -Assuredly Hadrian did not act in a manner unbecoming a Roman, when, at -the same time that he shewed a stony front to the Caledonians, he placed -an earthen rampart between himself and the doubtful fidelity of his -southern subjects. - -[Sidenote: THE BARRIERS IN RELATION TO THE RIVERS.] - -The position of the Barriers of the Lower and of the Upper Isthmus, and -of the Devil's Wall, in relation to the rivers in their vicinity, -requires some remark. The Tyne in the eastern, and the Irthing and the -Eden in the western part of the island, are uniformly to the south of -the English Wall. A similar remark applies to the Devil's Wall, in -Germany, which is drawn along the northern shore of the Danube, the side -exposed to the enemy. The Clyde, and its feeders, are to the south of -the Antonine Wall. Why did the Romans not avail themselves of the -natural trenches of these river-basins? The valley of the Tyne is -peculiarly broad and deep. A chain of camps on its southern bank, where -the medival castles afterwards stood, would alone, we might suppose, -have bid defiance to the passage of any foe. - -A similarity of practice in these cases favours the belief that -important objects were to be accomplished by it. What are they?-- - -By erecting a chain of posts on the high grounds to the north of the -rivers, a better observation of the movements of the enemy was obtained -than would otherwise have been practicable. In the days of Roman -occupation, large tracts of country, the banks of rivers especially, -would be covered with forests. The conquerors, unless they had secured -the enemy's side of the river-basins, would have been perpetually -subject to unexpected attacks. They could not be so easily taken by -surprise on the high grounds of the northern slopes. - -[Sidenote: IMPORTANCE OF RIVER BASINS.] - -Probably the value of the land on the margin of the rivers, was an -additional motive for the course pursued. The alluvial soil by a river's -side is usually the most fertile portion of a country. The banks of the -Tyne and the Eden are peculiarly productive. Without a wall the enemy -would have had undisputed possession of the slopes which enjoyed the -finest aspect--that to the south--while those on the other side would -have been subject to frequent depredation. This consideration is of the -more importance, as the lands of the district were given to the soldiers -who garrisoned the frontier, as a means of securing their fidelity. - -[Sidenote: PRUDENCE OF THE ROMANS.] - -So far from the importance of the natural boundary, the river, being -overlooked by the Romans, I am disposed to regard the works on its -northern bank as a proof of the value which they set upon it. The -natural and the artificial barriers were probably regarded by them as -but separate members of one complete fortification. In case of a rush of -invasion from the North, the Wall would arrest the attack and the river -entirely repel it. The stone and earth works would impede the progress -of a foe, however formidable, and give time for the formation of an army -on the southern bank of the stream. It was, moreover, 'political in the -Romans,' as Stukely remarks,[53] 'to leave on the north side of the Wall -that huge tract of waterless and dismal moor, a great barren solitude, -where in some places you may walk sixty miles endwise, without meeting -with a house or tree; to ride is impracticable. Thus, as much as in them -lay, without the horror of barbarity, did they remove the barbarians -from their territories; whilst within the Wall, either naturally or by -their industry, all things smiled like the garden of Eden.' - -The vast hosts which the Caledonians were able to muster rendered all -these precautions necessary; and it was, moreover, becoming in the -Romans--a generation of warriors the mightiest the world has ever -seen--to plant the foot firmly on any land they thought fit to occupy. -Assuredly they did so in the Lower Isthmus of Britain. - -[Illustration: Written Rock, at Fallow-field.] - ------ - -Footnote 14: - - Hodgson states the mean of nineteen measurements to be one hundred and - twenty six yards.--_Northumberland_, II. iii. 310. This high number is - obtained by its including the mountain districts, where the works are - widely separated. - -Footnote 15: - - Harl. MSS. 374,--impr. Hodg. North'd. II. iii. 273. - -Footnote 16: - - Harl. MSS. 373,--impr. Richardson's Reprints and Imprints, divis. - Miscell. - -Footnote 17: - - It will be observed here that the erection of this structure has not - been _always_ ascribed to Severus. - -Footnote 18: - - Greater extremes are met with, but they are rare. Hodgson in a note p. - 276 says, The foundations in the turnpike-road, just west of Portgate - are scarcely seven feet broad; but opposite a plantation a little - further west, ten feet and a half. Hutton found the Wall at Brunton - only five feet and a half thick. - -Footnote 19: - - This is particularly the case about Old Wall in Cumberland. - -Footnote 20: - - Hutton's Roman Wall, 139. - -Footnote 21: - - Hodg. North'd. II. iii. 276. - -Footnote 22: - - Horsley, in the profiles of the barrier which he gives, represents the - marginal rampart or _agger_ as being much larger than the south one. - The present aspect of the works does not warrant such a delineation. - -Footnote 23: - - When travelling along the road west of Birdoswald, I have seen a - ploughman and his team entirely disappear, on descending into the - fosse of the Vallum. - -Footnote 24: - - An inspection of Horsley's own sections will at once show - this.--_Britan. Romana_, 158. - -Footnote 25: - - In corroboration of this statement, it may be mentioned that an - intelligent and substantial farmer offered to take, on a twenty-one - years' lease, the Corchester field, in which the station of - CORSTOPITUM stood, at the yearly rate of 6_l._ per acre. It contains - twelve acres. - -Footnote 26: - - The Notitia has _Lergorum_, but it will be afterwards shewn that this - is probably an error for _Lingonum_. - -Footnote 27: - - The Notitia has _Astorum_ in this and the subsequent instances, but - all the inscriptions hitherto found have _Asturum_. - -Footnote 28: - - Brit. Rom. 102. - -Footnote 29: - - Ibid. 473. - -Footnote 30: - - This slab is in the possession of his Grace the Duke of - Northumberland, and is preserved, along with several other interesting - reliques of the Wall, in that noble baronial residence, so worthy of - the chiefs of Percy, Alnwick Castle. - -Footnote 31: - - Now in the Dean and Chapter Library at Durham. - -Footnote 32: - - According both to Hyginus and Vegetius, the first cohort of a legion, - in the times of the lower empire, was called _milliaria_, from its - being stronger than any cohort of the legion, and from its generally - consisting of about a thousand men. - - _Arch. l._ ii., 83. - -Footnote 33: - - A correspondent of the author writes 'Even in my own day it was the - custom of the superstitious, on the line of the Wall, especially - between Birdoswald and Cambeck Fort to pound the stones, bearing - inscriptions, into sand for their kitchens, or bury them in the - foundations of houses or walls, for the simple reason that they - considered them unlucky--calling them 'witch stones'. When one was - found, the _old wives_ fearing that the butter might not form in the - churn, took good care that it should never again make its appearance. - Thus down went many a splendid Roman altar, a sacrifice to ignorance - and superstition'! - -Footnote 34: - - The plough has now passed over the station of Watch Cross. The - enquiries which I have made on the spot, and in the neighbourhood, - are, on the whole, confirmatory of Hodgson's view. - -Footnote 35: - - Mounsey's Account of the occupation of Carlisle in 1745. - -Footnote 36: - - Ford's Hand-book of Spain, 1st edition, p. 306. - -Footnote 37: - - On putting the inquiry pointedly to a person who had ploughed up some - portions of the Vallum in the neighbourhood of Wallend, Cumberland, - and who was also acquainted with the mode in which the Maiden-way (a - Roman road) was formed, I was told that there were no traces of - pavement in the Vallum. - -Footnote 38: - - We must not, however, pronounce a road to be impracticable, because - now it would be thought so. A Northumberland farmer, speaking to me - upon this subject, said he had seen roads which, in his neighbourhood, - were regularly traversed only a century ago, on which no one would - venture now-a-days; 'it was like coming down a crag-side.' He had - driven through mosses in which the horses were commonly enveloped, but - had no misgivings so long as he could see the heads of the animals. - -Footnote 39: - - Hodgson, however, distinctly proves, that the _cornage_, or - castle-guard rent of the North of England--originally a payment in - lieu of cattle, and called in English, _horngeld_ and _neatgeld_, - cattle-tax, or ox-lay--has nothing whatever to do with sounding the - war-alarm by _horns_. - -Footnote 40: - - It must, however, be borne in mind, that even the uneducated labourer, - in a highly civilized community, has unconsciously received a - considerable amount of mental training, which places him in a - situation much superior to that of the mere savage. - -Footnote 41: - - The remainder of this valuable communication is, in order to avoid - repetition, embodied in the subsequent account of the Masonry of the - Wall. - -Footnote 42: - - Hodgson II. ii. 298. - -Footnote 43: - - It would be described by a modern builder as a rough blocking course. - -Footnote 44: - - The cuts representing these markings are transferred from my note - book, without reference to scale. - -Footnote 45: - - Concrete contains less lime, and is mixed with a smaller proportion of - water than grout. It is chiefly used in large masses, to form an - artificial foundation for a building. - -Footnote 46: - - The almost entire absence of those little white lumps of lime, not - properly mixed with sand, which are found in the imperfectly prepared - mortar of modern times, shews that the lime must in some way have been - crushed by rollers or beaters. - -Footnote 47: - - Mr. Bell, of Irthington, tells me that in some places the foundation - flags of the north side point upwards, at an angle of about twenty - degrees, caused apparently by the settling of the ponderous mass. In - this circumstance, we have an interesting confirmation of the - supposition that the Wall was surmounted with a parapet on its north - side. The foundation would have settled equally if both sides had been - burdened alike. - -Footnote 48: - - Part II. v. iii. p. 294. - -Footnote 49: - - In some parts of the line, the joints of the Wall are at present - filled with earthy matter instead of mortar, and it is the opinion of - some authorities, and amongst them, the eminent architect and - intelligent antiquary, Mr. Dobson, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, that in - these places, clay has been originally substituted for mortar. Very - loath to suppose that the original builders of the Wall would leave - any portion of it in so unsatisfactory a state, I have been in the - habit of accounting for the apparent absence of mortar in the - following way:--The upper part of the structure having been overthrown - by a ruthless enemy, and the lower parts covered with the fallen - rubbish, the whole heap would speedily become coated with vegetation. - Roman mortar, with all its tenacity, would not be able to resist the - powers of vitality; and the constant demands of the ferns and the - foxgloves would, in the course of time, abstract the whole of the - lime. The roots of the plants, by whose agency the work of abstraction - had proceeded, yielding in due time to the process of decay, would - themselves, in the form of vegetable earth, supply the place of the - lime which they had withdrawn. - -Footnote 50: - - The only source of information which I have upon the subject of this - wall, is a translation of an extract from a pamphlet by Professor - Buchner, of Regensburg, in the first volume of the 'Archologia - liana.' The precise relation which the _Pfahl_ bears to the stone - Wall does not very clearly appear from this paper; to all appearance, - however, the analogy between the German and English barriers is very - close. - -Footnote 51: - - Hodg. North'd. II. iii. 276. - -Footnote 52: - - Ibid. 284. - -Footnote 53: - - Iter Boreale, 67. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - PART III. - LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS. - -Little did the Romans dream, when they fixed the eastern termination of -their Wall at SEGEDUNUM, of the world-wide celebrity which its -subsequent cognomen--Wallsend--would attain. Even Horsley, writing in -1731, and in what he lovingly terms 'my own county,'[54] did not foresee -the extensive mining operations which shortly after his day were to take -place in its immediate vicinity. In order to mark the site of the -station, he fixes upon Cousin's House, which is at some distance from -the spot, whereas, the principal shaft of the celebrated mine is close -beside its western rampart. - - -SEGEDUNUM, Wallsend, is admirably selected as the site of a Roman -station, and as the eastern terminus of the Wall. Without being so -much[Sidenote: SEGEDUNUM.] elevated as to give it a painful exposure to -the blasts of the north and of the east, it commands a view, in every -direction, of the adjacent country. The ground, in front of it, slopes -rapidly down to the river's brink, and has a full exposure to the -mid-day sun. The beauty of its situation is considerable now; what must -it have been when aged oaks crowned the contiguous heights, and the Tyne -rolled by in the brilliancy and exuberance of its youth! - -[Sidenote: WALLSEND.] - -Eastward of Wallsend, the river acquires a sufficient magnitude to make -it a barrier quite formidable enough to prevent the ready passage of a -foe, and to render the erection of a wall unnecessary. Frequently, -however, would it be needful for the watchful eye of the Roman prefect -at SEGEDUNUM to traverse the expanse which lay between him and the sea. -This he could easily do. The station stands upon a bend of the river, -formed by two of the longest 'reaches' which it makes in the whole of -its course. The Long-reach extends downwards as far as the high end of -South Shields, and the Bill-reach stretches nearly two miles up the -water. In both directions, therefore, any operations conducted on the -river would be easily discerned from the station. - -[Sidenote: SEGEDUNUM.] - -Although it was not thought requisite to extend the Wall further along -the northern bank of the Tyne than Wallsend, special precautions were -taken to secure the mouth of the river from hostile occupation. A camp -at Tynemouth, and another at North Shields, were garrisoned by troops -from the head quarters at SEGEDUNUM; these frowned over the northern -shore of the estuary. A subsidiary station at Tyne Lawe, near South -Shields, and another at Jarrow, guarded its southern bank, whilst one at -Wardley, opposite Wallsend, would effectually support, on that side of -the river, the operations of the garrison in the principal encampment. -All of these will be examined afterwards. - -[Illustration: Altar to Jupiter-Coh. IV. Lingonum] - -The evidence by which Wallsend is identified with the _Segedunum_ of the -Notitia is not so direct as could be desired. First in the list of -officers 'along the line of the Wall,' the Notitia places the Tribune of -the fourth cohort of the Lergi at SEGEDUNUM. Now, no inscription has -been found in Britain mentioning the Lergi, but inscriptions have been -found which mention the second and fourth cohorts of the Lingones; on -the other hand, the Lingones never occur in the Notitia, but the cohorts -of the Lergi which are there recorded, are the second and the fourth. -This being the case, and the difference in the form of the Latin words -_Lergorum_ and _Lingonum_ being very slight, the probability is, as Mr. -Thomas Hodgson, in an able paper in the Archologia liana, conjectures, -that some early transcriber of the Notitia has written the one in -mistake for the other. Within the precincts of Tynemouth Castle, in the -year 1783, an altar was found, which formed part of the foundation of an -ancient church. It is now in the possession of the Society of -Antiquaries of London. The adjoining wood-cut accurately delineates it. -The inscription may be read as follows: - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - AEL[IVS] RVFVS - PRAEF[ECTVS] COH[ORTIS] - IIII LINGO - NVM. - - To Jupiter the best and greatest, - lius Rufus, - The Prefect of Cohort the - Fourth of the Lingo- - nes. - -On the supposition, which is a natural one, that Tynemouth was a station -subsidiary to Wallsend, this altar gives satisfactory proof that the -first of the stations at the eastern extremity of the Wall is the -SEGEDUNUM of the Notitia. On some occasion, when the prefect who -commanded the estuary of the Tyne, was on a visit to this out-post, he -erected to Jupiter, whom he ignorantly worshipped, the altar which still -remains. - -[Sidenote: ORIGIN OF THE NOTITIA NAMES.] - -The etymology of the names of the stations is an interesting, but -intricate subject. The new occupants of a country usually adopt the -appellations bestowed by their predecessors upon its more prominent -features. Thus, though in England the ancient Briton, Roman, Saxon, -Norman, and modern English, have successively prevailed, many of our -most familiar rivers, as the Thames, the Isis, and the Avon, have borne, -as Whitaker shows, through each successive change, their present names. -The appellations of cities are much more variable, but some even of -these are indelible. Strange as a painted Briton of the first century -would feel himself in the streets of modern London, its _name_ would -fall on his ear as an accustomed sound. - -The Romans were a minority in Britain; and, in their intercourse with -the natives, would be compelled to adopt the nomenclature of the people. -We may, therefore, expect to find that the names of the stations are -essentially British, though somewhat altered by the imperfect -pronunciation of the strangers, and by a ceaseless effort to recast the -words in the mould of their own tongue. The change most frequently -introduced consists in the addition of Latin terminations. The names -given by the aborigines of a country are usually descriptive of the -object to which they are attached: they are epithets changed into proper -names. Accordingly, we find that the names of the stations, so far as -they have been deciphered by the assistance of those modern -representatives of the ancient British tongue--the Gaelic and native -Irish--are descriptive of the locality. - -[Sidenote: ETYMOLOGY OF SEGEDUNUM.] - -SEGEDUNUM is an unfortunate example to begin with. There was a Segedunum -in Aquitania, the modern Rodez--a Segodunum in Northern Germany, the -modern Siegen. The camp at Wallsend may have received its name from some -resemblence to one of these. Still the question remains, What was the -common origin of the term? Wallis thinks it is derived from the Latin -_seges_, corn, and the Celtic _dunum_, a hill; but, excepting in extreme -cases, an etymology dependent upon two languages can scarcely be -admitted. A more consistent derivation is found in the Celtic _sech_, -(the root of the French _sec_) dry, and _dun_, a hill. The final -syllable is a Latin affix. The elevation of the spot, and its rapid -slope to the river, would render it comparatively free from -moisture.[55] - -[Sidenote: VILLAGE OF WALLSEND.] - -Whatever doubt may hang over the Roman name of this station, none -attaches to the modern--Wallsend - - ... Ab illo - Dicitur, ternumque tenet per scula nomen. - -The number of places along the course of the Wall which have derived -their names from this great work, is very striking, and proves the -importance that has been attached to it. Without examining a map, and -simply drawing upon the resources of my own memory and note-book, the -following examples occur: In Northumberland, we have Wallsend, Walker, -Wall-knoll in Newcastle, Benwell, Wallbottle, Heddon-on-the-Wall, -Welton, Wall-houses, Wall, Walwick, Shields-on-the-Wall, Wall-mill, -Walltown, Thirlwall, and Wall-end; in Cumberland, we have Walton, -Wallbours, Old-Wall, High Wallhead, Middle Wallhead, Low Wallhead, -Wallby, and Wallfoot. - -The present village of Wallsend is about half a mile distant from the -station, a little to the north of the turnpike road. It is, however, of -modern erection. Brand says that 'an old woman, still living, remembers -when the site of the present Wallsend was an empty field.' The -traditional account of its erection is, that a plague having desolated -the original town, which stood upon the site of the camp, and was built -out of its ruins, the terrified inhabitants forsook the spot, and sought -shelter in the new locality. - - _PLATE IV._ - -[Illustration: - - _SECTION, after Warburton, of the Mountains at Bradley, - shewing the relation, in the hill-district, between the Wall - and the Vallum._ - _REID. LITHO. NEWCASTLE._ -] - -[Sidenote: WALLSEND.] - -A person unaccustomed to examine the remains of Roman forts, will -probably be disappointed to find the ramparts of Wallsend so feebly -marked; but one who brings to the task a practised eye, will give a good -account of the land, and express his surprise that so much of the camp -is left. The station, it must be remembered, is situated on the edge of -a river the scene of an immense commerce, in the vicinity of a large -town, and in the centre of a great mining district. - -[Sidenote: SEGEDUNUM.] - -The station of SEGEDUNUM has occupied an area of three acres and a half. -The Wall, coming from the west, has struck the north cheek of its -western gateway, and there terminated. The walls of the station would be -a sufficient protection to the garrison against attack from the north or -other quarters, but to prevent the enemy getting within the barrier, by -passing between the station and the river, the eastern wall of the -station has been brought down to the river, and continued into it to -low-water mark.[56] - -[Illustration: - - Drawn & Lithographed by John Storey - WALLSEND, LOOKING EAST. -] - -[Sidenote: WALLSEND.] - -In tracing the outline of the station it will be well to begin at -Carville-hall, the 'Cousin's-house,'[57] of Horsley. Between it and the -Gosforth 'waggon-way,' the north fosse of the Wall is very distinct, a -gravelled path, for some distance, occupies the site of the Wall.[58] -Behind the Methodist-chapel the ditch may still be traced, but after -that it disappears. The row of houses between the chapel and the station -is manifestly very close upon the line of the Wall. The old -engine-house, which Brand tells us was six yards north of the Wall, -still remains. The whole of the ramparts of the northern section of the -station are gone; the walls of the southern portion of it may, however, -be traced rising in the form of a grassy mound above the general level -of the soil. The continuation of the eastern wall of the station down -the bank to the river's edge, may also be recognised, not only by the -gentle mound which it forms, but by the fragments of Roman mortar, Roman -tile, and coarse-grained sandstone, not proper to the district, which -may be picked up on it. This river-wall joins the Tyne at the spot where -a jetty has recently been formed. Numerous swellings in the ground to -the south, and to the east of the station, indicate the ruins of -suburban buildings. These seem to have been invariable concomitants of -stationary camps. Officers wishing to have more space than the fort -allowed, the families of the soldiers, the camp followers, and others, -who sought the protection of a fortified post, would occupy such -dwellings. The sunny exposure of the streets on the south of the camp, -would render them peculiarly acceptable to the Lingones who came from -that part of Gaul where the Meuse and Marne have their source.[59] The -fosse which protected the eastern rampart, is still distinctly visible, -and generally contains a little water. The accompanying lithographic -view is given chiefly with the intention of showing the extensive -command which the station had of the river below it; the south-east -angle of the rampart may be traced upon it, as well as the fosse beyond. -The altar, represented in the foreground, was found in the vicinity of -the station a few years ago, and is still preserved upon the spot, it is -without an inscription, but has a hole drilled through its centre, which -it had when found. An extensive natural valley protected the western -side of the camp, which some years ago was partially filled up, in order -to form the waggon-way. The house occupied by the late Mr. John Buddle, -the eminent colliery viewer, is just within the western wall of the -station, and that, formerly occupied by Mr. John Reay, is just within -the eastern rampart. The waggon-way leading from the Wallsend pit seems -to enter the station by its western portal, and to leave it by its -eastern, and thus exactly traverses the _via principalis_ of the camp. -The only trace of the northern division of the station that remains, -consists [Sidenote: SEGEDUNUM.]of the road which has apparently led from -SEGEDUNUM to the out-posts at Blake-chesters and Tyne-mouth. This -causeway extends from the station to the north of the Shields railway; -it is formed of a mass of rubble, about two feet deep, and is eleven -yards wide. It cannot be ploughed, and nothing that requires any depth -of earth will grow upon it. - -Numerous proofs of Roman occupation have been discovered at various -times in the station and its vicinity. Brand says, 'I found a fibula, -some Roman tegul, and coins, a ring, &c. Immense quantities of bones -and teeth of animals are continually turning up. Stones with -inscriptions were found, but the incurious masons built them up again in -the new works of the colliery.' Dr. Lingard was told, that in digging a -cellar under the dining room of Mr. Buddle's house, a deep well was -found. I have been informed by Mr. John Reay, that another was -discovered outside the station, at the spot shown on the plan of the -station, Plate IV. A structure, which was conceived to be a bath, was -struck upon about the same time, near the river's brink; it was -immediately removed, but its site is marked on the plan. Many coins have -been found, but most of them in a very corroded state. A beautiful piece -of Samian ware was got in sinking the shaft of the colliery, which is -now in possession of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; -it is figured in a subsequent Plate. - -[Sidenote: WALLSEND TO NEWCASTLE.] - -Leaving Wallsend, and proceeding westward, the Wall is chiefly to be -traced by the presence of its north fosse. This is very distinctly -marked nearly all the way to Byker. In front of Stote's-houses, the -Beehouses of Horsley, it forms a pond, which is used for farm purposes. -Some traces of the foundation of the Wall may be seen, but they are -faint. Thirty years ago the Wall was standing, for a considerable -distance, three and four feet high, covered with brushwood of hazel, -oak, and alder. The tendency of the half-ruined Wall to give lodgement -to the roots of these plants, is very remarkable; wherever the Wall is -undisturbed they are found, and in regions where the hazel does not -occur elsewhere, as in the neighbourhood of Bowness, it is to be met -with abundantly upon the Wall. - -A mound, a little more elevated than the neighbouring ground, near to -Stote's-houses, points out the site of the first mile-castle west of -Wallsend. The tenant of the farm told me that he had got a great -quantity of stones from it. In Horsley's time, there were 'two distinct -tumuli remaining near the Bee-houses'; what I take to be the rudiments -of them may yet be traced; one of them is just behind the stack-yard of -the farm, the other, the least marked of the two, a little to the west -of it. - -The road that is seen stretching in a straight line up the hill to Byker -indicates the direction of the Wall, and though the first, it is by no -means the most remarkable instance that we shall meet with, of the -unflinching and straightforward tendencies of this remarkable structure. -The Wall stood on the south side of the present road. The facing-stones -having already been removed, and it being desirable to have the rocky -remnant entirely cleared away, the ground was let to parties without -rent for a short term of years, on condition of their clearing it, and -bringing it into cultivation. It is on this account that the site of the -Wall and fosse, even yet, is portioned out in long narrow slips, which -are, for the most part, used as potato gardens. - -From the top of Byker-hill, an interesting view is obtained of the Tyne -and the numerous hives of busy men which bestud its banks. This would be -an important post for the Roman soldier, who could easily see from it -the stations on either hand--SEGEDUNUM and PONS LII--and all that was -going on between them. - -Between Byker and Newcastle, all traces of the Wall are now nearly -destroyed. In 1725, it was, however, standing in a condition of imposing -grandeur, as appears from Stukeley's 'Prospect' of it in the Iter -Boreale. He was induced to make this drawing because 'the country being -entirely undermined' by colliery excavations, it might 'some time or -other sink, and so disorder the track of this stately work.' He dreaded -an imaginary evil, and overlooked a real one. - -The north fosse was, till recently, very distinct within the wall of -Heaton-park; it is now filled up; many of the stones in the park-wall, -are to all appearance, Roman. Before descending the hill, a portion of -it, boldly developed, may yet be seen at the end of a small row of -houses called Howard-street. - -[Sidenote: COURSE THROUGH NEWCASTLE.] - -At the head of the bank overlooking the Ouse-burn stood a mile-castle, -as was usual in such situations, to guard the pass. Two stones which, I -am persuaded, formed part of the entrance gateway of this mile-tower, -now stand upon the stairs leading to the grand entrance of the keep of -the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. They measure two feet by one, and are -of the form usually employed in the portals of mile castles. One of them -bears a rude, and almost unintelligible, inscription. These stones were -found built up in a structure on the west bank of the Ouseburn, were -thence taken to Busy Cottage, afterwards removed to Heaton, and finally -presented to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - -The Wall crossed the Ouse-burn very near the ancient bridge which is -about a hundred and fifty yards south of the railway viaduct. In -preparing the foundations of Mr. Beckinton's steam-mill about the year -1800, the workmen came upon the Wall, and, with great good taste, built -into the opposite quay three of the largest stones they met with, in -order to mark its site; they may yet be seen at low water, and are -evidently mile-castle stones. - -[Sidenote: COURSE THROUGH NEWCASTLE.] - -It is not possible to trace the Wall with minute accuracy through -Newcastle, a town which has been the seat of a large and active -population ever since the days of Roman occupation. In endeavouring to -follow its route, I shall mainly depend upon the investigations of Mr. -George Bouchier Richardson, who has for several years past made the -antiquities of 'the Metropolis of the North' his especial study, and -whose paper upon this subject, recently read before the Society of -Antiquaries of this town, will doubtless speedily appear in the -Archologia liana. - -[Sidenote: NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.] - -Rising from the western bank of the Ouse-burn, it traversed the north -side of Stepney-bank, passed through the gardens at the Red Barns, along -the site of the present Melbourne-street, and, proceeding behind the -Keelmen's Hospital, came to the Sallyport. This, which was one of the -gates of the town, is sometimes described as a Roman building, but is of -medival origin. Thence, the Wall went over the crest of the hill still -called the Wall-knoll, where the foundations of it were turned up about -the middle of the last century. It crossed Pandon-dean on the north side -of the locality called the Stock-bridge, and, in its western course, -ascended the steep hill, on the summit of which stands All Saints' -church. Brand tells us that the crypt of the old church had plainly been -built of stones plundered from the adjacent Wall. A well of Roman -masonry is said to have been discovered near the church when the -foundations of the new building were prepared. Crossing Pilgrim-street a -little above Silver-street, the course of the Wall is indicated by the -present narrow street called the Low bridge. Until a comparatively -recent period, the site of Dean-street formed the unenclosed bed of the -Lort-burn, and was spanned by an arch called the Low-bridge. At the -point where this medival viaduct stood, its Roman predecessor carried -the Wall, with its attendant military way, across the gully. The church -of St. Nicholas, according to Leland, whose statement is confirmed by -subsequent writers, 'stondithe on the very Picts Waulle.' The Wall, -leaving the church, crosses Collingwood-street in an oblique direction, -and passing by St. John's church, the Vicarage-house, and the -Assembly-rooms, makes for the Town-wall somewhat to the north of the -site of the West-gate. There can be little doubt that in its exit from -the town, the Wall occupied the elevation on which Cumberland-row now -stands. - - -[Sidenote: PONS LII.] - -PONS LII.--Having tracked the Wall in its passage through the modern -town, the site of the ancient station of PONS LII next demands -attention. - -Horsley is the only writer who has attempted to define its limits, and -he had but slender evidence to guide him. He takes, as his data, the -three following facts:--1. The course of the Wall westward, which he -conceives, and no doubt correctly, would form the northern boundary of -the station; 2. The direction of the Vallum, some portions of which -remained, in his day, just outside the West-gate; 3. 'A traditionary -account of the Wall having passed through St. George's porch, near the -north-west corner of St. Nicholas'-church.' As this porch stands a -little to the south of the line of the great Wall, as laid down by him, -he conceives that this traditionary wall must have been the east wall of -the station, and draws it upon his plan accordingly.[60] The western -wall now only remained to be determined, and this point was easily -settled, by supposing the station to have been square. According to the -line assigned by him to the Vallum, six chains is the distance which -would intervene between it and the Wall; he therefore places the western -rampart of the station at the corresponding distance of six chains from -the eastern, and encloses altogether an area of little more than three -acres. - -It may well be doubted whether the important station of PONS LII would -be subjected to the ordinary rules of castrametation. I am strongly -disposed to think, that it would partake of the features of a commercial -as well as of a military capital, and that its walls would not only -embrace a wider range than ordinary camps, but would be allowed to adapt -themselves more freely to the nature of the ground. - -The wants of the immense body of troops required to garrison the Wall, -and man its out-posts, would create a considerable amount of commerce. -The inhabitants of Italy, Gaul, and Spain, would be unwilling all at -once to forego the comforts and luxuries of their sunny climes, and to -be entirely cut off from intercourse with the land of their nativity. -The fragments of amphor, which are so abundantly met with on the line -of the Wall, shew that the soldiers sometimes gladdened their hearts -with the wine of their native hills; and the innumerable sherds of -Samian ware, which usually bestrew the camps of Roman occupation, prove -that a continual intercourse was kept up with the continent. To the sea, -as a means of communication between many of the stations of Roman -Britain, frequent recourse would be had. - -The exports from this island to the continent were considerable. Camden -tells us, that every year not less than eight hundred vessels laden with -corn alone were sent out of it. Certain it is, that the imperial -government would expect an adequate return for the expenditure -occasioned by the troops in this country, and that the commodities of -the continent would not be transmitted to the occupants of the Wall from -motives of mere benevolence. Lead, which is now so abundant in the three -northern counties, would probably form one article of export, and corn -another. Those who have noticed the fertility of some portions of the -region watered by the Tyne, will be able to conceive how luxuriant were -the harvests which its alluvial soil produced when first turned up by -the plough. It is certain that coal has been wrought to some extent in -Roman times, and some of it may have been exported. - -No place in the north of England was so well fitted as Newcastle to be -the emporium of the commerce of the North. Situated upon a noble river, -at about ten miles from its mouth, it combined the naval advantages of -the coast, with the security of an inland situation. The wealth arising -from the commerce of the port would increase its importance, and the -facility with which foreign news and foreign luxuries could be obtained, -would render it the frequent resort of those prefects and tribunes whose -usual posts were in bleaker and more inhospitable regions. The fact that -the river was at this part spanned by a bridge of many arches, is a -striking indication of the importance of the place even in the days of -the emperor Hadrian. - -No account has come down to us of the state of Newcastle in the days of -Roman occupation, but if, after it had been deprived of the advantages -which the residence of the mural garrison conferred upon it, the -venerable Bede calls it 'an illustrious royal city'--'_vico regis -illustri_'--we must conclude that it was a place of considerable -importance. The natural advantages of the situation struck the eye of -Camden; 'Now', says he, 'where the Wall and Tine almost meet together, -Newcastle sheweth itself gloriously the very eye of all the townes in -these parts.' - -Under these circumstances, there seems to be no reason why the walls of -PONS LII should form the usual military parallelogram any more than -Roman Rochester, or Pompeii, or Rome itself, much less that the station -should occupy an area of little more than three acres. - -The contour of the ground on which the modern Newcastle stands, is -peculiar. It consists of three tongues of land, separated by natural -valleys permeated by rivulets. The westernmost of these presents the -boldest front to the river, and is that on which the Castle stands; the -Skinner-burn bounds it on the west, and the valley of the Lort-burn, the -present Dean-street, on the east. The contiguous tongue lies between the -Lort-burn and Pandon-dean; and that still further removed, has for its -eastern boundary the Ouse-burn. The same natural advantages which -recommended the heights of the most westerly of these strips of ground -to the Normans for the erection of their stronghold, would no doubt -previously induce the Romans to select it as their chief position. They -probably enclosed nearly the whole of it within their walls. Horsley, -indeed, places his camp in this division, but in the least advantageous -part of it, whether considered in a military or in a commercial point of -view. The Romans would surely not overlook the importance of the ravine -of Dean-street as a defence on the east, especially at a time when the -tide flowed up it as far as the Painter-heugh, and of the cliff that -descends from the Castle to the river on the south. The necessity of -defending the bridge, and commanding the Tyne would not be forgotten. -Taking all these things into account, we may fairly suppose the walls of -PONS LII to have been thus defined:--The Wall, passing through the site -of St. Nicholas'-church, would, of course, be its northern boundary; a -line coming from the church, and adapting itself to the crest of the -hill that overhangs Dean-street, crossing the Head-of-the-Side and -stretching as far as the elevated angle on which the County-courts now -stand, will probably mark its eastern boundary; the southern rampart -would run from this angle along the edge of the cliff overhanging the -Close, as far as the site of the White-friar-tower, which stood at the -head of the present Hanover-street; the western wall may have run in the -line of the Town-wall as far as Neville-tower, and then have struck up -in a straight line to meet the great Wall. Westward of this boundary, -the ground slopes down to the Skinner-burn. If these lines are correctly -drawn, Roman Newcastle would contain upwards of sixteen acres. - -Although the camp of PONS LII occupied this tongue of land, there is no -reason to suppose that suburban buildings were not erected on the other -two, both of which are well protected by their natural situation. There -is good ground to believe that Pandon, which was formerly a separate -town from Newcastle, and is seated on the middle strip, was of Roman -origin. Villas and gardens probably extended as far as the Ouse-burn. - -In order to render the preceding description intelligible to persons -unacquainted with the topography of Newcastle, a plan of the town (Plate -V.) and a lithographic view of PONS LII are appended. In the plan of -the town, Horsley's demarkation of the station, as well as the one here -proposed, is laid down. For the view of PONS LII, the frontispiece, I -am indebted to the pencil of Mr. G. Bouchier Richardson; the contour of -the ground is very accurately delineated, and the probable outline of -the station marked; the details of the picture are of course filled up -according to the artist's fancy--a fancy regulated by his antiquarian -knowledge. - - _PLATE V._ - -[Illustration: - - Plan of PONS LII AND OF THE COURSE OF THE WALL THROUGH _NEWCASTLE ON - TYNE_. - And^w. Reid s.c. -] - -[Sidenote: NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.] - -Roman antiquities, which, when they abound, are so serviceable in -defining the seat of Roman occupation, are unfortunately here rather -scanty and unimportant. This cannot be matter of surprise. In the middle -ages, Newcastle abounded in churches and monastic buildings. To the -erection of these and of the Castle, the Town-wall, and Gates, every -stone whether lettered, sculptured, or plain, that could easily be -obtained, would be appropriated. - -[Sidenote: PONS LII.] - -The precincts of the Castle have afforded the most important discoveries -of this kind. The present County-courts occupy the site of a building -which used to be called the Half-moon-battery. This was probably the -position of the south-east angle of the station of PONS LII, and some -of the lines of the octagonal face of the battery presented no doubt the -actual curve of the station. To a certain extent the Norman builders may -have converted to their own uses a portion of the labours of their -imperial predecessors; appearances seemed to shew that the Castle wall -between the Half-moon-battery and the Black-gate had rested upon a Roman -foundation. When the County-courts were built, some important -discoveries were made. Mr. Hodgson, who watched the progress of the -excavations, has thus described them:-- - - In digging for the foundations for the Northumberland County - Court-house, in 1810, a well was found finely cased with Roman - masonry. It still remains below the centre part of the present - court-house. It had originally been a spring, or sunk low down on the - river bank, and its circular wall, raised within another strong wall - in the form of a trapezium to the height of the area of the station, - and the space between them traversed with strong connecting beams of - oak both horizontally and perpendicularly, and then tightly packed up - with pure blue clay. Some beams of this timber were taken up and - formed into the judges' seats, and chairs for the grand-jury room, now - in use. Two of the perpendicular beams had very large stags' horns at - their lower end, apparently to assist in steadying them till clay - sufficient was put around them to keep them upright. On the original - slope of the bank next the outer wall, there was a thick layer of - ferns, grasses, brambles, and twigs of birch and oak, closely matted - together, and evidently showing that before these works were - constructed, man had not tenanted the spot.[61] Here also were exposed - large remains of the foundations of other very thick and strong walls, - one of which rose into the eastern wall of the Old Moot-hall, which - was of exactly the same breadth, bearing, and style of building, and - doubtless of the same date as the Roman foundations of which it was a - continuance. - -[Sidenote: ANTIQUITIES OF PONS LII.] - - The whole site of the Court-house, for several feet above the original - surface of the earth, was strewn with a chaos of Roman ruins. I was - frequently on the spot while the excavations were carrying on, and saw - dug up large quantities of Roman pottery, two bronze coins of - Antoninus Pius, parts of the shaft of a Corinthian pillar, fluted, and - of the finest workmanship; besides many millstones, and two altars, - one bearing an illegible inscription, and the other quite plain. The - altars were found near the north-east corner of the Court-house, and - near them a small axe, and a concave stone, which bore marks of fire, - was split, and had thin flakes of lead in its fissures. The broad - foundation walls were firm and impenetrable as the hardest rock. On - Aug. 11, 1812, when the foundations of the north portico were sinking, - a Roman coin was found (of what Emperor I have no minute,) and the - original surface of the ground was covered with a thick stratum of - small wood, some parts of which were wattled together in the form of - crates or the corfs of collieries, but in a decayed state, and cut as - easily with the workmen's spades, as the brushwood found in peat - mosses does. As there was much horse or mules' dung near them, and - some mules' shoes amongst it, I thought they had been fixed there as - crates or racks to eat fodder out of. - -[Illustration] - -Since that period, few important discoveries have been made. In cutting -the crest of the hill in front of the Castle for one of the piers of the -Railway viaduct, a small stone figure of Mercury, represented in the -adjoining wood-cut,[62] was found. It is preserved, among other -antiquities, in the Museum in the Castle. - -Between the years 1840 and 1844, the White-friar-tower and the -contiguous portions of the Town-wall of Newcastle were removed. Two -Roman altars were discovered, which are now in the possession of the -Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. One of them is destitute of -an inscription, and the other seems to bear the word SILVANO. Several -coins of the Roman and medival age were picked up in its immediate -vicinity. The Roman coins were of both the upper and the lower empire. - -From the manner in which the pieces of the middle and ancient periods -were commingled, a thing of rare occurrence, it may be inferred that the -tower was formed out of Roman materials, and that the Roman coins were -re-imbedded without being noticed, whilst the workmen inadvertently -added Nuremberg tokens and other contemporary pieces to the numismatic -treasures of the spot. - -But, perhaps, the structure which gave name to PONS LII affords the -most interesting foot-prints of Roman occupation in Newcastle. - -[Sidenote: THE BRIDGE OF LIUS.] - -Horsley received sufficient evidence to convince him, that a Roman road -had gone from the south bank of the Tyne to Chester-le-street, and -thence to the south of England. A bridge was necessary to conduct the -road across the river. In 1771, a flood having carried away several of -the arches of the bridge which then existed, and materially damaged the -rest of the structure, it was found necessary to erect a new one. In -removing the old piers the distinguishing characteristics of Roman -masonry were observed; and the workmen were led to believe that the -arches of the medival structure had been placed upon the foundations -which Hadrian laid. Several piles of fine black oak, which had supported -the foundation, were drawn out of the bed of the river, and found to be -in a state of excellent preservation.[63] - -[Sidenote: COINS FOUND IN THE BRIDGE.] - -The coins that were found imbedded in the piers give decided evidence of -the Roman origin of the structure. To some of these, in the possession -of George Rippon, esq., of Waterville, North Shields, I have had access; -they are here represented. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._--HADRIANUS AUGUSTUS, CONSUL TERTIUM. PATER PATRI. Bare head of -Hadrian. - -_Rev._--GERMANIA. The province personified as a female standing. In her -right she holds a lance; her left hand rests upon a German-shaped -shield. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._--IMPERATOR CSAR TRAJANUS HADRIANUS AUGUSTUS. Laureated head of -Hadrian. - -_Rev._--PONTIFEX MAXIMUS TRIBUNITIA POTESTATE CONSUL TERTIUM. A female -figure, with helmet, standing, holding a lance in her left hand, and in -her right a patera, under which is an object that appears to be an -altar. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._--Same as the former; but CONSUL SECUNDUM. - -_Rev._--Legend same as the former, but in the exergue JUSTITIA. A female -seated; in her right hand a patera, in her left a spear. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._--Same as the two former. - -_Rev._--Same as in the former, but in the exergue. FEL PR (Felicitas -Populi Romani). A female seated; in her right hand a caduceus, in her -left a cornucopia. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._--SEVERUS AUGUSTUS PARTHICUS MAXIMUS. Laureated head of the -emperor. - -_Rev._--PROVIDENTIA AUGUSTORUM. The figure of a female standing, with a -globe at her feet. - -The coins of Hadrian are remarkably bold and sharp, and cannot have been -long in circulation before being deposited in the bed where sixteen -centuries of repose awaited them; that of Severus is a good deal -corroded. Besides these, other coins have been found. Brand had one of -Trajan, and he engraves a copper coin of Hadrian; he also had in his -possession one of Antoninus Pius. Pennant describes, amongst others, a -coin of Faustina the Elder, and one of Lucius Verus. Hodgson saw coins -of Gordian and Magnentius, all of which had been obtained from the same -spot. - -The coins posterior to the time of Hadrian were probably deposited -during the repairs and alterations which the bridge received after its -original construction in A.D. 120. - -[Sidenote: CHARACTER OF THE BRIDGE.] - -It is probable that the ancient bridge had no stone arches, but was -provided with a horizontal road-way of timber. Pennant[64] who derived -his information from the workmen, says, that 'the old piers seem -originally to have been formed without any springs for arches. This was -a manner of building used by the Romans; witness the bridge built over -the Danube by Trajan, at Severin, whose piers, I believe, still exist.' - -The foundations of the piers of three Roman bridges in the region of the -Wall, still remain--one across the Tyne, at CORSTOPITUM, one across the -North Tyne, at CILURNUM, and another across the Reed-water, at -HABITANCUM; an examination of these has induced me to believe that they, -at least, had no arches. The piers are of a size and strength sufficient -to withstand the thrust of the waters without the aid of an arch; and in -one at least of these cases, the requisite spring of the arch would have -raised the road to an inconvenient height. An experienced mason who -examined carefully the ruins of the bridge at HABITANCUM told me that he -observed that all the stones which encumbered the spot were square, none -of them having the shape of stones used in building arches. It is -certain that in the medival period the Newcastle bridge had a road-way -of timber; for Matthew of Paris tells us that, A.D. 1248, it, and the -greater part of the town were destroyed by fire. - -[Sidenote: SUPPOSED MEDAL OF THE BRIDGE.] - -Brand, misled by the early numismatists, conceived that the bridge -across the Tyne had been honoured by a commemorative medal. He says-- - - Two coins appear to have been struck upon the building of two bridges - by this emperor; one is doubtless to be referred to that of Rome; may - not the other have been intended to commemorate the work we are now - considering? One of the bridges marked on these coins has seven, the - other five arches. The Tiber being a very inconsiderable river, when - compared with the Tyne, we must therefore claim that with seven - arches--especially as we find a view of the Pons lius at Rome in - Piranesi's collection, without the modern ornaments, where it is - represented as consisting of exactly five arches.[65] - -Alas! for a theory so beautiful and so grateful to the feelings of -Newcastle antiquaries! Mr. Akerman, in his work on rare and inedited -Roman coins, has pronounced the relentless verdict--'The medallion with -the _Pont lius_, quoted by the early numismatic writers, is a modern -fabrication.' - -It is perhaps too much to suppose that all the arches of the medival -bridge rested upon Roman foundations, but it is more than probable that -the piers of the original structure would be at least as numerous as -those of its successor. The medival bridge had twelve arches. - -[Sidenote: ORIGIN OF THE NAME PONS LII.] - -No altar or other inscribed stone has been found to confirm the opinion -that Newcastle was the ancient PONS LII. Brand was 'of opinion that the -inscriptions belonging to the station of PONS LII are all built up in -the old keep of the Castle, and that a rich treasure of this kind will -some time or other be discovered, lurking in its almost impregnable -walls, by future antiquaries.' May the antiquary never be born that -shall behold this treasure! Such evidence is, however, scarcely needed -to lead us to the ancient designation of the place. The fact that PONS -LII occurs in the Notitia between SEGEDUNUM and CONDERCUM, and that -Newcastle lies between the modern representatives of these two stations, -Wallsend and Benwell, is strong presumption in favour of the theory, and -the fact that a Roman bridge here crossed the Tyne, renders it almost -indubitable. This structure took the name of the Bridge of lius, after -Hadrian,[66] who was of the lian family, and the bridge gave name to -the station. The Notitia informs us that PONS LII was governed by the -tribune of the cohort of the Cornovii, 'a people,' says Hodgson, 'whose -name is unnoticed by all the ancient geographers I have access to.' - -[Sidenote: THE CASTLE OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.] - -Before leaving the station of PONS LII, a reference to the medival -structure--the Norman keep--which gives the town its modern name, may be -allowed. It is the most perfect specimen of Norman castrametation in the -kingdom; and a careful examination of its structure will yield a more -correct view of the mode of warfare adopted at the time of its erection, -and of the mournful condition of society then existing, than the fullest -verbal description could give. Within a recent period its passages have -been cleared and its portals opened, so as to afford the antiquary an -opportunity of examining it thoroughly. The Corporation of Newcastle, -whose property it is, have, in this respect, set an example which might -with advantage be followed by the national government. To the student of -the Wall, however, the collection of Roman antiquities which the castle -contains, will be the object of greatest interest. In the number and -importance of its altars and inscribed stones, it excels every other -museum in Britain. As the Castle contains so many of the spoils of the -Wall, it is much to be wished that it could be made the depository of -all that have been discovered on the line. Numerous individual objects -of interest are scattered over the country, and he who would examine -them all must travel several hundred miles, and propitiate the favour of -many private gentlemen, as well as public bodies. Documents illustrative -of the history of a country may be regarded as the property of the -country, so far at least, as to be made easily accessible to all. PONS -LII is the fitting place to deposit those antiquities of the Wall which -cannot be carefully preserved on the spot where the Romans originally -placed them. - - -[Sidenote: ROAD TO BENWELL.] - -The reader will probably now be glad to disentangle himself from the -intricacies of PONS LII, and to pursue with rapid steps the course of -the Wall westward. - -Between Newcastle and Benwell-hill, the traces of the works are faint -but interesting. The turnpike road runs upon the bed of the prostrate -Wall, so that, except occasionally in a neighbouring building, not one -stone of it is to be seen; its constant companion, the north fosse, may, -however, be recognized in a kind of depression or slack, which runs -nearly all the way parallel with the road on the traveller's right hand. -On his left, he will sometimes be able to discern with tolerable -certainty the course of the Vallum. A small, but well defined portion of -it, is met with immediately after leaving the town, behind a row of -houses, appropriately termed Adrianople. Though the stone wall has -perished, this humble earth-work has survived the accidents of seventeen -eventful centuries! Its days, however, are now numbered; a contiguous -quarry is making rapid encroachments upon it. - - -[Sidenote: CONDERCUM.] - -CONDERCUM.--About two miles from Newcastle, and near the modern village -of Benwell, stood the third station of the line, CONDERCUM. - -The present turnpike road runs through it, occupying, in all -probability, very nearly the site of its ancient _via principalis_. So -feeble, however, are the traces of it which remain, that the wayfarer -who does not scrutinize the spot very narrowly, will pass on his journey -without knowing that he is treading ground once jealously guarded by -imperial power--the scene, for centuries, of a crowded city's joys and -fears. - -The situation of the camp is good; without being much exposed, it -commands an extensive prospect in every direction. Northwards, looking -over the grounds of Fenham, the Simonside hills appear in the distance, -and still more remote, is the lofty range of Cheviot. To the south is -the vale of Ravensworth, which is exceeded by the vale of Clwyd only in -magnitude, not in beauty, and to the south-west, the lordly Tyne threads -its way through the richest of landscapes. - -The sunny slope, south of the station, was favourable for the erection -of the suburban buildings of the occupants of the camp, the foundations -of several having been discovered. - -In Horsley's days, the ramparts were large and distinct; now, their -surface is chiefly marked by a general elevation, occasioned probably by -the accumulated ruins of the ancient fort. It contains in all a space of -nearly five acres. Gordon conceived that the Wall was continued right -through the station. This would have divided it into two distinct parts. -As Horsley and Brand prove, the Wall came up to its eastern and western -ramparts, but did not pass through it. The northern wall of the station -itself was a sufficient defence in that quarter. About a third of the -station was to the north of the line of the Wall, the remaining -two-thirds were within it. The Vallum, Horsley tells us, fell in with -the southern rampart. - -The portion north of the turnpike road is at present under tillage. In -Brand's days it was covered with a plantation. The man who first -ploughed it told me that in doing so, his horse, on one occasion, sank -up to its middle in traversing some chambers that had been insecurely -covered. The quantity of Roman pottery which is found in this portion of -the camp is remarkable. Fragments may be seen at every step. The -peculiar character of the Roman earthenware, especially of the -coral-coloured kind, denominated Samian, renders this an interesting -evidence of Roman occupation. - -The larger portion of the station, that to the south of the road, is -enclosed within the walls of Benwell-park. The inequalities of its -grassy surface indicate the lines of its streets, and the position of -some of its principal buildings. Near its centre is a large mound, which -would probably reward examination. The southern rampart, with its fosse, -is very distinct. - -[Sidenote: BENWELL.] - -Two hypocausts have been discovered in connexion with this station; one -within its walls, close to the south side of the road, and between forty -and fifty yards from the eastern rampart, the other without them, and -about three hundred yards to the south-west. Of the latter building a -plan is given by Brand. It contained eight or nine apartments, five of -which had floors supported upon pillars. The floors consisted of 'flags -covered with a composition of various hard ingredients, about eighteen -inches thick, such as small pieces of brick and blue and red pots, mixed -up with run lime.' The pillars were all of stone, and were so arranged -as to allow hot air to circulate beneath the apartments. The idea -generally entertained of these arrangements is, that they were intended -for hot baths and sudatories. In pursuance of this opinion, Mr. Shafto, -who discovered this hypocaust, says: 'Here were found many square bricks -with holes in the middle, which were probably joined together by way of -pipes, to conduct the water from the top of the hill, where there was -also the appearance of other baths, and where, probably, springs had -been, but since drained by the colliery.' However much the Romans in -their own luxurious city may have been addicted to the indulgence of the -hot-bath and the sweating-room, it may well be doubted, whether, in this -cold climate, they would have any great desire for it, or if they had, -whether the dread realities of war would allow them to make, on an -enemy's frontier, erections so extensive as this has been, for such a -purpose. Next to food, warmth would be their most urgent demand, and a -more effectual mode of maintaining a uniform temperature in their -dwellings could not be devised than that which the hypocaust supplied. - -[Illustration] - -Brand tells us that great conduits or sewers, composed of large wrought -stones, were discovered in the north part of the station at the depth of -about a yard and a half. - -Several inscribed slabs and small altars have been found in the station. -The most important one of these, which is preserved in the parsonage at -Ryton, is here represented. By comparing it with the Notitia, we learn -the ancient name of the station, and the locality of its original -occupants. - - MATRIBVS CAMPEST[RIBVS] - ET GENIO AL PRI[M] HISPANORVM - ASTVRVM [OB VIRTVTEM] - [APPELLAT] GORDIAN TITVS] - AGRIPPA PR[FECTVS] TEMPLVM A S[OLO] - [RES]TITVIT. - - To the Campestral Mothers, - and to the Genius of the first wing of Spanish - Astures, on account of their valour, - styled Gordiana, Titus - Agrippa, their prefect, this temple, from the ground, - rebuilt. - -The Notitia records that the prfect '_al prim Astorum_' was stationed -at CONDERCUM. This slab, reads Ast_u_rum, not Ast_o_rum. At two other -stations the same people resided; at CILURNUM, the Notitia places the -prfect '_al secund Astorum_,' and at sica, the tribune '_cohortis -prim Astorum_.' At both these forts, as well as in the case immediately -before us, inscriptions have been found which are written Ast_u_rum; the -probability, therefore, is, that a clerical error has crept into the -Notitia, and that it was the Astures, not the Asti (a people of -Liguria), who garrisoned these posts. The Astures were a people from the -eastern part of the modern Asturias, in Spain. 'Under the empire, the -term _ala_ was applied to regiments of horse, raised, it would seem, -with very few exceptions, in the provinces.'[67] This fractured slab, -therefore, furnishes us with the information that the camp at Benwell -was anciently named CONDERCUM, and that it was garrisoned by a Spanish -cavalry regiment. It supplies other facts. This regiment was styled, -probably on account of some illustrious achievement, Gordiana. The -emperor Gordian, from whom this title is derived, began his reign in the -year 238. We have thus a proof of the continued occupation of the camp -until a date subsequent to this period. The event recorded by the -inscription is to the same effect. A temple which had been erected, -probably at the first formation of the station, had through time or the -chances of war, become so entirely dilapidated, as to require -rebuilding, and Titus Agrippa accomplished the work. The Romans, -although they had at this time been long in the occupation of the -isthmus, had then no thoughts of relinquishing it. The woodland deities, -to whom the temple was dedicated, will require separate discussion -afterwards. [Illustration: altar to Mars] To the same occasion will be -referred a remarkable altar inscribed to the three Lami, which was -discovered at this station. Two altars[68] of less importance, which -were found here, may at once be disposed of. They are dedicated to one -of the favourite deities of Rome--Mars. The focus, or place for burning -the offering, is deep and well marked in each of them. They are small -domestic altars, before which the soldier would perform his private -devotions. As such, they give us a little insight into the heart and -feelings of the worshipper. - - DEO M - ARTI V - ICTOR[I] - VINDI[CI] - V[OTVM] - - To the god - Mars - The Conqueror _and_ - Avenger - In performance of a vow. - -Along with this altar, as Brand tells us, were found two stones -resembling pine-apples. This is by no means an unusual ornament of the -works along the line. The pine-apple ornament is frequently introduced -in the stained-glass works of the middle ages. [Illustration: Altar to -Mars] As the fruit to which it bears a resemblance could not be known in -Europe until after the discovery of America, the origin of the figure is -an interesting speculation. I am disposed to think it is of Mithraic -origin, and that the prototype of it was a mass of flame proceeding from -the torch usually represented in the statues of that deity. The other -altar, here given, is inscribed-- - - ARTI - IENV - ANIV[S] - V[OTVM] - - To the god - Mars - Jenu- - anius _erected this_ - In performance of a vow. - -Besides these and some other inscribed stones, many coins have been -found here; amongst them, Brand mentions denarii of Trajan, Hadrian, -Faustina senior, and Domitian; brass coins of Valentinian, Gratianus, -Diocletian, Faustina, and Maxentius, with many others not legible. -Obscene figures are frequently found in Roman stations. They were worn -by females as a religious charm. Benwell has furnished one such example -of a very remarkable kind. Before leaving the station, the inquiring -traveller will do well to examine the stones of the park-wall. He will -soon detect many of Roman mould, whose faces have been scarred by the -blasts of many centuries. The larger ones have been derived from the -Wall--the smaller, from the curtain wall of the station, or the -dwellings erected within it. - -[Sidenote: CONDERCUM.] - -The pleasant village of Benwell lies a little to the south-west of the -station. 'The old tower of Benwell-hall,' says Bourne, 'was the place -where the prior of Tynemouth resided some part of the summer, and the -chapel, which Mr. Shaftoe opens and supplies for the good of the people -of his village, was the prior's domestic chapel.' Who that visits the -spot will say that the prior who made the selection was not a man of -taste? Benwell, as Horsley remarks, is not improbably thought to have -its name from the northern word _ben_, (Saxon _binnan_) signifying -within, and _well_ for wall, as being seated within, or on the south -side of the Wall.[69] Whitaker derives the Roman name of the station, -CONDERCUM, from the Celtic _Cond ar gui_, the height upon the water.[70] -The river being near, the description is apposite. - - -Leaving CONDERCUM, we again pursue our journey westward. The road for -several miles running upon the base of the Wall, the facing stones may -not unfrequently be seen for some distance together, protruding through -the 'metal.' This used to be more the case formerly than at present, for -since the diversion of the traffic from the road to the rail, motives of -economy have induced the road surveyors to quarry, in some places, the -last remnants of this great work of antiquity, for materials with which -to repair the highway. The north fosse, as we pursue our journey, -becomes more distinct on the right of the road. - -[Sidenote: THE WALL AT DENTON.] - -Descending Benwell-hill, the village of East Denton is reached. Here we -meet for the first time with a fragment of the Wall. The accompanying -wood-cut exhibits its present state. William Hutton describes the -interesting relic with becoming reverence. - -[Illustration: The Wall at East Denton] - - At Denton Dean, situated at the bottom of Benwell-hill, the great road - veers a few yards to the right, that is into Severus' ditch, and gives - us for the first time a sight of that most venerable piece of - antiquity, THE WALL, which is six yards south of the road, and twenty - short of the brook I am going to pass. The fragment is thirty-six feet - long, has three courses of facing stones on one side, and four on the - other, and is exactly nine feet thick. An apple tree grows on the top. - -It has lost a course of facing-stones since Hutton saw it, and the apple -tree is but the shadow of what it was. - -The turnpike road, which usually runs upon the site of the Wall, -uniformly swerves to the right when passing a village. The truth is, -nearly every house and hamlet in the district has sprung out of the -Wall. In many instances a mile-castle, slightly added to, has formed a -medival dwelling of some strength. The nucleus thus provided, became, -in the course of time, clustered round with contiguous habitations, so -that when, after the last season of strife with which the borders were -visited, the road came to be constructed, motives of economy required -that these spots of increased value should be avoided. - -Beyond the burn, the ground again rises, and the Wall, stretching -onwards in a line with the road, forms a distinct, but turf-covered -mound. At the distance of a field to the south of it, the Vallum is seen -in greater distinctness than before. Both of the aggers and the -intervening fosse may be clearly made out. Some young ash-trees grow in -the ditch. - -[Sidenote: DENTON HALL.] - -Advancing a little further, we have Denton-hall, formerly the seat of -the literary Mrs. Montague, on the right; attracted by her influence, -many of the great spirits of the age were occasionally found to be -assembled within its walls. Very nearly opposite the hall, a larger mass -of ruin than usual betokens the site of a mile-castle. - -Ascending the hill from West Denton, the fosse of the Murus is very -distinctly seen. The road is elevated two or three feet above the -natural level of the ground, the Wall, probably some courses high, -forming its nucleus. - -On the left hand, the lines of the Vallum are feebly indicated, but by -extending our glance some distance backwards and forwards, we can, with -tolerable certainty, distinguish the artificial mounds from the natural -heavings of the surface. - -[Sidenote: CHAPEL-HOUSE.] - -Passing the fourth mile-stone, we arrive at Chapel-houses. This name is -of sufficiently frequent occurrence along the line to suggest a -momentary inquiry into its origin. In the early ages of Christianity, a -mile-castle may have occasionally been the resort of the worshippers of -the true God; or in the 'troublesome times' of border warfare, when the -church not unfrequently shared in the general devastation, it may have -been set apart as a place for the confirmation of matrimonial vows, and -for the performance of religious rites. - -From the crown of this hill we have one of the finest views which -Northumberland can afford. The Tyne, in all its glittering beauty, -stretches far before us. Its southern bank is crowned by the pretty -village of Ryton, its left is variegated with the once beautiful, but -now furnace-fuming, Wylam. An amphitheatre of hills shuts in the distant -scene.[71] - -Horsley describes some ruined ramparts, called the Castle-steads near -Chapel-houses, to the south of both Vallum and Wall. They were probably -temporary encampments and have now disappeared. - -[Sidenote: WALBOTTLE-DEAN.] - -Before crossing Walbottle[72]-dean, the Vallum, which is very distinct, -and the Wall (_i. e._ the road) approach each other, apparently for -mutual support. There are no traces of a bridge across the ravine. - -As we ascend the next hill, and pass Throckley,[73] we have, for the -most part, the fosse on the right hand, and the mounds of the Vallum on -the left, very boldly developed. By the time the traveller has advanced -thus far, he will have learnt the necessity of bearing in mind that he -is in a mining district. If he overlook this circumstance, he will be in -danger of mistaking the track of some old 'waggon way' for the terraced -lines of Roman cultivation, or an old 'pit-heap' for an indubitable -British barrow. - -[Illustration: - - Cha^s Richardson, Delt. John Storey. Lith. - THE WORKS AT HEDDON-ON-THE WALL -] - -After passing Throckley, just where a gate on the left hand enters the -field from the road, a mound covered, in winter at least, with greener -herbage than the contiguous ground indicates the site of a mile-castle. -A little further on, a range of houses of peculiar appearance, called -the Frenchman's-row, attracts the eye. It was the residence, after the -first French revolution, of a number of refugees. The dial which -ornaments the Row is of their fabrication. The building is now used as a -poor-house. - -[Sidenote: HEDDON-ON-THE-WALL.] - -On the top of the little eminence, at which we arrive before reaching -Heddon-on-the-Wall, the north fosse is deeper and bolder than it has -hitherto appeared; it must be nearly in its original perfection. The -works of the Vallum, about fifty yards to the south, are also finely -developed. The ditch, in both cases, is cut through the free-stone rock. -Here, also, if the traveller will forsake the turnpike, for the road, as -usual, diverges to the right in order to avoid the village, he may see a -fragment of the Wall much longer and somewhat higher than the one at -Denton. Its north face is destroyed, but about five courses of the -southern face are perfect. The accompanying lithograph shews the present -state of the Barrier here. The Wall is in the foreground, while in the -distance (looking eastward) the section of the north fosse, and of the -works of the Vallum, is distinctly seen. - -About a mile north of the village is a striking prominence called -Heddon-law. Horsley remarks--'Not far from Heddon-on-the-Wall have been -some remarkable tumuli.' - -The ditch of the Vallum cuts right through the village, its lowest dip -forming the village pond; it is rather remarkable that in such a -situation, it should not long ago have been obliterated. - -Descending the hill on which Heddon-on-the-Wall stands, the lines of the -Barrier keep close together, and not without reason. The crag on the -south, now the scene of extensive quarrying operations, completely -commands them. Surely a post must have been maintained on this eminence -in the days of Roman occupation, though it had only been for the sake of -a look-out. - -Passing the eighth mile-stone, where the Vallum is in good condition, we -approach the fourth great station of the Barrier. A road, crossing the -turnpike at right angles, is close to its east rampart. - - -[Sidenote: VINDOBALA.] - -VINDOBALA.--The station now called Rutchester, stands on flat ground, -but commands a considerable prospect. The Notitia places here the -tribune of the first cohort of the Frixagi, a people [Sidenote: -RUTCHESTER.] whose country does not seem to be mentioned by any ancient -geographer. The inside dimensions of this station, from north to south, -are 178 yards, and from east to west, 135; it consequently contains -nearly five acres. The Wall started each way from the north side of its -east and west gates; so that a a greater portion of the station lay on -the north than on the south side of it, as is shewn in the plan of it, -Plate II. At present, the turnpike road runs between these portions; -that on the north has been all ploughed, and three of its sides sloped -into the ditch; its general outlines may, however, be distinguished; the -southern part is irregular in its surface, with heaps of ruins, still -covered with sward.[74] In Horsley's time, the northern part was -sufficiently perfect to enable him to discern six turrets in it, 'one at -each corner, one at each side of the gate, and one between each corner, -and those adjoining to the gate.'[75] The Vallum seems to have joined -the station in a line with its southern rampart. The ditch on the -western side is still tolerably distinct. The suburbs have been to the -south of the station, but their site has recently been disturbed by the -opening of an extensive quarry which has supplied large quantities of -the stone used in carrying the railway over the Tyne, and through -Newcastle. - -On the brow of the hill, just west of the station, there is still to be -seen, hewn out of the solid rock, what Wallis calls a coffin. It has -more the appearance of a cistern. It is twelve feet long, four broad, -and two deep, and has a hole close to the bottom at one end. When -discovered, it had a partition of masonry across it, three feet from one -end, and contained many decayed bones, teeth and vertebr, and an iron -implement resembling a three-footed candlestick. In the immediate -vicinity of this spot, three fine Roman altars were discovered in 1844; -they are now in the possession of Mr. James, of Otterburn, and are -described in the Archologia liana, iv. 5. - -[Sidenote: VINDOBALA.] - -The etymology of the name of this station seems to be tolerably plain. -'VINDOBALA,' says Whitaker, 'signifies merely the fort upon the heights. -_Bala_ remains, to the present period, the Welsh and Irish appellation -of a town.' I have received a similar account of the word from those -acquainted with the Gaelic language. The station, however, though -possessing the advantage of a gentle elevation above the contiguous -ground, does not stand upon a lofty eminence. - -No inscriptions have been found here mentioning the first cohort of the -Frixagi, which, according to the Notitia, was quartered in VINDOBALA. -This is of little consequence; the names of the contiguous stations both -east and west having been ascertained, the order of the stations in the -Notitia is sufficient evidence as to the identity of this with the -ancient VINDOBALA. - -The farm-house at Rutchester partly consists of an ancient building, -possessing great strength of masonry. A gothic carving on the interior -wall of its principal apartment shews that it is not of Roman -construction. It was probably a medival stronghold, made out of the -ruins of the station. It contains a well, now boarded over, which may be -of Roman date. - -Most of the stones of the farm buildings and adjacent fences are Roman, -and one or two fragments of Roman inscriptions built up in the stables, -besides some small altars preserved on the premises, give interest to -the place. - -[Sidenote: MURAL HOSPITALITY.] - -Mr. Hutton is usually very particular in giving a detail of the kind of -entertainment he met with at the various points of his journey. The -recital of his reception at Rutchester kindles into poetry: - - I saw old Sir at dinner sit, - Who ne'er said, "Stranger, take a bit," - Yet might, although a poet said it, - Have saved his beef, and raised his credit. - -His own appearance, he tells us, was a little peculiar, and -archological pursuits not being in vogue in that day, the farmer -probably had grave doubts as to the propriety of tempting the -enthusiastic old man to prolong his stay. - -It has frequently been my lot to receive the kindly attentions of the -inhabitants of the mural region. Often have my eyes, bedimmed with -fatigue, been 'enlightened' by partaking of the barley cake of the -cottager, (excellent food for a thirsty climb) as well as the costlier -viands of the farm tenant, or proprietor. Never shall I forget visiting, -on one occasion, a frail tenement near Chesterholm. Its only inmate, an -old woman, in the spirit of regal hospitality, asked me to join with her -in partaking of her only luxury--her pipe. I recently observed with -regret, that the cottage was tenantless. - -[Sidenote: NORTHUMBRIAN YEOMEN.] - -The inhabitants of that part of the district which is remote from towns, -do not affect the dress, or the speech, or the manners of polished -citizens. They like to know a person before they welcome him, and make -their approaches cautiously. But if slow in grasping the hand, they do -it heartily and sincerely. There is scarcely a latch in the wilder -regions of the country, that I would not freely lift in the assurance of -a smiling welcome. Often as I have groaned under the toils to which my -present undertaking has exposed me, I have reason to rejoice, that the -Barrier of the Lower Isthmus has been the means of making me acquainted -with many of the true-hearted and intelligent yeomen, both of my own -county, and of Cumberland, whom I should not otherwise have known. -Although their dialect may sound strangely to a southern ear, yet it is -English in its native purity and strength; a great authority, Mr. -Thorpe, having said, 'I believe the genuine Anglian dialect to be that -which is usually denominated the Northumbrian.'[76] - -Proceeding, now, after this long digression, on our journey, we pass, on -the left hand side of the road, an inn generally called the Iron-sign. -Some of the buildings are entirely composed of Roman stones. In the -erection nearest the road are three centurial stones. One has on it COH -VIII, another has the word LVPI, probably to announce the fact, that the -portion of the Wall in which it was originally inserted had been built -by the troop under the command of the centurion Lupus; the third is -illegible. - -[Sidenote: HARLOW-HILL.] - -Passing the ninth milestone, we stand upon the top of an eminence from -which there is a good view of Harlow-hill, and of the adjacent country. -The Wall here slightly changes its course for the purpose of ascending -the summit before it. The Vallum keeps company with the Wall for a short -distance, but eventually swerves to the south with the design of passing -along the base of the hill; it rejoins the Wall on the other side. This -is an arrangement which we should not have encountered had the Vallum -been intended for an independent barrier against a northern foe. The -north fosse is here very distinct, forming a deep groove on the left of -the road all the way to Harlow-hill. - -Just before entering the village of Harlow-hill, some portions of the -heart of the Wall may be seen, and a careful scrutiny will enable us to -ascertain its course through the village, a part of its foundation, of -the full width (nine feet), yet remaining. As usual, in passing through -the village, the turnpike road leaves the Wall for a short distance. -There was a mile-castle at Harlow-hill, which, Horsley says, had a high -situation, and a large prospect; all traces of it are now gone. A field, -about half a mile north of Harlow-hill, bears the ominous name of -Grave-riggs; the traditionary account of its origin being, that after a -bloody battle in 'the troublesome times,' it became the resting-place of -slaughtered multitudes. - -The village and ancient stronghold of Welton (a corruption no doubt of -Wall-town) is about half a mile to the south of the road. The fortlet is -entirely built of Roman stones. The adjoining mansion, at present -occupied by the farm tenant, bears the date of 1616. Its large hall, -with ample hearth and spacious bow-windows, is redolent of ancient -hospitality. In the memory of the villagers, the freaks of a benevolent -ghost, named Silky, which frequented the old tower, and the feats of -strength performed by William of Welton, still survive the weekly -intrusion of the newspaper. - -[Sidenote: WALL-HOUSES.] - -At Wall-houses, on the south side of the road, traces of a mile-castle -are obscurely visible; between this point and the fourteenth mile-stone -all the lines of the Barrier are developed in a degree that is quite -inspiriting. The north fosse is, for a considerable distance, planted -with trees, which will for some time save it from the envious plough. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - THE WORKS NEAR CARR HILL. -] - -[Sidenote: THE VALLUM AT DOWN-HILL.] - -Immediately after passing the farm house of Carr-hill, an appearance of -great interest presents itself. The works of the Vallum are coming -boldly forward in company with the Wall, when suddenly, and at a decided -angle, they change their course, evidently to avoid mounting a small -barrow-like elevation, called Down-hill.[77] The Wall pursues its course -straightforward. The view, exhibited on the opposite page, taken from -the edge of the hill, looking eastward, shews this arrangement. The -road, with the ditch on its north side, is the representative of the -Wall. The Vallum and Wall again converge as they approach HUNNUM. These -appearances strongly corroborate the opinion that all the lines of the -Barrier are but parts of one great engineering scheme. If the Vallum had -been constructed as an independent defence against a northern foe, and -nearly a century before the Wall, we cannot conceive that an elevation, -which so entirely commands the Vallum, would have been left open to the -enemy; especially as it would have been just as easy to take the Vallum -along the north flank of the hill as along the south. Horsley, who -advocates the opinion that the north agger is Agricola's Military Way, -that the southern aggers were the work of Hadrian, and that the Wall was -not erected till the time of Severus, is rather at a loss to account for -these appearances. He says:-- - - Before we come to Halton-chesters, somewhat appears that is pretty - remarkable. Hadrian's Vallum running full upon a little hill, turns at - once round about the skirt of it, leaving the hill on the north, and - thereby, one would think, rendering the Vallum itself a weak defence - at that part. The north agger goes close to the south side of this - hill; so that they were also obliged to carry the Vallum round the - hill in order to preserve the parallelism. If the north agger was the - Old Military Way, and prior to the Vallum, there was nothing improper - in carrying it on the south skirts of the hill; and then when the - Vallum came afterwards to be built, (for a defence, or place of - retreat) they were under a kind of necessity to form it after this - manner. - -Since so able a man as Horsley can devise no better defence of his -theory, it may well be abandoned altogether. It cannot be conceived -that, under a rule so vigorous as Hadrian's, the builders of the Barrier -would be allowed to give the enemy a material advantage, in order to -save themselves the trouble of reconstructing the Military Way for a -short space. - -Down-hill bears marks of having been quarried at some distant period for -its limestone. A little to the south of the Vallum are some circular -lines, which an experienced observer tells me, are the remains of -'sow-kilns.' It would, perhaps, be rash to claim for them a primeval -date, though in their appearance there is nothing inconsistent with the -supposition. - -[Sidenote: HALTON RED-HOUSE.] - -Halton Red-house is next passed on the right hand. It is entirely built -of stones taken from the neighbouring station; they have, however, been -fresh dressed. In the farm-yard is a rectangular stone trough, which was -found in the station, and which its owner describes as a 'smiddy trow,' -and shews upon the edge the place which had been worn away by the -attrition of the blacksmith's irons. It might, indeed, serve very well -for such a purpose, but troughs of this kind are of too frequent -occurrence in the buildings along the line to allow us to suppose that -this was their usual application. They are generally very rudely carved -both outside and in, and not unfrequently are formed of an irregular -unsquared block of stone. I think that they were used for domestic and -culinary purposes. There is a fragment of one lying in the hypocaust at -Chesters, the edge of which is worn down by the sharpening of knives -upon it. - -We now approach the fifth station of the line, - - -[Sidenote: Hunnum.] - -HUNNUM.--This ancient abode of Rome's warriors, with its walls, streets, -temples, markets, and aqueducts, is nearly one unbroken sweep of -luxuriant vegetation. The traveller may readily pass by it, as Hutton -did, without discerning symptoms of Roman occupation. A small, -half-ruined hut stands within its area, a fitting emblem of the -surrounding desolation. It is almost needless to name a city, which has -no existence, but for convenience sake,[Sidenote: HALTON-CHESTERS.] -Horsley conferred upon it the style and title of Halton-chesters. The -castle of Halton is close by. - -The form of the station is peculiar, as is shewn in the plan of it, -Plate II. The Wall joins the station at about one-third the distance -between its northern and southern extremity. The portion of the station -which is to the north of the Wall is not so broad as the part to the -south of it. The only reason which has been assigned for this is, that, -as Horsley observes, 'there is a descent or hollow ground joining to the -west side of this part, so that the work could not be carried on any -farther that way without much trouble and expense; though, it must be -owned, the Romans don't usually seem to have valued either the one or -the other'. It is remarkable that in adapting the station to the ground, -they have not given to the wall, at the north east corner, a slanting -direction, as would have been most convenient, but have, as usual, -adhered to the rectangular form. - -The turnpike road, keeping the line of the Wall, crosses the station -from the site of the eastern to that of the western gateway. The section -north of the road was brought under cultivation about twenty years ago, -when immense quantities of stones were removed. It is now called the -'Brunt-ha'penny field' in consequence of the number of corroded copper -coins which were found in it. The portion south of the road has a gentle -slope and a fair exposure to the sun. It has not recently been ploughed, -and consequently exhibits, with considerable distinctness, the lines of -the outer entrenchments and ditches, as well as the contour of the -ruined buildings and streets of the interior. The suburbs have covered a -fine tract of pasture-ground to the south. The valley on the west side -of the station would materially strengthen the position in this quarter. - -The excavations made in the northern section, a few years ago, revealed -several points of interest. The careful manner in which the stones, even -of the foundation, were squared and chiselled, struck beholders with -surprise. The thickness, of one part at least, of the west wall of the -station I have been assured, by a person who superintended the work, was -nine feet.[78] In the angle of the north-west portion of the station, -just outside the Wall, was a large heap, containing numerous fragments -of Roman pottery, the bones of animals, the horns of deer, and other -refuse matter--it must, in short, have been the dung-hill of the camp. -Even now, although the plough has passed repeatedly over it, its -position is shewn by the darkness of the soil. On the same occasion, -there was laid open an aqueduct of about three quarters of a mile in -length, which seems to have conducted water from a spring or burn in the -high ground north of the place where Stagshawbank fair is held. My -informant, who traced it for between two and three hundred yards, says, -that it was formed of stone, and was covered with flags.[79] In crossing -the valley to the west of the fort, it must have been supported on -pillars, or a mound. The most remarkable circumstance to be noticed -respecting this water-course is, that it was on the north, or the -enemy's side of the Wall. It is scarcely probable that the Romans would -depend for that portion of their daily supply, which was required for -drinking and culinary purposes, on so precarious a source; but it is not -unlikely that the water so introduced was meant to fill the fosse to the -north of the station, and thus to give the additional security of a wet -ditch to a portion of the camp, which, though much exposed, possessed no -natural strength of situation.[80] Crossing the station diagonally from -below the eastern gateway to the north-west angle, a sewer or drain was -found, of considerable dimensions. My informant crept along it for about -one hundred yards. The bottom of it was filled with hardened mud, -imbedded in which, were found a lamp and many bone pins, such as those -with which the Romans fastened their woollen garments. - -The most interesting discovery made on this occasion, however, was a -suite of apartments, which have been usually supposed to be 'the Baths.' -The building was one hundred and thirty-two feet in length, and -contained not fewer than eleven rooms. The first of these was -forty-three feet long, and twenty wide, and was the place, it has been -conjectured, 'where the bathers waited, and employed themselves in -walking and talking, till their turn came to bathe.' The others beyond -are supposed to have been set apart for the purposes of undressing, -taking the cold, the tepid, and the hot-bath, sweating, anointing, and -robing. If the Roman prefects allowed the most important buildings of -their frontier camps to be devoted to the enjoyment of the bath in all -its elaborate details, they were more indulgent than some modern -generals would be. That one or two of the smaller rooms have been -devoted to ablution is not unlikely, this range of buildings having -contained two carefully constructed cisterns which may have been used as -baths. Several of the rooms had hanging floors, with flues beneath; -pipes of burnt clay, fixed to the walls by T-headed holdfasts, -communicated with the flues below, and conveyed the hot air up the sides -of the apartments. But no provision for heating large quantities of -water was discovered, such as we might have expected to find, if the -whole building had been used for bathing. - -The whole of this interesting structure was removed as the process of -exhumation proceeded. Our only consolation is, that a minute and able -description of it has been left us by Mr. Hodgson. - -[Illustration: The Works near Carr-hill] - -Several inscribed and sculptured stones have been discovered here. -Camden, in 1600, found a monumental slab, erected to the memory of a -soldier of the Ala Sabiniana; the regiment which the Notitia represents -as being quartered at HUNNUM. A stone, bearing the inscription, LEG. II. -AVG. F., _Legio secunda Augusta fecit_, is at Alnwick castle, and -belongs, I think, to this station. Wallis says 'as some labourers were -turning up the foundations here, for the sake of the stones to mend the -road, they met with a centurial stone with the above inscription, within -a civic garland, the crest of the imperial eagle at each end, and that -it was taken into the custody of Sir Edward Blackett. The one here -shewn, though not a centurial stone, must be the one in question.[81] It -is one of the most elegantly carved stones that have been found upon the -line, and closely resembles the style of those erected by the same -legion in the Barrier of the Upper Isthmus. The ornament in the upper -margin, and at the sides, has probably formed the type of one that -prevailed in the Transition Norman and Early English styles. - -Several busts of emperors and empresses, preserved about the house and -grounds of Matfen, shew the attention which the ancient inhabitants of -HUNNUM have paid to the decoration of the camp. - -[Illustration: Slab--Fulgur Divom] - -A little to the west of the station, not far from the gateway, was -recently found the slab which is here figured. Although the inscription -is not deeply cut, it is very legible, and doubtless means--The -lightning of the gods. When any spot was struck with lightning, it was -immediately deemed sacred, and venerated as such by the Romans, being -surrounded by a breastwork of masonry, similar to that put round the -mouth of a well. Conscious guilt makes cowards of the most dauntless -warriors! Perhaps some member of the Sabinian ala, hastening for -shelter, and beseeching meanwhile the protection of Jupiter Tonans, was -here arrested on life's journey, and summoned to his great account. - -Among the minor antiquities found at this station was a particularly -massive finger ring of pure gold, set with an artificial stone, on which -a full-length figure was engraved. It was stolen from lady Blackett, to -whom it belonged, together with the rest of her jewellery. - -An intelligent observer informs me, that an ancient road of Roman -construction went direct north from HUNNUM. It, no doubt, soon joined -the eastern branch of the Watling-street which Horsley lays down, part -of whose course is represented in the map accompanying this volume. - -[Sidenote: HALTON-CHESTERS.] - -Halton-castle is to the south of the station. It is entirely composed of -stones taken from the Roman Wall. In the farm-buildings attached to it, -are some Roman mouldings, and a weathered figure of primeval aspect. - -No probable etymological account of the word HUNNUM has yet been -offered. If the word Halton can be supposed to have any affinity with -HUNNUM, besides the initial breathing, this is one of the few instances -in which there is any resemblance between the ancient and modern name of -the stations. - - -Leaving HUNNUM, we soon reach Stagshawbank-gate, where the ancient -Watling-street crosses the road at right-angles. This Roman Way was -probably first constructed by Agricola, as a means of keeping up a -communication with the garrisons in South Britain, while he was forcing -his way into Scotland. A fort formerly stood here to guard the passage -through the Wall; no trace of it now remains. - -[Sidenote: VALLUM NEAR ST. OSWALD'S.] - -The earth-works between this point and the crown of the hill descending -to the North Tyne are remarkably perfect. The description which Hutton -gives of them happily holds good at the present moment-- - - I now travel over a large common, still upon the Wall, with its trench - nearly complete. But what was my surprise when I beheld, thirty yards - on my left, the united works of Agricola and Hadrian, almost perfect! - I climbed over a stone wall to examine the wonder; measured the whole - in every direction; surveyed them with surprise, with delight; was - fascinated, and unable to proceed; forgot I was upon a wild common, a - stranger, and the evening approaching. I had the grandest works under - my eye of the greatest men of the age in which they lived, and of the - most eminent nation then existing; all of which had suffered but - little during the long course of sixteen hundred years. Even hunger - and fatigue were lost in the grandeur before me. If a man writes a - book upon a turnpike road, he cannot be expected to move quick; but, - lost in astonishment, I was not able to move at all. - -The first time I visited the spot, this passage, through which there -runs so fine a vein of youthful enthusiasm, was fresh in my -recollection. The shades of evening were beginning to gather round me, -and the blackness of the furze which covered the ground, gave additional -solemnity to the scene. I looked for the venerable old man, as if -expecting still to find him fixed in his enthusiastic trance; but he was -not there. After all, he had moved on; and a few years more removed him -from this scene, to sleep in the church-yard under a humbler and less -durable mound than his favourite general and emperor had here raised! - -The section given in page 52, exhibits the state of the works at this -place. The north fosse is very boldly developed between the sixteenth -and eighteenth milestone: the whole of its contents lie strewed on its -outer margin. Near the eighteenth milestone, on the left of the road, is -a mound, which I take to be the remains of a mile-castle. In one part -near here, the Wall, as seen in the road, measures ten feet wide, but it -speedily becomes narrower. - -[Sidenote: ST. OSWALD'S CHAPEL.] - -Where the ground begins to dip strongly to the North Tyne, St. Oswald's -chapel stands. On the north side of the road, is a field called -Mould's-close, in which a number of bones and implements of war have -from time to time been turned up, and which is supposed to be the site -of a battle. The tradition runs, that from the fight which was won here, -England dates her advancing greatness, and that, from the fatal results -of a conflict to be lost on the same ground, she will date her decline. -[Sidenote: BATTLE OF HEAVEN-FIELD.]Hodgson says, 'Was this the site of -part of the battle of Heaven-field, which Bede says was fought just -north of the Roman Wall, and in memory of which the chapel of St. Oswald -was built?' That it was, the narrative of the venerable historian will -probably shew-- - - The place is shewn to this day, and held in much veneration, where - Oswald (A.D. 635), being about to engage (with the ferocious British - king Cadwalla), erected the sign of the holy cross, and on his knees - prayed to God that he would assist his worshippers in their great - distress. It is further reported, that the cross being made in haste, - and the hole dug in which it was to be fixed, the king himself, full - of faith, laid hold of it, and held it with both his hands, till it - was set fast by throwing in the earth; and this done, raising his - voice, he cried to his army, 'Let us all kneel, and jointly beseech - the true and living God Almighty, in his mercy, to defend us from the - haughty and fierce enemy; for He knows that we have undertaken a just - war for the safety of our nation.' All did as he had commanded, and - accordingly advancing towards the enemy with the first dawn of day, - they obtained the victory, as their faith deserved. In that place of - prayer very many miraculous cures are known to have been performed, as - a token and memorial of the king's faith; for even to this day, many - are wont to cut off small chips of the wood of the holy cross, which - being put into water, men or cattle drinking of, or sprinkled with - that water, are immediately restored to health. The place in the - English tongue is called Hefenfeld, or the Heavenly Field.... The same - place is near the Wall with which the Romans formerly enclosed the - island from sea to sea, to restrain the fury of the barbarous nations, - as has been said before. Hither, also, the brothers of the church of - Hagulstad (Hexham), which is not far from thence (it is in the valley - directly below), repair yearly on the day before that on which king - Oswald was afterwards slain, to watch there for the health of his - soul, and having sung many psalms, to offer for him in the morning the - sacrifice of the holy oblation. And since that good custom has spread, - they have lately built and consecrated a church there, which has - attached additional sanctity and honour to that place.[82] - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - THE WALL AT BRUNTON. -] - -A little to the south of the road, at St. Oswald's-hill-head, is -Fallowfield-fell, where the Written-rock, of which an engraving is -given, page 102, may yet be seen. The face of the rock occupied by the -inscription is four feet long; the letters are distinct.[83] Continuing -to descend the hill, we come to Plane-tree-field, where on the left of -the road, a conspicuous piece of the Wall remains. It is about -thirty-six yards long, and has, in some places, five courses of -facing-stones entire; the grout of the interior which rises still -higher, gives root to some fine old thorns. This sight may be rendered -more interesting by the antiquary's carrying his eye forward, and -tracing the Wall in its onward course; in its modern representative, the -turnpike road, it is seen, (having crossed the North Tyne, and passed -the station of CILURNUM,) bounding up the opposite hill in its usual -unflinching manner, and making for the wastes and mountains which it is -speedily to traverse. - -[Sidenote: THE WALL AT BRUNTON.] - -In the grounds of Brunton, a little below this, a small piece of the -Wall is to be seen in a state of very great perfection. It is seven feet -high, and presents nine courses of facing-stones entire. The mortar of -the five lower courses is good; the face of the south side is gone. The -ditch also is here well developed. The opposite lithograph gives an -accurate representation of what Hutton calls 'this grand exhibition.' -The altar which, at present, stands as it is placed in the drawing, -formerly discharged the office of a gate-post at the entry of the yard -of St. Oswald's chapel. - -[Sidenote: BRIDGE OVER THE NORTH TYNE.] - -For some reason, which it is hard to divine, the turnpike road now -recedes from the Wall, and crosses the river at Chollerford, nearly -half-a-mile above the spot where the Roman bridge spanned it. - - _PLATE VI._ - -[Illustration: - - REMAINS OF ROMAN BRIDGE - OVER THE - NORTH TYNE. - _Reid Lith._ -] - - _PLATE VII._ - -[Illustration: Miscellaneous Antiquities, Chesters, Cilurnum] - -The remains of this bridge may yet be seen when the water is low, and -the surface smooth. There seem to have been three piers of considerable -size and solidity, set diagonally to the stream. The stones composing -them are large, regularly squared, and fastened with metallic -cramps.[84] Luis-holes, indicating the mode in which they have been -lowered into their bed, appear in several of them. The firmness with -which these foundation courses still retain the position assigned to -them by the soldiers of Hadrian is very remarkable; the rolling floods -of sixteen hundred winters seem to have spent their rage upon them -almost in vain. As the eastern side of the river is frequently -overflowed, the Vallum is here obliterated, but probably both works -approached the bridge in close companionship. On the western side, -appearances still bear out Horsley's statement, that the 'Wall falls -upon the middle of the fort, and Hadrian's Vallum, as usual, falls in -with the south side of it.' - -A plan of CILURNUM, and adjoining works, as figured by Warburton, is -given in Plate II. Probably, few who examine it attentively will -question the justness of the conclusion to which he has arrived, that -the Wall, Vallum, stations, castles, and turrets, 'by their mutual -relation to one another, must have been one entire, united defence, or -fortification.' - -We are now arrived at the station called in the locality, Chesters, but -by Horsley named, for the sake of distinction, Walwick-chesters. An -attentive examination of it will well reward the antiquary. - - -[Sidenote: CILURNUM.] - -CILURNUM.--This station has, as usual, the form of a parallelogram, the -corners being slightly rounded off. It contains an area of fully six -acres. In the latter part of the last century, when the mansion and -estate of Chesters came into the possession of the family of Clayton, -this area was covered with the ruins of buildings which had apparently -stood in strait, narrow streets, and although the surface of the station -has since been levelled and made smooth, in order to fit it for its use -as part of the park, yet its ramparts and fosse, the Wall and Vallum as -they approach and leave it, and the road leading to the river, may all -be distinctly discerned; even the ruined dwellings of the interior area, -as if dissatisfied with their lowly condition, struggle to rear -themselves into notice. A portion of the Wall, near the north-west -angle, has been freed from the encumbering soil; it is five feet thick, -and exhibits four courses of masonry in excellent preservation. - -Hutchinson was struck with the linear character which the ruined streets -of this fort had in his time, and was reminded, by their appearance, of -the arrangements of the Polybian camp. This will be observed in a -greater or less degree in all the stations, and there cannot be a doubt -but that the dwellings were arranged in rows parallel to the four sides -of the stations, and hence, intersecting each other at right angles. It -was necessary that the Roman camp, whether of a temporary or permanent -character, should be nearly uniform in its plan. If the troops rested -but for a night, each man knew the part he had to fill in preparing the -fortification, and could set about it at once; in the event of a sudden -attack in the darkness of the night, each knew his position, though he -may never have rested upon the spot before. - -Suburban buildings have occupied the space between the station and the -river, and ruins more extensive than usual are spread over the ground to -the south. There is no appearance of any habitations having been erected -to the north of the Wall. Whenever the surface of the contiguous ground -is broken, fragments of Samian ware and other marks of Roman occupation -appear. - -[Sidenote: CHESTERS.] - -Two remains of great interest are found within the station. One of these -is an underground vault near the middle. Its masonry is rough, and -somewhat peculiar; the sides incline slightly inwards, but the roof, -instead of being uniformly vaulted, is formed of three ribs arched in -the usual manner, and the intervals between them are in technical -language--'stepped over,' that is, the stones of each course are made to -project inwards a little, until, at length, one laid on the top -completes the junction. The woodcut, which is here introduced, together -with the following extract from Hodgson's description of it, will give a -tolerably correct idea of this curious structure. - -[Illustration: Vault at Cilurnum] - - This vault, when it was first found, was supposed to have been the - rarium of the station. Between the joinings of the floor, which were - of thin free-stone flags, were found several counterfeit denarii, both - of copper and iron plated with silver. The approach to it was by four - steps downwards, the lowest of which was a large centurial stone, - which had borne an inscription, but nearly all of it had been - purposely erased. On the outside of the threshold was found, in a - sadly decayed state, its original door of wood, strongly sheathed with - plates of iron, and the whole firmly rivetted together with large - square nails. Within the door, which had opened inwards, the end wall - was two feet thick, plastered and painted. Its internal area is ten - feet by nine, and its height to the crown of the arch six feet four - inches.[85] - -[Illustration: Ground-plan, Hypocaust, CILURNUM.] - -[Illustration: Hypocausts at Cilurnum] - -Some buildings situated near to the spot where the eastern gateway must -be, and which have recently been freed from the earth and rubbish that -have long enveloped them, are objects of still greater interest. Their -general appearance, as seen from a slight elevation, is shewn in the -adjoining wood-cut, while, for a more minute knowledge of their size and -arrangements, reference may be made to the plan on the opposite page. -Eight apartments have already been exposed, and a little more research -would doubtless display others. - -[Sidenote: THE HYPOCAUSTS.] - -Descending a few steps (at L in the Plan), a street three feet wide at -one extremity, and four at the other, is entered. Another, leading from -it at right-angles, and which is paved with flag-stones, conducts to the -grand entrance (D) of what appears to be the principal section of the -building. The steps are very much worn down by the tread of feet, and -even some of the stones, which have evidently been put in the place of -others that have been too much abraded to be serviceable, exhibit -partial wear. This saloon must have been a place of general -concourse--can it have been the hall of justice, or the place where the -commander of the station transacted the business of the district under -his charge? The floor (E) is probably supported on pillars, and has been -warmed by flues beneath; but this cannot be ascertained without injuring -it. The upper covering is of flags, the fractured state of which induces -the belief, that the walls of the surrounding building have been -forcibly thrown down upon them. The northern enemies of Rome, knowing -the importance of these stations, would not be slow in involving them in -entire ruin, when permitted, by the withdrawal of the troops, to do so -without molestation. Passages diverge from this saloon, to the right and -left, into other apartments. In the room on the left was found, in good -preservation, a cistern or bath (C), lined with red cement. A breach had -been made in the street wall of this chamber (at B), and in the rubbish -which [Illustration: River-god] encumbered the gap, was found the statue -of a river-god, of which a correct sketch is here given. It is probably -intended to represent the genius of the neighbouring river--the North -Tyne. Although executed in coarse sand-stone, it is not without -considerable gracefulness of attitude and proportion. It is preserved in -the mansion at Chesters. Of the present state of the apartments beyond, -the wood-cut in the previous page, and the lithograph here introduced, -will give an accurate conception. The floors have been supported upon -pillars, some of them being of stone, others of square flat bricks. The -stone pillars are, for the most part, fragments of columns and balusters -which have been used in a prior structure.[86] The student of medival -architecture will probably recognise in some of them types of the Saxon -style. The dilapidated state of the floor of this apartment allows of an -easy examination of its mode of construction. Flags, about two inches -thick, rest upon the pillars; a layer of compost, five inches thick, and -formed of lime, sand, gravel, and burned clay or pounded tile, succeeds, -and above that, another covering of thin flag-stones.[87] This apartment -has been provided with a semicircular recess at its eastern extremity -(G), and, at the angle next the street (A), has been supported by a -buttress. A similar alcoved recess existed on the western side of one of -the principal rooms of the 'baths' at HUNNUM, and the same arrangement -may yet be observed in the corresponding building at Lanchester. All of -these buildings have been strengthened with buttresses, but it is only -in these and analogous cases, that the use of the buttress is admitted -among the erections of the Barrier; it never occurs in the great Wall or -the curtain-walls of the stations. In the circular recess[Sidenote: THE -HYPOCAUSTS.] of this apartment is an aperture (G), which probably has -served to regulate the current of air circulating in the hypocausts. The -furnace which warmed the suite of apartments was situated near the -south-east extremity of the building (at F); the pillars near the fire -having been much acted upon by the heat, the whole of this part of the -floor was reduced, on exposure to the frosts of winter, to the confused -heap represented in the drawing. The soot in the flues was found as -fresh as if it had been produced by fires lighted the day before.[88] -The walls of this apartment were coated with plaster, and coloured dark -red; exposure to the weather soon stripped them of this covering. An -arched passage curiously turned with Roman tile took the heated air from -the furnace through the party-wall (at X) into the chamber to the west -of it. The rooms to the westward of the intersecting street (HD), seem -to form an independent building, and have less of the aspect of a place -of public concourse than the other portions. They may have been the -private residence of the commander of the station. They, too, are heated -by hypocausts. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - HYPOCAUST AT CHESTERS, (CILURNUM) - Printed by W. Monkhouse, York -] - -[Sidenote: CILURNUM.] - -In urging the conviction, that the hanging floors of these Roman -buildings were meant to produce a comfortable warmth, rather than to -generate steam, by having water sprinkled upon them, attention may be -drawn to the thickness of their substance. At present, the floor of the -principal apartment is nine inches thick, and when its upper surface was -overlaid, as it no doubt was, with a tasteful concrete or mosaic -pavement, it would be an inch or two more. It would require a very -powerful furnace to raise this mass of matter to a considerable -temperature. On the other hand, if the production of a genial and -uniform warmth were the object in view, no contrivance could be more -suitable. The heated air from a small furnace permeating the underground -flues and the walls of a suite of apartments, and not passing off until, -in its lengthened passage, it had given out the larger part of the -warmth it had derived, would, in the lapse of some hours, give to the -whole building a comfortable temperature, which it would not readily -lose. Any inattention to the furnace, either by causing it to burn too -fiercely or too feebly, would not be felt. The thickness of the floors -would prevent the air from being scorched, and producing that -disagreeable sensation which is experienced in rooms that are heated by -the stoves in common use. It is not improbable that we may return to -this method of warming our churches and public halls, even if we do not -adopt it in our private buildings.[89] - -[Sidenote: METHOD OF WARMING BUILDINGS.] - -The door-ways of some of these apartments have been provided with double -doors, probably for more effectually maintaining the warmth of the room. - -The masonry of those portions of the walls which are standing, is in an -excellent state of preservation. In the angle near the buttress (A), the -action of the trowel in giving the finishing touch to the pointing may -be perceived. The walls rest upon two strong basement courses, the angle -of the uppermost being bevelled off with a neat moulding. - -Some of the quoins of the door-ways consist of very large stones; one is -six feet long, and is probably a ton in weight. This proves that it was -not from lack of mechanical means that the interior buildings and walls -of the stations were composed of small stones. More than one of the -thresholds have a groove very roughly cut in them, apparently to allow -of the egress of water. This has probably been done after the departure -of the Romans and the general demolition of the buildings, by some -houseless wanderers, who, having 'camped' in the ruin, were incommoded -by the lodgement of rain on the floor. - -The hydraulic properties of the concrete used in the floors of Roman -hypocausts, has, I believe, escaped the notice of previous writers, and -is the only other point which need longer detain us in this interesting -building. My attention was drawn to this subject by my brother, Mr. -George Barclay Bruce, Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in -the following communication:-- - - In many places on the line of the Wall, the mortar has had mixed with - it broken tiles or burned clay, to assist it in resisting the moisture - of the atmosphere. - - The concrete at Chesters placed between the slabs of the bath-room, - has a very large proportion of this burned clay, and would thus be - better suited to resist the action of heat below and water above than - purer lime. - - A portion of this concrete was taken, by way of experiment, and burned - in a crucible, as though it had been a piece of limestone; it was then - ground fine, and mixed with a proper quantity of water; after being - allowed to dry for three or four hours, it was immersed in water, - where it set in the same manner as common mortar does in the open air, - clearly proving its hydraulic properties. The same experiment was - tried with the ordinary mortar of the Wall, but without the same - result, there not being a sufficiently large quantity of burned clay - to enable it to stand so severe a test. In the case of the concrete, - it did not set so readily as what is called Roman cement, but - sufficiently so to prove that it is a strong hydraulic mortar, made by - the mixture of burned clay with common lime. - -[Sidenote: THE CEMETERY.] - -Bidding farewell to these interesting structures, we may now bend our -steps a short way down the river, on a visit to the cypress-grove--the -burial ground of the station. This, which in Horsley's days formed a -separate field called the Ox-close, is now included in the park of the -domain. Never was spot more appropriately chosen. The river here -descends with more than usual rapidity over its stony bed, and bending -at the same time to the left, exhibits to the eye the lengthened vista -of its well-wooded banks. No earthly music could better soothe the -chafed affections of the hopeless heathen mourner than the murmur of the -stream which is ceaselessly heard in this secluded nook. From this spot -have been procured several sepulchral slabs which will presently afford -us instruction; meantime, one is given on the next page whose lesson is -of a negative character. The blank memorial shews how vain are the -efforts which even affection makes to render buoyant on the wave of time -the memory of those departed. Our very monuments need memorials. But, -passing this, the character of the carving betokens a poor state of the -arts, and fixes its date in the lowest times of the empire: in this we -have a proof of the long-continued occupation of the station. The fate -of the stone has been singular. When Horsley saw it, the inscription was -legible; but having since been used as the door-stone of the cow-house -at Walwick Grange, the letters had, previous to its removal to -Alnwick-castle (its present resting place), been entirely obliterated. - -[Illustration: Funereal Slab, Cilurnum] - -Between the station and the cemetery is a well enclosed with Roman -masonry; it is now in a great measure filled up. - -[Illustration: Funereal Slab of Horse Soldier, Cilurnum] - -[Sidenote: ITS NAME ASCERTAINED.] - -The station of CILURNUM, which is the sixth on the line of the Wall, was -garrisoned by the second wing of the Astures, (a regiment of Spanish -cavalry) commanded by a prefect. This fact has gradually developed -itself to the antiquary. Camden thought it probable. Horsley concurred -in the opinion, and, in the absence of better evidence, sagaciously -referred to the tombstone of which a drawing is here presented, in proof -of its having been occupied by a horse regiment. 'That some horse,' says -he, 'kept garrison here in the lower empire, seems to be probable from -the inscription and sculpture yet remaining at Walwick-grange.'[90] 'The -letters D. M.,' he remarks in another place, 'prove this to be a -sepulchral monument, and the figure shews that the deceased belonged to -the horse, and therefore probably was one of the _Ala secunda Astorum_, -which in the lower empire kept garrison at CILURNUM, as the Notitia -informs us.' - -[Illustration: Slab-Ala II. Asturum] - -More decisive evidence has since been procured. The slab figured on page -61, is part of it. A still more satisfactory document of stone was -discovered at Chesters several years ago, where it is still preserved: -the wood-cut accurately portrays it. - - IMP[ERATORI] CAES[ARI] _MARCO_ AVREL[IO] - AUG[VSTO] . . . . . . . . . . . . _PONTIFICI MAXIMO_ - TRIB[VNITIA] P[OTESTATE] CO[N]S[VLI] _IV_ P[ATRI] P[ATRI] DIV[I] - _ANTONINI FILIO_ - DIVI SEVER[I] NEP[OTI] - CAESAR[I] IMPER[ATORI] . . . . . . . . . . . _DUPLARES_ - AL II ASTVRV[M] _TEMPLUM_ VETVSTAT[E] _CONLAPSUM RESTITU_- - ERVNT PER MARIUM VALER[IANUM] _LEGATUM AUGUSTALEM PROPRTOREM_ - INSTANTE SEPTIMIO NILO PR[FECTO] - DEDICATVM III KAL[ENDAS] NOVEM[BRIS] GRATO ET SELE[VCO] - _CONSULIBUS_.[91] - - To the emperor Marcus Aurelius - Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . Pontifex Maximus, - With tribunitian power, fourth time Consul, Father of his Country, of - divine Antoninus the son, - Of the deified Severus the grandson, - To Csar our emperor . . . . . . . . the duplares[92] - Of the second wing of Astures, this temple, through age dilapidated, re- - stored by command of Marius Valerianus, Imperial Legate and Proprtor, - Under the superintendence of Septimius Nilus, Prefect. - Dedicated Oct. 30th, in the consulate of Gratus and Seleucus. - -Hutton, who has done such good service to the Wall, under-rated the -value of inscriptions. 'When the antiquary,' says he, 'has laboured -through a parcel of miserable letters, what is he the wiser?'--Let this -fractured and defaced stone answer the question.[93] 1. This dedication -was made by soldiers of the second wing of the Astures;--we thus learn -the name of the people who garrisoned the fort, and by a reference to -the Notitia, ascertain with certainty that this was[Sidenote: CILURNUM.] -CILURNUM. 2. We acquire the fact, that a temple, which through age had -become dilapidated, was restored;--learning thereby, not only the -attention which the Romans paid to what they conceived to be religious -duties, but their long occupation of this spot. It has been already -observed, that some of the pillars of the hypocaust have been portions -of a prior building;--the ruin and inscription thus corroborate each -other. 3. The date of the dedication is given; the third of the calends -of November falls upon the thirtieth of October, and the year in which -Gratus and Seleucus were consuls corresponds to A.D. 221;--the data on -which antiquaries found their conclusions, are not always so vague as -some imagine. 4. Even the erasures are instructive. By a reference to -the date, we find that Heliogabalus was reigning at the time of the -dedication of the temple; we find that what remain of the names and -titles on the stone apply to him; he, consequently, is the emperor -referred to. The year following he was slain by his own soldiers, his -body dragged through the streets and cast into the Tiber. The soldiers -in Britain seem to have sympathized with their companions at Rome and to -have erased the name of the fallen emperor from the dedicatory slab. -Human nature is the same in every age. How often have we, in modern -times, seen a name cast out with loathing which yesterday received the -incense of a world's flattery! - -The above inscription gives us the station of the _Ala secunda Asturum_, -in the reign of Heliogabalus, A.D. 221. The Notitia Imperii gives us its -station in the reign of Theodosius the younger, '_ultra tempus Arcadii -et Honorii_,' A.D. 430, and we find at both periods the same force in -the same station, which corresponds with the understood practice of the -Roman army with regard to the permanency of the quarters of its -auxiliary forces. With reference to the difference between the spelling -of the inscription and the Notitia, 'Asturum' and 'Astorum,' it may be -observed that as the Notitia Imperii was preserved for a thousand years -in manuscript before the art of printing came to its rescue, it is more -likely that the error should be in the book, than on the stone. - -The ancient name of the station having been ascertained, the etymology -of it may be inquired into. Whitaker says it means a creek. An authority -acquainted with the Gaelic language suggests the following derivation; -_caol_, narrow, probably pronounced by the Romans _kil_, and _doir_, -water (in composition _dhoir_, the dh not sounded); so that _caol-oir_ -is narrow stream; the _um_ is a usual Latin affix. Of course, this -branch of the Tyne is narrow in comparison with the united floods. The -word may have had an Italian origin; the Latin _celer_, swift, has some -resemblance to it, and the river, when swollen by floods, very speedily -discharges its superfluous water. Whatever be the origin of the word, -the names of the neighbouring places, Chollerton and Chollerford, have -had a similar derivation. - -[Sidenote: ROMAN SCULPTURES.] - -[Illustration: Statue of Cybele, Cilurnum] - -The miscellaneous antiquities which have been found here, and are still -preserved upon the spot, are of a very interesting character. Chief -among them is a broken statue, which is here represented. - -The fragment, consisting of a fine-grained sandstone, is six feet two -inches long. Statues of so large a size are of very rare occurrence in -Roman camps in Britain. It is generally supposed to have been meant for -Cybele, the mother of the gods. The gracefulness of the design, and the -excellence of the execution, show us that the state of the arts in Roman -Britain was not so low as is sometimes supposed. The arrangement of the -drapery, and the ornament placed upon its margins, are suggestive of the -mode in which these details were managed in the statues of the early -ecclesiastical architects. The ancient builders professedly followed the -Roman modes. - -[Illustration: Group of Carved Stones, Cilurnum] - -The fine Corinthian capital, which is here shewn, enables us to judge of -the beauty of some of the buildings which adorned the ancient CILURNUM. -In the drawing, it rests upon one of the foundation stones of the -bridge; on the right-hand side of the group are two centurial stones, -inscribed-- - - C[ENTVRIA] VAL[ERII] - MAXI[MI] - [CENTVRIA] RVFI SABI - NI - - The century (or company) of Valerius - Maximus - The century of Rufus Sabi- - nus. - -On the top of these is a pipe of red earthenware. - - _PLATE VIII_ - -[Illustration: Miscellaneous Antiquities, Cilurnum] - - _PLATE IX_ - -[Illustration: Samian Ware] - -[Sidenote: MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES.] - -Preserved in the collection here, is a tile of the usual Roman -fabrication, on which are impressed the foot-marks of a dog, seemingly -of the terrier species. The animal must have run over it while the clay -was in a soft state. Plate VIII. fig. 4. - -In making the excavations at the hypocausts, many coins of silver and -brass were found. They extend from the reign of Hadrian to that of -Gratian; those of Constantine and his immediate successors prevail. A -massive silver signet ring, representing, on a cornelian stone, a cock -pecking at an an ear of corn, was found in one of the rooms. As is -uniformly the case, numerous fragments of the different kinds of pottery -used by the Romans were turned up; some of the fragments of vessels of -Samian ware are figured on Plate IX. A key, fig. 4. an iron implement -with springs on each side of it, fig. 1. and a spear head fig. 3. drawn -on Plate X., were found here. Some soles of sandals, similar in -character to those which will afterwards be described, several glass -beads of curious fabrication, and broken pieces of glass vessels, were -picked up. A piece of _cut_ glass procured here is shewn in Plate VII. -fig. 10. One of the most curious relics obtained from this treasury of -Roman effects was the tooth of a bear; it is of a large size, and is -pierced with two holes to enable its possessor to suspend it by a -string, and wear it as a trophy or a charm on his person. It is figured -of the full size in Plate VII. Bears, as well as wolves, prowled in the -forests of ancient Britain, and no doubt the formidable animal which -yielded this tusk, cost its captor a severe struggle. - -Not the least interesting of the circumstances of a place of very early -occupation, are the traditions of the 'ancients' respecting it. -Notwithstanding their rudeness, some latent truth may generally be -educed from them; and they always manifest the modes of thought that -prevailed in former times. Sixty years ago the traditions of the Wall -might easily have been gathered, but now the old men have nearly -forgotten the tales with which their 'fore-elders' used to entertain -them on a winter's evening. The products of the press have nearly -superseded this unlettered lore. A few fragments relative to CILURNUM -have, however, been supplied to me. A belief used to prevail, that there -existed a subterranean stable under the camp capable of containing five -hundred horse. It was, moreover, currently related, that beneath the -river a tunnel was formed, which led to the opposite side. There is a -pool in the vicinity of the station, on its western side, called the -Ingle-pool, and which, until partially filled up a few years ago, was -very deep; the peasantry believed, that it derived its supplies by an -underground canal from the North Tyne, at Nunwick-mill, between three -and four miles up the river. - - _PLATE X._ - -[Illustration: - - J. STOREY DEL. ET LITH. PRINTED BY AND^W. REID. - Roman Spears, etc. -] - -In these traditions we may perhaps recognise the facts, that a regiment -of horse garrisoned the station; that the Romans carefully maintained -the means of intercourse with both sides of the river; and that, if in -this instance they did not, which is by no means certain, in others they -undoubtedly did bring water from great distances, either for the purpose -of sustenance, or to strengthen their position. - -We must now take leave of CILURNUM. Whatever may be the views of the -reader, the visitor will do so with regret. As Hodgson well remarks, -'The Astures, in exchanging the sunny valleys of Spain for the banks of -the tawny Tyne, might find the climate in their new situation worse, but -a lovelier spot than CILURNUM all the Asturias could not give them.' -During many days spent in the prosecution of my inquiries here--the -beauty of the landscape, the instructive nature of the ruins, and the -pleasant intercourse which I was privileged to enjoy with the hospitable -family at the hall, combined to make a deep impression upon my mind. - - -[Sidenote: CHESTERS.] - -Again we bend our steps westward. Behind the garden wall at Chesters -stands a fragment of the Wall. The north fosse is filled with water. -Ascending the hill which leads to Walwick, the earth works are seen on -the left hand. When near the top of it, our out-door antiquary, while he -pauses for breath, will do well to look back, and contemplate the scene -he is leaving. The lines of the Barrier are seen boldly descending the -well-wooded and fertile banks on the east side of the river. Warden-hill -is to the south, and will attract attention by its elevation. Its summit -is seen still to bear marks of having been occupied by the aborigines of -Britain. Whilst the works of the Barrier were going on, they may have -maintained their position for a while, and, from behind their -entrenchments, scowled upon the intruders who were soon to drive them to -the remoter region of the Cheviots. After watering both sides[Sidenote: -WARDEN-FELL.] of the tongue of land of which Warden-fell consists, the -North and South Tyne meet, and their waters roll on in a united stream -to the Emporium of the North. We can follow it with the eye for some -distance, as it goes sparkling in the sunshine, spreading fertility and -beauty on either hand. - - ... O ye dales - Of Tyne and ye most ancient woodlands; where - Oft as the giant flood obliquely strides, - And his banks open, and his lawns extend, - Stops short the pleased traveller to view, - Presiding o'er the scene, some rustic tower, - Founded by Norman or by Saxon hands. - -Nestled in the fairest part of the valley is the abbey church of Hexham; -closely inspected, it is found to be a chaste specimen of the most -simple and beautiful of our ecclesiastical styles--the early English, -and, when viewed from a distance, as in this case, its venerable towers -lend a quiet charm to the landscape. - -How different the scene which the Romans beheld! In their day, and for -long afterwards, the painful cultivator of the soil knew not who should -reap the harvest; those only, therefore, who had power to protect -themselves would engage in the occupation. Now, the husbandman dreams -not of a foreign foe, or of troops of lawless marauders; steadily he -evokes the riches of the soil, and something like an Eden smiles! - -A strip of the Wall, though in a disordered state, and covered with -brushwood, is in a field beyond Walwick; its fosse is finely developed. - -[Sidenote: TOWER-TAY.] - -Ascending the next hill, called Tower Tay, the earth-works are still -very conspicuous. About half way up are the ruins of a tower, erected -about a century ago, as an object in the landscape. It stands on the -Wall, and has been entirely formed out of its stones. At the summit, the -ditches of both Wall and Vallum are cut through the native rock, of -which the hill consists, and are in excellent order. The Wall stands -very near the edge of a scar, sufficiently elevated to have formed of -itself a defence; it is remarkable that the Romans should have thought -it necessary to draw a ditch on the north side of it at all. - -Looking forward from the top of this hill, we see, for a considerable -distance, all the lines of the Barrier proceeding on their course; -descending one hill and ascending the opposite, called the -Limestone-bank, they keep perfectly parallel. It would have delighted -Horsley's heart to notice that the present road runs upon the north -agger of the Vallum, maintaining, as he did, that this was the Military -Way of Agricola. - -At a short distance, further in advance, the ruins of a mile-castle are -seen on the right. The whole of the facing-stones are gone, as is -usually the case, and the place where it stood is chiefly marked by the -vacuity occasioned by their removal. This castellum measures, inside, -fifty-four feet from east to west, and sixty-one from north to south; it -has been protected by a fosse. A long range of the Wall is next seen in -the Black-carts farm, in an encouraging state of preservation; it is -between five and six feet high, and shews, in some places, seven courses -of facing-stones. - -[Sidenote: TEPPER-MOOR.] - -On the summit of the next hill, many objects of great interest await us. -The view from it is most extensive. To the north, a vast sweep of -country meets the eye; a beautiful undulated valley occupies the -foreground, behind it the hills rise boldly, and the lofty Cheviots -bound the scene. Chipchase castle occupies a commanding position. The -modern mansion of Nunwick, embowered in wood, selects the lower ground. -Towards the west, the lofty crags traversed by the Wall come into view. - -In the corner of a field adjoining the road, are the remains of another -mile-castle; it measures fifty-seven feet by fifty-four. Horsley says, -it was detached about a yard from the Wall, the reason of which was not -very obvious. A portion of the Roman Military Way may here be seen as it -curves towards the gateway of the castellum, and again recedes from it. -A good section of it is obtained at the margin of the places where its -stones have been removed to form the stone dikes of the field. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Del. John Storey, Lith. - THE WORKS, TEPPER MOOR. -] - -The fosse of the Wall and Vallum at this point deserve attentive -examination. In passing over the crown of the hill, they have been -excavated with enormous labour out of the basalt of which the summit -consists. The workmen, as if exhausted with the task of raising the -splintered fragments, have left them lying on the sides of the moats. A -mass on the outside of the north ditch, though now split by the action -of the frost into three pieces, has evidently formed one block, and -cannot weigh less than thirteen tons. It is not easy to conceive how -they managed to quarry so tough a rock without the aid of gunpowder, or -contrived to lift, with the machinery at their command, such huge -blocks. No luis-holes appear in them. - -The lithograph presents a view of the giant works of the Vallum and -fosse at this point. It is quite evident that here, at least, the north -agger did not form the Military Way. There are several breaks and -irregularities in both the mounds; the works have probably been left by -the Romans in a rough, unfinished state. - -Between this spot and the craggy summit on which Sewingshields -farm-house is perched, the ground is flat, and destitute of any decided -descent to the north. On this account, and for mutual defence, the lines -of the Barrier keep close together, so close, sometimes, as scarcely to -leave room for the passage of the Military Way between them. - - -[Sidenote: PROCOLITIA.] - -PROCOLITIA is the seventh stationary camp on the line of the Wall. It -was garrisoned by the first Batavian cohort, which, with two others from -the same country, and the two Tungrian cohorts, was with Agricola in his -great battle with Galgacus in the Grampian Hills. That the ruined camp -at Carrawburgh was the adopted home of this cohort, is proved by the -altar engraved on page 62, and by [Illustration: Slab--Coh. I. -Batavorum] the fractured slab now introduced,[94] and which was found -here in the year 1838. On this mutilated stone, the words COH I -BATAVORVM are quite distinct, and are of themselves sufficient, not only -to fix the site of the ancient PROCOLITIA, but to corroborate the -testimony of Tacitus, on the presence of Batavians in Britain during the -period of Roman occupation. The line following may probably be read -INST[ANT]E BVRRIO, and bears the name of the prefect under whose -superintendence the building was erected, to which the slab referred. In -the last line, the word CO[RNELIANO may be perceived. In 237, when -Maximinus was emperor, Titius Perpetuus and Rusticus Cornelianus were -consuls. That this is the date of the inscription is rendered likely -from a fragment of this emperor's name appearing in the beginning of it. - -Whitaker gives, as the meaning of the word PROCOLITIA, the 'fortress in -the woodlands.' In the Gaelic tongue, _coille_ signifies a wood. - -There is little in this station to detain us. The course of its ramparts -and moats can be easily traced, and the rich green sward of its area is -seen to cover numerous irregular heaps of ruins; every building, -however, is prostrate; scarcely one stone is left upon another. The Wall -forms the northern boundary of the station; its eastern and western -gateways are, as usual, opposite to each other, but strike the side -walls between the upper end and the middle. The position of the southern -gateway cannot be detected; in the present state of the ruins, there is -no appearance of one. The southern corners are rounded off, but the side -walls of the station, in joining the Murus on the north, seem to -preserve their rectilinear course. Outside the western wall are the -ruins of the suburbs. A natural valley, consisting at present of boggy -ground, gives strength to the fortification on this side. Horsley saw a -well in the slack, cased with Roman masonry; it is now removed. - -No modern habitation is on the ground or in its immediate vicinity to -relieve the general desolation-- - - ... here, as in the wild, - The day is silent, dreary as the night; - None stirring save the herdsman and his herd, - ... or they that would explore, - Discuss and learnedly. - -[Sidenote: CARRAWBURGH.] - -Passing onwards, we soon reach the farm-house of Carraw, formerly a -rural retreat of the priors of Hexham. On the crown of the next -elevation, the works are brought into close proximity, apparently for -the purpose of avoiding an extensive bog on the north, and of -maintaining possession of the point of the hill on the south. The -earth-works are very boldly developed, but are in a ragged state. The -contents of the north fosse are piled up high on its outer margin. The -fosse of the Vallum is cut through free-stone rock; its southern agger -is very elevated, and would present a bold and angry front to any -intruder from the south. - -[Sidenote: THE GREAT MURAL RIDGE.] - -We must now, to adopt the language of Hutton, 'quit the beautiful scenes -of cultivation, and enter upon the rude of nature, and the wreck of -antiquity.' Four great mountain waves are before us, and seem to chase -each other to the north, on which side their crests rise almost -perpendicularly. To the highest of these, the second from the south, the -Wall directs its course. It is a ridge of basalt, which crosses the -island obliquely, from Cumberland to Holy Island. The Vallum here parts -company with the Wall, and takes the 'tail' of the hill on the 'crag' of -which the other runs. The accompanying drawing shews the nature of the -country before us. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - APPROACH TO SEWINGSHIELDS. - Printed by W. Monkhouse, York -] - -Before approaching Sewingshields[95] farm-house, which is on the line of -Wall, an experienced eye will detect the Roman Military Way. It runs at -first nearly parallel with the Wall, at about thirty-six paces from it, -but, in its subsequent course, recedes from the Barrier, or approaches -it, according to the position of the mile-castles, and the nature of the -ground. With but few interruptions, it may be traced by the appearance -of its herbage, by its slightly elevated, rounded form, and by the -occasional protrusion of the stones composing it, all the way from -Sewingshields to Thirlwall. - -The north fosse, which we have had in view from the very commencement of -our journey, accompanies the Wall for a short distance up the hill, as -is seen in the lithograph, but when the ground becomes precipitous, it -forsakes it until the high grounds are passed, only to appear when the -Wall sinks into a gap or chasm between the crags. - -[Sidenote: THE WALL ON THE CRAGS.] - -A difficulty will here present itself to nearly every mind; why was the -Wall drawn along the cliffs at all? Horsley cut the knot instead of -untying it. 'As such steep rocks,' says he, 'are a sufficient fence of -themselves, I am inclined to think the Wall has not in those parts had -either strength or thickness, equal to what it has had in other parts.' -Present appearances give us no reason to suppose that the Wall on the -crags was in any respect inferior to what it was in the low grounds. A -different method of accounting for the circumstance has been forced upon -my attention. It was my fortune to traverse the heights near -Sewingshields late in December last year, when the wind blew a violent -gale from the north, and the thermometer, even in the valley, was ten -degrees below the freezing point. In order to maintain the ordinary -temperature of the body, very active exertion was necessary, and to make -any progress on my way, I was constrained to get under the lee of the -hill. The conclusion was irresistible; if the Romans were to keep watch -and ward here during the winter, a Wall was necessary, even though only -for the sake of sheltering them from the blast. The habits of the enemy -demanded continual vigilance; for, as Tacitus tells us, before the time -of Agricola they usually repaired the losses they had sustained in -summer by the success of their winter expeditions. The loftier the -mountain peak, the more necessary, in this view of it, was the friendly -shelter of the Wall to the shivering soldiers of southern Europe. - -[Sidenote: SEWINGSHIELDS.] - -The Wall in the neighbourhood of Sewingshields is not in good condition; -its site is marked by the rubble which encumbers it, but the -facing-stones are gone, having contributed to the erection of every -building in the vicinity, from the time of Honorius to the present day. -A considerable tract of it was removed lately. Thorough draining, the -life of agriculture, is death to the Wall. - -The aspect of the country in the immediate vicinity of the heights of -Sewingshields is dreary enough, but the elevation enables the eye to -revel in the fertility and beauty of the distant landscape. Hexham is -distinctly discernible from the farm-house. On the flats to the north of -the crags, there formerly stood the border fortress, Sewingshields -castle.[96] It was at one time the property of the late Ralph Spearman, -esq., the Monkbarns of THE ANTIQUARY. - -[Sidenote: MURAL TRADITIONS.] - -A situation so remote from the crowded haunts of men is favourable to -the preservation of legendary lore. It occurred to me that here, if -anywhere, I might ascertain the kind of ideas which the rude forefathers -of the mural region entertained respecting the Wall and its builders. -Although on the Antonine Wall all tradition of the Romans has been lost, -this has certainly not been the case here; the recollection of them is -still distinctly preserved, and some stories of them are told, which, -though in several respects resembling written history, are not derived -from this source. For the following scraps of traditional information, I -am chiefly indebted to the master of Grindon school, in the immediate -neighbourhood of Sewingshields, who says he has often heard them -repeated. Though he denominates them 'absurd,' the learned in medival -legends will probably think them worth preserving. - - The Romans are said to have been remarkably lazy, so much so, that in - the hot weather of summer, having almost nothing to do, they lay - basking in the sun, on the south side of the Wall, almost in a state - of torpor. The Scots were in the habit of watching their opportunity, - and, throwing hooks, with lines attached to them, over the Wall, - caught the poor Romans by their clothes or flesh, and by this means, - dragging them to the other side, made them prisoners. - - An old man in this neighbourhood told me, that he had often heard - people say, that the Romans had remarkably broad feet, with still - broader shoes, and that, when it rained, they lay on their backs, and - holding up their feet in a perpendicular direction, protected, by this - means, their persons from the weather.--This legend, under various - modifications, seems to have been widely diffused in the middle ages. - Sir John Maundevile, describing 'Ethiope,' says--'In that contree, ben - folk that han but o foot; and thei gon so fast, that it is marvaylle; - and the foot is so large, that it schadewethe all the body azen the - sonne, whan they wole lye and reste hem.' Precisely similar to this is - Pliny's account--'Item hominum genus, qui Monoscelli vocarentur, - singulis cruribus, mir pernicitatis ad saltum: eosdemque Sciopodas - vocari, quod in majori stu, humi jacentes resupini, umbra se pedum - protegant.'[97] - - It is the tradition of the country that all the stones of the Wall - were handed from one man to another by a set of labourers stationed in - a line from the quarry to the place where they were required. Many - will tell you, 'I have heard my mother say, that the Wall was built in - a single night, and that no one was observed to be engaged upon it, - save an old woman with an apron full of stones.'--This, however, is a - tradition of almost universal application. - - The people say that the Wall was hollow, or, as they express it, had a - flue running the whole length of it, through which the sentinels - communicated intelligence by a speaking trumpet. - - Some of the people of this neighbourhood tell me that the Britons, - tired, at length, of Roman oppression, rose in a body, and drove the - garrison, with considerable slaughter, from all their stations. The - Romans, when making their way to the sea to look for ships to carry - them home, were met by a seer, who told them that if they returned - home they would all be drowned; and if they went back to their old - stations they would all be slain. This prophecy disconcerted them - greatly, and they were at their wits' end; however, after long - consultation, they resolved to escape both calamities by marching - direct to Wales. This they did, and there the pure, unadulterated - Roman breed is to be found to this day.--Can this story refer to the - passage of the second legion, at an early period, to Caerleon? - -[Sidenote: LEGENDS OF KING ARTHUR.] - -We next pass on to some tales, which, though not connected with the -Wall, belong, as Hodgson remarks, to times nearer the Roman than these -degenerate days. They chiefly relate to king Arthur. Sir William Betham -observes that this monarch's name is more celebrated in Scotland than in -Wales, which was the chief resort of the conquered Britons, and is -disposed to think, that this favourite hero of romance was not a -Romanized Briton, but an invading Pictish king. This idea would account -for the frequent reference to his name in the region of the Wall. - - Immemorial tradition has asserted, that king Arthur, his queen - Guenever, his court of lords and ladies, and his hounds, were - enchanted in some cave of the crags, or in a hall below the castle of - Sewingshields, and were to continue entranced there till some one - should first blow a bugle horn that lay on a table near the entrance - of the hall, and then with 'the sword of the stone' cut a garter also - placed there beside it. But none had ever heard where the entrance to - this enchanted hall was, till the farmer at Sewingshields, about fifty - years since, was sitting upon the ruins of the castle, and his clew - fell, and ran downwards through a rush of briars and nettles, as he - supposed, into a deep subterranean passage. Firm in the faith that the - entrance into king Arthur's hall was now discovered, he cleared the - briary portal of its weeds and rubbish, and entering a vaulted - passage, followed, in his darkling way, the thread of his clew. The - floor was infested with toads and lizards; and the dark wings of bats, - disturbed by his unhallowed intrusion, flitted fearfully around him. - At length, his sinking courage was strengthened by a dim, distant - light, which, as he advanced, grew gradually brighter, till, all at - once, he entered a vast and vaulted hall, in the centre of which, a - fire without fuel, from a broad crevice in the floor, blazed with a - high and lambent flame, that shewed all the carved walls and fretted - roof, and the monarch and his queen, reposing around in a theatre of - thrones and costly couches. On the floor, beyond the fire, lay the - faithful and deep-toned pack of thirty couple of hounds; and on a - table before it, the spell-dissolving horn, sword, and garter. The - shepherd reverently, but firmly, grasped the sword, and as he drew it - leisurely from its rusty scabbard, the eyes of the monarch, and of his - courtiers began to open, and they rose till they sat upright. He cut - the garter; and as the sword was being slowly sheathed, the spell - assumed its ancient power, and they all gradually sunk to rest; but - not before the monarch had lifted up his eyes and hands, and - exclaimed: - - O woe betide that evil day - On which this witless wight was born, - Who drew the sword--the garter cut, - But never blew the bugle-horn. - - Terror brought on loss of memory, and the shepherd was unable to give - any correct account of his adventure, or to find again the entrance to - the enchanted hall.[98] - - To the north of Sewingshields, two strata of sandstone crop out to the - day; the highest points of each ledge are called the King and - Queen's-crag, from the following legend. King Arthur, seated on the - farthest rock, was talking with his queen, who, meanwhile, was engaged - in arranging her 'back hair.' Some expression of the queen's having - offended his majesty, he seized a rock which lay near him, and, with - an exertion of strength for which the Picts were proverbial, threw it - at her, a distance of about a quarter of a mile! The queen, with great - dexterity, caught it upon her comb, and thus warded off the blow; the - stone fell between them, where it lies to this day, with the marks of - the comb upon it, to attest the truth of the story. It probably weighs - about twenty tons! - - A few miles to the north of Sewingshields stands an upright stone, - which bears the name of Cumming's cross. Cumming, a northern - chieftain, having paid, one day, a visit to king Arthur at his castle - near Sewingshields, was kindly received by the king, and was, as a - token of lasting friendship, presented by him with a gold cup. The - king's sons coming in, shortly after Cumming had left the castle, and - being informed of what their father had done, immediately set out in - pursuit of him. They overtook him, and slew him at this place, which - has borne the name of Cumming's cross ever since. - - King Arthur's chair used to be pointed out in this vicinity. It was a - column of basalt, fifty feet high, slightly detached from the rest of - the cliff. The top of it had something of the appearance of a seat. It - was thrown down, several years ago, by a party of idle young men, who - were at great pains to effect their foolish purpose. - -[Sidenote: SEWINGSHIELDS CRAGS.] - -We now return to our more immediate object, the examination of the Wall. - -Soon after leaving Sewingshields, a narrow chasm in the rocks, slightly -aided by art, called the Catgate, admits of an awkward descent to the -plain below. Here, says Hutton, the Scots bored under the Wall, so as to -admit the body of a man. Whether the Romans or the Scots made this -passage, it is certain that the garrison on the Wall would sometimes -visit the country to the north, for the purposes of plunder and of -slaughter, and would require the means of egress. - -The mile-castles may now all be recognised in due succession. - -[Sidenote: BUSY GAP.] - -The next point of interest is Busy-gap, a broad, basin-like recess in -the mountain ridge, about a mile from Sewingshields. The Wall here, -being more than usually exposed, is not only strengthened with the fosse -common in the low grounds, but has the additional protection of a -rampart, of triangular form, to the north of this. The wood-cut will -give some idea of the arrangement. A common stone dike occupies at -present the place of the Wall, the foundations of which, and, for the -most part, a portion of the grout of the interior, remain. At a little -elevation, on the western side of the valley, is a gate called the -King's-wicket (Arthur's again, probably), through which a drove-road -passes. The gate is well situated for defence, and may have been a Roman -passage. - -[Illustration: Busy Gap] - -Busy-gap was in the middle ages a place of much notoriety; it was the -pass frequented by the moss-troopers and reavers of the debateable -country. - -[Sidenote: STATE OF THE BORDERS.] - -The incessant war which was waged between England and Scotland before -the union of the two kingdoms, rendered property exceedingly insecure, -and nurtured a race of men who had no expectation of holding their own, -unless they could repel force by force. It was the policy of the -governments of both countries, to maintain on the Borders a body of men -inured to feats of arms, whom, on any emergency, they might call to -their assistance. Habits long indulged are not easily laid aside. When -the policy of Elizabeth, and the accession of James to the throne of -England, allayed the national strife, the stern warriors of the Border -degenerated into sheep-stealers; and, instead of dying in the fray, or -yielding their necks _honourably_ to the headsman's stroke, burdened by -the score the gallows-tree at Newcastle or Carlisle. The vales of North -Tyne and the Rede, which anciently abounded with warriors, became -infested with thieves. It is impossible to imagine the desolation and -misery occasioned by such a state of society. Landed property was of -little value. Precious life was idly sacrificed. Bernard Gilpin, the -'apostle of the north,' was esteemed a brave man because he annually -ventured as far as Rothbury to preach the gospel of peace to the lawless -people of the vale of Coquet. Camden and sir Robert Cotton, though -ardently desirous of examining the Wall, durst not venture in their -progress eastward beyond Carvoran. 'From thence,' Camden says, 'the Wall -goeth forward more aslope by Iverton, Forsten, and Chester-in-the-Wall, -near to Busy-gap, a place infamous for thieving and robbing, where stood -some castles (chesters they called them), as I have heard, but I could -not with safety take the full survey of it, for the rank robbers -thereabouts.' In such ill-repute were the people of these parts, even in -their own county, that we find the Newcastle Merchants' company in 1564, -enacting that 'no free brother shall take non apprentice to serve in the -fellyshipe of non such as is or shall be borne or brought up in Tyndale, -Lyddisdale, or any such lycke places, on pain of 20_ll_,' because, says -the order, 'the parties there brought up are known, either by education -or nature, not to be of honest conversation; they commit frequent thefts -and other felonys, proceeding from such lewde and wicked progenitors.' -The offence of calling a fellow-free-man 'a Bussey-gap rogue,' was -sufficiently serious to attract the attention of a guild; a case of this -kind being recorded in the books of the Bakers and Brewers' company of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1645. - -The traces of this disordered state of society remained until the early -part of the reign of George III., when the sheriff of Northumberland was -first enabled to execute process in the north-western parts of the -county. 'Within my own recollection,' says Mr. Hedley, 'almost every old -house in the dales of Rede and Tyne was what is called a _Peel_ house, -built for securing its inhabitants and their cattle in the moss-trooping -times.' Very many of these yet exist. Far different is the state of the -district now. The men of the mural region, and of the vales of North -Tyne, and Rede-water, are as upright as any in England. With the -exception of a few aged individuals, an uneducated person is not to be -found. Although, in addition to the ordinary courts of law, they have -access to courts-leet and courts-baron, (those admirable institutions by -which our Saxon forefathers gave to the poorest villager the ready means -of procuring redress of wrong,) nowhere has the law less occasion -forcibly to assert its claims. Property is secure, and land brings its -full price in the market. On some of the extensive farms of the Cheviot -range, not fewer than ten thousand sheep are kept; they are counted but -twice a year, and seldom is one amissing. The value of land in -Northumberland (exclusive of towns and mines) is seven times greater -than it was at the commencement of the eighteenth century, and two -hundred times what it was in the middle of the sixteenth. The antiquary, -who will not fail to rejoice in the prosperity of the country through -which he is travelling, as well as in the safety of his own person, may -therefore go on his way cheerfully and in confidence. - -The second mile-castle from Sewingshields, opposite the farm-house -called the Kennel, is remarkable as having been built upon an absolute -declivity. Hodgson observes that it had an interior wall on every side -of it, at the distance of about twenty feet from the exterior wall. - -[Sidenote: THE BLACK DIKE.] - -Shortly after leaving Busy-gap, two narrow, but rather steep gaps are -passed in quick succession, which do not seem to have obtained names. -Through the first of these the BLACK DIKE has probably run. This is an -earth-work of unknown antiquity, which is supposed to have stretched, in -a nearly straight line, from the borders of Scotland near Peel-fell, -through Northumberland and Durham, to the south of Yorkshire. The -scantiness of the soil on the crags of the Wall, accounts for its not -being discernible there, and the ground immediately to the north and -south of it is boggy. In a plantation on the hill side, opposite to -where we now are, looking south, the dike exists in excellent -preservation. The _seuch_, or slack of it, may be seen even from the -Wall, on the western edge of the plantation, which is called the -'Black-dike planting.' From the information of those who knew it half a -century ago, I shall set down its probable course in this vicinity. -Coming in a south-east direction, it passes the east end of -Broomlee-lough; having cleared the Wall and Vallum, it goes by the west -of Beggar-bog, the east of Low Morwood, through the Muckle-moss, and so -to the Black-dike plantation. Passing afterwards a field called the -Black-hall, it is last seen on the north bank of the Tyne near the -Water-house. It re-appears on the south bank at Morley, and passing -Tedcastle and Dean-row, is supposed to go by Allenheads into the county -of Durham. In the best piece of it which I have seen, the ditch is ten -feet across the top, and about five feet deep, reckoning from the top of -the mound on its east side. Within the memory of my informants, it was -much deeper. The sheep were often covered up in it in a snow-storm, as -they naturally went there for shelter. The earth taken out of the ditch -is uniformly thrown to the east side, where it forms an embankment. No -stones, or such only as were derived from the cutting, have been used in -its formation. The only conjecture hazarded respecting its origin is, -that it formed the line of demarcation between the kingdoms of -Northumbria and Cumbria; and certainly the course pursued by the -Black-dike is very nearly similar to the boundary assigned to these -regions in the most authentic maps of Saxon England. The antiquity of -the cutting may be inferred from the circumstances, that for some -distance it forms the division between the adjacent parishes of -Haltwhistle and Warden, and that it passes through bogs which probably -owe their origin to the devastations committed in the north of England -by William the Norman.[99] The Black-dike is laid down in the map of -Northumberland which was prepared to accompany Horsley's Britannia, and -in Kitchin's Map of Northumberland, under the name of the 'Scots'-dike.' - -South of the turnpike road, and behind a small house, called Beggar-bog, -is a low freestone crag, which exhibits some quarry-like excavations, -filled with the chippings of stone. It has probably furnished material -for the Wall, the stone being of the same character. - -The stream which we next cross is the Knag-burn; it forms the eastern -boundary of Housesteads. Passing it, we scale the ramparts of this -far-famed station. - - -[Sidenote: THE ANCIENT BORCOVICUS.] - -BORCOVICUS.--'This' says Gordon, 'is unquestionably the most remarkable -and magnificent station in the whole island;' and 'it is hardly credible -what a number of august remains of the Roman grandeur is to be seen here -to this day, seeing in every place where one casts his eye there is some -curious Roman antiquity to be seen: either the marks of streets and -temples in ruins, or inscriptions, broken pillars, statues, and other -pieces of sculpture all scattered along the ground.' Stukely, in the -vehemence of his admiration, denominates it 'the Tadmor of Britain.' Let -not the visitor, however, approach it with expectations too greatly -excited. There is very much to admire, but not a great deal to strike -the eye at first sight. The altars and sculptured figures which lay in -profusion on the ground when Gordon and Stukely were there, have been -removed,[100] but the ruins of the place remain as complete and vast as -ever. The city is, in a great measure, covered with its own debris, but -the excavations which have recently been made, shew us that when they -are continued throughout the entire station, the ancient BORCOVICUS will -be the Pompeii of Britain. - -[Sidenote: HOUSESTEADS.] - -The station of Housesteads contains an area of nearly five acres. 'Half -of it hangs on a slope, with a southern aspect: the other, or northern -half, is flat, floored with basalt, covers the summit of a lofty ridge, -and commands a prospect on the east, south, and west, far away beyond -the valley of the Tyne, over blue air-tinted grounds and lofty -mountains; and to the north of the Wall, over the vast waste of the -forest of Lowes, where indeed, a proud, stupendous solitude frowns o'er -the heath.' - -The Wall forms its northern boundary, and the Vallum, it is probable, -came to the support of its southern rampart.[101] It is naturally -defended on all sides, except the west. In order duly to protect this -side, the gateway seems to have been walled up at an early period, and a -triple line of ramparts drawn along it. - -Although the position of Housesteads clearly indicates that this fort -was erected for the accommodation of a mural garrison, it would seem to -have been built independently of the Wall. The first anxiety of the -soldiers engaged in that great work would be to erect a secure -habitation for themselves. The west wall of the station, instead of -coming up to the great Wall in a straight line, makes the curve which is -usual in those corners of a camp that are independent of the Wall; as is -shewn in the wood-cut at the top of the next page. - -[Illustration: Junction of West Wall of Housesteads with the Wall] - -[Illustration: Ground Plan of Gateway, Housesteads] - -[Sidenote: BORCOVICUS.] - -All the gateways, except the north, have been explored, and present very -interesting subjects of study to the antiquary. The western[Sidenote: -WEST GATEWAY OF BORCOVICUS.] is in the best condition, and is specially -worthy of attention. Its arrangements will readily be understood by an -inspection of the ground plan which is here introduced, together with -the views of it as seen from the outside and inside of the station, on -the next page. This gateway, as well as the others which have been -explored, is, in every sense of the word, double. Two walls must be -passed before the camp can be entered; each is provided with two -portals, and each portal has been closed with two-leaved gates. The -southern entrance of the outside wall has alone, as yet, been entirely -cleared of the masonry that closed it. The jambs and pillars are formed -of massive stones of rustic masonry. The doors, if we may judge from the -fragments of corroded iron which have been lately picked up, were of -wood, strengthened with iron plates and studs; they moved, as is -apparent from the pivot-holes, upon pivots of iron. In the centre of -each portal stands a strong upright stone, against which the gates have -shut. Some of the large projecting stones of the exterior wall are worn -as if by the sharpening of knives upon them; this has probably been done -by the occupants of the suburban buildings after the closing of the -gateway. The guard-chambers on each side are in a state of choice -preservation, one of the walls standing fourteen courses high. Were a -roof put on them, the antiquary might here stand guard, as the Tungrians -did of old, and, for a while, forget that the world is sixteen centuries -older than it was when these chambers were reared. At least two of the -chambers in this part of the camp have been warmed by U shaped flues -running round three of their sides beneath the floor.[102] These -chambers, when recently excavated, were found to be filled with rubbish -so highly charged with animal matter as painfully to affect the -sensibilities of the labourers. The teeth and bones of oxen, horns -resembling those of the red-deer, but larger, and boars' tusks were very -abundant; there was the usual quantity of all the kinds of pottery used -by the Romans. It is not improbable that this rubbish may have been -derived from some dunghill outside the walls, and thrown here when the -gateway was walled up; it is, however, a remarkable fact, that the soil -of the interior area of the stations on the Wall is, for the most part, -thickly mingled with bones. Is it possible that the Romans have thrown -on the floors of their apartments, and suffered to remain amongst the -straw or rushes which may have covered them, the refuse of their food? - -[Illustration: Outside View of the West Portal of BORCOVICUS.] - -[Illustration: Inside View of the West Portal of BORCOVICUS.] - -The view of Housesteads in the accompanying lithograph, is taken from -beside the eastern gateway, and gives a general idea of the scene of -desolation which it presents.[103] The only habitation near is a -shepherd's cottage to the south of the station. A peculiarity in the -upper division of the eastern gateway requires attention; the lower -division, as seen in the lithograph, has been walled up at an early -period. A rut, nearly nine inches deep, appears in the threshold, on -each side of the central stone against which the gates closed. Grooves, -similar in character, are seen in the gateways of the camps at -Birdoswald and Maryport. Were it not for the central stone, which -presents an impediment to the passage of chariots, no one would doubt -that these hollows have been occasioned by the action of their wheels. -The following extract, explanatory of the condition of the city of -Pompeii, will probably throw light upon this and other things belonging -to the camp. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - HOUSESTEADS (BORCOVICUS) FROM THE EAST. - Printed by W Monkhouse, York -] - -[Sidenote: RUTS IN THE GATEWAY.] - - The Domitian way which led to it was narrow, the carriage-way seldom - exceeding ten feet in width. The streets of the city itself are paved - with large irregular pieces of lava, joined neatly together, in which - the chariot wheels have worn ruts, still discernible; in some places - they are an inch and a half deep, and in narrow streets follow one - track.... In most places, the streets are so narrow, that they may be - crossed at one stride; where they are wider, a raised stepping-stone - has been placed in the centre of the crossing. This, though in the - middle of the carriage-way, did not much inconvenience those who drove - about in the _biga_, or two-horsed chariot, because the width of these - streets being only sufficient to admit the carriage, the wheels passed - freely in the spaces left between the curb on either side, and the - stone in the centre.[104] - -The stone in the centre of the doorway would not be a greater impediment -than the stepping stones in the streets of Pompeii. - -The remains of the gateways of BORCOVICUS shew that in plan and -construction they must have resembled the Roman Gateway which, under the -name of the 'Porta nera,' is preserved entire at Treves, AUGUSTA -TREVIRORUM, once the seat of government of the Western Empire. - -In examining this and other Roman camps, the spectator will, perhaps, be -struck with the narrowness of the streets, and the very small capacity -of the the dwellings. It is well to recollect that in their encampments -the Romans studiously avoided occupying a larger space than was -absolutely necessary. Gibbon observes that a modern army would present -to the enemy a front three times as extended as a Roman one of the same -force. In the field, ten men were apportioned to a tent, ten feet -square;[105] a similar proportion would without doubt be followed in the -stationary camp. - -[Sidenote: BORCOVICUS.] - -It is not easy to ascertain the precise character of the dwellings of -the soldiers; the more perfect of the ruins in this and other forts, -induce the belief that they were dark, bare, and cheerless. The roofs -were probably formed of free-stone slate. Several thin slabs of this -kind, with nail-holes in them, as well as some of the nails themselves, -have been found in this and other stations.[106] On Plate XIII, figs. 1, -7, are drawn some door or window heads, found here; these most likely -belonged to buildings of a superior class. The entrance into a chamber -at HABITANCUM, recently excavated, was found to be only fourteen inches -wide; it was rudely 'stepped over' at the top. Fragments of a sort of -window glass are frequently found in some of the stations; this would -probably be a rare luxury.[107] - -[Sidenote: THE CHAMBERS OF THE STATION.] - -At Housesteads, two or three of the ruined chambers will, above the -rest, attract the attention of the visitor. Near the centre of the -northern division is one which is seventy feet long and eight broad; it -must have been a place of public concourse. In the front of it is a kiln -which has probably been used for drying corn; near the southern gateway -is another which was nearly destroyed in the endeavour made to extricate -a cow which had fallen into it, and, in struggling to relieve herself, -had thrust her head and neck into the flue. The Romans seem to have -kiln-dried their corn at the close of the harvest; it would not have -been safe to stack it in the open fields. They would the more readily do -this, as it is still by no means unusual, in the central and southern -parts of Europe, to thrash the corn at the close of harvest on the field -where it grew. - -Three hypocausts have been found here, two within the station, and -another to the east of it, on the Knag-burn; the flues of the latter -were full of soot; very slight traces of any of them now remain. - -In this and most other stations, writes Hodgson, 'there are found -considerable quantities of limestone, having partly the character of -stalagmite, and partly that of such cellular stone as forms about the -mouths of petrifying wells. Some of it is in amorphous lumps; but the -greatest part of it has been either sawn into rectangular pieces, or -formed in a fluid state in moulds.' They are probably artificial; at -HABITANCUM, where this calcareous substance is abundant, it seems to -have acquired its porosity by being mixed with straw. The use to which -it has been applied is by no means obvious. Hodgson thought that it had -been inserted in the side walls of the hypocausts, to allow heat to -arise from below without smoke. This is doubtful. At HABITANCUM, the -blocks, I am told, have been used as ordinary stones. In the -construction of the Pharos at Dover, (where building stone is scarce) -the calcareous composition has been largely used. Why it should have -been employed at HABITANCUM, and other places, where free-stone is -abundant, does not appear. - -[Sidenote: BORCOVICUS] - -The suburbs of BORCOVICUS have been very extensive, the ruins of them -distinctly appearing on the east, south, and west sides of the station. -A little to the south of it, and stretching westward, the ground has -been thrown up in long terraced lines, a mode of cultivation much -practised in Italy and in the east. Similar terraces, more feebly -developed, appear at Bradley; I have seen them very distinctly marked on -the banks of the Rede-water, Old Carlisle and other places. - -A well, cased with Roman masonry, is in front of the shepherd's house, -south of the station; a spring, yielding excellent water, is at the -bottom of the same field; the Knag-burn washes the station on its -eastern side, and there is 'a fine well under the high basaltic cliff' -on which the northern wall of the station stands, 'which is still well -walled round,' and has occasionally been used as a bath. None has been -discovered within the station itself. - - _PLATE XI_ - -[Illustration: Broken Columns, Borcovicus] - - _PLATE XII_ - -[Illustration: Sculpted Figures, Borcovicus] - - _PLATE XIII_ - -[Illustration: Sculpted Figures, etc.] - -[Sidenote: ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS.] - -In the valley below is a small sandstone ridge, called Chapel-hill, from -the idea that a temple stood upon it. Two fine altars have been found -here.[108] The ruins that contained the Mithraic antiquities, to which -reference will be made afterwards, stood a little to the west of this -hill. All traces of the small, dark temple, where the horrid mysteries -of the god were performed, are now nearly obliterated. - -The fragments of columns which are engraved in Plate XI, enable us to -imagine the original grandeur of the place.[109] With some of the -certainty with which a comparative anatomist decides upon the character -and habits of an animal, from an inspection of a fragment of its osseous -system, an architect determines the size and style of a building from an -examination of some of its parts. Thus, the circular column, of which -one of the stones (Plate XI.) that now lies in the valley below the -station, has formed a part, was probably not less than twenty feet high; -how imposing must the entire temple have been! - -Plates XII and XIII exhibit several of the carved figures which formerly -lay in confusion among the ruins of the station. They are interesting, -as exhibiting the state of the arts in Britain at that time, the mode of -dress adopted by the Romans, and the [Illustration: Figure of Victory] -high degree of attention which they paid to the decoration of their -stations. Roman art in Britain has surely been rated too low. - -The figure introduced on this page was found here. It represents one of -old Rome's most favourite deities,--Victory, careering, with -outstretched wings, over the globe. How strong must the passion for -conquest have been in the breast of a people, who, though nurtured in a -southern climate, braved for more than three centuries, the fogs, and -storms, and desolation of this wild region! Wherever the winged goddess -led, they followed, and, most pertinaciously too, maintained their -ground. But, there is a tide in the affairs of men. - -A Roman poet, in the fulness of his heart, sang-- - - Urbs oritur (quis tunc hoc ulli credere posset?) - Victorem terris impositura pedem. - Cuncta regas: et sis magno sub Csare semper - Spe etiam plures nominis hujus habe. - Et quoties steteris domito sublimis in orbe, - Omnia sint humeris inferiora tuis. - -How different the strains which, in a distant age, and in another clime, -were to flow from the lyre of a brother bard, and how appropriate to the -present condition of the deserted BORCOVICUS!-- - - Where is Rome? - She lives but in the tale of other times; - Her proud pavilions are the hermit's home, - And her long colonnades, her public walks - Now faintly echo to the pilgrim's feet, - Who comes to muse in solitude, and trace, - Through the rank moss revealed, her honoured dust. - -That Housesteads is the BORCOVICUS of the empire, [Illustration: -Sepulchral Slab to a young Physician] appears plain from the numerous -inscriptions that allude to the first cohort of the Tungrians, which, -according to the Notitia, was quartered there. One of these inscriptions -is shewn on page 63; another, a sepulchral stone, is here presented. The -figure on the top of the slab I take to be a rabbit, and suspect that it -had some reference to the worship of the obscene god, Priapus. The -inscription is usually read in the following manner, though, perhaps, -_ordinario_ might with equal propriety be read _ordinato_:-- - - D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] - ANICIO - INGENVO - MEDICO - ORDI[NARIO] COH[ORTIS] - PRIM TVNGR[ORVM] - VIX[IT] AN[NIS] XXV - - _Sacred_ to the gods of the shades below. - To Anicius - Ingenuus, - physician - in ordinary, of cohort - the first of the Tungrians. - He lived twenty-five years. - -From an inscription found at Castlecary, it appears that this cohort of -Tungrians built one thousand paces of the Antonine Wall in Scotland. -They were from about Tongres, on the banks of the Mse, in Belgic Gaul. -Their rank, as a milliary cohort, conferred on them the dangerous honour -of advancing in the van of the army to battle, and their acknowledged -valour probably procured for them the appointment to this exposed and -dangerous post. - -[Sidenote: THE NAME ASCERTAINED.] - -The etymology of _Borcovicus_ is easy. A high hill to the south of the -station is called Borcum or Barcomb, a neighbouring stream is designated -Bardon-burn, and a village near its confluence with the Tyne, -Bardon-mill. _Bar_, in Celtic, means a height, and probably forms the -root of all these names; the termination, _vicus_, is a Latin word, -signifying a village. - -The stone used in the inside of the walls of the station, and for other -ordinary purposes, has been quarried out of the cliffs in the sandstone -ridge, along which the present military road passes. 'The altars, -columns, and quoins, and much of the ashlar work, have been taken from a -stratum of freestone on the north side of the Wall, and similar to that -in which the recesses, called the King and Queen's Caves, on the south -side of Broomlee-lough, are formed.'[110] - - -[Sidenote: THE VALLUM COMMANDED BY THE CRAGS.] - -Again taking the Wall as our guide, we will pursue our course westward. -For the greater part of the way along the high ground, the Wall is in a -sufficiently good state of preservation to make it a varied and -interesting study; it not unfrequently exhibits five, six, and even -seven courses of facing-stones. The Northumbrian lakes also lend a charm -to the scene. Though appearing in native simplicity and rude grandeur, -they will not on that account be less appreciated by men of taste. The -Vallum is generally very boldly developed, and runs for several miles in -the valley below, completely commanded by the hill on which the Wall -stands, as is shewn in the section, Plate IV. This fact is surely fatal -to the theory of its having been erected to withstand the brunt of a -northern foe. It would have been impolitic to allow the enemy to occupy -these heights even as a post of observation. It is true, that the Vallum -is occasionally commanded by the rising ground on the south: opposite -Sewingshields it is so, and opposite Hot-bank, a little to the west of -where we now are, it is overlooked on both sides. This difficulty is not -a very formidable one. The engineer of the Barrier has drawn the Vallum -chiefly in straight lines from one point to another, and has not thought -it necessary to guard with excessive jealousy every little rising ground -to the south; he never, however, departs from his course to go round the -north of a hill, as he does to go round the south of that one near -Halton-chesters. The cases, moreover, in which the Vallum is exposed to -observation from the south, are very few. Horsley's own testimony upon -this point is decided. He writes-- - - It must be owned, that the southern prospect of Hadrian's work, and - the defence on that side, is generally better than on the north; - whereas the northern prospect and defence have been principally, or - only taken care of in the Wall of Severus.[111] - -[Sidenote: RAPISHAW-GAP.] - -After passing a mile-castle we come to a depression in the ridge of -basalt, that places us opposite the west end of Broomlee-lough; the crag -on the west side of this slack is called Cuddy's-crag. A little farther -on, we reach a more extensive pass, called Rapishaw-gap; a road passes -through it under the same circumstances as that through Busy-gap, a -little above the bottom of the valley. The traveller may here with -advantage go to the north of the Wall, in order to examine the -geological character of the cliffs he has passed; they are seen 'to rise -in rude and pillared majesty.' - -Regaining the high grounds, the Wall for a short space is found to -possess less than its usual interest; the ground on the east side of the -Bradley estate was formerly common, and the object of our study was -every man's prey. Other objects of inquiry, however, abundantly relieve -the attention. Langley castle, on the south bank of the Tyne, is in -sight, and during our western journey will long continue to be so. It is -a square building strengthened by rectangular towers at the corners. -Formerly a seat of the Percys, it became afterwards the property of the -Radcliffes. It passed, on the rebellion of 1715, along with the other -possessions of the earl of Derwentwater, into the hands of the -commissioners of Greenwich Hospital, who at present retain it. Destroyed -by fire at an early period, it has never been repaired; its masonry is -notwithstanding in excellent preservation. On a clear day the singularly -strong tongue of land on which are the ruins of Staward-le-peel, may -also be discerned to the south. But, more to our present purpose, the -high, brown hill of Borcum, from which the Romans obtained much of the -stone used in the construction of this part of the Wall, is in the -foreground. [Sidenote: ANCIENT QUARRY] An interesting discovery was made -here in 1837, to which subsequent reference will be made. On opening an -ancient quarry on the top of it, near the 'longstone,' a workman found a -small copper vessel, containing a large number of Roman coins; four of -these were of the time of Hadrian, and all the rest, of previous reigns. -Those of Trajan and Hadrian were as fresh as if new from the die. The -conclusion is natural, that the quarry had been last wrought in the time -of Hadrian, the Wall itself being possibly of the same date. An -extensive earthen camp is on the summit of the hill, probably raised by -the soldiers who were engaged in quarrying the rock. - -Greenlee-lough is to the north; on its western margin is a modern -structure, Bonny-rig, the property of sir Edward Blackett. - -Proceeding westward, the Wall again rises into notice. 'Much of it -remains of very various thicknesses, the whole of the perpendicular -outsets and insets being on the south side.' - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN SLAB.] - -On the tail of the crag on which we now are, the farm-house of Bradley -stands. Built up in the doorway of its old kitchen, was a stone, now at -Matfen, bearing the fragment of an inscription. Another fractured slab, -formerly in the possession of the 'judicious' Warburton, and now at -Durham, when joined to it, gives an inscription precisely similar to one -immediately to be noticed, with the exception of a letter or two in the -line of the fracture. The fragments, doubtless, as Hodgson conjectures, -formed one stone, deposited in the foundation of some castellum in this -neighbourhood, as a memorial of its erection by Hadrian. The wood-cut -annexed has been prepared from drawings carefully made of the two -portions in their separate localities. - -[Illustration: Slab to Hadrian, Bradley] - -[Sidenote: BRADLEY HALL.] - -Once, at least, since the days of Hadrian, this central region of the -Wall has been honoured with the presence of royalty. Hodgson says,-- - - On the authority of documents in Rymer, Prynne, and the Calender of - Patent Rolls, I find Edward the First testing records in the presence - of several great officers of state, at Lanchester, on Aug. 10; at - Corbridge, Aug. 14; at Newburgh, Aug. 28, 30, 31, and Sep. 4; at - Bradley 'in Marchia Scoti,' Sep. 6 and 7; at Haltwhistle on the 11th, - and at Thirlwall on the 20th of the same month; and at Lanercost on - Oct. 4, A.D. 1306, at which last house he continued all winter. The - Bradley here mentioned is probably Bradley-hall, on the right bank of - Craglough-burn, and a little south both of Vallum and Wall, not the - farm-house of Bradley, which is between the two barriers.--_Northd._ - II. iii. 288. - -The exigencies of war have again and again drawn to this secluded spot -the mightiest potentates of earth; as yet this imperial ground has not -been trodden by the feet of Majesty, attracted by the sweet allurements -of peace. - -On the margin of the military road, opposite to us, is the only Inn in -the district, which is known by no other name than that of _Twice -Brewed_. Before the construction of the Railway it was much resorted to -by the carriers who conducted the traffic between the eastern and -western portions of the island. As many as fifty horses and about twenty -men would be put up here for the night. Now, it is nearly forsaken. -Hutton took up his abode here on a carrier's night. The difficulty he -had in procuring an exclusive bed was compensated by the amusement of -observing the carriers at their meal--he soon perceived that they had -'no barricade in the throat; and became convinced that eating was the -chief end of man!' - -[Sidenote: MILKING-GAP.] - -The next break in the basaltic ridge, is the Milking-gap. As we approach -it, Crag-lough is seen laving the base of the perpendicular cliff along -which the Wall runs. In order to take the high ground, westward of the -gap, the Wall here turns at a considerable angle. In this valley, the -north fosse again comes to the help of the structure. In front of the -farm-house, called Hot-bank, are distinct traces of a mile-castle. In -taking up its foundations, the slab, of which the annexed drawing is a -faithful copy, was found, which would seem to be a tablet precisely -similar to that which is formed by the junction of the two fragments -referred to above. - -[Illustration: Slab to Hadrian, Milking-gap] - - IMP[ERATORIS] CAES[ARIS] TRAIAN[I]. - HADRIANI AVG[VSTI] - LEG[IO] SECVNDA AVG[VSTA] - AVLO PLATORIO NEPOTE LEG[ATO] PR[O]PR[TORE.] - - Of the Emperor Csar Trajanus - Hadrianus Augustus, - The second legion, styled the August, - Aulus Platorius Nepos, being legate and proprtor. - -Of all the inscriptions discovered in Britain, Hodgson pronounces this -to be of the greatest historical importance, inasmuch as it leads to the -true reading of several fragments of similar inscriptions -throwing[Sidenote: MILKING-GAP INSCRIPTION.] light upon the authorship -of the Wall. One of these was known to Horsley, and seems to have -puzzled that great antiquary. It and other fragments which have since -been found in different mile-castles, tend to produce the conviction, -that the mile-castles, (which are on the line of the Wall, ascribed to -Severus,) were built by Hadrian. The simplicity of the inscription will -strike the classical reader, who will not fail also to observe the -peculiarity of the name of the emperor being in the genitive case. - -Although the station of _Vindolana_ lies considerably to the south of -the lines of the Barrier, it is ranked by the Notitia among the stations -_per lineam valli_, and as such, must be examined by us in our mural -peregrination. Leaving Milking-gap with this view, and crossing the low -grounds to the south of the Wall, the Vallum is observed, contrary to -its usual tendency, making two rapid curves, something in the form of -the letter S, to avoid, apparently, the swellings of the contiguous -marsh. At High-shields, a cottage on the little ridge south of the -turnpike-road, the station comes into view. It stands upon a partially -detached eminence, surrounded, though not so closely as to be commanded, -by hills of superior elevation. On all sides, except the western, it is -naturally defended, whilst the summits of the surrounding heights afford -it a degree of shelter which would be peculiarly grateful to the natives -of southern Europe. The Chineley-burn flows past it, and the situation -is altogether one of peculiar beauty. In modern times, the place has -been variously designated Little Chesters, the Bowers, and Chesterholm. - - -[Sidenote: VINDOLANA.] - -VINDOLANA.--As this station is detached from the Wall, and lies upon the -line of the ancient road which ran from CILURNUM to MAGNA, it is not -improbable that it was one of Agricola's forts. The road which connected -it with the Wall may yet be distinctly traced between High Shields and -the farm-house of Chesterholm. - -The walls, ditches, and gateways of the station are all discernible. The -northern gateway would be the one chiefly used by the garrison, as it -opens directly upon the Great Military Way. An examination of the -western gateway, some years ago, led to the belief that it had been -walled up at an early period; this is the most exposed side of the camp. -A portion of the wall of the station near the north-east corner, when -cleared by its late owner, Mr. Hedley, stood twelve courses high. In -this case, as in many others, the researches of the antiquary have only -facilitated the operations of the destroyer; much of it has since been -removed. The size of the stones, which is considerable in the foundation -course, gradually diminishes upwards. - -[Sidenote: CHESTERHOLM.] - -At least two buildings provided with hypocausts, have been discovered -here. One of these stood about fifty yards beyond the western rampart, -and when discovered, contained a square apartment, vaulted above. Some -of the vaulting-stones are still preserved at Chesterholm; they are -grooved near the lower extremity, apparently to allow of the joints -being strengthened by the insertion between them of keys of slate or -wood. The remains of this building were more complete when Hodgson wrote -the following paragraph than at present:-- - - The pillars of the hypocaust are still very black with fire and soot; - and people say that the Bowers, from the Roman age till within the - last century, was the elysium of a colony of fairies; and this ruined - bath, the kitchen to one of their palaces, of which the soot among the - stones was undeniable evidence; and confident belief affirmed, that - long passages led from this laboratory of savoury messes to - subterranean halls that ever echoed to the festivities and music of - the Queen of the Bowers, and her arial court. - -[Illustration: Altar to Fortune, Chesterholm] - -The other hypocaust was partially explored by Warburton in 1717, but -more fully by the rev. Ant. Hedley in 1831. It stood within the area of -the camp not far from the eastern gateway. In its ruins, Warburton found -the fine altar to Fortune, here engraved. It is now preserved in the -Library of the Dean and Chapter at Durham, the 'judicious' antiquary not -having been able to obtain his price for it of my lord Oxford.[112] Here -also Mr. Hedley discovered the three noble altars [Illustration: -Hypocaust Pillar] which are still preserved at Chesterholm. The pillars -which supported the floor of the hypocausts were of different shapes and -diameters; some of them were portions of square columns, as in the -annexed example, some circular, like the balusters of stairs, as may be -seen by the specimens of them in the garden at Chesterholm. The Romans -themselves, Hodgson remarks, seem to have treated the fallen works of -their predecessors here with very little ceremony, when they cut down -the handsome columns of halls and temples into pillars for sooty -hypocausts. - -About a furlong west of the camp is a copious spring, from which the -water was taken by a channel formed of large stones into the station. -The water still, in some measure, follows its ancient track, as the -appearance of the herbage shews, and pours itself, by a covered passage, -into the Chineley-burn on the opposite side. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - MILE STONE AT CHESTERHOLM. -] - -In the vicinity of the camp is an object of peculiar interest. On the -line of the ancient Roman road which skirts its northern rampart, stands -a mile-stone at the spot where the soldiers of Agricola or Hadrian -placed it. The opposite lithograph shews it in the foreground; the camp -is in the distance. It is upwards of six feet high, and is nearly two -feet in diameter. There are traces of an inscription on its western -face, but scarcely a letter can now be deciphered.[Sidenote: ROMAN -MILE-STONE.] Another mile-stone formerly stood to the west of this, but -it was removed and split up by its tasteless owner, into two gate-posts. -Horsley says that it bore the inscription-- - - BONO REIPVBLIC NATO. - To one born for the good of the republic-- - -an inscription which, supposing it to be perfect, though this is a -little doubtful, is happily contrived to be complimentary to each -successive emperor. The Romans, with wise policy, paid great attention -to their roads; the stones which they erected at every mile were -generally inscribed with the name of the consul or emperor under whose -auspices they were made. Horsley mentions another mile-stone, which was -to the east of the present one. - -Close by the mile-stone is a tumulus of considerable size. - -In the house and grounds of the late Mr. Hedley, are preserved some very -valuable antiquarian remains. A very fine altar to Jupiter is reserved -for subsequent description. Another, whose focus is reddened by the -action of fire, is here introduced on account of the evidence which it -affords, in corroboration of the conjecture of Horsley, that Little -Chesters was the VINDOLANA of the Romans, where, according to the -Notitia, the fourth cohort of the Gauls was stationed. - -[Illustration: Altar to Genius of the Pretorium] - -GENIO PRTORI[I] SACRVM PI TVANIVS SE CVNDVS PR FECTVS COH[ORTIS] IV -GALLOR[VM] - -To the genius of the Prtorium sacred; Pi- tuanius Se- cundus pr- fect -of the fourth cohort of the Gauls, _erects this_. - -Several other inscriptions by the fourth cohort of the Gauls have been -found here since the time of Horsley. - -The altar to Fortune, given in a previous page, shews us that at least a -detachment of the sixth legion had, at some period, its abode here. -[Sidenote: THE TWENTIETH LEGION.] A stone, [Illustration: alt=Symbol, -Leg. XX.] preserved at the place, and of which an engraving is here -given, bears testimony to the presence of the twentieth legion also, -which was surnamed V[ALENS] V[ICTRIX], 'the valiant and victorious', and -of which the symbol was a boar. This legion was first sent over to -Britain by Claudius, and remained in it until the island was abandoned -by the Romans. Horsley conceives that this legion was concerned in the -erection of the Vallum, though, he adds, we have no inscriptions to -prove it. He suspects that it was no-way concerned in building the Wall, -because, among all the centurial inscriptions which had come under his -notice, not one mentioned this legion, or any cohort belonging to it. -The discovery, since the publication of the Britannia Romana, of this -and other memorials to be noticed as we proceed, renders [Illustration: -alt=Part of Slab to Hadrian] it probable that the twentieth legion was -engaged upon both the Wall and the Vallum; and as, according to Horsley, -'it is evident that this legion was at Chester in the year 154,' where -it long continued, the probability is strengthened, that the Wall, as -well as the Vallum, was built before that period. A fragment of an -inscription, represented above, bears direct reference to Hadrian. The -Milking-gap slab, to which it has a very close resemblance, enables us -to supply the parts that are wanting. The only difference seems to be, -that the emperor's name is in the dative case instead of the genitive as -in the other example. - - _IMP CA_ES TRAIA_N_ - _HAD_RIANO _AVG P P_ - _LE_G II _AVG_ - _A PLATORIO NEPOTE LEG PR PR._ - -The cottage which Mr. Hedley erected for his own residence is, with the -exception of the quoins, [Illustration: alt=Coping-stone, Roman -broaching] entirely formed of stones procured from the station. In -addition to the altars which stand in front of the house, several -objects of considerable interest are built up in the covered passage -which leads from the kitchen to the burn; among them is a range of Roman -coping-stones, of the form shewn in the cut. The 'broaching' of the -stones has been alluded to previously. - -Near the stables attached to the house, is a Roman altar converted into -a swine-trough; the figure on its side seems to have been intended for -an eagle, the emblem of the imperial Jove. A foretaste this of the day -when every idol shall be cast to the moles and to the bats. May it -speedily arrive! - -[Illustration: - - John Storey, Del. et Lith. - THE CRAGS, WEST OF CRAG LOUGH. -] - -[Sidenote: VINDOLANA] - -The probable meaning of the word VINDOLANA, is 'the hill of arms;' -_vin_, with slight variations of pronunciation, signifying, in all the -Celtic dialects, a height; and _lann_, in the Gaelic, weapons. The name -well accords with those common in Ossian's poems. - -Rejoining the Wall at Milking-gap, and continuing our course westward, -we soon arrive at a conspicuous gap, on the Steel-rig grounds. The Wall -on the eastern declivity of this pass may be studied to great advantage. -The courses are laid parallel to the horizon; the mortar of each course -of the interior seems to have been smoothed over before the -superincumbent mass was added. In order to give the in-door antiquary an -idea of its condition, a drawing of it is here introduced. - -[Sidenote: PEEL-CRAG.] - -Mounting another hill, and again descending into the valley, we find -another gap, in which the remains of a mile-castle will be noticed, from -which it has received the name of the Castle-nick. A little farther -removed is Peel-crag, one of the most precipitous faces which the Wall -has had to traverse. The military way ingeniously avoids the sudden -descent by winding round the southern projections of the rock. After -passing a cottage, called the Peel, a modern road is encountered which -leads to Keilder, and so into Scotland; in its progress northwards, -however, it soon degenerates into a mere track. As this pass is more -than usually open, the fosse again appears surmounted by a mound on its -northern margin; the earth-works are strongly marked, but the Wall is -gone. - -The lithographic view represents the northern aspect of the crags, as -they appear here. - -On the western side of this, sheltered by a few trees, is the farm-house -of Steel-rig. Attaining the next elevation--Winshields-crag--we are on -ground reputed to be the highest between the two seas; a turf cairn has -been erected on it for the purposes of the ordnance survey. From this -lofty summit, the vessels navigating the Solway may easily be descried. - -[Sidenote: BLOODY-GAP.] - -Proceeding in the same direction, we reach another gap of wide -dimensions, but very steep on both declivities. Here the Wall has been -provided with a ditch, strengthened, as usual in dangerous situations, -with a rampart on its outer margin. If the local vocabulary does not -furnish this pass with a name (and I have not been able to find that it -does), Bloody-gap, from the following circumstance, well befits it. -Nearly direct north from it, is a rising ridge of ground, called -Scotch-coulthard. When the moss-troopers, who abounded in these parts, -succeeded in safely reaching it, their pursuers commonly considered -farther chase useless. Between the Wall and this point of safety, -therefore, the race and the conflict were necessarily of the most -desperate character; that many deadly conflicts have taken place, is -evidenced by the numerous skeletons which are turned up in draining the -ground. - -A lonely cottage, upon an exposed part of the ridge, is called -Shield-on-the-Wall. - -Near the modern military way, two large stones, called 'the mare and -foal,' are standing. In Armstrong's map of Northumberland, three are -marked; they are probably remains of a Druidical circle. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - THE WALL AT STEEL-RIG. - Printed by W. Monkhouse, York -] - -[Sidenote: ANCIENT TRADITIONS.] - -Shortly afterwards we come to a gap of very bold proportions. Popular -faith asserts it to have been the abode of evil spirits, and it is known -by the ominous name of Bogle-hole. The sides of the gap are steep; on -the western declivity the courses of the Wall are for the most part -conformable to the ground, but they are stayed up by occasional steps -parallel to the horizon. In the valley, to the south, the Vallum is seen -bending up towards the Wall, apparently to assist in defending the pass; -it would not have done so, had it been an independent fortification. The -vicinity of Bogle-hole seems a fitting place for introducing the -following passage from Procopius, a writer of the fifth century. We can -readily conceive that at a period when the inroads of the Caledonians -were still fresh in the memory of the inhabitants, the country north of -the Wall would be regarded with superstitious dread. Doubtless, many who -passed the boundary, found, to their cost, that in this region lay the -pathway to the world of spirits:-- - - Moreover, in this isle of Brittia, men of ancient time built a long - wall, cutting off a great portion of it: for the soil, and the man, - and all other things, are not alike on both sides; for on the eastern - (southern) side of the Wall, there is a wholesomeness of air in - conformity with the seasons, moderately warm in summer, and cool in - winter. Many men inhabit here, living much as other men. The trees, - with their appropriate fruits, flourish in season, and their corn - lands are as productive as others; and the district appears - sufficiently fertilized by streams. But on the western (northern) side - all is different, insomuch indeed, that it would be impossible for a - man to live there, even half an hour. Vipers and serpents innumerable, - with all other kinds of wild beasts, infest that place; and, what is - most strange, the natives affirm, that if any one, passing the Wall, - should proceed to the other side, he would die immediately, unable to - endure the unwholesomeness of the atmosphere. Death also, attacking - such beasts as go thither, forthwith destroys them.... They say that - the souls of men departed are always conducted to this place; but in - what manner I will explain immediately, having frequently heard it - from men of that region relating it most seriously, although I would - rather ascribe their asseverations to a certain dreamy faculty which - possesses them.--_Giles's Ancient Britons_, I. 404. - -[Sidenote: CAW-GAP.] - -The next defile is Caw-gap; some ruined cottages, formed of Wall-stones, -stand in it. The extreme jealousy with which the Romans defended an -exposed situation is well shewn here. The fosse, which guards the pass -through the low ground, is discontinued on the western side as soon as -the Wall attains a sufficient elevation, but upon the the ground -drooping, though only for the space of a few yards, it re-appears for -that short distance. - -A road runs through this pass to the north, which soon becomes a mere -track. It passes a solitary house, called Burn Deviot, nearly due north -from the gap, which was long the resort of smugglers and sheep-stealers. -The memory of its last tenants, Nell Nichol and her two daughters, who -were a pest to the country, is still fresh in the district. Though many -years have elapsed since any one occupied the dwelling, lights are said -often to be seen at the windows at night, visible tokens of the presence -of the spirits of the murdered children of Nell's daughters. - -[Sidenote: CAWFIELDS CRAGS.] - -The crags along which we soon find ourselves to be proceeding, possess a -perpendicular elevation of nearly five hundred feet above the plains -below. Passing another small gap, called the Thorny Doors, we come to a -tract of Wall in an excellent state of preservation. The lower courses -have lately been freed from the rubbish which for centuries has covered -them, and the fallen stones replaced in their proper order. The whole -face of the Wall has a remarkably fresh appearance, and nowhere can the -tooling of the stones be examined with more advantage. Amongst the -fallen stones, one was lately found which furnishes us with additional -evidence, that the twentieth legion was engaged in the erection of this -part of the Wall. It [Illustration: alt=Mural Stone, Leg. XX. V.V.] is -preserved amongst the antiquities at Chesters, and is represented in the -adjoining cut. This sculpture cannot have been derived from the Vallum, -in the construction of which, in the time of Hadrian, the twentieth -legion is acknowledged to have been employed; for the Vallum is here -distant more than three hundred yards from the Wall. The reader will of -course perceive the bearing which this fact has upon the question of the -contemporaneous origin of the two structures, and the construction of -the Wall, as well as the Vallum, by Hadrian. - -While the antiquary is eagerly scrutinizing indentations in stones which -were chiselled sixteen centuries ago, his eye will occasionally rest -upon the memorials of an antiquity so indefinite as to throw into the -shade even his primeval records. Lepidodendra, and other fossils of the -mill-stone-grit and coal series, are of occasional occurrence. Who shall -tell when these giant plants flourished, how they were enveloped in -their sandy bed, and how hardened into the flinty stone made use of by -the Roman soldiers? Imagination reels at the questions suggested. - -[Sidenote: PILGRIMS'-GAP.] - -We are now arrived at the most perfect mile-castle remaining on the -line, generally named, from the farm-house to the north of it, the -Cawfields Castle. The gap which it guarded was denominated by the -peripatetic party of 1849, in commemoration of their visit, the -Pilgrims'-gap, a name which is beginning to be recognised by the -inhabitants of the neighbourhood. - -[Sidenote: THE CAWFIELDS CASTELLUM.] - -Until recently, the castellum was nearly covered with its own ruins. -Since the annexed drawing was taken, the rubbish has been entirely -removed from the inside, as well as the out. - -The building is a parallelogram, but the corners at its lower side are -rounded off. It measures, inside, sixty-three feet from east to west, -and forty-nine feet from north to south. The great Wall forms its -northern side. The stones used in the construction of this building are -of the same size and character as those employed in the Wall itself; the -mortar has disappeared from between the courses of the facing-stones, -but portions of lime are seen in the grout of the interior. In the -western wall, nine courses of stones are standing. The side walls of the -castle have not been tied to the great Wall, but have been brought close -up to it, and the junction cemented with mortar. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson Delt. John Storey, Lith. - MILE-CASTLE NEAR CAW-FIELDS - Printed by W. Monkhouse York. -] - -It is provided with a gateway of large dimensions, both on its northern -and southern side. In Horsley's day, it was a matter of doubt whether -there was any opening through the Wall, excepting at the points where -the Watling-street and the Maiden-way crossed it; the disinterment of -this mile-castle sets the question at rest, and justifies us in -believing that the passages at Busy-gap, Rapishaw-gap, and other places, -are of Roman formation. - -The gateways are formed of large slabs of rustic masonry, and to give -them full development, the walls are thicker here than in other parts. -The width of the wall at the lower gateway is nine feet three inches; at -the upper, which was, of course, the more exposed, ten feet six inches. -The opening of each gateway is ten feet. Two folding-doors have closed -the entrance, which, when thrown back, have fallen into recesses -prepared for them. Some of the pivot holes of the doors remain, which -exhibit a circular chafing, and are slightly tinged with the oxide of -iron. The security of the northern gateway did not entirely depend upon -the solidity of its masonry, or the strength of its doors. It opens upon -a sort of cliff, and the road from it does not lead directly away, but -runs for a little distance under the Wall, so as to give an opportunity -of more readily acting against an enemy. - -The masonry of the whole building, but particularly of the gateways, is -peculiarly fresh. The lines that have been lightly chiselled on some of -the large rustic slabs of the gateways, in order to guide the workmen in -correctly placing those above which project less than than the others, -are still quite distinct. The stone is of a very durable nature, but it -is difficult to conceive how such slender markings, particularly when in -a horizontal position, could long resist the action of the weather. Were -we to judge only from the appearance of the masonry, we might be led to -suppose that the building had been enveloped in its own ruins not long -after its erection--perhaps in that dreadful irruption of the -Caledonians which brought Severus to this country--and that it was never -afterwards repaired. - -In clearing out the interior of this building, no traces of party-walls, -of a substantial character at least, were found. It stands upon a slope -of about one foot in five, and, towards the hanging side of it, the -ground has been rendered horizontal by 'made earth.' Some fragments of -gray slate, pierced for roofing, were found among the rubbish; it is -therefore not improbable that a shed was laid against the southern wall -for the protection of the soldiers. At about the elevation which the -raised floor would reach, the Wall is, in one place, eaten away by the -action of fire. Here, probably, was the hearth round which the shivering -soldiers of the south clustered, to forget, in the recital of their -country's tales, the fierce Caledonians who prowled around them, or the -still fiercer tempests, which all their valour and all their engineering -skill could not exclude from their dwellings. With the exception of such -sheds, or mere temporary erections, the whole building seems to have -been open above. Two large fragments of funereal slabs were found in the -castellum; one of them has been roughly shaped into a circular form, and -is reddened by fire; the letters which remain are distinct and well -formed. Has it been the hearth? The inscription has been erased from the -other. Another stone of still greater interest was found here, -furnishing additional [Illustration: Part of Slab to Hadrian] evidence -of the erection of the mile-castles by Hadrian. From the annexed cut, it -will at once be perceived that it is a duplicate of the inscription, -already described, in which the second legion endeavours to perpetuate -its name, and those of its emperor, Hadrian, and Aulus Platorius Nepos, -his legate. There cannot be a doubt that the castellum and the Wall were -built at the same time, and by the same parties; if Hadrian therefore -built the one, the other is erroneously ascribed to Severus. - -Two small silver coins were found amongst the rubbish within the -castellum, one of Vespasian, the other of Marcus Aurelius. Although -their testimony is of a negative character, it will be observed, that it -is not inconsistent with the idea, that the castle was erected in the -time of Hadrian, and with the opinion already hazarded, that it was -dismantled at an early period. There were also found large pieces of -earthen-ware, chiefly of the coarser kinds, and fragments of millstones -formed of lava, which shew that culinary operations were carried on -within these cold, bare walls, and a solitary oyster-shell among the -rubbish bore testimony to the attachment of the Romans to this article -of luxury. The mile-castle is very nearly midway between the seas. - -Besides the articles already enumerated, there were picked up within the -castellum some large glass beads of somewhat singular appearance, (Plate -VII., figs. 7, 8) and a fibula of brass. The whole of these relics are -safely deposited in the collection of antiquities at Chesters. The -interesting building is, happily, upon an estate belonging to John -Clayton, esq.; the hand of the spoiler will therefore not be allowed to -touch it. - -About one hundred and fifty yards south of the castellum, is a spring of -excellent water. Near it, about midway between the Vallum and the Wall, -an altar to Apollo was lately discovered, which will afterwards be -described. - -[Sidenote: TEMPORARY CAMP.] - -A road leads from the vicinity of the mile-castle to the town of -Haltwhistle, in the sheltered valley of the Tyne, whither, should the -shades of evening be approaching, the way-worn antiquary may be glad to -bend his steps. At the point where the path joins the modern military -road, a Roman camp will be observed. On the sides which are most -exposed, double and triple lines of earth-works have been raised. The -rock on the western face of the ground where the camp stands, has been -wrought by the Romans for stones, and the camp has given them temporary -protection. It was here that the inscription on the face of the rock, -LEG. VI. V., was discovered in 1847, as already mentioned, page 81. The -quarry, not being required for the use of the district, was shortly -afterwards closed. - -[Sidenote: HALTWHISTLE.] - -The Castle-hill at Haltwhistle is, apparently, a diluvial deposit; -ramparts, still quite distinct, run round the margin of its summit. -Several peel-houses in the town and its vicinity, will interest the -antiquary.[113] - -To those who cherish the religious views of the early Anglican -reformers, it will be interesting to remember, that this is the native -district of Nicholas Ridley, bishop and martyr. Willimoteswick-castle, -his reputed birth-place, is on the south bank of the Tyne, about three -miles below Haltwhistle.[114] - -[Sidenote: HALTWHISTLE-BURN-HEAD.] - -Rejoining the Wall, Haltwhistle-burn-head is the first object of -interest that we meet with in our course westward. The burn, to which -important reference will presently be made, is derived from the -overflowings of Greenlee-lough. Between its source, and the gap by which -it passes the ridge on which the Wall stands, it is called the Caw-burn; -below that point it bears the name of Haltwhistle-burn. - -As the width of the defile, and the passage of the stream, render this a -weak point in the barrier, the two lines of fortification approach very -near to each other; they afterwards again diverge. - -Westward of Burn-head farm-house, the fosse is boldly developed, but the -Wall is traceable only in the ruins of its foundation. As we proceed -onwards to Great Chesters, the foundations of a mile-castle which has -stood half to the north of the Wall, and half within it, may be, though -not without careful scrutiny, observed. The tower which formerly stood -at Portgate is the only other known example of a similar arrangement. - - -[Sidenote: GREAT CHESTERS.] - -SICA, or Great Chesters, is the tenth stationary camp on the line of -the Wall. Its superficial contents are 3 acres, 35 poles. The ramparts -and fosse are clearly defined. The southern gateway may be traced; it is -nearer the eastern than the western side. A double rampart of earth -seems to have given additional security to the western side, which, by -situation, is the weakest. A vaulted room in the centre of the camp -still answers very correctly to the description given of it in 1800 by -Dr. Lingard, (quoted by Hodgson, II. iii. 203.) - - It is 6 feet square, and 5 feet high. It was descended by steps, and - had, at the opposite end to its entrance, a sort of bench, raised on - mason work, 2 feet wide and high, and covered with a slab of stone. - The roof consisted of six similar and contiguous arches of stone, each - 15 inches broad. It had also one pillar. The floor had on it a great - quantity of ashes, was flagged, and on raising one of the stones, a - spring gushed out, which converted the vault into a well. - -About one hundred and fifty yards south of the station, in a field which -has for years been furrowed by the plough, the remains of a building of -somewhat rude construction have just been discovered. Its floor, -consisting, for the most part, of the usual compost, is nearly a foot -thick. Further examination would probably disclose, in its vicinity, the -foundations of numerous suburban buildings. - -An ancient road leads from the southern gateway of the station to the -great military way which ran from CILURNUM to MAGNA. - -[Sidenote: SICA.] - -The station of SICA, according to the Notitia, was about the year 430, -garrisoned by the _cohors prima Astorum_.[115] Horsley (writing in 1731) -observes, that no inscriptions had been found here mentioning the first -cohort of the Asti, or any other cohort. In 1761, however, an -inscription was dug up in this station, which is now deposited in the -museum at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, recording that in the reign of Alexander -Severus (200 years before the date of the Notitia) the 'cohors secunda -Asturum' rebuilt a granary here which had fallen into decay from -age--'horreum vetustate conlabsum.' It is to be observed that the -spelling of 'Asturum' is similar to that of the inscription at CILURNUM, -and we do not find that the _second_ cohort, either of the Asti or -Astures, is mentioned elsewhere as part of the Roman auxiliary forces in -Britain. - -Near the eastern gateway of the station there has been lately dug up a -large mural tablet, shewn in the wood-cut, and bearing the following -inscription: - -[Illustration: - - IMP. CS. TRAI[A]N. HADRIA - NO AVG. P[ATRI] P[ATRI]. - - To the emperor Csar Trajanus Hadria- - nus Augustus, the father of his country. -] - -It is not probable that this slab has been derived from the Vallum, -which is upwards of a quarter of a mile from the station.[116] Why the -upper part of the tablet was left blank does not appear; enough, -however, has been inserted to support the theory, that Hadrian built the -Wall. Although several of the stations were probably built before the -Wall, and were quite independent of it, this can scarcely have been one -of them; its position seems to indicate that it was called into -existence in order to accommodate the mural garrison. - -[Illustration: - - _SURVEYED BY I. T. W. BELL 1860_ _A. Reid's Lithog. 117 - Pilgrim St. Newcastle._ - Plan of - AN ANCIENT WATER COURSE EXTENDING FROM - SAUGHY BIG WASH POOL TO SICA GREAT-CHESTERS. -] - -[Sidenote: ETYMOLOGY OF SICA.] - -Celtic authorities all agree in tracing the name SICA to a word -signifying _water_. The propriety of such an appellation does not at -first sight appear. The camp is far from either the eastern or western -sea; no lake is visible from its ramparts; the only water which is near -is the Haltwhistle-burn, a somewhat tiny stream. The low ground to the -south has a fenny aspect, but the station itself stands high and dry, -though upon a part of the mural ridge less elevated than usual. It is -not improbable that it may have derived its name from an aqueduct which -leads the water from the Greenlee-lough to the camp. As this -water-course has hitherto escaped the notice of writers upon the Wall, -and is a work of considerable interest, a somewhat detailed description -of it may be allowable. - - - THE WATER-COURSE AT SICA. - - The camp, though not greatly elevated, stands higher than the ground, - either north or south of it. The country to the north, though - generally flat, is studded with numerous hills of moderate elevation. - On the sides of some of these, about two-thirds up, may be noticed a - line that reminds the spectator of the parallel roads in Glenroy and - other places. On examination, it is found to be an artificial cutting, - made with evident reference to the maintenance of the water level. The - sections given in Plate XVI., shew its size and form. In some places - the water stands in it yet; in others a mass of peat fills it; and - very frequently, where the channel has been obliterated, its course is - shewn by a line of rushes, which grow on the damp ground. Wherever the - water-course can be distinctly discerned, it has been laid down in the - accompanying plan by a green line; where the traces of it are lost, - the line of the water level has been pursued, and is indicated by dots - of the same colour. - -[Sidenote: THE WATER-COURSE.] - - The whole length of the water-course is six miles; the distance in a - straight line is little more than two miles and a quarter. It takes - its commencement at the Saughy-rig-washpool, which is formed by the - occasional damming up of the Caw-burn, at about a mile from its exit - from the Greenlee-lough. In the immediate vicinity of the burn, the - side of the water-course next the rivulet which would be endangered by - the overflowing of the natural stream, is made up with flat stones put - in endwise, some of which still remain as shewn in the section at B, - in the plan. In its course to the station, in order at once to - preserve the level, and avoid the necessity of using forced - embankments or stone aqueducts, it is taken along the sides of the - moderately elevated hills which rise from the plain. So ingeniously is - this done, that once only has it been necessary to cross a valley by - an artificial mound of earth. This has been at a spot between the - third and fourth mile of the water-course, and which is still known in - the district by the name of Benks-bridge, though probably few of the - inhabitants are aware of the evident origin of the term. Some - ingenuity has been employed in fixing the site of this mound. It is - placed in that part of the valley where there is a slight descent on - each side of it; the drainage of the surface is thus provided for - without the use of a culvert; the surface water on the west, naturally - making for the Halt-whistle-burn, that on the east for the river - Tipalt. The mound which has taken the water-course across the valley - at Benks-bridge has entirely disappeared, having probably been - absorbed, in the course of ages, by the mossy ground on which it - stood. The whole fall of the water-course, reckoning from the - Wash-pool to the bottom of the arched chamber in the centre of the - station is thirty feet. This is distributed over its entire length in - the way shewn in the following table:-- - - ft. in. m. f. c. ft. in. - - Commencing at A 0 0 At 2 6 0 11 10 fall - - m. f. c. 2 7 5 E 14 4 " - - 0 0 6 B 2 10 fall. 3 0 0 21 6 " - - 0 1 5 3 10 " 3 0 3 23 7 " - - 0 2 4 3 7 " 3 0 6 23 5 " - - 0 3 4 3 7 " 3 1 3 29 10 " - - 0 4 9 3 6 " 3 3 5 25 3 " - - 0 6 0 3 7 " 3 5 0 North end, 25 4 " - Benks-bridge. - - 0 7 8 4 0 " 3 5 0 South end, 29 7 " - Do. - - 1 0 6 4 1 " 4 1 5 29 9 " - - 1 1 3 3 7 " 4 5 8 29 11 " - - 1 3 2 3 6 " 5 3 5 28 6 " - - 1 4 0 C 3 10 " 5 4 4 28 11 " - - 2 0 5 5 9 " 5 5 5 29 0 " - - 2 1 6 11 4 " 6 0 0 Present 30 4 " - bottom of - arched - chamber in - centre of - station. - - 2 2 9 D 11 2 " - - The nature of the ground threw considerable difficulties in the way of - the engineer, which accounts for the exceedingly tortuous nature of - the track pursued. It is indeed remarkable that without the aid of - accurate levelling instruments, any one could be so fully assured that - the requisite fall existed as to venture upon the task of its - formation. The workmen in the execution of the design probably drew - the water along with them as they proceeded. In one place, (G) they - seem to have made too free with the fall, and after proceeding for - some distance, (upwards of a furlong) have retraced their steps, and - constructed the cutting at a higher level. In crossing the valleys, - there is sometimes an unusual loss of fall. This is particularly the - case at the third mile (E) where there is a difference in the level of - the course, on the opposite side of the slack, of nearly ten feet. - This valley is permeated by a streamlet, and to take the water across - it at the level previously preserved, a stone aqueduct would have been - necessary. Appearances seem to indicate that an easier plan was - adopted. A dam being formed across the hanging side of the valley, the - water of the course was allowed to deliver itself freely into it, and - eventually rising after the manner of a mill-head to the level of the - course on the western side, pursued its way as before. That this plan - was the result of a change in the design of the architect seems - evident, for on the eastern side of the valley a second cutting (E) - has been made at a lower level than the other, apparently with the - view of leading the water more gradually to the lower point. - - Unfortunately all traces of the water-course are lost for some - distance before approaching the station, so that it cannot be - ascertained where it entered it, if it did so at all. - - That some important object was gained by the formation of so long a - cutting is undoubted, but what that object was is a perplexing - question. It can scarcely be supposed that the garrison at SICA were - dependent for their daily supply of so important an article as water - upon an open cutting outside the Barrier. The feeblest of their foes - could, in an instant, cut off the provision. No doubt the country, for - some distance north of the Wall, was held in subjection by the Roman - forces, but when the Wall was built, and the station planned, such was - not the case. The station itself is not destitute of water. A well, - sunk some years ago, to the depth of twenty-four feet, yields to the - tenants of the farm-house an unfailing supply. I am disposed to think - that the water brought by the cutting was to give to the north rampart - of the station the advantage of a wet ditch. By throwing an embankment - across the depression on the north of the station, as it begins to - slope down to the bed of the Haltwhistle-burn, a considerable body of - water would lodge here. The station of SICA was an important one. In - a particularly wild district, at an unusual distance from the great - lines of Roman communication, and close beside the great opening in - the mural ridge, by which the waters of the Forest of Lowes effect a - passage to the low grounds, it would be peculiarly exposed to the - attacks of the enemy. Although somewhat elevated above the ground - north of the Wall, it is not so much so as to be impregnable on that - quarter. A body of water collected here to keep the enemy at a still - greater distance might not be beneath the attention of the garrison. - Any temporary interference with the aqueduct would in this case be - productive of no inconvenience. The existence of a water-course on the - enemy's side of the Wall at HUNNUM, which may have served a similar - purpose, has already been noticed. At BREMENIUM, High Rochester, some - guttered stones, covered with flags, were recently found lying in a - direction which led to the supposition, that they brought water from - some springs outside the station to the eastern moat. - - In the Archologia liana[117] is a plan and description of an ancient - aqueduct, which brought water from some distant rivulets to the - station at Lanchester. It consists of two branches, the longer of - which is nearly four miles in extent. Earthen embankments, to preserve - the level, are occasionally used in both of them, and, as they run - over sandy ground, the bottom of them has been puddled. The two lines, - after uniting, deliver their water into a reservoir outside the - station, near to its south-west corner. That the water of this - aqueduct cannot have been used for domestic purposes appears from what - Hodgson, the author of the paper, adds--'Several wells have, from time - to time, been discovered here by labourers, on the outside of the - walls, and there is a plentiful spring at a short distance from where - the bath stood.' - - Whatever may have been the object served, the water-course at SICA is - a striking memorial of the skill, forethought, and industry of the - Roman garrisons. At the present day, in a highly civilized country, - and after the enjoyment of a long period of internal peace, we are but - beginning to see the necessity of bringing water from a distance into - our large towns. An individual garrison, exposed to all the hazards of - war, scrupled not, even fourteen or sixteen centuries ago, for some - purpose which they thought important, to cut a water-course six miles - long! - - It is not a little remarkable too, that after the lapse of so long a - period, the cutting should be distinctly visible through so large a - portion of its track. - - The view which is here taken of the object of the water-course is not - given because it is absolutely satisfactory, but because it presents - the fewest difficulties. We might have expected that if a miniature - lake had been formed on the north of the station, some remains of the - embankment necessary to confine its waters would appear; none are, - however, to be observed. The soil, on being turned up, has not the - black and sludgy aspect, which might be anticipated, but is of a - yellow hue; the bottom of a pond at Wall-mill, which was drained - within living memory, has, however, a precisely similar appearance. - -To the south of Great Chesters is Wall-mill, near to which the burying -ground of the station seems to have been. Brand observed here several -remarkable barrows, and was shewn some of the graves which had been -opened. 'They consisted,' he tells us, 'of side stones set down into the -earth, and covered at top with other larger stones.' He took them to be -very early Christian sepulchres; this is more than doubtful. The -progress of agricultural improvement has obliterated all traces of the -cemetery; to one, however, of its sepulchral monuments reference will -afterwards be made. - -The Romans systematically avoided intra-mural interments. The following -is one of the laws of the Twelve Tables: - - HOMINEM MORTUUM IN URBE NE SEPELITO NEVE URITO. - -It is remarkable that at so early a period of the history of the -republic, attention should have been turned to this subject, and that in -a digest of legislation so brief as that referred to, this should form -one of the enactments. - - -[Sidenote: COCK-MOUNT-HILL.] - -Shortly after leaving SICA, the crags again appear, and the Wall -ascends the heights. At Cock-mount-hill, about a quarter of a mile -forward, the Murus is four or five feet high. On the Ollalee ground, it -is six and seven feet high, and shews on the north, nine courses of -facing-stones; at another place, ten courses appear, and the height is -six feet four inches.[118] The earth-works are seen in the valley below, -covered with the whin, called by botanists, _Genista Anglica_. The -continuous sandstone ridge is deeply scarred with ancient quarries.[119] -Here the view is most extensive, Skiddaw, Crossfell, and other -celebrated summits, shewing themselves conspicuously on the south, and -Burnswark, a peculiar flat-topped eminence, and several more distant -hills, on the north. A truncated pyramid of stones and earth, used by -the ordnance surveyors,[120] has been left upon the elevated ridge, -called Mucklebank-crag. - -[Sidenote: WALLTOWN-CRAGS.] - -The next defile that we reach is a very wide one, and is denominated -Walltown crags. Walltown consists of a single house, which, though now -occupied by the tenant of the farm, bears marks of having formerly been -a place of strength, and the residence of persons of consideration. -Ridley the Martyr refers with much affection in his valedictory letter -to his brother who resided here:-- - - Farewell, my dearly beloved brother John Ridley of the Waltoune, and - you my gentle and loving sister, Elizabeth, whom, besides the natural - league of amity, your tender love, which you were said ever to bear - towards me above the rest of your brethren, doth bind me to love. My - mind was to have acknowledged this your loving affection, and to have - requited it with deeds, and not with words alone. Your daughter - Elizabeth I bid farewell, whom I love for the meek and gentle spirit - that God hath given her, which is a precious thing in the sight of - God. - -In the crevices of the whin rock, near the house, chives grow -abundantly. The general opinion of the country is, that they are the -produce of plants cultivated by the Romans, who were much addicted to -the use of this and kindred vegetables. This belief is but a -modification of the more extended statements of our earliest writers on -the Wall. Sampson Erdeswicke in 1574, says-- - - The Skotts lyches, or surgeons, do yerely repayr to the sayd Roman - Wall next to thes, (Caer Vurron) to gether sundry herbs for surgery, - for that it is thought that the Romaynes there by had planted most - nedefull herbes for sundry purposes, but howsoever it was, these - herbes are fownd very wholesome. - -Camden gives an account precisely similar. - -On the eastern declivity of the gap, and near the line of the Wall, is a -well, which, in the district, is generally called king Arthur's Well. -Brand, however, gives a different account of it:-- - - At Walltown, I saw the well wherein Paulinus is said to have baptized - king Ecfrid. It has evidently been enclosed, which indicates something - remarkable in so open and wild a country. Some wrought stones lay near - it. The water is very cool and fine. - -The western ascent is steep. Hutton tells us he was sometimes obliged to -crawl on all fours. On the summit are evident traces of a mile-castle. - -[Illustration: Nine-nicks of Thirlwall] - -[Sidenote: NINE-NICKS OF THIRLWALL.] - -We now enter upon a most interesting part of the line. The mural ridge, -divided by frequent breaks into as many isolated crags, is denominated -the Nine Nicks of Thirlwall. The view from the edge of the cliff is -extensive; stunted trees unite with the craggy character of the rock in -giving variety to the foreground. The Wall adheres, with tolerable -pertinacity, to the edge of the crags, and hence pursues a course that -is by no means direct. The accompanying wood-cut, which exhibits the -view looking eastwards, shews the zig-zag path which it adopts. Nearly -all our historians agree in stating that the most perfect specimens of -the Wall now remaining, are on Walltown crags. Certain it is that all -who have examined the other parts of the Wall with care, will visit this -with peculiar pleasure; but such are the varied features which each -section of the Barrier presents, and the consequent interest which each -excites, that it is difficult to determine which part, on the whole, is -most worthy of attention. - -[Sidenote: WALLTOWN-CRAGS.] - -For a considerable distance along the crags, the Wall is in excellent -preservation, presenting, on the north side, in several places, ten -courses of facing-stones, and in one, twelve. In the highest part it is -eight feet nine inches high, and nine feet thick. The military way may -in many places be seen, avoiding very dexterously the more abrupt -declivities of its rocky path. - -At length the cliffs, which extend in a nearly unbroken series from -Sewingshields to Carvoran, sink into a plain, and the fertility and the -beauty of a well-cultivated country re-appear. - -However pleasing the change, the traveller will not fail occasionally to -look back upon the road he has trod, and view with secret satisfaction -those bold and airy heights which so well symbolize the austere and -undaunted spirit of that great people whose works he is contemplating; -and when in after years, and it may be in some region far distant, the -image of them rises in his imagination, he will be ready to exclaim-- - - I feel the gales that from ye blow - A momentary bliss bestow. - - -[Sidenote: CARVORAN.] - -MAGNA, the modern Carvoran, lies to the south both of the Vallum and -Wall. The nature of the ground in its neighbourhood seems to have -dictated this arrangement. The Wall occupies the edge of a strip of -elevated ground, the benefit of which, as a position of strength against -an enemy, it was desirable not to lose. Had the station been placed as -usual on the line of the Wall, the Vallum, in skirting its southern -rampart, would have been brought into a swamp that occupies the valley -between the high ground on which the Wall stands, and the somewhat -commanding site of the station. Both the lines of the Barrier have -therefore been allowed to pursue their parallel course nearly together, -and the station has been placed about two hundred and fifty yards within -the Wall, on a platform which is sufficiently defended on the south by -the declivity that slopes from it to the modern village of Greenhead. - -It is not impossible, however, that MAGNA may have been one of -Agricola's forts, the valley, through which the river Tipalt flows, -requiring the adoption of this method of resisting the aggressions of -the Caledonians. - -The station has enclosed an area of four acres and a half. Having, a few -years ago, been brought under tillage, it is with difficulty that even -its outline can now be traced; some fragments of the north rampart, -however, remain, and the north fosse is distinct.[121] - -[Sidenote: MAGNA.] - -In the front of the farm-house which was erected in the year--long to be -remembered in these parts--1745, is built up a Roman altar, apparently -without an inscription. In the garden, and behind the dwelling, are -several other interesting memorials of Roman occupation. Amongst them -are broken capitals and fragments of columns, moulded coping-stones, -gutter-stones, and troughs, of various shapes and rude construction. -Several bases of columns lie scattered about, the prevailing form of -which is square, as shewn in Plate XIII., fig. 5; one of them is, -however, of circular shape, and is ornamented with a cable-pattern -moulding, resembling the Housesteads pedestal, given in Plate XI.[122] -There are also preserved here a small altar, in perfect preservation, -inscribed, D[E]O BE[L]ATVCADRO, some imperfect altars, several centurial -stones, a broken effigy of the bird of Jove, a pair of bronze shears -(figured of the full size on Plate XIV., fig. 1), evidently, from their -proportions, meant to be handled by fair fingers, fragments of Samian -ware and amphor, a few beads, and some implements of iron. Amongst the -articles disinterred from the stations on the line, there are generally -to be found numerous small flat circular implements, of which examples -are engraved (of the full size) on Plate XI. They vary from half-an-inch -to two inches in diameter, and have a circular hole in the centre. For -the most part they are composed of sherds of Samian ware, occasionally, -of jet, and of amber; at Carvoran are some of rude shape, made of -imperfectly burnt clay and shale. Various conjectures have been hazarded -respecting their use; the most probable is, that they were employed as -tallies, the small beads representing units, the large, tens. In the inn -at Glenwhelt are preserved a magnificent pair of stag's horns, nearly -perfect, which were found in the well of the station; each antler is a -yard long. In the possession of the Society of Antiquaries, -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, are several valuable inscribed stones derived from -this station, which have been presented by Colonel Coulson of Blenkinsop -Hall. - - _PLATE XIV._ - -[Illustration: - - Lamp, Fibula, Shears, and Compasses -] - -MAGNA, during the days of Roman occupation, must have been a place of -considerable importance. Not only did the road which leads directly from -CILURNUM, come up to it, but the Maiden-way, from Whitley Castle and the -south, ran through it, as is supposed, to Bewcastle and the other -stations north of the Wall, as shewn on the Map, Plate I. - -Rejoining the lines of the Barrier, we find them about to descend into -the valley watered by the Tipalt, _insaniens flumen_, as Camden calls -it. The moat of the Wall is peculiarly well developed, that of the -Vallum, though less so, is still distinct; they are exactly parallel to -each other. Before the traveller forsakes his present elevation, it will -be well for him to mark the westward course of the objects of his study, -lest he lose their track in the swampy ground fronting Thirlwall Castle. -A valley of considerable extent stretches before him; on the north brow -of it, at the distance of about three miles, Gilsland Spa is situated; -the works of the Barrier stand upon its southern edge. The trough of the -north fosse may easily be discerned where it is intersected by the -railway. - -It has been suggested that one of the objects contemplated by the Romans -in the construction of a double line of fortification, was the enclosure -of a space of ground which might be cultivated by the garrison, and -where their cattle might graze in security. If this had been the case, -the Wall would have been drawn along the northern margin of the wide and -fruitful valley of Gilsland, and the Vallum along its southern edge. - -[Sidenote: THIRLWALL CASTLE.] - -Thirlwall Castle is, as Hutchinson calls it, 'a dark, melancholy -fortress' of the middle age.[123] It was for many centuries previous to -its purchase by the ancestors of the earl of Carlisle, the residence of -an ancient Northumbrian family of the name of Thirlwall. Amongst the -witnesses examined on the occasion of the famous suit between the -families of Scrope and Grosvenor, for the right to bear the shield -'azure, a bend or,' which was opened at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1385, -before king Richard II. in person, was John Thirlwall, an esquire of -Northumberland. The witness related what he had heard on the subject of -the dispute, from his father, who 'died at the age of 145, and was when -he died the oldest esquire in all the North, and had been in arms in his -time sixty-nine years.' Such is the language of the record of these -proceedings, preserved in the Tower of London. - -This locality may also bring to the reader's remembrance the lines in -Marmion-- - - The whiles a Northern harper rude - Chaunted a rhyme of deadly feud, - '_How the fierce Thirlwalls, and Ridleys all, - Stout Willimondswick, - And Hardriding Dick, - And Hughie of Hawdon, and Will o' the Wall, - Have set on Sir Albany Featherstonhaugh, - And taken his life at the Deadman's-shaw_.'-- - -It is not generally known that this 'ancient ditty,' which sir Walter -Scott gives at length in a note as a genuine antique, is a modern -fabrication, the production of his correspondent Surtees, the historian -of Durham. The ballad, however, breathes the very spirit of the fierce -borderers, or it would not have deceived so accomplished an antiquary as -Scott. - -The walls of the castle are nine feet thick, and are faced, both inside -and outside, with stones taken from the Roman Wall. It is a singular -thing to see a building, formed out of a prior structure, itself in -ruins, and becoming a prey to yet more modern depredators. The stones -remain meanwhile, whether in the primeval structure, or in those of -medival and recent date, as good as ever. Brand observes-- - - There is built up near the inn at Glenwhelt, a most barbarous, - gigantic head of stone, which is most certainly not Roman. It came - from Thirlwall Castle, and has no doubt belonged to some of those - hideous figures made use of anciently in such castles to frighten the - distant enemy. - -Brand's original still graces the vicinity of the inn, and its effigy, -this page. Its ugliness is no proof that it is not Roman; but, after -all, whose beauty would not be tarnished by exposure such as it has -endured? - -[Illustration: Stone Effigy] - -[Sidenote: CENTRAL REGION OF THE BARRIER.] - -That portion of the line which lies between the Tipalt and the Irthing -is probably weaker than any other between Wallsend and Bowness. Not only -is the ground flat, but it is destitute of the aid which copious rivers -give it, both at its eastern and western extremities. Throughout the -whole of this district, both barriers keep close together. Except in the -neighbourhood of Rose-hill, no portion of the stone Wall remains in all -this tract. - -The country between the Tipalt and the Solway is characterized by a -number of diluvial hills, not unfrequently resembling barrows. To the -south of Brampton, they are so numerous and so nearly uniform in size -and shape as to suggest to the playful imagination the idea of their -being gigantic mole-hills. The occurrence of these in the line of the -Barrier must have caused some trouble to the engineer of the Wall. The -difficulty, however, was overcome. The first hill of this description -that we meet with, occurs immediately westward of the point where the -Newcastle and Carlisle railroad crosses the mural line. The Wall -unhesitatingly ascends it on the one side, and descends it on the other, -though it would scarcely have described a larger arc had it gone round -its base. - -[Sidenote: VALLUM AT WALLEND.] - -About half-a-mile onward is a small village, called Wallend. The -earth-works are, for a short distance, in an admirable state of -preservation; nowhere else is the Vallum seen to greater advantage. - -A peculiarity in the relative position of the Wall and Vallum will here -force itself upon the attention. The Wall, which, for the larger portion -of its course, stands considerably above the Vallum, now takes a lower -level, and for nearly the whole space between this point and the -Irthing, is completely commanded by the earthen ramparts. The following -diagram will give a general idea of the country, and of the mutual -relation between the two structures. Had the Wall (A) and Vallum (B) -been independent undertakings, this arrangement would not have been -adopted. The earth-works ascribed to Hadrian having been found -inefficient, would have been relentlessly cut in upon by the officers of -Severus, who would doubtless have planted the Wall in those positions -which were naturally the strongest, irrespective of any prior work. As -it is, to give the Vallum the advantage of an eminence in resisting a -southern foe, the Wall relinquishes a portion of the acclivity which it -might with advantage have taken. - -[Illustration: Section of Works near Wallend] - -[Sidenote: CHAPEL HOUSE.] - -Chapel-house and Fowl-town, two contiguous farm-houses, are next met -with in our course. Chapel-house is probably the site of a mile-castle, -it having been constructed out of the materials of a [Illustration: Slab -to Hadrian, by Leg. XX. V. V.] prior building, which boasted walls of -great thickness. An inscribed stone, of which the woodcut is a copy, is -to be seen lying in an out-house, from the walls of which it has -recently been taken. The letters on one end have been worn away. The -inscription may be read-- - - NERV N[EPOTI] - TRA[IANO] HADRIA[NO] - AVG[VSTO] - LEG. XX. VV. - - To the grandson of Nerva, - Trajanus Hadrianus - Augustus, - The twentieth legion, valiant and victorious. - -This is another testimony which recent research has brought to light, of -the part which Hadrian and the twentieth legion bore in the -construction, both of the Wall and the Vallum. - -At the village of Gap, the Vallum, which is very distinct, stands -considerably above the Wall. The place is said to take its name from the -Wall having been broken through here at an early period. - -Rose-hill is a hill no longer. The top of the diluvial mount was thrown -into the surrounding hollow, in order to afford a site for the railway -station, that has assumed the name of the summit which it displaced. - -[Sidenote: MUMP'S HALL.] - -In the immediate neighbourhood of Rose-hill is Mump's-hall, formerly the -residence of the Meg Merrilies of sir Walter Scott:-- - - 'Mump's-hall,' says Hodgson, 'according to tradition, was once a - public-house, kept by a notorious person of the name of Meg Teasdale, - who drugged to death such of her guests as had money. In Guy Mannering - she glares in the horrid character of Meg Merrilies. But certainly all - this tradition is deeply coloured with unpardonable slander against - the ancient and respectable family of the Teasdales of Mump's-hall.' - - Sir Walter Scott was in early life an occasional resident at Gilsland. - The broad, flat stone is pointed out, a little above the Shaws Hotel, - on which tradition asserts he was standing when he declared to the - subsequent lady Scott the emotions which agitated his bosom. He had - therefore the opportunity of becoming acquainted with the district and - its traditions. - - The small thatched cottage, opposite to the road leading from the - railway station, is usually pointed out as the residence of Meg, but - it is not the one which was occupied by her. She lived in the larger - building beyond, round which the road bends at a right angle. The - front of the house is modernized, but the back of it still retains the - character of a border fortress. My information upon this and other - subjects respecting her, has been derived from an individual residing - in the district, whose mother knew Meg well, and visited her upon her - death-bed. Although the heroine of Mump's-hall was cast in a mould - somewhat suited to the state of the district at that time, she was not - the fiend-like woman that she is generally represented. One murder, - however, the tradition of the country lays to her charge. A pedlar - having called upon Meg's brother, who kept a school at Long Byers - (mid-way between Rose-hill and Greenhead), accidentally presented to - him a box filled with guineas instead of his snuff-box. The traveller - was requested to convey a note to Mump's-hall, which he did, but was - not seen alive afterwards. Suspicion arising, the house was searched, - and the body found concealed among hay in the barn; but the parties - who made the discovery durst not reveal it, for fear of injury to - themselves and families. About six weeks afterwards the body was found - lying upon the moors. My informant added to his narrative--'probably - the laws were not so active in those days as at present, for these - things could not escape now.' - - When Meg was upon her death-bed, the curiosity of the neighbourhood - was excited, and many of her cronies visited her, in hopes of hearing - her disburthen her conscience respecting the death of the pedlar. They - were, however, disappointed; for whenever she attempted to speak upon - the subject, some one of the family, who always took care to be - present, placed a hand upon her mouth. - - Upper Denton church is hard by. It is evidently a very ancient - building, and possibly exhibits some Saxon work. It is one of the - smallest churches in England, and is as damp and mouldy as felons' - dungeons used to be. Meg and several of the members of her family lie - in the church-yard. Four tombstones, ranged in a row, mark their - resting places. - -[Sidenote: POLTROSS-BURN.] - -The works of the Barrier are crossed by the railway a little to the west -of Rose-hill station. The Wall here exhibits three or four courses of -facing-stones. A little beyond this point, the lines, still clearly -defined, cross the stream called Poltross-burn, which divides the -counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. The gorge in which the stream -flows is deep and well-wooded. There are no remains of a bridge in the -valley, but traces of a mile-castle, by which the defile has been -guarded, are distinct upon its western bank. Before reaching the -Irthing, at a farm-house called Willowford, the site of another -castellum may be discerned. From this point to the water's edge, the -Wall and Vallum have probably gone in close companionship; but this is a -matter which cannot now be ascertained. The western bank of the river is -lofty and precipitous. Consisting, as it does, chiefly of diluvial soil -and gravel, on which the water of the stream below is continually -acting, it is not surprising that all traces of the Wall, if it ever -ascended the height, have long since disappeared. On the very brink of -the precipice above, the remains of the Wall and fosse re-appear. The -faithful followers of the Wall, who have closely pursued its track from -the eastern sea, will not be willing to desert their companion, even for -a brief space, at this point. The cliff, however, will test their -constancy. Hutton had his troubles; he says, somewhat magniloquently-- - -[Sidenote: PASSAGE OF THE IRTHING.] - - I had this river to cross, and this mountain to ascend, but I did not - know how to perform either. I effected a passage over the river by the - assistance of stones as large as myself, sometimes in and sometimes - out; but, with difficulty, reached the summit of the precipice by a - zig-zag line, through the brambles, with a few scratches. - -The latest historian of the Wall attempted to ascend the bank in a right -line; he has given us the result of his experience, as a warning to -others. - - None of the party completely succeeded in ascending the precipitous - bank by the course of the Wall. The attempt is very dangerous, and, as - success accomplishes nothing, should never be tried by those whose - life and existence are in any way useful. - -On the top of the cliff is a mile-castle. To the north, two conical -summits appear, which strongly resemble barrows. We now approach -Birdoswald, the twelfth station on the line. - -[Sidenote: AMBOGLANNA.] - -AMBOGLANNA, the Birdoswald of the present day, is an interesting -station. [Illustration: alt=Altar to Jupiter, by Coh. I. Ael. Dac.] -Numerous inscriptions have been found within its walls, mentioning the -first cohort of the Dacians, surnamed the lian, which, according to the -Notitia, was quartered at AMBOGLANNA. One of them, in the possession of -Robert Bell, esq., of the Nook, Irthington, is here figured. - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - ET N[VMINIBVS] AVG[VSTI] - COH[ORS] PRIMA AEL[IA] - DAC[ORVM] CVI PR[EST] - GALLICVS - TR[I]B[VNVS] - - To Jupiter, the best and greatest, - And the deities of Augustus, - The first cohort (the lian) - Of the Dacians, commanded by - Gallicus, - The Tribune. - -The name AMBOGLANNA seems to signify, the circling glen. The former part -of the word, meaning _about_, is met with in most of the western -languages; as the Welsh _am_, the Irish and Gaelic _umain_, the Saxon -_ymb_ or _embe_, the Greek [Greek: amphi], and the Latin (in compound -words) _amb_. _Glanna_ is obviously synonymous with the modern _glen_, a -term of very frequent use in the land of the Gel. - -Here the name has been most appropriately bestowed. The camp stands upon -the precipitous edge of a tongue of land, which, on every side except -the west, is severed from the adjoining ground by deep scars. Hodgson -describes the spot with great accuracy-- - - The Irthing, in front of the station, makes two grand and sweeping - turns, under red scars, which have rich flat grounds before them, - deeply fringed along the margin of the river with a border of alder, - heckberry (_Prunus Padus_, or bird-cherry,) and other upland trees. - When the banks are not steep, they are deeply wooded: and diluvial - hills, rounded into vast and beautiful varieties of form, present to - the eye rich sylvan and cultivated scenes, while their component - parts, as the river passes their sides, expose to the geologist - rounded specimens of the different kinds of rocks to be found in the - plains of Cumberland, and the high mountains that lie on each side of - the Firth of the Solway. - -[Sidenote: BIRDOSWALD.] - -The modern name presents greater difficulties than the ancient one. Had -king Oswald been a denizen of these parts, which he was not, we might -have supposed that Birdoswald was a _burgh_ of his. The name is one of -old standing, but the etymology of it can only be a subject of -conjecture.[124] - -The station contains an area of between five and six acres. The walls -are in an unusually good state of preservation; the southern rampart -shewing eight courses of facing-stones. Camden's statement is still true -to the letter;--'it has been surrounded with a stately wall of -free-stone, about five feet thick, as may be fairly measured at this -day.' The moat which surrounded the wall may also be satisfactorily -traced. - -Although the Wall adapts itself to the north rampart of the fort, the -station is entirely independent of the Wall (see the wood-cut _p._ 84), -and must have been built before it. Probably the first step taken in the -construction of the Barrier, in every case, was the erection of the -stationary camps. - -The Vallum cannot now be traced in the immediate vicinity of the -station; but Gordon tells us, that it came close up to the southern -rampart. - -[Illustration: West Gateway, Birdoswald, Amboglanna] - -The southern gateway may be discerned, though it is encumbered with -rubbish; the eastern and western have recently been divested of much of -the matter that has for ages obscured them. The wood-cut, representing -the western portal, as seen from the inside, exhibits the pivot-holes of -the gates, and the ruts worn by the chariots or wagons of the Romans. -The ruts are nearly four feet two inches apart, the precise gauge of the -chariot marks in the east gateway at Housesteads. The more perfect of -the pivot-holes exhibits a sort of spiral grooving, which seems to have -been formed with a view of rendering the gate self-closing. The aperture -in the sill of the doorway, near the lower jamb, has been made -designedly, as a similar vacuity occurs in the eastern portal; perhaps -the object of it has been to allow of the passage of the surface water -from the station. - -The whole area of the camp is marked with the lines of streets and the -ruins of buildings. The present farm-house occupies, according to -Horsley, the site of the pretorium. On the east side of the southern -gateway are the remains of a kiln for drying corn; the stones are -reddened by fire. Near the eastern gateway a building, furnished with a -hypocaust, has been partially excavated. From its ruins a sculptured -figure, draped, and in a sitting posture, has recently been taken. The -head and other highly relieved parts were found to have been broken off: -it remains on the ground. - -[Illustration: Mural Stone, Leg. VI. V. F.] - -A large altar with an inscription, which is in a great measure -illegible, lies within the walls of the camp. A stone broken in two -pieces, and which is preserved on the spot, bears testimony to the -presence of the sixth legion here; it may be read, LEGIO SEXTA VICTRIX -FIDELIS--The Sixth legion the Victorious and Faithful. - -[Sidenote: AMBOGLANNA.] - -The boldness of the lettering, and the depth and clearness of the -cutting, give reason to suppose that the inscription is of early date. -Besides these, several centurial stones, mill-stones, and coping-stones, -as well as portions of tile, and fragments of pottery, are preserved in -the farm-house, and yield to the visitor indubitable proofs of Roman -occupation. In draining the field to the west of the station, many small -altars, without inscriptions, have been found, which were remorselessly -broken, and used with other materials for filling the drains. Strange, -that altars before which Romans of 'fierce countenance' have bowed, -should be put to such a use! - - Imperious Csar, dead, and turned to clay, - Might stop a hole to keep the wind away: - O, that the earth which kept the world in awe, - Should patch a wall to expel the winter's flaw! - -On the east of the station are extensive and well-defined marks of -suburban buildings. - -The accompanying lithograph is taken from the western side of the -station. It well represents the chilly and somewhat forbidding aspect of -this now nearly deserted place. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey, Lith. - BIRDOSWALD, WESTERN RAMPART. - Printed by W. Monkhouse, York. -] - -Westward of Birdoswald, the Wall is in an unusually good state of -preservation. Taking into account, not only the height, but the length -of the fragment, and the completeness of the facing-stones on both -sides, it may be pronounced the finest specimen of the great structure -that now remains. Some portions of it, however, are beginning to exhibit -evident signs of decrepitude and decay. - -[Illustration: Section of Works, Wallbours] - -Within a short mile of the station, the remains of a castellum appear. -Here the Vallum exhibits the unusual feature of a second ditch, as is -represented in the subjoined section.[125] Hodgson says-- - - Through a bog, about a mile west of AMBOGLANNA, the Vallum has had two - ditches, probably intended for draining the military road that ran - between them. They are still very distinct. - -A careful examination of the spot induces me to think, that the -additional fortification was intended to give increased security to a -defile, which, running from the vicinity of the Wall to the bed of the -Irthing below, renders the works in this part more than usually liable -to attack from the south. - -[Sidenote: THE WORKS AT WALLBOURS.] - -At the western extremity of this extra ditch, the Wall and Vallum come -into close proximity; the space between them was, with the exception of -room for the military way, occupied by the foundations of a castellum. -The place bears the name of Wallbours. - -The Barrier next crosses a small hill called the Pike. The Vallum is a -little below the summit of the eminence, on its southern side; if this -fortification had been formed irrespective of the Wall, it would -doubtless have been drawn along the top of the height. The same remark -applies to Hare-hill. - -The view from the Pike, of the flat and fertile vale below is truly -magnificent. - -[Sidenote: THE WALL AT HARE-HILL.] - -Soon after passing Banks-burn, we arrive at Hare-hill, where a portion -of the Wall stands nine feet ten inches in height. This is the highest -piece of the Wall that is anywhere to be met with; but, owing to the -smallness of the fragment, and to its being entirely deprived of -facing-stones, it is less imposing than it would otherwise be. Hutton's -enthusiasm, however, never fails him; his remark at Hare-hill is-- - - I viewed this relick with admiration: I saw no part higher. - -At this point of our progress, the antiquary may be disposed to turn -aside for a little, to view two relics of the medival period of great -interest--Lanercost Priory and Naworth Castle. The priory is a beautiful -specimen of the early English style, and bears architectural evidence of -having been built somewhere between the years 1155 and 1160. Besides the -church, partially in ruins and partially in repair, the refectory and -some portions of the monastic buildings remain. The whole structure has -been formed of stones taken from the Roman Wall. In addition to some -altars preserved in the crypt of the church, several centurial and -carved stones are to be seen in the walls of the adjacent buildings. - -[Sidenote: NAWORTH CASTLE.] - -Naworth Castle, though still an interesting building, is destitute of -some of the attractions which it once possessed. The Roman altars and -other primeval monuments collected by lord William Howard, have long -been dispersed, and a fire in 1844, almost entirely destroyed the -baronial residence of that renowned border-chief, which, until that -event, remained nearly in the state in which it was in his own day. The -dungeons, however, in which the daring moss-troopers were immured, -remain, and two magnificent oak trees near the grand entrance still -extend those brawny arms on which, according to tradition, lord William -suspended the victims of his lawless power. The load of twenty gasping -wretches would not materially weigh down the larger boughs of these fine -trees. That the government of lord William--the Belted Will of Border -tales--was of a vigorous character, there cannot be a doubt; but that he -used his power capriciously, cruelly, or tyrannically, there is no -evidence. Lord William seems to have sent the most desperate of his -prisoners to Newcastle-upon-Tyne or Carlisle. They would probably have -as good a chance for life at Belted Will's tribunal as at the assizes of -either of these towns, if we may judge of the state of feeling towards -them from North's Life of Lord-keeper Guildford. His lordship, then sir -Francis North, came to Newcastle, on the northern circuit, in 1676. His -biographer says-- - - The country is yet very sharp upon thieves; and a violent suspicion, - there, is next to conviction. When his lordship held the assizes at - Newcastle, there was one Mungo Noble, supposed to be a great thief, - brought to trial before his lordship, upon four several indictments; - and his lordship was so much a south-country judge as not to think any - of them well proved. One was for stealing a horse of a person unknown, - and the evidence amounted to no more than that a horse was seen - feeding upon the heath near his shiel, and none could tell who was the - owner of it. In short the man escaped, much to the regret of divers - gentlemen, who _thought he deserved_ to be hanged, and that was - enough. While the judge at the trial discoursed of the evidence and - its defects, a Scotch gentleman upon the bench, who was a border - commissioner, made a long neck towards the judge and said--'My laird, - send him to huzz, and ye's ne'er see him mair.' - -On rejoining the Barrier, we find, that though the line of the Wall, in -its course to the Eden, may yet be distinctly discerned, in very few -instances any portion of the masonry remains. - -[Sidenote: MONEY-HOLES.] - -The site of a mile-castle nearly opposite Lanercost Priory, is termed -Money-holes, in consequence of the efforts made to discover some -treasure supposed to be concealed in it. At Crag-hill the north ditch is -very bold. At Hayton-gate, a drove road, probably an ancient pass, -crosses the line of the Wall from north to south. At Randilands the -north fosse is still well developed. After crossing the rivulet, called -Burtholme-beck, a piece of the Wall is seen, which stands about seven -feet high; its facing-stones are gone, but the rough pebbly mortar -possesses its original tenacity. As is often the case, the ruin is -tufted with hazel bushes and stunted specimens of the alder and oak. The -Vallum is about seventy yards to the south of the Wall. - -Approaching Low-wall,[126] something like an out-work appears on the -north side of the Barrier. Has there been a double line of wall here? -After crossing a road, denominated Friar-wain-gate, which leads from -Bewcastle to Lanercost, we reach another house called Wall; Roman masons -might claim many of the stones as theirs. At How-gill is a cottage, -where probably a mile-castle stood to defend the 'beck,' In the modern -structure may be observed stones broached in the Roman fashion, and -others variously tooled by Roman hands. - -The farm-house of Dove-cote is on the eastern bank of the King-water. -The fosse and the foundation of the Murus are seen crossing the hill on -the northern side of the summit: the Vallum, which is indistinctly -marked, probably took a corresponding position on the southern side. - -[Sidenote: WALTON.] - -The village of Walton, by its very name, bears testimony to its -relationship with the great Barrier-line. Many of the stones of the Wall -may be detected in its cottages. One of its dwellings furnishes a good -specimen of the mode of cottage-building formerly prevalent in the -North. The rafters of the house, which consist of large and -rudely-shaped pieces of timber, instead of resting upon the walls, come -down to the ground; they are tied together near the top by a transverse -beam, and the mud walls, as well as the thatched roof, partially depend -upon them for support. Horsley says, 'at Wal-town there seems to have -been some fortification or encampment. One side of the square is yet -very visible, and the ramparts pretty large, about eighty yards long. It -is high ground and dry. Perhaps it has been a summer encampment or -exploratory post for the garrison at Cambeck.' - -At Sandysike farm-house the foundation of the Wall as well as abundant -traces of mural vicinage are to be seen. The barn consists of Roman -stones marked with the diamond-broaching. Several sculptured stones are -built up in the garden-wall; amongst them is one which displays the -thunderbolt of Jove; the wall-fruit peacefully rests upon it. Another, -exhibiting the wheel of Nemesis, the emblem of swift justice, and which -no doubt once formed part of an altar to Jupiter, is built into a -pig-sty. A mill-stone of peculiar shape, and closely resembling one at -Naworth Castle, is preserved on the grounds; it is probably Roman. - - -[Sidenote: PETRIANA.] - -PETRIANA, the Cambeck-fort of Horsley, and the Castle-steads of the -locality, is to the south of the Vallum and Wall. A deep scar separates -it from the lines of the Barrier. The site of the station may be -recognised, but it is long since its ramparts were overthrown, and the -ruined buildings of the interior entirely obliterated. - -Its rich soil and sunny exposure recommended it to the father of the -present proprietor of Walton-house as a fitting site for a garden, and -such it is at the present day. It has yielded many altars and[Sidenote: -CAMBECK-FORT.] sculptured stones, some of which are still preserved upon -the spot, and from time to time the spade still reveals to the -numismatist, treasures, over the loss of which, Romans in ancient days -may have mourned, though not in a degree proportioned to their present -value. Wood-cuts of three of the coins which have been found at -Castlesteads are here introduced, as they commemorate the family of a -man whose name is intimately connected with the Wall. They are in the -cabinet of Robert Bell, esq., of Irthington. - -[Illustration: Coin of Severus, Julia] - - JULIA, the second wife of Severus, and the mother of Caracalla and - Geta. Severus, who was a believer in astrology, on the death of his - first wife, looked out for another whose nativity was favourable to - the ambitious views which he at that time entertained. He heard of a - woman in Syria whose destiny it was to marry a king, and accordingly - solicited and obtained in marriage Julia Domna. - -[Illustration: Coin of Caracalla] - - BASSIANUS, commonly called Caracalla. He was created Csar by his - father, A.D. 196, when he took the names of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. - In A.D. 198, he was invested with the dignity of Augustus. Amongst his - other titles, he bore the name of Britannicus, as is shewn on the - coin. The engraver of the die from which this coin was struck, has - probably given a correct likeness of his subject; at least, he has - represented an individual who appears capable of attempting an aged - father's life, and of imbruing his hands in the blood of a brother. - Vengeance at length overtook him. - -[Illustration: Coin of Geta] - - GETA, who, together with his brother Caracalla, accompanied his father - to Britain. He was murdered by Caracalla A.D. 212. - -The finest of the altars, standing in the garden of Walton-house, is -here engraved. The thunderbolt of Jupiter adorns one side of it, the -wheel of Nemesis the other. The inscription has been read by Mr. Thomas -Hodgson, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the following way, after a careful -and learned examination of it, and kindred inscriptions. - -[Illustration: Altar to Jupiter, Coh. II. Tungr.] - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - COH[ORS] SECVNDA TVNGR[ORVM] - M[ILLIARIA] EQ[ITATA] C[IVIVM] L[ATINORVM] CVI - PRAEEST ALB[VS] - SEVERVS PR- - AEF[ECTVS] TVNG[RORVM] IN- - STA[NTE] VIC[TORE] SEVRO - PRINCIPI - - - To Jupiter, the best and greatest, - The second cohort of the Tungrians, - A milliary _regiment_, having a proportionate supply of horse, _and - consisting of_ citizens of Latium, - Commanded by Albus - Severus, pre- - fect of the Tungrians, _erects this_; - The work being superintended by Victor Sevrus (or Severus), the - princeps.[127] - -[Sidenote: PETRIANA.] - -The Notitia places the 'Ala Petriana,' under a prefect, at PETRIANA. -Although two inscriptions belonging to this place mention the second -cohort of the Tungri, none have been found here which name the Ala -Petriana. It is possible that this cohort may have been a part of the -Ala Petriana, but until this point be settled, or some further light -thrown upon the subject, the occurrence of Cambeck-fort[Sidenote: -CAMBECK-FORT.] next in order to AMBOGLANNA, must be regarded as the best -evidence of its being the PETRIANA of the Notitia. - -[Illustration: View of Pigeon Crag] - -[Sidenote: WRITTEN-ROCK OF GELT.] - -Before crossing the Cambeck-water it may be well to remind the reader, -that the river Gelt, on whose rocky banks the Roman quarrymen have left -lettered memorials of their toil, is about four miles to the south of -this place. With the view of clearly displaying the inscription, which -has frequently been inaccurately engraved, the lithograph opposite to -page 81, has been drawn to a scale which precludes the possibility of -shewing the height of the cliff. The adjoining wood-cut partly supplies -this deficiency; it exhibits another inscription, not of a very -intelligible.[Sidenote: PIGEON-CRAG.] character, on the Pigeon-crag, -which is a little higher up the water, and shews the general character -of the scenery on this beautiful stream. - -The distance of these quarries on the Gelt, from the line of the -Barrier, renders it very questionable whether large supplies were -derived from them for the Wall. Hodgson remarks-- - - The quarry at Helbeck-scar (the Written-rock) might serve for the - largest stones for part of the Murus, and the stations at - Brampton-old-church, and Walton-castlesteads; for the general purpose - of the Murus, stone, however, could be got in places much nearer than - Helbeck-scar. - -At the quarries of High and Low Breaks, about a mile and a half north of -the Wall, there are marks of extensive ancient workings; the quarries -are still in use and yield stone of good quality. - -The Written-rock will not be easily found by a stranger, but directions -and assistance may generally be obtained from the workmen employed upon -a modern quarry, which is not far from the spot. - - -[Sidenote: HEADSWOOD.] - -We now rejoin the Barrier. The passage of the Cambeck-water seems to -have been guarded with some care. On the eastern margin of the stream, -to the north of the Wall, is an earth-work raised a little above the -general level of the surface, which here is somewhat depressed. Stones, -which do not appear in the contiguous parts, lie scattered about the -place. These circumstances seem to favour the idea of there having been -some additional fortification in this part. The western bank of the -stream consists of a bold breastwork of red-sandstone, rising about -fifty feet above the level of the water. The fosse of the Wall has been -deeply cut into this rock; it still remains in a state of great -perfection. The old drove-road between Newcastle and Carlisle, which, -for some distance west of this, runs upon the site of the Wall, or close -by it, here avails itself of the fosse as a means of climbing the bank. -The ditch of the Vallum is also discernible. The farm-house of Beck is -partially constructed of Roman stones, and on the east side of the -rivulet of Beck a few stones of the Wall are in their original -situation. Headswood, as its name implies, occupies a commanding -position. The ditch of the Vallum is at this place peculiarly bold, and -is about thirty-five yards distant from the Wall. The fosse of the Wall -[Illustration: Mural Stone, Leg. II. Aug.] bends round an object which -has the appearance of being an additional fortification outside the -Wall. At the west end of Newtown-of-Irthington are the remains of a -large mile-castle; the stones still lie in confusion upon the site. The -stone represented in the margin was found at this place. We next come to -White-flat, where the rubble of the foundation of the Wall is very -discernible and the ditch very deep. Hurtleton (the town of strife) is -next reached; both lines of fosse are distinct and in close contiguity. - -In the corner of a field, called Chapel-field, there are evident signs -of a mile-castle; the plough, however, has been drawn over the site. The -two works, which between White-flat and this point have approached each -other very closely, now quickly diverge, the Wall bending to the north. - -[Sidenote: IRTHINGTON.] - -The village of Irthington is a little to the south of the Barrier. Here -formerly stood one of the strongholds of the powerful Norman family of -De Vallibus; the building is now entirely removed, its site being -occupied by the Nook, the residence of Robert Bell, esq. The foundations -of some of its walls have recently been exposed. The keep probably -occupied a lofty earthen mound which is now crowned with thriving trees. -The parish church has recently been renewed with much skill and taste. -The old fabric was entirely built of Roman wall-stones. In the course of -its restoration, a striking proof of the disturbed state of the border -district in the middle ages was disclosed; a number of skeletons, -confusedly thrown together, being found buried within its area. The -church, originally a Transition-Norman building, had evidently at some -period after its erection, been contracted in its dimensions by the -rejection of the side aisles. The outer walls consisted of the original -columns of the aisles, filled up very roughly with common rubble. The -columns bore decided marks of fire. The neighbouring parish church of -Kirklinton, which has also been recently rebuilt, exhibited similar -appearances. On taking down the old tower, which was a fortified -stronghold, the bony remnants of upwards of sixty bodies were found in a -space of not more than five yards square; others were found in confused -masses in other parts. [Sidenote: BORDER STRIFE.] The probable -explanation of these circumstances is this:--After the battle of -Bannockburn, the Scottish forces, flushed with success, entered England, -and the inhabitants, unable to withstand them, fled to the churches for -protection. But neither the strength of the buildings nor their supposed -sanctity could yield them effectual succour; the miserable people were -slain, and their bodies left among the smouldering ruins. Those of their -countrymen who escaped, buried them in a hasty manner upon the spot. -When the desolated district had recovered energy enough to repair the -churches, its utmost efforts were barely sufficient to enclose those -parts which had, by their solidity, withstood the fire; and the reduced -population required nothing more. - -The coins of Edw.I. and II. are comparatively abundant in this district, -the armies of that monarch and his immediate successors, frequently -taking the western route, in their marches to and from Scotland. - -Rejoining the Wall, we meet, when within a quarter of a mile of -Old-wall, with the site of a mile-castle. The ruins of the building -slightly raise it above the general level, and prevent the plough biting -into it. The road formerly deviated from its track to go round it. An -altar, an urn, and several coins of Edward I., have been found in it. In -the buildings at Old-wall, many Roman stones will be noticed, and the -earth-works of both lines of the Barrier may be traced. The Wall is -entirely uprooted; upwards of six hundred cart-loads of stones, within -the recollection of the inhabitants, have been taken from it in this -immediate vicinity. - -Between this point and Stanwix, the works may be traced with tolerable -satisfaction, an ancient drove-road running upon the site of the Wall -for the greater part of the way. - -[Sidenote: BLEATARN.] - -At Bleatarn (blue tarn or lake), on the south side of the Wall, is a -mound of earth resembling an elongated barrow; between this earth-work -and the Wall, is a marshy hollow, which is said to have formerly been -the bed of a lake or tarn. The Vallum takes a sweep to avoid this -morass, and at its greatest distance is removed from the Wall about two -hundred and twenty yards. - -About half-a-mile south from Bleatarn, is the site of a Roman camp, -which Horsley conceived to be one of the stations _per lineam Valli_; it -is now called Watch-cross. If it be a station of this class, and if the -order in which the stations are arranged in the Notitia exactly -corresponds with their consecutive positions in reality, the name of it -was ABALLABA, which was garrisoned by a _numerus_ or troop of Moors, -under a prefect. There is, however, reason to doubt whether this was a -stationary camp at all, as will presently appear. - -As already remarked, no inscribed stones have been found to identify any -of the stations west of AMBOGLANNA with the list given in the Notitia. -Even though this difficulty respecting Watch-cross had not occurred, to -go on appropriating the names of the Notitia, station after station, -guided solely by the slender thread of the order of their succession, -would be a hazardous undertaking, and is rendered still more so by the -uncertainty existing as to those which are, and which are not, -_stationes per lineam Valli_. In our journey from this point westward, -the stations will, therefore, be designated by their modern names; when -the Latin names are added, it is to be understood that they are -conjectural. - - -[Sidenote: WATCH-CROSS.] - -_WATCH-CROSS._--Horsley gives the following account of this station:-- - - A little detached from the wall, to the south, is a Roman fort, of - about four chains and an half square, called Watch-cross; and as I was - assured by the country people, and have had it since further - confirmed, a military way has gone near it, or between it and the - military way belonging to the Wall; for they often plough up paving - stones here, and think part of the highway to Brampton to be upon it. - This is the least station on the line of the Wall, and is as usual, - plundered of its stones, as that at Burgh and Drumburgh. However, the - ramparts and ditches are very fair and visible. - -The common on which it stood having been enclosed about seventy years -ago, and brought into cultivation, all traces of the camp have been -obliterated. On a careful examination of its site, I failed to discover -any fragments of Roman pottery, or other marks of Roman occupation. In -those parts of Cumberland where the soil is not naturally stony, the -site of a mile-castle or station, which has been brought into -cultivation, may often be distinguished by the occurrence in that -particular spot of numerous fragments of freestone. No such appearance -here presents itself. The person who farms the ground says it is of -better quality than the surrounding land; still, it does not seem to -possess the peculiar fertility of a spot that has at any period for a -length of time been the resort of a crowded population. Hutchinson -describes 'the whole ground-plot' as being covered, in his day, 'with a -low growth of heath;' the sites of all the other cities of the Wall are -too replete with animal remains to yield, even unaided by cultivation, -so coarse a product. I am therefore strongly disposed to think, with -Hodgson, that it was a mere summer encampment. The spot has been well -chosen; for, though not greatly elevated, it has an extensive prospect. -Horsley himself had some doubts of the propriety of admitting it into -the rank of a stationary camp, 'by reason of its being so small, and -having no remains of stone walls.' The distance, however, between -Cambeck-fort and Stanwix, which is rather greater than that between any -other two stations, induced him to give it this position. - -From Bleatarn the antiquary will, with some care, be able to trace the -Barrier by Wall-head, Walby, and Wall-foot, to Tarraby. From this -village to Stanwix, a rural road runs upon the foundations of the Wall; -the ditch on its north side, which within living memory was very boldly -marked, although partially filled up is yet distinctly traceable. - - -[Sidenote: STANWIX.] - -_STANWIX._--The church and church-yard of Stanwix occupy the site of the -station which guarded the northern bank of the Eden. Recent explorations -have displayed distinct remains of ancient edifices. In pulling down the -old church, to make way for the present structure, a very fine figure of -Victory, somewhat mutilated, was disclosed, which is now in the museum -at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The name of the place indicates, that whilst the -dwellings in the vicinity were made of clay, as many of them are yet, by -reason of the plunder of the Roman station, it could boast of being a -_town of stones_. The situation is one of great beauty. To the east, at -a considerable distance, the Nine-nicks of Thirlwall rear their rugged -peaks; and to the south and south-west, appear the beautiful grounds of -Rickerby-house, the river Eden permeating a rich and well-cultivated -country, the ancient city of Carlisle crowned with its venerable -cathedral, and the long vista of country terminating in the Cumbrian -mountains. - - -Between the station and the north bank of the river Eden, the fosse of -the Wall is distinctly marked, and a hollowed line, formed by the -excavation of the foundation of the Wall itself, shews its track to the -water's edge, near to the Hyssop-holme-well. We are told by Camden-- - - That the Wall passed the river over against the castle--where in the - very channel, the remains of it, namely, the great stones, appear to - this day. - -That the Wall, on the other side of the river, clambered up that part of -the castle-bank which projects most boldly forward, is rendered probable -by the appearance of masonry, resembling its foundations, beneath the -grassy surface. At this point, however, we lose all trace of the great -structure until we get beyond the boundaries of the famous Border city -of the West. - -[Sidenote: CARLISLE.] - -All antiquaries agree that Carlisle is the LUGUVALLIUM of the Romans. It -is not improbable that it was one of Agricola's forts. It is not named -in the list of the stations _per lineam Valli_ given in the Notitia. The -Notitia mentions only the forts having separate garrisons, and it is -probable that after the erection of the camp at Stanwix, LUGUVALLIUM -became subordinate to that camp, and had no distinct garrison, which -will account for its omission. - -Whitaker says LUGUVALLIUM signifies, in the ancient Celtic, the fort -upon the Waters. - -Extensive remains of the ancient city lie beneath the modern Carlisle; -seldom is the ground penetrated to any considerable depth without -disclosing ancient masonry, Samian ware, and Roman coins. - -Carlisle contains two interesting structures of the medival period--the -castle and the cathedral. The keep of the castle is a good specimen of -the Norman donjon, though some parts of it have been modernized. On the -walls and door of one of its chambers, used as a prison in the 'Fifteen' -and the 'Forty-five,' are to be seen the coats of arms, the devices, and -marks of the 'sorrowful sighings,' of the unhappy rebels, who beguiled -their wretched hours in carving them. The cathedral exhibits some -interesting specimens of the Norman as well as later styles. Its east -window, which is of the decorated period, is the finest in the kingdom, -with the exception, perhaps, of the west window at York. - -About a quarter of a mile beyond the canal basin, and nearly midway -between the canal and the river, the track of the Wall may again be -discerned. Owing to the difficulty of entirely uprooting it, its -foundations have been suffered to remain; they form a cart-road which is -used for farm purposes. A little farther on, the plough has won the day, -and a uniform green sward or luxuriant harvest baffles our research. - -[Illustration: Altar--ob res trans vallum prospere gestas] - -[Sidenote: KIRK-ANDREWS.] - -A turf-covered mound on the east side of the church of Kirk-andrews, is -occasioned by a portion of the ruins of the Wall. In the village is -preserved the altar of which the wood-cut gives a representation. It was -found at Kirk-steads, about a mile south of the Wall, and bears marks of -having been cut down to suit the purpose of some comparatively modern -builder. The focus of the altar is unusually large; the boldness of the -lettering indicates an early date. It may be read-- - - L[VCIVS] IVNIVS VIC- - TORINVS ET (?) - C[AIVS] AELIANVS LEG[ATI] - AUG[VSTALES] LEG[IONIS] VI VIC[TRICIS] - P[I] F[IDELIS] OB RES TRANS - VALLVM PRO- - SPERE GESTAS. - - Lucius Junius Vic- - torinus, and - Caius lianus, Augustal legates - Of the sixth legion, victorious, - Pious, and faithful, on account of achievements beyond - The Wall pros- - perously performed. - -This is a vivid memorial of deeds of common occurrence during the period -of Roman occupation. The original possessors of the isthmus, driven from -their homes, and forced to seek an asylum in the hills to the north of -the Wall, would be accounted the lawful prey of the aggressor. - - The gates of mercy shall be all shut up; - And the fleshed soldier,--rough and hard of heart,-- - In liberty of bloody hand, shall range - With conscience wide as hell; mowing like grass - Your fresh fair virgins and your flowering infants. - -Whilst the Roman warrior gloated over his success, and feasted, and -thanked his gods, and recorded his exploits on the votive stone, the -routed remnants of the Caledonian bands would mourn over their -slaughtered comrades and desolated home-steads. - -The great scarcity of stone in the western part of Cumberland has -rendered the Wall a valuable quarry to the inhabitants from time -immemorial. In our future progress we shall see little of it, except in -the buildings contiguous to its site. The heart of the antiquary will, -however, occasionally be gladdened by the recognition of the lines of -the earth-works--their slightly elevated mounds appearing to his eager -gaze scarcely less beautiful than the moulded forms produced by the -genius of the sculptor, in districts more rich than this, in the remains -of antiquity. - -The Vallum appears to have gone nearly due west, along the valley, from -Kirk-andrews to Burgh; the Wall proceeds, after its usual manner, from -eminence to eminence. - -[Sidenote: BURGH-UPON-SANDS.] - -_BURGH-UPON-SANDS_ is the next station. In Horsley's day the remains of -its ramparts were to be seen at a place called the Old-castle, a little -to the east of the church. He says-- - - On the west side these remains are most distinct, being about six - chains in length. And Severus's Wall seems to have formed the north - rampart of the station. I was assured by the person to whom the field - belonged, that stones were often ploughed up in it, and lime with the - stones. Urns have also frequently been found here. I saw, besides an - imperfect inscription, two Roman altars lying at a door in the town, - but neither sculptures nor inscriptions are now visible upon them. - ...... If besides all this, we consider the distance from the last - station at Stanwix, I think it can admit of no doubt but there must - have been a station here, though most of its ramparts are now - levelled, the field having been in tillage many years. I shall only - further add, that it was very proper to have a station at each end of - the marsh, which, if the water flowed as high as some believe, would - make a kind of bay. - -At present, little meets the eye of the inquirer, to inform him of the -spot where the station stood, but when the surface of the ground is -broken, the traces of a Roman city are still sufficiently distinct. The -church-yard is filled with fragments of red sandstone blocks. At the -depth of two feet, it contains several distinct lines of foundations. -Entire 'lachrymatory' vessels and fragments of unglazed jars and urns -have repeatedly been dug up. A small bronze figure was recently found. -When the canal was cut, blocks of stone, blackened by smoke, were dug -out of the soil to the south-east of the church. - -A few inscribed stones have been found since Horsley's day, but none of -them name the cohort which was stationed in the camp. Hence we have no -means of knowing whether Watch-cross has been rightly thrown out of the -list of 'stations along the line,' and whether Burgh is, as Horsley -states it to be, the AXELODUNUM of the Notitia, or CONGAVATA, according -to the opinion of Hodgson. - -In the absence of more decided remains of the camp or Wall, an -examination of the church of this long straggling town will reward the -attention of the antiquary. It is a good specimen of the fortified -Border churches. It has served the threefold purpose of a church, a -fortress, and a prison. - - In case of an inroad from the Scottish coast, the cattle appear to - have been shut up in the body of the church, and the inhabitants to - have had recourse to the large embattled tower at its western end. The - only entrance to this tower is from the inside of the church, and it - is secured by a ponderous iron door, fastening with two large bolts. - The walls of the tower are seven feet thick. Its lowest apartment is a - vaulted chamber, lighted by three arrow-slits. At the south angle is a - spiral stone staircase, leading to two upper chambers. - -Many of the stones of which the church is built, are Roman, and exhibit -reticulated tooling. - - -[Sidenote: KING EDWARD'S MONUMENT.] - -Near to Burgh is the site on which the castle of sir Hugh de Morville, -one of the murderers of Thomas Becket, formerly stood. The adjoining -field is called--'Hang-man-tree,' doubtless because my lord had his -gallows here, always ready for use. A neighbouring enclosure bears a -designation not less ominous--'Spill-blood-holm.' But the most -interesting historical memorial which the neighbourhood of Burgh -affords, is the monument to king Edward I., which stands on the marsh. - - Longshanks had marshalled his army: his numerous host lay encamped - upon the sandy flat on the north of the town: the waters of the Solway - alone separated him from the objects of his vengeance. Here the mighty - Edward was called to enter into conflict with an enemy whom he had - often braved on the battle-field, but who was now to approach him by a - new method of assault. In this struggle, his valour availed him - nothing, his chivalrous hosts could yield him no aid, and no devoted - Eleanor was there to abstract from his veins the subtle poison which - the king of terrors had infused. On Burgh-marsh the 'ruthless king' - breathed his last. A monument, represented in the vignette at the - close of this part, marks the spot. - -[Sidenote: TOWER OF REPENTANCE.] - -Another structure, on the opposite side of the Firth, may be noticed by -the traveller. The history of the 'Tower of Repentance' is strikingly -illustrative of the disordered state of society in this district before -the union of the two kingdoms. - - A chieftain from the northern side having made a successful inroad - into the English border, was crossing the Solway on his return, laden - with booty, when a sudden storm arose. In order to lighten his - labouring vessel, he threw his prisoners overboard in preference to - the cattle which he had stolen. The danger past, he was smitten with - remorse. In order to make such amends as he could, he built a - beacon-tower which overlooks the Solway, and to this day is called the - Tower of Repentance. Tradition avers that the penitent himself carried - all the stones used in its erection to the top of the hill. It is not - far from the town of Ecclefechan. - -In passing along the village of Burgh, the observing visitor will notice -the large number of boulder-stones, some of them half a ton in weight, -which are strewed over the ground; several of them have been used in -forming the foundations of the cottages. They are of granite, and in -some distant age have been wrenched from the summit of Criffel, the hill -which lends so much beauty to the landscape on the northern side of the -Solway. - -On the western side of the village of Dykesfield, which we next -encounter, is a common that contains several earthen ramparts and -temporary camps. - -Between Dykesfield and the next station, Drumburgh, an extensive marsh -occurs, which even now is occasionally overflowed by the waters of the -Solway. Hodgson inclines to the belief, that the Wall ran directly -across it. Horsley, however, took a different view of the subject. - - From hence to Drumburgh Castle no vestige of the Wall is to be seen; - though I think it certain that the Wall did not pass through the - marsh, but by Boustead-hill and Easton, for both tradition and matter - of fact favour this course of it. The country people often strike upon - the Wall, and could tell exactly several places through which, by this - means, they knew it had passed, and always by the side of the marsh. - Besides it is no way reasonable to suppose that the Romans would build - their Wall within tide-mark. - -[Sidenote: EASTON-MARSH.] - -After careful inquiry, I am disposed to adopt Horsley's view; even now, -stones which appear to be Wall-stones, are turned up by the operations -of the husbandmen in the line which the Wall is supposed to have taken -by Boustead and Easton. It need not be a subject of surprise, that the -Wall in this district has been so thoroughly removed, as there is no -quarry within a convenient distance, and the Wall, therefore, has been -the source from which the inhabitants of the country have drawn their -supply of building stones. The Romans seem to have gone to Howrigg -quarry, which is not less than eight miles south of the Barrier, for -their facing-stones; those which they used for the interior of the Wall -correspond in character with the proceeds of Stone-pot-scar, a quarry on -the north shore of the Solway. - -We must now part company with the Vallum. This wonderful earth-work, -which has outlived the accidents of seventeen centuries, and which we -have traced, with but few interruptions, from the modern representative -of PONS LII to this point, is not observed going beyond it. As the -Vallum falls short of the Wall at its eastern extremity by about four -miles, so it does at its western. Horsley, who wrote more than a century -ago, and who, consequently, had better opportunities of judging than we -can now have, says-- - - Whether Hadrian's work (the Vallum) has been continued any further - than this marsh, or to the water-side beyond Drumburgh, is doubtful. - But I am pretty confident that it was not carried on so far as the - Wall of Severus at this end, any more than at the other. And I can by - no means yield to Mr. Gordon's sentiments, that the one, for a good - space at each end, was built upon the foundation of the other. - However, it is certain that from the side of the marsh to the west end - of the Wall there is no appearance of Hadrian's work, or any thing - belonging to it. - -[Sidenote: DRUMBURGH.] - -_DRUMBURGH_ contains distinct remains of a small stationary camp. This, -if Watch-cross be rejected, was the sixteenth station of the Wall, and -consequently, the AXELODUNUM of the Notitia, which was garrisoned by the -first cohort of the Spaniards. The camp is on the grounds of Richard -Lawson, esq. The ramparts are well defined, as well as the ditch which -surrounds them. The whole area is covered with a luxuriant sward, and -its northern margin is shaded by some thriving ash-trees. No portion of -the Wall remains in its vicinity, but its present proprietor remembers -witnessing the removal of the foundation. The northern rampart of the -station did not come up to the Wall, but was removed a few yards from -it; probably the military way ran between the station and the Wall. The -station at Barr-hill, on the Antonine Wall, is similarly situated. - -South of the station is a well, enclosed by a circular wall of Roman -masonry. It is still in use, though the water is drawn from it by a -pump. - -The medival castle, of which there are considerable remains, is a very -fine specimen of the ancient fortified manor-house. It is built of Roman -stones. Extensive alterations were made upon it in the reign of Henry -VIII. The habitable part of it is now occupied as a farm-house. - - -The tranquillity of this region was not always what it now is. - - Standing on the northern rampart of the station, Mr. Lawson, the aged - proprietor, directed the attention of the Pilgrim-party of 1849 to a - small cottage on the opposite shore. 'There,' said he, 'lived a - Scottish reaver, who in the days of my grandfather made, on nineteen - successive Easter-eves, a successful foray on the English side. A - twentieth time he prepared to go; his family remonstrated, he however - persisted, saying that this should be his last attempt. Our people - were prepared for him and slew him.' Some of the party asked 'what - notice did the law take of the transaction?' 'None; the law which - could not protect a man, would not punish him for taking the law into - his own hands.' - -Now, nearly arrived at the western extremity of the great Barrier, we -meet with but few traces of its characteristic masonry; enough, however, -remains to lure us pleasantly to our journey's end. - -In cutting the canal from Carlisle to the Solway Firth, in 1823, a -prostrate forest of oak was discovered, which belonged to an age -anterior to that of Hadrian. The engineer of the canal says-- - -[Sidenote: PRIMEVAL FOREST.] - - A subterraneous forest was cut through in the excavation of the canal, - near the banks of the Solway Firth, about half a mile north-west of - the village of Glasson, and extending into Kirklands. The trees were - all prostrate, and they had fallen, with little deviation, in a - northerly direction, or a little eastward of it.--Some short trunks, - of two or three feet in height, were in the position of their natural - growth; but although the trees, with the exception of their alburnum - and all the branches, were perfectly sound, yet the extremity of the - trunks, whether fallen or standing, were so rugged, that it was not - discoverable whether the trees had been cut down, or had fallen by a - violent storm. The level upon which the trunks lay, was a little below - that of high tides, and from eight to ten feet below the surface of - the ground they were embedded in; which, excepting the superficial - soil, is a soft blue clay, having the appearance of marine - alluvion.... Although the precise period when this forest fell is not - ascertainable, there is a positive proof that it must have been long - prior to the building of the Wall because the foundations of the Wall - passed obliquely over it, and lay three or four feet above the level - of the trees.--_Arch. l._ ii. 117. - -The forest extends over a considerable tract of ground. It is -probable that it was overthrown by a tempest from the south or -south-west, at a time when the sea occupied a lower level than it -does at present. The wood was so sound, that it was used in common -with other oak timber in forming the jetties at the outlet of the -canal into the Solway Firth. The president's chair of the Society of -Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is formed of it. - - -At Port-Carlisle is a mound resembling an ancient British barrow, called -Fisher's-cross. About half-a-mile to the westward of it is another which -has been somewhat encroached upon by the road that runs along the margin -of the Solway, and is denominated Knock's-cross. The proverb is common -throughout Cumberland, 'As old as Knock's-cross.' - -In the front of the Steam-packet hotel, Port-Carlisle, is built up the -fragment of a small Roman altar, bearing the inscription, SVIS MATRIBVS. -It is one of the numerous instances that we meet with, along the line of -the Wall, of altars dedicated to the _De Matres_. - - -[Sidenote: BOWNESS.] - -Between Port-Carlisle and Bowness, the site of the Wall may be traced -nearly the whole way; not unfrequently the foundations of it and its -fosse may be discerned. In one place some large stones resembling those -used in forming the gateways of the mile-castles will be noticed. In -Brand's day some considerable portions of the Wall remained, between -these points. He says-- - - About three quarters of a mile to the east of Bowness, some fragments - of Severus' Wall remain, of a great height; on measuring one of them, - we found it to be about eight feet high; it was bound and overgrown - with ivy in a most picturesque manner. The facing-stones on both sides - have been taken away. - -On my first visit to Bowness, I saw a portion of it as Hodgson describes -it-- - - It is six feet high. Its rugged and weathered core, still hard as a - rock, is thickly bearded with sloe-thorn and hazel, and mantled below - with ivy and honey-suckle. - -This interesting object has been entirely removed, which is the more to -be regretted, as no advantage has been gained by its destruction; it -served as a fence between two fields. - -[Illustration: - - H. Burdon Richardson, Delt. John Storey Lith. - BOWNESS. -] - - -[Sidenote: TERMINATION OF THE WALL.] - -_BOWNESS_ is the name of the low, bow-shaped ness, or peninsula, at the -extreme point of the left bank of the Solway Firth. It is slightly -elevated above the surrounding country, as is plainly seen when it is -viewed from a distance. A little to the east of the site of the station, -the Solway is easily fordable at low water; but no one, in the memory of -the inhabitants of these parts, has forded the estuary westward of the -town. This circumstance would render Bowness a fit place at which to -terminate the Barrier Wall. With difficulty the antiquary detects some -slight traces of the walls of the station, its southern lines near the -church being those which are most apparent. No quarry being within -several miles of the spot, the Wall and station have furnished the -materials of which the church and most of the habitations of the town -are composed. A small altar built up in the front of a barn in the -principal street, has an inscription importing that it was dedicated to -Jupiter the best and greatest, by Sulpicius Secundianus, the tribune of -the cohort for the safety of our lords, the emperors Galbus and -Volusianus. - -Bowness may be the GABROSENTUM of the Notitia; Horsley reckoning -Watch-cross among the stations of the line, conceives it to be -TUNNOCELUM. - -Over that beautiful expanse of waters bounded by the Criffel and other -Dumfriesshire hills, which we see from the somewhat elevated beach that -has formed the northern margin of the station, the eye of the Roman -sentinel must often have listlessly rolled, as he paced his tedious -hours away. The memory of Roman and Caledonian feuds gives to the -picture, as we now behold it, a charm enhanced by contrast with the -state of things which existed in ancient days. [Sidenote: CHANGE OF -TIMES.]The hills have the aspect which they formerly bore, the waters of -the Solway ebb and flow as they were wont, the same clear sky spans the -vault of heaven which was outstretched in Roman days;--but then, the -occupants of the opposite shores scowled upon each other with deadly -hate, and planned the means of mutual slaughter. Stealthily they cast -the net and threw the leister into the margin of the sea, or when they -openly appeared upon the waters, it was in galleys armed for sanguinary -aggression;--now, with each returning tide, the fisherman plies his -peaceful trade, fearless of harm, and the inhabitants of both the -northern and the southern shore hail each other as friends and -fellow-countrymen. - -[Illustration: Monument to Edward I.] - ------ - -Footnote 54: - - He who has the heart of a pilgrim '_per lineam Valli_,' will not fail - to accompany the author, while he attempts, at the very commencement - of his local peregrination, to pay a tribute of respect to three - departed worthies who made the Wall their especial study. - - JOHN HORSLEY was the first and mightiest of the three--is it too much - to say that he was the father of the science of Archology? Born in an - unknown locality of this county, receiving his elementary education at - Newcastle, his academical at Edinburgh, he spent the greater portion - of his life as the pastor of a Presbyterian congregation in Morpeth. - His tastes, and great familiarity with the classics, induced him to - devote his leisure hours to the study of the antiquities of - Northumberland. Had he conceived that the Britannia Romana would have - cost him one-third of the time which its execution required, the world - would never have seen it. Having embarked in the undertaking, he felt - it his duty to make it as good as he could. How severe his toils, how - great his pecuniary sacrifices, how ardent his aspirations after - emancipation from his self-imposed task, in order that he might - entirely devote himself to his sacred calling, who shall tell? The - thought that his flock might eventually be no losers, that his family - and his own fair fame might gain by the enterprise, buoyed him up in - his course. On 2 Jan. 1731-2, he put the finishing stroke to his - labours, the dedication of his work bearing that date. Now he might - hope to reap the fruits of his toils--the enjoyment of rest, such as - the wearied only know, the congratulations of friends, the approbation - of the learned, the replenishment of his exhausted means. None of - these fruits he enjoyed. He can scarcely have had the satisfaction of - casting his eyes upon a completed copy of his work. The ink of his - dedication was hardly dry when he was summoned to the unseen world. - Respecting him who recorded the mighty doings of the Romans in - Britain, the parish clerk of Morpeth made the following entry in the - church-yard calendar:--Buried, - - '_1731-2, Jan. 15_, Mr. John Horsley.' - - 'Vanity of vanities, all is vanity.' As regards the honours or - enjoyments of this world, he died an utterly unrequited man. Even of - that bubble, posthumous fame, an attempt was made to rob him. - Warburton, in his Vallum Romanum, transfers Horsley 'in bulk' to his - pages--he even copies, without alteration, the opinions which Horsley - expresses in the first person. The honest Hutton often quotes the - 'judicious Warburton,' little knowing whose the feathers are which he - so justly admires. The precise spot where his remains rest is unknown. - He whose lot it was to interpret, after the lapse of many centuries, - the throbbings of natural affection over departed relatives in the - heathen breast, had no one to erect over him, though a Christian - minister, a memorial that should outlive a single century. Even the - parish clerk, in his attachment to the altar and the throne, denies - him, in the sepulchral register, the title which courtesy, at least, - would have accorded him. _Requiescat in pace!_ - - - The Rev. ANTHONY HEDLEY, was also a native of Northumberland; he was a - man of literary tastes, and considerable antiquarian acquirements. He - entered public life as curate of Hexham, where his preaching was that - of a Boanerges. He subsequently held some temporary appointments at - Whelpington, Newcastle, and Whitfield. Having, however, actively - espoused the cause of that political body, who, until lord Grey became - premier, had no patronage to bestow, it was his lot to sigh in vain - for a summons to active occupation in the work which he loved. When - the party whom he had long and conscientiously served, came into - office, neglect was his portion. One of the original members of the - Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, he did much to promote - the study of primval archology in the fruitful region traversed by - the Wall. Biased by his taste for antiquities, he was led to select, - as his abode for life's evening, the beautiful valley of the Chineley - Burn. The rural hall arose at his bidding, nearly every stone of which - was chiseled by Roman hands. The milliary which told to Hadrian's - soldiers that another mile had been traversed, stood by his barn. The - station of VINDOLANA was in his grounds--many beautiful altars and - other important reliques had he dug out of it--he could tell where the - prtorium stood, where the standards were deposited, where every - soldier slept. Scarcely were all the arrangements for his comfortable - residence at Chesterholm made, when death seized him as its victim. - Imprudently superintending, whilst somewhat indisposed, the exhumation - of an urn in the station, his mortal part was a few days afterwards - deposited in the church-yard at Beltingham. He died in 1835, and his - beautiful abode has since remained desolate. - - - Westmoreland has the honour of giving birth to the Rev. JOHN HODGSON, - but Northumberland enjoyed the advantage of his youthful and maturer - labours. Successively curate of Sedgefield, Lanchester, and Heworth, - and afterwards vicar of Kirkwhelpington, he was shortly before his - death promoted to the living of Hartburn. He was the chief founder of - the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and the chief - contributor to its transactions. His tastes led him to contemplate, - and an honourable desire to make provision for the education and - settlement of his family, induced him to begin, a history of - Northumberland. Seldom have laudable designs been so signally - defeated. He lived but to complete a part of his task; his health - failed, and his mind gave way under his excessive labours. His - fortunes were not bettered by them; 'I have lived,' said he, 'to see - that works of this kind are not suited to the times I live in, perhaps - to any time. It is not profitable to me--it is not suited to my - profession--I ought to do my duty in my profession--to take up night - and day to do it well. Well? no; but as well as good intentions, holy - zeal, every thought and faculty of my mind fully exerted, could do - it.' Hodgson paid great attention to the Wall, and its antiquities. - The last published portion of his history contains a vast mass of - learned information upon the subject. It is perhaps enough for the - present author to say, that had not Horsley and Hodgson cleared the - way before him, he would never have adventured to write a book upon - the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus. Though he cannot be a Horsley or a - Hodgson, he hopes he will never prove a Warburton. - -Footnote 55: - - Brand conceives that SEGEDUNUM may be derived from the Saxon _secg_, a - sedge or flag, and _dun_, which is an Anglo-Saxon, as well as a Celtic - word; this would give, as its meaning--the hill of sedge. If we can - suppose that any of the Germanic hordes had obtained so complete a - settlement here, as to give them the power of forming a local - vocabulary in accordance with their own language prior to the Roman - occupation of this post, the Saxon origin of the term is by no means - improbable. In no part of England was an early settlement more likely - to take place than on the eastern coast of Northumberland, but, after - all, we must probably assign a later date to the first arrival of our - Gothic forefathers. If a Saxon derivation be at all admissible, - another might be suggested: _sige_ is the Anglo-Saxon for victory, and - _tun_ is town--the town of victory--an appropriate name for a station - occupied either by Roman or Saxon forces. - -Footnote 56: - - This statement I make on the authority of the late Mr. Buddle, who - said, as I remember, that in his youth he had seen the stones - extending far into the river. - -Footnote 57: - - This place derived its earlier name from being the property, and - perhaps the suburban residence of John Cosyn, a worthy alderman of - Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the seventeenth century. About 1740, sir - Robert Carre, a London knight, and draper, but also, it is thought, a - burgess of the northern metropolis, bought Cosyn's house at Wallsend, - and thenceforward designated it Carre-ville. The present mansion is, - with some little impropriety, called Carville-_hall_. - - When I began my inquiries at Wallsend, I had much difficulty in - ascertaining which was Cousin's-house. One man told me he had lived - all his life in Wallsend--sixty years--and had never heard of it. Our - books still continue to copy from Horsley, and to give us the - out-of-date information that the Wall began at Cousin's-house. - -Footnote 58: - - In districts where the Wall has been levelled with the earth, a - foot-path or bridle-road frequently indicates its course. When land - was of less value than it is now, the farmers, who appropriated the - stones of the Wall to their own use, were not at the trouble to remove - its foundation. The stony track, however, afforded a firm road, and - when the increased value of the ground rendered it worth while to - bring the whole into cultivation, a right of way had, in many - instances, been established. - -Footnote 59: - - Hodgson, II. iii. 169. - -Footnote 60: - - Horsley's traditionary account was probably derived from the same - source as Leland's; and therefore may indicate, not the station wall, - but the great Wall itself. If, as the excavations made since Horsley's - day seem to prove, the Wall crossed obliquely from the south to the - north side of Collingwood-street, it must have passed over the site of - St. Nicholas'-church--not to the north of it. - -Footnote 61: - - So inviting a post would not escape the notice of the ancient - British warrior--the appearances Mr. Hodgson describes, are not - inconsistent with its having been an Ancient-British strong-hold. - -Footnote 62: - - Drawn to twice the usual size. - -Footnote 63: - - The author, as the leader of the pilgrim-band who traversed the Wall - in the summer of 1849, used a staff made out of this primeval oak. It - is now in the Newcastle collection of antiquities. - -Footnote 64: - - Tour, iii. 313, quoted by Brand, i. 37. - -Footnote 65: - - Brand's Newcastle, i. 37. - -Footnote 66: - - Jerusalem was called after him lia Capitolina, and the games at - Pincum, in Msia, lia Pincensia. - -Footnote 67: - - Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. - -Footnote 68: - - In the possession of the Society of Antiquaries at Somerset-house. The - wood-cuts are drawn to twice the usual scale. - -Footnote 69: - - Baxter, in his glossary, derives it from the ancient British words - _Pen ual_, the head of the Wall. A comparatively modern village would - hardly take a Celtic name; besides, although the Roman station has a - commanding prospect in a military point of view, it is scarcely so - elevated as to be entitled to the epithet of Pen or Ben; the village - of Benwell is below it. - -Footnote 70: - - History of Manchester, i. 224. - -Footnote 71: - - The cottage is still standing in the neighbourhood of Wylam, in which - George Stephenson first saw the light. Aided, in due time, by his son, - worthy of such a father, he did more than any other man to elaborate - our present railway system. The antiquary who has been revelling in - the associations of the past will scarcely fail, as he looks down from - his Wall-traversed heights upon the vale which gave birth to such a - man, to give for a moment the reins to his imagination, and suffering - his mind to penetrate the mists of futurity, ruminate upon the changes - which the efforts of the Stephensons are destined to produce, not only - in the physical, but in the moral aspect of society. - -Footnote 72: - - Derived from wall and _botle_, the Saxon for an abode. - -Footnote 73: - - Anciently written Throcklow. Low, or Law, is applied either to a low, - round-topped eminence, or an artificial mound. - -Footnote 74: - - Hodgson, II. iii. 178. - -Footnote 75: - - Britannia Romana, 139. - -Footnote 76: - - Note in Lappenberg's Anglo-Saxon Kings, i. 91. - -Footnote 77: - - The road leaves the Wall here, and keeps to the right of the hill. The - north side of the hill is planted with trees, and it is interesting to - notice in the summit of the plantation, a dip, corresponding to the - depression of the fosse of the Wall. - -Footnote 78: - - Unable to resist the positive testimony of an intelligent eye-witness, - I was, at first, disposed to think that he had included in his - measurement some chamber on the inside of the station wall. I am now - prepared to receive the statement without deduction. Some recent - excavations at Risingham have laid bare a part of the curtain wall - which has been built double, the intervening space, or chamber, being - filled up with rubble and rubbish run together with lime, so as to - form a solid mass of masonry of considerable thickness. The object of - this arrangement may have been, to form a solid, elevated platform, - for the use of the soldiery. - -Footnote 79: - - Both Horsley and Lingard had previously noticed it. Horsley says he - was told by a countryman that 'it was what the speaking trumpet was - laid in.' - -Footnote 80: - - The aqueduct was not traced on the Halton side of the valley, so that - the precise point where it joined the station is not known; it is now - entirely removed. - -Footnote 81: - - Several of the sculptures at Matfen were sent to Alnwick Castle. - Wallis uses the term, 'centurial stone,' very loosely, applying it - even to the large Milking-gap slab. - -Footnote 82: - - Bede's Ecclesiastical History, b. III. ch. ii. Giles's translation. - -Footnote 83: - - Although a walk of a few minutes will bring the traveller, who knows - exactly whither to bend his steps, to this curious relic, a stranger - may fruitlessly spend much time in examining the many low scars which - diversify the surface of the fell. It is a deeply interesting object. - -Footnote 84: - - The cramps seem to have been of various kinds. Some authors speak of - iron cramps. One antiquary, I know, spent a livelong summer's day - knee-deep in the water, extracting one which proved to be entirely of - lead. A. cramp, of very curious form and structure, taken from this - bridge, is preserved in the museum at Chesters, and is figured Plate - VII. fig. 1.; it seems to have been triply dove-tailed; the substance - of it is iron, but it has been coated all over to the thickness of - one-eighth of an inch with lead. The iron would give the instrument - tenacity, and the lead protect the more corrosive metal from - oxidization; truly the Romans built for perpetuity. - -Footnote 85: - - History of Northumberland, II. iii. 180. - -Footnote 86: - - The initial L, page 103, is formed of two of these Roman balusters. - The lower one is at Chesters, the upright one at Chesterholm. - -Footnote 87: - - The section of the hypocaust wall on Plate III is taken from this - example, and shews the hanging floor. - -Footnote 88: - - See an interesting 'Account of an Excavation recently made within the - Roman Station at CILURNUM, by John Clayton, esq.' in the Archologia - liana, iii. 142. - -Footnote 89: - - The improved method of making draining-tiles for agricultural uses has - suggested the formation of hollow bricks for building purposes. A - floor might be paved and side-walls formed of these, so as readily to - admit of the circulation of air throughout the whole substance of the - apartment, and a handful of coke or charcoal, placed at the entrance - of the flue, would effectually warm the whole. Specimens of bricks of - this kind, remarkably strong, and ingeniously contrived for securely - locking into one another, are before me, for which I am indebted to - Robert Rawlinson, esq., after whose design they were formed. The Latin - comedy represents the miser begrudging the smoke that escaped from his - chimney--well may the benevolent man regret that whilst his poor - neighbours are bending under the chills of winter, three-fourths of - the heat generated in his parlour-grate is absolutely wasted. - -Footnote 90: - - Now at Alnwick-castle. - -Footnote 91: - - The words printed in italics have been supplied from contemporaneous - inscriptions; they can scarcely be said to be conjectural readings. - -Footnote 92: - - Soldiers who by their good conduct had earned a double allowance of - corn or pay. - -Footnote 93: - - Hodgson learnedly explains this inscription--Arch. l. i. 128. - -Footnote 94: - - Preserved in the interesting collection at Chesters. - -Footnote 95: - - This peculiar term is probably derived from the Saxon _Seuch_, a - furrow or fosse, and _Shiel_, a hut for those who have the care of - cattle, and thus signifies, the cottage by the fosse. - -Footnote 96: - - It is reported in the neighbourhood, that Mrs. Spearman having dreamt - that she found a rich hoard of treasure among the ruins of the castle, - made diligent search for it, but without success. When the castle was - removed, however, the farmer obtained a valuable deposit of medival - manure. - -Footnote 97: - - Pliny's Natural History, lib. vii. c. 2, q. - -Footnote 98: - - Hodgson's Northumberland, II., iii., 287. - -Footnote 99: - - The country being depopulated, lands once in tillage, again became - wastes. The forests being partially destroyed, either by fire or the - axe, the streams which used to permeate the low-grounds were arrested - in their course by prostrate trunks and branches, and gave rise to - extensive morasses. In the bogs of the district we are now - considering, immense quantities of large oak and birch timber, as well - as of oak leaves and hazel nuts, are continually being found. The Dike - would not, of course, originally, be drawn through swampy ground. - -Footnote 100: - - Many of them are preserved in the Museum of the Society of - Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. - -Footnote 101: - - Horsley remarks, 'I cannot say that Hadrian's Vallum has made the - south rampart of this station at Housesteads, but I think it has - passed it not much to the south, and seems to have a small turn just - at the brook, in order to come near, if not up to it.' This looks as - if Horsley could not altogether throw off the idea that the works - exhibit unity of design. Hutton notices his inconsistency, and, - quoting him, (as transferred to the pages of 'the judicious - Warburton,') writes--'But can a thing be brought near to what does not - exist! Hadrian was dead long before the appearance of this station.' - -Footnote 102: - - This circumstance, together with the fact, that all the camps of the - Barrier abound in stones reddened with fire, is confirmatory of the - view, that the buildings supplied with hypocausts were not necessarily - baths. - -Footnote 103: - - The site of the western gateway is marked by a figure in the - background of the picture. - -Footnote 104: - - Pompeii.--Library of Entertaining Knowledge. - -Footnote 105: - - Two of this number, however, would always be on duty, to the very - great comfort of the eight who remained. - -Footnote 106: - - The initial N, page 43, is formed of three nails from Housesteads, - drawn to three-fourths of the actual size. - -Footnote 107: - - The most satisfactory specimen that I have seen is at Carvoran; it has - apparently been rolled, when in a soft state, on a stone table, and - presents, from its slightly roughened surface, the degree of opacity - which plate-glass has before it is polished. - -Footnote 108: - - One of them is engraved, on p. 63, the inscription of the other is - illegible; both are in the Museum at Newcastle. - -Footnote 109: - - See also the vignette, page 42. Most of these are still on the ground. - They are drawn to the usual scale. - -Footnote 110: - - Archologia liana, i. 268. - -Footnote 111: - - Britannia Romana, 125. - -Footnote 112: - - Hutchinson's Northumberland, i. 60. - -Footnote 113: - - A dilapidated building, near the east end of the town, illustrates - some of the peculiarities of this species of border fortress. The - lower portion of it was devoted to the reception of cattle--the upper - was occupied by the family. The floor of the second story consists of - stone flags laid upon massive beams of oak, very roughly dressed. The - object of this arrangement has probably been to prevent the enemy, who - might get possession of the lower part of the building without being - able to take the upper part by storm, from applying, with much success - at least, fire to the floor. The stone slates of the roof were - generally fastened with the bones of sheeps' trotters--a most durable - fastening--instead of wooden pins; but, in this instance, the original - roof has been removed. - -Footnote 114: - - Whilst lying in prison, and cheerfully waiting for the time when he - should be offered, his mind reverted to the scenes and companions of - his youth. 'My hope was of late that I should have come among you, and - to have brought with me abundance of Christ's blessed gospel, - according to the duty of that office and ministry whereunto among you - I was chosen, named, and appointed, by the mouth of that our late - peerless prince, king Edward.' In a letter, in which, as one 'minding - to take a far journey,' he bids farewell to his loving brothers and - sisters, and his well-beloved and worshipful cousins, he specifies - many of the well-known localities of this district, then their places - of residence. - -Footnote 115: - - Labbe's edition of the Notitia Imperii, published at Paris, 1651. - -Footnote 116: - - It is preserved in the collection of antiquities at Chesters. - -Footnote 117: - - Arch. liana, i. 118. - -Footnote 118: - - History of the Picts' or Romano-British Wall, 35. - -Footnote 119: - - Hodgson, II. iii. 293. - -Footnote 120: - - History of the Picts' Wall, 35. - -Footnote 121: - - The owner of the ground was provoked to obliterate the remains of this - ancient city, in consequence of the manner in which curiosity-mongers - (not antiquaries) trespassed on his fields, in their way to the - station, instead of taking the beaten track. - -Footnote 122: - - I have been strongly reminded of these circular pedestals by the - figures of the columns of the Roman part of Reculver church, given (p. - 198) in Mr. C. Roach Smith's admirable work on Richborough and - Reculver. The northern examples are, however, of coarser workmanship - than the southern seem to have been; the moulding that encircles the - Carvoran specimen resembles straw-ropes rather than carefully - fabricated cables. - -Footnote 123: - - Thirl, from the Saxon _thirlian_, signifies to pierce, to bore. It is - generally supposed, that this stronghold derived its name from the - Scots having broken through the Wall here. It may, however, have taken - it from the sluice or bridge where the river passed through the Wall; - thirl, says Hutchinson, being frequently applied to the opening left - in moor fences for sheep to pass through. - -Footnote 124: - - Can it have been derived from the Saxon _bryddes wald_ or _weald_, the - bird's forest? The local pronunciation of the name of the place is - peculiar and rather favours the proposed etymology. - -Footnote 125: - - The Wall is at too great a distance from the Vallum to be introduced - into the section; it is beyond the extra fosse, on the right hand side - of the wood-cut. - -Footnote 126: - - In this locality, the traveller is apt to lose his reckoning, in - consequence of the number of cottages and villages which are - denominated 'Wall.' - -Footnote 127: - - Some antiquaries have conceived, that in the last two words of the - inscription, a reference is made to the emperor Septimius Severus. - This cannot be admitted, for--1. The emperor's name would not be - placed after that of the prefect: 2. The term _instante_ implies the - discharge of a subordinate duty; for, not to mention other examples, - the temple of which the CILURNUM slab records the restoration (p. - 186), was built by command of Marius Valerianus, under the - superintendence of (_instante_) Septimius Nilus: 3. That _princeps_ - was the designation of a subordinate officer in the army, appears not - only from a collation of other inscriptions, but from the following - statement of Manutius--'In a legion there were three kinds of foot - soldiers, _hastati_, _principes_, and _triarii_, and in each there - were ten centurions, who were called the first _hastatus_, the second - _hastatus_, the third, and so on, up to the tenth; the first - _princeps_, the second, and so on; but the _triarii_, the bravest of - all, were named in a different manner, for they did not call them - first triarius, but _primipilus_, or _primipili centurio_.'--_Arch. - l._, ii. 88. - - _Principi_ is doubtless intended for the more usual form of the - ablative, _principe_. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - - - - PART IV - THE SUPPORTING STATIONS OF THE WALL. - -Altho' we have now traversed the line of the mural Barrier from one -extremity to the other, and examined all the camps that lie upon its -track, we have met with but seventeen or eighteen of the twenty-three -that are mentioned in the Notitia as stations _per lineam Valli_. -According to Horsley, five remain to be accounted for, and according to -Hodgson, who rejects Watch-cross, six. These must be sought for among -the stations which support the great Barrier on its northern or southern -side. As the names of the camps north of the Wall have been ascertained -by independent authority, and as they do not correspond[Sidenote: -SECONDARY FORTS OF THE NOTITIA.] with those of the remaining stations of -the Notitia, it is agreed on all hands, that the list is to be completed -from among the fortified places which support the Barrier on the south. -Without dwelling upon the reasons which have guided the conjectures, -(for they are but conjectures at the best), of the great author of the -Britannia Romana, and other antiquaries, in appropriating the remaining -names supplied by the Notitia, it may be sufficient to say, that as the -primary stations, so far as they have been ascertained, are found to be -arranged in that document in regular consecutive order, beginning at the -eastern extremity of the line, it is conceived to be highly probable -that a similar course has been pursued with the secondary camps. If, -therefore, we could correctly ascertain which, of all the camps that dot -the country in the southern vicinage of the Wall, are mural stations, we -might, with tolerable plausibility, bestow upon them in their order the -remaining names of the Notitia roll. But this is a task of great -difficulty, and considerable uncertainty must necessarily attend the -appropriation of the names upon this principle. - -An examination of the forts themselves, however, on both sides of the -Wall, is a task equally easy and instructive, and it is one which is -essential to a correct estimate of the strength of the principal -fortification--the Wall. Sir John Clark must have altogether overlooked -the existence of these supporting stations, when he wrote in the -following strain to his friend Gale:-- - - After all, I cannot but take notice of two things with regard to the - Wall, that have given me great matter of speculation. The first is, - why it was made at all, for it could never be a proper defence, and - perhaps at Bowness less than at any other place, since our barbarian - forefathers on the north side could pass over at low water, and if the - sea was higher or deeper than it is now, could make their attacks from - the north-east side by land.--The second is, why the Scots historians, - vain enough by nature, have not taken more pains to describe the Wall, - a performance which did their ancestors more honour than all the - trifling stories put together which they have transmitted to us. It is - true the Romans walled out humanity from us; but it is as certain they - thought the Caledonians a very formidable people, when they at so much - labour and cost built this Wall; as before they had made a Vallum - between the Forth and the Clyde. - -[Sidenote: THE BARRIER NOT A NAKED WALL.] - -The Romans did not oppose to the enemy a single line of fortification -only, which, by some casual negligence on their part, or a sudden -exertion of desperate bravery on the side of their antagonists, might in -a moment be rendered useless. In addition to the Wall, stationary camps -were planted along its whole course, at a few miles distance from it, -both to the north and the south; so that, in reality, a triple line of -fortresses was opposed to the passage of an enemy from either quarter. -These subsidiary stations were connected with the garrisons on the Wall, -and to some extent with each other, by good roads. In maintaining a -surveillance over an enemy, whether to the north or the south of the -chief member of the fortification, in furnishing a secure retreat for -the soldiery when venturing beyond their line, and in stemming the first -shock of an onset, the importance of the out-stations cannot be -over-rated. - -[Sidenote: THE SUPPORTING FORTS OF DIFFERENT ERAS.] - -It is not contended that all the stations which are immediately on the -north and south of the Wall were erected with the express view of -supporting it. Several of them doubtless were, but others, there is -reason to believe, were made by Agricola, before the Wall was projected -or thought of. All that is necessary for us to admit is, that they -contributed materially to the strength of the main structure, and as -such, formed an important element in the calculations of the engineer of -the Wall. - -In taking a cursory survey of the supporting stations of the line, it -may be well, first, to examine those which defended its eastern -extremity: next, those which are upon Watling-street--the great channel -of communication between the northern and southern sections of Britain -on the east side of the summit level: afterwards, those which are on the -Maiden-way--the road on the west of the summit level: and reserve to the -last, the important stations which strengthened the works on the -northern and southern shores of the Solway. - - -_TYNEMOUTH._--The Castle and Priory stand upon a peninsula so strong and -so easily defended, that it could not have escaped the attention either -of the aboriginal Britons or the Romans. The altar, which was erected by -the fourth cohort of the Lingones, [Illustration: Tablet, Gyrum Cumbas] -has been already described (_p._ 109). Another lettered stone, found -along with it, is here represented. - - GYRVM CVMBAS - ET TEMPLVM - FECIT C IV - MAXIMINVS - LEG VI VI - EX VOTO - -About the reading of the first line of this inscription, which Brand -translates, 'a circular harbour for the shipping,' there is some -uncertainty; but there is no doubt about the other lines, which import -that-- - - Caius Julius Maximinus, _of_ the Sixth Legion, victorious, - in the performance of a vow, erected _this_ temple. - -The mere circumstance of its selection as the site of a temple, proves -this to have been a place of some importance in the Roman age. The name -of the builder of the temple fixes, with a near approach to precision, -the date of its dedication. Caius Julius Verus Maximinus was a Thracian -shepherd of great personal strength; he attracted at an early period of -his life the notice of Septimius Severus, and under Caracalla attained -to the rank of centurion. On the assassination of Alexander Severus, in -235, he assumed the purple, and was himself assassinated in 238. He -probably accompanied Septimius Severus into Britain, and on this -occasion erected the temple commemorated by this inscription. The -following amusing account of the personal qualifications of Maximinus, -is given in Dr. William Smith's admirable Dictionary of Biography and -Mythology. - - His height exceeded eight feet, but his person was not ungraceful, for - the size and muscular developement of his limbs were in proportion to - his stature, the circumference of his thumb being equal to that of a - woman's wrist, so that the bracelet of his wife served him for a - ring.... The remarkable magnitude of his eyes communicated a bold and - imposing expression to his features. He was able single-handed to drag - a loaded wagon, could with his fist knock out the grinders, and with a - kick break the leg of a horse; while his appetite was such, that in a - day he could eat forty pounds of meat, and drink an amphora of wine. - At least such are the statements of the ancient writers. - -Nearly all traces of the camp at Tynemouth have been erased. Some years -after the modern well near the entrance into the castle was sunk, -another of wide diameter, and cased with masonry, was discovered, in -consequence of the falling in of its covering; it is supposed to be -Roman, but was again closed by order of the commander of the garrison, -before it could be properly inspected. - -[Sidenote: MEDIVAL REMAINS.] - -The medival remains at Tynemouth are of great interest. The castellated -gateway which formerly defended the approaches to the priory precincts -has been sadly mutilated by tasteless renovators, but the ecclesiastical -buildings, which have happily been left to the mercy of the elements, -exhibit even in their ruins, much of their original beauty. The -church-yard, affords a resting place to many who for years had been -tossed upon the restless ocean, and to some who, venturing into the -briny flood in search of health and pleasure, met with an untimely end. -Friendly tomb-stones, speak of them; some names, however, are in danger -of being forgotten. - -The murdered body of Oswin king of Deira, was deposited in the -church-yard of this monastery. Here too, were buried Malcolm Canmore -king of Scotland--the friend of the Saxon--and his son, prince Edward, -so named after his maternal ancestor the Confessor; they were both slain -in the same fatal battle fought near Alnwick, A.D. 1094. Queen Margaret, -through whom her present majesty, queen Victoria, derives her Saxon -blood, survived the slaughter of her husband and son but a few days. - - -[Sidenote: BLAKE-CHESTERS.] - -_BLAKE-CHESTERS_, at the high end of North Shields, is the site of -another camp. Waterville, the residence of George Rippon, esq., is -within its bounds. Several carved stones, much worn by the weather, are -on the ground, and many Roman building-stones may be observed in the -contiguous fences. - -These are not the only camps which were situated on the east coast north -of the Wall. Hodgson says-- - -From the Wall northward, are numerous small square camps, strengthened -with deep ditches, scattered over the country, as if they had been -intended for rural purposes.[128] A line of them may still be traced -through the parishes of Long-Benton, past Cramlington, into the Plessy -grounds. - -There is every probability that the site of Morpeth castle was fortified -by the Romans. Some portions of the curtain-wall still standing have -been pronounced by competent judges to be of Roman masonry. - - -[Sidenote: FORT AT SOUTH SHIELDS.] - -_SHIELDS LAWE._--The southern shore of the estuary of the Tyne was as -well protected as the northern. A camp, comprehending several acres, -stood upon the slightly elevated headland at South Shields called the -Lawe. The excellence of the situation, as a post of observation, is -proved by the acts of the pilots who have planted a beacon and erected -many of their residences upon it. In 1798, the foundations of many old -walls, which obstructed the plough, were removed. The lowest course of -some of them consisted 'of rough whinstone, evidently brought from the -shore, as the barnacles were still adhering to them.' The remains of a -hypocaust were discovered at the same time. Several coins were also -found, and as some of them were of the reign of Valentinian (A.D. 380), -it may be presumed that the station was in use only a short time before -the desertion of Britain by the Romans. An altar, despoiled of its -inscription, which was found in this station, is preserved in the -library at Durham. - -The ancient military-way called the Wreckendike terminated at this -station. Until a recent period, one branch of it could be traced by -Lay-gate, the Dean-bridge, and Jarrow-slake, to Gateshead-fell. It also -led to Lanchester, Binchester, and the South. - - -[Sidenote: STATION AT JARROW.] - -_JARROW._--At nearly the same distance from the camp on the Lawe, on the -south side of the river, as Blake-chesters is from Tynemouth, on the -north, the site of another Roman fort occurs. Hodgson, who first drew -attention to it, says-- - - At Jarrow, an oblong square of about three acres, with its corners - rounded off, overlooking the estuary of Jarrow-slake, and fronting on - the south the bank of the navigable stream called the Don, is, on good - grounds, supposed to have been the site of a station or fortified town - of the Romans. Under-ground foundations of a wall of strong masonry - mark out its area on every side, and include within them the site of - the present church and church-yard, and some ragged remains of the - ancient monastery of Jarrow. In digging up part of the remains of - these walls in 1812, a silver denarius of Aulus Vitellius was found - embedded in mortar in the heart of the wall; and when the road was - formed past Jarrow-row, in 1803, two square pavements of Roman brick - were discovered. - -[Illustration: 323] - -Two inscribed stones have been found here which give strength to the -opinion that Jarrow was a Roman station. One of them, now at -Somerset-house, is shewn in the wood-cut. As Brand observes, it is -interesting as containing the name of our island at length. It has been -read-- - - DIFFVSIS PROVINC_IIS IN_ BRITANNIA AD VTRVMQVE - O_CEANVM_ EXERCITVS _FECIT_.-- - -The army erected this, on the extension of the Roman dominion in -Britain, from the western to the eastern sea. - -The other stone has formed part of an altar erected in honour of the -adopted sons of Hadrian. - -The church of Jarrow is a simple building, but it contains some -undoubted Saxon work. Within the walls of the ancient monastery, some -portions of which exist, the venerable Bede passed his useful and -unostentatious life. Of him, Surtees, the Historian of Durham, -observes-- - - The lamp of learning, trimmed by the hand of a single monastic who - never passed the limits of his Northumbrian province, irradiated from - the cell of Jarrow, the Saxon realm of England with a clear and steady - light; and when Bede died, history reversed her torch, and quenched it - in deep night. - -This venerable man died, A.D., 735, in the act of completing a -translation into Anglo-Saxon of the Gospel of St. John. His name would -have been worthy of all reverence, even had he done nothing more than -give to his countrymen the Scriptures in their vernacular tongue. It -must however be confessed that 'he fell on evil times,' and that his -works embody many of the errors and superstitions of the period. - - -[Sidenote: WARDLEY.] - -_WARDLEY._--An ancient entrenchment containing an area of upwards of six -acres, may yet be observed at Wardley, in the parish of Jarrow, nearly -opposite to Wallsend. Hodgson, who resided for several years in this -neighbourhood, was not able to learn that any Roman antiquities were -ever found in it. He was disposed, however, to think that it belonged to -the Roman era. It may have been a summer encampment of the garrison at -Wallsend, and as such, would contribute not a little to their comfort, -and the defence of the river. - -Wardley, there is some reason to suppose, is the Wredelau of the -chroniclers, where the body of St. Cuthbert became immoveable, and where -the wandering monastics received the revelation which directed them to -Durham. - -Such were the strongholds by which the garrisons on the eastern -extremity of the Wall were assisted in maintaining their ground against -the foe. - -Watling-street, running north and south, crossed the Wall at about -twenty miles from its termination at Wallsend. The modern turnpike-road -between Corbridge and West-Woodburn adheres very closely to its track, -and occasionally the ancient ditches protecting it on both sides are to -be seen. Its stations were probably planted by Agricola, but were not on -that account less useful to the soldiers of the Barrier. Our examination -of them must be brief. - - -_CHEW-GREEN._--Here, close upon the Scottish border, is an extensive -Roman camp; investigation is necessary to decide whether it was of a -temporary or permanent character; it is probably only an earthen -entrenchment. - - -[Sidenote: HIGH-ROCHESTER.] - -BREMENIUM, or High Rochester, is a station of considerable interest. It -stands upon Watling-street, at about twenty two miles north of the Wall. -Between Rochester and Chew-green the pavement of the Roman road may be -distinctly traced for many miles together. The site on which the station -stands is high and much exposed; but, in a military point of view, it is -very strong. On all sides the ground slopes from it, but on the north it -sinks so rapidly, as to give it the protection of a bold breastwork. The -walls of the station are stronger than those of the forts on the line of -the Wall; they are not only thicker, but are composed of larger -stones.[Sidenote: BREMENIUM.] A moat has surrounded the camp; on the -east side, which is by nature the weakest, two ditches have been formed, -which there is reason to believe were supplied with water. All the -gateways may be traced with considerable distinctness; the southern one -has suffered least from depredation. The interior of the station is -filled with the ruins of buildings; some of them would well repay -examination. Of the modern structures which have been raised within its -area, two are peel-houses or fortified dwellings of considerable -strength. The suburban buildings of the station have been situated on -the west side, where their foundations still appear. Here they would be -protected by the valley along which, at about a quarter of a mile's -distance, the Sills-burn runs. The stones of the ramparts are strongly -marked by the diamond broaching. The station contains an area of four -acres and three roods. - -At about half-a-mile distant from the station, in a south-east -direction, there have recently been discovered the foundations of some -Roman _cippi_ or funeral monuments. They are close by the road, and as -was usually the case, on the south side of it. Three of them are square, -the fourth, which is the largest, is circular. The masonry of all of -them is remarkably fresh. The circular tomb has two courses of stones -standing, besides the flat stones which form the foundation. On clearing -out the interior, a jar of unburnt clay was found; it had no bones in -it. The natural soil was found to have been acted upon by fire to the -depth of more than a foot. Mixed with the rubbish was a quantity of -white ashes. A coin of Alexander Severus was found within the area, a -circumstance which strengthens the presumption that the station was -occupied by the Romans until a late period. - -There are several temporary camps in this neighbourhood. Persons well -acquainted with the country, and who have noticed the peculiar structure -of Roman roads, give it as their opinion that a Roman way has proceeded -eastwards from Rochester by Yatesfield, Potts-Durtrees, Yardhope, -Holystone, and Glanton, in a direction which renders it probable that it -joined that branch of Watling-street which traversed the eastern side of -Northumberland, and is often inelegantly termed the Devil's-causeway. - -Some distance south of the station, and near to the point at which -Watling-street crosses the modern high-way, (in front of Redesdale -cottage) the remains of an ancient lime-kiln were recently found. It was -situated on the slope of a rocky hill, and had been formed partly by the -excavation of the natural rock, and partly by regular courses of -masonry. In order to take advantage of the form of the ground, the mouth -for drawing out the lime was placed in front. The stones were much -reddened by the action of fire, and portions of lime were adhering to -them. There is excellent limestone near the kiln, and several beds of -coal are in the vicinity. Several heaps of rubbish, on the line of -Watling-street, where the coal crops out, render it probable that this -mineral was wrought by the Romans. - -[Sidenote: THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINE.] - -In ascertaining the Roman names of the stations on the line of the Wall, -reference has hitherto been made only to the Notitia Imperii. Another -document has come down to our time, of which we may now avail -ourselves--the Itinerary of Antonine. It does not mention any of the -stations immediately upon the Wall, but names some to the north and and -south of it. It is a sort of road-book of the whole Roman empire, and is -supposed to have been made by one of the emperors who bore the name of -Antoninus. Horsley thinks that Caracalla is best entitled to be -accounted its author. That part of it which relates to Britain contains -fifteen routes; the towns upon each are named, and the distances from -one to another given in Roman miles. The aid which such a document gives -in ascertaining the ancient designations of the stations that occur in -it is obvious. The first 'Iter' is entitled 'A Route from the Limit, -that is, from the Wall, to PRTORIUM, 156 miles.' It begins thus-- - - From BREMENIUM to CORSTOPITUM XX miles. - To VINDOMORA IX " - To VINOVIA XIX " - -The second 'Iter' also begins at the Wall, and goes to the -Ritupian-port, Richborough, 481 miles. - -The first portion only, of it also, bears upon our present -investigation. - - From BLATUM BULGIUM to CASTRA EXPLORATORUM XII miles. - To LUGUVALLIUM XII " - To VOREDA XIV " - -The tenth 'Iter,' which is from GLANOVENTA to MEDIOLANUM, 150 miles, -begins with towns which are supposed to be in the vicinity of the Wall. - - From GLANOVENTA to GALAVA XVIII miles. - To ALIONE (or ALIONIS) XII " - -That Rochester is the BREMENIUM of the first route, is established by -the discovery of an altar in it, which professes to be erected by the -_duplares_ of the exploratory troops stationed at BREMENIUM. In no -position would exploratory troops be more needed than here, and no place -could be more appropriately fixed upon as the starting point of an -'Iter' than this. Several of the inscriptions belonging to this station -bear the name of Caracalla. Both BREMENIUM and HABITANCUM seem to have -undergone important repairs in the time of this emperor. - -Eight miles south of High Rochester, and on the line of Watling-street, -is another Roman station. - - -[Sidenote: HABITANCUM.] - -HABITANCUM is the name which Camden, and Horsley, on the authority of a -stone found near the station, and which was inspected by them both, -agree in bestowing upon the modern Risingham. - -The position of HABITANCUM will strike a stranger with surprise. Instead -of occupying an eminence, it is placed in a valley, and close upon the -banks of the Rede. Hills environ it, though not very closely, on every -side. They who, in early spring, have been exposed on the neighbouring -heights to the sleety shower, will know the reason of the selection. The -climate of Risingham is peculiarly mild. The west wind blows with the -steadiness of a trade wind, and the harsh east seldom descends into this -favoured valley. The village of Woodburn is on the opposite side of the -river. The lines in 'Rokeby' well characterize the spot, though its wood -is fast disappearing-- - - Where Rede upon his margin sees - Sweet Woodburn's cottages and trees. - -Notwithstanding the secluded nature of the situation, it is not -destitute of military strength. The Rede defends it on the north, which -was the point of greatest danger; and, excepting on the south, where an -out-post seems to have been maintained, an enemy could be descried long -before approaching the camp. - -The walls of the station have been constructed of the same strong -masonry as those of BREMENIUM. Owing to the excellence of the stone, the -marks of the tool upon them are peculiarly distinct. In the hill behind -the station, called the Bell-knowe, the ancient quarrymen have left -numerous wedge-holes and other indications of their labours. Although a -fosse usually surrounded the ramparts of a station, and although sir -Walter Scott has sung of-- - - The moated mound of Risingham, - -[Sidenote: RISINGHAM.] - -Risingham does not appear to have been defended in this way. In company -with the owner of the property, who had a little before thorough-drained -the ground bordering on the south and east sides of the camp, I sought -in vain for any traces of a fosse. The ruins of the interior would yield -a rich harvest to the careful explorer. Recent excavations have revealed -some chambers of great interest; but, with the exception of those near -the south-east corner, they have been removed as soon as displayed. Some -of the buildings were evident restorations of prior structures: a -circumstance which confirms the conclusion deduced from other -considerations, that the station was long occupied by the Romans. After -being deserted, a portion of its north rampart has been carried away by -the river. Until recently, the remains of the bridge by which -Watling-street crossed the Rede, on the west side of the station, were -distinctly visible. The soil which covers the camp is peculiarly rich, -being replete with animal matter. Many important antiquarian treasures -have been procured from this spot. The large slab, six feet long, which -forms the ground-work of the initial letter at the beginning of this -part, was found among the ruins of the south gateway. The inscription -mentions the restoration of the gate with the walls of the station -(PORTAM CUM MURIS VETUSTATE DILAPSIS). The upper part, which is lost, -probably contained the name of Severus; in what remains, some of the -titles of Caracalla appear. Geta's name seems to have been erased. The -stone is now at Newcastle. Another very fine slab found at this station, -is at Cambridge. Some of the altars discovered here will be described in -the last part. - -Horsley is naturally surprised that HABITANCUM is not named in the -Antonine Itinerary. One conjecture in which he indulges, in order to -account for this is, 'that the station might be neglected before the -reign of Caracalla,' which is proved to be unfounded by the slab already -referred to, and by the discovery last year of some large fragments of -inscriptions, mentioning that emperor by his title Adiabenicus. A second -supposition which he entertains may be the correct one. He says-- - - Possibly Risingham might be looked on as too near to - Rochester, to make it another mansion in this route. And - though two places are sometimes set down in the same iter, - which are at no greater distance, yet other circumstances - might render this proper at one place, and not so at another. - -It is not improbable that the two stations may have been under one -command. The exposed situation of BREMENIUM would render it highly -desirable that the _exploratores_, after having battled for a season -with the elements and the Caledonians, should be allowed a period of -comparative relief in some more sheltered spot, such as HABITANCUM. - - -[Sidenote: CORSTOPITUM.] - -CORSTOPITUM is the next place that occurs in this 'iter,' in which it is -set down as being twenty miles from BREMENIUM. At the distance of about -twenty-three English miles from the camp of High Rochester, and on the -line of Watling-street, are now to be found the remains of the station -of Corchester. - -[Sidenote: CORCHESTER.] - -This, which is a little to the west of the town of Corbridge, is -doubtless the ancient CORSTOPITUM. The station, which is now entirely -levelled, and can with difficulty be traced, has stood upon a gently -swelling knoll on the north bank of the Tyne. A bridge, the foundations -of which the floods of seventeen centuries have spared, connected it -with the opposite bank of the river; the remains of this bridge are -precisely similar in appearance to those on the North Tyne at CILURNUM. -The bridge has crossed the river obliquely, a circumstance which -corroborates the opinion formerly expressed, that the bridges in these -parts consisted of horizontal roadways, supported upon piers--unless, -indeed, we suppose that the Romans were acquainted with the construction -of the skew-arch. Hutchinson states, that a 'military way passes from -this place south-west through Dilston Park, over Hexham Fell to Old Town -in Allendale, and meets with the Maiden-way at Whitley Castle.' -Abundance of medals, inscriptions, and other Roman antiquities, have -been found at Corchester. Pieces of Roman bricks and pots are spread -over the surface of the ground. The church at Corbridge has been raised -at the expense of the station. Horsley conceives that this fort was -abandoned before the compilation of the Notitia, as it is not mentioned -in that document. It is about two miles south of the Wall. - -The large altar which is figured in the initial letter at the beginning -of this volume, formed, in Horsley's days, the shaft of the market-cross -at Corbridge. It is now on the stairs of the entrance-tower, at the -castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The inscription is defaced, but the -carving on both sides remains; on the one side is a soldier, armed--the -representative probably of war; on the other is a warrior, having laid -aside his weapons, dragging an amphora of wine--a picture, emblematic of -peace. The singular use made of this heathen relic suggests the -insertion here of the story of the 'Fairy stone,' as it is still told in -this neighbourhood. - - A Roman altar in the vicinity of Bywell was, during the 'troublesome - times' of 1715, put to a use little contemplated either by the - ancients or moderns. It was employed as the post-office of the - non-juring gentry of the district. The parties, wishing to keep up a - correspondence with each other, arranged to deposit their - communications in a hollow of the altar. In the gray of the morning - little girls clad in green, and trained to the task, approached the - stone with a dancing step, and, having got the letters, retired with - antic gestures. So well did they perform their part that they were - mistaken for fairies, and the object of their visits was not - discovered for a long time afterwards. The stone was known by the name - of the Fairy stone. - -[Sidenote: CORBRIDGE LANX.] - -But the greatest curiosity which has been discovered at CORSTOPITUM, is -the silver _lanx_, or dish, which is represented on the next page. A -piece of plate so massive, is of rare occurrence in the stations of the -North. It is in the possession of the duke of Northumberland. There is -an accurate cast of it in the Newcastle Museum of Antiquities. - -[Illustration: Corbridge Lanx] - - 'It was found (says Mr. Robert Cay, in a letter of 4th March 1734) - near Corbridge, by some ignorant poor people who have cut off the feet - in such a vile barbarous manner, that they have broke two holes - through the table, and a small piece off one of the corners too.' It - is 19 inches long, and 15 broad; it weighs about 150 ounces. The rim - of the plate rises nearly an inch above the interior. The figures have - been punched into form. Gale's conjecture as to its use is probably - the correct one. 'This is big enough (he says) to contain the _exta_ - of a sheep, or other small victims, which seems to me to be the - likeliest employment for it, and that it was one of these sacrificing - utensils that Virgil calls _Lances_: - - Lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta.' - - The principal figures on the plate are probably, those of Diana, - Minerva, Juno, Vesta, and Apollo. - - On the left side of the design is Diana, armed with a bow and arrow. - Below her feet is an urn with water flowing from it; in front of her, - is an altar with an offering, of a globular form, upon it, and below - the altar, is a dog of the greyhound species, looking up to the - goddess. - - The next figure is Minerva. She wears a helmet, and her breast is - adorned with the Gorgon's head. A spear is in her left hand. The thumb - and first two fingers of her right hand are uplifted, as if in the act - of bestowing a benediction. - - The next figure is supposed to be Juno, though no symbol is given by - which she can be decisively distinguished. Her right hand is uplifted - in a manner similar to Minerva's. At her feet lies a dead buck. - - Vesta succeeds. She is seated; part of her peplus or mantle is drawn - over her head; the two fore-fingers of her left hand, which is - apparently resting upon her bosom, are upraised. Beneath the goddess - is an altar with the fire burning. - - On the right of the piece is Apollo, standing under a canopy. His bow - is in his left hand, a flower in his right. His lyre is on the ground - by his side, and a griffin is below him. - - An eagle and some other birds are among the branches of the tree in - the upper part of the piece. - - Under the whole representation some recondite meaning is probably - concealed, which can only be a subject of conjecture. (_See Hodgson's - Northumberland_, II. iii. 246.) - -[Illustration: Altar to Astarte] - -[Sidenote: GREEK ALTAR.] - -Two important altars, with Greek inscriptions have been found at -Corbridge. One is dedicated to the Tyrian Hercules; the other, which is -represented in the adjoining wood-cut, to Astarte, the Ashtaroth of the -Scriptures. - - [Greek: ASTARTS - BMON M' - ESORAS - POULCHER M' - ANETHKEN] - - Of Astarte, - The altar - You see, - Pulcher - replaced. - -Josephus tells us, that Hiram king of Tyre, built two temples, which he -dedicated to these deities. The Israelites, in forsaking the living God, -not unfrequently betook themselves to the abominations of the Sidonians. - - ... With these in troop - Came Astoreth, whom the Ph[oe]nicians call'd - Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns; - To whose bright image nightly by the moon - Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs, - In Sion also not unsung,... - -It is deeply and painfully interesting to dig up in our British soil -decided traces of this gross idolatry.[129] - - -[Sidenote: HEXHAM CRYPT.] - -_HEXHAM_ is generally admitted by antiquaries to have been a Roman town, -though the proof of it is not absolutely decisive. St. Wilfrid built a -church and monastery here about the year 673, after the Roman manner, -which was considered the wonder of the age. We are told by the -historians of that period that 'secret cells and subterranean oratories -were laid with wondrous industry beneath' the building. Some vaults -[Illustration: Crypt of Hexham Abbey Church] still remaining probably -formed the crypt of this ancient structure. The stones which compose -this under-ground building are all Roman; the peculiar mode in which -they are chiselled is exhibited in the annexed wood cut, representing -one of its chambers. The walls exhibit several Roman mouldings and -cornices, besides inscriptions.[130] It is not likely that these stones -would be brought from Corbridge (the nearest Roman station, if Hexham be -not one), which is on the other side of the river, and three miles -distant; especially as there is abundance [Illustration: Slab to Severus -at Hexham] of stone in the immediate neighbourhood. The most important -of the inscribed slabs which are walled up in the crypt, is here -exhibited; it is one[Sidenote: INSCRIPTION TO SEVERUS.] of the -inscriptions bearing the names of the emperor Septimius Severus (who -added to his own name that of his predecessor, Pertinax), of his eldest -son, Caracalla, who styled himself Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius, and -of Geta, his younger son, whose name and title have obviously been -erased from the tablet, an operation which we find has been studiously -performed on many similar inscriptions, doubtless after his murder by -his unnatural brother Caracalla. The date of this inscription is marked -by the union of Severus and his two sons in the imperial title. Its -object does not appear from what remains of the stone, further than that -it recorded some act done by a vexillation of some portion of the Roman -forces. - -The medival antiquities of Hexham are highly interesting. The gateways -and embattled towers will repay examination; but the gem of this fine -old town, which in the Saxon era was an episcopal see, is the -Abbey-church. The choir and transepts alone remain; they exhibit much -beauty of detail, and their several parts blend most harmoniously -together. The church formerly possessed the right of sanctuary. The -frid-stool is still in its place. The cross which marked the eastern -boundary of the privileged territory is nearly entire, and is kept near -its original site, in the yard of the poor-house. The _disjecta membra_ -of that which marked the northern boundary of the sanctuary lie by the -side of the road going over Cross-bank, a hill between two and three -miles north of Hexham, and from which the traveller approaching the town -from the north first obtains a view of the venerable abbey-church, and -surrounding town. The prospect is now, to the peaceful antiquary, -guiltless of his neighbour's blood, singularly interesting--what must it -have been when descried in ancient times by panting fugitives, pressed -by an avenging hand, and fleeing to the sanctuary! This cross remains a -monument of the disordered state of society in the middle ages, and -leads the reflecting passenger to contrast his present tranquility with -the insecurity of former times. No favoured spot is now necessary to -shield the innocent from the rage of a stronger assailant, or will be -allowed to stay the course of justice upon the guilty. - - -[Sidenote: EBCHESTER.] - -_EBCHESTER_, situated upon the line of Watling-street, is, as its name -indicates, a Roman station. Surtees thus describes it:-- - - Ebchester stands at the foot of a long descent, yet on the edge of a - still steeper declivity. Its cottages and trees are scattered along a - lofty brow overhanging the green haugh-lands of the Derwent. On the - very edge of the steep, the vallum of a Roman station is still - extremely distinct, and the little chapel of Ebchester, a farmhold, - and a few thatched cottages, stand within the very area of the ancient - VINDOMORA--if VINDOMORA it be, for the point is by no means stated as - beyond controversy. - - -[Sidenote: LANCHESTER.] - -_LANCHESTER_ is, on the authority of the itinerary of Richard of -Cirencester, conceived to be the EPEIACUM of the Romans. Though several -miles removed from the Wall, its position upon Watling-street would -render it useful as a supporting station. It occupies a lofty brow to -the west of the village, on a tongue of land formed by the junction of -two small streams. On three sides the ground falls from the camp; on the -west only it is commanded by a high moorland hill, whose prospect ranges -from the Cheviots, in the north, to the Cleveland hills, in the south. -The station is one of the largest class, containing an area of about -eight acres. The walls may be distinguished on all sides. The south -wall, though deprived of its facing-stones, stands eight feet high, and -shews nine courses of thin rubble-stones arranged edgewise in a leaning -direction. A layer of very rough mortar has been placed on each course -of stones after they have been placed in their bed. On the outside of -the south-east angle a subterranean chamber has been discovered; the -descent to it is by steps. It is difficult to conjecture the use to -which it has been put; a similar chamber was found to occupy the same -position outside the camp at Plumpton. The masonry of some chambers near -the south-east corner of the station, which when first opened were found -to be full of bones, is very perfect. The remains of a hypocaust may be -seen near to the place where the pretorium has probably stood. -Lanchester seems to have been garrisoned almost throughout the entire -period of Roman occupation; a large proportion of the coins found at it -are of the higher empire, but the series extends down to Valentinian. -The name of Gordian occurs on two inscriptions as the restorer of some -of its buildings. The destruction of the station was probably owing to -some sudden and violent catastrophe. The observations of Surtees on this -subject, are applicable to many of the camps of the Barrier. - - The red ashes of the basilica and bath, the vitrified flooring, and - the metallic substances evidently run by fire, which occur amongst the - ruins, form a strong indication that the structure perished in the - flames. - -It has already been observed (p. 261) that two aqueducts have brought -water to the station from a distance of some miles. This is the more -remarkable as several deep wells have been found near the camp, and -there are open springs within fifty paces from the south and east wall. - -The surrounding moor abounds in iron-stone; of this the Romans seem to -have availed themselves, for immense heaps of slag, of ancient -production, have been found in the neighbourhood. - - -_BINCHESTER_ is still farther to the south, on the same line of road; -but, on account of its distance, would have but little intercourse with -the stations immediately connected with the Barrier. It contains some -hypocausts, which are peculiarly worthy of careful examination. - - -Retracing our steps and again penetrating the region of fierce -Caledonian onslaughts and border feuds, we find Bewcastle occupying a -position north of the Wall, on the Maiden-way, corresponding with that -which Risingham does on Watling-street. - - -[Sidenote: BEWCASTLE.] - -_BEWCASTLE_ stands in the bottom of a basin formed by a wide -amphitheatre of bleak and lofty hills. The camp occupies a platform -slightly elevated above the rivulet, the Kirkbeck, which washes its -southern ramparts and permeates the valley. The northern side is the -weakest part of the position, but even here there is a depression in the -contour of the ground, which would render it more easily defensible. In -this quarter too there are marks of artificial fortifications beyond the -station wall. The fort, in order to suit the nature of the ground, is -not of the usual square form, but is six-sided; it probably encloses an -area of about four acres. The ground on which the camp stands is -reckoned the most fertile in all Cumberland. It was in the depth of -winter that I visited it (1, Jan. 1850) but even then the space occupied -by the fortifications might be distinguished by its peculiar verdure. To -the east of the camp are some barrow-like mounds, and on the west of it -are terraced lines, bearing testimony to the agricultural industry of -the Romans. On the eminence westward of the camp are the foundations of -square buildings, probably posts of observation. On the lofty summits of -some of the adjacent hills the concentric lines of British encampments -plainly appear. They still seem to bid defiance to the Roman fort in the -valley. - -Within the lines of the camp, and protected by a moat of its own, is a -dark and frowning castle; it is tersely described in an ancient -manuscript, 'as a strength against the Scots in time of warre.' The -captain of Bewcastle was a military chief of considerable power; he is -frequently mentioned in Border minstrelsy. The castle is built with the -stones of the station. Its masonry is very rude; the mortar which has -been used is rough, containing, besides gravel and sand, pieces of coal, -charcoal, burnt clay, and broken bricks. A tower, apparently added after -the main structure was reared, guards the entrance-gateway. - -This, or some previous building, gives name to -Bewcastle--Bueth's-castle. - - Bueth was, before the conquest, lord of Bewcastle and Gilsland. After - some previous changes, Henry II., by a grant, dated '_apud Novum - Castrum super Tynam_,' gave the manor of Gilsland to Hubert de - Vallibus, one of his Norman retainers. The Saxons were not men quietly - to submit to wrong. Gilbert Bueth, son of the dispossessed proprietor, - collecting a band of followers, made frequent incursions into his - ancient patrimony. Robert de Vallibus, son of Hubert, the former - possessor, suggested a conference, at which he basely assassinated the - unarmed Saxon. Expiation was easy; the[Sidenote: ORIGIN OF LANERCOST - PRIORY.] priory of Lanercost was founded and richly endowed. It is - traditionally said that part of the expiatory ceremony consisted in - the demolition of the walls of his castle at Castle-steads - (Cambeck-fort), and sowing the site with salt. The baronial residence - was transferred to Irthington, where, as already observed, some traces - of it remain. Robert de Vallibus was afterwards employed by Henry II. - as a judge of assize. How lax must the state of morality have been, - when a murderer was allowed to sit upon the bench! His ill-gotten - lands were not permitted to descend to his posterity, William, his - only child, dying before him. - -The far-famed Runic cross, respecting which so much has been written, -holds its ancient place in the church-yard of Bewcastle. The -inscription, which is now hardly legible, is pronounced by Kemble -(Archologia xxviii. 347) to be an Anglo-Saxon, not a Norse one. Two -Roman inscriptions, not now to be found, have been described as -belonging to this station. One of them, which Camden saw used as a -grave-stone, bore the letters, - - LEG[IO] II AVG[VSTA] - FECIT - - The second legion, the august, - made _this_. - -The other, much fractured, Horsley saw fulfilling the same office. He -says, 'I take it to have been an honorary monument erected to Hadrian, -by the _Legio secunda Augusta_, and the _Legio vicesima_.' - - -[Sidenote: WHITLEY CASTLE.] - -_WHITLEY CASTLE_ is the modern name of another outpost, which is -situated on the Maiden-way, as far south of the Wall as Bewcastle is -north of it. An imperfect inscription found here, and described by -Camden and Horsley, commemorates the dedication of a temple to -Caracalla, in his fourth consulship (A.D. 213), by the third cohort of -the Nervii. As the Notitia places the third cohort of the Nervii at -ALIONIS, it is conceived that such may have been the ancient designation -of the camp at Whitley Castle. The station stands upon the gently -inclining side of a hill, about two miles north of the town of Alston. -The railway approaches within a few furlongs of it. The form of the camp -is peculiar, being that of a trapezoid, whereas the usual figure is that -of a parallelogram. In another respect it differs from all the other -camps that we have hitherto examined; it is surrounded by an -extraordinary number of earthen entrenchments. On the western side, -which is the most exposed, there are no fewer than seven ditches, with -corresponding ramparts, and on the north, four. These earth-works are in -a state of wonderful preservation. The strength of these lines, and the -comparative absence, both within and without the station, of Roman -stones, render it probable that the garrison trusted to breastworks of -earth, rather than of masonry. The general level of the camp is elevated -above the surface of the contiguous ground, in consequence, probably, of -the mass of ruins which it contains. Its whole area, including the -entrenchments and ditches, amounts to nine acres. - -A large altar procured from the station is in the neighbouring farm -house; the inscription is illegible, but it has on the upper part of its -four sides, a carving in bold relief. - -[Sidenote: ROMAN DUNGHILL.] - -It is no unusual thing to find in the neighbourhood of a Roman station -manifest traces of the dunghill of the fort. As might be expected, such -a repository is replete with objects which, though once despised and -cast away as worthless, well repay the search of the antiquary. Not far -from the north-east angle of this camp a large dunghill was found, which -has been recently removed for farm purposes. It contained numerous -fragments of Roman earthenware and glass, as well as armill of jet or -fine cannel coal. Its most curious product, however, was a large store -of old shoes or sandals. The soles were all made 'right and left,' and -consisted of several folds of leather fastened together with -round-headed nails. (See Plate XVIII. figs. 3, 4, 5.) Were this the only -place where these curious objects have been found, we might hesitate to -assign to them a primeval date, but very many having been discovered in -digging the foundations of Carlisle gaol, and some in clearing the -buildings at CILURNUM, as well as other places, and being accompanied in -every instance by other articles of undoubted Roman manufacture, we are -entitled to consider them as the produce of Roman hands. Modern artists -might examine them with advantage; Roman shoe-makers thought it no -dishonour to let nature prescribe the form that their handy-work should -assume. - -[Sidenote: WALLIS'S ENTHUSIASM.] - -Wallis, the author of the Natural History and Antiquities of -Northumberland, was born within the ramparts of this camp; the house is -now removed. In the preface to his work he accounts for the antiquarian -bias of his mind in the following strain:-- - - Northumberland being Roman ground, and receiving my first breath in - one of their _castra_, I was led by a sort of enthusiasm to an inquiry - and search after their towns, their cities, and temples, their baths, - their altars, their _tumuli_, their military ways, and other remains - of their splendour and magnificence; which will admit of a thousand - views and reviews, and still give pleasure to such as have a gust for - any thing Roman; every year almost presenting new discoveries of the - wisdom, the contrivance, ingenuity, and elegance of that respectable - people. - -Although nearly a century has elapsed since Wallis wrote this, the field -of Romano-British antiquities still retains much of the fertility he -ascribes to it, and doubtless, has stores yet in reserve for the -assiduous inquirer. - - -Before proceeding to the stations which supported the western extremity -of the Wall, there are two camps, one to the east, and another to the -west of the Maiden-way, which demand a little of our attention. - - -_OLD TOWN._--Horsley entertained the idea that he had found the remains -of a Roman camp at Old Town, near Catton Beacon, in Allendale. Hodgson -treats the opinion with some degree of ridicule. I am disposed to think -that Horsley is right, though the inquiries I made on the spot did not -lead me to a decision of the question. - -[Sidenote: STATION NEAR BRAMPTON.] - -_BRAMPTON._--About a mile west of the modern town of Brampton, upon a -gentle eminence commanding a view in every direction of a most beautiful -country, are the traces of a small Roman camp. The father of English -topography, guided in some measure by the similarity of the names, fixed -the ancient BREMETENRACUM at Brampton; but Horsley, in consequence of -the absence of Roman remains, demurred to the correctness of the -conclusion. It is not surprising that this camp escaped the attention of -Horsley, as it is situated within the ancient park of Brampton, -considerable portions of which were, a century ago, covered with tangled -brushwood and venerable forest trees. Its trenches, though still -visible, are fast disappearing; every time it is ploughed, the furrow is -turned into the hollow of its fosse. Though hundreds of cart-loads of -stones have been taken from it, the ground on which the camp stood is -thickly strewed with stony fragments. On walking over the spot, I picked -up a piece of dove-coloured pottery, part of a millstone, and several -portions of Roman tile. Besides individual coins which have occasionally -been found here, an earthen jar, containing a large hoard, was turned up -by the plough in 1826. It contained not fewer than five thousand pieces, -all of them of the lower empire. - -If Whitley Castle be the ALIONIS of the Notitia, this, as coming next in -order, may be, as Camden conjectured, BREMETENRACUM.[131] - -[Sidenote: ANCIENT TUMULI.] - -In the plain to the south of the camp, are some remarkable _tumuli_. One -mound of large dimensions, standing alone, is covered with oak trees. -Three others of small size, and close to each other, are at the eastern -extremity of the same field. Two of them are circular, and about twelve -yards in diameter; the third is elongated, and measures about thirty-two -yards in length. Whatever opinion we may form respecting the larger -mound, there can be no doubt that the smaller ones are artificial -barrows; the hollow made by the excavation of the soil for their -formation is discernible. They do not appear to have been opened, but -will no doubt soon yield up their long-hoarded treasures to some -enterprising antiquary. - -Between the station and the town of Brampton, may be noticed the faint -traces of an earthen encampment of the usual Roman form; it is fast -disappearing under the action of the plough. West of the station, stands -an ancient church, formed of Roman stones. Though the living have -forsaken the venerable pile, the dead are still being laid in its -church-yard. - - -We now approach the stations which supported the Barrier near its -western extremity; it will be well to examine first those north of the -Wall. - - -[Sidenote: CAMP AT NETHERBY.] - -_NETHERBY._--The nucleus of the seat of sir James Graham is a border -tower, with walls of great thickness. These walls were doubtless erected -at the expense of the ramparts and buildings of the camp, within which -the mansion is situated. The form of the station cannot now be -satisfactorily defined; but the number and importance of the coins, -altars, and sculptures, which have been found within it, prove that it -was a place of consequence during the period of Roman occupation. The -site, though not greatly elevated, commands an extensive prospect in -every direction. The bank on its western side, which slopes down to the -valley of the Esk, is said to have been washed in ancient days by the -waters of the Solway. - -Among the many important inscriptions discovered here, is one to -Hadrian, closely resembling those which have been found at Milking-gap, -Bradley, and other places. The stone has long been lost, but in Gough's -Camden the inscription is given thus-- - - IMP. CAES. TRA. - HADRIANO - AVG. - LEG. II. AVG. F. - -[Sidenote: SCULPTURE AT NETHERBY.] - -Some very fine sculptured stones, found in the station, are preserved on -the spot. Amongst them is one which is figured on the adjoining page. A -youth stands in a niche, a mural crown is on his head, a cornucopia in -his left hand, and a patera, from which he pours out a libation on an -altar, in his right; it is one of the finest carvings that is to be met -with on the line of the Wall. From the grooves which are cut in the -lower part of the stone, [Illustration: Genius of the Wall] we may -naturally conclude, that the figure has been formerly set in masonry, -perhaps to adorn the approach to some temple. Gordon supposes the figure -to be intended for Hadrian; Lysons thinks that it was meant for the -'Genius of the Wall of Severus'--let us combine the two ideas, and -suppose, that the figure is that of Hadrian, representing, as he had the -best right to do, 'the Genius of the Barrier.' - -Reference will afterwards be made to the figures of the _De Matres_ -which have been found here. - -[Sidenote: BLATUM BULGIUM.] - -Netherby is supposed to be the CASTRA EXPLORATORUM of the second -Antonine 'Iter,' which was garrisoned by a _numerus exploratorum_. Its -situation is very suitable for an exploratory garrison; and its distance -from Carlisle on the one hand, and Middleby on the other, nearly -corresponds with the distance at which it is set down in the Itinerary -both from LUGUVALLIUM and BLATUM BULGIUM. - - -[Sidenote: CAMP NEAR MIDDLEBY.] - -_MIDDLEBY._--To the south of Middleby Kirk, in the county of Dumfries, -is a camp which is called in the district Burns, or Birrens. It occupies -a low and sheltered situation, but possesses, notwithstanding, -considerable natural capabilities of defence. The water of Mein washes -the earthy scar which forms its southern margin, and the Middleby burn, -which joins the Mein at the south-east angle of the camp, runs parallel -to its eastern rampart. It appears, from the plan given in Roy's -Military Antiquities, to have been protected, in addition to its stone -walls, on three sides by four earthen ramparts, with intervening -ditches; and on the north, which was at once by nature the weakest, and -the quarter most exposed to the attack of the enemy, by not fewer than -six. The northern ramparts remain in nearly their original completeness, -but the overflowings of the Mein on the south, the construction of a -road on the east, and the operations of agriculture on the west, have -destroyed the ramparts on these sides. A _procestrium_, or out-work, -protected by its own ramparts, appears to have been appended to the west -side of the original camp; or, perhaps, to speak more correctly, the -suburban buildings, which were situated in this quarter were embraced by -an additional fortification. In so exposed a situation, such a -precaution would be highly proper. The field in which the _procestrium_ -was, has been brought into cultivation, and a great number of carved -stones, which were found in it, taken to Hoddam Castle. The corners of -the camp are, as is usually the case, rounded; the four gateways are -clearly discernible. The interior area of the station measures three -acres and three-quarters. On the south side of the station a large -vault, arched with stone, was laid open more than a century ago. Popular -credulity has magnified it into an underground passage, which extended -all the way to Burnswark; the people in the neighbourhood aver that they -have known persons go a considerable way along it. - -The altars and sculptures found at this place are engraved and -described, apparently with great accuracy, in Stuart's Caledonia Romana. -Amongst them is a stone tablet, bearing the words-- - - IMP. CAESARI TRAIAN. LEG. SECVND. AVG. - -A piece of another, with the inscription-- - - LEG. XX. VICT. - -The lamented author of this work says-- - - With the exception of a brass coin of Germanicus, and the inscription - containing the name of Hadrian, the greater part, if not all the - antiquities found at Birrens, may be ascribed perhaps to the third or - fourth century. The striking similarity of style and execution which - exists between them and the bulk of those discovered in the north of - England, of which the dates can be ascertained, is sufficient to stamp - them as the productions of a period subsequent to the reign of - Septimius Severus.--_Caledonia Romana_, 130. - -It did not belong to the author's subject; to inquire, how the fact of -so few of the memorials of the mural line being of the age of Severus, -comported with the popular idea that he built the Wall! - - -[Sidenote: BURNSWARK HILL.] - -_BURNSWARK_, or Birrenswork.--A solitary hill, nearly three miles to the -north-west of Middleby, rises to the height of nearly seven hundred and -forty feet above the level of the sea. 'On its top lies an unequal -plain, about nine hundred feet long, by four hundred and fifty of mean -width--almost inaccessible on two of its sides, and by no means of easy -attainment on any.'[132] From this elevated summit, the mountain ridges -which are scattered over not fewer than six of the Scottish counties can -be descried; looking eastward, the Nine-nicks of Thirlwall are in sight; -southward, the familiar forms of Skiddaw, Saddleback, and Cross-fell -rise into view; to the south-west, the craggy peaks of the Isle of Man -arrest the attention in favourable states of the atmosphere; and, not -unfrequently a long, black streak, on the distant verge of the ocean, -indicates the position of Ireland. According to the former political -divisions of the British empire, four kingdoms were thus to be seen from -Burnswark-hill. - -So commanding a position was not neglected by the ancient Britons. -'Around the area of the summit may still be traced the remains of a -wall, composed of earth and stones, which seems to have been raised at -every spot where the precipitous rock did not of itself afford -sufficient protection.' Unhappily most of the stones have been hurled -into the valley below, to form a long boundary fence. The enclosure is -divided into two compartments of nearly equal size; one of them contains -a circular range of stones, the remains apparently of an ancient cairn -or watch-tower. - -[Sidenote: CAMPS ON THE HILL.] - -On two of the sides of Burnswark are the vestiges of Roman military -works. The largest, which is on the southern slope, encloses an area of -twelve acres. It has been originally encompassed by two ramparts, -separated, as usual, by a deep trench; it had three gates on the upper, -and apparently the same number on the under side, with a single one at -each end. These gateways have been protected by circular mounds, thrown -up before them, and fortified on the top. The pretorium, or general's -quarters, defended by an entrenchment of its own, was placed on the -north-west angle of the camp. This circumstance would seem to warrant us -in supposing, that, even in the stationary camps of the Wall, the -pretorium was not uniformly placed in the upper part of the central -area, where, according to the usual theory, we should expect to find it. -All the entrenchments are of earth, and on the north side they are -peculiarly bold. - -The camp on the northern face of the hill has been constructed upon the -same principle, but is in a less perfect condition. It is of the same -length, but has only half its breadth. A covered way conducts from the -one to the other. It is probable that both these camps have been the -summer quarters, _castra stiva_, of the garrison at Middleby. So -important a position would not, however, at any period of the year be -abandoned to the enemy; 'when not filled with the tents of its summer -inhabitants, it is probable that a small garrison was maintained on its -summit.'[133] - - -[Sidenote: CAMP AT PLUMPTON.] - -_PLUMPTON._--Several camps south of the line, and at nearly equal -distances from the Wall and from one another, added security to the -fortification in the western district. Plumpton, or Old Penrith, called -in the locality by the common name of Castlesteads, is a large station -about thirteen miles south of Carlisle. The conjecture of Horsley -ascribed to it, the name of BREMETENRACUM. The turnpike-road goes close -past it, as did the ancient Roman way which led from LUGUVALLIUM to the -south of Britain. The station presents the usual characteristics of a -Roman camp. Though not much elevated, it is sufficiently raised to enjoy -a most extensive view of the surrounding country. The western side is -the strongest, being protected by the deep but narrow valley in which -the river Peterel flows. Its ramparts are boldly marked, and the -interior of the station is filled up to their level by a mass of -prostrate habitations. The largest heap of ruins is on the north-east -quarter; it may be the remains of the pretorium. The fosse is well -defined on the north, south, and west sides. Enough of the eastern gate -remains to shew that it has been a double portal. One stone of the -threshold yet retains its position; it is worn by the feet of the -ancient tenants of the city, and is circularly chafed by the action of -the door in opening and shutting. Several very large stones, which have -been used in the construction of the south gateway, lie near their -original site--some of them yet exhibit the holes in which the pivots of -the doors turned. The line of the street, which went from the eastern to -the western gateway (_via principalis_), is discernible. On the outside -of the south-east corner of the station, an arched chamber, or passage, -was discovered a few years ago; but it is now filled up with rubbish. - -[Sidenote: OLD PENRITH.] - -Extensive remains of ancient foundations have been removed from the -field on the east of the station; here, according to tradition, Old -Penrith stood. There are also indications of suburban buildings to the -west of the station. In the neighbourhood of the camp, and even at some -distance from it, we meet, in the houses and stone fences, with such a -number of the small neat stones which were usually employed in the -construction of Roman dwellings, as to impress us with the idea, that -the suburban buildings were very extensive in every direction. - -In recently lowering a part of the turnpike-road, about a quarter of a -mile south of the station, a well, cased with Roman masonry, was -exposed. It is square, and is set diagonally to the road; it now -copiously supplies the neighbouring farm-houses, which formerly were, in -dry seasons, much inconvenienced by the scarcity of water. - -Several sculptured, and inscribed stones, as well as coins, have been -found here; but none of them are of a nature sufficiently interesting to -detain us longer at Plumpton. - - -[Sidenote: OLD CARLISLE.] - -_OLD CARLISLE_ is nearly two miles south of Wigton. The station is a -large one; the ruins of its ramparts and interior buildings are boldly -marked. A double ditch, with intervening vallum, seems to have -surrounded the fort. The rivulet Wiza runs in a deep ravine immediately -below the station, on its west side, and at a remoter distance, on its -south also, thereby lending to it additional strength. [Illustration: -Altar to Jupiter for the safety of Severus] The remains of suburban -buildings may still be seen outside the walls, on the south, east, and -west. Within the fort, a street may be distinctly traced from the north -to the south gate, and another from the east towards the west. Near the -centre of the station is a moist spot of ground where we may conceive a -well to have been. Up to a recent period, the Roman roads leading from -this station on the one hand, to Carlisle, and on the other to Maryport, -were distinctly visible. Of the many important inscribed stones dug out -of this station, that which is represented above is probably the most -interesting. It was found in the year 1775, about two hundred yards east -of the camp, and is now in the collection at Netherby. - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - PRO SALVT[E] - IMP[ERATORIS] L. SEPTIM[II] - SEVERI AVG[VSTI] N[OSTRI] - EQVITES ALAE - AVG[VST] CVRANTE - EGNATIO VERE- - CVNDO PRA- - EF[ECTVS] POSVERVNT - - To Jupiter, best and greatest. - For the safety - of the emperor Lucius Septimius - Severus, our Augustus; - The cavalry of the wing _styled_ - the Augustan, under the direction of - Egnatius Vere- - cundus pre- - fect, placed _this_. - - -[Sidenote: CAMP NEAR MARYPORT.] - -_MARYPORT._--On the cliffs overhanging the modern town of Maryport, are -the manifest remains of a large Roman station. Its position gives it a -commanding view of the Solway Firth and Irish Channel. The camp is a -very large one, and the lines of its ramparts are very boldly developed. -The eastern side, which is the only one that is not defended by a -natural defile, or valley, was protected by a double ditch. There are -some traces of masonry also near the gateway on this side, which render -it probable that this entrance had been guarded by additional outworks. -Some portions of this gateway remain; the sill of it is strongly marked -by the action of chariot wheels. The ruts are about five inches deep, -and five feet ten inches apart. Within the station is a well, encased -with circular masonry. The interior of the station was excavated in -1766. The following account of the appearances which were then observed, -is given in Lysons' Cumberland:-- - - The workmen found the arch of the gate beat violently down and broken; - and on entering the great street, discovered evident marks of the - houses having been more than once burnt to the ground and rebuilt; an - event not unlikely to have happened on so exposed a frontier. The - streets had been paved with broad flag-stones, much worn by use, - particularly the steps into a vaulted room, supposed to have been a - temple. The houses had been roofed by Scotch slates, which, with the - pegs which fastened them, lay confusedly in the streets. Glass - vessels, and even mirrors were found; and coals had evidently been - used in the fire places. Foundations of buildings were round the fort - on all sides. - -[Sidenote: HOSPITAL CAMP.] - -In the grounds of Nether Hall, the seat of J. Pocklington Senhouse, -esq., is a small entrenchment containing an area of about an acre and a -half; it is in a low and sheltered position, and has probably been a -retreat for invalids. Ancient roads have diverged from this station, -leading to Bowness, Wigton, and Papcastle. On draining, lately, the -fields on the line of road leading towards Old Carlisle, its pavement -was met with, and to a great extent removed. The body of the road was -composed of large granite boulders, some of them a quarter of a ton in -weight; the interstices being filled up with smaller stones. On the -south side of this way several slabs of stone were found, lying flat on -the ground. They probably covered the ashes of the dead; fragments of -red pottery and glass were found beneath them. - -[Illustration: Altar to Jupiter, Maryport] - -[Sidenote: ANTIQUITIES AT NETHER HALL.] - -Very numerous and very important are the remains of antiquity which this -station has yielded. With the exception of one fine altar, they are all -carefully preserved in the house and grounds at Nether Hall. Many of the -sculptured stones which have been found here, are more highly carved and -more tastefully designed than is usual in the mural region. An altar to -the genius of the place, which has been removed to Whitehaven Castle, -and will be described in the last Part of this work, is characterized by -Camden as '_ara pulcherrima affabr artificio antiquo exculpta_,' and a -more graceful altar than that which is shewn in this cut, we have not -met with in our mural peregrination. It is important, also, as proving -the residence here of the '_prima cohors Hispanorum_.' In consequence, -probably, of some service done to Hadrian this cohort seems, -subsequently to the dedication of this altar, to have obtained the title -of lia and the rank of _milliaria equitata_. The inscription may be -read.-- - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - COH[ORS] I HIS[PANORVM] - CVI PRAE[EST] - MA[RCVS] MAENI- - VS AGRIP[PA] - TRIBV[NVS] - POS[VIT] - - To Jupiter, the best and greatest. - This first cohort of the Spaniards, - Commanded by - Marcus Mni- - us Agrippa - The Tribune, - Erected _this_. - -A plain, square, but now partially fractured, pillar, inscribed, ROMAE -AETERNAE ET FORTVNAE REDVCI, is reserved to form the concluding cut on -the last page of this volume. It is a striking memorial at once of the -aspiring pretensions and blighted prospects of the imperial city. A -boar, the symbol of the twentieth legion, exhibiting more than the usual -spirit, forms the vignette at the close of this Part; and the slab which -bears testimony to the labours which the second, and twentieth, legion -underwent in constructing the works of this station, is introduced at -the close of the Part devoted to the discussion of the question 'Who -built the Wall?' There is preserved in the piazza at Nether Hall, a -carving in relief of a warrior on horseback trampling on a fallen enemy; -the drawing is not strictly correct, but is very spirited, and the -foreshortening of the horse's head remarkably good. Besides these, there -are several large and instructive altars and funereal slabs, as well as -a tablet having a Greek inscription to this effect--Aulus Egnatius -Pastor set up this to sculapius. - -The minor antiquities consist of fragments of tiles, one of which bears -the stamp of the first cohort of the Spaniards, a bronze pot bearing a -marked resemblance to some which are in modern use, several earthenware -vessels of large size, and quite perfect, implements of iron, and -weapons of war. Amongst the coins which have been found in the station, -are a great many forged denarii of Trajan and Hadrian. They are chiefly -formed of lead, and are badly made; in some instances the metal has not -reached the centre of the mould, and in scarcely any have the edges of -the casting been properly dressed. Genuine coin must have been -exceedingly scarce among the soldiery of the camp, and their credulity -very great, to allow of the circulation of such base imitations. - -[Sidenote: ANCIENT BARROW.] - -A large artificial mound or barrow is to the left of the station. The -inhabitants had an old tradition respecting it; they conceived it to be -the sepulchre of a king. It was opened in 1763; near its centre 'the -pole and shank bones of an ox' were found, but neither urns, burnt -bones, nor coins, were discovered. - -There is great uncertainty about the ancient name of this fort. Camden -pronounced it to be OLENACUM, chiefly influenced by the resemblance in -sound between it and the name of the neighbouring village of -Ellenborough (Maryport is but of recent origin). This supposition -gathers force from the fact that in ancient documents the river Ellen, -which gives name to the place, is written 'Alne' and 'Olne.' - - -_PAPCASTLE_ is about six miles south-east of Maryport. Numerous relics -of antiquity have been found here, but little now remains to mark it out -as the site of a Roman station except its extraordinary fertility. The -town of Cockermouth, a mile to the south of the fort, is supposed to -have risen from its ruins. - -The forts which we have already examined may be thought sufficient to -support the line of the Wall. The peculiar circumstances of its western -extremity will perhaps justify us in reckoning Moresby, notwithstanding -its distance from the Wall, among the out-stations of the Barrier. Not -only does the Scottish coast, by projecting considerably beyond the -western termination of the Wall, facilitate the invasion of the -intra-mural portion of the island--but Ireland, the native land of the -Scoto-Celts, is nigh at hand. It was necessary to prevent, not only the -inhabitants of Caledonia landing on the coast of Cumberland, but the -'Scots,' also, who at that time 'poured out of Ireland.' Another -sea-port station, south of Maryport, was therefore requisite. - - -[Sidenote: CAMP AT MORESBY.] - -_MORESBY_, within a short distance of Whitehaven, still exhibits the -remains of a Roman camp. It occupies a commanding position, enjoying -especially an extensive marine prospect. Its western and southern -ramparts are still good. The parish church and church-yard border upon -its eastern wall. A sculptured stone, evidently chiselled by Roman -hands, lies upon the spot, under the ruined chancel-arch of the old -church. The important slab, of which the wood-cut gives a -representation, was found in digging for the foundations of the present -parish church. It is another of the interesting testimonies which we -have of the energy and influence of the emperor Hadrian in those parts. -Like the Milking-gap inscription, it gives the name of the emperor in -the genitive case. - -[Illustration: Slab to Hadrian, Moresby] - -[Sidenote: FORT AT MALBRAY.] - -A military way ran along the coast from this station, by way of -Maryport, to the extremity of the Wall, at Bowness. By this means, the -defence of the coast could be more effectually secured. As the distance -between Maryport and Bowness is considerable, a small camp was planted -at Malbray, which is about midway between the two places. The site of it -is now a ploughed field. - -We have now taken a hasty review of the stations on both sides of the -Wall, which have supported that structure. Never, assuredly, was a -dangerous frontier more securely guarded. So long as the stations were -supplied with vigilant and well-disciplined troops, no foe, however well -armed, could successfully attempt the passage of the Barrier of the -Lower Isthmus. - -[Sidenote: MURAL SCENES.] - -Even the cursory view that we have taken of the subject, entitles us to -say, that the boldness of the design was worthy of Rome in the zenith of -her glory; and that the manner in which the project was carried out was -becoming a nation with whom to conceive was to execute. - -If we turn our attention for a moment from the work, to the object for -which it was intended, regret, that man should use his ingenuity for the -purposes of aggression and bloodshed, will take the place of admiration. -Milton aptly describes the scenes which this region would often -witness:-- - - He look'd, and saw wide territory spread - Before him, towns, and rural works between, - Cities of men with lofty gates and towers, - Concourse in arms, _fierce faces_ threatening war, - Giants of mighty bone, and bold emprise; - Part wield their arms ... - ... now scattered lies - With carcases and arms th' ensanguined field - Deserted.... - ... Others from THE WALL defend - With dart and javelin.... - On each hand slaughter and gigantic deeds. - Adam was all in tears. - _Paradise Lost_, xi. 638-674. - -[Illustration: Symbol of Leg. xx. v. v.] - ------ - -Footnote 128: - - An earthen encampment is cut in two by the Newcastle and Berwick - railway, in the second field south of the Netherton station. In the - space of three fields, lying east of this camp, three others may be - distinctly discerned, varying in size from forty to seventy yards - square. At Dove-cote, which is less than a mile west of Netherton - station, is a large field covered with the ruins of stone buildings. - Excavations in one portion at least of the ground yield large - quantities of glazed pottery. The remains are apparently medival, but - it is remarkable that no record of ruins so extensive is known to - exist. - -Footnote 129: - - Hutchinson says (A.D. 1778), the altar to Hercules is in the - possession of the duke of Northumberland; it is not now among those - preserved at Alnwick-castle. The altar to Astarte is in the collection - at Netherby. - -Footnote 130: - - The last time I was in the crypt, I was impressed with the idea that - some portions of it were actually of Roman workmanship; if so, St. - Wilfrid has adapted to his own uses the vaults which he found on the - spot. The crypt at Ripon, to which this bears a marked resemblance, is - now understood to be Roman. - -Footnote 131: - - Horsley, near the close of his work, was less opposed to this view - than at the beginning. In a note (_p._ 481), he says--'I see no reason - to change my sentiments concerning any one of these stations; except - that I am more inclined to yield to the common opinion, that - BREMETENRACUM is at Brampton, and to think that OLENACUM and VIROSIDUM - are transposed; so that OLENACUM may be Ellenborough, on the river - Ellen, and VIROSIDUM, Old Carlisle, on the Wiza. And if the - military-way near the Wall, which goes by Watchcross, has led to - Brampton, as the country people suppose, this might still make it more - probable, that Brampton is BREMETENRACUM.' - -Footnote 132: - - Caledonia Romana, 131. - -Footnote 133: - - Caledonia Romana, 134. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - - - ~The Roman Barrier of the - Lower Isthmus.~ - - - - - PART V. - THE QUESTION--WHO BUILT THE WALL?--DISCUSSED. - -Our course hitherto has been a detail of facts; now we enter upon the -region of speculation. In the former Parts of this work, the history of -the Roman occupation of Britain has been briefly told and an attempt -made to depict the present condition of the Vallum and Wall, with their -camps, castles, and outworks; now the question must be put--Is the -Barrier the Work of one master-mind, or are its several parts the -productions of different periods, and of different persons? Had the -statements of the ancient historians upon the subject been explicit and -consistent, the inquiry would involve simply an appeal to their -authority; unhappily, the information which they afford is not only very -meagre, but of a character so unsatisfactory, as to compel us to sift -their evidence, and to compare it with the facts which we glean from an -examination of the fortifications themselves. - -[Sidenote: AGRICOLA'S WORKS.] - -Agricola, we are informed by Tacitus, erected forts both on the Lower -and Upper Isthmus; we are nowhere told that he drew walls, whether of -earth or stone, across either of them. The northern rampart of the -Vallum has by many been conceived to be the work of Agricola. In the -absence of any direct historical testimony bearing upon this subject, -the circumstance that the lines of the Vallum pursue a course precisely -parallel to each other, must be considered as fatal to this theory. It -is altogether incredible, that two engineers should at different periods -construct independent works, without crossing each other's ramparts. In -Roy's Military Antiquities, several instances are given where the -trenches of one encampment cut arbitrarily those of another, the troops -who last occupied the post, not seeming to pay the least attention to -the works of their predecessors; the lines of the Vallum would doubtless -exhibit the same appearance had they been the works of different -periods. The claims of Agricola to the authorship of any part of the -Vallum may therefore at once be set aside, and the inquiry be confined -to the relative claims of Hadrian and Severus. - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN AND SEVERUS.] - -If the parallelism of the lines of the Vallum be fatal to the theory, -that one of the mounds is the work of Agricola, and the others the work -of Hadrian, a similar mode of reasoning leads to the conclusion, that -the Vallum and the Wall cannot be independent structures. If Severus, -finding that the earth-works of Hadrian had fallen into decay, or were -no longer sufficient to wall out the Caledonians, had determined to -erect a more formidable Barrier, would he not have mapped out its track -without any reference to the former ruinous and inefficient erection? -Had he done so, we should find the lines taking independent -courses--sometimes contiguous, occasionally crossing each other; -sometimes widely separated, seldom pursuing for any distance a parallel -course, but the Wall, as the latest built, uniformly seizing the -strongest points, whether previously occupied by the Vallum or not. -This, however, is not the case; the Wall and Vallum, in crossing the -island, pursue precisely the same track from sea to sea; for the most -part they are in close companionship, and in no instance does the Wall -cut in upon the trenches of the Vallum. At the first view of the -subject, therefore, we should be disposed to question the accuracy of -the opinion which gives to these works distinct dates, and ascribes the -Vallum to Hadrian, and the stone Wall to Severus. Before further -prosecuting this inquiry, it will be well to lay before the reader all -the statements of the ancient historians upon the matter in question; he -will by this means see the necessity of appealing to the structures -themselves for a satisfactory decision of the question. - -[Sidenote: TESTIMONY OF HISTORIANS.] - -Herodian was contemporary with Severus, and professes to have been an -eye-witness of all that he relates. He gives a detailed account of the -emperor's proceedings in Britain, but does not once mention the Wall. -Dion Cassius was also contemporary with Severus. As before observed, -that part of the original work which treats of Britain is lost; we have, -however, Xiphiline's abridgment of it. The only reference which he makes -to the Wall, comports with its existence previous to the arrival of -Severus in Britain, Speaking of that emperor's expedition against the -Caledonians, he says-- - - Nor did he ever return from this expedition, but died three years - after he first set out from Rome. He got a prodigious mass of riches - in Britain. The two most considerable bodies of people in that island, - and to which almost all the rest relate, are the Caledonians and the - Meat. _The latter dwell near the Barrier Wall_ ([Greek: oichousi de - hoi men Maiatai pros auti ti diateichismati, ho tn nson dich - temnei]) _which divides the island into two parts_. - -Spartian, writing about A.D. 280, is the first person who gives us any -direct information about the erection of a Wall; and it is on his -testimony chiefly that the credit of the work has been given to Severus. -Speaking of Hadrian, he says-- - - He went to Britain where he corrected many things, and first drew a - Wall (_murumque primus duxit_) eighty miles long, to separate the - Romans from the barbarians. - -No testimony could be more explicit than this in favour of the view that -Hadrian built the Wall. As this writer, however, subsequently ascribes -the work to Severus, many are of opinion that Spartian here speaks of -the Vallum, not of the stone Wall. Mere verbal criticism will not decide -the point, but it may be observed in passing, that although the words -_murus_ and _vallum_ are occasionally interchanged by Latin authors, the -term (_murus_) which Spartian uses in the passage, taken strictly, means -a stone wall. Speaking of Severus, the same writer says-- - - He fortified Britain with a Wall drawn (_muro ducto_) across the - island, and ending on each side at the sea, which was the chief glory - of his reign, and for which he received the name of Britannicus. - -The same writer, in a subsequent chapter, makes a second reference to -the Wall, which is of some importance in discussing the question. -Narrating an incident which occurred near the Wall, he says-- - - After the Wall or Vallum in Britain was completed, and the emperor was - returning to the next stage _not as conqueror only, but as founder of - eternal peace_, and was thinking within himself what omen might happen - to him, an Ethiopian soldier, famous as a mimic, and noted for his - jokes, crossed his path, crowned with cypress. Struck with the colour - of the man, and his crown, he was angry with him, and ordered him to - be put out of his sight, when the fellow is reported, by way of a - joke, to have said--'Thou hast been everything--conquered everything: - now conqueror, be a god!' - -Julius Capitolinus, a writer who flourished about the same time as -Spartian (A.D. 280) speaking of the Antonine Wall, uses an expression -which seems to imply, that the only previously existing Barrier was one -of turf. He says-- - - Antoninus, by his legate Lollius Urbicus, conquered the Britons, the - barbarians being secluded by _another_ earthen wall (_alio muro - cespiticio ducto_). - -All the remaining classical historians sum up in favour of Severus; -they, however, probably only re-echo the statements of Spartian, with a -slight addition of errors of their own. Eusebius Pamphilius says, that-- - - Clodius Albinus being slain at Lyons, Severus made war upon the - Britons, and in order to render the subject provinces more secure from - barbaric invasion, he drew a Wall from sea to sea, an hundred and - thirty-two miles long. - -Aurelius Victor, who wrote about A.D. 360, recording his great exploits, -says-- - - He achieved greater things than those, for after repulsing the enemy - in Britain, he drew a Wall from sea to sea. - -The younger Victor, in his epitome of the work of the elder, says-- - - He drew a Vallum thirty-two miles long from sea to sea. - -Eutropius wrote about the year 360. He says-- - - Severus's last war was in Britain; he drew a Wall of thirty-two miles - from sea to sea. - -Paulus Orosius, who wrote A.D. 417, says, that the conqueror Severus-- - - Having fought many severe battles, determined to separate the part of - the island which he had recovered, from the tribes that remained - unsubdued, and, therefore, drew a deep fosse, and a very strong Vallum - (_magnam fossam firmissimumque vallum_), strengthened with numerous - towers, from sea to sea, over a space of one hundred and thirty-two - miles. - -Cassiodorus, who wrote A.D. 520, gives a similar testimony. Among the -events of the consulship of Aper and Maximus (A.D. 207), he enumerates -the transference of the war by Severus to Britain-- - - Where, that he might render the subject provinces more secure against - the incursions of the barbarians, he drew a Wall (_vallum_) from sea - to sea, one hundred and thirty-two miles in length. - -[Sidenote: VALUE OF THEIR TESTIMONY.] - -Such are the statements of the Roman historians respecting the -authorship of the Wall. Several circumstances tend to invalidate the -claim which they make in behalf of Severus. The first author who -attributes the Wall to Severus is Spartian, a weak writer, who lived in -an ignorant age, and nearly a century after the time of Severus. Surely -his assertion will not be allowed to outweigh the negative testimony of -Herodian and Dion Cassius, the contemporaries of Septimius Severus. Of -all the authors who mention the length of the Wall, the only one who -approaches correctness is Spartian, when speaking of the Wall, which he -states that Hadrian drew from sea to sea; eighty Roman miles is very -nearly the true length. The other writers call it thirty-two, [Sidenote: -SPARTIAN INCONSISTENT.]or one hundred and thirty-two. Admitting, as some -have supposed, that the larger number is an error, occasioned by some -careless transcriber's inserting in the copies the centurial number (C), -which did not exist in the original, the difficulty is not removed. -Thirty-two Roman miles is the length of the Barrier of the Upper -Isthmus, not of the Lower, and these writers seem to have confounded the -one with the other. Buchanan, Usher, and several writers, who were as -capable of weighing the evidence furnished by the ancient historians as -we are, have accordingly maintained, that the Wall which extended from -the Forth to the Clyde, is that which was reared by Severus. This -opinion we now know, from the inscriptions found upon it, to be -erroneous; but the fact that it was entertained by such able scholars, -proves the incompleteness of the historic evidence upon the subject. -Milton correctly estimates the vague nature of this testimony. He -writes-- - - Severus, on the frontiers of what he had firmly conquered, builds a - wall across the island from sea to sea; which our author judges the - most magnificent of all his other deeds; and that he thence received - the style of Britannicus; in length a hundred and thirty-two miles. - Orosius adds, it is fortified with a deep trench, and between certain - spaces many towers or battlements. The place whereof, some will have - to be in Scotland, the same which Lollius Urbicus had walled before. - Others affirm it only Hadrian's work re-edified; both plead - authorities, and the ancient track, yet visible: but this I leave, - among the studious of these antiquities, to be discussed more at - large.--(_History of England_, _bk._ ii.) - -Spartian, moreover, invalidates his own testimony when he says, that the -erection of this Wall was the greatest glory of Severus's reign (_quod -maximum ejus imperii decus est_). The Wall is indeed a magnificent work; -it is, as Stukely characterizes it, 'the noblest monument' of Roman -power 'in Europe;' but if reared by Severus, it is, a lasting monument -of his failure. He came to Britain panting for renown--he resolved to -reduce the whole island to his subjection--to make the sea-girt cliffs -of Northern Caledonia his barrier. The efforts which he put forth were -worthy of his resolve--'In a word,' says Dion Cassius, 'Severus lost -fifty thousand men there, and yet quitted not his enterprise.' Were the -abandonment of the Wall of Antonine, and the withdrawal of the frontier -to the southern Isthmus, where Hadrian, eighty years before, had -prudently fixed it, the glorious results of all his aspirations? -Spartian assuredly errs, if not in saying that Severus built the Wall, -at least in stating that this was the great boast of his reign. - -[Sidenote: OCCUPATIONS OF SEVERUS.] - -When, too, we may ask, did he build the Wall? not assuredly when he -issued forth on the expedition that was to win him so much renown, and -which occupied him the greater part of the time he was in Britain. He -was then bent upon aggression, not defence. Neither is it probable that -he would do it on his return. According to Spartian, he had at that time -proved himself not only victorious, but the founder of eternal peace, -and thus had removed all ground for apprehension in the direction of -Caledonia. Or, on the other hand, according to the more accurate and -trustworthy historians, Herodian and Dion Cassius, he was returning worn -out with disease and the endless fatigues he had sustained; chagrined at -the havoc which the islanders had made in his army, though they -uniformly refused to hazard a general engagement; and broken-hearted at -the misconduct and ingratitude of his sons, and so would, we may -suppose, have been deficient in the spirit and the means to embark in so -large a work. That he should have repaired some of the stations, -particularly those upon the line of his march, when about to enter upon -what he hoped to be the crowning enterprise of his life, and that he -should have maintained garrisons in them to make good his communications -with the south, is not only probable, but is rendered almost certain by -the inscriptions which several of them have yielded; but that, in such -circumstances, he should have planned and executed the whole line of the -Wall, its castles and turrets, and several of the stations, is almost -incredible. - -[Sidenote: POPULAR OPINION.] - -But it may be asked, if Hadrian formed the whole Barrier, how is it that -the popular voice should ascribe the most important part of it not to -him, but to Severus? That the Wall is generally called by the name of -Severus, is at once admitted. So long ago as the reign of Elizabeth, -Spencer wrote-- - - Next there came Tyne, along whose stony bank - That Roman monarch built a brazen wall, - Which mote the feebled Britons strongly flank - Against the Picts, that swarmed over all, - Which yet thereof _Gualsever_ they do call. - -Popular testimony, apart from the authentic records of history, is of -value for our present purpose only so far as it is the traditional -statement of the knowledge of those who lived when the event took place. -The nearer to its source that we trace a tradition, the clearer and more -unequivocal it will become, if it have its origin in truth. The popular -opinion that Severus built the Wall, will not stand this test. Whatever -value may be attached to the testimony of Gildas, the first British -historian, it is not denied that he records correctly the hear-say -evidence of his day. He does not mention Severus, but tells us, that -after the departure of the Romans, the Britons, distressed by the Picts -and Scots, sought the assistance of their former conquerors, and at -their suggestion, and with their assistance, raised first a wall of -turf, and afterwards, when that was found insufficient, a wall of stone. -The narrative of Gildas has been already given. (_p._ 29.) - -[Sidenote: BEDE'S TESTIMONY.] - -Bede refers to the opinion that Severus built the stone Wall, only to -refute it; he says-- - - Severus was drawn into Britain by the revolt of almost all the - confederate tribes; and, after many great and dangerous battles, he - thought fit to divide that part of the island which he had recovered - from the other unconquered nations, not with a wall, as some imagine, - but with a rampart. For a wall is made of stones, but a rampart, with - which camps are fortified to repel the assaults of enemies, is made of - sods, cut out of the earth, and raised above the ground all around - like a wall, having in front of it the ditch whence the sods were - taken, and strong stakes of wood fixed upon its top. Thus Severus drew - a great ditch and strong rampart, fortified with several towers, from - sea to sea; and was afterwards taken sick, and died at York. - -He then repeats Gildas' account of the origin of the Wall, and -adds--'that it was not far from the trench of Severus.' - -These quotations are made simply to prove, that the testimony of -tradition, at a period not long subsequent to the departure of the -Romans, was by no means decisive; no stress ought, therefore, now to be -laid upon it. - -[Sidenote: TRADITION IN ERROR.] - -The popular report, which ascribes the building of the Wall to Severus, -is the less worthy of credit, inasmuch as it imputes to him also the -building of the northern Barrier, which we know was the work of Lollius -Urbicus, in the reign of Antonine. Pinkerton says, 'As to the Welsh name -of _Gual Sever_, which it is said they give to the Wall in the North of -England, it is also given to that between the Firths of Scotland.[134] A -small grave-stone, which was discovered in Falkirk church-yard, in the -immediate neighbourhood of the Antonine Wall, about the year 1815, -confirms the testimony of Pinkerton upon this point. The inscription, a -cast of which I have seen, records the burial there, in the reign of -Fergus II., of 'a knight, Rob. Graham, who first threw down the Wall of -Severus' (ILLE EVERSVS VALL. SEVER). If popular opinion has erred with -reference to the one Wall, it may have erred with respect to the other -also.[135] - -But we ought not to expect minute accuracy in a tradition transmitted -through many generations. It is enough that the general impress of the -truth remains. It is nothing surprising, that, after the lapse even of a -century or two, the name of Severus should have been connected with -every military stronghold in the northern section of the island. As -having inflicted the last and heaviest blow upon it, his hated memory -would be the longest retained. - -In the absence of any decisive testimony from the historians of Rome, -respecting the emperor who upreared the Murus, we may next examine the -inscribed stones which have been found upon it. - -[Sidenote: COMMEMORATIVE SLABS.] - -In some instances, inscriptions attached to Roman buildings give their -history with great particularity. This is the case with the Antonine -Wall in Scotland. Slabs inserted at intervals, record the name of the -reigning emperor, of his legate, of the troops engaged upon the work, -and also the number of paces executed by each detachment. Unfortunately -these commemorative slabs are of rare occurrence in the Lower Barrier, -and the information given by such as do exist, is very scanty. This will -appear the more surprising, if we bear in mind that the English Wall is -not only twice as long as the other, but is built of stone throughout; -the Scotch Wall is chiefly formed of earth. On the theory, that Hadrian -reared all the members of the Barrier, the paucity of inscriptions -admits of easy explanation. The custom of raising these memorials did -not commence until his day, and at the time of the erection of the Wall -was probably in its infancy; the practice was in vogue during the reigns -of several of his successors, and was not discontinued until after the -time of Caracalla. If, on the other hand, Severus built the Wall, it is -a most unaccountable thing that his soldiers have left no record of the -fact upon the line of the Wall itself, and but very scanty traces of his -name even in the out-stations. This is [Sidenote: PAUCITY OF -INSCRIPTIONS TO SEVERUS.] the more remarkable, when we remember that the -Wall was built by the same legions as were employed upon the Vallum of -the Upper Barrier. The Antonine Wall was constructed by the twentieth -legion and by vexillations of the second, and sixth. On the mural line -of the Lower Barrier we frequently meet with stones inscribed with the -names and insignia of the second, and sixth, legion, and occasionally -with those of the twentieth. If the English Wall was built in A.D. 210, -as is generally stated, how is it that the troops disregarded a custom -so natural and so laudable as that which was practised so extensively by -their predecessors, in A.D. 140? Extensive repairs were made by -Caracalla at HABITANCUM, BREMENIUM, and some other stations; of these we -have distinct records in the inscriptions which remain. How is it, if -the mind and hand of his father gave being to the magnificent fence of -the English isthmus, that not one of the many stones which he upreared -records the fact? Mural slabs and contemporary historians are alike -silent upon the subject, and, probably, for the simple reason that -Severus did not build it. - -It will serve the purposes of truth to cite all the instances in which -the name of either emperor has been found upon the line; wood-cuts of -all to which I have had access, have been already presented to the -reader. - -[Sidenote: INSCRIPTIONS NAMING HADRIAN.] - -The name of Hadrian occurs in many instances. At Jarrow a stone was -found, and is figured in Brand, which was inscribed OMNIVM FIL. -HADRIANI. In the foundations of the castellum at Milking-gap a stone was -discovered (p. 234), bearing in bold letters the name of the emperor, -and of his legate Aulus Platorius Nepos. At Chesterholm a fragment of a -precisely similar inscription was found (p. 241). In the neighbourhood -of Bradley, two fragments were discovered, which, when placed together, -give us an accurate copy of the same inscription (p. 232). In the ruins -of the castellum near Cawfields, was a portion of another, with a -precisely similar inscription (p. 251); and near the eastern gateway of -SICA a large tablet was dug up, bearing the name of the same emperor -(p. 256). In an outhouse, which probably occupies the site of a -castellum, at Chapel-house, in Cumberland, a stone was found, which -mentions Hadrian and the twentieth legion (p. 274). Horsley describes a -slab which he saw at Bewcastle, bearing the following inscription-- - - _IMP._ CAES. TRA_IANO_ - _HADRIANO AVG. - L_EG. II AVG. ET XX V. - LICINIO PR_ISCO_ - LEG. AVG. PR. PR. - -In Gough's Camden, a stone, inscribed to Hadrian by the second legion, -is stated to have been found at Middleby; and at Moresby we have the -fine slab now at Whitehaven castle (p. 367). - -It will perhaps be said that these inscriptions prove nothing beyond the -universally admitted facts, that many of the stations existed in -Hadrian's day, and that the Vallum was raised by him. The reply to this -is, that several of them have been found at a distance from any station, -and on the line of the Wall itself, and that too, in positions where it -is farther removed than usual from the Vallum. The occurrence of three -or four of them in mile-castles, seems to prove that they owed their -position there to no accidental circumstance, and no one will deny that -these mile-towers were contemporaneous with the Wall. - -[Sidenote: INSCRIPTIONS TO SEVERUS.] - -The force of these remarks will more clearly appear after ascertaining -what inscriptions bear the name of Severus. If we turn to the inquiry -with the impression that he built the more important member of the -Barrier, we might expect to find the evidences of the activity which -prevailed in his day more abundant than in the time of Hadrian. Such, -however, is not the fact. The one at Hexham (p. 340) was the only -inscription to Severus which was known to Gordon and Horsley. Well might -Gordon, who maintained the Septimian theory, denominate it--'a very -precious jewel of antiquity.' Hexham is nearly four miles south of the -Wall. To this must be added the altar discovered at Old Carlisle (p. -360), which is about ten miles distant from the Wall; and another in a -dilapidated state, found at the same place; and the gateway slab found -at HABITANCUM (p. 315), one of the _castra exploratorum_ nearly ten -miles in advance of the Wall, recording the restoration of part of the -fortifications there. Besides these, I know not of any inscriptions to -Severus. I purposely omit all reference to an altar, said to have been -discovered at Netherby, bearing the inscription SEPT. SEVERO IMP. QVI -MVRVM HVNC CONDIDIT, because, both Gordon and Horsley pronounce it to be -spurious. - -[Sidenote: THE GELT QUARRY.] - -Much importance is attached by those who advocate the claims of Severus -to the inscription on the face of the ancient quarry, on the river Gelt. -Here, it may be said, is the very spot from which the stones of the Wall -were taken, and the precise date is fixed--the consulship of Aper and -Maximus. That the quarry was used by the Romans at this period, is not a -matter of dispute, but it is very questionable whether much of the stone -from it was used in the building of the Wall, because, suitable -materials could be procured nearer at hand. The year in which Aper and -Maximus were consuls was A.D. 207; the year in which, according to the -received reckoning, Severus came to Britain, was that in which Geta and -Caracalla were consuls, A.D. 208.[136] It is not likely that Severus -would order the stones to be quarried before his arrival in Britain. -But, allowing that the chronology of Severus' reign is to be received -with some latitude, and granting that he had landed in Britain in A.D. -207, some time would necessarily elapse in making inquiries into the -state of the country, and no inconsiderable period would be occupied in -making surveys, even after the construction of the Wall had been -determined on. The quarry has probably been wrought for some ordinary -purpose, perhaps for the erection of some buildings in the station near -Brampton, at the period in question. - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN'S QUARRIES.] - -Evidence is not wanting to prove, on the other hand, that quarries near -the line of the Roman Wall were wrought in the time of Hadrian. In an -old quarry near the top of Borcum, or Barcombe (a hill near the village -of Thorngrafton, and opposite to the station of BORCOVICUS), a large -number of Roman coins was found. They are described and figured in the -last Part of this work. Since none of the pieces of this hoard were -later than the time of Hadrian, and the coins of his reign and Trajan's -were peculiarly fresh, it is agreed that the treasure must have been -deposited in Hadrian's time. The quarry on Haltwhistle-fell (p. 81), it -will also be remembered, bore the name of the sixth legion, which, if -the reasoning in the next paragraph be admitted, will appear to have -been inscribed before the arrival of Severus in Britain. - -It has already been observed that numerous stones along the line bear, -without any addition, the names of the second legion, the sixth, and the -twentieth. There can be no doubt that these legions and their -vexillations executed the principal part of the Work. The main bodies of -these forces, however, had their head-quarters, at the time of the -arrival of Severus, in districts of the country southward of the Barrier -line. The second legion, after the building of the Antonine Wall, -appears to have gone to Carleon, in South Wales, the Isca of the Romans. -The sixth legion removed to York before A.D. 190, where it continued as -long as the Romans remained in the island. Horsley, speaking of the -inscriptions on the Wall which mention this legion,[Sidenote: MOVEMENTS -OF THE LEGIONS.] says, 'some of them, from the characters and other -circumstances, may be supposed as ancient as Hadrian's reign.' The -twentieth legion had taken up its abode at Chester, the DEVA of the -Romans, as early as the year 154. Though it is probable that Septimius -Severus may have taken detachments of these legions with him in his -Scottish campaign, it is not likely that he would withdraw the main -bodies from forts of such importance; and those which did accompany him -would find the discharge of their military duties sufficiently onerous, -without engaging in a work so vast as the building of the Wall. - -But, after all, the works themselves furnish us with the best proof that -the whole is one design, and the production of one period. It is -difficult to conceive how any person can traverse the line of the -Barrier without coming to the conclusion, that all the works--Vallum, -Wall and fosse, turrets, castles, stations, and outposts--are but so -many parts of one great design, essential to each other, and unitedly -contributing to the security of a dangerous frontier. The Murus and the -Vallum throughout their whole course pursue tracks harmonizing with each -other; the Murus, however, selecting those acclivities from which an -attack from the north can be best repulsed--the Vallum, those from which -aggression from the south can be repelled. Stukeley was unable to resist -the evidence of his senses. Speaking of the works in the neighbourhood -of Carvoran, he says-- - -[Sidenote: STUKELEY'S TESTIMONY.] - - I suppose this Wall built by Severus is generally set upon the same - track as Hadrian's Wall or Vallum of earth was; for, no doubt, they - there chose the most proper ground; but there is a Vallum and ditch - all the way accompanying the Wall, and on the south side of it; and - likewise studiously choosing the southern declivity of the rising - ground. I observe, too, the Vallum (Wall?) is always to the north. It - is surprising that people should fancy this to be Hadrian's Vallum; it - might possibly be Hadrian's work, but may be called the line of - contravallation; for, in my judgment, the true intent, both of - Hadrian's Vallum and Severus's Wall, was, in effect, to make a camp - extending across the kingdom; consequently, was fortified both ways, - north and south: at present, the Wall was the north side of it; that - called Hadrian's work, the south side of it; hence we may well suppose - all the ground of this long camp, comprehended between the Wall and - the southern rampire, was the property of the soldiers that guarded - the Wall.--_Iter Boreale_, p. 59. - -Speaking of the works westward of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, he says-- - - The Vallum runs parallel to the Wall, but upon the declining ground - south, as the other north; this confirms me in my suspicion, that both - works were made at the same time, and by the same persons, and with - intent that this should be a counter-guard to the other, the whole - included space being military ground.--_Iter Boreale_, 66. - -The reader needs scarcely to be reminded of the striking illustration of -these remarks which is furnished by the appearance of the works a little -to the west of Carrhill, and by the fact, that for nearly ten miles in -the middle of their course, the Vallum is commanded by the heights on -which the Wall stands. - -[Sidenote: RELATIVE POSITION OF THE WORKS.] - -Whenever the distance between the Wall and Vallum varies, it is -generally with some obvious design in view. Thus, as Hodgson, who -powerfully supports the view here taken, remarks-- - - The Vallum and Murus always contract the width of the interval between - them as they approach a river, apparently for no other purpose than a - close protection of the military way, and the defence of one bridge; - for if they had passed the brooks and rivers on their line at any - considerable distance from each other, two bridges would have been - necessary, and two sets of guards to defend them: and here it is not - unimportant to remark, that the Murus always takes that brow of the - ridge it traverses, which is precipitous to the north, and never - deserts its straightest or most defensible course to find a convenient - situation for a bridge, while the Vallum almost invariably bends - inwards as it approaches a bridge, and diverges outwards as it leaves - it.--_Hist. Nor._ II. iii. - -Horsley's plan of the Barrier between CILURNUM and MAGNA, which is -copied on Plate II., will afford several examples of the truth of these -remarks. - -The position of the Vallum and Murus, in relation to the stations, -furnishes additional evidence. The Murus usually forms the northern wall -of the station, or comes up to the northern cheek of its eastern and -western gates, while the Vallum protects its southern rampart, or comes -up to the lower side of its doorways. The two lines give complete -protection to the camps, and to the roads leading to and from them. On -the supposition that the Vallum is an independent fortification, and -that it was constructed nearly a century before the Wall was thought of, -we must concede that its plan was such as to give the stations the least -possible support, to leave them, in short, in a great measure exposed to -the enemy. The manner in which the two walls combine in giving strength -to a station, is very well shewn in Warburton's plan of the works in the -vicinity of CILURNUM (Plate II). It is scarcely possible to deny the -justice of the remark, which he appends to the title--'A Plan of -CILURNUM ... with part of the Plan of Severus' Wall and Hadrian's -Vallum, shewing how they are connected at the stations, and by their -mutual relation to one another, _must have been one entire united -defence or fortification_.' - -[Sidenote: SEVERUS REPAIRED THE WALL.] - -It is not improbable that Severus may have repaired some portions of the -Wall, and perhaps added some few subsidiary defences. Richard of -Cirencester gives us correct information upon several points connected -with Roman Britain, which we do not learn from other authors; it is not -unlikely that his view of the subject of our present study may be the -correct one. He says-- - - About this time the emperor Hadrian, visiting this island, erected a - Wall, justly wonderful, and left Julius Severus his deputy in - Britain.... Virius Lupus did not perform many splendid actions, for - his glory was intercepted by the unconquerable Severus, who, having - rapidly put the enemy to flight, _repaired the Wall of Hadrian_, now - become ruinous, and restored it to its former perfection. Had he - lived, he intended to extirpate the very name of the barbarians. - -The supposition that Hadrian built the Wall is consistent with the -accounts which historians give us of his attachment to architectural -undertakings. One writer, of great research, says of him-- - -[Sidenote: HADRIAN A GREAT BUILDER.] - - No prince, perhaps, ever raised so many public and private edifices as - Hadrian. In every city of note, throughout the empire, some erection - perpetuated his memory: bridges, aqueducts, temples, and palaces, rose - on every hand. Many cities, likewise, were either wholly built or - repaired by him. _Building seems, indeed, to have been a main feature - in his system of government._ He was the first who appointed that each - cohort should have its quota of masons, architects, and all kinds of - workmen needed for the erection and adornment of public - edifices.--_Hist. Rome_, _Tract Soc. London 277_. - -It is perhaps needless to pursue the subject further. More might easily -be said; but I was unwilling, on a point of so much importance, to say -less. The reader will not fail to perceive what an impressive view the -works of the mural barrier, considered as one vast scheme, and not as a -series of after-thoughts, give of the mighty conceptions and energies of -imperial Rome. - -In taking leave of those renowned men, Hadrian and Severus, it may be -allowable to advert to the testimony which, before departing this life, -they are said to have given as to the vanity of all earthly things. -Hadrian, who used to say, that an emperor should be like the sun, -visiting all the regions of the earth, found himself then, in darkness. -His knowledge of the Eleusinian mysteries gave him no peace; he -addressed his soul in these words:-- - - Animula, vagula, blandula - Hospes, comesque corporis - Qu nunc abibis in loca - Pallidula, rigida, nudula? - Nec ut soles dabis joca. - -These lines are thus happily imitated by Prior-- - - Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing, - Must we no longer live together? - And dost thou prune thy trembling wing, - To take thy flight thou know'st not whither? - Thy humorous vein, thy pleasing folly, - Lies all neglected, all forgot; - And, pensive, wavering, melancholy, - Thou dread'st and hop'st thou know'st not what. - -[Sidenote: DEATH OF HADRIAN AND SEVERUS.] - -Severus' restless pursuit after happiness was equally vain. His dying -words are said to have been, '_Omnia fui et nihil expedit_'--I have -tried everything, and found nothing of any avail. What a contrast to the -language addressed to him by the Ethiopian soldier--'Thou hast been -everything--conquered everything: now, conqueror, be a god!' - -[Illustration: Slab, Leg. II. and Leg. XX.] - ------ - -Footnote 134: - - Pinkerton's Inquiry into the History of Scotland, i. 55. - -Footnote 135: - - I do not, however, find that the Antonine Wall is now known in the - district by the name of Severus' Wall. - -Footnote 136: - - See chronological tables of Roman History in Smith's Dictionary of - Biography and Mythology. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration] - -~The Roman Barrier of the Lower Isthmus.~ - - - - - PART VI. - MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES FOUND ON THE LINE OF THE WALL. - - -Most apposite is the remark of Dr. Johnson, that 'Whatever withdraws us -from the power of our senses; whatever makes the past, the distant, or -the future predominate over the present, advances us in the dignity of -thinking beings.' Few things are so well calculated to produce this -effect, as the altars and lettered tablets that have been left on our -soil by the Romans. When we but glance at them, who is not moved at the -reflection, that they were chiselled by hands which for so many -centuries have mouldered nerveless in the dust! - - Still on its march, unnoticed and unfelt - Moves on our being. We do live and breathe, - And we are gone! The spoiler heeds us not; - We have our spring-time and our rottenness; - And as we fall, another race succeeds - To perish likewise. - _Kirke White._ - -On proceeding to decipher the antique records, our emotions are more -varied and more intense. The old Roman seems to arise from the tomb, and -to reveal his modes of thought and principles of action. His breast -heaves; his heart is laid bare. In lines which his own fingers have -carved, the gods before whom he trembled are declared. Looking on the -very altar at which he knelt, we almost seem to see 'the mean man bowing -down, and the great man humbling himself.' - -[Sidenote: LETTERED STONES.] - -The region of the Wall has yielded more inscribed stones of the Roman -period than any other portion of the kingdom. Many of them have already -been presented to the reader; a few others will here be described. The -lettered stones of the mural line may be divided into three -classes--altars, funereal slabs, and centurial stones. - - ALTARS. - -[Sidenote: PARTS OF AN ALTAR.] - -The offering of such sacrifices as were supposed to be acceptable to -their deities, formed an essential part of the religion of the Greeks -and Romans. Very numerous are the altars which have been discovered on -the line of the Wall. Many of them are small, some not larger than the -palm of the hand, rough in the workmanship, and without any inscription; -others are of large size, [Illustration: alt=Altar, Deo Vetri] and of -ornate character. The usual form of them is shewn in the annexed cut. -The inscription is on the face of the altar; the base and upper portion -project a little beyond the sides. A small cavity on the top called the -_focus_, or hearth, received the offering. The sides of the altar were -frequently adorned with carvings representing the victims, the -implements used in sacrifice, and insignia of the god. On the altar[137] -before us, we have represented the _prfericulum_, or pitcher, which -contained the wine for the offering; the _patera_, a round, shallow -dish, generally with a handle, which was used in throwing a small -portion of the wine upon the altar; the _securis_, or axe, with which -the animal was slain; and the _culter_, or knife, used in flaying or -dividing it. In the Chesterholm altar, figured _p._ 240, the sacrificial -ox is represented; and on the sides of the altar to Jupiter, which is -shewn on page 290, the thunder-bolt of the god, and the wheel of -Nemesis-- the emblem of swift vengeance--are given. The small size of -the _focus_ proves that the offerings presented to the deities occupied -a very small bulk. When an animal was slain, a portion of the entrails -was often all that fell to the lot of the god. - - Idibus in magni castus Jovis de sacerdos - Semimaris flammis viscera libat ovis.[138] - _Ovid's Fasti_, i. 587. - -[Sidenote: NATURE OF THE OFFERINGS.] - -Frequently the offering consisted of a little barley-meal, some fruit, -some frankincense, or chips of fragrant wood, with wine or milk. -Occasions of sacrifice were often times of merry-making. The slain -victim and the dedicated wine formed the ready materials of a feast. -Ovid sarcastically represents an old woman performing the rites due to -the goddess of Silence; upon her offering (three grains of incense) she -allows a few drops of wine to fall, and assisted by her companions, -though needing little help, she drinks up the remainder, departing from -her devotions tipsy, and anything but taciturn. - - Ecce anus ... annosa, - Et digitis tria thura tribus sub limine ponit - Vina quoque instillat. Vini, quodcumque relictum est, - Aut ipsa, aut comites, plus tamen ipsa, bibit. - ... ebriaque exit anus. - _Fasti_, ii. 571. - -[Sidenote: ALTAR TO JUPITER.] - -As might be expected, many altars are dedicated to Jupiter, the king and -father, as he was styled, of gods and men. The wood-cut represents a -very fine one, which was found in the station at Chesterholm, and is now -preserved under the piazza of the House. - -[Illustration: Large Altar to Jupiter] - - I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - CETERISQUE - DIIS IMMORT[ALIBVS] - ET GEN[IO] PRAETOR[II] - Q[VINTVS] PETRONIVS - Q[VINTI] F[ILIVS] FAB[IA] VRBICVS - PRAEF[ECTVS] COH[ORTIS] IIII - GALLORUM - EX ITALIA - DOMO BRIXIA - VOTVM SOLVIT - PRO SE - AC SVIS - - To Jupiter, best _and_ greatest, - And to the rest of the - Immortal gods, - And the genius of the pretorium, - Quintus Petronius - Son of Quintus, of the Fabian family, _surnamed_ Urbicus. - Prefect of the Fourth cohort - Of the Gauls, - From Italy, _and_ - Of a house of Brixia, - Performed a vow - For himself - And family. - -Two lines have been purposely erased, perhaps in consequence of some -error committed by the sculptor. The town of Brixia, the modern Brescia, -is situated on a feeder of the Po. Petronius, it would appear, still -remembered, and doubtless with affection, his former home in sunny -Italy. Storks adorn both sides of the altar; the object of their -introduction is rather doubtful. In the Risingham slab, now at -Cambridge, to which reference has already been made (_p._ 332), a cock -is associated with the figure of Mars, and a stork with that of Victory. -Can the stork have been the emblem of victory, as the cock was of the -god of war? The powerful wing and stately motions of this bird render it -a fitting emblem of the goddess whose favours Petronius must often have -sought. The inscription is distinct, and strikingly displays the -polytheism of the Romans. Petronius associates with Jupiter, not only -all the immortal gods, but the genius of the pretorium also. - -[Sidenote: POLYTHEISM OF ROME.] - -Not only were the superior deities and invisible genii blended in one -invocation, but mortal men were not unfrequently associated with the -greatest of the gods on the same altar. This is the case in one already -described (_p._ 63). Quintus Verius, on an altar found at Housesteads, -calls upon Jupiter, the best and greatest, together with 'the deities of -Augustus.' The emperor himself is probably intended by this phrase, not -the gods whom the emperor worshipped. The use of the noun in the plural -number, _numina_, is not opposed to this view. Horsley remarks that -_numina_ is frequently, in classical writers, applied to a particular -deity; thus we have _numina Dian_ in Horace, and _numina Ph[oe]bi_ in -Virgil. The emperors, we know, were frequently worshipped as gods. The -Mantuan bard, addressing Augustus, has no doubt of his divinity, though -he knows not what region to assign to his especial care; - - ... urbesne invisere, Csar, - Terrarumque velis curam;... - An deus immensi venias maris, ac tua naut - Numina sola colant.... - _Georg._ I. 25. - -[Illustration: Altar, Genio Loci, etc.] - -[Sidenote: MARYPORT ALTAR.] - -An altar, which is not less remarkable for the ornate character of its -decorations, than for the striking display which it affords of the -polytheism of the Romans, was found in the camp at Maryport, and is now -in the possession of the earl of Lonsdale, at Whitehaven Castle. An -accurate representation is given of it in the preceding engraving. - - GENIO LOCI - FORTVN REDVCI - ROM AETERN - ET FATO BONO - G[AIVS] CORNELIVS - PEREGRINVS - TRIB[VNVS] COHOR[TIS] - EX PROVINCIA - MAVR[ITANI] CSA[RIENSIS] - DOMOS E . . . - . . . . . - - To the Genius of the place, - To returning Fortune, - To eternal Rome, - And to propitious fate, - Gaius Cornelius - Peregrinus, - Tribune of a cohort, - From the province of - Mauritania Csariensis, - . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . - -The lower lines of the inscription of this altar are much injured; they -probably refer to the restoration of some buildings. The upper portion -is sufficiently plain. Peregrinus addresses first the deity of the place -over which his arms had triumphed; lest the local god should not smile -benignantly, he resorts to Fortune, who had conducted him safely to the -land of his adoption; if this deity should fail him, he thinks to find a -refuge in the genius of the eternal city; but driven from this resource, -there is nothing for it, but to trust to fate or chance. - -On the back of this altar (which as it is at present placed at -Whitehaven Castle, cannot be seen), are inscribed the words, VOLANTI -VIVAS. This was probably the expression of the good wishes of some party -for his friend, inscribed for greater efficacy on the sacred stone; and -may be translated, Volantius, long may you live! - -[Sidenote: ALTARS TO MARS.] - -Mars is occasionally addressed, though not so frequently as we might -expect in a chain of mural garrisons. Two small altars dedicated to him -have already been introduced. On several altars, chiefly found in -Cumberland, he is addressed by the name [Illustration: Altar, Deo -Cocidio] of Cocidius. One which was found at Bank's-head, and is now -preserved at Lanercost Priory, is here introduced. An altar found at -Lancaster bearing the inscription, DEO SANCTO MARTI COCIDIO, is the -authority for supposing that Cocidius was a name of Mars. The altar -before us has been dedicated by the soldiers of the twentieth legion, -surnamed the Valiant and Victorious; the boar, the badge of the legion, -is at the bottom of the altar. It appears also that Mars was sometimes -styled Belatucadrus, the expression DEO MARTI BELATUCADRO being found -upon some altars; the altars to Belatucadrus are, however, confined to -Cumberland. One of them is here [Illustration: Altar, Deo Belatucadro] -given. It was found at Walton Castlesteads, where it still remains. The -letters are rudely carved, and the last two lines not very intelligible. -The name Belatucadrus or Belatucader is derived from the words Baal and -Cadir; and probably means--The invincible or omnipotent Baal. The fact -that Baal, the great idol of the east, found votaries in Britain shews -how easy it is to propagate error. - -It was the practice of the Romans to adopt the deities of the countries -which they subdued, and they may be supposed to have sought to -amalgamate with their own god of war, the corresponding divinity -worshipped in that part of Britain where these altars were reared. - -[Illustration: Altar to Minerva] - -[Sidenote: MINERVA.] - -The worship of Minerva was not neglected by the soldiers of the Wall. -The wood-cut exhibits an altar to the virgin goddess, which was found in -the station at Rochester; it is now at Alnwick Castle. Several others -exist. Science is required in the arts of war as well as peace. The -victory which mere daring achieved, was by the Greeks and Romans -ascribed to the intervention of Mars; that which was the result of -skilful strategy to the influence of Minerva. This altar was consecrated -by Julius Carantus. - -[Sidenote: FORTUNA.] - -Fortune was one of the favourite deities of Rome. The great confidence -which the Romans placed in her is expressed in the story related by -Plutarch, that on entering Rome she put off her wings and shoes, and -threw away her globe, as she intended to take up her permanent abode -among the Romans. Several altars addressed to Fortune have been found on -the line of the Wall. One of the most remarkable is shewn in the annexed -cut. It was found in a building in the south-east corner of the station -at Risingham, and is now in the Museum of - -Antiquities, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The great peculiarity of it is, that -the projecting base of the altar is provided with a focus, and that on -the projection the inscription is repeated. It reads-- - - FORTVNAE - SACRVM - VALERIVS - LONGINVS - TRIB[VNVS] - - To Fortune - Sacred - Valerius - Longinus - Tribune. - -[Illustration: Altar to Fortune] - -The altar, when in its original position, was raised by means of two -courses of masonry considerably above the level of the ground. The -object of the second focus is a matter of conjecture. According to the -grammarians, _altare_ (_alta ara_, high altar) was dedicated only to the -gods above, whilst the _ara_ was both lower, and employed in sacrificing -to the gods below as well as those above. Can Fortune have been viewed -in the double capacity of a superior and inferior divinity, and can the -tribune, Valerius Longinus, have sought to secure the favour of the -powerful deity both in this life and the one to come! - -[Illustration: Altar to Mithras] - -[Sidenote: MITHRAS.] - -Several of the altars found on the line of the Wall are dedicated to the -god Mithras. _Mitra_, it appears, is one of the names for the sun in -Sanscrit; and that - -Mithras was, by the Romans, identified with the sun, is clearly -proved by many of the inscriptions on the altars of that deity. One, -found in the Mithraic cave at Housesteads, and which is now at -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is figured on the former page. The inscription -upon it may be read thus;-- - - DEO - SOLI INVI - CTO MYTR - SAECVLARI - LITORIVS - PACATIANVS - B[ENE]F[ICIARIVS] COS. PRO - SE ET SVIS V[OTVM] S[OLVIT] - L[IBENS] M[ERITO] - - To the god - The Sun the in- - vincible Mithras - The Lord of ages - Litorius - Pacatianus - A consular beneficiary; for - himself and family discharges a vow - Willingly and deservedly. - -[Sidenote: WORSHIP OF THE SUN.] - -[Illustration] - -Another small and roughly-cut altar procured from the same place, and -also now at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, has a figure of the sun on its capital: -Hodgson reads the inscription in this manner--Hieronymus, performing a -vow, freely and duly dedicates this to the sun. - -When we contemplate the powerful and beneficial influence of the sun, we -cannot be surprised that the worship of this luminary, especially in the -east, constituted the first form of idolatry-- - - To solemnize this day, the glorious sun - Stays in his course, and plays the alchemist; - Turning, with splendour of his precious eye, - The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold. - -[Sidenote: WORSHIP OF MITHRAS.] - -The various ceremonies which were observed in the worship of Mithras, -are supposed to have been emblematic of the different influences -exercised by the sun upon vegetable and animal life. The notices which -we have of the meaning of these emblems are, however, a mass of -mysticism and absurdity. The god is commonly represented as a youth -wearing the Phrygian cap and attire, and [Illustration: Attendant of -Mithras] kneeling on a bull thrown on the ground, the throat of which he -is cutting. He is usually accompanied by two attendants, the one bearing -an uplifted torch, representing the sun in the vernal equinox, ascending -to the zenith of his power, the other, an extinguished torch, resting on -the ground, emblematic of the orb of day, when hastening to the winter -solstice. The wood-cut here introduced exhibits one of these figures -(now at Newcastle-upon-Tyne), which was found in the cave at -Housesteads. - -The Mithraic worship was introduced into the western world, from Persia, -about the time of Julius Csar, and speedily spread over all parts of -the empire. It appears to have outlived other forms of idolatry in -Europe. Its favourers seem to have abandoned polytheism; on the line of -the Wall at least, the name of Mithras is not combined with that of any -other deity. This circumstance, together with the laborious, though -vain, researches of its philosophical supporters, recommended it to -those who rejected the pure and simple truths of Christianity. - -[Sidenote: MITHRAIC CAVE.] - -Another of the Housesteads altars to Mithras is here figured. It is -inscribed-- - -[Illustration] - - D[EO] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO] - INVICTO MYT - R SAECVLARI - PVBL[IVS] PROCVLI - NYS C[ENTVRIO] PRO SE - ET PROCVLO FIL[IO] - SVO V. S. L. M. - ------- - - D.D. (_dominis_) N.N. (_nostris_) GALLO ET - VOLVSINO CO[N]S[VLIBVS] - -CC - - To the god best and greatest - The invincible Mith- - ras, lord of ages, - Publius Proculinus, - Centurion, for himself - And Proculus his son, - his vow freely and deservedly pays. - ------ - Our lords Gallus and - Volusinus being consuls. - -The temples of Mithras generally consisted of a cave, or a small -building from which the light was excluded. A cave was adopted, -'because,' says Porphyry, 'a cave is the image and symbol of the world,' -and it was dark, 'because the essence of the virtues is obscure.' All -who sought the favour of this god were subjected to a long course of -painful initiatory discipline. Nonnius, a Greek poet, says-- - -[Sidenote: MITHRAIC RITES.] - - No one can be admitted into his mysteries, unless he has previously - undergone all the punishments, the number of which they say is eighty, - some of them of the gentler sort, others more severe. The milder are - undergone first, then the severer; and after the whole course is gone - through, they are initiated. Fire and water are the sorts of - punishment which they endure. These torments are said to be inflicted - to produce examples of piety and greatness of mind under sufferings. - After they have been many days in water, they cast themselves into - fire; then live in desert places, and there subdue the cravings of - hunger; and thus, as we have said, the aspirant goes through the whole - course of eighty torments; which if he survive, then he is initiated - into the mysteries of Mithras. - -Human sacrifices seem to have been used in the worship of Mithras. -Photius, in his life of Athanasius, asserts that there was a Greek -temple in Alexandria, in which, in ancient times, the Greeks performed -sacred rites to Mithras, sacrificing men, women, and children, and -auguring from their entrails. Pliny tells us that in the year of Rome -657, a decree of the senate was passed, forbidding the immolation of -man; for till that time monstrous solemnities were openly -celebrated.[139] The emperor Heliogabalus, a native of Syria, styled -himself high priest of Mithras. His assassination is partly ascribed to -the horror with which the people listened to the tales of magic rites in -which he was concerned, and of human victims secretly slaughtered.[140] - -[Sidenote: MITHRAIC CAVE.] - -The cave at Housesteads in which the Mithraic sculptures were found, was -situated in the valley to the south of the station. It was discovered in -1822 by the tenant of the farm in which it stood, who fixed upon the -spot as one likely to yield him the material which he required for -building a stone fence hard by. The building was square; its sides faced -the cardinal points. It had been originally, as was usually -[Illustration: Zodiacal Tablet, Borcovicus] the case in a Mithraic -temple, permeated by a small stream. Hodgson, who saw it as soon as it -was laid bare, says, 'The cave itself seems to have been a low -contemptible hovel, dug out of a hill side, lined with dry walls, and -covered with earth or straw.' Though the building has been entirely -removed, a small hollow is left which marks the spot where it stood. All -the sculptured stones have happily been placed in the custody of the -Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Amongst them, besides the -altars already given, and some which it has not been thought necessary -here to engrave, is the curious stone shewn in the wood-cut. It -represents Mithras, surrounded by the zodiac. The signs of cancer and -libra are omitted. The zodiacal tablet assumes an egg-like form, -probably to symbolize the principle of generation. The god holds a sword -in his right hand, and a peculiar spiral object in his left. It more -nearly resembles an ear of corn than the flame of a torch. We are -reminded [Illustration: Pine-apple Ornament, etc., Cilurnum] by it of -the ornaments resembling pine apples, which are frequently found on the -line of the Wall; and were probably connected with the worship of this -deity. The example here figured, as well as the small altar which -accompanies it, was found at Housesteads; both are now preserved at -Chesters. - -[Illustration: Presumed Mithraic Sculpture, Cilurnum] - -[Sidenote: MITHRAIC SYMBOLS.] - -The accompanying wood-cut represents a subject which is supposed to be -connected with the mysteries of Mithraic worship. The slab was found at -CILURNUM, and is now at Alnwick Castle. Though not satisfied with -Hodgson's description of it, I am unable to supply a better. He says;-- - - The sculpture is in two compartments: that on the left seems to - contain a lion, statant, raising the head of a naked and dead man: - that on the right, a figure of Mithras seated on a bench, and having a - flag in one hand, a wand in the other, and on its head the Persian - tiara.(?) I would hazard a conjecture that the whole relates to the - Mithraic rites called Leontica; for the lion, in the zodiac of the - ancient heathens, stood for Mithras, or the sun, which threw its - greatest heat upon the earth during its course through the - constellation Leo. - -[Illustration: Altar to Apollo, Cawfield mile-castle] - -[Sidenote: ALTAR TO APOLLO.] - -Numerous as are the altars on the line of the Wall to the Persian god, -only one has been found dedicated to Apollo, the Grecian representative -of the luminary of day. It was discovered in the summer of 1850, lying -near a spring in the vicinity of the Cawfield mile-castle, about midway -between the Wall and the Vallum, and is now preserved in the collection -of antiquities at Chesters. The following reading must be regarded as, -in a great measure, conjectural; no doubt, however, can exist as to the -deity to which it is dedicated. - - DEO APOL - INI ET O[MNIBVS] N[VMINIBV]S - SINIS[TRA] EXPL[ORATORVM] - CVI PR[AEEST] SVLP[ICIVS] - _VOTVM_ S[OLVIT] - L.L. (_libentissime_) M[ERITO] - - To the God Apol- - lo and the other deities, - The left _wing_ of guides - Commanded by Sulpicius, - In discharge of a vow - Most willingly and deservedly. - -It is believed that this is the only inscription to Apollo yet -discovered in England, though one at least has been found in Scotland. -The Roman soldiers in Britain were probably not much given to the study -of the _belles lettres_, which were under the peculiar patronage of the -god of the silver bow. - -The next is an inscription of unusual importance. - - Ultima Cumaei venit jam carminis aetas; - Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo. - Jam redit et VIRGO. - -[Illustration: Inscription to the Syrian Goddess, Magna] - -[Sidenote: INSCRIPTION TO THE SYRIAN GODDESS.] - -A slab was found at Carvoran in 1816, and is now in the castle of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, which contains an exposition in iambic verse of the -creed of a Roman tribune respecting the mother of the gods. Faber -remarks, that Ceres, Cybele, Venus, the Syrian goddess Derceto, the -Ph[oe]nician Astarte, and the Egyptian Isis, were all one and the same -deity. The inscription, which is an unusually long one, is here arranged -in lines of the length which the scansion requires-- - - IMMINET LEONI VIRGO CLESTI SITU - SPICIFERA, JUSTI INVENTRIX, URBIUM CONDITRIX, - EX QUIS MUNERIBUS NOSSE CONTIGIT DEOS - ERGO EADEM MATER DIVUM, PAX, VIRTUS, CERES, - DEA SYRIA; LANCE VITAM ET JURA PENSITANS. - IN CLO VISUM SYRIA SIDUS EDIDIT, - LYBI COLENDUM INDE CUNCTI DIDICIMUS, - ITA INTELLEXIT, NUMINE INDUCTUS TUO - MARCUS CCILIUS DONATINUS, MILITANS - TRIBUNUS IN PRFECTO DONO PRINCIPIS. - - The Virgin in her celestial seat overhangs the Lion, - Producer of corn, Inventress of right, Foundress of cities, - By which functions it has been our good fortune to know the deities; - Therefore the same _Virgin is_ the Mother of the gods, _is_ Peace, _is_ - Virtue, _is_ Ceres, - _Is_ the Syrian Goddess poising life and laws in a balance, - The constellation beheld in the sky hath Syria sent forth - To Lybia to be worshipped, thence have all of us learnt it, - Thus hath understood, overspread by thy protecting influence, - Marcus Ccilius Donatinus, a warfaring - Tribune in _the office of_ prefect, by the bounty of the emperor. - -Ccilius probably prepared this exposition of his faith on being -admitted into the mysteries of Ceres. However unintelligible, we cannot -but admire the humility and teachable disposition of the tribune. - - Their judge was conscience, and her rule their law, - That rule, pursued with reverence, and with awe, - Led them, however faltering, faint and slow, - From what they knew, to what they wished to know. - But let not him that shares a brighter day, - Traduce the splendour of a noontide ray, - Prefer the twilight of a darker time, - And deem his base stupidity no crime! - -[Sidenote: MINOR DEITIES.] - -A glance at some of the minor, and local deities must conclude our -review of the gods of the Barrier. - -The deities of Greece and Rome were without number. Every fountain and -river, every hill and forest, had its tutelary deity; every product of -earth, air, or sea, its guardian; every place its genius; every -household its _penates_. The antiquities found on the Wall furnish us -with numerous illustrations of this fact. The engraving represents an -altar which was found at Birdoswald, and is now at Lanercost. - -[Illustration: Altar to Silvanus, Amboglanna] - - DEO SANCTO - SILVANO VE - NATORES - BANNE S.S. (_sacraverunt_) - - To the holy god - Silvanus, - The hunters of - Banna - Have consecrated _this_. - -[Sidenote: THE NYMPHS.] - -Silvanus seems to have presided over woods and boundaries. Several -altars have been erected to him along the line. Forests must at that -time have covered a great portion of the country, and given shelter to -beasts of chase worthy of the martial prowess of the occupants of the -Isthmus. - -A host of female forms, denominated nymphs, haunted mountain, valley, -and stream. - -When in the Iliad, the father of the gods calls together his council, - - Nor of the Floods was any absent thence - Oceanus except, or of the NYMPHS - Who haunt the pleasant groves, or dwell beside - Stream-feeding fountains, or in meadows green. - -An interesting altar, dedicated to these deities, was found by the side -of a spring overlooking the station of HABITANCUM. It is now in the -garden of Spencer Trevelyan, esq., of Long Witton. - -[Illustration: Altar to the Nymphs, Habitancum] - - SOMNIO PRAE - MONITVS - MILES HANC - PONERE IVS - SIT - ARAM QVAE - FABIO NVP - TA EST NYM - PHIS VENE - RANDIS. - -The inscription is roughly cut, but quite legible, no contraction is -used in it, and no ligature is admitted, even in the case of diphthongs. -The construction of the sentence is peculiar, and admits of two -renderings. Taking _nupta est_ to signify dedicated, a peculiar use of -the word, suggested perhaps by its etymological relationship with the -one which it governs, _nymphis_, the inscription will read-- - - A soldier, warned in a dream, directed the erection of this altar, - which is dedicated by Fabius to the nymphs to whom worship is due. - -The other method of rendering it is the following,-- - - A soldier, warned in a dream, directed her (_eam_ supplied) who is - married to Fabius to erect this altar to the nymphs to whom worship is - due. - -[Sidenote: THE GODS OF THE MOUNTAINS.] - -According to either interpretation the altar was erected to the sylphs -of the fountain, in consequence of a dream. The lively imagination of -the Roman has invested the humble spring where it originally stood with -such an air of romance, as to render it a matter of regret that the -altar does not still grace the spot. - -[Illustration: Altar to the Gods of the Mountains, Vindobala] - -The adjoining wood-cut represents a small altar found at Rutchester, -VINDOBALA, and now in the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The inscription -reads--To the gods of the mountains, Julius Firminus, the decurion,[141] -erected this. Epona, to whom the next [Illustration: Altar to Epona, -Magna] altar is dedicated, was the protectress of horses; images of her -were to be seen in most stables. Juvenal's dandy jockey swore by her -alone. This altar was found at Carvoran, and is now in the High School -of Edinburgh. The accompanying example [Illustration: Altar, sculptured -with a Toad, Cilurnum] is not the only instance of a toad being -represented on an altar. This was found at Chesters, CILURNUM, where it -is still preserved. Did the Romans stoop so low as to worship reptiles? -If so, the superstitious practice has probably been derived from the -east. Dr. Kitto remarks, 'The importance attached to the frog, in some -parts of Egypt, is shewn by its being embalmed, and honoured with -sepulture in the tombs of Thebes. In the Egyptian mythology, the frog -was an emblem of man in embryo.' - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: VITERES.] - -Many altars have been found on the line dedicated to gods unknown to -Rome's Pantheon, and supposed to have a purely local celebrity. The -engraving exhibits one of a numerous class.[142] It was discovered near -Thirlwall Castle about 1757, in the course of the formation of the -military road, and shortly after presented to the Society of -Antiquaries. Vitres, or Viteres, or Veteres, is a god whose name is -confined to the north of Britain. Hodgson remarks, that Vithris was a -name of Odin, as we find in the death-song of Lodbroc--'I will approach -the courts of Vithris, with the faltering voice of fear.' If Viteres and -the Scandinavian Odin be identical, we are thus furnished with evidence -of the early settlement of the Teutonic tribes in England. The altar -given on page 395 is [Illustration: Altar to Viteres, Condercum] also -dedicated to Viteres. The occurrence of the name of this god in a plural -form, as in the annexed example, which was found at CONDERCUM, and is -now at Somerset-house, has suggested the idea, that Viteres is not the -proper name of a god, but that _diis veteribus_--the ancient gods--is -the inscription intended. Most probably, however, Viteres was the name -of a local deity. - -[Illustration: Altar to the Dea Hamia, Thirlwall-castle] - -[Sidenote: LOCAL DEITIES.] - -The next altar is also dedicated to a local goddess; at least it is not -easy to give any more satisfactory account of the _Dea Hamia_. The altar -was found near Thirlwall castle, and belongs to the Society of -Antiquaries, London. - -[Sidenote: DE MATRES.] - -We now proceed to an important group of altars and sculptures, which, -if not strictly local, are yet chiefly found in those regions of -Europe which were swept by the Teutonic wave in its progress westward. -They have been met with in England, the Netherlands, along the banks -of the Rhine and other parts of Germany, and in France. These deities, -when sculptured, are represented as triple, generally seated, clothed -in long flowing drapery, and bearing in their laps baskets of fruit. A -slab, of which a drawing has already been given (p. 140), is inscribed -MATRIBUS CAMPESTRIBUS, to the mothers of the plains; it probably -refers to the deities in question. An altar found in the same -[Illustration: Altar to the Three Lami, Condercum] station, -CONDERCUM, and now in the vaults of Somerset-house, is inscribed -LAMIIS TRIBUS, to the three Lami. The wood-cut accurately represents -it. In Rich's companion to the Latin Dictionary, the Lami are -represented as 'Vampires; believed to be malignant spirits of the -female sex, who wandered about at night in the guise of old hags, -sucking blood, and devouring the flesh of human beings. This -superstition,' continues the writer, 'originated in Egypt.' In -corroboration of the Egyptian origin of this class of demons, it may -be stated that small images, arranged in triplets, are of common -occurrence among [Illustration: Egyptian Idols] [Illustration: -Egyptian Idols] the antiquities of Egypt. The cuts here introduced -exhibit two groups of this class of idols, selected from a large -number of similar sets, in the possession of his Grace the duke of -Northumberland, at Alnwick Castle. Their resemblance to some of those -found upon the line of the Wall is striking. The foreign origin of -these mother-deities is further proved by their being denominated in -inscriptions MATRES TRAMARIN, Transmarine Mothers. The altar here -figured is an example of this kind; it was found at HABITANCUM, and is -now preserved [Illustration: Altar to the Transmarine Mothers, -Habitancum] at Alnwick Castle. The inscription records, that Julius -Victor dedicated it in discharge of a vow freely and deservedly to the -Transmarine Mothers. This Victor, it appears by another inscription, -was a tribune of the first cohort of the Vangiones, a Germanic tribe. -On none of these altars are the deities distinguished by a proper -name. This would seem to be in conformity with the superstitious -feelings of the middle ages in England and Germany, where it was -thought unlucky to call the fairies and elves by any other -denominations than the respectful titles of 'the ladies,' or 'the good -people.' Several sculptures representing, as is supposed, the -mother-goddesses, have been found on the line of the Wall. One group, -found at Housesteads, and now in the castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is -drawn (fig. 4) on Plate XI. When seen by Horsley, this slab had in the -upper part of it two fishes and a sea-goat in relief. Two other sets -got at the same place, are figured in the Britannia Romana. In one of -them, the central or chief figure is represented as bound by the legs. -The ancients, in order to prevent a deity, whose favour they coveted, -taking his departure against their will, not unfrequently used -[Illustration: Sculpture to the De Matres, at Netherby] the -unwarrantable liberty of securing him by chains. At Netherby, there -are three sculptures belonging to this class. One of them, shewn in -the wood-cut, is in a perfect condition. The figures are standing, an -ample covering envelopes their heads, and a short tunic scantily -[Illustration: Sculpture to the De Matres, at Netherby] invests their -bodies. Another group, here engraved, has met with the usual fate of -Roman sculptures in the north of England--they have suffered -decapitation; the ample folds of the garments by which they are -[Illustration: Sculpture to the De Matres, at Netherby] clothed have -happily not been disturbed, and the central or chief personage holds a -basket of fruit. The third sculpture is of larger size and has -suffered more extensive injury; the left hand figure of the group only -remains; she is seated, and holds fruit in her lap. The Byzantine -character of the drapery will be noticed. At Nether-hall another -fragment of a [Illustration: Sculpture to the De Matres, at -Nether-hall] group, procured from the neighbouring station, is -preserved--the left hand figure has been broken off; the two remaining -ladies wear the same cowl-like head-dress as the Netherby mothers; -shewn on the former page. Mr. Thomas Wright, speaking of these mythic -personages, says-- - - The ancient mythology of the Germanic race was not entirely eradicated - by Christianity; and it is interesting to trace it as reflected in the - popular superstitions of the present day. The reverence for the three - goddesses who presided over the woods and fields, pre-arranged the - fates of individuals, and dispensed the blessings of Providence to - mankind, may thus be traced down to a comparatively late period, both - in Germany and in England. They are sometimes regarded as the three - Fates--the _Norni_ of the north, the wlcyrian of the Anglo-Saxons - (the weird sisters, transformed in Shakespeare into three witches), - disposing of the fates of individuals, and dealing out death and life. - But they are also found distributing rewards and punishments, giving - wealth and prosperity, and conferring fruitfulness. They are the three - fairies who are often introduced in the fairy legends of a later - period, with these same characteristics.[143] - -[Sidenote: INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY.] - -After so long a companionship with the heathen relics found on the line -of the Wall, the reader will naturally ask--Have no Christian remains -been found?--Does no memorial record the name of JEHOVAH, the living -God? A negative reply must be given to the inquiry. There is, however, -abundant evidence to prove, that Christianity was extensively diffused -through the world long before the Romans departed from Britain. Tacitus -tells us, that in his day there was a great multitude of Christians at -Rome itself. The younger Pliny, in the second century, addressing the -emperor, complains that the heathen temples were almost deserted. Justin -Martyr says, there is not a nation in which prayers and thanksgivings -are not offered up in the name of the crucified Jesus; and Tertullian, -the most ancient of the Latin fathers, appealing to the magistrates, -says, 'We are but of yesterday, yet we have filled every place, your -cities, garrisons, and free towns, your camps, senate, and forum; we -have left nothing empty but your temples.' Britain early received the -glad tidings. 'The concurrent voice of antiquity,' says Mr. Thackeray, -'although it has not designated the individuals who were the immediate -instruments of Providence in enlightening Britain, assigns the year 60 -as about the period when the Christian religion was introduced into this -island.' At this time there were not fewer than 48,000 Roman soldiers, -including their auxiliaries, in this country, some of whom must have -been well acquainted with the name of Christ. In the army there would be -some centurions like Cornelius, some deputies like Sergius Paulus, who, -not content with knowing the truth themselves, endeavoured to -communicate it to others, and yet these Christian soldiers have, along -the line of the Wall, left no memorial of their faith. The God whom they -served required not the erection of an altar of stone, or an offering of -frankincense. Their 'inscription' was, a holy life, 'seen and read of -all men.' Notwithstanding the example and teaching of such men, it is a -lamentable fact, that heathenism continued to rear its head in Britain -until near the close of the period of Roman occupation, as several of -the altars found on the line of the Wall clearly testify. - -[Sidenote: CHRISTIAN SYMBOL.] - -Brand conceived that an altar discovered at Rutchester, and now in the -museum at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, exhibited the Christian symbol. It may -well be doubted whether the rude carving to which he refers, is any -thing more than a partially obliterated letter. There are other letters, -evidently of modern fabrication, carved on this altar. - -_Fas est ab hoste doceri._ An obvious remark clothed in Horsley's own -language, and extracted from a work that is now scarce, will form a -suitable conclusion to this section. Speaking of vows in sickness he -says-- - - There is one thing in these pagan votive altars that may be a shame - and reproach to a great many who call themselves Christians; and that - is, the willingness and cheerfulness with which they paid, or - pretended to pay, the vows they had made. Such as have any - acquaintance with those things, know how commonly these letters V. S. - L. M. or V. S. L. L. M., are added at the end of inscriptions that are - on such altars, whereby they signified how _willingly_ and - _cheerfully_, as well as _deservedly_, they performed the vows they - had made, viz., _votum solvit libens merito_, or _votum solvit libens, - lubens_ (or _ltus_) _merito_. Much more _deservedly_, and therefore - more _willingly_ and _cheerfully_, should the vows made to the Most - High, to the true and living God, be paid or performed to him, and - particularly the vows made in trouble.[144] - - SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS. - -[Sidenote: MONUMENTAL SLABS.] - -Extreme importance was attached by both Greeks and Romans to the due -discharge of the rites of sepulture. Until earth had been three times -sprinkled over the body of the departed, his spirit was conceived to be -denied admission into the Elysian fields. The practice of burning the -dead became common at Rome about the latter period of the republic. The -inconvenience and expense of the process would necessarily restrict it -to persons of some wealth. After the pile was consumed, the ashes of the -deceased were gathered up by the nearest relative, and deposited in an -urn. There are numerous instances in Britain of the Romans having buried -their dead entire. Skeletons have been found in London, which Mr. -Charles Roach Smith considers must have been deposited in the higher -empire. As Christianity gained ground, the custom of burning the dead -fell into disuse; the early Christians were unwilling to do needless -violence to the dust of a fellow disciple, and resolved to discontinue -the superstitious ceremonies which usually attended cremation. - -Whether the body was previously reduced to ashes, or deposited in the -ground unburnt, it was usual to raise a mound over the spot. - - Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus: et ingens - Aggeritur tumulo tellus. - _n._ III. 62. - -[Sidenote: FUNERAL URN.] - -Sometimes, instead of a mound of earth, a monument of stone covered the -place where the sepulchral urn was deposited. This was the case at -BREMENIUM, as already described (_p._ 326). With the ashes or body of -the deceased, it was usual to deposit a small brass coin to answer the -demands of Charon. 'This custom of burying valuables and coins with the -dead is by no means extinct; the humbler Irish will pawn their clothes -to provide fresh pieces of money to throw into the coffins of their -departed friends.'[145] The Romans, as formerly observed, did not -usually deposit either the unburnt bodies of the dead, or their ashes, -within the walls of towns or stations. A curious exception to this -practice has lately been noticed. In the month of October last (1850), a -funereal urn was discovered within the station of BORCOVICUS, near the -north-west corner. It was sunk in the earth, and was covered by an -oblong flat stone, without inscription. The vase, which was of -earthen-ware, and altogether devoid of ornament, was globular in its -form, and of large dimensions. It measured two feet in diameter, and two -feet in height. It contained ashes, amongst which was found a solitary -silver coin of Hadrian. This urn is preserved at Chesters. On the slab -covering the remains of the deceased person, the name and age were not -unfrequently inscribed. The carving, which sometimes includes an effigy -of the individual, is often very rude; the back of the stone is, for the -most part, undressed. The inscriptions on these 'frail memorials' which -in the mural region have come down to our times, and 'implore the -passing tribute of a sigh,' almost uniformly commence [Sidenote: DII -MANES.] with the letters D. M.--_diis manibus_. The shades or departed -spirits are, probably, themselves intended in this address, though much -confusion exists upon the subject in the works of the ancient writers. -In the following lines, Ovid represents the manes as being objects of -worship:-- - - Est honor et tumulis: animas placate paternas; - Parvaque in extinctas munera ferte pyras. - Parva petunt MANES: pietas pro divite grata est - Munere: non avidos Styx habet ima Deos. - Tegula projectis satis est velata coronis; - Et spars fruges, parcaque mica salis. - -[Illustration: Sepulchral Altar to the Manes of Fabia Honorata, Cilurnum] - -Some of the ceremonies here referred to by the Latin poet, are still in -use, as all know who have visited the cemetery of Pre la Chaise, in -Paris. On the sepulchral slab, death is rarely mentioned; but the number -of years, months, and days, that the deceased lived, is recorded with -great particularity. The altar, of which an engraving is here -introduced, was found at CILURNUM, and is now in the Library of the Dean -and Chapter at Durham. It bears the following inscription-- - - D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] S[ACRVM] - FABI HONOR - AT FABIVS HON - ORATIVS TRIBVN[VS] - COH[ORTIS] I. VANGION[VM] - ET AVRELIA EGLIC - IANE FECER - VNT FILI DVLCISSIM - - Sacred to the divine Manes of - Fabia Honorata. - Fabius Hon- - oratius the tribune of the - First cohort of Vangiones,[146] - And Aurelia Eglic- - iane erected _this_ - To their most sweet daughter. - -[Sidenote: MORTALITY OF THE GARRISON.] - -'Tender souls!' exclaims Hodgson, 'your last act of piety to a beloved -daughter has not been forgotten: the altar that bears the memorial of -your affection still exists, though it has been banished from the -custody of the ashes which were committed to its care.' Though painful, -it is yet pleasant to notice the heavings of natural affection in the -martial bosom of a Roman soldier. This stone differs from most of the -sepulchral monuments, in being an altar instead of a slab, and in not -mentioning the age of the deceased. It has been remarked that the larger -proportion of the tomb-stones of the mural region record the deaths of -young persons. The climate of the north of England, particularly of the -exposed district of the Barrier, must have told with fearful severity -upon the constitutions of those who had been reared under the sunny -skies of Italy and Spain. - -[Illustration: Sepulchral Slab to the Manes of Aurelia Faia, Magna] - -[Sidenote: SEPULCHRAL SLAB.] - -The large slab which is here figured, was found at Carvoran, and is now -in the castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. It reads-- - - D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] - AVRE[LIAE] FAIAE - D[OMO] SALONAS - AVRE[LIVS] MARCVS - [ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED] (_centurio_) OBSEQ[IO] CON- - IVG[IS] SANCTIS- - SIMAE QVAE VI- - XIT ANNIS XXXIII. - SINE VLLA MACVLA - - To the divine Manes of - Aurelia Faia, - Of a house of Salona, - Aurelius Marcus - A centurion, out of affection - For his most holy wife - Who lived - Thirty three years, - Without any stain, _erected this_. - -[Sidenote: MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS.] - -It is not unnatural that a soldier while bemoaning the loss of a beloved -wife in a land of strangers, should so dwell upon her virtues as to -conceive that hers was a faultless character. Gruter gives an -inscription which nearly resembles this. It was erected by Marcus -Aurelius Paullus-- - - CONIVGI INCOMPARABILI - CVM QVA VIXIT ANNIS XXVII - SINE VLLA QVERELA - - To his incomparable wife, with whom he had lived twenty-seven years - without having had a single squabble. - -'This couple,' says Mr. Akerman, 'must for ever throw into the shade all -the candidates for the Dunmow flitch.' - -[Illustration: Sepulchral Slab to the Memory of Cornelius Victor] - -At Chesterholm is a slab which, though suffering from exposure to the -weather, is still distinct:-- - - DIIS MANIBVS - CORN[ELIVS] VICTOR S. C. (_Sibi Constitvit_) - MIL[ES] ANN[OS] XXVI CIV[IS] - PANN[ONIAE] FIL[IVS] SATVRNI- - NI P.P VIX[IT] ANN[OS] LV. D[IES] XI - CONIVX PROCVRAVI - - To the divine Manes; Cornelius Victor ordered this to be erected over - himself. He was a soldier twenty-six years, a citizen of Pannonia, and - the very dutiful (P.P. _pientissime_) son of Saturninus. He lived - fifty-five years and eleven days. I, his wife, saw his order executed. - -The tomb-stone to a young physician has already been given, page 227. - - CENTURIAL STONES. - -[Sidenote: CENTURIAL STONES.] - -The only other class of inscribed stones to which reference will now be -made, is that of centurial stones. The centurions seem to have been in -the habit of placing a common stone, inscribed with the name of their -_century_--company or troop, in that section of the Wall which they had -built. The letters are usually very rudely cut; sometimes they are -enclosed in a border, as in the annexed example, which, probably found -in the vicinity of CILURNUM, is now at Alnwick Castle. - -[Illustration: Centurial Stone, Coh. V. Ccilii Proculi, Cilurnum] - - COH[ORS] V - > (_centuria_) CAECILI[I] - PROCVLI - - The fifth cohort. - The century of Ccilius - Proculus. - -More frequently, however, the stone is entirely unadorned, as in this -example, which, along with [Illustration: Centurial Stone, Cilurnum] the -former, was removed from Walwick Chesters to Alnwick Castle. The letter -C, reversed thus [ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED], or more -frequently an angular mark resembling the letter V, laid upon its side -thus >, is the sign usually adopted for _centuria_, century. Two -centurial stones are shewn in the wood-cut introduced in page 190. The -upper one, that of Valerius Maximus, was described, a century ago, by -Horsley, who found it near Haltwhistle-burn. Afterwards it was built up -in a gable of the Cawfield farm-house, against which a coal-shed was -formed. Here, though sadly begrimed, it was protected from further -injury, until rescued by the present owner of the farm, and safely -deposited in the museum of antiquities at Chesters. - - COINS. - -[Sidenote: NUMISMATIC REMAINS.] - -Next in importance to the inscribed stones found on the line of the -Wall, the student of history will reckon the coins which the spade and -plough of the husbandman turn up in considerable numbers in the mural -region. In a rude state of society the commercial transactions of the -residents of a district are almost entirely confined to an interchange -of the commodities produced by each. A body of soldiery, however, liable -to be removed from place to place, and compelled to expend their -energies in unproductive industry, are necessarily obliged to resort to -the use of money. It is chiefly in the stations where the Roman legions -lodged, or on the roads which they traversed, that the imperial coin is -found. These metallic pieces, bearing the insignia of Rome, thus become -exceedingly important in tracking the march of Roman armies. As works of -art, the design and execution of many of them are truly admirable. The -copper coins of Hadrian are especially worthy of study. The custom which -prevailed during the best periods of the empire, of rendering the -circulating medium of the market-place the means of commemorating the -leading events of the day, gives them increased value. Were all the -other records of Roman story destroyed, its most stirring incidents -might be recovered by a careful examination of the coins which the -cabinets of the antiquary contain. - -[Sidenote: COINS.] - -Ample use has already been made of this source of information in the -first Part of this work. Why is it that Britain neglects this means of -rousing the spirit of her people, of communicating information, and of -securing an almost imperishable memorial of her mighty acts? Had she -recorded upon her coinage the events of the last half-century, she would -have transmitted to posterity the memory of a series of warlike -achievements and peaceful triumphs unparalleled in extent and unequalled -in glory. As it is, our metallic currency has little value beyond its -commercial worth, and generation after generation is compelled to -contemplate, with what complacency they may, the same lady sitting -immoveably upon the same enduring rock, and the same mounted knight -making his interminable attempt to slay the same deathless dragon. The -immense number of the coins found upon the line of the Wall, and the -extension of the series from the earliest periods down to the time of -Honorius, prove incontestibly the length of time that the Romans -maintained their hold of this isthmus. The accidental loss of pieces of -money will not, alone, account for the large quantity which has been -found. In times of danger the possessors of treasure seem to have been -in the habit of concealing it in the earth; the secret of their having -done so must often have perished with them. In excavating that portion -of the station of CILURNUM which was opened in 1843, not fewer than -seventy Roman coins were found. In 1833, near the west gateway of -VINDOLANA, three hundred small brass coins, mostly of Constantius and -Mangentius, were found, not in a heap or vessel, but dispersed among the -soil. The Rev. John Walton, who, about a century ago was vicar of -Corbridge, made a considerable collection of Roman coins, by purchasing -such as were turned up in the neighbouring station of Corchester. The -following circumstance is related concerning him. A party of Jews having -established in the neighbourhood a prussian-blue manufactory, felt -disposed to enter the market with the vicar. Mr. Walton, unwilling to -compete with them by offering a larger price, had the fields where the -coins were found, strewed with imitations of the genuine pieces. These, -on being picked up, were freely bought by the Jews, who, soon finding -the trade a losing one, abandoned it altogether. - -The station, notwithstanding such systematic gleaning, is not yet -deprived of its treasures. Not long ago, a rustic eked out a livelihood -by searching for its coins, and disposing of them to occasional -customers. The other day a plough-boy being asked if he had found any -lately, produced straight-way from his pocket not less than thirty, most -of them, indeed, highly corroded. - -The coinage of Rome seems to have continued in circulation in the north -of England for a very short time after the departure of the Roman forces -from Britain. Saxon money is found in Northumberland of a date coeval -with the arrival of that people, but is never mingled with the Roman -coinage. The coins of the Romans, on the other hand, are never -accompanied by those of their successors. Within about forty years after -the departure of the Romans, the circulation of the imperial coinage -seems to have ceased. This circumstance proves incontestibly that a -mighty political revolution had taken place in the interval. The present -appearance of the stations corroborates the idea. The walls have been -forcibly thrown down, the statues and other objects within them -purposely mutilated, and the whole inclosure rendered, as far as -possible unfit for human habitation. - -[Sidenote: THORNGRAFTON COINS.] - -To attempt a description of even the principal coins that can still be -ascertained to have been procured from the district of the Wall, would -be to compose a treatise upon numismatics. It will perhaps be sufficient -to lay before the reader a brief [Illustration: Vessel, in which the -Thorngrafton Coins were found] account of the hoard which was discovered -in 1837, in an ancient quarry near Thorngrafton. The coins, sixty-five -in number, were contained in a small skiff-shaped receptacle with a -circular handle. The vessel represented in the adjoining wood-cut is -about six inches long; the lid has a hinge at one end, and fastens with -a spring at the other. The coins are at present in the possession of the -brother of the quarryman who discovered them, and he holds them with -such tenacity, that my artist was refused permission to see even the -case which contained them, though he had taken a journey of thirty miles -for the purpose of drawing them. Mr. Fairless, of Hexham, was more -fortunate, and obtained leave to take sealing-wax impressions of the -coins, from which the wood-cuts have been prepared. I am indebted to Mr. -Fairless for the description of the coins, which he took from the pieces -themselves. - - GOLD. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._ TI. CLAVD. CAESAR. AVG. GERM. P.M. TRIB.POT. P.P. - -_Rev._ NERO CLAVD. CAES. DRVSVS. GERM. PRINC. IVVENT. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._ NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS. - -_Rev._ SALVS. - -[Illustration] - -_Obv._ IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG. - -_Rev._ A Victory holding a garland over the head of a Roman soldier, and -in the exergue, COS. VIII. - - SILVER. - - 1. _Obv._ IMP. NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS. - - _Rev._ SALVS. Device same as in gold above. - -[Illustration] - -2. _Obv._ IMP. SER. GALBA CAESAR AVG. - - _Rev._ DIVA AVGVSTA. - -[Illustration] - -3. _Obv._ IMP. SER. GALBA CAESAR AVG. - - _Rev._ S.P.Q.R. OB. C.S. (Within a wreath.) - - 4. _Obv._ SER. GALBA AVG. _Rev._ Same as last. - -[Illustration] - -5. _Obv._ OTHO CAESAR AVG. - - _Rev._ PONT. MAX. - -[Illustration] - -6. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ IMP. XIX. A basket filled with corn or bread. - -[Illustration] - -7. _Obv._ CAES. VESP. AVG. P.M. COS. III. - - _Rev._ CONCORDIA AVGVSTI. - -[Illustration] - -8. 9. 10. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ PON. MAX. TR.P. COS. VI. - -[Illustration] - -11. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. VESP. AVG. CENS. - - _Rev._ PONTIF. MAXIM. - -[Illustration] - -12. _Obv._ DIVV. AVGVSTVS VESPASIANVS. - - _Rev._ No inscription. A figure standing. - -[Illustration] - -13. _Obv._ IMP. VESP. AVG. P. M. COS. VIII. - - _Rev._ VES (figure) TA. - -[Illustration] - -14. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. VESPASIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ COS. ITER.--(figure)--TR. POT. - -[Illustration] - -15. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Rev._ COS.--(an eagle standing on cippus)--VII. - -[Illustration] - -16. _Obv._ Inscription same as last. - - _Rev._ Reversed goats' heads, bearing a shield. - -[Illustration] - -17. _Obv._ Inscription same as last. - - _Rev._ COS. ITER. TR. POT. - -[Illustration] - -18. _Obv._ Inscription same as last. - - _Rev._ GENIVM--(figure)--P.R. - -[Illustration] - -19. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. DOMITIANVS AVG. P.M. - - _Rev._ TR. POT. II. COS. VIIII. DES. X. P.P. - -[Illustration] - -20. 21. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Rev._ IMP. XXI. COS. XVI. CENS.P. P.P. - -[Illustration] - -22. 23. _Obv._ CAESAR AVG. DOMITIANVS. - - _Rev._ COS. IIII. Pegasus. - -[Illustration] - -24. _Obv._ CAES. DOMIT. AVG. GERM. P.M. T.R.P. - - _Rev._ IMP. XIIII. COS. XIII. CENS. P. P. P. - -[Illustration] - -25. _Rev._ IMP. XXII. COS. XVI. CENS.P. P. P. - -[Illustration] - -26. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. DOMITIANVS AVG. P. M - - _Rev._ TR. POT. II. COS. VIIII. DES. XII. - -[Illustration] - -27. _Obv._ CAES. AVG. DOMIT. COS. III. - - _Rev._ PRINCEPS IVVENTVT. - -[Illustration] - -28. _Obv._ IMP. NERVA. CAES. AVG. P.M. TR.P. COS. III. P.R. - - _Rev._ FORTVNA P.R. - -[Illustration] - -29. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA. TRAIAN. AVG. GERM. - - _Rev._ PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS. II. - -[Illustration] - -30.31. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. - -_Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R. - -[Illustration] - -32. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P. M. TR.P. - - _Rev._ COS. V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. - -[Illustration] - -33. 34. 35. _Rev._ COS. V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. - -[Illustration] - -36. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P. COS. V. P.P. - - _Rev._ S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. - -[Illustration] - -37. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Rev._ S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. - - _Exergue._ FORT.RED. - -[Illustration] - -38. Same as before. - - _Exergue._ PAX. - -[Illustration] - -39. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P. - -_Rev._ COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R. - -[Illustration] - -40. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC. - - _Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R. - - 41. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. GERM. - -[Illustration] - -42. 43. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. GERM. - - _Rev._ P.M. TR. P. COS. II. P.P. - -[Illustration] - -44. Same as 40. with _Exergue_. TRO--VIO. - -[Illustration] - -45. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P. - - _Rev._ COS.V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. - -[Illustration] - -46. The same as last. - -[Illustration] - -47. Same as last. Seated figure, the right hand extended, holding a -Victory. - -[Illustration] - -48. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. III. - -[Illustration] - -49. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Exergue._ FEL. P.R. (doubtful.) - - _Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. III. - -[Illustration] - -50. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG. - - _Rev._ P.M.TR.P. COS. III. - - PIE--TAS, in the field. - - 51. _Obv._ Same as last. - - _Rev._ P.M.TR.P. COS. III. - - - CONSULAR AND OTHERS. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -This coin symbolizes the peace concluded between the Roman general -Scaurus and the Arabian monarch Aretas. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - MINERALS AND METALS. - -In nearly all the stations of the line, the ashes of mineral fuel have -been found; in some, a store of unconsumed coal has been met with, -which, though intended to give warmth to the primeval occupants of the -isthmus, has been burnt in the grates of the modern English. In several -places the source whence the mineral was procured can be pointed out; -but the most extensive workings that I have heard of, are in the -neighbourhood of Grindon Lough, near Sewingshields. Not long ago, a -shaft was sunk, with the view of procuring the coal which was supposed -to be below the surface; the projector soon found, that though coal had -been there, it was all removed. The ancient workings stretched beneath -the bed of the lake. - -[Sidenote: MINING OPERATIONS.] - -In Allendale and Alston Moor, numerous masses of ancient scori have -been found, which must have resulted from the reduction of lead from its -ore. In the station of Corchester, portions of lead pipe have been -found; it is an inch and a half in diameter, and has been formed by -bending round a flat strip of the metal, and soldering the joint. - -Iron has been produced in large quantities. In the neighbourhood of -HABITANCUM masses of iron slag have been found. It is heavier than what -proceeds from modern furnaces, in consequence, probably, of the -imperfect reduction of the ore. In the neighbourhood of Lanchester, the -process seems to have been carried on very extensively. On the division -of the common, two large heaps were removed, the one containing about -four hundred cart loads of dross, the other six hundred. It was used in -the construction of some new roads which were then formed, a purpose for -which it was admirably adapted. In the neighbourhood of one of these -heaps of scori, the iron tongs represented in Plate XVII. fig. 8, so -much resembling those at present used by blacksmiths, were ploughed up. -During the operation of bringing this common into cultivation, the -method adopted by the Romans of producing [Sidenote: BLAST FURNACE.] the -blast necessary to smelt the metal was made apparent. Two tunnels had -been formed in the side of a hill; they were wide at one extremity, but -tapered off to a narrow bore at the other, where they met in a point. -The mouths of the channels opened towards the west, from which quarter a -prevalent wind blows in this valley, and sometimes with great violence. -The blast received by them would, when the wind was high, be poured with -considerable force and effect upon the smelting furnaces at the -extremity of the tunnels. - - METALLIC IMPLEMENTS. - -Notwithstanding the tendency of iron to oxidize, several weapons made of -this material, and used by the Romans, have come down to our day. Their -general character and form can be better learnt from an inspection of -the drawings which depict them than by verbal description. On Plate X. -are shewn two spear or javelin heads, and on Plate XVII. the iron points -of some arrows. - -Vessels of cast-metal, fitted for domestic use, are occasionally met -with. On Plate XVII. fig. 2, is a specimen of a pot or boiler, closely -resembling those in modern use; it was found in cutting the Newcastle -and Carlisle Railway, near Haydon Bridge. - -[Sidenote: METALLIC IMPLEMENTS.] - -Bronze vessels are occasionally found. The utensils depicted on Plate -XVI. are of this metal. Fig. 1, is a pan, evidently intended for -culinary purposes. The use of the other vessel, fig. 2, so nearly -resembling a modern coffee-pot, is not so apparent, though several of -this form have been found in the Roman stations in the north of England. -Is it a decanter--a sort of wine flagon? Both of these vessels were -found on the line of the Wall, but at what point I have been unable to -learn. - -Near to Whitfield, were recently found three camp-kettles, of peculiar -make, which are now in the Museum of Antiquities at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. -They are formed of bronze, but of exceedingly thin metal; they have -evidently seen much service, and are patched in several places. Owing to -the thinness of the metal they would very readily feel the fire. In -Italy, where during a great part of the year a fire is only lighted when -indispensable, similar vessels are still in use. These three vessels -vary in size, so as to allow of their being placed one within the other. -The smallest of them is shewn on Plate XVII. fig. 3. The strainer, fig. -1, also of bronze, and very finely and tastefully perforated, was found -with them. - -The boss of a shield, having something of the appearance of the head of -a snake, Plate VII. fig. 2, is also of bronze. It is preserved at -Chesters. - -Fibul or clasps, for fastening the loose robes worn by the Romans, are, -as may be supposed, of ordinary occurrence. The one represented, of the -full size, Plate XIV. fig. 2, was found at Carvoran. It is of bronze, -and is of a form of which there are many examples. The tongue is -wanting, but the spiral spring to which it was attached, and the groove -which caught it, are distinctly observed. The small pair of bronze -shears or scissors, which are shewn of their full size, Plate XIV. fig. -1, were also found at Carvoran. - - _PLATE XV._ - -[Illustration: - - J. STOREY DEL ET LITH. PRINTED BY A. REID. - Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester -] - - _PLATE XVI_ - -[Illustration: - - J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID. - Bronze Vessels -] - - _PLATE XVII._ - -[Illustration: - - J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID. - Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc. -] - - _PLATE XVIII_ - -[Illustration: - - J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID. - Soles of Sandals, etc. -] - - EARTHENWARE AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. - -[Sidenote: ROMAN POTTERY.] - -Few subjects possess more interest than the pottery of the Romans. -Whether we regard the shape of the vessels, the beauty of their -ornaments, or the excellence of the material of which they are composed, -they are worthy of our admiration. Fortunately for the present writer, -so much has recently been published upon the subject, as to justify him -in dismissing it with a brief notice. - -Among the earthenware vessels found in the mural region are some of -coarse structure, such as _amphor_, _mortaria_, pans for common -domestic purposes, and some which have probably been intended for -exposure to the fire. The amphor are large narrow-necked vessels, -capable of containing several gallons, and formed of red clay. In -general, they have been furnished with two handles, on one of which the -maker's name is not unfrequently stamped. They were used for holding -wine. I am not aware of any having been found on the line of the Wall, -in a state at all approaching to completeness. - -The mortars are strong shallow vessels, provided with a lip for the -convenience of pouring. They are formed of clay, resembling fire-brick -in colour. On their inner surface, are frequently imbedded angular -fragments of quartz, chert, or iron scori. By this contrivance, the -bruising of parched corn or other articles of food would be more easily -effected. - -Various vessels of common earthenware, such as would be required in -every household for holding water, grain, and kindred substances, are -discovered, occasionally nearly perfect. At Nether Hall some very fine -ones are preserved, which were found in the neighbouring station; one is -twelve inches in diameter, and nearly six deep. Another, of globular -form, is ten inches in diameter, and nine in depth. - -Besides these, fragments of thick vessels are frequently met with, which -are of a porous nature, and hence well adapted to withstand the sudden -application of heat. In these, when placed upon the fire, we may readily -conceive that food was baked or stewed. - -Other vessels, for the most part of smaller size, more elegant shape, -and composed of finer materials, are of common occurrence. Some are -nearly black, others grey or slate-coloured: these are quite plain and -unembossed. A species of yellow earthen-ware is found, tinted with a -brown pigment, by the partial removal of which, a sort of pattern is -given to it. All these are of British manufacture. Many of the potteries -in which they were fabricated, have been clearly ascertained. The -slate-coloured and grey kinds owe their peculiar hue to the action of -what has been called, the smother kiln. During the process of baking the -vessels, the vent of the furnace has been closed, so as to fill the kiln -with smoke. The unconsumed carbon not only communicated its own hue to -the objects exposed to it, but prevented the iron, which usually forms -the colouring matter of clay, from being converted into the peroxide, -which is of a brick-red colour.[147] - -[Sidenote: SAMIAN WARE.] - -The finest species of earthenware found in Roman camps, is that called -Samian. It is of a bright coral-red colour. It can at once be detected -by its glaze, which has not yet, in modern times, been successfully -imitated. Some vessels are quite plain, but others are very tastefully -embossed. Plates IX. and XV. furnish specimens of the more ornamental -kind. The large fragment, engraved Plate XV. fig. 1, was found in -sinking the shaft of the famous Wallsend pit. No potteries for the -manufacture of this species of ware, have been found in Britain; and as -the maker's marks, and the patterns of the embossed varieties correspond -with those found on the continent, it is conceived to be of foreign -origin. Gaul and Spain have been pointed out as the countries from which -the specimens exhumed in Britain were probably procured. The vast -quantity of fragments of Samian ware mingled with the rubbish of some of -the stations is truly remarkable; and not less worthy of observation is -the fact, that not only has the clay of which the broken vessels are -composed, undergone no deterioration by being buried for centuries in -the damp earth, but even the glaze is, to all appearance, uninjured. -That even the plainer kinds of Samian ware have been accounted valuable -by their owners, is evident from the circumstance, that marks and names, -by which they might be identified, have in numerous instances been -scratched upon them. In Plate VII. figs. 9 and 11, are two examples of -this kind, found at CILURNUM, and still preserved there. In some cases -where a vessel has been fractured, it has been joined by clasps of lead. -Fig. 1, Plate VII., is an example of this, also found at CILURNUM. The -process of boring the holes to receive the lead must have been one of -some labour, and would not have been undertaken unless the vessel had -been accounted valuable. - -An imitation of the Samian ware seems to have been made in Britain -during the continuance of the Roman period. It is not equal to the -original in colour, texture, or design. Fig. 2, Plate IX. differs in -appearance from true Samian--it may be an imitation. - -The lamp shewn on Plate XIV. fig. 4, is of red earthenware, covered with -a black pigment; it proves the vast amount of skill and taste which the -Romans lavished even upon articles of minor importance. - -[Sidenote: MINOR ANTIQUITIES.] - -Mill-stones are among the most frequent of the discoveries made in our -Roman stations. Some, found at CILURNUM, are shewn in Plate XIII. fig. -4. They closely resemble the querns which were used in Scotland and the -rural districts of Northumberland, within a recent period. Many of the -stones consist of the mill-stone grit, basalt, or granite of the -district; others are formed of a species of lava which is not procured -in any locality nearer than Rhine Prussia. The advantage of these -foreign stones is, that, though hard, they are porous, and, as they wear -away, still present a continuity of sharp edges to the action of the -grain. - -The process of grinding the corn by hand-mills must have been a most -tedious one. Probably a large proportion of the grain consumed by the -soldiers of the Barrier was simply boiled, after being slightly bruised -in mortars. - - -[Sidenote: CONCLUSION.] - -Here a period must be put to this account of the Roman Wall and its -antiquities. Many topics worthy of fuller discussion have been but -cursorily treated, and some omitted altogether; but it is impossible, in -a work of this extent, to do full justice to a subject of such -magnitude; we content ourselves with imitating the moderation of -Hadrian, who, instead of grasping at universal empire, sought only a -dominion which he might reasonably hope to maintain. - -Still, we may reckon on some advantage from the brief communion we have -held with the Mighty among the Ancients. We can hardly tarry, even for -an hour, in association with the palmy days of the Great Empire, without -learning, on the one hand, to emulate the virtues that adorned her -prosperity, and on the other, to shun the vices that were punished by -her downfall. The sceptre which Rome relinquished, we have taken up. -Great is our Honour--great our Responsibility-- - - ... Heavenly wisdom on this ball - Creates, gives birth to, guides, consummates all. - States thrive or wither (as moons wax and wane) - E'en as His will and His decrees ordain; - While Honour, Virtue, Piety, bear sway, - They flourish; and as those decline, decay. - -[Illustration: Tail piece--Rom tern Fortun Reduci] - ------ - -Footnote 137: - - This small altar was found at Benwell, and is now in the possession of - the Society of Antiquaries, London--it is drawn to twice the usual - scale. - -Footnote 138: - - On the ides the undefiled priest in the temple of the great Jove - offers in the flames the entrails of a wether. - -Footnote 139: - - Archologia liana, i. 306. - -Footnote 140: - - Smith's Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. - -Footnote 141: - - Decurion, a commander of a troop of ten men. - -Footnote 142: - - This and the two subsequent cuts are drawn to twice the usual scale. - -Footnote 143: - - For further information on this interesting subject the reader is - referred to two admirable papers by Mr. C. Roach Smith, and Mr. Thomas - Wright, in the second volume of the Journal of the British - Archological Association. - -Footnote 144: - - Vows in Trouble, by John Horsley, A.M. London: Printed for Richard - Ford, at the Angel, in the Poultry, near Stocks market. And sold by R. - Akenhead, Bookseller, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1729.--At the time - Horsley published this book, he was engaged in the preparation of the - _Britannia Romana_. - -Footnote 145: - - Smith's Collectanea Antiqua i. 21. - -Footnote 146: - - The first cohort of the Vangiones were in Britain in the time of - Hadrian, from whom some of them, in 132, had a discharge from the - army, with the privilege to marry. They were from Belgic Gaul, and - were a long time quartered at Risingham, at which station eight of - their tribunes have left their names on inscriptions. - - _Hist. Nor._ II. iii. 183. - -Footnote 147: - - See Remains of Roman Art in Cirencester, 78. - ------ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - INDEX. - - ABALLABA, 297. - SICA, Great Chesters, 254. - Agricola lands in Britain, 7. - ALIONIS, 347. - Altars, form of, 395. - AMBOGLANNA, Birdoswald, 278. - Amphor, 445. - Ancient Britons, description of, 16. - Apollo, altar to, 411. - Aqueduct at Great Chesters, 257. - Arthur, King, traditions respecting, 205. - Arthur's Well, 264. - Astures, a people from Spain, 141. - - - Battle of Heaven-field, 167. - Bede, on the building of the Wall, 379. - Belatucadrus, altar to, 401. - Belted Will, 285. - Benwell, CONDERCUM, 137. - Bewcastle, 344. - Binchester, 344. - Birdoswald, AMBOGLANNA, 278. - Black-carts farm, Wall on, 196. - Black-dike, 211. - Blake-chesters, 321. - Blast furnace, 443. - Blea-tarn, 297. - Bloody-gap, 244. - Bogle-hole, traditions of, 245. - BORCOVICUS, Housesteads, 214. - BORCOVICUS, etymology of, 228. - Borcum or Barcombe, quarry on, 231. - Border strife, 296. - Borders, state of, in middle ages, 209. - Bradley, 232. - Brampton, 349. - Bridge at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 130. - Bridge over North Tyne, 170. - Britain, first notice of, 2. - BREMENIUM, High-Rochester, 325. - BREMETENRACUM, 350. - Broaching of the stones, 85. - Brunton, the Wall at, 169. - Bueth's castle, 345. - Burgh-upon-Sands, 304. - Burnswark, 356. - Busy-gap, 207. - Byker-hill, 118. - - - Csar's landing in Britain, 3. - Carrawburgh, PROCOLITIA, 197. - Cambeck-fort, PETRIANA, 288. - Camp kettles, 444. - Carausius, 21. - Carlisle, LUGUVALLIUM, 301. - Carvoran, MAGNA, 267. - Castella, 67. - CASTRA EXPLORATORUM, 353. - Caw-gap, 246. - Cemeteries, 183, 262. - Centurial Stones, 429. - Chapel-hill, 224. - Chapel-house, 274. - Chapel-houses, 147. - Chesters, CILURNUM, 171. - Chesterholm, VINDOLANA, 236. - Chew-green, 325. - Chives on Walltown crags, 264. - Christian remains, none on the Wall, 421. - Christianity, early introduction of into Britain, 422. - CILURNUM, Chesters, 171. - _Cippi_, 326. - Coal wrought by the Romans, 442. - Cocidius, altar to, 401. - Coins found on Borcum, 231, 434. - Coins found in Cambeck fort, 289. - Coins found in Newcastle bridge, 131. - Coins, number of Roman, relating to Britain, 37. - Coins, general remarks upon, 431. - Coins, number found on the Wall, 432. - Coins, Roman and Saxon, not commingled, 433. - Coins, spurious, 365. - Concrete, hydraulic properties of Roman, 182. - Constantine proclaimed emperor, 23. - CONDERCUM, Benwell, 137. - Corchester, CORSTOPITUM, 332. - CORSTOPITUM, Corchester, 332. - Cost of the Wall, 94. - Cousin's-house, 113. - Crags, why the Wall built upon, 201. - Cumming's cross, 206. - - - _Dea Hamia_, 417. - _De Matres_, 417. - Denton Hall, 146. - Devil's Wall in Germany, 96. - Down-hill, 156. - Drumburgh, 309. - Dykesfield, 307. - - - Earthenware, 445. - Ebchester, 341. - Edward I. at Bradley, 233. - Egyptian triple goddesses, 418. - Ellenborough, 361. - Emperors worshipped, 398. - EPEIACUM, 342. - Epona, altar to, 415. - - - Fibul, 444. - Fisher's-cross, 311. - Forest, primeval, 310. - Fortune, altar to, 403. - Fosse of the Wall, 51. - - - Gelt quarry, 385. - Genius, local, altar to, 399. - Genius of the Wall, 353. - Gildas' account of the miseries of the Britons, 27. - Glass for windows, 222. - Goddess mothers, 417. - Graham's-dike, 97. - Great Chesters, SICA, 254. - Grooves in thresholds of gates, 220. - - - HABITANCUM, Risingham, 329. - Hadrian arrives in Britain, 11. - Hadrian, death of, 391. - Hadrian slabs, 383. - Harlow-hill, 155. - Halton-chesters, HUNNUM, 159. - Haltwhistle, 252. - Haltwhistle-burn-head, 254. - Hare-hill, 284. - Heddon-on-the-Wall, 149. - Hedley, Rev. Anthony, 105. - Hexham, 194, 339. - Historical testimonies respecting the building of the Wall, 372. - Hodgson, Rev. John, 106. - Horsley, biographical notice of, 103. - Horsley on Christian vows, 423. - Hospital, camp, 362. - Housesteads, BORCOVICUS, 214. - HUNNUM, Halton-chesters, 159. - Hypocausts at HUNNUM, 162. - Hypocausts, their probable use, 180. - Hypocausts at Chesters, 174. - - - Inscriptions, value of, 187. - Iron wrought by the Romans, 442. - Irthington, 295. - Itinerary of Antonine, 328. - - - Jarrow, 323. - Jupiter, altar to, 397. - - - Keep of Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 135. - Kiln for drying corn, 223. - Kirk-Andrews, 302. - - - Lakes of Northumberland, 229. - _Lami_, 418. - Langley castle, 231. - Lanchester, 342. - Lanercost priory, 284. - Lanx, the Corbridge, 334. - Lead wrought by the Romans, 442. - Legio XX. engaged upon the Wall, 247. - Limekiln, 327. - Limestone-bank, 195. - _Lingones_ at Tynemouth, 108. - LUGUVALLIUM, Carlisle, 301. - - - MAGNA, Carvoran, 267. - Maiden-way, 269. - Malcolm Canmore, 321. - Mars, altars to, 401. - Maryport, 361. - Masonry of the Stations, 84. - Masonry of the Wall, 78. - Maximus, 319. - Middleby, 354. - Mile-castles, 67. - Mile-castle at Cawfield, 248. - Mile-stone, 239. - Mill-stones, 448. - Military-way, 69. - Milking-gap, 234. - Minerva, altar to, 402. - Mithras, altar to, 404. - Monument to Edward I., 306. - Moresby, 366. - Mortar, Roman, 86. - _Mortaria_, 445. - Mountain-god, 415. - Mumps-hall, 275. - Murus and Vallum, one design, 387. - Mythology of Gothic tribes, 421. - - - Names of stations ascertained, 61. - Naworth-castle, 284. - Netherby, 352. - Nether-hall, 362. - Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 121. - Nine-nicks of Thirlwall, 265. - North Shields, 321. - Nymphs, 414. - - - Old Carlisle, 360. - Old Town, 349. - Ouseburn mile-castle, 119. - - - Pap-castle, 366. - Passage of the Eden, 300. - Passage of the Irthing, 277. - Peel-crag, 243. - Peel-houses, 253. - PETRIANA, Cambeck-fort, 288. - Polytheism of the Romans, 398. - Plumpton, 358. - PONS LII, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 121. - PROCOLITIA, Carrawburgh, 197. - - - Quarry on Fallowfield fell, 80. - Quarry on Haltwhistle fell, 80. - Quarry, Roman, 292. - - - Rapishaw-gap, 230. - Richard of Cirencester on the building of the Wall, 390. - Risingham, HABITANCUM, 329. - Rochester, High, BREMENIUM, 325. - Roman emperors, number who visited Britain, 36. - Ruts in gateway of Birdoswald, 280. - Rutchester, VINDOBALA, 150. - - - Sacrifices, Roman, 396. - Samian ware, 447. - Sandals, Roman, 348. - Secondary forts, 315. - SEGEDUNUM, Wallsend, 105. - Sepulchral inscriptions, 424. - Severus lands in Britain, 15. - Severus, death of, 392. - Sewingshields farm-house, 200. - Shields'-lawe, 322. - Silvanus, altar to, 413. - Speaking pipes in the Wall, 76. - Stags'-horns, 269. - Stanwix, 299. - Stations, description of, 56. - _Stationes per lineam valli_, 60. - Steel-rig, 243. - Stotes-houses, 117. - Streets, narrowness of, 221. - Syrian goddess, 412. - - - Tepper-moor, 196. - Terraced gardens, 224. - Thirlwall-castle, 270. - Time occupied in building the Wall, 94. - Toads represented on altars, 416. - Tower of Repentance, 307. - Tower-tay, 195. - Traditions regarding CILURNUM, 192. - Traditions, Sewingshields, 203. - Transmarine Mothers, 419. - Troughs of stone, 158. - _Tumuli_, 351, 365. - Turrets, 68. - Twice-brewed-ale (inn), 233. - Tynemouth, 318. - - - Vallum, description of, 52. - Vallum, additional rampart of, 283. - Vangiones, 427. - Vegetation inimical to the Wall, 93. - Vespasian and Titus in Britain, 5. - Viteres, altars to, 395, 416, 417. - Victory, figure of, 300. - VINDOBALA, Rutchester, 150. - VINDOLANA, Chesterholm, 236. - VINDOMORA, 342. - - - Wallend, 273. - Wall, in relation to the rivers, 100. - Wallis, 349. - Wall-mill, 262. - Wall, probable height of, 47. - Wallsend, SEGEDUNUM, 105. - Walltown crags, 263. - Walton, 287. - Warden-hill, 194. - Wardley, 324. - Water-course, ancient, 161, 257. - Watch-cross, 298. - Whitley-castle, 346. - Wreckendike, 322. - Written rock on the Gelt, 81. - - - Zodiacal tablet, #409.# - - - - - Transcriber's Note - -On p. 178, footnote 86 appears with no anchor in the text. Judging from -the context, the anchor has been placed at the end of the sentence -beginning 'The stone pillars are...', which mentions the balusters -referred to in the note. - -On p. 317, based on the context, the word 'stones' in the phrase 'all -the trifling [stones] put together', is most likely a misprinting of -'stories'. - -Lapses and inconsistencies in punctuation and format in tabular matter, -or in the Index have been silently corrected. - -The index entry 'Fosse of the Wall' is out of order, and its position -has been adjusted. - -Errors deemed most likely to be the printer's have been corrected, and -are noted here. - - p. x. British Arch[o]logical Association Added. - - p. xx. 16. Section of Works, near eighteenth Transposed. - mile-stone [25/52] - - p. xxiii. 164. Sc[lu]/ul]pture to the De Matres Transposed. - - p. 8 f[ri/ir]ths Transposed. - - p. 16 that ascend from these marshes.["] Removed. - - p. 50 T[ih/hi]s portion Transposed. - - p. 62 wh[i]ch is thus inscribed Added. - - p. 65 n. 34 and in the neig[h]bourhood Added. - - p. 103 n. 54 a native of No[r]thumberland Added. - - The mi[l]liary which told to Hadrian's Added. - soldiers - - p. 134 suc[c]essor Added. - - p. 150 so that a [a ]greater portion Line break - repetition. - - p. 204 have bee[e]n widely diffused Removed. - - p. 258 artific[i]al mound Added. - - Wher[e]ever line break - hyphenation - error. - - p. 310 circu[cu]lar Removed. - - p. 362 The body of [of] the road Removed. - - p. 380 n. 135 is now known in the [p/d]istrict Corrected. - - p. 407 dis[c]ipline Added. - - p. 423 _deserve[r]dly_ Removed. - - p. 430 vi[n]cinity Removed. - - p. 447 f[n/u]rnace Corrected. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Roman Wall, by Rev. 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John Collingwood Bruce, M. 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John Collingwood Bruce - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Roman Wall - -Author: Rev. John Collingwood Bruce - -Release Date: November 1, 2015 [EBook #50364] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROMAN WALL *** - - - - -Produced by KD Weeks, deaurider, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Transcriber’s Note:</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Minor errors in punctuation and formatting have been silently -corrected. Please see the transcriber’s <a href='#endnote'>note</a> at the end of this -text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues -encountered during its preparation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Page headers signalled changes of topic, and have been retained -as paragraph descriptions (‘sidenotes’). Where the headers persist -across multiple pages, they were removed. On occasion, the headers -on facing pages are interleaved during an extended discussion of a -topic. Only the first of each were retained.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The position of illustrations may have been adjusted slightly. The -page references to them in the Table of Contents are linked to the -actual position of each. Each plate is linked to a larger image -to facilitate inspection of the details.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Captions for the Plates which appear within the images have been -repeated as text to facilitate searches. Where no captions were given, -or the images are composites (e.g. <a href='#p088b'>Plate III</a>), the -descriptions used in the Table of Contents were used.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The alphabetic footnotes in the original restarted with ‘a’ and -cycled through the alphabet multiple times. Several notes to tables -used the typical asterisk and dagger symbols. All footnotes have been -re-sequenced numerically for uniqueness.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Footnotes, some of which are quite lengthy digressions, have been -moved to the end of the text and linked to facilitate navigation.</p> - -</div> - -<div id='i_f00' class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_f00.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>G. Bouchier Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 40%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />PONS-ÆLII, RESTORED.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div> - <h1 class='c002'><span class='small'>THE</span> <br /> <span class='large'>ROMAN WALL</span></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='small'>A</span></div> - <div>HISTORICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE</div> - <div>ACCOUNT OF THE</div> - <div class='c001'><span class="blackletter"><span class='large'>Barrier of the Lower Isthmus,</span></span></div> - <div class='c001'>EXTENDING FROM THE TYNE TO THE SOLWAY,</div> - <div class='c001'><span class='small'>DEDUCED FROM NUMEROUS PERSONAL SURVEYS,</span></div> - <div class='c001'><span class='small'>BY THE</span></div> - <div class='c001'><span class='large'>REV. JOHN COLLINGWOOD BRUCE, M. A.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div id='f01' class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_f01.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>LONDON: JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 4, OLD-COMPTON-STREET, SOHO SQUARE.</div> - <div class='c001'>NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE; WILLIAM SANG, 61, GREY STREET;</div> - <div class='c001'>G. BOUCHIER RICHARDSON, 38, CLAYTON-STREET-WEST.</div> - <div class='c001'>M.DCCC.LI.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE:</div> - <div>IMPRINTED BY GEORGE BOUCHIER RICHARDSON, CLAYTON-STREET-WEST; PRINTER</div> - <div>TO THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, AND TO THE TYPOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,</div> - <div>BOTH OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id003'> -<img src='images/i_f03.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>TO</div> - <div><span class='large'>JOHN CLAYTON</span>, <span class='sc'>Esquire</span>,</div> - <div>THE PROPRIETOR</div> - <div><span class='small'>OF THE</span></div> - <div>MOST SPLENDID REMAINS OF THE ROMAN BARRIER</div> - <div>IN NORTHUMBERLAND</div> - <div><span class='small'>WHOSE</span></div> - <div>ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE AND CLASSICAL LEARNING</div> - <div>HAVE BEEN MOST PROFUSELY AND KINDLY</div> - <div>AFFORDED TO THE AUTHOR</div> - <div>THIS WORK</div> - <div>ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE MILITARY CHARACTER AND USAGES</div> - <div>OF A GREAT PEOPLE</div> - <div>IS MOST GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span> - <h2 class='c003'>PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>The famous Roman Wall, which, in former times, -protected southern Britain from the ravages of the -northern tribes, exhibits, at this day, remains more -entire, and forms a subject of study more interesting -than is generally supposed.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Two authors of great learning have treated of this -renowned structure—Horsley, in the Britannia -Romana, and Hodgson, in the last volume of his History -of Northumberland. Both are treatises of -considerable size, and both are, to a certain extent, -rare. The Britannia Romana, moreover, describes the -Wall, not as it is, but as it was more than a century -ago. Hodgson’s work is of recent date, and forms a -valuable storehouse of nearly all that is known upon -the subject. The mind, however, of that amiable -man and zealous antiquary was, at the time of its -preparation, bending under the weight of his ill-requited -labours, and he has failed to present his ample -materials to the reader in that condensed and well-arranged -form which distinguishes his previous volumes, -and without which a book on antiquities will -not arrest the attention of the general reader.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>The following work may be regarded as introductory -to the elaborate productions of Horsley and -Hodgson. The reader is not assumed to be acquainted -with the technicalities of archæology; and, -at each advancing step the information is supplied -which may render his course easy. I have not attempted, -in the last part of the work, to enumerate -all the altars and inscribed stones which have been -found upon the line of the Wall, but have made a -selection of those which are most likely to interest -the general reader, and to give him a correct idea of -the nature and value of these remains.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the body of the work I have endeavoured to -furnish a correct delineation of the present condition -of the Wall and its outworks. All my descriptions -are the result of personal observation. To secure -as great accuracy as possible, I have read over many -of my proof sheets on the spot which they describe.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The pictorial illustrations have been prepared -with care, and will give the reader, who is not disposed -to traverse the ground, a correct idea of the -state of the Barrier. The wood-cuts and plates, -illustrative of the antiquities found on the line, have, -with the exception of a few coins introduced into -the first Part of the volume, and copied from -the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Monumenta Historica</span></span>, been prepared from -original drawings, taken for this work from the objects -themselves. I am not without hope that the -well-read antiquary will value these delineations for -their beauty and accuracy.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>The inhabitants of the isthmus are proud of the -Wall and its associations; and whatever may have -been the case with their forefathers, will not needlessly -destroy it. Most kind has been the reception -I have met with in my peregrinations, and -most valuable the assistance I have received from -the gentry and yeomen of the line, and others interested -in my labours! Gladly would I enumerate -all to whom I am indebted, had it been possible. -Some names, however, must be mentioned. His -Grace the Duke of Northumberland has not only -given me free access to all his antiquarian stores, but -directed me to prepare at his expense engravings on -wood of all that I thought suitable to my purpose. -Would that his Grace knew how much I have -been cheered in my course by his notice of my -humble labours! To John Clayton, esq., I am -obliged for the gift of the wood-cuts illustrative -of the numerous and interesting antiquities -preserved at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, the produce of that station -and <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>. To Albert Way, esq., the accomplished -and honorary secretary of the Archæological -Institute, with whom I had last year the -pleasure and advantage of spending a day upon -the Wall, I am indebted for the cuts representing -the altar and slab discovered at Tynemouth. The -suite of wood-cuts illustrative of the hoard of coins -found in the ancient quarry on Barcombe-hill, -have been engraved at the expense of my tried -<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>and valued friend, John Fenwick, esq., of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; -and to William Kell, esq., -town-clerk of Gateshead, with whom I have traversed -the Wall from sea to sea, and some portions -of it repeatedly, I am indebted for the -beautiful representation of the ancient <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> -fronting the title-page. My former school-fellow, -William Woodman, esq., town-clerk of Morpeth, -besides otherwise assisting me, has caused surveys -to be made for my use of not fewer than eighty of -the strongholds of the Britons still existing on the -heights north of the Wall. To trace the movements -of the brave people whom the Romans drove to the -more inaccessible portions of the island, would have -been an interesting sequel to the account of the -Roman Wall, but I found the undertaking too great -for me.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It is with no ordinary emotion that I write -the last lines of a work to the preparation of which -I have devoted the leisure of three years. The -Wall and I must now part company. Gladly -would I have withheld the publication of this -work for the Horatian period, and have spent the -interval in renewed investigations; though even -then I should have felt that I had fallen short of</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>‘The height of this great argument;’</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>other cares, however, now demand my attention.</p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1 January, 1851.</em></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span> - <h2 class='c003'>LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='71%' /> -<col width='28%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='sc'>The Most Noble Algernon Duke of Northumberland</span>, Patron of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto and octavo.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>The Right Honourable the Earl Grey</span>, Lord Lieutenant of the County of Northumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>The Right Honourable the Earl of Carlisle.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='sc'>The Right Honourable Lord Londesborough.</span></td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto and Octavo.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Durham.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='sc'>The Honourable Henry Thomas Liddell, Eslington, Northumberland.</span></td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto and octavo.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>The Right Honourable Sir George Grey, Bart.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Sir John Edward Swinburne, Bart.</span>, Capheaton, Northumberland, President of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Sir John P. Boileau Bart.</span>, F.R.S., Ketteringham, Norfolk, and Upper Brook-street, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, Bart.</span>, Wallington, High Sheriff of Northumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Sir William Lawson, Bart.</span>, Brough Hall.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Sir Francis Palgrave</span>, K.H., F.R.S. Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>William Armstrong, Esq., Mayor of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>The Rev. R. C. Coxe, M.A., Vicar of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</span></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The University of Edinburgh.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The British Archæological Association.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Society of Writers to her Majesty’s Signet, Edinburgh.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>The Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Literary and Philosophical Society, North Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Mechanics’ Institute, Gateshead.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Mechanics’ Institute, South Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Scientific and Mechanical Institution, Alnwick.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Edinburgh Select Library.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Wansbeck Book Club.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Richard Abbatt, esq., Stoke Newington, London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>John Adamson, esq., one of the Secretaries of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and one of the Secretaries of the Literary and Philosophical Soc., of the same town.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>R. Addison, esq., The Friary, Appleby.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Joshua Alder, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>John Anderson, esq., Coxlodge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Thomas Annandale, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Arthur Ashpitel, esq., F.S.A., 5, Crown-court, City, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Clayton Atkinson, esq., Denton, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Charles Austin, esq., Brandeston Hall, Suffolk.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Austin, esq., Egerton House, Berkhampstead.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>J. C. Backhouse, esq., Blackwell, Darlington.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Charles Baily, esq., F.S.A., one of the Honorary Secretaries of the British Archæological Association, Gracechurch-street, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>J. Bailey, esq., Wood-street, Cheapside, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. Thomas Baker, M.A., Rector of Whitburn, Durham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Thomas Baker, esq., Official Assignee of the Court of Bankruptcy, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. E. A. Barker, Ludlow.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Barnes, esq., M.D., Bunker’s-hill, Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Bateman, esq., M.D., Yolgrave, Bakewell.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Nathaniel Bates, esq., Milbourne Hall, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Beamont, esq., Warrington.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Beamont, junior, esq., Trin. Coll. Camb.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Matthew Bell, esq., M.P., Wolsington, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. Meyrick Beebee, Simonburn.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Bell, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Lee Bell, esq., Brampton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Bell, esq., Nook, Irthington.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span>Mr. Robert Bell, Dean-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Bell, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>James Beman, esq., Cheltenham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Bennett, esq., Newport, Salop.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>John Brodribb Bergne, esq., F.S.A., Treasurer of the Numismatic Society, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. John Besly, D.C.L., Vicar of Long Benton, Northumberland, and Rector of Aston-sub-edge, Gloucestershire.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. Frederick Betham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Charles William Bigge, esq., Linden, Northumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Matthew R. Bigge, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. John Frederic Bigge, Stamfordham, Northumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. H. J. Bigge, Rockingham, North Hants.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>John Cass Birkinshaw, esq., Whickham, Durham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>William Bolam, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Whitburn.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>James Bogle, esq., Glasgow.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>William Henry Brockett, esq., Gateshead.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Stamp Brooksbank, esq., The Hermitage, Hexham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>E. J. J. Browell, esq., East Boldon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mrs. Bruce, senior, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Two copies.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mrs. Bruce, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Miss Williamina Bennett Brace, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>George Barclay Bruce, esq., M. Inst. C.E., Alston.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Gainsford Bruce, University, Glasgow.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. Thomas Bruce, Leghorn.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>John Buchanan, esq., Western Bank of Scotland, Glasgow.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>James Buckman, esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cirencester.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Burnet, esq., Summerhill-terrace.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Robert Busby, esq., Alnwick.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Richard Cail, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Duncan Campbell, esq., Lesmahago, Lanarkshire.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Ralph Carr, esq., Dunston-hill, Durham.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Lowry Carrick, esq., Sandysike, Cumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Chaffers, jun., esq., F.S.A., London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Edward Charlton, esq., M.D., one of the Secretaries of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Henry Charlton, esq., Hesleyside.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Emerson Charnley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>William Chartres, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. Henry Christopherson, Bowdon, near Manchester.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Miss Anne Clayton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Clayton, esq., Town-clerk of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Six copies, Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Matthew Clayton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Miss Clayton, Chesters, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Nathaniel Clayton, esq., Chesters, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto and octavo.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. Richard Clayton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Clayton Clayton, Esq., Lincoln’s Inn, London.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Thomas L. Colbeck, Denton, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. John Collinson, Rector of Boldon, Durham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Ralph Compton, esq., Church-court, Old Jewry, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Coppin, esq., North Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Capt. Gustavus Hamilton Coulson, R.N., Newbrough, Northumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Blenkinsop Coulson, esq., Ochtertyre, Crieff.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Ross Coulthart, esq., Croft House, Ashton-under-Lyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Cowen, esq., Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Cowen, esq., Dalston, Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Joseph Crawhall, esq., Stagshaw.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Crighton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>James Crosby, esq., Church Court, Old Jewry, London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Daggett, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. John Daglish, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mrs. Daglish, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. William Nicholas Darnell, Rector of Stanhope, Durham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Matthew Dawes, esq., F.G.S., Westbrooke, Bolton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>James Dearden, esq., F.S.A., The Manor, Rochdale.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Richardson Dees, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>William Dickson, esq., F.S.A., Clerk of the Peace for Northumberland, Alnwick.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Dixon Dixon, esq., Unthank, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>J. P. Dodd, esq., LL.D., North Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mrs. Dodd, Greenwood Manse, Wigton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. Isaac Dodgson, Incumbent of Lanercost.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>James Menteith Douglas, esq., Stonebyers, Lanarkshire.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span>The Rev. G. J. Duncan, North Shields, Northumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Alfred John Dunkin, esq., Dartford, Kent.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Samuel Edgar, esq., M.D., Berwick.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Elliot, esq., M.D., Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Miss Ellis, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Nathaniel Ellison, esq., Commissioner of the Court of Bankruptcy, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. John Ellison, Manchester.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Dennis Embleton, esq., M.D., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Errington, esq., High Warden.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Two copies.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Very Rev. Monsignor Charles Eyre, Haggerston Castle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Joseph Walter King Eyton, esq., F.S.A., Lond. and Scot.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Frederick William Fairholt, esq., F.S.A., Brompton, London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Brunton Falconar, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Faulkner, esq., Chelsea.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>R. M. Fawcett, esq., Cambridge.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. John Fell, M.A., Huntingdon.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Fenwick, esq., Campville, North Shields. (<em>deceased</em>)</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Fenwick, esq., one of the Secretaries of the Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Clerevaulx Fenwick, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Miss Fergus, Hereford-street, Park-lane, London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Ferguson, esq., Hill-street, Glasgow.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Ferguson, esq., Shadwell Lodge, Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. John Forrest, Ellison-terrace, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Finley, esq., Durham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William John Forster, esq., Tynemouth.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Messrs. Finlay and Charlton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Hugh Watson Friend, esq., Harbut Lodge, Alston.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>J. H. Fryer, esq., Whitley House.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Gainsford, esq., Brighton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mrs. Gainsford, Cheltenham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Joseph Garnett, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Garrett, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Benjamin Gilpin, esq.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Mortimer Glover, esq., M.D., F.R.S.E., Newcastle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>William Glover, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>T. H. Graham, esq., Edmond Castle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Graham, esq., M.D., Brampton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Richard Grainger, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Gray, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Benjamin Green, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Grey, esq., Dilston, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Three copies.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Henry Guy, esq., Gateshead.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>M. E. Hadfield, esq., Sheffield.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Charles Hall, esq., Ansty, Blandford, Dorset.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. William Hall, Milton Station, Cumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. George Hardcastle, Sunderland.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Anthony Harrison, Hexham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Emerson Headlam, esq., M.P.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Hedley, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Ions Hewison, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>S. Heywood, esq., Walshaw-hall, Bury, Lancashire.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Hill, esq., Edinburgh.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Hodgson Hinde, esq., Acton House, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Hodgson, esq., Salkeld Hall, near Penrith.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Joseph Hope, esq., Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Houseman, esq., M.D., M.R.C.S. L. and E., Newcastle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Richard Hoyle, esq., Denton Hall, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. J. Hudson, Incumbent of Hexham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. Abraham Hume, LL.D., Liverpool.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Henry Hunt, esq., Birtley, Durham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c008' colspan='2'>Mr. W. S. Irving, B.A., Blencow Grammar School, Cumberland.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Ingham, esq., Westoe, Durham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Henry Ingledew, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Ions, esq., Mus. Bac., Oxon., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Henry Jackson, esq., Sheffield.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>J. M. Jessop, esq., King’s College, London.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Johnson, esq., Willington, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Johnson, esq., Killingworth, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Johnson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>William Kell, esq., Town Clerk of Gateshead.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto and octavo.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Miss Kemp, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Rev. John Kenrick, York.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Miss Lamb, Kylesike Hill, Brampton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Richard Lambert, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Messrs. M. and M. W. Lambert, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Richard Holland Law, esq., Brunswick-square, London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Leadbitter, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Leathead, esq., Gallowgate.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Carr Lietch, esq., Town Clerk of North Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Charles J. Lamb, esq., Ryton, Durham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Hylton Longstaffe, esq., Gateshead.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>M. A. Lower, esq., Lewes.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Nicholas Lowes, esq., Allansgreen, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>David Mackinlay, esq., North Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto and octavo.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Mackinlay, esq., Comptroller of Customs, Whitehaven.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Henry Mac Lauchlan, esq., Printing-house-square, Blackfriars.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td class='c008' colspan='2'>J. M'Intosh, esq., Milton Abbey, near Blandford, Dorsetshire.</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John M'Intosh, esq., Lansdowne Crescent, Glasgow.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Luke Mackey, 67, King-street, South Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. W. H. Massie, Rector of St. Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Joseph Mayer, esq., F.S.A., Liverpool.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Michael Meredith, esq., Finsbury, London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Samuel Mitchell, esq., The Mount, near Sheffield.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Moore, esq., West Coker, Yeovil, Somerset.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Gill Mounsey, esq., Castletown, Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>J. B. Musgrave, esq., London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. G. M. Nelson, Bodicot Grange, Banbury.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Joseph Nelson, esq., Waterloo, Oldham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. Robert Nelson, Edinburgh.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Nelson, esq., Fernhill, Pendleton, Manchester.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Charles H. Newmarch, esq., Cirencester.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. William Nichol, Jedburgh.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>M. O'Connor, esq., 4, Berners street, Oxford-street, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Messrs. Ogle and Son, Glasgow.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xvi'>xvi</span>Mr. George A. Oliver, Rye-hill, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mrs. W. H. Ord, Riding, Gateshead.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Robert Ormston, esq., Saville-row, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. Lewis Paige, M.A., Newcastle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Joseph Parker, Brampton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Paton, esq., A.R.A., London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Hugh Lee Pattinson, esq., Scots House, near Boldon.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Pattinson, esq., Wigton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mrs. Peart, North Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Hare Philipson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Plummer, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. James Pringle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Edward Pruddah, Hexham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. William Pruddah, Hexham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Henry Glasford Potter, esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Jonathan Priestman, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>William Ramsay, esq., M,A., F.S.S., F.P.S., Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow; Corresponding Member of the Archæological Society of Athens.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Ramshaw, esq., Brampton.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Rawlinson, esq., Superintending Inspector of the General Board of Health, Gwydyr House, Whitehall.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. Wm. Rees, M.A., Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. C. F. Reid, Grey-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Christian Bruce Reid, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. Edw. Richardson, Summerhill Grove, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thos. Riddell, esq., Felton Park.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. George Bouchier Richardson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Jonathan Richardson, esq., Benwell House.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Richardson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Rippon, esq., North Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Robertson, esq., Alnwick.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. Thomas Robinson, Collingwood-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. Robert Robinson, Pilgrim street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Robson, esq., Paradise, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xvii'>xvii</span>Mr. Robert Stephen Salmon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Richard Burdon Sanderson, jun., esq., West Jesmond, Newcastle.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. William Sang, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Sang, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Master John Fenwick Schofield, 11, Ellison-place, Newcastle.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Miss Agnes Percy Schofield, 11, Ellison-place, Newcastle.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Rev. T. H. Scott, Canon of Durham, Rector of Whitfield.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. Hudson Scott, Carlisle.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>J. S. Donaldson Selby, esq., Cheswick House, Northumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Selby, esq., Belle Vue, Alnwick.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Isaac Sheffield, esq., London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Sheffield, esq., Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Sheffield, esq., Exeter.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. George Robertson Shield, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Charles Roach Smith, esq., F.S.A., Lond., and Scot., Honorary Secretary of the Numismatic Society, Liverpool-street, City.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William George Smith, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. George Hunt Smyttan, Charlton Hall, Alnwick.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>S. Reynolds Solly, esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Serge Hill, Herts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Sopwith, esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Allenheads, Northd.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Philip Holmes Stanton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Stephens, esq., North Shields.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Stephenson, esq., M.P., F.R.S., London.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>James Cochrane Stevenson, esq., South Shields.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Waugh Stable, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>John George Stoker, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Stokoe, esq., Hexham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Storey, esq., F.B.S.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. John Storey, jun., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>R. W. Swan, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Tate, esq., F.G.S., Alnwick.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Taylor, esq., M.A., Edinburgh.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. John Thompson, Bloomfield-terrace, Gateshead.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Thorp, esq., Alnwick, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Thurnam, esq., M.D., London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Charles Thurnam, Carlisle.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Arthur Trollope, esq., Lincoln.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Charles Tucker, esq., F.S.A., one of Honorary Secretaries of the Archæological Institute, 26, Suffolk-street, London.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xviii'>xviii</span>W. B. D. D. Turnbull, esq., Sec. Society of Antiquaries, Scotland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Robert Turner, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. John Ventress, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. Robert Vint, Sunderland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Waldie, esq., Hendersyde Park, Kelso.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Ralph Walters, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert Walters, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>James Wardell, esq., Leeds.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Charles Warne, esq., Milbourne St. Andrews, Blandford, Dorset.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. Christopher Watson, Marsh House, Easton, Cumberland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Joseph Watson, esq., Gresham-place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Albert Way, esq., M.A., F.S.A., one of the Hon. Secretaries of the Archæological Institute, 26, Suffolk-street, Pall-Mall-East.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Captain James Dent Weatherley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Thomas Weddell, esq., F.R.A.S., Addiscombe.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert M. Weeks, esq., Ryton, Durham.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Matthew Wheatley, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. Richard Cuthbertson Whinfield, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. G. H. Whinfield, Pilgrim-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Alfred White, esq., Curator and Registrar of the British Archæological Association, Tyndale-place, Islington.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Robert White, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>The Rev. Robt. Hopper Williamson, Rector of Hurworth.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>John Williamson, esq., Glasgow.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. John Heron Wilson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Daniel Wilson, esq., Hon. Sec. Soc. of Antiquaries, Scotland.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mr. David Hamilton Wilson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Charles Winn, esq., Nostell, Wakefield.</td> - <td class='c007'><em>Quarto.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>William Woodman, esq., Town-clerk, Morpeth.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>M. Wright, esq., Trinity House, London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Thomas Wright, esq., M.A., F.S.A., Corresponding Member of the National Institute of France, etc. 24, Sydney-street, Brompton.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Edgar Garston, K.S., Liverpool.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Mrs. Grey, Dilston House, Northumberland.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>George Patten, esq., A.R.A., London.</td> - <td class='c007'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Mr. William Richardson, 71, Percy-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_xix'>xix</span> - <h2 class='c003'>CONTENTS <br /> AND <br /> LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='11%' /> -<col width='73%' /> -<col width='14%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c011'><em>Page.</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>1.</td> - <td class='c010'><a href='#i_f00'><span class='sc'>Frontispiece</span></a>—<span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span> restored.</td> - <td class='c011'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>The site of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the <span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span> of the Romans, is here shewn. The ground on which it stands, rising abruptly from the bed of the river Tyne, to the height of about an hundred feet, is cut into three very remarkable tongues of land by four ravines, permeated by as many streams, which all disembogue in the Tyne. The easternmost and largest of these tongues of land is that formed by the Ouseburn and Pandon-dean; the smallest by Pandon-dean and the Lort-burn; and the westernmost, wheron stands the castle, and formerly the Roman station, by the Lort-burn and Skinner-burn. Extensive suburbs probably occupied all these eminences.</td> - <td class='c011'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>2.</td> - <td class='c010'><a href='#f01'><span class='sc'>Title</span></a>—Modern Buildings on the site of <span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span>.</td> - <td class='c011'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>The Norman keep of the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the Church of St. Nicholas; and the court-house for the county of Northumberland, built upon the site of the south-east corner of the station of <span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span>.</td> - <td class='c011'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>3.</td> - <td class='c010'>Plan of the course of the Roman Wall</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#if26'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>PART I.—AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>4.</td> - <td class='c010'>Initial letter—altar from Corbridge</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p001b'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>5.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Claudius—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>DE BRITANNIS</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p004'>4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>6.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Vespasian—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>ROMA RESURGES</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p006'>6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>7.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Hadrian—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>ADVENTUS BRITANNIÆ</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p011'>11</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>8.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Hadrian—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>BRITANNIA</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p012'>12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>9.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Severus—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>VICTORIÆ BRITTANICÆ</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p019'>19</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>10.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Carausius—reverse, a galley</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p022'>22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>11.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Carausius—reverse, a lion</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p022'>22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>12.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Magnentius—reverse, Christian monogram</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p024'>24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>13.</td> - <td class='c010'>Base of column—Housesteads</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p042'>24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xx'>xx</span></td> - <td class='c010'>PART II.—A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE OF THE WALL.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>14.</td> - <td class='c010'>Initial Letter—Roman Nails</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p043b'>43</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>15.</td> - <td class='c010'>Plan of Barrier between <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> and <span class='sc'>Magna</span>—Plan of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span><a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c012'><sup>[1]</sup></a> and contiguous Works—Plans of individual Stations</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p044b'>45</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>16.</td> - <td class='c010'>Section of Works, near eighteenth mile-stone</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p052'>52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>17.</td> - <td class='c010'>Section of Works, west of Carraw</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p052'>52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>18.</td> - <td class='c010'>Mural Slab—<span class='sc'>Ala II. Asturum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p061'>61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>19.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Fortune—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Coh. I. Batavorum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p062'>62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>20.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Jupiter—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Coh. I. Tungrorum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p063'>63</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>21.</td> - <td class='c010'>Written-Rock, on the river Gelt</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p080b'>81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>22.</td> - <td class='c010'>Letters on the Written-Rock</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p082'>82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>23.</td> - <td class='c010'>Form of Wall-Stone</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p083'>83</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>24.</td> - <td class='c010'>Junction of the west wall of Birdoswald with the Wall</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p084'>84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>25-27.</td> - <td class='c010'>Broaching of the Wall Stones</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p085a'>85</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>28-31.</td> - <td class='c010'>Marks on the Stones</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p086'>86</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>32.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sections and Elevations of the Masonry of the Wall</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p088b'>89</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>33.</td> - <td class='c010'>Herring-bone Masonry</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p091'>91</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>34.</td> - <td class='c010'>Written-Rock at Fallow-field-fell</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p102'>102</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>PART III.-LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_103'>103</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>35.</td> - <td class='c010'>Initial Letters—Balusters from the Wall</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p103b'>103</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>36.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Jupiter—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Coh. IV. Lingonum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p109'>109</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>37.</td> - <td class='c010'>Plan of Wallsend, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Segedunum</span></span>; Section of Mountain and Works at Bradley</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p112b'>113</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>38.</td> - <td class='c010'>Wallsend, looking East</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p114'>115</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>39.</td> - <td class='c010'>Plan of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p126a'>126</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>40.</td> - <td class='c010'>Mercury, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p129'>129</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>41-44.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coins of Hadrian found in the Bridge, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p131'>131</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>45.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Severus found in Bridge, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p131'>131</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>46.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab to the Campestral Mothers</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p140'>140</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>47.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Mars</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p142'>142</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>48.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Mars</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p143'>143</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>49.</td> - <td class='c010'>Fragment of the Wall, near Denton</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p145'>145</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>50.</td> - <td class='c010'>The Works at Heddon-on-the Wall</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p148b'>149</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>51.</td> - <td class='c010'>The Works near Carr-hill</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p156a'>156</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>52.</td> - <td class='c010'>Mural Slab—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Leg. II. Aug.</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p163'>163</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>53.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Fulgur Divom</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p164'>164</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>54.</td> - <td class='c010'>The Wall at Brunton</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p168b'>169</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>55.</td> - <td class='c010'>Remains of Roman Bridge over North Tyne</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p170a'>170</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxi'>xxi</span>56.</td> - <td class='c010'>Miscellaneous Antiquities, Chesters, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p170c'>170</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>57.</td> - <td class='c010'>Vault at <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p173'>173</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>58.</td> - <td class='c010'>Hypocausts at <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p174'>174</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>59.</td> - <td class='c010'>Ground Plan of Hypocausts, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p175'>175</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>60.</td> - <td class='c010'>River God, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p178'>178</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>61.</td> - <td class='c010'>Hypocaust, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p178a'>178</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>62.</td> - <td class='c010'>Funereal Slab, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p184'>184</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>63.</td> - <td class='c010'>Funereal Slab of Horse Soldier, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p185'>185</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>64.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Ala II. Asturum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p186'>186</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>65.</td> - <td class='c010'>Statue of Cybele, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p189'>189</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>66.</td> - <td class='c010'>Group of Carved Stones, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p190'>190</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>67.</td> - <td class='c010'>Miscellaneous Antiquities, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p190b'>191</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>68.</td> - <td class='c010'>Samian Ware</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p190d'>192</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>69.</td> - <td class='c010'>Roman Spears, etc.</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p192a'>192</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>70.</td> - <td class='c010'>The Works, Tepper-moor</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p196b'>197</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>71.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Coh. I. Batavorum</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p198'>198</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>72.</td> - <td class='c010'>Approach to Sewingshields</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p200a'>200</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>73.</td> - <td class='c010'>Busy Gap</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p208'>208</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>74.</td> - <td class='c010'>Junction of West Wall of Housesteads, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span></span>, with the Wall</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p216a'>216</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>75.</td> - <td class='c010'>Ground Plan of Gateway, Housesteads</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p216b'>216</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>76.</td> - <td class='c010'>Outside View of the West Portal, Housesteads</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p217a'>217</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>77.</td> - <td class='c010'>Inside View of West Portal, Housesteads</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p217b'>217</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>78.</td> - <td class='c010'>Housesteads, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span></span>, from the East</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p220a'>220</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>79.</td> - <td class='c010'>Broken Columns, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p224b'>225</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>80.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sculptured Figures, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p224d'>225</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>81.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sculptured Figures, etc.</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p224f'>225</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>82.</td> - <td class='c010'>Figure of Victory</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p226'>226</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>83.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sepulchral Slab to a young Physician</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p227'>227</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>84.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab to Hadrian, Bradley</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p232'>232</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>85.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab to Hadrian, Milking-gap</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p234'>234</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>86.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Fortune, Chesterholm</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p237'>237</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>87.</td> - <td class='c010'>Hypocaust Pillar</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p238'>238</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>88.</td> - <td class='c010'>Milestone at Chesterholm, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Vindolana</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p238b'>239</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>89.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Genius of the Pretorium</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p240'>240</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>90.</td> - <td class='c010'>Symbol, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Leg. XX.</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p241a'>241</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>91.</td> - <td class='c010'>Part of Slab to Hadrian</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p241b'>241</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>92.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coping-stone, Roman ‘broaching’</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p242'>242</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>93.</td> - <td class='c010'>The Crags, West of Craglough</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p242b'>243</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>94.</td> - <td class='c010'>The Wall at Steel-rig</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p244a'>244</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>95.</td> - <td class='c010'>Mural Stone, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Leg. XX.</span></span> V.V.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p247'>247</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>96.</td> - <td class='c010'>Mile-castle at Cawfield</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p248a'>248</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>97.</td> - <td class='c010'>Part of Slab to Hadrian</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p251'>251</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>98.</td> - <td class='c010'>Tablet to Hadrian</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p256'>256</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>99.</td> - <td class='c010'>Plan of ancient Water-course, Great Chesters, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Æsica</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p256b'>257</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>100.</td> - <td class='c010'>Nine-nicks of Thirlwall</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p265'>265</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxii'>xxii</span>101.</td> - <td class='c010'>Lamp, Fibula, Shears, and Compasses</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p268a'>268</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>102.</td> - <td class='c010'>Stone Effigy</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p272'>272</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>103.</td> - <td class='c010'>Section of Works near Wallend</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p273'>273</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>104.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab to Hadrian, by <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Leg. XX.</span></span> V. V.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p274'>274</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>105.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Jupiter, by <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Coh. I. Ael. Dac.</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p278'>278</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>106.</td> - <td class='c010'>West Gateway, Birdoswald, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p280'>280</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>107.</td> - <td class='c010'>Mural Stone, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Leg. VI.</span></span> V. F.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p281'>281</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>108.</td> - <td class='c010'>Birdoswald, western Rampart</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p282a'>282</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>109.</td> - <td class='c010'>Section of Works, Wallbours</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p283'>283</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>110.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Severus, <span class='sc'>Julia</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p289a'>289</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>111.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Caracalla</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p289b'>289</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>112.</td> - <td class='c010'>Coin of Geta</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p289c'>289</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>113.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Jupiter, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Coh. II. Tungr.</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p290'>290</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>114.</td> - <td class='c010'>View of Pigeon Crag</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p292'>292</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>115.</td> - <td class='c010'>Mural Stone, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Leg. II. Aug.</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p294'>294</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>116.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>ob res trans vallum prospere gestas</em></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p302'>302</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>117.</td> - <td class='c010'>Bowness</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p312b'>313</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>118.</td> - <td class='c010'>Monument to Edward I.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p314'>314</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>PART IV.—THE SUPPORTING STATIONS OF THE WALL.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_315'>315</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>119.</td> - <td class='c010'>Initial A, and Mural Slab, Risingham</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p315b'>315</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>120.</td> - <td class='c010'>Tablet, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Gyrum Cumbas</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p319'>319</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>121.</td> - <td class='c010'>Tablet found at Jarrow</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p323'>323</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>122.</td> - <td class='c010'>Corbridge Lanx</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p335'>335</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>123.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Astarte</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p338'>338</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>124.</td> - <td class='c010'>Crypt of Hexham Abbey Church</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p339'>339</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>125.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab to Severus at Hexham</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p340'>340</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>126.</td> - <td class='c010'>Genius of the Wall</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p353'>353</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>127.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Jupiter for the safety of Severus</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p360'>360</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>128.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Jupiter, Maryport</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p363'>363</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>129.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab to Hadrian, Moresby</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p367'>367</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>130.</td> - <td class='c010'>Symbol of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Leg. XX.</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p368'>368</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>PART V.—THE QUESTION—WHO BUILT THE WALL?—DISCUSSED.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_369'>369</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>131.</td> - <td class='c010'>Initial O, bronze ornament found at <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p369a'>369</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>132.</td> - <td class='c010'>Slab, <span class='sc'>Leg. II.</span> and <span class='sc'>Leg. XX.</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p392'>392</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>PART VI.—MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES FOUND ON THE LINE OF THE WALL.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#part06'>393</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>133.</td> - <td class='c010'>Initial M, bronze ornament, an Eagle, found at <span class='sc'>Magna</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p393'>393</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>134.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Deo Vetri</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p395'>395</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiii'>xxiii</span>135.</td> - <td class='c010'>Large Altar to Jupiter</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p397'>397</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>136.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Genio Loci</span></span>, etc.</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p399'>399</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>137.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Deo Cocidio</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p401a'>401</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>138.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Deo Belatucadro</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p401b'>401</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>139.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Minerva</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p402'>402</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>140.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Fortune</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p403'>403</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>141.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Mithras</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p404'>404</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>142.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to the Sun</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p405'>405</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>143.</td> - <td class='c010'>Attendant of Mithras</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p406'>406</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>144.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Mithras</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p407'>407</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>145.</td> - <td class='c010'>Zodiacal Tablet, <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p409'>409</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>146.</td> - <td class='c010'>Pine-apple Ornament, etc., <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p410a'>410</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>147.</td> - <td class='c010'>Presumed Mithraic Sculpture, <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p410b'>410</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>148.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Apollo, Cawfield mile-castle</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p411'>411</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>149.</td> - <td class='c010'>Inscription to the Syrian Goddess, <span class='sc'>Magna</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p412'>412</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>150.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Silvanus, <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p413'>413</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>151.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to the Nymphs, <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p414'>414</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>152.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to the Gods of the Mountains, <span class='sc'>Vindobala</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p415a'>415</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>153.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Epona, <span class='sc'>Magna</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p415b'>415</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>154.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar, sculptured with a Toad, <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p416a'>416</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>155.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Viteres, Thirlwall-castle</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p416b'>416</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>156.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to Viteres, <span class='sc'>Condercum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p417a'>417</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>157.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to the Dea Hamia, Thirlwall-castle</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p417b'>417</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>158.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to the Three Lamiæ, <span class='sc'>Condercum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p418a'>418</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>159-60.</td> - <td class='c010'>Egyptian Idols</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p418b'>418</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>161.</td> - <td class='c010'>Altar to the Transmarine Mothers, <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p419'>419</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>162.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p420a'>420</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>163.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p420b'>420</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>164.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p420c'>420</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>165.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Nether-hall</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p421'>421</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>166.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sepulchral Altar to the Manes of Fabia Honorata, <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p426'>426</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>167.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sepulchral Slab to the Manes of Aurelia Faia, <span class='sc'>Magna</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p428'>428</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>168.</td> - <td class='c010'>Sepulchral Slab to the Memory of Cornelius Victor, <span class='sc'>Vindolana</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p429'>429</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>169.</td> - <td class='c010'>Centurial Stone, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Coh. V. Cæcilii Proculi</span></span>, <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p430a'>430</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>170.</td> - <td class='c010'>Centurial Stone, <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p430b'>430</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>171.</td> - <td class='c010'>Vessel, in which the Thorngrafton Coins were found</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p434'>434</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>172-224.</td> - <td class='c010'>The Thorngrafton Coins, imperial, consular, and others</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p435'>435</a>-441</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>225.</td> - <td class='c010'>Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p444b'>445</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>226.</td> - <td class='c010'>Bronze Vessels <em>facing</em></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p444d'>445</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>227.</td> - <td class='c010'>Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc.</td> - <td class='c011'><em>facing</em> <a href='#p444f'>445</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>228.</td> - <td class='c010'>Soles of Sandals, etc. <em>facing</em></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p444h'>445</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>229.</td> - <td class='c010'>Tail piece—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Romæ Æternæ Fortunæ Reduci</span></span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#p450'>450</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiv'>xxiv</span></p> -<div class='illo'> - -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE I</em></div> -<div id='if26' class='figcenter id004'> -<a href='images/i_f26big.jpg'><img src='images/i_f26.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'><em>A. Reid, Sc 117, Pilgrim S<sup>t</sup>. Newcastle.</em></span><br /><span class='large'><span class="blackletter">Plan</span></span><br /><span class='small'><em>OF THE COURSE OF THE</em></span><br /><span class='xlarge'>ROMAN WALL</span><br /><span class='small'><em>FROM THE</em></span><br />TYNE TO THE SOLWAY.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id005'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> -<img src='images/i_p001a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">The Roman Barrier of the</span></span></div> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">Lower Isthmus.</span></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'>PART I. <br /> <span class='small'>AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN.</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class='c004'> - <img class='drop-capi' src='images/i_p001b.jpg' width='150' alt='' /> -</div><p class='drop-capi0_5'> -<a id='p001b'></a>IN no country of the world are there -such evident traces of the march -of Roman legions as in Britain. -In the northern parts of England -especially, the footprints of -the Empire are very distinct. -Northumberland, as Wallis long -ago remarked, is Roman ground. -Every other monument in Britain -yields in importance to <span class='sc'>The -Wall</span>. As this work, in grandeur -of conception, is worthy of the Mistress of Nations, -so, in durability of structure, is it the -becoming offspring of the Eternal City.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A dead wall may seem to most a very unpromising -subject. The stones are indeed inanimate, -but he who has a head to think, and a heart -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>to feel, will find them suggestive of bright ideas and -melting sympathies; though dead themselves, they -will be the cause of mental life in him. A large part -of the knowledge which we possess of the early history -of our country has been dug out of the ground. -The spade and the plough of the rustic have often -exposed documents, which have revealed the movements, -as well as the modes of thought and feeling, -of those who have slept in the dust for centuries. -The casual wanderer by the relics of the Vallum and -the Wall, may not succeed in culling facts that are -new to the Historian, but he will probably get those -vivid glances into Roman character, and acquire that -personal interest in Roman story, which will give to -the prosaic records of chroniclers, a reality, and a -charm, which they did not before possess.</p> - -<p class='c000'>As a natural introduction to the subject, and as a -means of preparing for some discussions which are -to follow, it may be well briefly to trace the progress -of the Roman arms in Britain, from the arrival of -Cæsar on our shores, to the eventual abandonment -of the island.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>EARLIEST NOTICES OF THE BRITISH ISLES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is curious to observe, that the curtain of British -history is raised by some of the earliest and -greatest of profane writers. Herodotus, who wrote -about the year B.C. 450, mentions the "Cassiterides, -from which tin is procured"; Aristotle, about -the year B.C. 340, expressly names the islands of -Albion and Ierne; and Polybius, about the year -B.C. 160, makes a distinct reference to the "Britannic -Isles." To Julius Cæsar, however, we are indebted, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>for the first detailed account of Britain and its -inhabitants. On 26 Aug. B.C. 55, that renowned -conqueror landed in Britain, with a force of about ten -thousand men. Both on that occasion, and on a -second attempt, which, with a larger force, he made -the year following, he met with a warm reception -from the savage islanders. Tides and tempests -seconded the efforts of the natives, and great Julius -bade Britain a final farewell, without erecting any fortress -in it, or leaving any troops to secure his conquest. -Tacitus says, that he did not conquer Britain, -but only shewed it to the Romans. Horace, calling -upon Augustus to achieve the conquest, denominates -it 'untouched'—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet</span></div> - <div class='line in4'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sacra catenatus via.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>and Propertius, in the same spirit, describes it as -‘unconquered,’ <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>invictus</em></span>. There is, therefore, little -exaggeration in the lines of Shakspere—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in17'>... A kind of conquest</div> - <div class='line'>Cæsar made here; but made not here his brag</div> - <div class='line'>Of, came, and saw, and overcame: with shame</div> - <div class='line'>(The first that ever touched him) he was carried</div> - <div class='line'>From off our coast, twice beaten; and his shipping</div> - <div class='line'>(Poor ignorant baubles!) on our terrible seas,</div> - <div class='line'>Like egg-shells moved upon their surges, cracked</div> - <div class='line'>As easily 'gainst our rocks.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>PLAUTIUS AND CLAUDIUS VISIT BRITAIN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>During the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, -Britain was unmolested by foreign invasion.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>At the invitation of a discontented Briton, Claudius -resolved to attempt the reduction of the island. In -the year of our Lord 43, he sent Aulus Plautius, with -four legions and their auxiliaries, amounting in all to -about fifty thousand men, into Britain. It was with -difficulty that the troops could be induced to engage -in the undertaking. They were unwilling, as -Dion Cassius informs us, "to engage in a war, as it -were, <em>out of the world</em>." The fears of the soldiery -were not without foundation. The Britons, though -their inferiors in discipline and arms, were not behind -them in valour and spirit, whilst, in a knowledge of -the country they had an important advantage.</p> - -<div id='p004' class='figright id006'> -<img src='images/i_p004.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The year following, Claudius personally engaged -in the war. He advanced into the country, as far as -Camelodunum (Colchester), and after some sanguinary -contests, received the submission of the natives -in that vicinity. The estimation in which Britain, -even at this time, was held, was such, that the Senate, -on learning what he had achieved, surnamed him -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Britannicus</span></span>, granted him a triumph, and voted him -annual games. The event was of sufficient importance, -to be celebrated on the current coin of the -day. Several gold and silver -pieces have come down to -our times, bearing on the -reverse, a triumphal arch, -on which is inscribed the -words <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>DE BRITANN</span></span><em>is</em>—Over the Britons. This -is the first occasion on which allusion is made to -Britain, on the coinage of Rome.</p> -<div class='sidenote'>ITS PARTIAL SUBJUGATION. BOADICEA.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>On the return of Claudius, the supreme command -again devolved upon his lieutenant, Aulus Plautius, -who succeeded in bringing into complete subjection, -the tribes occupying the southern portion of the -island. In this expedition, Vespasian, afterwards -emperor, acted as second in command to Plautius. -Titus, the son of Vespasian, accompanied his father. -Thus was it, in Britain, that the destroyers of Jerusalem -were unconsciously trained for inflicting upon -God’s chosen, but sinful people, the chastisements of -His displeasure.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Ostorius Scapula, A.D. 50, succeeded to the command -in Britain. The brave Silures, headed by -Caractacus, rendered his progress slow and bloody. -Ostorius at length sank under the harassing nature -of his duties.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the reign of Nero, Roman affairs in Britain -received a severe check. The Iceni, led on by their -enraged queen Boadicea, threw off the yoke and -attacked the principal stations of the enemy. London, -which was then an important commercial city, -fell, upon the first assault, and Verulam (near the -modern St. Albans) shared the same fate. The British -warrior-queen sullied the splendour of her exploits -by her cruelty; seventy thousand Romans, or adherents -of the government of Rome, fell under her -hands. Suetonius, the Roman governor, collecting -his forces, gave battle to the queen and routed her. -A frightful carnage ensued; of the amazing number -of two hundred and thirty thousand men of which -the British forces are said to have consisted, not less -than eighty thousand fell.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>During the remainder of the reign of Nero, and -the short rule of his three successors, Galba, Otho, -and Vitellius, no advance was made in the conquest -of Britain. In the strifes of the rival emperors, it -was however destined to bear its part. Eight thousand -soldiers were drafted from it to fight under the -banners of Vitellius. Thus early, as Dr. Giles well -observes, was this island, whose position in the -bosom of the ocean indicates a peaceful policy, induced -to bear the brunt of continental quarrels.</p> - -<div id='p006' class='figcenter id007'> -<img src='images/i_p006.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>VESPASIAN ASSUMES THE PURPLE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>When Vespasian assumed the purple, a new era -dawned upon the empire. This fact is well indicated -upon a coin struck at this period. In the engraving, -taken from a specimen found on the Wall, -the emperor is observed raising a prostrate female -from the ground (doubtless Rome), whilst Mars -looks approvingly on; the inspiring motto “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Roma -Resurges</span></span>”—<em>Rome thou shalt rise again</em>,—encircles -the group.<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c012'><sup>[2]</sup></a> Vespasian appointed Petilius Cerealis -his proprætor in Britain, who in five years succeeded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>in adding the Brigantes, a powerful tribe, to the -subjects of the empire. Julius Frontinus was his -successor, who, in the three years of his government, -nearly subdued the warlike nation of the Silures.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HIS PROPRÆTORS SUBJUGATE THE ISLAND.</div> - -<p class='c000'>One hundred and thirty-three years had now -elapsed since the first descent of Cæsar, and thirty-five -years, since Claudius had claimed the honour of -conquering Britain, and yet but a fraction of the -island was in subjection to Roman power. Nothing, -as Dr. Giles well remarks, can more strongly shew -the stubborn spirit of the natives, than their protracted -resistance to the invaders. Battle after battle -had been lost; but many of these tribes were still -unsubdued, and several even undiscovered.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE OPERATIONS OF AGRICOLA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>But the reputation of all preceding governors, was -obscured by a greater man than they. Cnæus Julius -Agricola had served in Britain under some preceding -commanders; so that when he landed as -governor in the year 78 he was prepared to act with -all the promptitude which a knowledge of the country -and the people could give him. During the eight -years of his rule, he subjugated the remaining tribes -of southern Britain, carried his arms into the northern -section of the island, and drove, in successive -campaigns, the natives before him, until at length, -in the battle of the Grampians, he paralyzed their -strength for a while. He circumnavigated the whole -island, and planted the Roman standard upon the -Orkneys. He built walls and fortresses in all places -where they were required, and softened the fierceness -of the barbarians, by fostering a taste for letters -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>and the luxuries of the Eternal City. But it is necessary -to trace the movements of Agricola, with some -of the detail with which they are given in the pages -of Tacitus.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The summer of A.D. 78 was far spent when he arrived; yet -before going into winter quarters, he attacked and subdued -the Ordovices, and brought the sacred isle of Anglesea a -second time to obedience. The respite from arms which the -following winter afforded, was employed by the general in the -most useful and necessary purposes. Being well acquainted with -the temper of the inhabitants of the province, and having learnt -from the conduct and experience of others, that what is gained -by force avails little, where oppressions and grievances follow, -he determined to put an immediate end to all the causes of the -war. He began by checking and regulating the affairs of his -own household, correcting the abuses that had crept into the -army, promoting impartially those who deserved it; while at -the same time he redressed the grievances of the inhabitants, -made an equitable distribution of the public burthens, and -abolished all hurtful monopolies. By the prosecution of measures -so salutary as these, six months had scarcely elapsed, -when affairs in Britain were entirely changed, and assumed a -bright and settled aspect.</p> - -<p class='c000'>His second campaign, that of the year 79, was -probably occupied in subduing the ancient tenants -of the <span class='sc'>Lower Isthmus</span> of the island.</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the approach of summer, he re-assembled his army, and -in advancing, failed not to excite a proper spirit of emulation -among the troops, praising those who best observed their -several duties, and checking such as were remiss. He himself -chose the ground for encamping; the marshes, firths, and -difficult places, he always examined first; and, allowing the -enemy no respite, he continually harassed them with sudden -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>incursions and ravages. Having alarmed and terrified them -sufficiently, he next tried the effect of good usage and the -allurements of peace. By this wise and prudent conduct, -several communities, which till then had maintained their independence, -submitted to the Romans, gave hostages, and -suffered garrisons and fortresses to be placed among them. -These strongholds he established with such judgment, as -effectually secured all those parts of Britain which had then -been visited by the Romans.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The following winter was employed in civilizing and polishing -the rude inhabitants, who, living wild and dispersed over the -country, were thence ever restless and easily instigated to war. -At first, they were prevailed upon to associate more together, -and for this end were instructed in the art of building houses, -temples, and places of public resort. The sons of their chiefs -were taught the liberal sciences; hence it was no unusual -thing to see those who lately scorned the Roman language, -become admirers of its eloquence. By degrees, the customs, -manners, and dress of their conquerors, became familiar to -them, they acquired a taste for a life of inactivity and -ease, and at length were caught by the charms and incitements -of luxury and vice. By such as judged of things from -their external appearance only, all this was styled politeness -and humanity, while, in reality, Agricola was effectually enslaving -them, and imperceptibly rivetting their chains.</p> - -<p class='c014'>During the third year of his command, he pushed his -conquests northwards, and carried his devastations as far -as the mouth of the Tay (<em>Taus</em>.) Here, the enemy were -struck with so much terror, that they durst not attack -the Roman army, though it was greatly distressed by the -severities of the climate. Agricola, in order to secure -possession of these advanced conquests, again erected forts -in the most commodious situations; and so judiciously was -this done, that none of them were ever taken by force, abandoned -through fear, or given up on terms of capitulation. -Each fort defended itself, and, against any long siege, was constantly -supplied with provisions for a year. Thus the several -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>garrisons not only passed the winter in perfect security, -but were likewise enabled, from these strongholds, to make -frequent excursions against the enemy, who could not, as heretofore, -repair the losses they had sustained in summer, by the -successes usually attending their winter expeditions.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The forts here referred to, are probably those, -which were drawn along the <span class='sc'>Upper Isthmus</span> of the -island, extending from the Firth of Forth to the -Firth of Clyde, and which were afterwards connected -by the wall of Antoninus Pius.</p> - -<p class='c000'>This is rendered apparent from what follows:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Agricola employed the fourth summer (A.D. 81) in settling -and further securing the country he had subdued. Here, had -it been compatible with the bravery of the army, or if the -glory of the Roman name would have permitted it, there -had been found a boundary to their conquests in Britain; -for the tide, entering from opposite seas, and flowing far into -the country by the rivers Glotta and Bodotria, their heads -are only separated by a narrow neck of land, which was occupied -by garrisons. Of all on this side, the Romans were already -masters, the enemy being driven, as it were, into another -island.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>AGRICOLA IS RECALLED.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not necessary to pursue the operations of -Agricola further. In the seventh summer he defeated -Galgacus on the flanks of the Grampians. -The Roman power was now at its height. Agricola, -probably from motives of jealousy, was recalled by -the emperor Domitian, and as his successors were -not men of the same vigour as himself, the barbarians -were in a condition, at least to dispute the pretensions -of their conquerors.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HADRIAN ARRIVES IN BRITAIN.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>In the year 120—thirty-five years after the recall -of Agricola—affairs in Britain had fallen into such -confusion, as to require the presence of the emperor -<span class='sc'>Hadrian</span>, who had assumed the imperial purple three -years before. He did not attempt to regain the conquests -which Agricola had made in Scotland, but -prudently sought to make the line of forts, which -that general had constructed in his second campaign, -the limit of his empire. With this object in view, he -drew a wall across the island—the <span class='sc'>Barrier</span> of the -<span class='sc'>Lower Isthmus</span>. The testimony of Spartian, the historian -of his reign, though brief, is decisive. Hadrian, -says he, visited Britain, when he corrected many -things, and first drew a wall (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>murus</em></span>) eighty miles -in length, to divide the barbarians from the Romans.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The arrival in Britain, of Hadrian, one of Rome’s -greatest generals, was thought an event of sufficient -importance to be commemorated in the currency -of the empire. The large brass coin, here -represented, was struck by decree of the Senate in -the year 121.<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c012'><sup>[3]</sup></a></p> - -<div id='p011' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p011.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE BARRIER OF THE UPPER ISTHMUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>The plans and the prowess of the emperor were -thought to have effectually secured those portions -of the island, which it was prudent to retain in -the grasp of Rome. This circumstance was announced -to the world in another coin, bearing, on the -reverse, a name destined to sound through regions -Hadrian never knew—<span class='sc'>Britannia</span>—and representing -a female figure seated on a rock, having a spear in -her left hand, and a shield by her side.<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c012'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p> - -<div id='p012' class='figcenter id008'> -<img src='images/i_p012.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>About twenty years after Hadrian’s expedition, -Lollius Urbicus took the command in Britain. He -was not satisfied with the limits which Hadrian had -prudently assigned to the empire in Britain. Forcing -back the Britons, he raised an earthen rampart -across the isthmus between the Forth and the Clyde. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>Graham’s Dike, in Scotland, is the wall which was -built by Lollius Urbicus. This is proved by the numerous -sculptures which have, at different times, -been discovered among its ruins.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>DECLINE OF THE ROMAN POWER.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The remaining history of the Romans, on the -northern frontier of England, is fraught with disaster. -The tide of war sometimes broke upon the northern, -and sometimes on the southern boundary; but its roar -and its devastation ceased not, until the Roman intruder -had been driven altogether from the island—or, -rather, until the successive strifes of Romans and -Picts, Normans and Saxons, Border reavers and -Scottish troopers, had been hushed, under the vigorous -rule of the last of the Tudors. What Hadrian -could not do, for the inhabitants of the North of England; -what Severus failed to accomplish; what the -great Alfred—the Norman oppressor—the Plantagenets—the -despotic Henry VIII., attempted in vain, -was accomplished under what John Knox calls ‘the -monstrous regiment of a woman.’ Then, a ‘bright -occidental star’ beamed upon these Northern Parts, -and Law began to assert its supremacy.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Marcus Antoninus, who succeeded Antoninus -Pius, was far from enjoying the tranquillity which the -northern rampart was expected to give. He was -obliged to carry on very troublesome wars with the -Britons, and with much difficulty kept them in check.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE BRITONS PREVAIL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In the reign of Commodus, who became sole -emperor A.D. 180, the Britons, as we are told by -Xiphiline, who abridged the history of Dion, broke -through the wall which separated them from the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>Roman province, killed the general, ruined the army, -and, in their ravages, carried everything before them. -The wall referred to, was probably that of the Lower -Isthmus; for, as Horsley conjectures, "the Caledonians -had broken through the wall of Antoninus Pius -not long after it was erected," and certain it is, "that -we meet with no inscriptions on the wall of Antoninus -but what belong to his reign."</p> - -<p class='c000'>The circumstance, that the loathsome and ferocious -Commodus assumed the title of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Britannicus</span></span>, is no -proof that success attended his arms. He was the -first person who had ascribed to him the conjoined -titles of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Pius</em></span> and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Felix</em></span>; but, as Lampridius satirically -observes, "When he had appointed the -adulterer of his mother a consul, he was called <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Pius</em></span>; -when he had slain Perennis, he was called <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Felix</em></span>; and -when the Britons were ready to choose another emperor, -he was flattered with the title of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Britannicus</span></span>."</p> - -<p class='c000'>During the time that Septimius Severus, Pescennius -Niger, and Clodius Albinus contended with each -other for the empire, the northern Britons were -held feebly in check. At length, A.D. 197, Severus -prevailed, and became sole master of the world. -Virius Lupus became his proprætor in Britain. -Unable to resist the attacks of the Caledonians in -the field, and having in vain attempted to purchase -their submission with money, his lieutenant sent -hasty letters to the emperor, entreating succour, -and, if possible, his presence.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It is stated by Richard of Cirencester, that about -this time the <span class='sc'>Picts</span>, a tribe to which reference will -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>presently be made, first landed in Scotland. The extraordinary -successes, as Dr. Giles remarks, which -the Caledonians gained, prior to the arrival of Severus, -confirm the supposition that they received considerable -reinforcements from abroad.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE ARRIVAL OF SEVERUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='sc'>Severus</span> came at the call of his lieutenant. Both -Herodian and Xiphiline give us an account of the -proceedings of this renowned emperor in Britain, -and as their narratives are not only interesting in -themselves, but important in the investigation of -some subsequent questions, it will be well to -avail ourselves of their statements. Herodian -says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Whilst Severus was under a mighty concern about the -conduct of his two sons, he received letters from the governor -of Britain, informing him of the insurrections and inroads of -the barbarians, and the havoc they made far and near, and -begging, either a greater force, or that the emperor would -come over himself. Severus, for several reasons, was pleased -with the news, and, notwithstanding his age and infirmity, -resolved to go over in person. And though, by reason of the -gout upon him, he was forced to be carried in a litter, yet, he -entered upon the journey with a juvenile briskness and courage, -and performed it with great expedition. He quickly -crossed the sea, and as soon as he came upon the island, having -gathered a very great force together, he made ready for -war. The Britons, being alarmed and terrified, would fain -have excused themselves, and treated about peace. But -Severus, unwilling to lose his labour, or to miss the glory of -being called <span class='sc'>Britannicus</span>, dismissed their ambassadors, and -carried on his military preparations. Particularly, he took -care to make bridges or causeys through the marshes, -that the soldiers might travel and fight upon dry -ground.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>Herodian next gives a short description of the -inhabitants, and says that—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Many parts of Britain were become fenny, by the frequent -inundations of the sea. The natives swim through those -fens, or run through them up to the waist in mud; for, -the greatest part of their bodies being naked, they regard -not the dirt. They wear iron about their necks and -bellies, esteeming this as fine and rich an ornament as -others do gold. They make upon their bodies the figures -of divers animals, and use no clothing, that they may -be exposed to view. They are a very bloody and warlike -people, using a little shield or target, and a spear. Their -sword hangs on their naked bodies. They know not the use -of a breastplate and helmet, and imagine these would be an -impediment to them in passing the fens. The air is always -thick with the vapours that ascend from these marshes.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE OPERATIONS OF SEVERUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The historian proceeds with his story—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Severus provided everything which might be of service to his -own people, and distress the enemy. And when all things were -in sufficient readiness, he left Geta, in that part of the island -which was subject to the Romans, to administer justice and -manage civil affairs, appointing some elderly friends to be his -assistants. His son Antoninus, better known by the name -of Caracalla, he took with him when he marched against the -barbarians. The Roman army passing the rivers and -trenches, which were the boundaries of the empire, skirmished -often in a tumultuous manner with the barbarians, -and as often put them to flight. But it was easy for -them to escape and to hide themselves in the woods and fens, -being well acquainted with the country, whereas the Romans -laboured under the opposite disadvantages. By these means -the war was prolonged. Severus, being old and infirm, and -confined at home, would have committed the management of -the war to his son Antoninus. But he, neglecting the barbarians, -endeavoured to gain the Roman army, with a view to -the empire. During his father’s lingering sickness he endeavoured -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>to prevail with the physicians and servants to despatch -him. At last Severus died, worn out with sorrow, more than -disease.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It will be observed, that in this detailed account -of the proceedings of Severus in Britain, not the -least allusion is made to the construction of a wall.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE NARRATIVE OF DION CASSIUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Dion Cassius was contemporary with Severus. -That portion of his work which narrates the transactions -of this emperor in Britain, is unfortunately -lost, but an epitome of it, prepared by Xiphiline, remains. -From this abridgment the following extracts -are taken.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Severus, observing that his two sons were abandoned to -their pleasures, and that the soldiers neglected their exercises, -undertook an expedition against Britain, though he was persuaded, -from his horoscope, that he never should return from -thence to Italy. Nor did he ever return from this expedition, -but died three years after he first set out from Rome. He got -a prodigious mass of riches in Britain. The two most considerable -bodies of the people in that island, and to which almost -all the rest relate, are the Caledonians and the Mæatæ. -The latter dwell near the barrier wall which separates the -island into two parts; the others live beyond them. Both -of them inhabit barren uncultivated mountains, or desert -marshy plains, where they have neither walls nor towns, nor -manured lands, but feed upon the milk of their flocks, upon -what they get by hunting, and some wild fruits.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The mode in which he speaks of the Wall, in this -passage, implies its existence at the time of the arrival -of Severus. The historian, after giving an interesting -account of the manners of the inhabitants, -proceeds:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>We are masters of little less than half the island. Severus, -having undertaken to reduce the whole under his subjection, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>entered into Caledonia, where he had endless fatigues to sustain, -forests to cut down, mountains to level, morasses to dry -up, and bridges to build. He had no battle to fight, and saw -no enemies in a body; instead of appearing, they exposed their -flocks of sheep and oxen, with design to surprise our soldiers -that should straggle from the army for the sake of plunder. -The waters, too, extremely incommoded our troops, insomuch -that some of our soldiers being able to march no farther, begged -of their companions to kill them, that they might not fall -alive into their enemies’ hands. In a word, Severus lost fifty -thousand men there, and yet quitted not his enterprise. He -went to the extremity of the island, where he observed very exactly -the course of the sun in those parts, and the length of -the days and nights both in summer and winter. He was -carried all over the island in a close chair, by reason of his infirmities, -and made a treaty with the inhabitants, by which he -obliged them to relinquish part of their country to him.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The peace thus purchased, by the cession of the -northern portion of the island, was badly observed. -The inhabitants having taken up arms, contrary to -the faith of treaties, Severus commanded his soldiers -to enter their country, and to put all they met to the -sword. He is said to have signified his savage intention, -by quoting, from Homer, the lines which -Cowper thus translates:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in16'>.... Die the race!</div> - <div class='line'>May none escape us! neither he who flies,</div> - <div class='line'>Nor even the infant in the mother’s womb</div> - <div class='line'>Unconscious.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE DEATH OF SEVERUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>But in the midst of his enterprise he was taken off -by a distemper, to which, it was said, Antoninus, by -his undutiful conduct, had very much contributed. -He died at York, Feb. 4th, A.D. 211.</p> -<div class='sidenote'>THE RECORDS OF HIS VICTORIES.</div> - -<div id='p019' class='figcenter id008'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span> -<img src='images/i_p019.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The coins of Severus record his victories. One -of them is represented beneath. On the obverse -is the laureated head of the ferocious African—on -the reverse are two winged victories, attaching -a buckler to a palm tree, at the foot of which -two captives mournfully sit. The legend, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>VICTORIAE -BRITTANNICAE</span></span>, declares who these captives -are. Times are changed! wide as ocean rolls, -the burden of Britannia’s song exultingly declares, -'Britons never will be slaves,'—and, better still, -Britain has long been actively engaged in rescuing -from chains the sable sons of that continent in which -Severus first drew breath.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Another curious record of the wars of Severus is -found in the poems of Ossian. The <span class='sc'>Caracul</span>, son -of the ‘King of the World,’ in the dramatic piece -‘Comala,’ is supposed to be Caracalla.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='sc'>Dersagrena.</span> These are the signs of Fingal’s death. The -King of shields is fallen! and <span class='sc'>Caracul</span> prevails.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='sc'>Comala.</span> Ruin overtake thee, <span class='fss'>THOU KING OF THE WORLD</span>! -Few be thy steps to the grave; and let one virgin mourn thee!</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='sc'>Melicoma.</span> What sound is that on Ardven? Who comes -like the strength of rivers, when their crowded waters glitter -to the moon?</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span><span class='sc'>Comala.</span> Who is it but the foe of Comala, <span class='fss'>THE SON OF -THE KING OF THE WORLD</span>! Ghost of Fingal! do thou from thy -cloud, direct Comala’s bow....</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='sc'>Fingal.</span> Raise ye bards, the song! <span class='sc'>Caracul</span> has fled -from our arms along the fields of his pride.</p> - -<p class='c000'>After the death of Severus, a long period elapsed, -in which the Roman historians observe a profound -silence respecting the affairs of Britain. Local records -and native historians supply but feebly the -deficiency. During the reign of Gallienus, which -extended from A.D. 260 to 268, a large number of -usurpers arose, who are commonly denominated the -Thirty Tyrants. Of these Lollianus, Victorianus, -Postumus, the two Tetrici, and Marius, are supposed -to have assumed the sovereignty in this island; -for their coins have been dug up more abundantly -here than elsewhere.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BRITAIN REVOLTS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Diocletian commenced his reign in the year 284. -Though he was a man of energy and ability, the -care of a crumbling empire was too much for him, -and he divided his honours and anxieties with Maximian. -Increasing perplexities a few years afterwards -induced the emperors to appoint two Cæsars. -Diocletian chose Galerius Maximianus, and Maximian -nominated Constantius Chlorus. To Constantius -was assigned the charge of Britain, where -he eventually found a grave. He was the father of -Constantine the Great.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CARAUSIUS ATTAINS THE SOVEREIGNTY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>During a portion of the united reign of Diocletian -and Maximian, Britain assumed an independent position. -In order to repress, in the northern seas, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>ravages of the Franks and Saxons, who about this -period began to demand a place in the world’s history, -Carausius was appointed to the command of -‘the channel fleet.’ Gesoriacum, the modern Boulogne, -was his place of rendezvous. Carausius, who -was an expert seaman, exerted himself, at first, with -extraordinary success, against the pirates. Afterwards, -it was observed that he consulted his own -interest, rather than the public service. The emperors -resolved upon his destruction. Carausius, -stimulated by self-preservation, as well as ambition, -entered into an alliance with his former foes, the -Franks and Saxons, and declared himself emperor -of Britain. He was favourably received by the natives -of the island, and for seven years wielded the -sovereignty of his empire with vigour and ability. -He repelled the Mæatæ and the Caledonians, and -having subdued these tribes, attached them to his -interest. Nothing, observes Mr. Thackeray, can -more fully prove the maritime strength and resources -of Great Britain, under an able ruler, than -the fact, that Carausius for seven years bade defiance -to the Roman power; and at the end of that time -fell, not overcome by the imperial forces, but by -private treachery. Never before, nor until several -hundred years after this period, was the country -firmly united under the government of one sovereign.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Constantius was preparing to invade Britain with -a fleet of a thousand ships, when Carausius was -murdered by Allectus, whom he had trusted as his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>dearest friend. For about three years the assassin -held, though with a less firm grasp, the power formerly -possessed by his victim.</p> - -<div id='p022' class='figcenter id009'> -<img src='images/i_p022.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE SUCCESSES OF CARAUSIUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A very numerous suite of coins commemorates -the successes of Carausius, and vindicates his claim -to a share in the empire of the world. Two coins -are represented here. On the reverse of one is -a galley, which indicates the chief source of his -strength, and on the reverse of the other is a lion -with a thunderbolt in its mouth, significative, not -only of the bold bearing which the ancient sea-king -assumed, but of that which his successors in modern -times have maintained.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Carausius, according to Macpherson, is the <span class='sc'>Caros</span> -of Ossian. The following extract, upon this supposition, -contains a remarkable allusion to the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Who comes towards my son, with the murmur of a song! -His staff is in his hand, his grey hair loose on the wind. -Surly joy lightens his face. He often looks back to <span class='sc'>Caros</span>.</p> - -<p class='c014'>It is Ryno of Songs, he that went to view the foe. "What -does <span class='sc'>Caros, King of ships</span>?" said the son of the now mournful -Ossian; "spreads he the wings of his pride,<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c012'><sup>[5]</sup></a> bard of the -times of old?"</p> - -<p class='c014'>"He spreads them, Oscar," replied the bard, "but it is -behind his <span class='fss'>GATHERED HEAP</span>. He looks over his <span class='fss'>STONES</span> with -fear. He beholds thee terrible, as the ghost of night, that -rolls the wave to his ships!"</p> -<div class='sidenote'>BRITAIN UNDER DIOCLETIAN AND SUCCESSORS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>It would be improper to leave the reign of Diocletian -without remarking, that under it, the church -of Christ endured the last and most terrible of the -ten persecutions, which pagan Rome inflicted upon -the followers of the cross. Britain did not escape. -Alban and many others, as Gildas and Bede inform -us, were martyrs for the faith.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the withdrawal, in the year 305, of Diocletian -and Maximian from the cares of empire, Galerius -and Constantius became the rulers of the world.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Constantine, afterwards surnamed the Great, was -proclaimed emperor, on the death of his father Constantius, -at York. After a protracted struggle with -several rivals, he became, A.D. 313, sole possessor -of the imperial power. He was the first Christian -Emperor, and, in token of his faith, inscribed the -monogram of the Redeemer upon his banner, and -his coin. The circumstances under which he adopted -this step are thus detailed—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Constantine was in Gaul, and having heard of the opposition -of his rival, who was in possession of Rome, he immediately -crossed the Alps, and proceeded against him. When -near Verona, on his march, and meditating the difficulties of -his situation, he was roused from deep thought by a bright -light, which suddenly illumined the sky, and, looking up, he saw -the sun, which was in its meridian, surmounted by a cross of -fire, and beneath it this inscription, τουτῳ νικα—"<span class='fss'>IN THIS -CONQUER</span>." He immediately adopted the cross as his ensign, -and formed on the spot the celebrated Labarum, or -Christian standard, which was ever after substituted for the -Roman eagle. This, as Eusebius describes it, was a spear -crossed by an arrow, on which was suspended a velum, having -inscribed on it the monogram, <span class='xlarge'>☧</span> formed by the Greek letters -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span><em>Chi</em> and <em>Rho</em>, the initials of the name of Christ. Under this -he marched forward, and rapidly triumphed over all his -enemies; and, struck with the preternatural warning he had -received, and its consequences, he now publicly embraced the -doctrines of that religion under whose banner he had conquered.<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c012'><sup>[6]</sup></a></p> - -<div id='p024' class='figcenter id010'> -<img src='images/i_p024.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The monogram is well displayed on the reverse of -a coin of Magnentius,<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c012'><sup>[7]</sup></a> which is here represented. The -Alpha and Omega, which accompany the symbol, indicate -the faith of the emperor in the divinity of -Christ—‘the beginning and the ending, which is, -and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>Constantine removed the imperial seat from Rome -to Constantinople.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BRITAIN OVER-RUN BY THE PICTS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>During the life-time of Constantine, Britain partook -of the civil tranquillity of the rest of the world; -but in the reign of his immediate successors, the -Picts and Scots renewed their incursions into the -lower province. This was not the only evil which -Roman Britain had to endure. Magnentius, a -native of the isle, entered into a contest with Constantius -II. for the empire of the world, and in support -of his claims, collected an army, (chiefly drawn -from Britain) with which he three times met his -foe. On the death of Magnentius, by his own -hands, in the year 353, his successful rival inflicted -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>a bloody revenge upon the Britons for having supported -their countryman: meanwhile the Picts and -Scots harassed them, on the north, with redoubled fury.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THEODOSIUS REPAIRS THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Little is recorded of Britain in the reign of Julian -the Apostate. In the time of Jovian his successor, -the Picts, Saxons, and Scots, vexed it by increasing -calamities. Valentinian obtained the purple A.D. -364, when the state of the country was so alarming -as to require immediate attention. Even London -seems to have been menaced by the enemy, if it was -not actually in their hands. Theodosius, the ablest -general of his time, went to the assistance of the -Britons, drove the enemy before him, and recovered -the provincial cities and forts. He then repaired the -cities and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>prætenturæ</em></span> and erected some new forts. -Horsley thinks that the Wall in the North of England, -and the stations upon it, are the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>prætenturæ</em></span> referred to.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Valentinian, having, in 367, united with himself -in the government of the empire, Gratian his son, -died, A.D. 375. Six days afterwards, his second -son, Valentinian II. was proclaimed his successor. -The two brothers reigned together, Theodosius the -Great presiding at the same time in the Eastern -provinces, until Gratian was killed A.D. 383. Four -years afterwards, Valentinian was robbed of the -purple by Maximus, but applied for assistance to -his eastern colleague, Theodosius, and once more -entered Rome with imperial dignity. The sovereignty -of Britain, Gaul, and Spain was, however, -still conceded, for the present, to Maximus, who -adopted Treves as the seat of his government.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE ISLAND DRAINED OF ITS YOUTH.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>In this struggle Britain suffered severely. Maximus, -having served in the island under the elder -Theodosius, was a favourite with the Romanized -Britons. They flocked to his standard in such -numbers that the island seemed drained of its youth. -More than a hundred thousand persons are said to -have accompanied him from Britain to the continent.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The loss of the native soldiery was severely felt -in the North of England, where the ruthless barbarians -renewed their ravages without molestation. -The whole island, in the querulous language of its -first historian, Gildas,<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c012'><sup>[8]</sup></a> "Deprived of all her armed -soldiers and military bands, was left to her cruel tyrants, -deprived of the assistance of all her youth -who went with Maximus, and ignorant of the art of -war, she groaned in amazement for many years under -the cruelty of the Picts and Scots."</p> - -<p class='c000'>Theodosius died A.D. 395. He left his dominions -to his sons Arcadius and Honorius, who permanently -divided them into the empires of the East and -West. In the early part of the reign of Honorius, -the province of Britain, by the prudence of the emperor’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>minister Stilicho, had comparative rest from -the incursions of the enemy. But when the Gothic -war diverted the attention of the government from -so remote a province, and the legions of Britain -were called away to defend the seat of the empire -from the attacks of Alaric, the troubles which before -distracted the province, were again called into -fearful operation. A spirit of disaffection and revolt -increased the evil. Marcus and Gratian were successively -declared emperors by the islanders, but -were both speedily murdered. Constantine was -next raised to the sovereignty, an honour for which -he was indebted to his name, not his rank or fitness -for the office. Instead of endeavouring to secure -the peace of Britain, he transported his army to -Gaul and made a successful stand against Honorius. -He was assassinated in the year 411.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BRITAIN BECOMES INDEPENDENT.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Whilst Honorius was struggling with the usurper -Constantine, he wrote letters to the cities of Britain, -conceding the independence of the island, and urging -them to adopt measures for their own government -and protection. The gift of liberty was to -them a fatal boon. Their implacable enemies, finding -that the military science of the Romans no longer -protected the south, rushed forth to invade the undefended -province. The natives, in despair, turned -to the still powerful name of Rome, and dispatched -messengers to entreat help from the emperor.—But -let Gildas ‘the wise,’ depict the closing scene of -ancient Britain’s history—</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE NARRATIVE OF GILDAS.</div> - -<p class='c014'>The Britons, impatient at the assaults of their enemies, -send ambassadors to Rome, entreating, in piteous terms, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>assistance of an armed band to protect them. A legion is -immediately sent, provided sufficiently with arms. When -they had crossed over the sea, and landed, they came at once -to close conflict with their enemies, and slew great numbers -of them. All of them were driven beyond the borders, and -the humiliated natives rescued from the bloody slavery which -awaited them. By the advice of their protectors, they now -built a wall across the island, from one sea to the other, which, -being manned with a proper force, might be a terror to the -foes whom it was intended to repel, and a protection to their -friends whom it covered. But this wall being made of turf, -instead of stone, was of no use to that foolish people, who had -no head to guide them.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Roman legion had no sooner returned home in joy and -triumph, than their former foes, like hungry and ravening -wolves, rushing with greedy jaws upon the fold, which is left -without a shepherd, are wafted, both by the strength of oarsmen -and the blowing wind, break through the boundaries, and -spread slaughter on every side.</p> - -<p class='c014'>And now again they send suppliant ambassadors, with their -garments rent, and their heads covered with ashes, imploring -assistance from the Romans, like timorous chickens crowding -under the protecting wings of their parents. Upon this, the -Romans, moved with compassion, send forward, like eagles in -their flight, their bands of cavalry and mariners, and planting -their terrible swords upon the shoulders of their enemies, -mow them down like leaves which fall at their destined period. -Having driven their enemies beyond the sea, the Romans left -the country, giving them notice, that they could no longer be -harassed by such laborious expeditions, but that the islanders, -inuring themselves to warlike weapons, should valiantly protect -their country, their property, their wives, and children; -that they should not suffer their hands to be tied behind their -backs, by a nation, which, unless they were enervated by idleness -and sloth, was not more powerful than themselves, but -that they should arm those hands with buckler, sword, and -spear, ready for the field of battle; and, because they thought -this also of advantage to the people they were about to leave, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>they, with the help of the miserable natives, built a wall, -different from the former, by public and private contributions, -and of the same structure as walls generally are, extending -in a straight line from sea to sea, between some cities, which, -from fear of their enemies, had then by chance been built.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE DISTRESSES OF THE BRITONS.</div> - -<p class='c014'>No sooner were they gone, than the Picts and Scots, like -worms, which in the heat of mid-day, come forth from their -holes, hastily land from their canoes, differing one from -another in manners, but inspired with the same avidity for -blood, and all, more eager to shroud their villainous faces in -bushy hair, than to cover with decent clothing those parts of -their body which required it. Moreover, having heard of the -departure of our friends, and their resolution never to return, -they seized, with greater boldness than before, on all the country -towards the extreme north, as far as the Wall. To oppose -them, there was placed on the heights, a garrison, equally -slow to fight, and ill adapted to run away, a useless and -panic-struck company, which slumbered away days and nights -on their unprofitable watch. Meanwhile the hooked weapons -of their enemies were not idle, and our wretched countrymen -were dragged from the Wall, and dashed against the ground. -Such premature death, however, painful as it was, saved them -from seeing the miserable sufferings of their brothers and -children. But why should I say more? They left their cities, -abandoned the protection of the Wall, and dispersed themselves -in flight more desperately than before.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Whilst the enemy butchered them like sheep, they -increased their own miseries by domestic feuds—</p> - -<p class='c014'>They turned their arms upon each other, and for the sake -of a little sustenance, imbrued their hands in the blood of -their fellow countrymen.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Again, in their distress, they applied to the Romans. -In the address, entitled ‘The Groans of the Britons,’ -our author represents them as saying:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The barbarians drive us to the sea, the sea throws us back -on the barbarians: thus two modes of death await us, we are -either slain or drowned.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>The Romans could not assist them, and, unwilling -to assist themselves, they sought and obtained the -help of those ‘wolves’, as Gildas calls them, the -fierce and impious Saxons. The result is known -to all—Celtic Britain became Saxon England—and -England, with all its faults,—has it not been a blessing -to the world?</p> - -<p class='c000'>The picture drawn by Gildas of the misery of the -southern Britons, and of the ravages of the northern -barbarians, is doubtless correct; but, in ascribing -the erection of the earthen rampart, and the stone -wall of the <span class='sc'>Lower Barrier</span> to the period of the departure -of the Romans, he probably leans upon the -erring traditions of his own times. His statement -is devoid of probability. A work so bold in its design, -so skilfully planned, and involving so much -labour in its execution, cannot have been the result -of the expiring energies of Rome in Britain. Its -very ruins bespeak the masculine vigour of Rome’s -maturity.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Besides, if we receive the testimony of Gildas -upon this point, we must either suppose that several -walls have been drawn across the island, or we -must reject the assertions of those classical writers -who ascribe the works to Hadrian or Severus. The -former supposition cannot be maintained, for we -meet with no traces of more than one earthen vallum, -and one stone wall, in the region in question; -and with reference to the latter alternative, it is more -likely that Gildas should err in his dates, than that -Dion Cassius, and Herodian, and Spartian, should -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>describe, as existing in their day, that which was not -to be for centuries.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE BRITONS SUPINE IN YIELDING TO THE PICTS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Another question will arise in the mind of the -thoughtful reader;—how was it that the Britons suffered -themselves to become so easy a prey to the -Picts and Scots? Roman civilization could not, -greatly at least, have enervated them. The cultivation -of the liberal arts removes from the minds -and manners of men their unsightly asperities, but it -brings out in bolder relief their more valuable qualities. -The vices of the Romans, when grafted upon -the previously polluted life of the Britons, would -indeed have a tendency to unman them, but why -should it have sunk them beneath the level of the -Romans themselves? We do not find, moreover, that -the Britons who fought in foreign parts were deficient -in courage.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE BRITONS HAD BREATHING-TIME.</div> - -<p class='c000'>An acquaintance with Roman discipline, a knowledge -of the Roman art of war, ought to have given -them great advantages over their less civilized neighbours -on the north of the Wall, and enabled them -easily to have retained that great structure as a -boundary fence.<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c012'><sup>[9]</sup></a> It is true that great numbers of -their youth had from time to time been drafted off -by successive emperors, to engage in foreign quarrels, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>and that thus the land was deprived of its natural defenders. -This accounts for a part of their distress, -but not all. In a rude state of society, every man -is a soldier, and it was an essential part of the policy -of Rome to inure every citizen to the practice of arms. -There surely would be men enough left to defend their -homes, their liberties, and lives! Besides, half a century -elapsed between the time when the Romans began -to leave Britain to its own resources, and their final -refusal of all succour. There was thus time enough -to have nurtured a whole generation of veterans; -and there was time enough—if the energy had been -in them—to have shaken off those feelings of dependence -upon Rome, which the presence of their -conquerors had fostered. The opportunity, however, -was lost; they entreated, and wept, and groaned—and -passed off the stage of this world’s history. How -are we adequately to account for this circumstance? -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>THE GENEALOGY OF THE PICTS AND SCOTS.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span>This is not the place to discuss the genealogy of the -Picts, but if we adopt the theory of their Germanic -origin,<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c012'><sup>[10]</sup></a> the enigma, if not made quite plain, will appear -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>less difficult than before. However great the -valour, and however estimable the other qualities of -the Celtic race, they did not possess the patience, the -perseverance, the capacity for united action, and the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>power of command, which characterized the Teutonic -tribes; hence they would fall before them in any -contest which required sustained exertion. -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>THE TEUTONES SUPPLANT THE CELTS.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span>Gibbon’s -estimate of the character of the ancient Britons -is probably correct—‘The various tribes possessed -valour without conduct, and the love of freedom -without the spirit of union. They took up arms -with savage fierceness, they laid them down, or -turned them against each other with wild inconstancy; -and, while they fought singly, they were -successively subdued.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ANTAGONISM OF THE RACES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The Picts, without the artificial advantages which -the Romanized Britons possessed, doubtless had -the usual characteristics of the Gothic tribes. By -these they were enabled, in defiance of the desultory -attempts of the previous occupants of the soil, to -ravage the land, until, through the efforts of Vortigern, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>they were confronted with foes of their own -kith and kin. In our sister island, we unhappily witness, -though in a subdued form, much of that animosity -of race which led to the devastation and -bloodshed that Gildas deplores. When will Saxon -and Celt lay aside their differences, and unite -for the common weal of Britain! Why should they -regard each other with mutual suspicion? Why -should the one triumph, and the other sink into hopeless, -helpless despair? Creation groans—a prostrate -world looks to united Britain and its offshoots, for -that balm which may heal its woes—let it, strong -in the confidence and love of its various constituent -parts, faithfully fulfil its duty!</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>THE ROMAN ESTIMATION OF BRITAIN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>On reviewing this sketch of the proceedings of -Rome, in relation to this distant portion of her great -empire, the reader will perhaps be struck with the -amount of attention which the Imperial City bestowed -upon it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The classic authors speak most disparagingly of -the land, and its inhabitants—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos.</span></div> - <div class='c013'><em>Virg. Ec.</em> I.</div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Serves iturum Cæsarem in ultimos</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Orbis Britannos.</span></div> - <div class='c013'><em>Hor. Od.</em> I. 35.</div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Visam Britannos, hospitibus feros.</span></div> - <div class='c013'><em>Hor. Od.</em> III. 4.</div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Te belluosus qui remotis</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Obstrepit oceanus Britannis.</span></div> - <div class='c013'><em>Hor. Od.</em> IV. 14.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>—and yet Britain, which, according to these authorities, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>scarcely formed a portion of the habitable earth, -which was perpetually lashed by a stormy ocean, -and whose inhabitants, unlike many barbaric tribes, -were inhospitable to strangers, was the resort, -not only of numerous legionary and auxiliary -troops, but of very many of the emperors themselves. -Great Julius came. Claudius fought upon -our soil. Vespasian entered into conflict thirty-two -times with the southern Britons. Titus shared -in his toils and triumphs. Hadrian was here, and -left the impress of his mighty mind behind him. -Septimius Severus ended his days in Britain; his sons -Geta and Caracalla first assumed the purple in Britain. -The emperor Maximinus breathed, sixteen -centuries ago, the sea-borne gales of Tynemouth. -Britain, with its seas, was the chief scene of the exploits -of the emperor Carausius. Allectus reigned -three years over it. Constantius was long in the -island, and his son, Constantine the Great is said -to have first drawn breath upon our soil. Both Constans -and Magnentius were here. Theodosius the -Emperor fought under his father in Britain. Maximus, -who had previously married a British lady, was -invested by his soldiers with the purple at York—How -comes it that so many of those who boasted of -the mastery of this wide world, were induced personally -to visit this little isle?—how was it, but that</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Coming events cast their shadows before.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>ROME FORESHADOWS BRITAIN’S DESTINY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It seems as though there was an affinity between -England and Earth’s rulers—and that thus early it was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>pointed out as the spot in which, of all others, save -one—Jerusalem—mankind had the greatest interest.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The importance of Britain, in the estimation of -the Romans, is further shewn by the fact, that, of the -different coins struck by the imperial government in -the short period extending from the reign of Claudius -to that of Caracalla, at least fifty-six relate to this -country. Of these, two were struck in the reign of -Claudius, five in that of Hadrian, seventeen bear the -impress of Antonine, ten of Severus, twelve of -Caracalla, and ten of his brother Geta.<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c012'><sup>[11]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CAUSE OF THE ROMAN OCCUPATION.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Whilst however we maintain that Rome was led -to Britain by the impulse of a power of which she -was not conscious, and whilst we willingly acknowledge -that the conquest of Britain by the -Romans was the first of that series of signal providential -arrangements, by which, from the dawn of -history to the present hour, ‘the Governor among -the nations’ has prepared this island for performing -that important part in the drama of history, which -she now sustains,—the enquiry yet remains, by what -motive were the conquerors more immediately impelled -to settle in so remote an island? Such toils -would not have been endured, such sacrifices would -not have been made, victories over tribes so savage -would not thus have been gloried in, except the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>question ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">cui bono</span>?’ could have been satisfactorily -answered. ‘I confess,’ says Horsley, 'that when I -view some part of the country in the north of England, -where the Romans had their military ways and stations, -that question naturally arises, which has been -often proposed: What could move them to march so -far to conquer such a country? It appears wild and -desolate enough at present, but must have been -more so at that time, from the accounts the Roman -historians have given us of it. I shall leave the -Caledonian Galgacus, or Tacitus for him, to return -the answer—If the enemy was rich, their covetousness -moved them; if poor, their ambition. And when -they added further desolation to a desolate country, -this was their peace.' Ambition was doubtless the -leading motive. From the earliest periods of Roman -history we find her bent upon conquest. Incessant -wars engendered a thirst for victory, and military -glory became the ruling passion of the people. The -wide grasp of their ambition gave to the features of -Roman character harder, but grander lineaments -than those which their more polished neighbours of -Greece possessed. Flattered, as the lords of the -world, by their favourite poets and historians, they -gloried in their proud pre-eminence, and thought that -they were but fulfilling their destiny in asserting a -claim to universal dominion. Candidates for public -favour knew well that to fan the popular passion was -the readiest way to succeed in their aims. None -understood this better than Julius Cæsar; and the -later emperors, who possessed not the power to strike -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>an energetic blow, found it necessary to maintain -the show at least of conquest and of triumph.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WEALTH OF ANCIENT BRITAIN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Less worthy inducements were, however, not -wanting. There are few evils in the fibres of -whose roots the love of money will not be found. -Gold was another secret but powerful cause of the -hardships which the Romans themselves underwent, -and of the countless ills which they mercilessly -inflicted upon the miserable islanders. The -British chiefs in general appear to have had considerable -riches among them. Cæsar, according to -Strabo, acquired a large booty in his two descents -upon our shore. Prasutagus, the king of the Iceni, -died possessed of very great wealth. To a few -states in the south, and within a few years after -their first subjection, the philosophical Seneca lent -more than four hundred and eighty thousand pounds -of our money upon good security, and at exorbitant -interest.<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c012'><sup>[12]</sup></a> Severus got a prodigious mass of riches -in this land. Gold is not now an article of mineral -wealth in Britain. We are not from this to infer -that it was not so when it was first invaded. The -precious metal is not met with in veins or strata, but is -diffused over the alluvial soil, or mixed with the sand -of rivers in grains or lumps. When the commercial -value of the glittering dust is discovered, it is -speedily picked up, and a country, once rich in it, -becomes, in the course of ages, impoverished. The -number of massive golden torques and armillæ of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>ancient Britons, which even yet are from time to time -being brought to light, favours the idea that the metal -was, in ancient days, tolerably abundant. Whatever -the secret motives, Cæsar came and conquered—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The Roman taught thy stubborn knee to bow,</div> - <div class='line'>Though twice a Cæsar could not bend it now.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE FATE OF ROME.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In passing from the contemplation of the Roman -occupation of Britain to our examination of the remains -of the chief monument of imperial power -which time has left us, the mind will experience a -great transition. In the Wall, we have evident -traces of the might of Rome, but it is the might of -a giant laid prostrate—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>. . . . . Her haughty carcass spread,</div> - <div class='line'>Still awes in ruins, and commands when dead.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Centuries have elapsed since the vast fabric was -upreared, but they have been centuries rife with the -fate of empires.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The most ardent lover of the olden time cannot -but startle, as he treads the deserted streets, or enters -the unbarred portals of <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>, and other -cities of the Wall, at the thought that the Mistress -of Nations is now no more,<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c012'><sup>[13]</sup></a> and that the Eternal City -is buried in her own debris. The broken column, -the prostrate altar, ever and anon obtrude the fact -upon him. Another empire has sprung into being -of which Rome dreamt not. In a sense different -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>from that which Virgil intended, the words in his -third Georgic are peculiarly striking—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vel scena ut versis discedat frontibus, utque</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Purpurea intexti tollant aulæa Britanni.</span></div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Or see how on the stage the shifting scenes</div> - <div class='line'>In order pass, and pictured Britons rise</div> - <div class='line'>Out of the earth, and raise the purple curtain.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>PROSPECTIVE FATE OF BRITAIN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In that island, where, in Roman days, the painted -savage shared the forest with the beast of prey—a -lady sits upon her throne of state, wielding a sceptre -more potent than Julius or Hadrian ever grasped! -Her empire is threefold that of Rome in the hour of -its prime. But power is not her brightest diadem. -The holiness of the domestic circle irradiates her. -Literature, and all the arts of peace, flourish under -her sway. Her people bless her.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Will Britain always thus occupy so prominent a -position in the scene of this world’s history?</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">... Valet ima summis</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mutare, et insignem attenuat Deus</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Obscura promens.</span></div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The power that did create, can change the scene</div> - <div class='line'>Of things; make mean of great, and great of mean.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>LESSON INCULCATED.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Is the fate of Persia, Macedon, and Rome, never to be -hers? ‘O Thou, that didst build up this Britannic -empire to a glorious and enviable height, with all -her daughter islands about her; stay us in this felicity!’ -What would Britain at this moment be without -the Bible? Let the seven-hilled city say! If -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>Britain herself obey the inspired word, and give it -to the nations, then she needs not fear the shock of -empires. If not, at a future day the native of a distant -isle, or obscure nation, then newly risen into -greatness, moralizing over the reedy docks and grass-grown -streets of London, may exclaim—How true the -words of their own Milton! 'But if ... as you -have been valiant in war, you should grow debauched -in peace, you that have had such visible demonstrations -of the goodness of God to yourselves, and his -wrath against your enemies ... you will find that -God’s displeasure against you, will be greater than it -has been against your adversaries, greater than his -grace and favour has been to yourselves, which you -have had larger experience of than any other nation -under heaven.'</p> - -<div id='p042' class='figcenter id009'> -<img src='images/i_p042.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Base of Column at <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id011'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span> -<img src='images/i_p043a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">The Roman Barrier of the</span></span></div> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">Lower Isthmus.</span></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'>PART II. <br /> <span class='small'>A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE OF THE WALL.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c004'><a id='p043b'></a></p> -<div class='c000'> - <img class='drop-capi' src='images/i_p043b.jpg' width='200' alt='' /> -</div><p class='drop-capi0_5'> -Numerous are the appellations -which the Great -Barrier of the Lower Isthmus -has obtained. 'It was -called by ancient writers -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>vallum barbaricum</em></span>, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>prætentura</em></span> -and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>clusura</em></span>; by Dion -διατειχισμα; by Herodian -χωμα; by Antoninus and -others <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>vallum</em></span>; by some of -the Latin historians <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>murus</em></span>; -by the English the Picts’-wall, or <span class='sc'>the WALL</span>; -and by the Britons <i>gual Sever</i>, <i>gal Sever</i>, and -<i>mur Sever</i>. The names <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>prætentura</em></span> and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>clusura</em></span> -are given to it upon account of its being -stretched out against, and excluding the enemy.' -To the names thus enumerated by Camden, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>must be added, the Thirl Wall, the Kepe Wall, -and that by which it is best known at present, the -<span class='sc'>Roman Wall</span>.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>This great fortification consists of three parts.</p> - -<p class='c000'>I. A Stone Wall, strengthened by a ditch on its -northern side.</p> - -<p class='c000'>II. A Turf Wall or Vallum, to the south of the -stone wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>III. Stations, Castles, Watch-towers, and Roads, -for the accommodation of the soldiery who manned -the Barrier, and for the transmission of military -stores. These lie, for the most part, between the -stone wall and the earthen rampart.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The whole of the works proceed from one side of -the island to the other in a nearly direct line, and in -comparatively close companionship. The stone wall -and earthen rampart are generally within sixty or -seventy yards of each other.<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c012'><sup>[14]</sup></a> The distance between -them, however, varies according to the nature of -the country. Sometimes they are so close as barely -to admit of the passage of the military way between -them, whilst, in one or two instances, they are upwards -of half-a-mile apart. It is in the high grounds -of the central region that they are most widely separated. -Midway between the seas, the country attains -a considerable elevation; here the stone wall seeks -the highest ridges, but the vallum, forsaking for a -while its usual companion, runs along the adjacent -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>valley. Both works are, however, so arranged as -to afford each other the greatest amount of support -which the nature of the country allows.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p044b'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE II.</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<a href='images/i_p044btopbig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p044btop.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='sc'>PLAN of the BARRIER between CILURNUM and MAGNA</span> AFTER HORSLEY.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<a href='images/i_p044bbotbig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p044bbot.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><i><span class='sc'>A PLAN of CILURNUM after WARBURTON with part of the PLAN of the STONE WALL and VALLUM.</span></i><br /><span class='small'><em>Shewing how they are connected at the Stations, and by their mutual relation to one another must have been one entire united Defence or Fortification.</em></span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='c013'><span class='small'><em>Reid Litho. 117 Pilgrim Street Newcastle</em></span></div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The stone wall extends from Wall’s-end on the -Tyne, to Bowness on the Solway, a space which -Horsley estimates at sixty-eight miles and three furlongs—the -turf wall falls short of this distance by about -three miles at each end, terminating at Newcastle -on the east side, and at Drumburgh on the west.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORKS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The Map of the Wall, the more detailed Plans -of several parts of it in Plate II, and the Sections -given in a subsequent page, will afford a pretty correct -idea of the general arrangement of the works.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Most writers who have treated of the Roman -remains in Britain, have considered that the two lines -of fortification are the works of different periods. -The earth-wall, or Vallum, has generally been ascribed -to Hadrian, but the stone wall, or Murus, to -Septimius Severus. This is the opinion of Horsley, -whose judgment is always deserving of the highest -consideration. Deferring to a subsequent period the -discussion of this question, it will be convenient, -meanwhile, to speak of the works as being but different -parts of one great engineering scheme.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE COURSE OF THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The most striking feature in the plan, both of the -Murus and the Vallum, is the determinate manner in -which they pursue their straight-forward course. The -Vallum makes fewer deviations from a right line than -the stone Wall; but as the Wall traverses higher -ground, this remarkable tendency is more easily detected -in it than in the other. Shooting over the country, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>in its onward course, it only swerves from a -straight line to take in its route the boldest elevations. -So far from declining a hill, it uniformly -selects it. For nineteen miles out of Newcastle, the -road to Carlisle runs upon the foundation of the -Wall, and during the summer months its dusty surface -contrasts well with the surrounding verdure. -Often will the traveller, after attaining some of the -steep acclivities of his path, observe the road stretching -for miles in an undeviating course to the east -and the west of him, resembling, as Hutton expresses -it, a white ribbon on a green ground. But if it never -moves from a right line, except to occupy the highest -points, it never fails to seize them, as they occur, -no matter how often it is compelled, with this view, -to change its direction. It never bends in a curve, -but always at an angle. Hence, along the craggy precipices -between Sewingshields and Thirlwall, it is -obliged to pursue a remarkably zig-zag course; for -it takes in its range, with the utmost pertinacity, -every projecting rock.</p> - -<p class='c000'>This mode of proceeding involves another peculiarity. -It is compelled to accommodate itself to -the depressions of the mountainous region over -which it passes. Without flinching, it sinks into the -‘gap,’ or pass, which ever and anon occurs, and, having -crossed the narrow valley, ascends unfalteringly -the steep acclivity on the other side. The antiquary, -in following it into these ravines, is often compelled -to step with the utmost caution, and in clambering -up the opposite ascent, he is as frequently -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>constrained to pause for breath. After crossing the -river Irthing, in Cumberland, the Wall is opposed -in its course westward by a precipice of upwards of -one hundred feet in height. It cannot now be ascertained, -whether or not the Wall was taken up the edge -of this cliff, for the stratum is of a soft and yielding -nature, and is continually being removed by the -river below. Certain, however, it is, that the Wall, -accompanied by its ditch, is still to be seen on the very -brink of its summit. If it did not climb this steep, -it is the only one which, in the course of the line -from sea to sea, it refused—and if it did ascend it, it -would more nearly resemble a leaning tower than a -barrier wall.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE HEIGHT OF THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In no part of its course is the Wall entirely perfect, -and therefore it is difficult to ascertain what its -original height has been. Bede, whose cherished -home was the monastery of Jarrow, anciently part -of the parish of Wall’s-end, is the earliest author who -gives its dimensions. He says—‘It is eight feet in -breadth, and twelve in height, in a straight line from -east to west, as is still visible to beholders.’ Subsequent -writers assign to it a greater elevation. It -is not unlikely that the venerable monk, who was -no traveller, describes it as it existed in his own -neighbourhood; and we can readily conceive that in -a flat country, and upon the border of a navigable -river, it would, even then, have suffered more from -the hand of the spoiler than in the wilder regions -of the West.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In a letter written by Sir Christopher Ridley, is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>an account of the Wall as it stood about the year -1572. The writer says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Rycht worschipfull, where as you spake unto me for a -certayn knowledge of one wall builded betwyxt the Brittons -and Pightes (which we call the <span class='sc'>Kepe Wall</span>) builded by the -Pightes, sure theyr is one. The length whereof is about, I -think, almost a C myles, bilded alwayis whar they cold upon -the hyghtes, whereon about the greatest cragis was, and whare -theyr was no cragis or hy placis theyr was a great stank cast -of other syd, the bredth iij yardis, the hyght remanith in -sum placis yet vij yardis, it goith from Bowlness in Cu'berland -viij myles beyond Carlell upon the west sea cost till it comes -to a town called the Wallis end besyd Tynemouth on the est -sea.<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c012'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>Samson Erdeswick, an English antiquary of some -celebrity, visited the Wall, in the year 1574.<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c012'><sup>[16]</sup></a> His -account is here given—</p> - -<p class='c014'>As towching Hadrian’s<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c012'><sup>[17]</sup></a> Wall, begyning abowt a town -called Bonus standing vppon the river Sulway now called -Eden. The sea ebbeth and floweth there. The forsaid -Wall begynning there, and there yet standing of the heyth of -16 fote, for almost a quarter of a myle together, and so along -the river syde estwards, they space of an eight myle by the -shew of the trench, as certayne ruynes of castills in that wall, -tyll a qwarter of a myle of Carlyole, and there passeth ower the -river of Eden; and then goeth straight estwards hard by a late -abbey called Lanvercost, and so crossing ower the mowntaynes -toward Newcastell.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE WIDTH OF THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>Camden, who visited the Wall in 1599, says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Within two furlongs of Carvoran, on a pretty high hill the -Wall is still standing fifteen feet in height, and nine in -breadth.</p> - -<p class='c000'>These statements leave upon the mind an impression -that the estimate of Bede is too low.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In all probability, the Wall would be surmounted -by a battlement of not less than four feet in height, -and as this part of the structure would be the first to -fall into decay, Bede’s calculation was probably irrespective -of it. This, however, only gives us a total -elevation of sixteen feet. Unless we reject the -evidence of Ridley and Erdeswick, we must admit, -even after making due allowance for error and exaggeration, -that the Wall, when in its integrity, was -eighteen or nineteen feet high. This elevation -would be in keeping with its breadth.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The thickness of the Wall varies considerably; in -some places it is six feet, in others nine feet and a -half.<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c012'><sup>[18]</sup></a> Probably the prevailing width is eight feet, -the measurement given by Bede.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The frequency with which the thickness of the -Wall varies, favours the idea that numerous gangs -of labourers were simultaneously employed upon the -work, and that each superintending centurion was allowed -to use his discretion as to its width. The northern -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>face of the Wall is continuous, but the southern -has numerous outsets and insets measuring from -four to twelve inches, at the points, doubtless, where -the sections of the different companies joined.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE NORTH FOSSE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Throughout the whole of its length, the Wall is -accompanied on its northern margin by a broad and -deep <span class='sc'>Fosse</span>, which, by increasing the comparative -height of the Wall, would add greatly to its strength. -This portion of the Barrier may yet be traced, with -trifling interruptions, from sea to sea. Even in places -where the Wall has quite disappeared, its more lowly -companion, the fosse, remains. In some fertile -districts the plough has been carried over it in -vain; owing to the moisture of the site, the corn -sown upon it springs up with undue luxuriance, -and is almost uniformly laid prostrate before it can -ripen. From this circumstance the ground is frequently -retained in grass, while the neighbouring -parts are under tillage.<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c012'><sup>[19]</sup></a> The fosse thus more readily -catches the eye, and is likely longer to retain its -groove-like form than if subjected to the ordinary -process of cultivation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>When the ditch traverses a flat or exposed country, -a portion of the materials taken out of it has frequently -been thrown upon its northern margin, so as -to present to the enemy an additional rampart. In -those positions, on the other hand, where its assistance -could be of no avail, as along the edge of a -cliff, the fosse does not appear.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>No small amount of labour has been expended in -the excavation of the ditch; it has been drawn indifferently -through alluvial soil, and rocks of sandstone, -limestone, and basalt. The patient exertion -which this involved is well seen on Tepper Moor, -where enormous blocks of whin lie just as they have -been lifted out of the fosse. The fosse never leaves -the Wall to avoid a mechanical difficulty.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The size of the ditch in several places is still considerable. -To the east of Heddon-on-the-Wall, it -measures thirty four feet across the top, and is nearly -nine feet deep; as it descends the hill from Carvoran -to Thirlwall, it measures forty feet across the top, -fourteen across the bottom, and is ten feet deep. -Westward of Tepper Moor is a portion which, reckoning -from the top of the mound on its northern -margin, has a depth of twenty feet.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The dimensions of the fosse were probably not -uniform throughout the line; but these examples prepare -us to receive, as tolerably correct, Hutton’s -estimate of its average size. ‘The ditch to the north,’ -he says 'was as near as convenient, thirty-six feet -wide and fifteen feet deep.'<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c012'><sup>[20]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>The care with which the fosse was dressed, has -varied with the taste of the overseer and the forbearance -of the enemy. In some tracts, the work presents -as smooth and trim an aspect as a modern -railway cutting; in others, marks of haste, carelessness, -or sudden surprise, appear. The curious -circumstance which Hodgson describes in the following -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>paragraph may be seen in more than one -locality:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>'A little west of Portgate, the appearance of the fosse is -still, to the eye that loves and understands antiquity, very -imposing and grand. The earth taken out of it lies spread -abroad to the north, in lines just as the workmen wheeled it -out and left it. The tracks of their barrows, with a slight -mound on each side remain unaltered in form.'<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c012'><sup>[21]</sup></a></p> - -<div id='p052' class='figcenter id009'> -<img src='images/i_p052a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>The works near the 18th mile-stone West of Newcastle.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id009'> -<img src='images/i_p052b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>The works half a mile west of Carraw.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE VALLUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The <span class='sc'>Vallum</span> or <span class='sc'>Turf Wall</span>, is uniformly to the -south of the stone Wall. It consists of three ramparts -and a fosse. One of these ramparts is placed -close upon the southern edge of the ditch, the two -others of larger dimensions<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c012'><sup>[22]</sup></a> stand, one to the north, -and the other to the south of it, at the distance of -about twenty-four feet. The annexed sections of -the works exhibit their present condition. They -are drawn to the scale of seventy-five feet to the -inch. The Wall is in these parts, unhappily, -entirely removed.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>The ramparts, in some parts of the line, stand, even -at present, six or seven feet above the level of the -neighbouring ground.<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c012'><sup>[23]</sup></a> They are composed of earth, -mingled, not unfrequently, with masses of stone. Occasionally, -the stone preponderates to such an extent -as to yield to the hand of the modern spoiler, ready -materials for the formation of stone dikes. In several -places they are being quarried with this view.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The fosse of the Vallum is of a character similar to -the fosse of the stone Wall; but, judging from present -appearances, its dimensions have been rather -less. It, too, has been frequently cut through beds -of stone.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The question will occasionally occur to the wanderer -by the Wall, whence were the materials obtained -for constructing the mounds of the Vallum? -With the exception of the fosse, there are no marks -of excavation in the neighbourhood, and that the -fosse of the Vallum would not yield materials sufficient -for the purpose, is abundantly evident.<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c012'><sup>[24]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>USE OF THE VALLUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The contents of the ditch on the north of the -Wall have probably gone to assist in the formation -of these lines. This statement of course proceeds -upon the supposition that the Wall and the Vallum -were contemporaneous works. Upon the same assumption, -it may be added that the ramparts of the -Vallum are probably indebted for some portion of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>stone which they contain, to the chippings of the -Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Although the distance between the stone Wall and -the Vallum is, as already observed, perpetually varying, -the lines of the Vallum maintain amongst themselves -nearly the same relative position throughout -their entire course.</p> - -<p class='c000'>No apparent paths of egress have been made -through these southern lines of fortification. The -only mode of communication with the country to -the south, originally contemplated, seems to have -been by the gateways of the stations.</p> - -<p class='c000'>If we adopt the theory that the Wall and the Vallum -exhibit unity of design, a question of some importance -arises—With what view was the Vallum -constructed? Hodgson, with much probability, -conceives that, whilst the Wall undertook the harder -duty of warding off the professedly hostile tribes -of Caledonia, the Vallum was intended as a protection -against sudden surprise from the south. The -natives of the country on the south side of the Wall, -though conquered, were not to be depended upon; -in the event of their kinsmen in the north gaining an -advantage, they would be ready to avail themselves -of it. The Romans knew this, and with characteristic -prudence made themselves secure on both sides.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>PECULIAR CONSTRUCTION OF THE VALLUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>But, whatever we may conceive to have been the -design of the Vallum, the peculiarity of its form will -excite the attention of the enquirer, though probably -without his arriving at any satisfactory explanation. -Supposing, according to the common theory, that the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>Vallum was an independent fortification, erected -long before the Wall, to resist a northern foe, why -was not the ditch, as in the case of the stone Wall, -drawn along the northern edge of the northern agger? -I cannot supply an answer. A similar difficulty meets -us on the supposition that it was meant to guard -against attack from the other side. Again, what part -did the smaller rampart on the south edge of the -fosse perform? Possibly it may have been intended -as a foot-hold for the soldiers when fighting on this -platform against the revolted Britons south of the -barrier.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The third, and perhaps the most important, part of -the barrier line consisted of the structures that were -formed for the accommodation of the soldiery, and for -the ready transmission of troops and stores. Neither -stone walls, nor ditches, nor earthen ramparts, -would alone have proved material impediments to -the incursions of the Caledonians—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>An iron race, ...</div> - <div class='line'>Foes to the gentler genius of the plain.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is reported that Agesilaus, when asked where -were the walls of Sparta, pointed to his soldiers -and said, ‘There.’ The Romans placed their chief reliance -on the valour and discipline of their armies, -though they did not despise the assistance of mural -lines. In a foreign country, to which it was difficult -to transmit relays of troops, it became a matter of -great importance to economize the lives of the soldiery. -Hence arose the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>Those portions of the great barrier which yet -await our consideration, are the <span class='sc'>Stations</span>, the <span class='sc'>Mile-castles</span>, -the <span class='sc'>Turrets</span>, and the <span class='sc'>Roads</span>.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE STATIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>At distances along the line which average nearly -four miles, <span class='sc'>Stationary Camps</span> (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>stationes</em></span> or <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>castra -stativa</em></span>) were erected. These received their distinctive -appellation, in contradistinction from those -temporary ramparts, which were thrown up when -an army halted for a night or for some brief period.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The stations on the line of the Wall were military -cities, adapted for the residence of the chief -who commanded the district, and providing secure -lodgment for the powerful body of soldiery he had -under him. Here the commandant held his court; -hence issued decrees which none might gainsay; -here Roman arts, and literature, and luxury, struggled -for existence, when all around was ignorance -and barbarity.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Some of the stations, though connected with the -Wall, have evidently, as will afterwards be shewn, -been built before it: this does not prove that they -did not form part of the great design. To secure -a safe retreat for the soldiers employed upon the -work would necessarily be the first care of the -builder.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The stations are uniformly quadrangular in their -shape, though somewhat rounded at the corners, and -contain an area of from three to five acres. A stone -wall, five feet thick, encloses them, and has probably -in every instance been strengthened by a fosse, -and one or more earthen ramparts. They usually -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>stand upon ground which slopes to the south, and -are naturally defended upon one side at least.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE PLACE OF THE STATIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The Wall, when it does not fall in with the -northern wall of a station, usually comes up to the -northern cheek of its eastern and western gateways. -The Vallum, in like manner, usually approaches -close to the southern wall of the station, or comes up -to the defence of the southern side of the eastern -and western portals. Examples of these arrangements -are given in <a href='#p044b'>Plate II</a>. At least three of the -stations, it must, however, be observed, are quite -detached from both lines of fortification, being situated -to the south of them. They may have been -members of Agricola’s chain of forts.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Probably all the stations have, on their erection, -been provided, after the usual method of Roman castrametation, -with four gateways; in several instances -one or more of these portals have been walled up at -an early period, in consequence, probably, of some -natural weakness in the situation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Narrow streets, intersecting each other at right -angles, occupy the interior of the stations, and -abundant ruins, outside the walls, indicate the fact that -extensive suburbs have, in every instance, been required -for the accommodation of the camp-followers.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE FERTILITY OF THE STATIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In selecting a spot for a station, care has been -taken that an abundant supply of water should -be at hand. The springs, rivulets, wells, and -aqueducts, whence they procured the needful fluid, -are still, in many places, to be traced; and never did -water more limpid, more sparkling, more invigorating, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>lave the lips of man, than that which flows from -these sources.</p> - -<p class='c000'>For the most part, the stations—cities which for -centuries were the abodes of busy men, and which -resounded with the hum of multitudes, and the clash -of arms,—now present a scene of utter desolation. -The wayfarer may pass through them without knowing -it; the streets are levelled, the temples are overthrown, -and the sons and daughters of Italy, Mauritania, -and Spain, whose adopted homes they were, -no longer encounter him. The sheep, depasturing -the grass-grown ruins, look listlessly upon -the passer-by, and the curlew, wheeling above -his head, screams as at the presence of an intruder. -Whether, or not, sites naturally fertile were chosen -for the stations does not appear; but certain it -is, that they are now for the most part coated with -a sward more green and more luxuriant than that -which covers the contiguous grounds. Centuries of -occupation have given them a degree of fertility -which, probably, they will never lose.<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c012'><sup>[25]</sup></a> One can -scarcely turn up the soil without meeting, not only -with fragments of Roman pottery and other imperishable -articles, but with the bones of oxen, the tusks -of boars, the horns of deer, and other animal remains. -The debris of some of these cities is considered -<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>to be more valuable for farm purposes, than the -recent produce of the fold-yard, and is used as such.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE NAMES OF THE STATIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not a little remarkable that the names of the -stations, which must have been household words in -the days of Roman occupation, have for the most part -been obliterated from the local vocabulary; they are -now only to be recalled, and that with difficulty, by exhuming -the stony records of the past, and comparing -them with the notices of contemporaneous geographers. -The truth is, that military reasons dictated the -choice of the stations,—commercial facilities gave rise -to modern cities. Long may the mere military outpost -be consigned to the shepherd’s use, whilst the -wharf and the warehouse are beset by the busy -crowd!</p> - -<p class='c000'>According to Horsley, the stations on the line of -the Wall, were eighteen in number, besides some -that were placed in its immediate vicinity, and lent -to it important aid. Hodgson, conceiving that -Horsley has in one instance mistaken a mere summer -fortification for a stationary camp, reduces the -number of stations on the line itself to seventeen.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE STATIONS ACCORDING TO THE NOTITIA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In ascertaining the number and the names of the -stations, a most valuable document has come down -to our times from the period of Roman occupation. -The <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Notitia Imperii’</span> was probably written about the -end of the reign of Theodosius the younger, and was -certainly composed before the Romans abandoned -this island. It is a sort of list of the several military -and civil officers and magistrates both in the eastern -and western empires, with the places at which they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>were stationed. It may, in fact, be regarded as the -roll-call of the Roman army. The sixty-ninth -section of the work contains a list of the prefects -and tribunes under the command of the Honourable -the Duke of Britain. The portion of the section in -which we are at present interested is headed, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Item -per lineam valli</em></span>—Also along the line of the Wall—and -contains the following list:—</p> - - <ul class='c016'> - <li>The Tribune of the fourth cohort of the Lingones<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' - class='c012'><sup>[26]</sup></a> at Segedunum. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the cohort of the Cornovii at Pons Ælii. - </li> - <li>The Prefect of the first ala, or wing, of the Astures<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' - class='c012'><sup>[27]</sup></a> at Condercum. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the first cohort of the Frixagi at Vindobala. - </li> - <li>The Prefect of the Savinian ala at Hunnum. - </li> - <li>The Prefect of the second ala of Astures at Cilurnum. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the first cohort of the Batavians at Procolitia. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the first cohort of the Tungri at Borcovicus. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the fourth cohort of the Gauls at Vindolana. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the first cohort of the Astures at Æsica. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the second cohort of the Dalmatians at Magna. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the first cohort of Dacians, styled Ælia, at Amboglanna. - </li> - <li>The Prefect of the ala, called Petriana, at Petriana. - </li> - <li>The Prefect of a detachment of Moors, styled Aureliani, at Aballaba. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the second cohort of the Lergi at Congavata. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the first cohort of the Spaniards at Axelodunum. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the second cohort of the Thracians at Gabrosentis. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the first marine cohort, styled Ælia, at Tunnocelum. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the first cohort of the Morini at Glannibanta. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the third cohort of the Nervii at Alionis. - </li> - <li>The Cuneus of men in armour at Bremetenracum. - </li> - <li>The Prefect of the first ala, styled Herculean, at Olenacum. - </li> - <li>The Tribune of the sixth cohort of the Nervii at Virosidum. - </li> - </ul> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE CORROBORATION OF LETTERED STONES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not said, nor does it appear, that all these -twenty-three stations were exactly upon the line of -the Wall itself. It is very plain indeed, says -Horsley, that according to the Notitia, <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> -was the first, for that immediately follows the title -<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per lineam valli</em></span>; but he has not told us expressly -at what place or station they end.<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c012'><sup>[28]</sup></a> Those stations -which were not on the Wall were probably in its -vicinity, and were connected with it by military -ways. The stations in this list are manifestly, as -this writer also observes, set down in some order, and -those that were near to each other are placed together;<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c012'><sup>[29]</sup></a> -so that if we ascertain the identity of some -of them, we may form a pretty correct estimate of the -position of the intermediate or neighbouring stations.</p> - -<div id='p061' class='figright id013'> -<img src='images/i_p061.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>When, in the ruins of a station, inscribed stones are -found bearing the name of a cohort mentioned in the -Notitia, the inference is natural, that, in most cases -at least, the imperial Notitia will furnish us with -a key to the ancient designation of the station. The -argument becomes irresistible, when, in several successive -instances the designations thus obtained correspond -exactly with the order of the places as given -in the Notitia. Let us -take an example. At -the station of Chesters, -on the North Tyne, -several slabs have been -found, bearing the -name of the second ala, -or wing, of the Astures. -One of these is here represented.<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c012'><sup>[30]</sup></a> It is a sepulchral -<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>stone, and bears at the end of the third and the beginning -of the fourth lines the words—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>· · · · · · ALAE</div> - <div class='line'>II ASTVR[UM]· · · ·</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>CILURNUM APPROPRIATED.</div> - -<div id='p062' class='figleft id014'> -<img src='images/i_p062.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Now, as the Notitia represents this ala, or troop of -cavalry, to have been stationed at Cilurnum, the probability -is, that the camp on the west bank of the -North Tyne is the <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> of Roman Britain.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Immediately following -‘The second wing of the -Astures at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>,’ on -the Notitia list, is, ‘The -first cohort of the Batavians -at <span class='sc'>Procolitia</span>.’ Now the -station immediately west of -Chesters is Carrawburgh, -and here a slab and an altar -have been found, inscribed -with the name of this very -cohort. The woodcut represents -one of them,<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c012'><sup>[31]</sup></a> an altar to Fortune, which is -thus inscribed—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>FORTVNAE</div> - <div>COH I BATAVOR[UM]</div> - <div>CVI PRÆEST</div> - <div>MELACCINIVS</div> - <div>MARCELLUS PRÆ[FECTUS]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To Fortune</div> - <div>The first cohort of the Batavians</div> - <div>Commanded by</div> - <div>Melaccinius</div> - <div>Marcellus, Prefect.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div id='p063' class='figright id014'> -<img src='images/i_p063.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The conclusion is natural,—Carrawburgh is the <span class='sc'>Procolitia</span> -of the Notitia.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BORCOVICUS ASCERTAINED.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>Moving westward, the -next station we come to -is Housesteads; here numerous -inscribed stones -have been discovered, -which mention the first -cohort of the Tungri. -One of these, an altar to -Jupiter, which is now -in the possession of the -Society of Antiquaries of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -and is preserved in their -museum, is accurately -given in the accompanying -engraving.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO]</div> - <div>ET NVMINIBUS</div> - <div>AVG[USTI] COH[ORS] I TV-</div> - <div>NGRORVM</div> - <div>MIL[LIARIA] CVI PRÆE-</div> - <div>ST Q[UINTUS] VERIVS</div> - <div>SVPERSTIS</div> - <div>PRÆEFECTVS</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To Jupiter, the greatest and best,</div> - <div>And the Deities</div> - <div>Of Augustus; the first cohort of the</div> - <div>Tungri,</div> - <div>A milliary one,<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c012'><sup>[32]</sup></a> commanded by</div> - <div>Quintus Verius</div> - <div>Superstis,</div> - <div>Prefect.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The correspondence between the Notitia and the -sculptures derived from this station, is again too -striking to admit a doubt, that the Housesteads of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>the modern shepherd is the <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span> of the -Roman hosts.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE FATE OF LETTERED STONES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In this way, the ancient designations of the stations -from <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span>, Wall’s-end, to <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span>, -Birdoswald, have been accurately ascertained; -but no stony memorial of the past has arisen to confirm -the Notitia account of the stations westward -of this point. The peculiarly fertile nature of the -soil between the river Irthing and the Solway has -been inimical to the preservation of the Wall and -its antiquities. The wants of a numerous population -rendered stones of every kind valuable; and in an -ignorant age, when anything in the shape of a letter -was regarded as a thing of evil omen, those most -precious to the historian were the first to be sacrificed.<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c012'><sup>[33]</sup></a> -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>THE STATIONS WEST OF AMBOGLANNA.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span>Since the accuracy of the Notitia has been -confirmed in so many instances, it is but fair to -conclude, that it may be safely taken as a guide in -fixing the Roman designations of the remaining -stations along the line. Cambeck Fort is the station -next to Birdoswald; the Notitia places <span class='sc'>Petriana</span> -next in order to <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span>, which has been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>ascertained to be Birdoswald—doubtless, according -to this reasoning, Cambeck Fort is the ancient -<span class='sc'>Petriana</span>. In this way, could it be certainly ascertained -which were the stations <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per lineam valli</em></span>, -each station might have its Roman name restored, -though not a syllable of the ancient designation be -retained in the modern cognomen. We should have -but to read over the roll-call, and let each camp in -succession answer to its name. Unhappily, there is -some doubt as to which are the stations along the -line of the Wall. Horsley conceives that Watch -Cross is the station next in order to Cambeck Fort, -and, accordingly, calls it <span class='sc'>Aballaba</span>; Stanwix, Burgh, -Drumburgh, and Bowness, he successively denominates, -after the Notitia, <span class='sc'>Congavata</span>, <span class='sc'>Axelodunum</span>, -<span class='sc'>Gabrosentis</span>, and <span class='sc'>Tunnocelum</span>. Subsequent inquirers, -and, in particular, the Rev. John Hodgson, -have seen reason to suspect that Watch Cross was -not a station <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per lineam valli</em></span>. It probably was destitute -of stone walls, and was surrounded only by a -rampart of earth.<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c012'><sup>[34]</sup></a> It seems to have been a mere -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>castra æstiva</em></span>—a summer encampment, and consequently, -was not entitled to rank with those strongholds -that were intended to withstand all foes at all -seasons. Should Watch Cross be laid aside, the -whole of Horsley’s subsequent allocation of the -Notitia names is thrown out of course. It is much -to be desired that some ‘Witch Stone’ would start -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>from its hiding-place in the foundation of some cottage -or castle in the neighbourhood of any one of the -stations west of Cambeck Fort, and resolve the interesting -question. Until such an event does occur, -some doubt must hang upon the subject. The reader -will now understand how it is, that, according -to some authorities, the stations immediately dependent -upon the Wall are said to be eighteen in number, -and according to others only seventeen. For -the reason just referred to, the Notitia names of the -stations are not given on the Map of the Wall westward -of <span class='sc'>Petriana</span>.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The remainder of the stations of the Notitia were -probably out-posts, intended to give support to the -whole structure. The difficulty of rightly appropriating -the Notitia appellations to such of these as -have not yielded inscribed stones, is even greater -than in the case of those which follow more closely -the line of the Wall.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE EXTINCTION OF ROMAN NAMES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Before leaving this subject, the reader will do well -to compare the ancient with the modern names of the -stations, as far as they are ascertained; in doing -so, he will be struck with the almost total absence -of any similarity between them. So complete, it -would appear, has been the subversion by Pict, and -Saxon, and Dane, of the Roman domination in the -north of England, that the very names of the cities -which were occupied by the empire for centuries -have perished,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>And, like this unsubstantial pageant faded,</div> - <div class='line'>Leave not a rack behind.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE CASTELLA OR MILE-CASTLES.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>In addition to the Stations, <span class='sc'>Castella</span> or <span class='sc'>Mile-Castles</span> -were provided for the use of the troops which -garrisoned the Wall. They derive their modern name -from the circumstance of their being usually placed at -the distance of a Roman mile from each other. They -were quadrangular buildings, differing somewhat in -size, but usually measuring from sixty to seventy feet -in each direction. With two exceptions, they have -been placed against the southern face of the Wall; -the castle at Portgate, every trace of which is now -obliterated, and another near <span class='sc'>Æsica</span>, the foundations -of which may, with some difficulty, still be traced, -seem to have projected equally to the north and -south of the Wall. Though generally placed -about seven furlongs from each other, the nature of -the ground, independently of distance, has frequently -determined the spot of their location. Whenever -the Wall has had occasion to traverse a river or a -mountain pass, a mile-castle has uniformly been -placed on the one side or other to guard the defile. -The mile-towers have generally had but one gate of -entrance, which was of very substantial masonry, and -was uniformly placed in the centre of the south wall; -the most perfect specimen now remaining, however, -has a northern, as well as a southern gateway. It -is not easy to conjecture what were the internal -arrangements of these buildings; probably they -afforded little accommodation beyond what their four -strong walls and well-barred gates gave. Hodgson -states that when the foundations of the castle northeast -of Housesteads were removed in 1832, the remains -of an inner wall were seen, all round, parallel to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>outer walls. He hence infers that the space between -the walls has been roofed, and the centre uncovered. -Deferring the further discussion of this subject until, -in the course of our local description, we arrive at -the most perfect specimen remaining—the mile-castle -near Cawfields—the reader is meanwhile referred -to the lithograph which depicts this interesting remain.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE TURRETS OR WATCH TOWERS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Between the mile-castles, four subsidiary buildings, -generally denominated <span class='sc'>Turrets</span> or <span class='sc'>Watch -Towers</span>, were placed. They were little more than -stone sentry-boxes. It is with much difficulty that -they can now be traced. Horsley, in his day, complained -that ‘scarce three of them could be made out -in succession.’ Would that the modern antiquary -could make the same lamentation! Scarcely one -along the whole line can with certainty be determined. -They contained an interior space of eight or ten -feet square. Horsley states the distance between -them to have been three hundred and eight yards—the -whole number would consequently be three -hundred and twenty. Though small buildings, they -were, like all the works of the Romans, built for perpetuity. -Hodgson found the walls of one near Birdoswald -to be nearly three feet thick. Such were the -buildings provided for the lodgement and security -of the cohorts, whose hard lot it was to guard this -frontier barrier. A plan of Cilurnum, and the works -in its vicinity, taken from Warburton’s Vallum -Romanum, in <a href='#p044b'>Plate II</a>., exhibits these arrangements, -and shews, as he remarks, how the Wall and the -Vallum, the stations, turrets, and castles, yielded -mutual assistance to each other.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE MILITARY WAY.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>But all these arrangements were not enough; without -<span class='sc'>Roads</span>, one important element in the strength of -the Great Barrier would have been wanting. Nothing -economizes military force more effectually than the possession -of means for quickly concentrating all available -resources upon any point that the enemy may -select for attack. The advance of Roman armies, and -the formation of roads, were uniformly contemporaneous. -The Barrier had its <span class='sc'>Military Way</span>. It is impossible -to over-estimate the importance of this part -of the works. Without it, all the rest would have been -useless. It would not, perhaps, be incorrect to say -that both Vallum and Wall were subsidiary to it, -and that the chief use of these structures was to -guard the road, and to protect and conceal from view, -both on the north and south, the troops that marched -along it. The modern history of the district traversed -by the Wall furnishes a singular corroboration -of this opinion. In the rebellion of 1715, the -operations of the royalist forces were greatly impeded -by the absence of a good road between Newcastle -and Carlisle. In the rebellion of 1745, a -similar inconvenience was experienced. Marshal -Wade was at Newcastle when the Pretender appeared -before the city of Carlisle. The commandant -of the city immediately sent an express to inform him -of his position. The general’s answer contained these -words:—</p> - -<div class='c018'>Newcastle, November 10th, 1745, 7 o’clock.</div> - -<p class='c014'><span class='sc'>Gentlemen</span>,</p> - -<p class='c014'>I have just now the favour of your letter by -express, with an account of the Rebels’ approach near your -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>city. The spirit and resolution with which you exert yourselves -is very commendable, and I hope will contribute to -disappoint the Rebels of any design they may have formed -against you. ..... <em>I cannot follow them, the way they -may probably take being impassable for Artillery</em> ..... -but I hope to meet them in Lancashire, and make them repent -of their rashness. ... I wish you all imaginable success,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c019'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>And am, Gentlemen, your</div> - <div class='line in4'>Most obedient humble servant,</div> - <div class='line in17'><span class='sc'>George Wade</span>.<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c012'><sup>[35]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE IMPORTANCE OF MILITARY ROADS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Thus, for want of a military road across the Isthmus, -the importance of which had been perceived by the -Romans sixteen centuries previously, the safety of -the kingdom was perilled, and a hostile force permitted -to pour itself into the heart of England. -After such terrible warnings, government at last -interfered, and an act of Parliament was passed -which set forth in the preamble:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Whereas the making and keeping a free and open communication -between the city of Carlisle and the town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -by a road for the passage of troops, horses, -and carriages, at all times of the year, would be of great use -and service to the public, and it hath been found by experience, -that the want of such road, passage, and communication, hath -been attended with great inconvenience and danger to this -kingdom. ....: Be it enacted, &c.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The road now known in the district by the name -of the Military Road was accordingly made at the -public expense. It is not a little remarkable that -it takes precisely the track which the engineers of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>Rome had so many centuries before selected. In -the map of the Wall which accompanies this work, -the modern military road is delineated.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The importance of a good road, protected by -military posts at short intervals, in securing the -tranquillity of a turbulent district, is strikingly shewn -in another instance. That part of the great highway -between Madrid and Cadiz which crosses the -wild hills of the Sierra barrier, was formerly left to -the robber and the wolf, without roads or villages. -A road, admirably planned, was at length executed by -Charles Le Maur, an able engineer in the service of -Charles III. The task of guarding it was the difficulty -next to be overcome. For this purpose, Spain, -who had colonized the new world, and expelled her -rich Jews and industrious Moors, was compelled to -resort to foreign assistance. In 1768, a colony of -Germans and Swiss settled upon the line on condition -of maintaining a constant guard.<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c012'><sup>[36]</sup></a> This is done -to the present day. Several consecutive towns, such -as Carolina, in Andalusia, are occupied by people -speaking nothing but the German language, and -regular patrols are constantly on the move from one -town to another. These Germans have their land in -better order and cultivation than the Spaniards. -This Spanish highway, with its stations at regular -intervals, with its foreign guards, who from generation -to generation maintain the tongue and the -habits of their fatherland, presents too many points -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>of resemblance to the manner in which the northern -frontier of Roman power in Britain was defended, -to be passed over without obtaining at least this -brief notice.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MILITARY ROADS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Gordon, in his <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Itinerarium Septentrionale</span>, says, -that two military ways belonged to the Barrier; a -small Military Way a little to the south of the Wall, -and, beyond it, the Great Military Way. In addition -to these, Horsley enumerates a third, which he calls -the Old Military Way. Horsley conceives that the -north rampart of the Vallum constitutes the road -which was used by Agricola and Hadrian in transporting -their troops from station to station, and that when -Severus built the Wall, he formed a new road—the -great military way—which pursued an independent -course, sometimes coinciding with the old road, -but more frequently keeping nearer to the Wall. -That there may have been a path-way immediately -under the Wall which went from turret to turret, on -which the Roman sentries marched with slow and -measured pace, when they did not choose to expose -themselves upon the parapets of the Wall, is not -improbable; though we now look in vain for any -traces of it. But that the north agger of the Vallum -was thrown up either by Agricola or Hadrian to -serve the purposes of a road, is a proposition too -startling to be received even on the authority of the -learned Horsley. In some places, indeed, it is sufficiently -flattened to admit of the passage of traffic -along it, but in the greater part of the course where -the works of the Vallum are not under cultivation, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>the rampart is too conical, too narrow, and too -ragged, to admit of such a use. Excepting in those -situations, where stones are mingled with the -whole mass of the agger, it exhibits no signs of -having been paved.<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c012'><sup>[37]</sup></a> The manner in which all the -ramparts of the Vallum on Tepper Moor are encumbered -with blocks of basalt, clearly shews, that here -at least there has been no road. Besides, few who -trace the lines of the Vallum from sea to sea, and -observe their complete parallelism, will be able to -resist the conclusion, that the whole of the works -were contemporaneous; whereas, Horsley’s theory -ascribes part to Agricola, and part to Hadrian: -moreover, it may be added, that so much do the -northern and the southernmost aggers resemble each -other, that unbiassed observers will scarcely entertain -a doubt, that they have been thrown up to -serve a precisely similar purpose.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE MILITARY WAY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Happily, there is no room for doubt respecting -the other road, which Horsley calls Severus’ Greater -Military Way, as in the untilled districts of the -country it may be traced for several consecutive -miles; and if we receive the theory, that the Murus -and Vallum are one work, there is no need to seek -for any other.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROAD.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span><span class='sc'>The Military Way</span> is usually about seventeen -feet wide, and is composed of rubble so arranged as -to present a rounded surface, elevated in its centre -a foot or eighteen inches above the adjoining -ground. When carried along the slope of a hill, the -hanging side is made up by large kerb-stones. In -most places where it still remains, it is completely -grass-grown, but may, notwithstanding, be easily distinguished -from the neighbouring ground by the colour -of its herbage, the dryness of its substratum allowing -the growth of a finer description of plant. For the -same reason, a sheep-track generally runs along it. -For the accommodation of the soldiery, the road went -from castle to castle, and so, from station to station. -In doing this, it did not always keep close to the -Wall, but took the easiest path between the required -points. In traversing the precipitous grounds between -Sewingshields and Thirlwall, the ingenuity of -the engineer has been severely tried; but most successfully -has he performed his task. Whilst, as -previously observed, the Wall shoots over the highest -and steepest summits, the road pursues its -tortuous course from one platform of the rock to -another, so as to bring the traveller from mile-castle -to mile-castle by the easiest possible gradients. -Often has it been my lot to notice how naturally, towards -the close of a fatiguing day’s march, the less -zealous of our exploring party, more anxious to select -an easy track than to keep close companionship -with the Wall, have, most unconsciously, pursued -the route of the Roman way. But, notwithstanding -all the art of the engineer, the steepness of the road -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>in some places is such, that most of our modern -carmen, with all their boasted skill, would be -greatly puzzled if required to traverse it with a -waggon laden with military stores.<a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c012'><sup>[38]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ADDITIONAL ROAD.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Although the road now described has probably -been the only carriage-way between the two great -lines of fortification, another, situated to the south -of them, has afforded direct communication between -some of the inland stations. From <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> to -<span class='sc'>Magna</span>, the Wall forms a curved line, in order to -gain the highest hills of the district. For the accommodation -of those whose business did not require -them to call at any intermediate point, a road went, -like the string of a bow, direct from the one station -to the other. This road, which is shewn in <a href='#p044b'>Plate II</a>., -went near the modern village of Newburgh, where -Roman remains are occasionally found, and passed -by the north gate of <span class='sc'>Vindolana</span>, Chesterholm, near -to which a Roman mile-stone still stands. Some -portions of the ancient pavement still remain near -Morwood. It is probable that this Roman Military -Way was further continued, south of the Wall, direct -to Stanwix.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>SPEAKING TUBES IN THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>If tradition is to be credited, the Romans were -not satisfied with roads as a means of rapidly communicating -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>information; speaking-trumpets or pipes, -we are told, ran along the whole length of the Wall. -Of this, Drayton, long ago, sang in his Polyolbion—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Townes stood upon my length, where garrisons were laid -Their limits to defend; and for my greater aid, -With turrets I was built, where sentinels were plac’d -To watch upon the Pict; so me my makers grac’d -With hollow pipes of brasse, along me still they went, -By which they in one fort still to another sent, -By speaking in the same, to tell them what to doe, -And soe from sea to sea could I be whispered through.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Sir Christopher Ridley, in his letter tells us, that—</p> - -<p class='c014'>In this Wall was theyr a trunck of brass, or whatever kynd -of mettal, which went from one place to another along the -Wall, and came into the Captaynes chamber, whereat they -had watchers for the same, and yf theyr had bene stryfe or -business betwyxt the enemies, and that the watchmen did -blow a horn in at the end of the truncke that came into the -chamber, and so from one to one; there was certayn money -payed yearly to the mantenance of this trunck by the inhabitants -theyrabout, and doith yet pay to some gentilmen in -Northymberland, the which money is called horn-geld money.<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c012'><sup>[39]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE THEORY PROBABLY INCORRECT.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Camden also refers to this curious tradition. -Once, but only once, have I met with this story in -my own rambles. Such myths will not long outlive -the introduction of the electric telegraph. ‘There -are no old people upon the Wall now,’ as a man of -three-score lately said to me, when I was endeavouring -<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>to persuade him to gather up from his still more -ancient neighbour the fire-side lore of by-gone times.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It is curious to observe that a similar statement -is made respecting the <span class='sc'>Barrier</span> of the <span class='sc'>Upper Isthmus</span>. -A correspondent writes—</p> - -<p class='c014'>One old man told me, that when he was young, on digging -through one of the wall stations—at Upper Croy—they came -upon stone pipes, laid horizontally in the soil, and joined at -the ends like those for water. From the elevation of the -place, it is quite obvious that they could not be water conduits. -This old person said that the idea he had heard -‘learned people’ give of these pipes, was, that they were for -speaking through. That the pipes were found, and made of -stone, not clay, is certain.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Pipes of lead are occasionally met with in the ruins -of the stations, and pipes of burnt clay are of very -frequent occurrence. To this circumstance the tradition -probably owes its rise. They are not, however, -found in the Wall, and when placed in the -stations, seem to have served a different purpose. -One use to which the tile-tubes have been put has -been the transmission of warm air throughout an -apartment. The walls of one of the chambers of the -‘baths’ at <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span> were lined with them. Others -may have been used, especially in high situations, for -collecting rain-water from the roofs of the dwellings, -and conveying it to cisterns. Besides, the inutility of -the contrivance militates against the probability of its -adoption: the sentinels at their posts could easily -transmit hasty intelligence from end to end, by the -voice or by horns, without pipes imbedded in the -Wall, which, even if constructed, would probably be -useless for such a purpose.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>This traditionary fiction is probably of more than -mediæval antiquity. Xiphiline, in his life of Severus, -tells some such marvellous tale about the towers of -Byzantium.</p> - -<hr class='c020' /> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE MASONRY OF THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A description of the <span class='sc'>Masonry</span> of the erections -which have passed in review before us will conclude -this general examination of the Barrier.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The following extract of a letter with which I have -been favoured by Robert Rawlinson, esq., Inspector -of the Board of Health, will form an excellent introduction -to the subject.</p> - -<p class='c014'>I have several times thought over the subject of the Roman -Wall since I had the pleasure of seeing you. The Romans -constructed works with many different kinds of masonry; -no doubt all chosen to suit the material used, the place, and -the skill of the builders. In Rome, and Italy generally, works -of great magnificence were constructed, when the art displayed -was equal to the grandeur of the design. Such a work was -the famed Arch of Trajan, the Arch of Septimius Severus, the -Arch of Constantine, the Baths of Diocletian, and others. In -these works, construction of the highest order was used, and -the sculptor emulated the architect. The lettered altars and -sculptured figures found on the line of ‘the Wall’ must not -be compared with the best workmanship of Rome.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>NATIVE LABOURERS EMPLOYED.</div> - -<p class='c014'>I am quite satisfied, in my own mind, that the general -character of the work on the Wall was adapted to suit the -time, the country, and more especially, the labourers employed -on the work. The Wall, being a work of defence, had -to be constructed in haste; the country was wild, rude, and -without roads, excepting such as the Romans caused to be -made. This ‘caused to be made’ is I think, the key to the -character of the masonry chosen.... The form of -construction is the easiest and strongest which rude, uneducated -men could accomplish; and, with good mortar, such as -the Romans knew so well how to make, is the kind of work -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>calculated to endure for centuries, as we find it has done.... -The works of the Wall I consider to have been chiefly constructed -by the natives, under the armed superintendence and -teaching of the soldier. The Roman knew no right but that -of the conqueror; his object was conquest for use; use of the -land, and the labour that was upon it. The Roman soldier -was a fighting animal, and was so far civilized as to know -how to make the comparative savage do his work upon his -plan, and this was shaped to suit the labour used. Consider -the length of the Wall, and the extent of the works upon it, -and it will be seen that for the army to have constructed -it, would have been to have kept them constantly working -instead of watching and fighting.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Some years ago I had a large quantity of heavy masonry to -construct on one of the railways. It was not unlike the Roman -Wall in character. I found a difficulty in dealing with -the regularly educated mason, and bought several scores of -trowels and hammers; these I placed in the hands of uneducated -labourers, set them to work under the superintendence -of educated foremen, looking after the whole myself. -This is a case similar to the one I have imagined for the -great Wall; only the work my labourers performed had -more difficulties about it than the Wall, and yet, these uneducated -men performed the work perfectly.<a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c012'><sup>[40]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c014'>Think of the Roman bringing in at the sword’s point, hundreds -of captive natives, placing for the first time tools in their -hands, indicating the work to be done, and compelling the -trembling slaves to do it!<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c012'><sup>[41]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>The stones employed in building the Wall and -stations were very carefully selected. When good -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>stones were to be had near at hand, they were taken; -but those of inferior quality were never used to avoid -the labour of bringing better from a distance. In some -parts of the line, in Cumberland especially, the stone -must have been brought from quarries seven or eight -miles off. A quartzose grit was generally selected -not only on account of its hardness, but because its -rough surface gave it a firmer adhesion to the mortar. -The stone which has been used in the works -at Wallsend is of a much coarser grit than any that -is found in the neighbourhood.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE QUARRIES USED.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The quarries from which the stone has been procured -can in many instances be precisely ascertained. -At Fallowfield, not far from <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, is an ancient -quarry on the face of which the words,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>[P]ETRA FLAVI CARANTINI,</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>the rock of Flavius Carantinus—are still to be traced. -The vignette at the close of this part represents its -present condition. On opening out, in the year 1837, -some old quarries on the high, brown hill of Borcum, -near Thorngrafton, a small copper vessel was -found, containing a large number of coins, all of the -upper empire. Another Roman quarry existed on -Haltwhistle Fell. In a paper recently read before -the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -Mr. John Clayton says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>In riding over Haltwhistle Fell, before its enclosure, in -the summer of 1844, I came upon some workmen employed -in re-opening an old quarry. They told me they had met -with a ‘written stone’; I dismounted, and climbed the face -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>of the rock, when I found inscribed in letters clear and fresh</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c019'> - <div>LEG. VI. V.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>From its position on a wide waste, far removed from any -abode, but in the immediate vicinity of the Roman Wall, this -quarry could not possibly have been used for any other purpose -than to supply stones for the building of the Wall; and -from the freshness of the letters of the inscription, it must -have been filled up with earth soon after the soldiers ceased -to use it. The workmen promised to spare the ‘written -rock,’ but the next time I rode that way it had been shivered -to atoms.</p> - -<div id='p080b' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p080b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>Drawn & Lithographed<span style="margin-left: 50%;">by John Storey</span></span><br />WRITTEN ROCK ON THE RIVER GELT.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>INSCRIPTIONS ON THE QUARRIES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In Cumberland, there are several Roman inscriptions -on the face of the ancient quarries. About a -mile west of Birdoswald, and little more than a -quarter of a mile south of the road, is Coome Crag, -which, besides other markings, presents the following -inscription—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>SE · · RVS</div> - <div class='line'>AI · · · ·</div> - <div class='line'>· · · VSTUS</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>This perhaps may be read—<span class='sc'>Severus Alexander -Augustus</span>. The most remarkable of this class of -Antiquities, however, is the ‘Written Rock of the -Gelt,’ near Brampton. The lithograph on the opposite -page is a very accurate representation of this -curious relic of antiquity. As the scar is nearly -perpendicular, and the river Gelt washes its base, it -is not without some difficulty that the inquiring -visitor can give it a satisfactory examination; it will, -however, well reward his exertions, and the beauty -of the surrounding scenery will give additional zest -to the ramble. <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>INSCRIPTIONS ON THE QUARRIES.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span>The inscribed part of the rock is fully -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>fifty feet above the water. The letters seem to have -been made by connecting with a chisel or pick a</p> -<div id='p082' class='figright id015'> -<img src='images/i_p082.jpg' alt='‘Letters' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>number of holes drilled in the rock in the required -order; at all events, -the terminations of -the strokes have been -thus formed. Some -doubt exists as to the precise reading of the inscription, -but the general purport of it is this:—The -vexillarii of the second legion under an optio called -Agricola, were, in the consulship of Flavius Aper -and Albinus Maximus (A.D. 207), employed to -hew stone here for the Romans.<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c012'><sup>[42]</sup></a> It is piteous, -when surveying so interesting a relic of antiquity, -and one which has outlived the accidents of upwards -of sixteen centuries, to observe that it has -been approached by men who cannot sympathize -with the mighty dead, and who care not what violence -they do to the feelings of those who can. To the -defacement, as I believe, of some portion of the inscription, -the names of <span class='fss'>F. GRAHAM</span>, <span class='fss'>W. HARDCASTLE</span>, -<span class='fss'>T. THOMPSON</span>, <span class='fss'>W. NELSON</span>, have been carved upon the -rock. Notoriety is easily earned, but it is not always -of an enviable character.</p> - -<div id='p083' class='figright id013'> -<img src='images/i_p083.jpg' alt='Form of Wall-Stone' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>CHARACTER OF THE FACING-STONES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The exterior masonry of the Wall consists, on -both sides, of carefully squared free-stone blocks<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c012'><sup>[43]</sup></a>; -the interior, of rubble of any description firmly imbedded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>in mortar. The character of the facing-stones -is peculiar, yet pretty uniform. They are -eight or nine inches thick, and ten or eleven broad; -their length, which is perhaps their characteristic -feature, not unfrequently amounts to twenty inches. -The part of the stone exposed to the weather is cut -across ‘the bait,’ so as to avoid its scaling off by the -lines of stratification; -the stone tapers towards -the end which -is set into the Wall, -and has a form nearly -resembling that of a -wedge. The cut shews -its usual form. Owing -to the extent to which -the stones are set into the Wall, the necessity of -bonding tiles—so characteristic of Roman masonry -in the south of England—is altogether superseded. -There does not appear to have been a single tile -used in any part of the Wall. Stones of the shape -and size which have now been described were just -those which could be most easily wrought in the -quarry, most conveniently carried on the backs of -the poor enslaved Britons to the Wall, and most -easily fitted into their bed. The uniformity in their -appearance is such as to enable us, after a little -practice, at once to recognize them in the churches, -castles, farm-buildings, and fences of the district -through which the Wall runs.</p> - -<div id='p084' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p084.jpg' alt='Junction of the west wall of Birdoswald with the Wall' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MASONRY OF THE STATIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In Cumberland, the stones are rather larger than -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>in the eastern portion of the line, a thickness of -twelve inches not being uncommon, with a corresponding -breadth. The blocks in the north face of the -Wall, also, are not unfrequently larger than those in -the south. The stones of which the walls of the stations -are composed are smaller than those of the main -Wall. Their average thickness is from five to seven -inches, and their breadth from six to eight. The woodcut -which is here introduced, depicts the junction of -the west wall of the station of <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span> with the -Wall, and well displays the different character of -the stones used in two erections. As already -observed, the stations appear to have been built before -the Wall, and as the necessity of the case required -that they should be run up as quickly as -possible, a smaller class of stone was allowed to pass -muster here than was used in the Wall. The workmanship -also is of inferior quality.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE TOOLING OF THE STONES.</div> - -<div id='p085a' class='figright id016'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span> -<img src='images/i_p085a.jpg' alt='diamond broaching' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The front of the stones, both of the Wall and stations, -is roughly ‘scabbled’ with the pick. In some -parts of the line, this tooling takes a definite form; -when this is the case, the marking -called the diamond broaching -is most common. Sometimes the -<span class='figleft id016'><img src='images/i_p085b.jpg' alt='waved lines' class='ig001' /></span>stone is scored with waved lines, -or with small squares, or with nearly -upright lines. -The woodcuts illustrative -of the -masonry at Chester Holm, and of -the Crypt at Hexham, to be introduced along with -<span class='figright id016'><img src='images/i_p085c.jpg' alt='upright lines' class='ig001' /></span>the account of these places, will exemplify some -of these kinds of broaching. It was not until I had -become tolerably familiar with the Wall, that my attention -was called to this peculiar kind of tooling. A -visit to <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span> and <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>, where the -stones are nearly all broached in the diamond fashion, -induced me to inspect the Wall more narrowly in -this respect. I have since frequently detected it, -especially in Cumberland. It is rare in the Northumbrian -portion. Is this broaching peculiar to -a particular legion, or to a certain period? The -station of <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span> is understood to have -been rebuilt by Caracalla—can the other stations, -and those parts of the Wall where this kind of -marking appears, have also undergone repair at the -same time, or is it the work of some particular -legion? The same kind of broaching may be noticed -in some of the stones at Chester, the <span class='sc'>Deva</span> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span><span class='sc'>Icenorum</span> of the Romans, which was for a long -time the head quarters of the 20th legion. Though -unable to resolve the doubt, I think that the prosecution -of the inquiry may lead to some worthy result.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MASONS' MARKS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p086'></a></p> -<div class='figleft id016'> -<img src='images/i_p086a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='figright id016'> -<img src='images/i_p086b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Cuttings resembling masons’ marks occasionally -occur. Sometimes they consist of a single or double -stroke; sometimes -of a diagonal -cross, sometimes -of a rectangular. -The other marks which are here represented are less -frequently met with.<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c012'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='figcenter id017'> -<img src='images/i_p086c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>ROMAN MORTAR.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The tenacity of the mortar which was used, forms -an important element in the strength of the whole -fabric. That which is in use now is generally spoiled, -from a variety of circumstances. The prevailing -practice is, first of all, to slack the lime by pouring -a quantity of water upon it when lying in a heap; -in most cases this does not sufficiently pulverize it: -it is then mixed with any earth bearing the least resemblance -to sand, and the two are worked together -very imperfectly with a shovel. The mortar thus -made often stands and hardens, so as to require to -to be once and again mixed with water, and worked -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>up before it is used. It thus becomes quite impoverished; -and, after all, for the convenience of -the mason, it is employed in so dry a state that the -stone soon takes all the moisture from it, and it becomes -little better than powder. The gigantic railway -operations of recent times have driven men out -of the beaten track, and compelled them afresh to -discover the Roman method of preparing mortar. -On the authority of engineers well acquainted with -the Roman Wall, I am enabled to state, that the -mortar of that structure is precisely similar to the -grout and concrete<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c012'><sup>[45]</sup></a> of the railway mason of the -present day. Specimens of the ancient and modern -grout are before me, and there cannot be a doubt as -to the identity of their preparation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The following is the mode in which the railway -engineer prepares his mortar. The lime, in the -state in which it comes from the kiln, is first ground -to powder, and is then mixed with sand and gravel, -and chippings of stone. The purposes for which -the mortar is required indicate the coarseness and -quantity of the intermingling gravel. When wanted -as concrete, to form, independently of other materials, -the foundation of some heavy structure, stony -fragments of larger size are mingled with the lime -than when the mortar is to be used to cement chiselled -stones, or even than when wanted to constitute -with rubble the interior of a wall. The mixture of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>pounded lime and gravel, when made, is not mingled -with water, until the moment of its application to the -work for which it is required, but it is then intimately -united with an abundant quantity of it. When used -as concrete, the mass will, in three hours, have solidity -sufficient to bear the weight of a man, and in -about three days it will have acquired a rock-like -firmness.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Such, doubtless, is the way<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c012'><sup>[46]</sup></a> in which the mortar of -the Roman Wall was prepared, and it would have -this very important advantage over that generally -used at present, that, in a very short time, the work -would acquire a massiveness and strength, sufficient -to resist the attacks of an enemy. The mortar of -the Saxon and Norman periods is of the same character.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Occasionally, but by no means frequently, small -pieces of charcoal are mixed with the mortar. These -have evidently been derived from the wood used in -burning the lime. Excepting in the buildings of -the stations, pounded tile, so characteristic of the -Roman mortar in the south of England, is by no -means a common constituent of the mortar of the -Wall. Limestone is abundant in most parts of the -district through which the Wall passes. The Romans -probably burnt it in ‘sow kilns.’ The limestone and -fuel being arranged in alternate layers, the whole was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>carefully covered with turf and ignited. This simple -method is still much resorted to when the lime is -wanted for farm purposes.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p088b'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE III</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id018'> -<a href='images/i_p088bbig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p088b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Sections and Elevations of the Masonry of the Wall</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE MODE OF BUILDING.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Supposing the stones to be now quarried and -squared, the lime burnt and mixed with sand and -gravel, the next point to be attended to is the method -of using them. The foundation has been prepared -by the removal of the natural soil to the width of -about nine feet. In the hill district, a very scanty -portion of earth covers the rocks; in the richer -regions an excavation of from fifteen to eighteen -inches has been made before the subsoil was reached. -On the outer and inner margins of the ground thus -bared, two rows of flags of from two to four inches in -thickness, and from eighteen to twenty in breadth, -were generally laid; no mortar was placed under -them.<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c012'><sup>[47]</sup></a> On these lay the first course of facing-stones, -which were usually the largest stones used -in the structure. In higher courses the facing-stones -are uniformly of free-stone, on the ground course -a ‘whin-stone’ is occasionally introduced. The flagstones -of the foundation usually project from one to -five inches beyond the first course of facing-stones, -and these again usually stand out an inch or two beyond -the second course, after which, the wall is taken -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>straight up. In some parts of the line the flagstones -do not appear in the foundation—the first -course of facing-stones being laid directly upon the -ground. In the neighbourhood of Sewingshields, -where large tracts of the Wall have been recently removed, -a careful observer informs me, that the entire -foundation has for some distance been laid upon -a bed of clay of three or four inches thick.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE RUBBLE OF THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>One or two courses of facing-stones having been -placed in their beds and carefully pointed, a mass of -mortar in a very fluid state was poured into the interior -of the wall, and stones of any kind or shape -that were of a convenient size were ‘puddled’ in -amongst it. Whin-stones, as being most abundant -in the district, are generally used for the filling. -Course after course was added, and one mass of concrete -imposed upon another, until the Wall reached -the required height. When the whole was finished -it formed a solid, compact mass, without any holes or -crevices in the interior, and in a short time became -as firm as the unhewn rock.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In some parts of the line the mortar has been -‘hand-laid.’ The rubble of the interior having been -first disposed in its place, the mortar has been laid -upon it with a trowel. In this case the mortar never -penetrates the interstices of the mass, and does not -make such solid masonry as the method generally -pursued. When, however, this plan is adopted, the -rubble stones are often laid upon their edges in a -slanting position; and when those of the next layer, -as occasionally occurs, are made to lean in the opposite -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>direction, we have the kind of -<span id='p091' class='figright id016'><img src='images/i_p091.jpg' alt='herring-bone work' class='ig001' /></span>masonry represented in the adjoining -diagram, which is appropriately called -herring-bone work. The nearest -approach to this that I have seen upon the line of -the Wall is at Steel-rig, and Hare-hill. In Hodgson’s -Northumberland<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c012'><sup>[48]</sup></a> a section of the Wall on Walltown -crag is given, exhibiting herring-bone masonry. In -this instance the stones are disposed transversely to -the Wall, at Steel-rig and Hare-hill they are disposed -longitudinally; the latter method is the easier -of the two.<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c012'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>On wavy ground the courses of the Wall follow the -undulations of the surface, but on steep inclines -<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>the stones are laid parallel to the horizon. The -Wall, in this case, must have been built up from the -bottom of the defile, where also, in order the better -to resist the superincumbent mass, it not unfrequently -has a greater breadth than usual. As shewing -that different sections of the Wall have been erected -under distinct superintendents, it may occasionally -be observed that, whilst on one slope of a ‘gap’ the -stones are laid parallel to the horizon, on the other, -differing little perhaps in inclination, they are laid -even with the ground.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>DURABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>We must now take leave of this important part -of our subject, the masonry of the Wall. Judging -from those portions of it which remain, it may safely be -asserted, that no structure can be conceived to possess -greater strength and durability. The first time I -happened to visit Bowness (in the year 1831), some -portions of the Wall, seven feet high, were in the -course of being removed; it was found necessary to -resort to the force of gunpowder in order to effect -its destruction. In the substantial nature of their -works, the Romans have left the impress of their -own mighty minds. They built not for the day. -They did not conceive that their existence was bound -up in the fate of a single generation, but that it was -spread over the destinies of succeeding ages. Their -works contrast strongly with the efforts of some -modern builders. The editor of the pictorial volume, -styled ‘Old England,’ seems, in the following -passage, to speak from personal observation.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Passing by the fragments of which we have spoken, we are -under the north wall [of Richborough]—a wondrous work -<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>calculated to impress us with a conviction that the people -who built it were not the petty labourers of an hour, who -were contented with temporary defences and frail resting -places. The outer works upon the southern cliff of Dover, -which were run up during the war with Napoleon, at prodigious -expense, are crumbling and perishing, through the -weakness of job and contract, which could not endure for -half a century. And here stand the walls of Richborough, -as they have stood for eighteen hundred years, from twenty -to thirty feet high, eleven or twelve feet thick at the base, -with their outer masonry in many parts as perfect as at the -hour when their courses of tiles and stones were first laid in -beautiful regularity.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ITS EVENTUAL DECAY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>If the meddling hand of man had been withheld -from the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus, the Wall -might have stood, even to the present hour, in almost -its original integrity. It is necessary to say -‘almost,’ for nothing can be more correct than the -observation of Hodgson—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Though man has had the chief labour in effecting its destruction, -its whole line and all its stations, castles, and -towers, ever since it was deserted by the Romans, have -been incessantly suffering prostration by the hand of nature. -The feeble roots of grasses, ferns, and shrubs, have been assisted -by the more destructive wedges and levers of forest -trees in levelling it with the ground; and, in many places in -the west of this county, for considerable distances together, -the ruins that time has thrown from its brow, lie in a deep -green mound at its feet; and thorns, briars, hazel, and mountain -ash (entwined with relentless ivy), are still, in the parts -that remain above ground, at the labour of demolition in -which, for the last fourteen centuries, they have been unceasingly -engaged.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In this day, when the Arabic numerals assert an influence -quite as potent as that which the lictors’ rods -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>obtained in ancient Rome, the inquiries may not be -destitute of interest—What amount of labour was -involved in the construction of the Barrier, in what -time could it be accomplished, and what, at the present -value of labour and materials, would be the cost -of its construction?</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MONEY VALUE OF THE BARRIER.</div> - -<p class='c014'>The Wall is sixty-eight miles long; granting that it was -only sixteen feet high, but had a continuous thickness of -eight feet, we have 1,702,115 cubic yards of masonry, to say -nothing of stations, mile-castles, and turrets.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Twelve shillings per cubic yard is as near as may be the -present value of masonry, such as that of which the Roman -Wall consists—the cost of this part of the structure would -therefore be 1,021,269<em>l.</em></p> - -<p class='c014'>Taking into account that the labour was forced, each cubic -yard of the Wall would, at the least, require, in quarrying -the stone, its carriage to the Wall, its setting, and other -operations, one entire day’s exertions of one man. In this -way we have 1,702,115 days’ labour in the stone Wall.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Taking the north fosse at the dimensions already given, its -excavation would involve the removal of 5,585,072 cubic -yards. A modern excavator, stimulated by pay proportioned -to his work, enjoying food, and raiment, and shelter, such as -the ancient Briton was a stranger to, and possessing the advantage -of good tools, and good organization, can remove the -enormous quantity of twenty cubic yards of earth per day. -The labourer, driven to his ungrateful task by a Roman task-master, -and compelled to support himself as best he might, -and to labour with tools of the rudest construction, would -not accomplish the half of this task; the removal of eight -yards <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per diem</em></span> would probably be an average day’s work. The -excavation of the north fosse would thus, under these circumstances, -involve 698,134 days’ labour. At the present time, -when twenty cubic yards may be removed per man in a day, -and when a day’s wages may be set down at half-a-crown, the -whole cost of the excavation of the fosse would be 34,906<em>l.</em></p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>In this estimate no account has been taken of the increased -labour occasioned by cutting through the rocks that are sometimes -met with. The entire absence of the ditch, however, in -the hilly district, compensates for this omission.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The fosse of the Vallum is rather less than that of the -Wall. Making a deduction of one-third on this account, and -supposing that the distance which the Vallum falls short of -the Wall at each extremity, makes amends for the increased -labour of cutting through the rocky ground, we have 3,723,382 -cubic yards to be removed, involving 465,422 days of forced -labour. The whole could now be done for the sum of -23,271<em>l.</em> No account is taken of the labour expended in -raising the earthen ramparts, or the cost of their construction, -for the reason, that the removal of the earth from the -fosse implied its being deposited somewhere; no place would -be more convenient for this purpose than the mounds of the -rampart.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>TIME REQUIRED FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION.</div> - -<p class='c014'>Adding together these results, we find that the cost of the -Wall and its north fosse would be 1,056,175<em>l.</em>, and that the -cost of the Vallum, added to this would form a total of -1,079,446<em>l.</em> The number of days’ labour involved in the -Wall would be 2,400,249, and, adding to this, that of the -Vallum, we have for the whole 2,865,671 days’ labour.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The largest number of men that we can conceive to be -brought to bear at once upon the Wall, including such of the -Roman troops as could be spared from military operations, -is ten thousand. This body, at the rate already supposed, -would, by continuous labour, execute the Wall and its -ditch in 240 days, and, taking the Vallum also into account, -in 286 days. In the exposed district over which the Wall -runs, it is not probable that the weather would allow of the -work being pursued during more than two hundred days in -the year. If, in addition to this, we make deductions for -the chances of war, two years may be stated as the shortest -time in which the whole of the works could be executed.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A recent writer, who, in a work denominated ‘A -History of the Picts or Romano-British Wall,’ adopts -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>the notion of Gildas, that the stone wall was built, -not by Hadrian or Severus, but by the trembling -Britons on their abandonment by the Romans, supports -his opinion by denominating the work an un-Roman-like -defence, and argues that men who were -unaccustomed to fear, would not seek the assistance -of a wall and a ditch. However regardless of life -the Romans may, in the abstract, have been, they -knew how to economize their resources. In the battle -of the Grampians, Agricola withheld his legionary -soldiers, and made use only of his auxiliary -troops. He could better afford to expend the one -than the other. As well might a warrior despise -the protection of a helmet or a shield, as refuse the -defence of a stone wall.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALLS NOT UNWORTHY OF ROME.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The best refutation, however, of this theory, is the -fact, that in other places the Romans, about the same -period, raised similar barriers. At two of these we -shall glance, before beginning a detailed inspection -of the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus. The comparison -will probably afford valuable instruction.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE GERMAN BARRIER.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The <span class='sc'>Devil’s Wall</span>, in Germany, bears many marks -of resemblance to the English Wall. It seems<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c012'><sup>[50]</sup></a> to -consist of the <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><em>Pfahl</em></span>, a mound of stakes, or vallum, -ascribed to Hadrian, and a stone wall which is said to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>have been executed by some of his successors. The -works extended westwards from Regensburg [Ratisbon] -on the Danube, towards the sources of that river, -a distance of nearly two hundred miles. They formed -the boundary of the Roman empire in those parts -where the Danube was not broad and deep enough -to be of itself a sufficient protection. A deep trench -ran along the Wall on its northern side, and along -its southern face roads and camps were formed. At -regular intervals of one mile, towers of observation -were placed of the same size, though, being circular, -not of the same form as the mile-castles on the -English Wall. It is not possible, from the present -remains, to determine with certainty the height or -breadth of the Wall. ‘I found it in many places,’ -says Professor Buchner, ‘from four to six, in others -from ten to twelve, feet broad. We may therefore -perhaps conclude, that its medium breadth was from -six to seven feet, and that its height, as corresponding -to this breadth, may have been from eighteen -to twenty-four feet.’ The works have the same -tendency to advance in a straight line as those of -our own Barrier. ‘No mountain is so high, no abyss -so steep, no wood so thick, no morass so profound, -through which it does not penetrate.’ ‘The whole -line of the fortification has been laid down and executed -according to a well-digested plan.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE ANTONINE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='sc'>Graham’s Dike</span>, so denominated probably from -the Celtic words <i>grym</i>, strength, and <i>diog</i>, a ditch, -is a barrier which fortified the Upper Isthmus of -Britain. It extended from Borrowstoness, on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>Firth of Forth, to West Kilpatrick, on the river -Clyde, a distance of about twenty-seven English -miles. It was constructed by Lollius Urbicus in the -reign of Antoninus Pius, the adopted son of Hadrian. -The following succinct account of this important -design is taken from the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Caledonia Romana,’</span> a work -of great ability, by the late lamented Mr. Robert -Stuart, of Glasgow:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>This great military work consisted, in the first place, of an -immense fosse or ditch—averaging about forty feet in width, -by some twenty in depth—which extended over hill and plain, -in one unbroken line, from sea to sea. Behind this ditch, on -its southern side, and within a few feet of its edge, was raised -a rampart of intermingled stone and earth, strengthened by -sods of turf, which measured, it is supposed, about twenty -feet in height, and twenty-four in thickness at the base. This -rampart, or <em>agger</em>, was surmounted by a parapet, behind -which ran a level platform, for the accommodation of its defenders. -To the southward of the whole was situated the -Military Way—a regular causewayed road, about twenty-feet -wide—which kept by the course of the Wall at irregular -distances, approaching, in some instances, to within a few -yards, and in others receding to a considerable extent. Along -the entire line there were established, it is believed, nineteen -principal stations or forts. The mean distance between each -may be stated at rather more than two English miles. Along -these intervals were placed many smaller <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>castella</em></span>, or watch-towers. -While the continuous rampart seems to have been -little more than a well-formed earthen mound, it is probable -that many, if not all, of the stations, were either rivetted -with stone or entirely built of that material. In some places, -it would even appear that the Vallum itself had been raised -upon a stone foundation—probably in situations where the -ground was low and marshy, and where it was found necessary -to form drains beneath the works, to prevent the -accumulation of water on their anterior side.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MUTUAL SUPPORT OF THE BARRIERS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>The Barrier of the Upper Isthmus never consisted -of more than a single line of fortification. This -circumstance may seem to militate against the view -that we have taken of the double line of the Southern -Barrier. If in the one case the conquered tribes to -the south were disregarded, why should they not be so -in the other also? We shall not, however, greatly err -if we regard the Antonine Wall as but an advanced -work of Hadrian’s entrenchment. On this view of -the matter, the difficulty is at once removed, for the -Lower Barrier would be a sufficient security against -danger in the rear. Certain it is, that the southern line -was not abandoned when the other was constructed. -Several altars have been found on the Lower Barrier -inscribed with the name Antoninus Pius.<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c012'><sup>[51]</sup></a> A slab -bearing the names of the consuls Sex. Sulpicius -Tertullus, and C. Tineius Sacerdos, elicits the following -remarks from judge Cay<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c012'><sup>[52]</sup></a>:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>These were consuls in A.D. 158; consequently, we have -undeniable authority to assert, that Antoninus Pius repaired -Hadrian’s Vallum (or, at least, the stations <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per lineam -Valli</em></span>), as well as built one between the Scottish Firths. This -stone is certainly most valuable, as it clearly proves, that -though Antoninus extended the boundary so far north, he -could not, or durst not, trust the Mæatæ, but thought himself -obliged to keep up the southern pretenturæ, lest they should, -on any disturbance, join the Caledonians.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Such prudence is characteristic of good generalship. -Napoleon never made an important move -without first resolving what to do in case of failure. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>Assuredly Hadrian did not act in a manner unbecoming -a Roman, when, at the same time that he -shewed a stony front to the Caledonians, he placed -an earthen rampart between himself and the doubtful -fidelity of his southern subjects.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE BARRIERS IN RELATION TO THE RIVERS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The position of the Barriers of the Lower and of -the Upper Isthmus, and of the Devil’s Wall, in relation -to the rivers in their vicinity, requires some -remark. The Tyne in the eastern, and the Irthing -and the Eden in the western part of the island, are -uniformly to the south of the English Wall. A similar -remark applies to the Devil’s Wall, in Germany, -which is drawn along the northern shore of the Danube, -the side exposed to the enemy. The Clyde, and -its feeders, are to the south of the Antonine Wall. -Why did the Romans not avail themselves of the -natural trenches of these river-basins? The valley -of the Tyne is peculiarly broad and deep. A chain -of camps on its southern bank, where the mediæval -castles afterwards stood, would alone, we might suppose, -have bid defiance to the passage of any foe.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A similarity of practice in these cases favours the -belief that important objects were to be accomplished -by it. What are they?—</p> - -<p class='c000'>By erecting a chain of posts on the high grounds -to the north of the rivers, a better observation of the -movements of the enemy was obtained than would -otherwise have been practicable. In the days of -Roman occupation, large tracts of country, the banks -of rivers especially, would be covered with forests. -The conquerors, unless they had secured the enemy’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>side of the river-basins, would have been perpetually -subject to unexpected attacks. They could not be -so easily taken by surprise on the high grounds of -the northern slopes.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>IMPORTANCE OF RIVER BASINS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Probably the value of the land on the margin of the -rivers, was an additional motive for the course pursued. -The alluvial soil by a river’s side is usually the -most fertile portion of a country. The banks of the -Tyne and the Eden are peculiarly productive. -Without a wall the enemy would have had undisputed -possession of the slopes which enjoyed the -finest aspect—that to the south—while those on the -other side would have been subject to frequent depredation. -This consideration is of the more importance, -as the lands of the district were given to the soldiers -who garrisoned the frontier, as a means of securing -their fidelity.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>PRUDENCE OF THE ROMANS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>So far from the importance of the natural boundary, -the river, being overlooked by the Romans, -I am disposed to regard the works on its northern -bank as a proof of the value which they set -upon it. The natural and the artificial barriers -were probably regarded by them as but separate -members of one complete fortification. In case of a -rush of invasion from the North, the Wall would arrest -the attack and the river entirely repel it. The stone -and earth works would impede the progress of a foe, -however formidable, and give time for the formation -of an army on the southern bank of the stream. It -was, moreover, ‘political in the Romans,’ as Stukely -remarks,<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c012'><sup>[53]</sup></a> 'to leave on the north side of the Wall -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>that huge tract of waterless and dismal moor, a great -barren solitude, where in some places you may -walk sixty miles endwise, without meeting with a -house or tree; to ride is impracticable. Thus, as -much as in them lay, without the horror of barbarity, -did they remove the barbarians from their territories; -whilst within the Wall, either naturally or by their -industry, all things smiled like the garden of Eden.'</p> - -<p class='c000'>The vast hosts which the Caledonians were able -to muster rendered all these precautions necessary; -and it was, moreover, becoming in the Romans—a -generation of warriors the mightiest the world has -ever seen—to plant the foot firmly on any land they -thought fit to occupy. Assuredly they did so in the -Lower Isthmus of Britain.</p> - -<div id='p102' class='figcenter id018'> -<img src='images/i_p102.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Written Rock, at Fallow-field.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='figcenter id007'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span> -<img src='images/i_p103a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">The Roman Barrier of the</span></span></div> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">Lower Isthmus.</span></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'>PART III. <br /> <span class='small'>LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c004'><a id='p103b'></a></p> -<div class='c000'> - <img class='drop-capi' src='images/i_p103b.jpg' width='200' alt='' /> -</div><p class='drop-capi0_5'> -Little did the Romans -dream, when they fixed -the eastern termination -of their Wall -at <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span>, of the -world-wide celebrity -which its subsequent -cognomen—Wallsend—would -attain. Even -Horsley, writing in -1731, and in what he lovingly terms 'my own -county,'<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c012'><sup>[54]</sup></a> did not foresee the extensive mining operations -which shortly after his day were to take place -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>in its immediate vicinity. In order to mark the site -of the station, he fixes upon Cousin’s House, which -is at some distance from the spot, whereas, the -principal shaft of the celebrated mine is close -beside its western rampart.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>SEGEDUNUM, Wallsend, is admirably selected -as the site of a Roman station, and as the eastern -terminus of the Wall. Without being so much<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>SEGEDUNUM.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -elevated as to give it a painful exposure to the -blasts of the north and of the east, it commands a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>view, in every direction, of the adjacent country. -The ground, in front of it, slopes rapidly down to -the river’s brink, and has a full exposure to the -mid-day sun. The beauty of its situation is considerable -now; what must it have been when aged -oaks crowned the contiguous heights, and the Tyne -rolled by in the brilliancy and exuberance of its -youth!</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALLSEND.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Eastward of Wallsend, the river acquires a sufficient -magnitude to make it a barrier quite formidable -enough to prevent the ready passage of a foe, and -to render the erection of a wall unnecessary. Frequently, -however, would it be needful for the watchful -eye of the Roman prefect at <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>traverse the expanse which lay between him and -the sea. This he could easily do. The station -stands upon a bend of the river, formed by two of -the longest ‘reaches’ which it makes in the whole of -its course. The Long-reach extends downwards -as far as the high end of South Shields, and the -Bill-reach stretches nearly two miles up the water. -In both directions, therefore, any operations conducted -on the river would be easily discerned from -the station.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>SEGEDUNUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Although it was not thought requisite to extend -the Wall further along the northern bank of the -Tyne than Wallsend, special precautions were taken -to secure the mouth of the river from hostile occupation. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>A camp at Tynemouth, and another at -North Shields, were garrisoned by troops from the -head quarters at <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span>; these frowned over -the northern shore of the estuary. A subsidiary -station at Tyne Lawe, near South Shields, and another -at Jarrow, guarded its southern bank, whilst one at -Wardley, opposite Wallsend, would effectually support, -on that side of the river, the operations of the -garrison in the principal encampment. All of these -will be examined afterwards.</p> - -<div id='p109' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p109.jpg' alt='Altar to Jupiter-Coh. IV. Lingonum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The evidence by which Wallsend is identified -with the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Segedunum</em></span> of the Notitia is not so direct -as could be desired. First in the list of officers -‘along the line of the Wall,’ the Notitia places the -Tribune of the fourth cohort of the Lergi at <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span>. -Now, no inscription has been found in Britain -mentioning the Lergi, but inscriptions have been -found which mention the second and fourth cohorts -of the Lingones; on the other hand, the Lingones -never occur in the Notitia, but the cohorts of the -Lergi which are there recorded, are the second and the -fourth. This being the case, and the difference in the -form of the Latin words <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Lergorum</em></span> and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Lingonum</em></span> -being very slight, the probability is, as Mr. Thomas -Hodgson, in an able paper in the Archæologia Æliana, -conjectures, that some early transcriber of the -Notitia has written the one in mistake for the -other. Within the precincts of Tynemouth Castle, -in the year 1783, an altar was found, which formed -part of the foundation of an ancient church. It is -now in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries -<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>of London. The adjoining wood-cut accurately delineates -it. The inscription may be read as follows:</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO]</div> - <div>AEL[IVS] RVFVS</div> - <div>PRAEF[ECTVS] COH[ORTIS]</div> - <div>IIII LINGO</div> - <div>NVM.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To Jupiter the best and greatest,</div> - <div>Ælius Rufus,</div> - <div>The Prefect of Cohort the</div> - <div>Fourth of the Lingo-</div> - <div>nes.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>On the supposition, which is a natural one, that -Tynemouth was a station subsidiary to Wallsend, -this altar gives satisfactory proof that the first of -the stations at the eastern extremity of the Wall is -the <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> of the Notitia. On some occasion, -when the prefect who commanded the estuary of the -Tyne, was on a visit to this out-post, he erected to -Jupiter, whom he ignorantly worshipped, the altar -which still remains.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ORIGIN OF THE NOTITIA NAMES.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>The etymology of the names of the stations is an -interesting, but intricate subject. The new occupants -of a country usually adopt the appellations bestowed by -their predecessors upon its more prominent features. -Thus, though in England the ancient Briton, Roman, -Saxon, Norman, and modern English, have successively -prevailed, many of our most familiar rivers, as -the Thames, the Isis, and the Avon, have borne, as -Whitaker shows, through each successive change, -their present names. The appellations of cities are -much more variable, but some even of these are indelible. -Strange as a painted Briton of the first century -would feel himself in the streets of modern London, -its <em>name</em> would fall on his ear as an accustomed sound.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Romans were a minority in Britain; and, in -their intercourse with the natives, would be compelled -to adopt the nomenclature of the people. We may, -therefore, expect to find that the names of the stations -are essentially British, though somewhat altered -by the imperfect pronunciation of the strangers, and -by a ceaseless effort to recast the words in the mould of -their own tongue. The change most frequently introduced -consists in the addition of Latin terminations. -The names given by the aborigines of a -country are usually descriptive of the object to which -they are attached: they are epithets changed into proper -names. Accordingly, we find that the names of the -stations, so far as they have been deciphered by the -assistance of those modern representatives of the -ancient British tongue—the Gaelic and native Irish—are -descriptive of the locality.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ETYMOLOGY OF SEGEDUNUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span><span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> is an unfortunate example to begin -with. There was a Segedunum in Aquitania, the modern -Rodez—a Segodunum in Northern Germany, the -modern Siegen. The camp at Wallsend may have -received its name from some resemblence to one of -these. Still the question remains, What was the -common origin of the term? Wallis thinks it is -derived from the Latin <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>seges</em></span>, corn, and the Celtic -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>dunum</em></span>, a hill; but, excepting in extreme cases, an -etymology dependent upon two languages can scarcely -be admitted. A more consistent derivation is found -in the Celtic <em>sech</em>, (the root of the French <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>sec</em></span>) dry, -and <em>dun</em>, a hill. The final syllable is a Latin affix. -The elevation of the spot, and its rapid slope to the -river, would render it comparatively free from -moisture.<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c012'><sup>[55]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>VILLAGE OF WALLSEND.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Whatever doubt may hang over the Roman name -of this station, none attaches to the modern—Wallsend</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in24'>... Ab illo</div> - <div class='line'>Dicitur, æternumque tenet per sæcula nomen.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The number of places along the course of the Wall -which have derived their names from this great work, -is very striking, and proves the importance that has -<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>been attached to it. Without examining a map, and -simply drawing upon the resources of my own memory -and note-book, the following examples occur: In -Northumberland, we have Wallsend, Walker, Wall-knoll -in Newcastle, Benwell, Wallbottle, Heddon-on-the-Wall, -Welton, Wall-houses, Wall, Walwick, -Shields-on-the-Wall, Wall-mill, Walltown, Thirlwall, -and Wall-end; in Cumberland, we have Walton, -Wallbours, Old-Wall, High Wallhead, Middle Wallhead, -Low Wallhead, Wallby, and Wallfoot.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The present village of Wallsend is about half a -mile distant from the station, a little to the north of -the turnpike road. It is, however, of modern erection. -Brand says that ‘an old woman, still living, remembers -when the site of the present Wallsend was an empty -field.’ The traditional account of its erection is, -that a plague having desolated the original town, -which stood upon the site of the camp, and was -built out of its ruins, the terrified inhabitants forsook -the spot, and sought shelter in the new locality.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p112b'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE IV.</em></div> - -<div class='figcenter id009'> -<a href='images/i_p112bbig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p112b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><em>SECTION, after Warburton, of the Mountains at Bradley,<br />shewing the relation, in the hill-district, between the Wall<br />and the Vallum.</em><br /><span class='small'><em>REID. LITHO. NEWCASTLE.</em></span></p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALLSEND.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A person unaccustomed to examine the remains -of Roman forts, will probably be disappointed to find -the ramparts of Wallsend so feebly marked; but one -who brings to the task a practised eye, will give a -good account of the land, and express his surprise -<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>that so much of the camp is left. The station, it -must be remembered, is situated on the edge of a -river the scene of an immense commerce, in the -vicinity of a large town, and in the centre of a great -mining district.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>SEGEDUNUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The station of <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> has occupied an area -of three acres and a half. The Wall, coming from -the west, has struck the north cheek of its western -gateway, and there terminated. The walls of the -station would be a sufficient protection to the garrison -against attack from the north or other quarters, but -to prevent the enemy getting within the barrier, by -passing between the station and the river, the eastern -wall of the station has been brought down to the -river, and continued into it to low-water mark.<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c012'><sup>[56]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<div id='p114' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p114b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>Drawn & Lithographed<span style="margin-left: 50%;">by John Storey</span></span><br />WALLSEND, LOOKING EAST.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALLSEND.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In tracing the outline of the station it will be well -to begin at Carville-hall, the 'Cousin’s-house,'<a id='r57' /><a href='#f57' class='c012'><sup>[57]</sup></a> of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>Horsley. Between it and the Gosforth ‘waggon-way,’ -the north fosse of the Wall is very distinct, a -gravelled path, for some distance, occupies the site -of the Wall.<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c012'><sup>[58]</sup></a> Behind the Methodist-chapel the -ditch may still be traced, but after that it disappears. -The row of houses between the chapel and the station -is manifestly very close upon the line of the -Wall. The old engine-house, which Brand tells us -was six yards north of the Wall, still remains. -The whole of the ramparts of the northern section of -the station are gone; the walls of the southern portion -of it may, however, be traced rising in the form -of a grassy mound above the general level of the -soil. The continuation of the eastern wall of the -station down the bank to the river’s edge, may also -be recognised, not only by the gentle mound which -it forms, but by the fragments of Roman mortar, -Roman tile, and coarse-grained sandstone, not proper -to the district, which may be picked up on it. This -river-wall joins the Tyne at the spot where a jetty -has recently been formed. Numerous swellings in -the ground to the south, and to the east of the station, -indicate the ruins of suburban buildings. These -seem to have been invariable concomitants of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>stationary camps. Officers wishing to have more -space than the fort allowed, the families of the -soldiers, the camp followers, and others, who sought -the protection of a fortified post, would occupy such -dwellings. The sunny exposure of the streets on the -south of the camp, would render them peculiarly -acceptable to the Lingones who came from that part -of Gaul where the Meuse and Marne have their -source.<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c012'><sup>[59]</sup></a> The fosse which protected the eastern -rampart, is still distinctly visible, and generally contains -a little water. The accompanying lithographic -view is given chiefly with the intention of showing -the extensive command which the station had of the -river below it; the south-east angle of the rampart -may be traced upon it, as well as the fosse beyond. -The altar, represented in the foreground, was found -in the vicinity of the station a few years ago, and is -still preserved upon the spot, it is without an inscription, -but has a hole drilled through its centre, -which it had when found. An extensive -natural valley protected the western side of the -camp, which some years ago was partially filled -up, in order to form the waggon-way. The house -occupied by the late Mr. John Buddle, the eminent -colliery viewer, is just within the western wall of the -station, and that, formerly occupied by Mr. John -Reay, is just within the eastern rampart. The -waggon-way leading from the Wallsend pit seems to -enter the station by its western portal, and to leave it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>by its eastern, and thus exactly traverses the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>via -principalis</em></span> of the camp. The only trace of the -northern division of the station that remains, consists -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>SEGEDUNUM.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span>of the road which has apparently led from <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> -to the out-posts at Blake-chesters and Tyne-mouth. -This causeway extends from the station to -the north of the Shields railway; it is formed of a mass -of rubble, about two feet deep, and is eleven yards -wide. It cannot be ploughed, and nothing that -requires any depth of earth will grow upon it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Numerous proofs of Roman occupation have been -discovered at various times in the station and its -vicinity. Brand says, ‘I found a fibula, some Roman -tegulæ, and coins, a ring, &c. Immense quantities -of bones and teeth of animals are continually turning -up. Stones with inscriptions were found, but the -incurious masons built them up again in the new -works of the colliery.’ Dr. Lingard was told, that in -digging a cellar under the dining room of Mr. Buddle’s -house, a deep well was found. I have been -informed by Mr. John Reay, that another was discovered -outside the station, at the spot shown on -the plan of the station, <a href='#p112b'>Plate IV</a>. A structure, which -was conceived to be a bath, was struck upon about -the same time, near the river’s brink; it was immediately -removed, but its site is marked on the -plan. Many coins have been found, but most of -them in a very corroded state. A beautiful piece of -Samian ware was got in sinking the shaft of the -colliery, which is now in possession of the Society -of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; it is figured -in a subsequent Plate.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALLSEND TO NEWCASTLE.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>Leaving Wallsend, and proceeding westward, the -Wall is chiefly to be traced by the presence of its -north fosse. This is very distinctly marked nearly -all the way to Byker. In front of Stote’s-houses, the -Beehouses of Horsley, it forms a pond, which is used -for farm purposes. Some traces of the foundation -of the Wall may be seen, but they are faint. Thirty -years ago the Wall was standing, for a considerable -distance, three and four feet high, covered with -brushwood of hazel, oak, and alder. The tendency -of the half-ruined Wall to give lodgement to the -roots of these plants, is very remarkable; wherever -the Wall is undisturbed they are found, and in regions -where the hazel does not occur elsewhere, as -in the neighbourhood of Bowness, it is to be met -with abundantly upon the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A mound, a little more elevated than the neighbouring -ground, near to Stote’s-houses, points out the -site of the first mile-castle west of Wallsend. The -tenant of the farm told me that he had got a great -quantity of stones from it. In Horsley’s time, there -were ‘two distinct tumuli remaining near the Bee-houses’; -what I take to be the rudiments of them -may yet be traced; one of them is just behind the -stack-yard of the farm, the other, the least marked -of the two, a little to the west of it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The road that is seen stretching in a straight line -up the hill to Byker indicates the direction of the -Wall, and though the first, it is by no means the most -remarkable instance that we shall meet with, of the -unflinching and straightforward tendencies of this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>remarkable structure. The Wall stood on the south -side of the present road. The facing-stones having -already been removed, and it being desirable to -have the rocky remnant entirely cleared away, the -ground was let to parties without rent for a short -term of years, on condition of their clearing it, and -bringing it into cultivation. It is on this account -that the site of the Wall and fosse, even yet, is portioned -out in long narrow slips, which are, for the -most part, used as potato gardens.</p> - -<p class='c000'>From the top of Byker-hill, an interesting view -is obtained of the Tyne and the numerous hives of -busy men which bestud its banks. This would be -an important post for the Roman soldier, who could -easily see from it the stations on either hand—<span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> -and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span>—and all that was going -on between them.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Between Byker and Newcastle, all traces of the -Wall are now nearly destroyed. In 1725, it was, -however, standing in a condition of imposing grandeur, -as appears from Stukeley’s ‘Prospect’ of it in -the Iter Boreale. He was induced to make this -drawing because ‘the country being entirely undermined’ -by colliery excavations, it might ‘some time -or other sink, and so disorder the track of this stately -work.’ He dreaded an imaginary evil, and overlooked -a real one.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The north fosse was, till recently, very distinct -within the wall of Heaton-park; it is now filled -up; many of the stones in the park-wall, are to -all appearance, Roman. Before descending the hill, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>a portion of it, boldly developed, may yet be seen at -the end of a small row of houses called Howard-street.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>COURSE THROUGH NEWCASTLE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>At the head of the bank overlooking the Ouse-burn -stood a mile-castle, as was usual in such situations, -to guard the pass. Two stones which, I am -persuaded, formed part of the entrance gateway of -this mile-tower, now stand upon the stairs leading to -the grand entrance of the keep of the Castle of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne. They measure two feet by -one, and are of the form usually employed in the -portals of mile castles. One of them bears a rude, -and almost unintelligible, inscription. These stones -were found built up in a structure on the west bank -of the Ouseburn, were thence taken to Busy Cottage, -afterwards removed to Heaton, and finally presented -to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Wall crossed the Ouse-burn very near the ancient -bridge which is about a hundred and fifty yards south -of the railway viaduct. In preparing the foundations -of Mr. Beckinton’s steam-mill about the year 1800, -the workmen came upon the Wall, and, with great -good taste, built into the opposite quay three of the -largest stones they met with, in order to mark its -site; they may yet be seen at low water, and are -evidently mile-castle stones.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>COURSE THROUGH NEWCASTLE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not possible to trace the Wall with minute -accuracy through Newcastle, a town which has been -the seat of a large and active population ever since -the days of Roman occupation. In endeavouring to -follow its route, I shall mainly depend upon the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>investigations of Mr. George Bouchier Richardson, -who has for several years past made the antiquities -of ‘the Metropolis of the North’ his especial study, -and whose paper upon this subject, recently read -before the Society of Antiquaries of this town, will -doubtless speedily appear in the Archæologia Æliana.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Rising from the western bank of the Ouse-burn, -it traversed the north side of Stepney-bank, passed -through the gardens at the Red Barns, along the -site of the present Melbourne-street, and, proceeding -behind the Keelmen’s Hospital, came to the -Sallyport. This, which was one of the gates of the -town, is sometimes described as a Roman building, -but is of mediæval origin. Thence, the Wall went -over the crest of the hill still called the Wall-knoll, -where the foundations of it were turned up about -the middle of the last century. It crossed Pandon-dean -on the north side of the locality called the -Stock-bridge, and, in its western course, ascended -the steep hill, on the summit of which -stands All Saints’ church. Brand tells us that -the crypt of the old church had plainly been built -of stones plundered from the adjacent Wall. A well -of Roman masonry is said to have been discovered -near the church when the foundations of the new building -were prepared. Crossing Pilgrim-street a little -above Silver-street, the course of the Wall is indicated -by the present narrow street called the Low -bridge. Until a comparatively recent period, the -site of Dean-street formed the unenclosed bed of the -Lort-burn, and was spanned by an arch called the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>Low-bridge. At the point where this mediæval viaduct -stood, its Roman predecessor carried the Wall, -with its attendant military way, across the gully. -The church of St. Nicholas, according to Leland, -whose statement is confirmed by subsequent writers, -‘stondithe on the very Picts Waulle.’ The Wall, -leaving the church, crosses Collingwood-street in an -oblique direction, and passing by St. John’s church, -the Vicarage-house, and the Assembly-rooms, makes -for the Town-wall somewhat to the north of the site -of the West-gate. There can be little doubt that in -its exit from the town, the Wall occupied the elevation -on which Cumberland-row now stands.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>PONS ÆLII.</div> - -<p class='c000'>PONS ÆLII.—Having tracked the Wall in its -passage through the modern town, the site of the -ancient station of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> next demands attention.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Horsley is the only writer who has attempted to -define its limits, and he had but slender evidence to -guide him. He takes, as his data, the three following -facts:—1. The course of the Wall westward, which -he conceives, and no doubt correctly, would form -the northern boundary of the station; 2. The direction -of the Vallum, some portions of which remained, -in his day, just outside the West-gate; 3. 'A traditionary -account of the Wall having passed through -St. George’s porch, near the north-west corner of -St. Nicholas’-church.' As this porch stands a little -to the south of the line of the great Wall, as laid down -by him, he conceives that this traditionary wall must -have been the east wall of the station, and draws it upon -<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>his plan accordingly.<a id='r60' /><a href='#f60' class='c012'><sup>[60]</sup></a> The western wall now only -remained to be determined, and this point was easily -settled, by supposing the station to have been square. -According to the line assigned by him to the Vallum, -six chains is the distance which would intervene -between it and the Wall; he therefore places -the western rampart of the station at the corresponding -distance of six chains from the eastern, and -encloses altogether an area of little more than three -acres.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It may well be doubted whether the important -station of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> would be subjected to the ordinary -rules of castrametation. I am strongly disposed -to think, that it would partake of the features -of a commercial as well as of a military capital, and -that its walls would not only embrace a wider range -than ordinary camps, but would be allowed to adapt -themselves more freely to the nature of the ground.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The wants of the immense body of troops required -to garrison the Wall, and man its out-posts, would -create a considerable amount of commerce. The -inhabitants of Italy, Gaul, and Spain, would be -unwilling all at once to forego the comforts and -luxuries of their sunny climes, and to be entirely -cut off from intercourse with the land of their nativity. -The fragments of amphoræ, which are so -<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>abundantly met with on the line of the Wall, shew -that the soldiers sometimes gladdened their hearts -with the wine of their native hills; and the innumerable -sherds of Samian ware, which usually bestrew -the camps of Roman occupation, prove that a continual -intercourse was kept up with the continent. -To the sea, as a means of communication between -many of the stations of Roman Britain, frequent recourse -would be had.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The exports from this island to the continent were -considerable. Camden tells us, that every year not -less than eight hundred vessels laden with corn alone -were sent out of it. Certain it is, that the imperial -government would expect an adequate return for -the expenditure occasioned by the troops in this -country, and that the commodities of the continent -would not be transmitted to the occupants of the -Wall from motives of mere benevolence. Lead, -which is now so abundant in the three northern -counties, would probably form one article of export, -and corn another. Those who have noticed the fertility -of some portions of the region watered by the -Tyne, will be able to conceive how luxuriant were -the harvests which its alluvial soil produced when -first turned up by the plough. It is certain that coal -has been wrought to some extent in Roman times, -and some of it may have been exported.</p> - -<p class='c000'>No place in the north of England was so well fitted -as Newcastle to be the emporium of the commerce of -the North. Situated upon a noble river, at about ten -miles from its mouth, it combined the naval advantages -<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>of the coast, with the security of an inland -situation. The wealth arising from the commerce -of the port would increase its importance, and the -facility with which foreign news and foreign luxuries -could be obtained, would render it the frequent resort -of those prefects and tribunes whose usual posts -were in bleaker and more inhospitable regions. -The fact that the river was at this part spanned by a -bridge of many arches, is a striking indication of -the importance of the place even in the days of -the emperor Hadrian.</p> - -<p class='c000'>No account has come down to us of the state of -Newcastle in the days of Roman occupation, but if, -after it had been deprived of the advantages which -the residence of the mural garrison conferred upon -it, the venerable Bede calls it 'an illustrious royal -city'—'<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>vico regis illustri</em></span>'—we must conclude that it -was a place of considerable importance. The natural -advantages of the situation struck the eye of Camden; -‘Now’, says he, ‘where the Wall and Tine almost -meet together, Newcastle sheweth itself gloriously -the very eye of all the townes in these parts.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>Under these circumstances, there seems to be no -reason why the walls of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> should form the -usual military parallelogram any more than Roman -Rochester, or Pompeii, or Rome itself, much less -that the station should occupy an area of little more -than three acres.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The contour of the ground on which the modern -Newcastle stands, is peculiar. It consists of three -tongues of land, separated by natural valleys permeated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>by rivulets. The westernmost of these presents -the boldest front to the river, and is that on -which the Castle stands; the Skinner-burn bounds it -on the west, and the valley of the Lort-burn, the present -Dean-street, on the east. The contiguous tongue -lies between the Lort-burn and Pandon-dean; and -that still further removed, has for its eastern boundary -the Ouse-burn. The same natural advantages which -recommended the heights of the most westerly of these -strips of ground to the Normans for the erection of their -stronghold, would no doubt previously induce the Romans -to select it as their chief position. They probably -enclosed nearly the whole of it within their walls. -Horsley, indeed, places his camp in this division, but -in the least advantageous part of it, whether considered -in a military or in a commercial point of view. The -Romans would surely not overlook the importance -of the ravine of Dean-street as a defence on the east, -especially at a time when the tide flowed up it as far -as the Painter-heugh, and of the cliff that descends -from the Castle to the river on the south. The necessity -of defending the bridge, and commanding the -Tyne would not be forgotten. Taking all these -things into account, we may fairly suppose the walls -of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> to have been thus defined:—The -Wall, passing through the site of St. Nicholas’-church, -would, of course, be its northern boundary; -a line coming from the church, and adapting itself -to the crest of the hill that overhangs Dean-street, -crossing the Head-of-the-Side and stretching as far -as the elevated angle on which the County-courts -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>now stand, will probably mark its eastern boundary; -the southern rampart would run from this angle along -the edge of the cliff overhanging the Close, as far -as the site of the White-friar-tower, which stood -at the head of the present Hanover-street; the -western wall may have run in the line of the Town-wall -as far as Neville-tower, and then have struck -up in a straight line to meet the great Wall. Westward -of this boundary, the ground slopes down to -the Skinner-burn. If these lines are correctly -drawn, Roman Newcastle would contain upwards of -sixteen acres.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Although the camp of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> occupied this -tongue of land, there is no reason to suppose that -suburban buildings were not erected on the other -two, both of which are well protected by their natural -situation. There is good ground to believe that -Pandon, which was formerly a separate town from -Newcastle, and is seated on the middle strip, was -of Roman origin. Villas and gardens probably extended -as far as the Ouse-burn.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In order to render the preceding description intelligible -to persons unacquainted with the topography -of Newcastle, a plan of the town (<a href='#p126a'>Plate V</a>.) -and a lithographic view of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> are appended. -In the plan of the town, Horsley’s demarkation of -the station, as well as the one here proposed, is laid -down. For the view of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span>, the frontispiece, -I am indebted to the pencil of Mr. G. Bouchier -Richardson; the contour of the ground is very accurately -delineated, and the probable outline of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>station marked; the details of the picture are of -course filled up according to the artist’s fancy—a -fancy regulated by his antiquarian knowledge.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p126a'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE V.</em></div> - -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<a href='images/i_p126abig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p126a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Plan of PONS ÆLII AND OF THE COURSE OF THE WALL THROUGH <em>NEWCASTLE ON TYNE</em>.<br /><span class='small'>And<sup>w</sup>. Reid s.c.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Roman antiquities, which, when they abound, are -so serviceable in defining the seat of Roman occupation, -are unfortunately here rather scanty and unimportant. -This cannot be matter of surprise. In -the middle ages, Newcastle abounded in churches -and monastic buildings. To the erection of these -and of the Castle, the Town-wall, and Gates, every -stone whether lettered, sculptured, or plain, that -could easily be obtained, would be appropriated.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>PONS ÆLII.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The precincts of the Castle have afforded the most -important discoveries of this kind. The present -County-courts occupy the site of a building which -used to be called the Half-moon-battery. This was -probably the position of the south-east angle of the -station of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span>, and some of the lines of the -octagonal face of the battery presented no doubt the -actual curve of the station. To a certain extent the -Norman builders may have converted to their own -uses a portion of the labours of their imperial predecessors; -appearances seemed to shew that the Castle -wall between the Half-moon-battery and the Black-gate -had rested upon a Roman foundation. When -the County-courts were built, some important discoveries -were made. Mr. Hodgson, who watched the progress -of the excavations, has thus described them:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>In digging for the foundations for the Northumberland -County Court-house, in 1810, a well was found finely cased -with Roman masonry. It still remains below the centre part -<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>of the present court-house. It had originally been a spring, -or sunk low down on the river bank, and its circular wall, raised -within another strong wall in the form of a trapezium to the -height of the area of the station, and the space between them -traversed with strong connecting beams of oak both horizontally -and perpendicularly, and then tightly packed up with -pure blue clay. Some beams of this timber were taken up and -formed into the judges’ seats, and chairs for the grand-jury -room, now in use. Two of the perpendicular beams had very -large stags’ horns at their lower end, apparently to assist in -steadying them till clay sufficient was put around them to -keep them upright. On the original slope of the bank next -the outer wall, there was a thick layer of ferns, grasses, brambles, -and twigs of birch and oak, closely matted together, and -evidently showing that before these works were constructed, -man had not tenanted the spot.<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c012'><sup>[61]</sup></a> Here also were exposed -large remains of the foundations of other very thick and strong -walls, one of which rose into the eastern wall of the Old Moot-hall, -which was of exactly the same breadth, bearing, and -style of building, and doubtless of the same date as the Roman -foundations of which it was a continuance.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ANTIQUITIES OF PONS ÆLII.</div> - -<p class='c014'>The whole site of the Court-house, for several feet above the -original surface of the earth, was strewn with a chaos of Roman -ruins. I was frequently on the spot while the excavations -were carrying on, and saw dug up large quantities of Roman -pottery, two bronze coins of Antoninus Pius, parts of the -shaft of a Corinthian pillar, fluted, and of the finest workmanship; -besides many millstones, and two altars, one bearing -an illegible inscription, and the other quite plain. The -altars were found near the north-east corner of the Court-house, -and near them a small axe, and a concave stone, which -bore marks of fire, was split, and had thin flakes of lead in its -fissures. The broad foundation walls were firm and impenetrable -as the hardest rock. On Aug. 11, 1812, when the foundations -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>of the north portico were sinking, a Roman coin was -found (of what Emperor I have no minute,) and the original -surface of the ground was covered with a thick stratum of -small wood, some parts of which were wattled together in the -form of crates or the corfs of collieries, but in a decayed state, -and cut as easily with the workmen’s spades, as the brushwood -found in peat mosses does. As there was much horse or -mules’ dung near them, and some mules’ shoes amongst it, I -thought they had been fixed there as crates or racks to eat -fodder out of.</p> - -<div id='p129' class='figright id019'> -<img src='images/i_p129.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Since that period, few important -discoveries have been -made. In cutting the crest -of the hill in front of the Castle -for one of the piers of the -Railway viaduct, a small stone -figure of Mercury, represented -in the adjoining wood-cut,<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c012'><sup>[62]</sup></a> -was found. It is preserved, -among other antiquities, in -the Museum in the Castle.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Between the years 1840 and 1844, the White-friar-tower -and the contiguous portions of the Town-wall -of Newcastle were removed. Two Roman -altars were discovered, which are now in the possession -of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. -One of them is destitute of an inscription, -and the other seems to bear the word <span class='fss'>SILVANO</span>. -Several coins of the Roman and mediæval age were -picked up in its immediate vicinity. The Roman -coins were of both the upper and the lower empire.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>From the manner in which the pieces of the -middle and ancient periods were commingled, a -thing of rare occurrence, it may be inferred that the -tower was formed out of Roman materials, and that -the Roman coins were re-imbedded without being -noticed, whilst the workmen inadvertently added -Nuremberg tokens and other contemporary pieces -to the numismatic treasures of the spot.</p> - -<p class='c000'>But, perhaps, the structure which gave name to -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> affords the most interesting foot-prints -of Roman occupation in Newcastle.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE BRIDGE OF ÆLIUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Horsley received sufficient evidence to convince -him, that a Roman road had gone from the south -bank of the Tyne to Chester-le-street, and thence -to the south of England. A bridge was necessary to -conduct the road across the river. In 1771, a flood -having carried away several of the arches of the -bridge which then existed, and materially damaged -the rest of the structure, it was found necessary to -erect a new one. In removing the old piers the distinguishing -characteristics of Roman masonry were -observed; and the workmen were led to believe that -the arches of the mediæval structure had been -placed upon the foundations which Hadrian laid. -Several piles of fine black oak, which had supported -the foundation, were drawn out of the bed of the river, -and found to be in a state of excellent preservation.<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c012'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>COINS FOUND IN THE BRIDGE.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>The coins that were found imbedded in the piers -give decided evidence of the Roman origin of the -structure. To some of these, in the possession of -George Rippon, esq., of Waterville, North Shields, -I have had access; they are here represented.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div id='p131' class='figleft id020'> -<img src='images/i_p131a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'><em>Obv.</em>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>HADRIANUS AUGUSTUS, CONSUL -TERTIUM. PATER PATRIÆ.</span></span> Bare -head of Hadrian.</p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>GERMANIA.</span></span> The province -personified as a female standing. In her right she holds a lance; -her left hand rests upon a German-shaped shield.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id021'> -<img src='images/i_p131b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'><em>Obv.</em>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMPERATOR CÆSAR TRAJANUS HADRIANUS -AUGUSTUS.</span></span> Laureated head of Hadrian.</p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PONTIFEX MAXIMUS TRIBUNITIA POTESTATE -CONSUL TERTIUM.</span></span> A female figure, with helmet, -standing, holding a lance in her left hand, and in her -right a patera, under which is an object that appears to be an altar.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id021'> -<img src='images/i_p131c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'><em>Obv.</em>—Same as the former; but <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>CONSUL SECUNDUM</span></span>.</p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em>—Legend same as the former, but in the exergue -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>JUSTITIA</span></span>. A female seated; in her right hand a -patera, in her left a spear.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id021'> -<img src='images/i_p131d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'><em>Obv.</em>—Same as the two former.</p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em>—Same as in the former, but in the exergue. -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>FEL PR</span> (Felicitas Populi Romani).</span> A female -seated; in her right hand a caduceus, in her left a -cornucopia.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id020'> -<img src='images/i_p131e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'><em>Obv.</em>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>SEVERUS AUGUSTUS PARTHICUS -MAXIMUS.</span></span> Laureated head -of the emperor.</p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PROVIDENTIA AUGUSTORUM.</span></span> -The figure of a female standing, with a globe at her feet.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The coins of Hadrian are remarkably bold and sharp, -and cannot have been long in circulation before being -<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>deposited in the bed where sixteen centuries of repose -awaited them; that of Severus is a good deal corroded. -Besides these, other coins have been found. Brand -had one of Trajan, and he engraves a copper -coin of Hadrian; he also had in his possession -one of Antoninus Pius. Pennant describes, amongst -others, a coin of Faustina the Elder, and one of -Lucius Verus. Hodgson saw coins of Gordian and -Magnentius, all of which had been obtained from the -same spot.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The coins posterior to the time of Hadrian were -probably deposited during the repairs and alterations -which the bridge received after its original construction -in A.D. 120.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CHARACTER OF THE BRIDGE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is probable that the ancient bridge had no stone -arches, but was provided with a horizontal road-way -of timber. Pennant<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c012'><sup>[64]</sup></a> who derived his information -from the workmen, says, that ‘the old piers seem -originally to have been formed without any springs -for arches. This was a manner of building used by the -Romans; witness the bridge built over the Danube by -Trajan, at Severin, whose piers, I believe, still exist.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>The foundations of the piers of three Roman -bridges in the region of the Wall, still remain—one -across the Tyne, at <span class='sc'>Corstopitum</span>, one across the -North Tyne, at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, and another across the -Reed-water, at <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>; an examination of -these has induced me to believe that they, at least, -had no arches. The piers are of a size and strength -<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>sufficient to withstand the thrust of the waters -without the aid of an arch; and in one at least -of these cases, the requisite spring of the arch -would have raised the road to an inconvenient -height. An experienced mason who examined -carefully the ruins of the bridge at <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span> -told me that he observed that all the stones which encumbered -the spot were square, none of them having -the shape of stones used in building arches. It is -certain that in the mediæval period the Newcastle -bridge had a road-way of timber; for Matthew of -Paris tells us that, A.D. 1248, it, and the greater -part of the town were destroyed by fire.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>SUPPOSED MEDAL OF THE BRIDGE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Brand, misled by the early numismatists, conceived -that the bridge across the Tyne had been honoured -by a commemorative medal. He says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Two coins appear to have been struck upon the building of -two bridges by this emperor; one is doubtless to be referred -to that of Rome; may not the other have been intended to -commemorate the work we are now considering? One of the -bridges marked on these coins has seven, the other five arches. -The Tiber being a very inconsiderable river, when compared -with the Tyne, we must therefore claim that with seven -arches—especially as we find a view of the Pons Ælius at -Rome in Piranesi’s collection, without the modern ornaments, -where it is represented as consisting of exactly five arches.<a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c012'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>Alas! for a theory so beautiful and so grateful -to the feelings of Newcastle antiquaries! Mr. -Akerman, in his work on rare and inedited Roman -coins, has pronounced the relentless verdict—‘The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>medallion with the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Pont Ælius</em></span>, quoted by -the early numismatic writers, is a modern fabrication.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>It is perhaps too much to suppose that all the -arches of the mediæval bridge rested upon Roman -foundations, but it is more than probable that the -piers of the original structure would be at least as -numerous as those of its successor. The mediæval -bridge had twelve arches.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ORIGIN OF THE NAME PONS ÆLII.</div> - -<p class='c000'>No altar or other inscribed stone has been found -to confirm the opinion that Newcastle was the -ancient <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span>. Brand was ‘of opinion that the -inscriptions belonging to the station of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> -are all built up in the old keep of the Castle, and -that a rich treasure of this kind will some time or -other be discovered, lurking in its almost impregnable -walls, by future antiquaries.’ May the antiquary -never be born that shall behold this treasure! -Such evidence is, however, scarcely needed to lead -us to the ancient designation of the place. The fact -that <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> occurs in the Notitia between -<span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> and <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>, and that Newcastle -lies between the modern representatives of these -two stations, Wallsend and Benwell, is strong presumption -in favour of the theory, and the fact that -a Roman bridge here crossed the Tyne, renders -it almost indubitable. This structure took the name of -the Bridge of Ælius, after Hadrian,<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c012'><sup>[66]</sup></a> who was of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>Ælian family, and the bridge gave name to the -station. The Notitia informs us that <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> -was governed by the tribune of the cohort of the -Cornovii, ‘a people,’ says Hodgson, ‘whose name is -unnoticed by all the ancient geographers I have -access to.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE CASTLE OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Before leaving the station of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span>, a reference -to the mediæval structure—the Norman keep—which -gives the town its modern name, may be allowed. -It is the most perfect specimen of Norman -castrametation in the kingdom; and a careful examination -of its structure will yield a more correct -view of the mode of warfare adopted at the time of -its erection, and of the mournful condition of society -then existing, than the fullest verbal description could -give. Within a recent period its passages have -been cleared and its portals opened, so as to afford the -antiquary an opportunity of examining it thoroughly. -The Corporation of Newcastle, whose property it is, -have, in this respect, set an example which might -with advantage be followed by the national government. -To the student of the Wall, however, the collection -of Roman antiquities which the castle contains, -will be the object of greatest interest. In the -number and importance of its altars and inscribed -stones, it excels every other museum in Britain. As -the Castle contains so many of the spoils of the Wall, -it is much to be wished that it could be made the depository -of all that have been discovered on the line. -Numerous individual objects of interest are scattered -over the country, and he who would examine them all -<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>must travel several hundred miles, and propitiate the -favour of many private gentlemen, as well as public -bodies. Documents illustrative of the history of a -country may be regarded as the property of the -country, so far at least, as to be made easily accessible -to all. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span> is the fitting place to deposit those -antiquities of the Wall which cannot be carefully -preserved on the spot where the Romans originally -placed them.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>ROAD TO BENWELL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The reader will probably now be glad to disentangle -himself from the intricacies of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span></span>, -and to pursue with rapid steps the course of the -Wall westward.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Between Newcastle and Benwell-hill, the traces -of the works are faint but interesting. The turnpike -road runs upon the bed of the prostrate Wall, so -that, except occasionally in a neighbouring building, -not one stone of it is to be seen; its constant companion, -the north fosse, may, however, be recognized -in a kind of depression or slack, which runs nearly -all the way parallel with the road on the traveller’s -right hand. On his left, he will sometimes be able -to discern with tolerable certainty the course of the -Vallum. A small, but well defined portion of it, is -met with immediately after leaving the town, behind -a row of houses, appropriately termed Adrianople. -Though the stone wall has perished, this humble -earth-work has survived the accidents of seventeen -eventful centuries! Its days, however, are now -<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>numbered; a contiguous quarry is making rapid -encroachments upon it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CONDERCUM.</div> -<p class='c000'>CONDERCUM.—About two miles from Newcastle, -and near the modern village of Benwell, -stood the third station of the line, <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The present turnpike road runs through it, occupying, -in all probability, very nearly the site of its -ancient <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>via principalis</em></span>. So feeble, however, are the -traces of it which remain, that the wayfarer who -does not scrutinize the spot very narrowly, will pass -on his journey without knowing that he is treading -ground once jealously guarded by imperial power—the -scene, for centuries, of a crowded city’s joys and -fears.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The situation of the camp is good; without being -much exposed, it commands an extensive prospect -in every direction. Northwards, looking over the -grounds of Fenham, the Simonside hills appear in -the distance, and still more remote, is the lofty -range of Cheviot. To the south is the vale of -Ravensworth, which is exceeded by the vale of -Clwyd only in magnitude, not in beauty, and to -the south-west, the lordly Tyne threads its way -through the richest of landscapes.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The sunny slope, south of the station, was favourable -for the erection of the suburban buildings of -the occupants of the camp, the foundations of several -having been discovered.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In Horsley’s days, the ramparts were large and -distinct; now, their surface is chiefly marked by a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>general elevation, occasioned probably by the accumulated -ruins of the ancient fort. It contains in -all a space of nearly five acres. Gordon conceived -that the Wall was continued right through the station. -This would have divided it into two distinct -parts. As Horsley and Brand prove, the Wall -came up to its eastern and western ramparts, but -did not pass through it. The northern wall of the -station itself was a sufficient defence in that quarter. -About a third of the station was to the north of the -line of the Wall, the remaining two-thirds were -within it. The Vallum, Horsley tells us, fell in with -the southern rampart.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The portion north of the turnpike road is at present -under tillage. In Brand’s days it was covered -with a plantation. The man who first ploughed it -told me that in doing so, his horse, on one occasion, -sank up to its middle in traversing some chambers -that had been insecurely covered. The quantity of -Roman pottery which is found in this portion of the -camp is remarkable. Fragments may be seen at -every step. The peculiar character of the Roman -earthenware, especially of the coral-coloured kind, -denominated Samian, renders this an interesting evidence -of Roman occupation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The larger portion of the station, that to the south -of the road, is enclosed within the walls of Benwell-park. -The inequalities of its grassy surface indicate -the lines of its streets, and the position of some of -its principal buildings. Near its centre is a large -mound, which would probably reward examination. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>The southern rampart, with its fosse, is very distinct.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BENWELL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Two hypocausts have been discovered in connexion -with this station; one within its walls, close -to the south side of the road, and between forty and -fifty yards from the eastern rampart, the other without -them, and about three hundred yards to the -south-west. Of the latter building a plan is given -by Brand. It contained eight or nine apartments, -five of which had floors supported upon pillars. The -floors consisted of ‘flags covered with a composition -of various hard ingredients, about eighteen inches -thick, such as small pieces of brick and blue and red -pots, mixed up with run lime.’ The pillars were all -of stone, and were so arranged as to allow hot air to -circulate beneath the apartments. The idea generally -entertained of these arrangements is, that they -were intended for hot baths and sudatories. In -pursuance of this opinion, Mr. Shafto, who discovered -this hypocaust, says: ‘Here were found -many square bricks with holes in the middle, which -were probably joined together by way of pipes, to -conduct the water from the top of the hill, where -there was also the appearance of other baths, and -where, probably, springs had been, but since drained -by the colliery.’ However much the Romans in their -own luxurious city may have been addicted to the indulgence -of the hot-bath and the sweating-room, it -may well be doubted, whether, in this cold climate, -they would have any great desire for it, or if they had, -whether the dread realities of war would allow them -to make, on an enemy’s frontier, erections so extensive -<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>as this has been, for such a purpose. Next to -food, warmth would be their most urgent demand, -and a more effectual mode of maintaining a uniform -temperature in their dwellings could not be devised -than that which the hypocaust supplied.</p> - -<div id='p140' class='figright id015'> -<img src='images/i_p140.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Brand tells us that great conduits or sewers, composed -of large wrought stones, were discovered in -the north part of the station at the depth of about a -yard and a half.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Several inscribed slabs and small altars have -been found in the -station. The most -important one of -these, which is preserved -in the parsonage -at Ryton, is -here represented. -By comparing it -with the Notitia, -we learn the ancient name of the station, and the locality -of its original occupants.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>MATRIBVS CAMPEST[RIBVS]</div> - <div>ET GENIO ALÆ PRI[MÆ] HISPANORVM</div> - <div>ASTVRVM [OB VIRTVTEM]</div> - <div>[APPELLATÆ] GORDIANÆ TITVS]</div> - <div>AGRIPPA PRÆ[FECTVS] TEMPLVM A S[OLO]</div> - <div>[RES]TITVIT.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the Campestral Mothers,</div> - <div>and to the Genius of the first wing of Spanish</div> - <div>Astures, on account of their valour,</div> - <div>styled Gordiana, Titus</div> - <div>Agrippa, their prefect, this temple, from the ground,</div> - <div>rebuilt.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>The Notitia records that the præfect ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>alæ primæ -Astorum</em></span>’ was stationed at <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>. This slab, -reads Ast<em>u</em>rum, not Ast<em>o</em>rum. At two other stations -the same people resided; at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, the Notitia -places the præfect ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>alæ secundæ Astorum</em></span>,’ and at -Æsica, the tribune ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>cohortis primæ Astorum</em></span>.’ At -both these forts, as well as in the case immediately -before us, inscriptions have been found which are -written Ast<em>u</em>rum; the probability, therefore, is, that -a clerical error has crept into the Notitia, and that it -was the Astures, not the Asti (a people of Liguria), -who garrisoned these posts. The Astures were -a people from the eastern part of the modern -Asturias, in Spain. 'Under the empire, the term -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>ala</em></span> was applied to regiments of horse, raised, -it would seem, with very few exceptions, in the -provinces.'<a id='r67' /><a href='#f67' class='c012'><sup>[67]</sup></a> This fractured slab, therefore, furnishes -us with the information that the camp at Benwell -was anciently named <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>, and that it -was garrisoned by a Spanish cavalry regiment. It -supplies other facts. This regiment was styled, -probably on account of some illustrious achievement, -Gordiana. The emperor Gordian, from whom this -title is derived, began his reign in the year 238. We -have thus a proof of the continued occupation of the -camp until a date subsequent to this period. The -event recorded by the inscription is to the same -effect. A temple which had been erected, probably -at the first formation of the station, had through time -<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>or the chances of war, become so entirely dilapidated, -as to require rebuilding, and Titus Agrippa accomplished -the work. The Romans, although they -had at this time been long in the occupation of the -isthmus, had then no thoughts of relinquishing it. -The woodland deities, to whom the temple was -dedicated, will require separate discussion afterwards.</p> -<div id='p142' class='figright id022'> -<img src='images/i_p142.jpg' alt='‘altar' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>To the same occasion will be referred a remarkable -altar inscribed to the three Lamiæ, which was discovered -at this station. Two -altars<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c012'><sup>[68]</sup></a> of less importance, which -were found here, may at once be -disposed of. They are dedicated -to one of the favourite deities of -Rome—Mars. The focus, or place -for burning the offering, is deep -and well marked in each of them. -They are small domestic altars, -before which the soldier would -perform his private devotions. As such, they give -us a little insight into the heart and feelings of the -worshipper.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>DEO M</div> - <div>ARTI V</div> - <div>ICTOR[I]</div> - <div>VINDI[CI]</div> - <div>V[OTVM]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the god</div> - <div>Mars</div> - <div>The Conqueror <em>and</em></div> - <div>Avenger</div> - <div>In performance of a vow.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Along with this altar, as Brand tells us, were found -two stones resembling pine-apples. This is by no -<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>means an unusual ornament of the works along the -line. The pine-apple ornament is frequently introduced -in the stained-glass works of the middle ages. -<span id='p143' class='figright id022'><img src='images/i_p143.jpg' alt='Altar to Mars' class='ig001' /></span>As the fruit to which it bears a resemblance could not -be known in Europe until after the -discovery of America, the origin of -the figure is an interesting speculation. -I am disposed to think it is -of Mithraic origin, and that the prototype -of it was a mass of flame -proceeding from the torch usually -represented in the statues of that -deity. The other altar, here given, is inscribed—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>ARTI</div> - <div>IENV</div> - <div>ANIV[S]</div> - <div>V[OTVM]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the god</div> - <div>Mars</div> - <div>Jenu-</div> - <div>anius <em>erected this</em></div> - <div>In performance of a vow.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Besides these and some other inscribed stones, many -coins have been found here; amongst them, Brand -mentions denarii of Trajan, Hadrian, Faustina senior, -and Domitian; brass coins of Valentinian, Gratianus, -Diocletian, Faustina, and Maxentius, with many -others not legible. Obscene figures are frequently -found in Roman stations. They were worn by -females as a religious charm. Benwell has furnished -one such example of a very remarkable -kind. Before leaving the station, the inquiring -traveller will do well to examine the stones of the -park-wall. He will soon detect many of Roman -mould, whose faces have been scarred by the blasts -<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>of many centuries. The larger ones have been derived -from the Wall—the smaller, from the curtain -wall of the station, or the dwellings erected within it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CONDERCUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The pleasant village of Benwell lies a little to the -south-west of the station. ‘The old tower of Benwell-hall,’ -says Bourne, 'was the place where the -prior of Tynemouth resided some part of the summer, -and the chapel, which Mr. Shaftoe opens and -supplies for the good of the people of his village, -was the prior’s domestic chapel.' Who that visits -the spot will say that the prior who made the selection -was not a man of taste? Benwell, as Horsley -remarks, is not improbably thought to have its name -from the northern word <em>ben</em>, (Saxon <i>binnan</i>) signifying -within, and <em>well</em> for wall, as being seated -within, or on the south side of the Wall.<a id='r69' /><a href='#f69' class='c012'><sup>[69]</sup></a> Whitaker -derives the Roman name of the station, <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>, -from the Celtic <i>Cond ar gui</i>, the height upon the -water.<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c012'><sup>[70]</sup></a> The river being near, the description is -apposite.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Leaving <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>, we again pursue our journey -westward. The road for several miles running upon -the base of the Wall, the facing stones may not unfrequently -<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>be seen for some distance together, protruding -through the ‘metal.’ This used to be more -the case formerly than at present, for since the -diversion of the traffic from the road to the rail, -motives of economy have induced the road surveyors -to quarry, in some places, the last remnants of this -great work of antiquity, for materials with which to -repair the highway. The north fosse, as we pursue -our journey, becomes more distinct on the right of -the road.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE WALL AT DENTON.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Descending Benwell-hill, the village of East Denton -is reached. Here we meet for the first time with -a fragment of the Wall. The accompanying wood-cut -exhibits its present state. William Hutton describes -the interesting relic with becoming reverence.</p> - -<div id='p145' class='figcenter id009'> -<img src='images/i_p145.jpg' alt='The Wall at East Denton' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>At Denton Dean, situated at the bottom of Benwell-hill, -the great road veers a few yards to the right, that is into -Severus’ ditch, and gives us for the first time a sight of that -most venerable piece of antiquity, <span class='sc'>The Wall</span>, which is six -<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>yards south of the road, and twenty short of the brook I am -going to pass. The fragment is thirty-six feet long, has three -courses of facing stones on one side, and four on the other, -and is exactly nine feet thick. An apple tree grows on the top.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It has lost a course of facing-stones since Hutton -saw it, and the apple tree is but the shadow of what -it was.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The turnpike road, which usually runs upon the -site of the Wall, uniformly swerves to the right when -passing a village. The truth is, nearly every house -and hamlet in the district has sprung out of the -Wall. In many instances a mile-castle, slightly -added to, has formed a mediæval dwelling of some -strength. The nucleus thus provided, became, in -the course of time, clustered round with contiguous -habitations, so that when, after the last season of -strife with which the borders were visited, the road -came to be constructed, motives of economy required -that these spots of increased value should be avoided.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Beyond the burn, the ground again rises, and -the Wall, stretching onwards in a line with the -road, forms a distinct, but turf-covered mound. -At the distance of a field to the south of it, the Vallum -is seen in greater distinctness than before. -Both of the aggers and the intervening fosse may -be clearly made out. Some young ash-trees grow -in the ditch.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>DENTON HALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Advancing a little further, we have Denton-hall, -formerly the seat of the literary Mrs. Montague, on -the right; attracted by her influence, many of the -great spirits of the age were occasionally found to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>be assembled within its walls. Very nearly opposite -the hall, a larger mass of ruin than usual betokens -the site of a mile-castle.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Ascending the hill from West Denton, the fosse -of the Murus is very distinctly seen. The road is -elevated two or three feet above the natural level of the -ground, the Wall, probably some courses high, -forming its nucleus.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the left hand, the lines of the Vallum are -feebly indicated, but by extending our glance some -distance backwards and forwards, we can, with -tolerable certainty, distinguish the artificial mounds -from the natural heavings of the surface.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CHAPEL-HOUSE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Passing the fourth mile-stone, we arrive at Chapel-houses. -This name is of sufficiently frequent occurrence -along the line to suggest a momentary inquiry -into its origin. In the early ages of Christianity, a -mile-castle may have occasionally been the resort of -the worshippers of the true God; or in the ‘troublesome -times’ of border warfare, when the church -not unfrequently shared in the general devastation, -it may have been set apart as a place for the confirmation -of matrimonial vows, and for the performance -of religious rites.</p> - -<p class='c000'>From the crown of this hill we have one of the -finest views which Northumberland can afford. The -Tyne, in all its glittering beauty, stretches far before -us. Its southern bank is crowned by the pretty -village of Ryton, its left is variegated with the once -beautiful, but now furnace-fuming, Wylam. An -<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>amphitheatre of hills shuts in the distant scene.<a id='r71' /><a href='#f71' class='c012'><sup>[71]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>Horsley describes some ruined ramparts, called -the Castle-steads near Chapel-houses, to the south of -both Vallum and Wall. They were probably temporary -encampments and have now disappeared.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALBOTTLE-DEAN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Before crossing Walbottle<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c012'><sup>[72]</sup></a>-dean, the Vallum, -which is very distinct, and the Wall (<em>i. e.</em> the road) -approach each other, apparently for mutual support. -There are no traces of a bridge across the ravine.</p> - -<p class='c000'>As we ascend the next hill, and pass Throckley,<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c012'><sup>[73]</sup></a> -we have, for the most part, the fosse on the right -hand, and the mounds of the Vallum on the left, -very boldly developed. By the time the traveller -has advanced thus far, he will have learnt the necessity -of bearing in mind that he is in a mining district. -If he overlook this circumstance, he will be -in danger of mistaking the track of some old ‘waggon -way’ for the terraced lines of Roman cultivation, or -an old ‘pit-heap’ for an indubitable British barrow.</p> - -<div id='p148b' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p148b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>Cha<sup>s</sup> Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 50%;">John Storey. Lith.</span></span><br />THE WORKS AT HEDDON-ON-THE WALL</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>After passing Throckley, just where a gate on the -left hand enters the field from the road, a mound -covered, in winter at least, with greener herbage -than the contiguous ground indicates the site of a -mile-castle. A little further on, a range of houses -of peculiar appearance, called the Frenchman’s-row, -attracts the eye. It was the residence, after the first -French revolution, of a number of refugees. The -dial which ornaments the Row is of their fabrication. -The building is now used as a poor-house.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HEDDON-ON-THE-WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>On the top of the little eminence, at which we -arrive before reaching Heddon-on-the-Wall, the -north fosse is deeper and bolder than it has hitherto -appeared; it must be nearly in its original perfection. -The works of the Vallum, about fifty yards to the -south, are also finely developed. The ditch, in both -cases, is cut through the free-stone rock. Here, -also, if the traveller will forsake the turnpike, for the -road, as usual, diverges to the right in order to avoid -the village, he may see a fragment of the Wall much -longer and somewhat higher than the one at Denton. -Its north face is destroyed, but about five courses of -the southern face are perfect. The accompanying -lithograph shews the present state of the Barrier here. -The Wall is in the foreground, while in the distance -(looking eastward) the section of the north fosse, -and of the works of the Vallum, is distinctly seen.</p> - -<p class='c000'>About a mile north of the village is a striking -prominence called Heddon-law. Horsley remarks—‘Not -far from Heddon-on-the-Wall have been -some remarkable tumuli.’</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>The ditch of the Vallum cuts right through the -village, its lowest dip forming the village pond; it -is rather remarkable that in such a situation, it -should not long ago have been obliterated.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Descending the hill on which Heddon-on-the-Wall -stands, the lines of the Barrier keep close -together, and not without reason. The crag on the -south, now the scene of extensive quarrying operations, -completely commands them. Surely a post -must have been maintained on this eminence in the -days of Roman occupation, though it had only been -for the sake of a look-out.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Passing the eighth mile-stone, where the Vallum -is in good condition, we approach the fourth great -station of the Barrier. A road, crossing the turnpike -at right angles, is close to its east rampart.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>VINDOBALA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>VINDOBALA.—The station now called Rutchester, -stands on flat ground, but commands a considerable -prospect. The Notitia places here the -tribune of the first cohort of the Frixagi, a people -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>RUTCHESTER.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -whose country does not seem to be mentioned by -any ancient geographer. The inside dimensions of -this station, from north to south, are 178 yards, and -from east to west, 135; it consequently contains -nearly five acres. The Wall started each way from -the north side of its east and west gates; so that a -a greater portion of the station lay on the north than -on the south side of it, as is shewn in the plan of it, -<a href='#p044b'>Plate II</a>. At present, the turnpike road runs between -these portions; that on the north has been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>all ploughed, and three of its sides sloped into the -ditch; its general outlines may, however, be distinguished; -the southern part is irregular in its surface, -with heaps of ruins, still covered with sward.<a id='r74' /><a href='#f74' class='c012'><sup>[74]</sup></a> -In Horsley’s time, the northern part was sufficiently -perfect to enable him to discern six turrets in it, -'one at each corner, one at each side of the gate, -and one between each corner, and those adjoining -to the gate.'<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c012'><sup>[75]</sup></a> The Vallum seems to have joined -the station in a line with its southern rampart. The -ditch on the western side is still tolerably distinct. -The suburbs have been to the south of the station, -but their site has recently been disturbed by the -opening of an extensive quarry which has supplied -large quantities of the stone used in carrying the -railway over the Tyne, and through Newcastle.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the brow of the hill, just west of the station, -there is still to be seen, hewn out of the solid rock, -what Wallis calls a coffin. It has more the appearance -of a cistern. It is twelve feet long, four broad, -and two deep, and has a hole close to the bottom at -one end. When discovered, it had a partition of -masonry across it, three feet from one end, and contained -many decayed bones, teeth and vertebræ, -and an iron implement resembling a three-footed -candlestick. In the immediate vicinity of this spot, -three fine Roman altars were discovered in 1844; -they are now in the possession of Mr. James, of -Otterburn, and are described in the Archæologia -Æliana, iv. 5.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>VINDOBALA.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>The etymology of the name of this station seems -to be tolerably plain. ‘<span class='sc'>Vindobala</span>,’ says Whitaker, -‘signifies merely the fort upon the heights. <i>Bala</i> -remains, to the present period, the Welsh and Irish -appellation of a town.’ I have received a similar -account of the word from those acquainted with -the Gaelic language. The station, however, though -possessing the advantage of a gentle elevation -above the contiguous ground, does not stand upon -a lofty eminence.</p> - -<p class='c000'>No inscriptions have been found here mentioning -the first cohort of the Frixagi, which, according to -the Notitia, was quartered in <span class='sc'>Vindobala</span>. This is -of little consequence; the names of the contiguous -stations both east and west having been ascertained, -the order of the stations in the Notitia is sufficient -evidence as to the identity of this with the ancient -<span class='sc'>Vindobala</span>.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The farm-house at Rutchester partly consists of -an ancient building, possessing great strength of -masonry. A gothic carving on the interior wall of -its principal apartment shews that it is not of Roman -construction. It was probably a mediæval stronghold, -made out of the ruins of the station. It contains -a well, now boarded over, which may be of -Roman date.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Most of the stones of the farm buildings and -adjacent fences are Roman, and one or two fragments -of Roman inscriptions built up in the stables, -besides some small altars preserved on the premises, -give interest to the place.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MURAL HOSPITALITY.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>Mr. Hutton is usually very particular in giving a -detail of the kind of entertainment he met with at -the various points of his journey. The recital of -his reception at Rutchester kindles into poetry:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>I saw old Sir at dinner sit,</div> - <div class='line'>Who ne'er said, "Stranger, take a bit,"</div> - <div class='line'>Yet might, although a poet said it,</div> - <div class='line'>Have saved his beef, and raised his credit.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>His own appearance, he tells us, was a little peculiar, -and archæological pursuits not being in vogue in -that day, the farmer probably had grave doubts as -to the propriety of tempting the enthusiastic old -man to prolong his stay.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It has frequently been my lot to receive the kindly -attentions of the inhabitants of the mural region. -Often have my eyes, bedimmed with fatigue, been -‘enlightened’ by partaking of the barley cake of the -cottager, (excellent food for a thirsty climb) as well -as the costlier viands of the farm tenant, or proprietor. -Never shall I forget visiting, on one -occasion, a frail tenement near Chesterholm. Its -only inmate, an old woman, in the spirit of regal -hospitality, asked me to join with her in partaking -of her only luxury—her pipe. I recently observed -with regret, that the cottage was tenantless.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>NORTHUMBRIAN YEOMEN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The inhabitants of that part of the district which -is remote from towns, do not affect the dress, or the -speech, or the manners of polished citizens. They -like to know a person before they welcome him, and -make their approaches cautiously. But if slow in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>grasping the hand, they do it heartily and sincerely. -There is scarcely a latch in the wilder regions of the -country, that I would not freely lift in the assurance -of a smiling welcome. Often as I have groaned -under the toils to which my present undertaking -has exposed me, I have reason to rejoice, that the -Barrier of the Lower Isthmus has been the means -of making me acquainted with many of the true-hearted -and intelligent yeomen, both of my own -county, and of Cumberland, whom I should not -otherwise have known. Although their dialect may -sound strangely to a southern ear, yet it is English -in its native purity and strength; a great authority, -Mr. Thorpe, having said, 'I believe the genuine -Anglian dialect to be that which is usually denominated -the Northumbrian.'<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c012'><sup>[76]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>Proceeding, now, after this long digression, on -our journey, we pass, on the left hand side of the -road, an inn generally called the Iron-sign. Some -of the buildings are entirely composed of Roman -stones. In the erection nearest the road are three -centurial stones. One has on it <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COH VIII</span></span>, another -has the word <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>LVPI</span></span>, probably to announce the fact, -that the portion of the Wall in which it was originally -inserted had been built by the troop under the -command of the centurion Lupus; the third is illegible.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HARLOW-HILL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Passing the ninth milestone, we stand upon the -top of an eminence from which there is a good view -of Harlow-hill, and of the adjacent country. The -Wall here slightly changes its course for the purpose -<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>of ascending the summit before it. The -Vallum keeps company with the Wall for a short -distance, but eventually swerves to the south with the -design of passing along the base of the hill; it -rejoins the Wall on the other side. This is an -arrangement which we should not have encountered -had the Vallum been intended for an independent -barrier against a northern foe. The north -fosse is here very distinct, forming a deep groove on -the left of the road all the way to Harlow-hill.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Just before entering the village of Harlow-hill, -some portions of the heart of the Wall may be seen, -and a careful scrutiny will enable us to ascertain its -course through the village, a part of its foundation, -of the full width (nine feet), yet remaining. -As usual, in passing through the village, the turnpike -road leaves the Wall for a short distance. There -was a mile-castle at Harlow-hill, which, Horsley -says, had a high situation, and a large prospect; all -traces of it are now gone. A field, about half a mile -north of Harlow-hill, bears the ominous name of -Grave-riggs; the traditionary account of its origin -being, that after a bloody battle in ‘the troublesome -times,’ it became the resting-place of slaughtered -multitudes.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The village and ancient stronghold of Welton (a -corruption no doubt of Wall-town) is about half a -mile to the south of the road. The fortlet is -entirely built of Roman stones. The adjoining -mansion, at present occupied by the farm tenant, -bears the date of 1616. Its large hall, with ample -<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>hearth and spacious bow-windows, is redolent of -ancient hospitality. In the memory of the villagers, -the freaks of a benevolent ghost, named Silky, which -frequented the old tower, and the feats of strength -performed by William of Welton, still survive the -weekly intrusion of the newspaper.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALL-HOUSES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>At Wall-houses, on the south side of the road, -traces of a mile-castle are obscurely visible; between -this point and the fourteenth mile-stone all the lines -of the Barrier are developed in a degree that is quite -inspiriting. The north fosse is, for a considerable -distance, planted with trees, which will for some time -save it from the envious plough.</p> - -<div id='p156a' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p156a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 40%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />THE WORKS NEAR CARR HILL.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE VALLUM AT DOWN-HILL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Immediately after passing the farm house of Carr-hill, -an appearance of great interest presents itself. -The works of the Vallum are coming boldly forward -in company with the Wall, when suddenly, and at -a decided angle, they change their course, evidently -to avoid mounting a small barrow-like elevation, -called Down-hill.<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c012'><sup>[77]</sup></a> The Wall pursues its course -straightforward. The view, exhibited on the opposite -page, taken from the edge of the hill, looking -eastward, shews this arrangement. The road, with -the ditch on its north side, is the representative -of the Wall. The Vallum and Wall again converge -as they approach <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>. These appearances -strongly corroborate the opinion that all the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>lines of the Barrier are but parts of one great engineering -scheme. If the Vallum had been constructed -as an independent defence against a northern -foe, and nearly a century before the Wall, we cannot -conceive that an elevation, which so entirely commands -the Vallum, would have been left open to the -enemy; especially as it would have been just as easy -to take the Vallum along the north flank of the -hill as along the south. Horsley, who advocates the -opinion that the north agger is Agricola’s Military -Way, that the southern aggers were the work of -Hadrian, and that the Wall was not erected till the -time of Severus, is rather at a loss to account for -these appearances. He says:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Before we come to Halton-chesters, somewhat appears that -is pretty remarkable. Hadrian’s Vallum running full upon a -little hill, turns at once round about the skirt of it, leaving -the hill on the north, and thereby, one would think, rendering -the Vallum itself a weak defence at that part. The north -agger goes close to the south side of this hill; so that they -were also obliged to carry the Vallum round the hill in order -to preserve the parallelism. If the north agger was the Old -Military Way, and prior to the Vallum, there was nothing improper -in carrying it on the south skirts of the hill; and then -when the Vallum came afterwards to be built, (for a defence, -or place of retreat) they were under a kind of necessity to -form it after this manner.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Since so able a man as Horsley can devise no -better defence of his theory, it may well be abandoned -altogether. It cannot be conceived that, -under a rule so vigorous as Hadrian’s, the builders -of the Barrier would be allowed to give the enemy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>a material advantage, in order to save themselves -the trouble of reconstructing the Military Way for -a short space.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Down-hill bears marks of having been quarried at -some distant period for its limestone. A little to -the south of the Vallum are some circular lines, -which an experienced observer tells me, are the -remains of ‘sow-kilns.’ It would, perhaps, be rash -to claim for them a primeval date, though in their -appearance there is nothing inconsistent with the -supposition.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HALTON RED-HOUSE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Halton Red-house is next passed on the right -hand. It is entirely built of stones taken from the -neighbouring station; they have, however, been -fresh dressed. In the farm-yard is a rectangular -stone trough, which was found in the station, and -which its owner describes as a ‘smiddy trow,’ and -shews upon the edge the place which had been worn -away by the attrition of the blacksmith’s irons. It -might, indeed, serve very well for such a purpose, -but troughs of this kind are of too frequent occurrence -in the buildings along the line to allow us to -suppose that this was their usual application. They -are generally very rudely carved both outside and -in, and not unfrequently are formed of an irregular -unsquared block of stone. I think that they were -used for domestic and culinary purposes. There is -a fragment of one lying in the hypocaust at Chesters, -the edge of which is worn down by the sharpening -of knives upon it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>We now approach the fifth station of the line,</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>Hunnum.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>HUNNUM.—This ancient abode of Rome’s warriors, -with its walls, streets, temples, markets, and -aqueducts, is nearly one unbroken sweep of luxuriant -vegetation. The traveller may readily pass by it, -as Hutton did, without discerning symptoms of -Roman occupation. A small, half-ruined hut stands -within its area, a fitting emblem of the surrounding -desolation. It is almost needless to name a city, -which has no existence, but for convenience sake,<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>HALTON-CHESTERS.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -Horsley conferred upon it the style and title of Halton-chesters. -The castle of Halton is close by.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The form of the station is peculiar, as is shewn in -the plan of it, <a href='#p044b'>Plate II</a>. The Wall joins the station -at about one-third the distance between its northern -and southern extremity. The portion of the station -which is to the north of the Wall is not so broad as -the part to the south of it. The only reason which -has been assigned for this is, that, as Horsley observes, -'there is a descent or hollow ground joining -to the west side of this part, so that the work could not -be carried on any farther that way without much -trouble and expense; though, it must be owned, the -Romans don't usually seem to have valued either the -one or the other'. It is remarkable that in adapting -the station to the ground, they have not given -to the wall, at the north east corner, a slanting -direction, as would have been most convenient, but -have, as usual, adhered to the rectangular form.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The turnpike road, keeping the line of the Wall, -crosses the station from the site of the eastern to -that of the western gateway. The section north of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>the road was brought under cultivation about twenty -years ago, when immense quantities of stones were -removed. It is now called the ‘Brunt-ha’penny -field’ in consequence of the number of corroded -copper coins which were found in it. The portion -south of the road has a gentle slope and a fair exposure -to the sun. It has not recently been ploughed, -and consequently exhibits, with considerable distinctness, -the lines of the outer entrenchments and ditches, -as well as the contour of the ruined buildings and -streets of the interior. The suburbs have covered -a fine tract of pasture-ground to the south. The -valley on the west side of the station would materially -strengthen the position in this quarter.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The excavations made in the northern section, a -few years ago, revealed several points of interest. -The careful manner in which the stones, even of the -foundation, were squared and chiselled, struck beholders -with surprise. The thickness, of one part -at least, of the west wall of the station I have been -assured, by a person who superintended the work, -was nine feet.<a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c012'><sup>[78]</sup></a> In the angle of the north-west -<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>portion of the station, just outside the Wall, was a -large heap, containing numerous fragments of Roman -pottery, the bones of animals, the horns of deer, and -other refuse matter—it must, in short, have been -the dung-hill of the camp. Even now, although the -plough has passed repeatedly over it, its position is -shewn by the darkness of the soil. On the same -occasion, there was laid open an aqueduct of about -three quarters of a mile in length, which seems to -have conducted water from a spring or burn in the -high ground north of the place where Stagshawbank -fair is held. My informant, who traced it for between -two and three hundred yards, says, that it was -formed of stone, and was covered with flags.<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c012'><sup>[79]</sup></a> In -crossing the valley to the west of the fort, it must -have been supported on pillars, or a mound. The -most remarkable circumstance to be noticed respecting -this water-course is, that it was on the -north, or the enemy’s side of the Wall. It is -scarcely probable that the Romans would depend for -that portion of their daily supply, which was required -for drinking and culinary purposes, on so precarious -a source; but it is not unlikely that the water -so introduced was meant to fill the fosse to the north -of the station, and thus to give the additional security -of a wet ditch to a portion of the camp, which, -though much exposed, possessed no natural strength -<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>of situation.<a id='r80' /><a href='#f80' class='c012'><sup>[80]</sup></a> Crossing the station diagonally from -below the eastern gateway to the north-west angle, -a sewer or drain was found, of considerable dimensions. -My informant crept along it for about one -hundred yards. The bottom of it was filled with -hardened mud, imbedded in which, were found a lamp -and many bone pins, such as those with which the -Romans fastened their woollen garments.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The most interesting discovery made on this occasion, -however, was a suite of apartments, which -have been usually supposed to be ‘the Baths.’ The -building was one hundred and thirty-two feet in -length, and contained not fewer than eleven rooms. -The first of these was forty-three feet long, and twenty -wide, and was the place, it has been conjectured, -‘where the bathers waited, and employed themselves -in walking and talking, till their turn came to bathe.’ -The others beyond are supposed to have been set -apart for the purposes of undressing, taking the cold, -the tepid, and the hot-bath, sweating, anointing, and -robing. If the Roman prefects allowed the most -important buildings of their frontier camps to be -devoted to the enjoyment of the bath in all its elaborate -details, they were more indulgent than some -modern generals would be. That one or two of the -smaller rooms have been devoted to ablution is not -unlikely, this range of buildings having contained two -carefully constructed cisterns which may have been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>used as baths. Several of the rooms had hanging -floors, with flues beneath; pipes of burnt clay, fixed -to the walls by T-headed holdfasts, communicated -with the flues below, and conveyed the hot air up -the sides of the apartments. But no provision for -heating large quantities of water was discovered, -such as we might have expected to find, if the whole -building had been used for bathing.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The whole of this interesting structure was -removed as the process of exhumation proceeded. -Our only consolation is, that a minute and able -description of it has been left us by Mr. Hodgson.</p> - -<div id='p163' class='figcenter id023'> -<img src='images/i_p163.jpg' alt='The Works near Carr-hill' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Several inscribed and sculptured stones have been -discovered here. Camden, in 1600, found a monumental -slab, erected to the memory of a soldier of -the Ala Sabiniana; the regiment which the Notitia -represents as being quartered at <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>. A -stone, bearing -the inscription, -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>LEG. II. -AVG. F.</span>, <em>Legio -secunda Augusta -fecit</em></span>, is at -Alnwick castle, -and belongs, I -think, to this -station. Wallis says 'as some labourers were turning -up the foundations here, for the sake of the -stones to mend the road, they met with a centurial -stone with the above inscription, within a civic garland, -the crest of the imperial eagle at each end, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>and that it was taken into the custody of Sir Edward -Blackett. The one here shewn, though not a centurial -stone, must be the one in question.<a id='r81' /><a href='#f81' class='c012'><sup>[81]</sup></a> It is one -of the most elegantly carved stones that have been -found upon the line, and closely resembles the style -of those erected by the same legion in the Barrier of -the Upper Isthmus. The ornament in the upper -margin, and at the sides, has probably formed the -type of one that prevailed in the Transition Norman -and Early English styles.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Several busts of emperors and empresses, preserved -about the house and grounds of Matfen, -shew the attention which the ancient inhabitants of -<span class='sc'>Hunnum</span> have paid to the decoration of the camp.</p> - -<div id='p164' class='figright id013'> -<img src='images/i_p164.jpg' alt='Slab—Fulgur Divom' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>A little to the west of -the station, not far from -the gateway, was recently -found the slab which -is here figured. Although -the inscription is -not deeply cut, it is very -legible, and doubtless means—The lightning of the -gods. When any spot was struck with lightning, it -was immediately deemed sacred, and venerated as -such by the Romans, being surrounded by a breastwork -of masonry, similar to that put round the mouth -of a well. Conscious guilt makes cowards of the most -dauntless warriors! Perhaps some member of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>Sabinian ala, hastening for shelter, and beseeching -meanwhile the protection of Jupiter Tonans, was -here arrested on life’s journey, and summoned to his -great account.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Among the minor antiquities found at this station -was a particularly massive finger ring of pure gold, -set with an artificial stone, on which a full-length -figure was engraved. It was stolen from lady -Blackett, to whom it belonged, together with the -rest of her jewellery.</p> - -<p class='c000'>An intelligent observer informs me, that an ancient -road of Roman construction went direct north from -<span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>. It, no doubt, soon joined the eastern -branch of the Watling-street which Horsley lays -down, part of whose course is represented in the -map accompanying this volume.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HALTON-CHESTERS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Halton-castle is to the south of the station. It is -entirely composed of stones taken from the Roman -Wall. In the farm-buildings attached to it, are some -Roman mouldings, and a weathered figure of primeval -aspect.</p> - -<p class='c000'>No probable etymological account of the word -<span class='sc'>Hunnum</span> has yet been offered. If the word Halton -can be supposed to have any affinity with <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>, -besides the initial breathing, this is one of the few -instances in which there is any resemblance between -the ancient and modern name of the stations.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Leaving <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>, we soon reach Stagshawbank-gate, -where the ancient Watling-street crosses -the road at right-angles. This Roman Way was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>probably first constructed by Agricola, as a means -of keeping up a communication with the garrisons -in South Britain, while he was forcing his way into -Scotland. A fort formerly stood here to guard the -passage through the Wall; no trace of it now -remains.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>VALLUM NEAR ST. OSWALD’S.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The earth-works between this point and the crown -of the hill descending to the North Tyne are remarkably -perfect. The description which Hutton -gives of them happily holds good at the present -moment—</p> - -<p class='c014'>I now travel over a large common, still upon the Wall, -with its trench nearly complete. But what was my surprise -when I beheld, thirty yards on my left, the united works of -Agricola and Hadrian, almost perfect! I climbed over a -stone wall to examine the wonder; measured the whole in -every direction; surveyed them with surprise, with delight; -was fascinated, and unable to proceed; forgot I was upon -a wild common, a stranger, and the evening approaching. I -had the grandest works under my eye of the greatest men of -the age in which they lived, and of the most eminent nation -then existing; all of which had suffered but little during the -long course of sixteen hundred years. Even hunger and -fatigue were lost in the grandeur before me. If a man writes -a book upon a turnpike road, he cannot be expected to move -quick; but, lost in astonishment, I was not able to move at all.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The first time I visited the spot, this passage, -through which there runs so fine a vein of youthful -enthusiasm, was fresh in my recollection. -The shades of evening were beginning to gather -round me, and the blackness of the furze which -covered the ground, gave additional solemnity to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>scene. I looked for the venerable old man, as if -expecting still to find him fixed in his enthusiastic -trance; but he was not there. After all, he had -moved on; and a few years more removed him -from this scene, to sleep in the church-yard under -a humbler and less durable mound than his favourite -general and emperor had here raised!</p> - -<p class='c000'>The section given in page 52, exhibits the state of -the works at this place. The north fosse is very -boldly developed between the sixteenth and -eighteenth milestone: the whole of its contents lie -strewed on its outer margin. Near the eighteenth -milestone, on the left of the road, is a mound, which -I take to be the remains of a mile-castle. In one -part near here, the Wall, as seen in the road, -measures ten feet wide, but it speedily becomes -narrower.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ST. OSWALD’S CHAPEL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Where the ground begins to dip strongly to the -North Tyne, St. Oswald’s chapel stands. On the -north side of the road, is a field called Mould’s-close, -in which a number of bones and implements of war -have from time to time been turned up, and which -is supposed to be the site of a battle. The tradition -runs, that from the fight which was won here, -England dates her advancing greatness, and that, -from the fatal results of a conflict to be lost on the -same ground, she will date her decline. <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>BATTLE OF HEAVEN-FIELD.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span>Hodgson -says, ‘Was this the site of part of the battle of -Heaven-field, which Bede says was fought just -north of the Roman Wall, and in memory of which -the chapel of St. Oswald was built?’ That it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>was, the narrative of the venerable historian will -probably shew—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The place is shewn to this day, and held in much veneration, -where Oswald (A.D. 635), being about to engage (with -the ferocious British king Cadwalla), erected the sign of the -holy cross, and on his knees prayed to God that he would assist -his worshippers in their great distress. It is further reported, -that the cross being made in haste, and the hole dug -in which it was to be fixed, the king himself, full of faith, laid -hold of it, and held it with both his hands, till it was set fast -by throwing in the earth; and this done, raising his voice, he -cried to his army, ‘Let us all kneel, and jointly beseech the -true and living God Almighty, in his mercy, to defend us -from the haughty and fierce enemy; for He knows that we -have undertaken a just war for the safety of our nation.’ All -did as he had commanded, and accordingly advancing towards -the enemy with the first dawn of day, they obtained the victory, -as their faith deserved. In that place of prayer very -many miraculous cures are known to have been performed, as a -token and memorial of the king’s faith; for even to this day, -many are wont to cut off small chips of the wood of the holy -cross, which being put into water, men or cattle drinking of, -or sprinkled with that water, are immediately restored to -health. The place in the English tongue is called Hefenfeld, -or the Heavenly Field.... The same place is near the Wall -with which the Romans formerly enclosed the island from sea -to sea, to restrain the fury of the barbarous nations, as has -been said before. Hither, also, the brothers of the church of -Hagulstad (Hexham), which is not far from thence (it is in -the valley directly below), repair yearly on the day before that -on which king Oswald was afterwards slain, to watch there -for the health of his soul, and having sung many psalms, to -offer for him in the morning the sacrifice of the holy oblation. -And since that good custom has spread, they have lately -built and consecrated a church there, which has attached -additional sanctity and honour to that place.<a id='r82' /><a href='#f82' class='c012'><sup>[82]</sup></a></p> - -<div id='p168b' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p168b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 40%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />THE WALL AT BRUNTON.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>A little to the south of the road, at St. Oswald’s-hill-head, -is Fallowfield-fell, where the Written-rock, -of which an engraving is given, page <a href='#p102'>102</a>, may -yet be seen. The face of the rock occupied by the -inscription is four feet long; the letters are distinct.<a id='r83' /><a href='#f83' class='c012'><sup>[83]</sup></a> -Continuing to descend the hill, we come to Plane-tree-field, -where on the left of the road, a conspicuous -piece of the Wall remains. It is about thirty-six -yards long, and has, in some places, five courses of -facing-stones entire; the grout of the interior which -rises still higher, gives root to some fine old thorns. -This sight may be rendered more interesting by the -antiquary’s carrying his eye forward, and tracing the -Wall in its onward course; in its modern representative, -the turnpike road, it is seen, (having crossed -the North Tyne, and passed the station of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>,) -bounding up the opposite hill in its usual unflinching -manner, and making for the wastes and mountains -which it is speedily to traverse.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE WALL AT BRUNTON.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In the grounds of Brunton, a little below this, a -small piece of the Wall is to be seen in a state of -very great perfection. It is seven feet high, and -presents nine courses of facing-stones entire. The -mortar of the five lower courses is good; the face -of the south side is gone. The ditch also is here well -developed. The opposite lithograph gives an accurate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>representation of what Hutton calls ‘this grand -exhibition.’ The altar which, at present, stands as -it is placed in the drawing, formerly discharged -the office of a gate-post at the entry of the yard of -St. Oswald’s chapel.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BRIDGE OVER THE NORTH TYNE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>For some reason, which it is hard to divine, the -turnpike road now recedes from the Wall, and crosses -the river at Chollerford, nearly half-a-mile above the -spot where the Roman bridge spanned it.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p170a'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE VI.</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p170a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>REMAINS OF ROMAN BRIDGE<br />OVER THE<br />NORTH TYNE.<br /><span class='small'><em>Reid Lith.</em></span></p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p170c'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE VII.</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p170c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Miscellaneous Antiquities, Chesters, Cilurnum</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The remains of this bridge may yet be seen when -the water is low, and the surface smooth. There -seem to have been three piers of considerable size and -solidity, set diagonally to the stream. The stones -composing them are large, regularly squared, and -fastened with metallic cramps.<a id='r84' /><a href='#f84' class='c012'><sup>[84]</sup></a> Luis-holes, indicating -the mode in which they have been lowered into -their bed, appear in several of them. The firmness -with which these foundation courses still retain the -position assigned to them by the soldiers of Hadrian -is very remarkable; the rolling floods of sixteen -hundred winters seem to have spent their rage upon -them almost in vain. As the eastern side of the river -<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>is frequently overflowed, the Vallum is here obliterated, -but probably both works approached the bridge -in close companionship. On the western side, appearances -still bear out Horsley’s statement, that the -'Wall falls upon the middle of the fort, and Hadrian’s -Vallum, as usual, falls in with the south side of it.'</p> - -<p class='c000'>A plan of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, and adjoining works, as figured -by Warburton, is given in <a href='#p044b'>Plate II</a>. Probably, -few who examine it attentively will question the justness -of the conclusion to which he has arrived, that -the Wall, Vallum, stations, castles, and turrets, ‘by -their mutual relation to one another, must have been -one entire, united defence, or fortification.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>We are now arrived at the station called in the -locality, Chesters, but by Horsley named, for the -sake of distinction, Walwick-chesters. An attentive -examination of it will well reward the antiquary.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CILURNUM.</div> -<p class='c000'>CILURNUM.—This station has, as usual, the -form of a parallelogram, the corners being slightly -rounded off. It contains an area of fully six acres. -In the latter part of the last century, when the mansion -and estate of Chesters came into the possession -of the family of Clayton, this area was covered with -the ruins of buildings which had apparently stood -in strait, narrow streets, and although the surface -of the station has since been levelled and made -smooth, in order to fit it for its use as part of -the park, yet its ramparts and fosse, the Wall -and Vallum as they approach and leave it, and -the road leading to the river, may all be distinctly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>discerned; even the ruined dwellings of the interior -area, as if dissatisfied with their lowly condition, -struggle to rear themselves into notice. A -portion of the Wall, near the north-west angle, has -been freed from the encumbering soil; it is five -feet thick, and exhibits four courses of masonry in -excellent preservation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Hutchinson was struck with the linear character -which the ruined streets of this fort had in his time, -and was reminded, by their appearance, of the -arrangements of the Polybian camp. This will be -observed in a greater or less degree in all the stations, -and there cannot be a doubt but that the dwellings -were arranged in rows parallel to the four sides -of the stations, and hence, intersecting each other at -right angles. It was necessary that the Roman camp, -whether of a temporary or permanent character, -should be nearly uniform in its plan. If the troops -rested but for a night, each man knew the part he -had to fill in preparing the fortification, and could -set about it at once; in the event of a sudden attack -in the darkness of the night, each knew his -position, though he may never have rested upon -the spot before.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Suburban buildings have occupied the space between -the station and the river, and ruins more -extensive than usual are spread over the ground to -the south. There is no appearance of any habitations -having been erected to the north of the Wall. -Whenever the surface of the contiguous ground is -broken, fragments of Samian ware and other marks -of Roman occupation appear.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CHESTERS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>Two remains of great interest are found within the -station. One of these is an underground vault near -the middle. Its masonry is rough, and somewhat -peculiar; the sides incline slightly inwards, but the -roof, instead of being uniformly vaulted, is formed -of three ribs arched in the usual manner, and the -intervals between them are in technical language—‘stepped -over,’ that is, the stones of each course are -made to project inwards a little, until, at length, one -laid on the top completes the junction. The woodcut, -which is here introduced, together with the following -extract from Hodgson’s description of it, will -give a tolerably correct idea of this curious structure.</p> - -<div id='p173' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p173.jpg' alt='Vault at Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>This vault, when it was first found, was supposed to have -been the Ærarium of the station. Between the joinings of -the floor, which were of thin free-stone flags, were found several -counterfeit denarii, both of copper and iron plated with silver. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>The approach to it was by four steps downwards, the lowest of -which was a large centurial stone, which had borne an inscription, -but nearly all of it had been purposely erased. On the -outside of the threshold was found, in a sadly decayed state, -its original door of wood, strongly sheathed with plates of -iron, and the whole firmly rivetted together with large square -nails. Within the door, which had opened inwards, the end -wall was two feet thick, plastered and painted. Its internal -area is ten feet by nine, and its height to the crown of the -arch six feet four inches.<a id='r85' /><a href='#f85' class='c012'><sup>[85]</sup></a></p> - -<div id='p175' class='figcenter id024'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span> -<img src='images/i_p175.jpg' alt='Ground Plan of Hypocausts, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Ground-plan, Hypocaust, <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div id='p174' class='figcenter id009'> -<img src='images/i_p174.jpg' alt='Hypocausts at Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Some buildings situated near to the spot where -the eastern gateway must be, and which have recently -been freed from the earth and rubbish that -have long enveloped them, are objects of still greater -interest. Their general appearance, as seen from a -slight elevation, is shewn in the adjoining wood-cut, -while, for a more minute knowledge of their size -and arrangements, reference may be made to the -plan on the opposite page. Eight apartments have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>already been exposed, and a little more research -would doubtless display others.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE HYPOCAUSTS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Descending a few steps (at L in the Plan), a -street three feet wide at one extremity, and four at -the other, is entered. Another, leading from it at -right-angles, and which is paved with flag-stones, -conducts to the grand entrance (D) of what appears -to be the principal section of the building. -The steps are very much worn down by the tread -of feet, and even some of the stones, which have -evidently been put in the place of others that -have been too much abraded to be serviceable, -exhibit partial wear. This saloon must have been -a place of general concourse—can it have been -the hall of justice, or the place where the commander -of the station transacted the business of the -district under his charge? The floor (E) is probably -supported on pillars, and has been warmed by -flues beneath; but this cannot be ascertained without -injuring it. The upper covering is of flags, the -fractured state of which induces the belief, that the -walls of the surrounding building have been forcibly -thrown down upon them. The northern enemies of -Rome, knowing the importance of these stations, -would not be slow in involving them in entire ruin, -when permitted, by the withdrawal of the troops, to -do so without molestation. Passages diverge from -this saloon, to the right and left, into other apartments. -In the room on the left was found, in -good preservation, a cistern or bath (C), lined with -red cement. A breach had been made in the street -<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>wall of this chamber (at B), and in the rubbish which -<span id='p178' class='figright id015'><img src='images/i_p178.jpg' alt='River-god' class='ig001' /></span>encumbered the gap, was found the statue of a river-god, -of which a -correct sketch is -here given. It is -probably intended -to represent -the genius of the -neighbouring river—the -North -Tyne. Although -executed in coarse sand-stone, it is not without considerable -gracefulness of attitude and proportion. It is -preserved in the mansion at Chesters. Of the present -state of the apartments beyond, the wood-cut in the -previous page, and the lithograph here introduced, will -give an accurate conception. The floors have been -supported upon pillars, some of them being of stone, -others of square flat bricks. The stone pillars are, -for the most part, fragments of columns and balusters -which have been used in a prior structure.<a id='r86' /><a href='#f86' class='c012'><sup>[86]</sup></a> The -student of mediæval architecture will probably recognise -in some of them types of the Saxon style. -The dilapidated state of the floor of this apartment -allows of an easy examination of its mode of construction. -Flags, about two inches thick, rest upon -the pillars; a layer of compost, five inches thick, and -formed of lime, sand, gravel, and burned clay or -pounded tile, succeeds, and above that, another covering -<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>of thin flag-stones.<a id='r87' /><a href='#f87' class='c012'><sup>[87]</sup></a> This apartment has been -provided with a semicircular recess at its eastern extremity -(G), and, at the angle next the street (A), has -been supported by a buttress. A similar alcoved -recess existed on the western side of one of the -principal rooms of the ‘baths’ at <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>, and the -same arrangement may yet be observed in the corresponding -building at Lanchester. All of these -buildings have been strengthened with buttresses, -but it is only in these and analogous cases, that the -use of the buttress is admitted among the erections -of the Barrier; it never occurs in the great Wall or -the curtain-walls of the stations. In the circular recess<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>THE HYPOCAUSTS.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -of this apartment is an aperture (G), which -probably has served to regulate the current of air -circulating in the hypocausts. The furnace which -warmed the suite of apartments was situated near -the south-east extremity of the building (at F); the -pillars near the fire having been much acted upon -by the heat, the whole of this part of the floor was -reduced, on exposure to the frosts of winter, to the -confused heap represented in the drawing. The -soot in the flues was found as fresh as if it had -been produced by fires lighted the day before.<a id='r88' /><a href='#f88' class='c012'><sup>[88]</sup></a> -The walls of this apartment were coated with plaster, -and coloured dark red; exposure to the weather -<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>soon stripped them of this covering. An arched -passage curiously turned with Roman tile took the -heated air from the furnace through the party-wall -(at X) into the chamber to the west of it. The -rooms to the westward of the intersecting street -(HD), seem to form an independent building, and -have less of the aspect of a place of public concourse -than the other portions. They may have -been the private residence of the commander of the -station. They, too, are heated by hypocausts.</p> - -<div id='p178a' class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_p178a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 40%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />HYPOCAUST AT CHESTERS, (CILURNUM)<br /><span class='small'>Printed by W. Monkhouse, York</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>CILURNUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In urging the conviction, that the hanging floors -of these Roman buildings were meant to produce a -comfortable warmth, rather than to generate steam, -by having water sprinkled upon them, attention -may be drawn to the thickness of their substance. -At present, the floor of the principal apartment -is nine inches thick, and when its upper surface -was overlaid, as it no doubt was, with a tasteful -concrete or mosaic pavement, it would be an inch -or two more. It would require a very powerful furnace -to raise this mass of matter to a considerable -temperature. On the other hand, if the production -of a genial and uniform warmth were the object in -view, no contrivance could be more suitable. The -heated air from a small furnace permeating the underground -flues and the walls of a suite of apartments, -and not passing off until, in its lengthened -passage, it had given out the larger part of the -warmth it had derived, would, in the lapse of some -hours, give to the whole building a comfortable temperature, -which it would not readily lose. Any inattention -<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>to the furnace, either by causing it to burn -too fiercely or too feebly, would not be felt. The -thickness of the floors would prevent the air from -being scorched, and producing that disagreeable sensation -which is experienced in rooms that are heated -by the stoves in common use. It is not improbable -that we may return to this method of warming our -churches and public halls, even if we do not adopt it in -our private buildings.<a id='r89' /><a href='#f89' class='c012'><sup>[89]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>METHOD OF WARMING BUILDINGS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The door-ways of some of these apartments have -been provided with double doors, probably for more -effectually maintaining the warmth of the room.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The masonry of those portions of the walls which -are standing, is in an excellent state of preservation. -In the angle near the buttress (A), the action of -the trowel in giving the finishing touch to the -pointing may be perceived. The walls rest upon -two strong basement courses, the angle of the uppermost -being bevelled off with a neat moulding.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>Some of the quoins of the door-ways consist of very -large stones; one is six feet long, and is probably a -ton in weight. This proves that it was not from -lack of mechanical means that the interior buildings -and walls of the stations were composed of small -stones. More than one of the thresholds have a -groove very roughly cut in them, apparently to allow of -the egress of water. This has probably been done -after the departure of the Romans and the general -demolition of the buildings, by some houseless wanderers, -who, having ‘camped’ in the ruin, were -incommoded by the lodgement of rain on the floor.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The hydraulic properties of the concrete used in -the floors of Roman hypocausts, has, I believe, escaped -the notice of previous writers, and is the only -other point which need longer detain us in this interesting -building. My attention was drawn to this -subject by my brother, Mr. George Barclay Bruce, -Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in -the following communication:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>In many places on the line of the Wall, the mortar has had -mixed with it broken tiles or burned clay, to assist it in resisting -the moisture of the atmosphere.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The concrete at Chesters placed between the slabs of the -bath-room, has a very large proportion of this burned clay, -and would thus be better suited to resist the action of heat -below and water above than purer lime.</p> - -<p class='c014'>A portion of this concrete was taken, by way of experiment, -and burned in a crucible, as though it had been a piece of limestone; -it was then ground fine, and mixed with a proper -quantity of water; after being allowed to dry for three or -four hours, it was immersed in water, where it set in the same -manner as common mortar does in the open air, clearly proving -<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>its hydraulic properties. The same experiment was tried -with the ordinary mortar of the Wall, but without the same -result, there not being a sufficiently large quantity of burned -clay to enable it to stand so severe a test. In the case of the -concrete, it did not set so readily as what is called Roman -cement, but sufficiently so to prove that it is a strong hydraulic -mortar, made by the mixture of burned clay with common -lime.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE CEMETERY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Bidding farewell to these interesting structures, we -may now bend our steps a short way down the river, -on a visit to the cypress-grove—the burial ground of -the station. This, which in Horsley’s days formed -a separate field called the Ox-close, is now included -in the park of the domain. Never was spot more -appropriately chosen. The river here descends with -more than usual rapidity over its stony bed, and -bending at the same time to the left, exhibits to the -eye the lengthened vista of its well-wooded banks. -No earthly music could better soothe the chafed affections -of the hopeless heathen mourner than the -murmur of the stream which is ceaselessly heard in -this secluded nook. From this spot have been procured -several sepulchral slabs which will presently -afford us instruction; meantime, one is given on the -next page whose lesson is of a negative character. The -blank memorial shews how vain are the efforts which -even affection makes to render buoyant on the wave of -time the memory of those departed. Our very monuments -need memorials. But, passing this, the character -of the carving betokens a poor state of the arts, -and fixes its date in the lowest times of the empire: in -this we have a proof of the long-continued occupation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>of the station. The fate of the stone has been -singular. When Horsley saw it, the inscription was -legible; but having since been used as the door-stone -of the cow-house at Walwick Grange, the -letters had, previous to its removal to Alnwick-castle -(its present resting place), been entirely obliterated.</p> - -<div id='p184' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p184.jpg' alt='Funereal Slab, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Between the station and the cemetery is a well -enclosed with Roman masonry; it is now in a great -measure filled up.</p> - -<div id='p185' class='figright id025'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span> -<img src='images/i_p185.jpg' alt='Funereal Slab of Horse Soldier, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>ITS NAME ASCERTAINED.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The station of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, which is the sixth on -the line of the Wall, was garrisoned by the second -wing of the Astures, (a regiment of Spanish cavalry) -commanded by a prefect. This fact has gradually -developed itself to the antiquary. Camden thought -it probable. Horsley concurred in the opinion, -and, in the absence of better evidence, sagaciously -referred to the tombstone of which a drawing is -here presented, -in proof of its having -been occupied -by a horse regiment. -‘That some -horse,’ says he, -'kept garrison -here in the lower -empire, seems to -be probable from -the inscription -and sculpture yet -remaining at Walwick-grange.'<a id='r90' /><a href='#f90' class='c012'><sup>[90]</sup></a> -‘The letters D. -M.,’ he remarks -in another place, -‘prove this to be a sepulchral monument, and the -figure shews that the deceased belonged to the -horse, and therefore probably was one of the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Ala secunda -Astorum</em></span>, which in the lower empire kept garrison -at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, as the Notitia informs us.’</p> - -<div id='p186' class='figright id026'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span> -<img src='images/i_p186.jpg' alt='Slab–Ala II. Asturum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>More decisive evidence has since been procured. -The slab figured on page <a href='#p061'>61</a>, is part of it. A still -more satisfactory -document -of stone was -discovered at -Chesters several -years ago, -where it is still -preserved: the -wood-cut accurately -portrays -it.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">IMP[ERATORI] CAES[ARI] <em>MARCO</em> AVREL[IO]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">AUG[VSTO] . . . . . . . . . . . . <em>PONTIFICI MAXIMO</em></span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">TRIB[VNITIA] P[OTESTATE] CO[N]S[VLI] <em>IV</em> P[ATRI] P[ATRIÆ] DIV[I] <em>ANTONINI FILIO</em></span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">DIVI SEVER[I] NEP[OTI]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CAESAR[I] IMPER[ATORI] . . . . . . . . . . . <em>DUPLARES</em></span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ALÆ II ASTVRV[M] <em>TEMPLUM</em> VETVSTAT[E] <em>CONLAPSUM RESTITU</em>-</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ERVNT PER MARIUM VALER[IANUM] <em>LEGATUM AUGUSTALEM PROPRÆTOREM</em></span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">INSTANTE SEPTIMIO NILO PRÆ[FECTO]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">DEDICATVM III KAL[ENDAS] NOVEM[BRIS] GRATO ET SELE[VCO] <em>CONSULIBUS</em>.</span><a id='r91' /><a href='#f91' class='c012'><sup>[91]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>To the emperor Marcus Aurelius</div> - <div class='line'>Augustus . . . . . . . . . . . Pontifex Maximus,</div> - <div class='line'>With tribunitian power, fourth time Consul, Father of his Country, of divine Antoninus the son,</div> - <div class='line'>Of the deified Severus the grandson,</div> - <div class='line'>To Cæsar our emperor . . . . . . . . the duplares<a id='r92' /><a href='#f92' class='c012'><sup>[92]</sup></a></div> - <div class='line'>Of the second wing of Astures, this temple, through age dilapidated, re-</div> - <div class='line'>stored by command of Marius Valerianus, Imperial Legate and Proprætor,</div> - <div class='line'>Under the superintendence of Septimius Nilus, Prefect.</div> - <div class='line'>Dedicated Oct. 30th, in the consulate of Gratus and Seleucus.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>Hutton, who has done such good service to the -Wall, under-rated the value of inscriptions. ‘When -the antiquary,’ says he, 'has laboured through a parcel -of miserable letters, what is he the wiser?'—Let -this fractured and defaced stone answer the question.<a id='r93' /><a href='#f93' class='c012'><sup>[93]</sup></a> -1. This dedication was made by soldiers of the second -wing of the Astures;—we thus learn the name of the -people who garrisoned the fort, and by a reference -to the Notitia, ascertain with certainty that this was<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>CILURNUM.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -<span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>. 2. We acquire the fact, that a temple, -which through age had become dilapidated, was restored;—learning -thereby, not only the attention -which the Romans paid to what they conceived to -be religious duties, but their long occupation of this -spot. It has been already observed, that some of -the pillars of the hypocaust have been portions of a -prior building;—the ruin and inscription thus corroborate -each other. 3. The date of the dedication is -given; the third of the calends of November falls -upon the thirtieth of October, and the year in which -Gratus and Seleucus were consuls corresponds to -A.D. 221;—the data on which antiquaries found -their conclusions, are not always so vague as some -imagine. 4. Even the erasures are instructive. By -a reference to the date, we find that Heliogabalus -was reigning at the time of the dedication of the temple; -we find that what remain of the names and -titles on the stone apply to him; he, consequently, -is the emperor referred to. The year following he -was slain by his own soldiers, his body dragged -<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>through the streets and cast into the Tiber. The -soldiers in Britain seem to have sympathized -with their companions at Rome and to have erased -the name of the fallen emperor from the dedicatory -slab. Human nature is the same in every age. How -often have we, in modern times, seen a name cast -out with loathing which yesterday received the incense -of a world’s flattery!</p> - -<p class='c000'>The above inscription gives us the station of the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Ala -secunda Asturum</em></span>, in the reign of Heliogabalus, A.D. -221. The Notitia Imperii gives us its station in the -reign of Theodosius the younger, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘<em>ultra tempus Arcadii -et Honorii</em></span>,’ A.D. 430, and we find at both periods -the same force in the same station, which corresponds -with the understood practice of the Roman army with -regard to the permanency of the quarters of its auxiliary -forces. With reference to the difference between -the spelling of the inscription and the Notitia, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Asturum’</span> -and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Astorum,’</span> it may be observed that as -the Notitia Imperii was preserved for a thousand -years in manuscript before the art of printing came -to its rescue, it is more likely that the error should -be in the book, than on the stone.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The ancient name of the station having been ascertained, -the etymology of it may be inquired into. -Whitaker says it means a creek. An authority acquainted -with the Gaelic language suggests the -following derivation; <i>caol</i>, narrow, probably pronounced -by the Romans <i>kil</i>, and <i>doir</i>, water (in -composition <i>dhoir</i>, the dh not sounded); so that -<i>caol-oir</i> is narrow stream; the <i>um</i> is a usual Latin -affix. Of course, this branch of the Tyne is narrow -<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>in comparison with the united floods. The word -may have had an Italian origin; the Latin <i>celer</i>, swift, -has some resemblance to it, and the river, when -swollen by floods, very speedily discharges its superfluous -water. Whatever be the origin of the -word, the names of the neighbouring places, Chollerton -and Chollerford, have had a similar derivation.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ROMAN SCULPTURES.</div> - -<div id='p189' class='figright id006'> -<img src='images/i_p189.jpg' alt='Statue of Cybele, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The miscellaneous antiquities which have been -found here, and are still preserved upon the spot, -are of a very interesting character. Chief among -them is a broken statue, which is here represented.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The fragment, consisting of -a fine-grained sandstone, -is six feet two inches -long. Statues of so large -a size are of very rare occurrence -in Roman camps -in Britain. It is generally -supposed to have been -meant for Cybele, the mother -of the gods. The -gracefulness of the design, -and the excellence of the -execution, show us that -the state of the arts in -Roman Britain was not so -low as is sometimes supposed. -The arrangement -of the drapery, and the -ornament placed upon its -margins, are suggestive of -the mode in which these details were managed in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>the statues of the early ecclesiastical architects. -The ancient builders professedly followed the Roman -modes.</p> - -<div id='p190' class='figcenter id009'> -<img src='images/i_p190.jpg' alt='Group of Carved Stones, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The fine Corinthian capital, which is here shewn, -enables us to judge of the beauty of some of the -buildings which adorned the ancient <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>. In -the drawing, it rests upon one of the foundation -stones of the bridge; on the right-hand side of the -group are two centurial stones, inscribed—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>C[ENTVRIA] VAL[ERII]</div> - <div>MAXI[MI]</div> - <div>[CENTVRIA] RVFI SABI</div> - <div>NI</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>The century (or company) of Valerius</div> - <div>Maximus</div> - <div>The century of Rufus Sabi-</div> - <div>nus.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>On the top of these is a pipe of red earthenware.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p190b'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE VIII</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<a href='images/i_p190bbig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p190b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Miscellaneous Antiquities, Cilurnum</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p190d'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE IX</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<a href='images/i_p190dbig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p190d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Samian Ware</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>Preserved in the collection here, is a tile of the -usual Roman fabrication, on which are impressed -the foot-marks of a dog, seemingly of the terrier -species. The animal must have run over it while -the clay was in a soft state. Plate <a href='#p190b'>VIII</a>. fig. 4.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In making the excavations at the hypocausts, -many coins of silver and brass were found. They -extend from the reign of Hadrian to that of -Gratian; those of Constantine and his immediate -successors prevail. A massive silver signet ring, representing, -on a cornelian stone, a cock pecking at an -an ear of corn, was found in one of the rooms. As -is uniformly the case, numerous fragments of the -different kinds of pottery used by the Romans were -turned up; some of the fragments of vessels of Samian -ware are figured on Plate <a href='#p190d'>IX</a>. A key, fig. 4. an -iron implement with springs on each side of it, -fig. 1. and a spear head fig. 3. drawn on <a href='#p192a'>Plate X</a>., -were found here. Some soles of sandals, similar in -character to those which will afterwards be described, -several glass beads of curious fabrication, -and broken pieces of glass vessels, were picked up. -A piece of <em>cut</em> glass procured here is shewn in -<a href='#p170c'>Plate VII</a>. fig. 10. One of the most curious relics obtained -from this treasury of Roman effects was the -tooth of a bear; it is of a large size, and is pierced -with two holes to enable its possessor to suspend it -by a string, and wear it as a trophy or a charm on -his person. It is figured of the full size in <a href='#p190b'>Plate VII</a>. -Bears, as well as wolves, prowled in the forests of -ancient Britain, and no doubt the formidable animal -<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>which yielded this tusk, cost its captor a severe -struggle.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Not the least interesting of the circumstances of a -place of very early occupation, are the traditions -of the ‘ancients’ respecting it. Notwithstanding -their rudeness, some latent truth may generally -be educed from them; and they always manifest -the modes of thought that prevailed in former times. -Sixty years ago the traditions of the Wall might easily -have been gathered, but now the old men have nearly -forgotten the tales with which their ‘fore-elders’ used -to entertain them on a winter’s evening. The products -of the press have nearly superseded this unlettered -lore. A few fragments relative to <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> -have, however, been supplied to me. A belief used -to prevail, that there existed a subterranean stable -under the camp capable of containing five hundred -horse. It was, moreover, currently related, that -beneath the river a tunnel was formed, which led to -the opposite side. There is a pool in the vicinity of -the station, on its western side, called the Ingle-pool, -and which, until partially filled up a few -years ago, was very deep; the peasantry believed, -that it derived its supplies by an underground canal -from the North Tyne, at Nunwick-mill, between -three and four miles up the river.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p192a'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE X.</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<a href='images/i_p192abig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p192a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>J. STOREY DEL. ET LITH.<span style="margin-left: 40%;">PRINTED BY AND<sup>W</sup>. REID.</span></span><br />Roman Spears, etc.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>In these traditions we may perhaps recognise -the facts, that a regiment of horse garrisoned the -station; that the Romans carefully maintained the -means of intercourse with both sides of the river; -and that, if in this instance they did not, which is by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>no means certain, in others they undoubtedly did -bring water from great distances, either for the -purpose of sustenance, or to strengthen their position.</p> - -<p class='c000'>We must now take leave of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>. Whatever -may be the views of the reader, the visitor will -do so with regret. As Hodgson well remarks, ‘The -Astures, in exchanging the sunny valleys of Spain -for the banks of the tawny Tyne, might find the climate -in their new situation worse, but a lovelier spot -than <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> all the Asturias could not give them.’ -During many days spent in the prosecution of my -inquiries here—the beauty of the landscape, the -instructive nature of the ruins, and the pleasant -intercourse which I was privileged to enjoy with the -hospitable family at the hall, combined to make a -deep impression upon my mind.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CHESTERS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Again we bend our steps westward. Behind the -garden wall at Chesters stands a fragment of the -Wall. The north fosse is filled with water. Ascending -the hill which leads to Walwick, the earth -works are seen on the left hand. When near the -top of it, our out-door antiquary, while he pauses -for breath, will do well to look back, and contemplate -the scene he is leaving. The lines of the Barrier -are seen boldly descending the well-wooded and fertile -banks on the east side of the river. Warden-hill -is to the south, and will attract attention by its -elevation. Its summit is seen still to bear marks -of having been occupied by the aborigines of Britain. -Whilst the works of the Barrier were going on, they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>may have maintained their position for a while, and, -from behind their entrenchments, scowled upon the -intruders who were soon to drive them to the remoter -region of the Cheviots. After watering both sides<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>WARDEN-FELL.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -of the tongue of land of which Warden-fell consists, -the North and South Tyne meet, and their waters -roll on in a united stream to the Emporium of the -North. We can follow it with the eye for some distance, -as it goes sparkling in the sunshine, spreading -fertility and beauty on either hand.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in20'>... O ye dales</div> - <div class='line'>Of Tyne and ye most ancient woodlands; where</div> - <div class='line'>Oft as the giant flood obliquely strides,</div> - <div class='line'>And his banks open, and his lawns extend,</div> - <div class='line'>Stops short the pleased traveller to view,</div> - <div class='line'>Presiding o’er the scene, some rustic tower,</div> - <div class='line'>Founded by Norman or by Saxon hands.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Nestled in the fairest part of the valley is the -abbey church of Hexham; closely inspected, it is -found to be a chaste specimen of the most simple -and beautiful of our ecclesiastical styles—the early -English, and, when viewed from a distance, as in -this case, its venerable towers lend a quiet charm -to the landscape.</p> - -<p class='c000'>How different the scene which the Romans beheld! -In their day, and for long afterwards, the -painful cultivator of the soil knew not who should -reap the harvest; those only, therefore, who had -power to protect themselves would engage in the -occupation. Now, the husbandman dreams not of -a foreign foe, or of troops of lawless marauders; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>steadily he evokes the riches of the soil, and something -like an Eden smiles!</p> - -<p class='c000'>A strip of the Wall, though in a disordered state, -and covered with brushwood, is in a field beyond -Walwick; its fosse is finely developed.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>TOWER-TAY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Ascending the next hill, called Tower Tay, the -earth-works are still very conspicuous. About half -way up are the ruins of a tower, erected about a -century ago, as an object in the landscape. It stands -on the Wall, and has been entirely formed out of its -stones. At the summit, the ditches of both Wall -and Vallum are cut through the native rock, of -which the hill consists, and are in excellent order. -The Wall stands very near the edge of a scar, sufficiently -elevated to have formed of itself a defence; -it is remarkable that the Romans should have thought -it necessary to draw a ditch on the north side of it -at all.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Looking forward from the top of this hill, we see, -for a considerable distance, all the lines of the Barrier -proceeding on their course; descending one hill -and ascending the opposite, called the Limestone-bank, -they keep perfectly parallel. It would have -delighted Horsley’s heart to notice that the present -road runs upon the north agger of the Vallum, -maintaining, as he did, that this was the Military -Way of Agricola.</p> - -<p class='c000'>At a short distance, further in advance, the ruins -of a mile-castle are seen on the right. The whole of -the facing-stones are gone, as is usually the case, and -the place where it stood is chiefly marked by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>vacuity occasioned by their removal. This castellum -measures, inside, fifty-four feet from east to -west, and sixty-one from north to south; it has been -protected by a fosse. A long range of the Wall is -next seen in the Black-carts farm, in an encouraging -state of preservation; it is between five and six feet -high, and shews, in some places, seven courses of -facing-stones.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>TEPPER-MOOR.</div> - -<p class='c000'>On the summit of the next hill, many objects of -great interest await us. The view from it is most -extensive. To the north, a vast sweep of country -meets the eye; a beautiful undulated valley occupies -the foreground, behind it the hills rise boldly, -and the lofty Cheviots bound the scene. Chipchase -castle occupies a commanding position. The modern -mansion of Nunwick, embowered in wood, selects -the lower ground. Towards the west, the lofty crags -traversed by the Wall come into view.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the corner of a field adjoining the road, are the -remains of another mile-castle; it measures fifty-seven -feet by fifty-four. Horsley says, it was detached -about a yard from the Wall, the reason of -which was not very obvious. A portion of the -Roman Military Way may here be seen as it curves -towards the gateway of the castellum, and again -recedes from it. A good section of it is obtained -at the margin of the places where its stones have -been removed to form the stone dikes of the field.</p> - -<div id='p196b' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p196b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Del.<span style="margin-left: 50%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />THE WORKS, TEPPER MOOR.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The fosse of the Wall and Vallum at this point -deserve attentive examination. In passing over the -crown of the hill, they have been excavated with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>enormous labour out of the basalt of which the summit -consists. The workmen, as if exhausted with -the task of raising the splintered fragments, have -left them lying on the sides of the moats. A mass -on the outside of the north ditch, though now split -by the action of the frost into three pieces, has evidently -formed one block, and cannot weigh less than -thirteen tons. It is not easy to conceive how they -managed to quarry so tough a rock without the aid -of gunpowder, or contrived to lift, with the machinery -at their command, such huge blocks. No -luis-holes appear in them.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The lithograph presents a view of the giant works -of the Vallum and fosse at this point. It is quite -evident that here, at least, the north agger did not -form the Military Way. There are several breaks -and irregularities in both the mounds; the works -have probably been left by the Romans in a rough, -unfinished state.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Between this spot and the craggy summit on -which Sewingshields farm-house is perched, the -ground is flat, and destitute of any decided descent -to the north. On this account, and for mutual defence, -the lines of the Barrier keep close together, -so close, sometimes, as scarcely to leave room for -the passage of the Military Way between them.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>PROCOLITIA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>PROCOLITIA is the seventh stationary camp -on the line of the Wall. It was garrisoned by the -first Batavian cohort, which, with two others from -the same country, and the two Tungrian cohorts, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>was with Agricola in his great battle with Galgacus -in the Grampian Hills. That the ruined camp at -Carrawburgh was the adopted home of this cohort, -is proved by the altar engraved on page <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, and by -<span id='p198' class='figright id027'><img src='images/i_p198.jpg' alt='Slab—Coh. I. Batavorum' class='ig001' /></span>the fractured slab now introduced,<a id='r94' /><a href='#f94' class='c012'><sup>[94]</sup></a> and which was -found here in the year 1838. On this -mutilated stone, the words <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COH I BATAVORVM</span></span> -are quite distinct, and are of -themselves sufficient, not only to fix -the site of the ancient <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Procolitia</span></span>, -but to corroborate the testimony of -Tacitus, on the presence of -Batavians in Britain during -the period of Roman occupation. -The line following may -probably be read <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>INST[ANT]E -BVRRIO</span></span>, and bears the name of -the prefect under whose superintendence -the building was erected, to which the -slab referred. In the last line, the word <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>CO[RNELIANO</span></span> -may be perceived. In 237, when Maximinus was -emperor, Titius Perpetuus and Rusticus Cornelianus -were consuls. That this is the date of the inscription -is rendered likely from a fragment of this emperor’s -name appearing in the beginning of it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Whitaker gives, as the meaning of the word -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Procolitia</span></span>, the ‘fortress in the woodlands.’ In the -Gaelic tongue, <i>coille</i> signifies a wood.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>There is little in this station to detain us. The -course of its ramparts and moats can be easily traced, -and the rich green sward of its area is seen to cover -numerous irregular heaps of ruins; every building, -however, is prostrate; scarcely one stone is left upon -another. The Wall forms the northern boundary -of the station; its eastern and western gateways are, -as usual, opposite to each other, but strike the side -walls between the upper end and the middle. The -position of the southern gateway cannot be detected; -in the present state of the ruins, there is no appearance -of one. The southern corners are rounded off, -but the side walls of the station, in joining the Murus -on the north, seem to preserve their rectilinear -course. Outside the western wall are the ruins of -the suburbs. A natural valley, consisting at present -of boggy ground, gives strength to the fortification -on this side. Horsley saw a well in the slack, -cased with Roman masonry; it is now removed.</p> - -<p class='c000'>No modern habitation is on the ground or in its -immediate vicinity to relieve the general desolation—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in18'>... here, as in the wild,</div> - <div class='line'>The day is silent, dreary as the night;</div> - <div class='line'>None stirring save the herdsman and his herd,</div> - <div class='line in12'>... or they that would explore,</div> - <div class='line'>Discuss and learnedly.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>CARRAWBURGH.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Passing onwards, we soon reach the farm-house -of Carraw, formerly a rural retreat of the priors of -Hexham. On the crown of the next elevation, the -works are brought into close proximity, apparently -<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>for the purpose of avoiding an extensive bog on the -north, and of maintaining possession of the point of -the hill on the south. The earth-works are very -boldly developed, but are in a ragged state. The -contents of the north fosse are piled up high on its -outer margin. The fosse of the Vallum is cut through -free-stone rock; its southern agger is very elevated, -and would present a bold and angry front to any intruder -from the south.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE GREAT MURAL RIDGE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>We must now, to adopt the language of Hutton, -‘quit the beautiful scenes of cultivation, and enter -upon the rude of nature, and the wreck of antiquity.’ -Four great mountain waves are before us, and seem -to chase each other to the north, on which side their -crests rise almost perpendicularly. To the highest -of these, the second from the south, the Wall directs -its course. It is a ridge of basalt, which crosses the -island obliquely, from Cumberland to Holy Island. -The Vallum here parts company with the Wall, and -takes the ‘tail’ of the hill on the ‘crag’ of which -the other runs. The accompanying drawing shews -the nature of the country before us.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p200a'></a></p> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p200a.jpg' alt='Approach to Sewingshields' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 50%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />APPROACH TO SEWINGSHIELDS.<br /><span class='small'>Printed by W. Monkhouse, York</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Before approaching Sewingshields<a id='r95' /><a href='#f95' class='c012'><sup>[95]</sup></a> farm-house, -which is on the line of Wall, an experienced eye -will detect the Roman Military Way. It runs at -first nearly parallel with the Wall, at about thirty-six -paces from it, but, in its subsequent course, recedes -from the Barrier, or approaches it, according -<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>to the position of the mile-castles, and the nature of -the ground. With but few interruptions, it may be -traced by the appearance of its herbage, by its -slightly elevated, rounded form, and by the occasional -protrusion of the stones composing it, all the -way from Sewingshields to Thirlwall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The north fosse, which we have had in view from -the very commencement of our journey, accompanies -the Wall for a short distance up the hill, as -is seen in the lithograph, but when the ground becomes -precipitous, it forsakes it until the high grounds -are passed, only to appear when the Wall sinks into -a gap or chasm between the crags.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE WALL ON THE CRAGS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A difficulty will here present itself to nearly every -mind; why was the Wall drawn along the cliffs at -all? Horsley cut the knot instead of untying it. ‘As -such steep rocks,’ says he, ‘are a sufficient fence of -themselves, I am inclined to think the Wall has not -in those parts had either strength or thickness, equal -to what it has had in other parts.’ Present appearances -give us no reason to suppose that the Wall on -the crags was in any respect inferior to what it was -in the low grounds. A different method of accounting -for the circumstance has been forced upon my -attention. It was my fortune to traverse the heights -near Sewingshields late in December last year, when -the wind blew a violent gale from the north, and -the thermometer, even in the valley, was ten degrees -below the freezing point. In order to maintain the -ordinary temperature of the body, very active exertion -was necessary, and to make any progress on -<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>my way, I was constrained to get under the lee of -the hill. The conclusion was irresistible; if the -Romans were to keep watch and ward here during -the winter, a Wall was necessary, even though only for -the sake of sheltering them from the blast. The -habits of the enemy demanded continual vigilance; -for, as Tacitus tells us, before the time of Agricola -they usually repaired the losses they had sustained -in summer by the success of their winter expeditions. -The loftier the mountain peak, the more -necessary, in this view of it, was the friendly shelter of -the Wall to the shivering soldiers of southern Europe.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>SEWINGSHIELDS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The Wall in the neighbourhood of Sewingshields -is not in good condition; its site is marked by the -rubble which encumbers it, but the facing-stones -are gone, having contributed to the erection of every -building in the vicinity, from the time of Honorius -to the present day. A considerable tract of it was -removed lately. Thorough draining, the life of -agriculture, is death to the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The aspect of the country in the immediate vicinity -of the heights of Sewingshields is dreary enough, -but the elevation enables the eye to revel in the fertility -and beauty of the distant landscape. Hexham -is distinctly discernible from the farm-house. On -the flats to the north of the crags, there formerly -stood the border fortress, Sewingshields castle.<a id='r96' /><a href='#f96' class='c012'><sup>[96]</sup></a> It -<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>was at one time the property of the late Ralph Spearman, -esq., the Monkbarns of <span class='sc'>The Antiquary</span>.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MURAL TRADITIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A situation so remote from the crowded haunts of -men is favourable to the preservation of legendary -lore. It occurred to me that here, if anywhere, I -might ascertain the kind of ideas which the rude -forefathers of the mural region entertained respecting -the Wall and its builders. Although on the Antonine -Wall all tradition of the Romans has been lost, -this has certainly not been the case here; the recollection -of them is still distinctly preserved, and some -stories of them are told, which, though in several respects -resembling written history, are not derived from -this source. For the following scraps of traditional information, -I am chiefly indebted to the master of -Grindon school, in the immediate neighbourhood of -Sewingshields, who says he has often heard them -repeated. Though he denominates them ‘absurd,’ -the learned in mediæval legends will probably think -them worth preserving.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Romans are said to have been remarkably lazy, so -much so, that in the hot weather of summer, having almost -nothing to do, they lay basking in the sun, on the south side -of the Wall, almost in a state of torpor. The Scots were -in the habit of watching their opportunity, and, throwing -hooks, with lines attached to them, over the Wall, caught -the poor Romans by their clothes or flesh, and by this means, -dragging them to the other side, made them prisoners.</p> - -<p class='c014'>An old man in this neighbourhood told me, that he had often -heard people say, that the Romans had remarkably broad feet, -with still broader shoes, and that, when it rained, they lay on -their backs, and holding up their feet in a perpendicular -direction, protected, by this means, their persons from the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>weather.—This legend, under various modifications, seems to -have been widely diffused in the middle ages. Sir John -Maundevile, describing ‘Ethiope,’ says—‘In that contree, -ben folk that han but o foot; and thei gon so fast, that it is -marvaylle; and the foot is so large, that it schadewethe all -the body azen the sonne, whan they wole lye and reste hem.’ -Precisely similar to this is Pliny’s account—'<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Item hominum -genus, qui Monoscelli vocarentur, singulis cruribus, miræ pernicitatis -ad saltum: eosdemque Sciopodas vocari, quod in -majori æstu, humi jacentes resupini, umbra se pedum protegant.</span>'<a id='r97' /><a href='#f97' class='c012'><sup>[97]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c014'>It is the tradition of the country that all the stones of the -Wall were handed from one man to another by a set of labourers -stationed in a line from the quarry to the place where -they were required. Many will tell you, 'I have heard my mother -say, that the Wall was built in a single night, and that -no one was observed to be engaged upon it, save an old woman -with an apron full of stones.'—This, however, is a tradition -of almost universal application.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The people say that the Wall was hollow, or, as they express -it, had a flue running the whole length of it, through which the -sentinels communicated intelligence by a speaking trumpet.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Some of the people of this neighbourhood tell me that the -Britons, tired, at length, of Roman oppression, rose in a body, -and drove the garrison, with considerable slaughter, from all -their stations. The Romans, when making their way to the -sea to look for ships to carry them home, were met by a seer, -who told them that if they returned home they would all be -drowned; and if they went back to their old stations they -would all be slain. This prophecy disconcerted them greatly, -and they were at their wits’ end; however, after long consultation, -they resolved to escape both calamities by marching -direct to Wales. This they did, and there the pure, unadulterated -Roman breed is to be found to this day.—Can this -story refer to the passage of the second legion, at an early -period, to Caerleon?</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>LEGENDS OF KING ARTHUR.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>We next pass on to some tales, which, though -not connected with the Wall, belong, as Hodgson -remarks, to times nearer the Roman than these degenerate -days. They chiefly relate to king Arthur. -Sir William Betham observes that this monarch’s -name is more celebrated in Scotland than in Wales, -which was the chief resort of the conquered Britons, -and is disposed to think, that this favourite hero of -romance was not a Romanized Briton, but an invading -Pictish king. This idea would account for the frequent -reference to his name in the region of the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Immemorial tradition has asserted, that king Arthur, his -queen Guenever, his court of lords and ladies, and his hounds, -were enchanted in some cave of the crags, or in a hall below -the castle of Sewingshields, and were to continue entranced -there till some one should first blow a bugle horn that lay on -a table near the entrance of the hall, and then with ‘the -sword of the stone’ cut a garter also placed there beside it. -But none had ever heard where the entrance to this enchanted -hall was, till the farmer at Sewingshields, about fifty years -since, was sitting upon the ruins of the castle, and his clew -fell, and ran downwards through a rush of briars and nettles, -as he supposed, into a deep subterranean passage. Firm in -the faith that the entrance into king Arthur’s hall was now -discovered, he cleared the briary portal of its weeds and rubbish, -and entering a vaulted passage, followed, in his darkling -way, the thread of his clew. The floor was infested with -toads and lizards; and the dark wings of bats, disturbed by -his unhallowed intrusion, flitted fearfully around him. At -length, his sinking courage was strengthened by a dim, distant -light, which, as he advanced, grew gradually brighter, till, all -at once, he entered a vast and vaulted hall, in the centre of -which, a fire without fuel, from a broad crevice in the floor, -blazed with a high and lambent flame, that shewed all the -carved walls and fretted roof, and the monarch and his queen, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>reposing around in a theatre of thrones and costly couches. -On the floor, beyond the fire, lay the faithful and deep-toned -pack of thirty couple of hounds; and on a table before it, the -spell-dissolving horn, sword, and garter. The shepherd reverently, -but firmly, grasped the sword, and as he drew it -leisurely from its rusty scabbard, the eyes of the monarch, -and of his courtiers began to open, and they rose till they sat -upright. He cut the garter; and as the sword was being -slowly sheathed, the spell assumed its ancient power, and they -all gradually sunk to rest; but not before the monarch had -lifted up his eyes and hands, and exclaimed:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>O woe betide that evil day</div> - <div class='line'>On which this witless wight was born,</div> - <div class='line'>Who drew the sword—the garter cut,</div> - <div class='line'>But never blew the bugle-horn.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>Terror brought on loss of memory, and the shepherd was unable -to give any correct account of his adventure, or to find -again the entrance to the enchanted hall.<a id='r98' /><a href='#f98' class='c012'><sup>[98]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c014'>To the north of Sewingshields, two strata of sandstone -crop out to the day; the highest points of each ledge are -called the King and Queen’s-crag, from the following legend. -King Arthur, seated on the farthest rock, was talking with -his queen, who, meanwhile, was engaged in arranging her -‘back hair.’ Some expression of the queen’s having offended -his majesty, he seized a rock which lay near him, and, with -an exertion of strength for which the Picts were proverbial, -threw it at her, a distance of about a quarter of a mile! The -queen, with great dexterity, caught it upon her comb, and thus -warded off the blow; the stone fell between them, where it -lies to this day, with the marks of the comb upon it, to attest -the truth of the story. It probably weighs about twenty tons!</p> - -<p class='c014'>A few miles to the north of Sewingshields stands an upright -stone, which bears the name of Cumming’s cross. Cumming, a -northern chieftain, having paid, one day, a visit to king Arthur -at his castle near Sewingshields, was kindly received by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>king, and was, as a token of lasting friendship, presented by -him with a gold cup. The king’s sons coming in, shortly -after Cumming had left the castle, and being informed of -what their father had done, immediately set out in pursuit of -him. They overtook him, and slew him at this place, which -has borne the name of Cumming’s cross ever since.</p> - -<p class='c014'>King Arthur’s chair used to be pointed out in this vicinity. -It was a column of basalt, fifty feet high, slightly detached -from the rest of the cliff. The top of it had something of the -appearance of a seat. It was thrown down, several years -ago, by a party of idle young men, who were at great pains -to effect their foolish purpose.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>SEWINGSHIELDS CRAGS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>We now return to our more immediate object, -the examination of the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Soon after leaving Sewingshields, a narrow chasm -in the rocks, slightly aided by art, called the Catgate, -admits of an awkward descent to the plain -below. Here, says Hutton, the Scots bored under -the Wall, so as to admit the body of a man. -Whether the Romans or the Scots made this passage, -it is certain that the garrison on the Wall -would sometimes visit the country to the north, for -the purposes of plunder and of slaughter, and would -require the means of egress.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The mile-castles may now all be recognised in -due succession.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BUSY GAP.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The next point of interest is Busy-gap, a broad, -basin-like recess in the mountain ridge, about a -mile from Sewingshields. The Wall here, being -more than usually exposed, is not only strengthened -with the fosse common in the low grounds, but has -the additional protection of a rampart, of triangular -<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>form, to the north of this. The wood-cut will give -some idea of the arrangement. A common stone -dike occupies at present the place of the Wall, the -foundations of which, and, for the most part, a portion -of the grout of the interior, remain. At a little -elevation, on the western side of the valley, is a gate -called the King’s-wicket (Arthur’s again, probably), -through which a drove-road passes. The gate is -well situated for defence, and may have been a -Roman passage.</p> - -<div id='p208' class='figcenter id018'> -<img src='images/i_p208.jpg' alt='Busy Gap' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Busy-gap was in the middle ages a place of much -notoriety; it was the pass frequented by the moss-troopers -and reavers of the debateable country.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>STATE OF THE BORDERS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The incessant war which was waged between -England and Scotland before the union of the two -kingdoms, rendered property exceedingly insecure, -and nurtured a race of men who had no expectation -of holding their own, unless they could repel force -<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>by force. It was the policy of the governments of -both countries, to maintain on the Borders a body of -men inured to feats of arms, whom, on any emergency, -they might call to their assistance. Habits -long indulged are not easily laid aside. When the -policy of Elizabeth, and the accession of James -to the throne of England, allayed the national strife, -the stern warriors of the Border degenerated into -sheep-stealers; and, instead of dying in the fray, or -yielding their necks <em>honourably</em> to the headsman’s -stroke, burdened by the score the gallows-tree at -Newcastle or Carlisle. The vales of North Tyne -and the Rede, which anciently abounded with warriors, -became infested with thieves. It is impossible to -imagine the desolation and misery occasioned by -such a state of society. Landed property was of -little value. Precious life was idly sacrificed. Bernard -Gilpin, the ‘apostle of the north,’ was esteemed -a brave man because he annually ventured as far as -Rothbury to preach the gospel of peace to the lawless -people of the vale of Coquet. Camden and -sir Robert Cotton, though ardently desirous of examining -the Wall, durst not venture in their progress -eastward beyond Carvoran. ‘From thence,’ -Camden says, ‘the Wall goeth forward more aslope -by Iverton, Forsten, and Chester-in-the-Wall, near -to Busy-gap, a place infamous for thieving and robbing, -where stood some castles (chesters they called -them), as I have heard, but I could not with safety -take the full survey of it, for the rank robbers thereabouts.’ -In such ill-repute were the people of these -<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>parts, even in their own county, that we find the -Newcastle Merchants’ company in 1564, enacting -that ‘no free brother shall take non apprentice to -serve in the fellyshipe of non such as is or shall be -borne or brought up in Tyndale, Lyddisdale, or any -such lycke places, on pain of 20<em>ll</em>,’ because, says the -order, ‘the parties there brought up are known, -either by education or nature, not to be of honest -conversation; they commit frequent thefts and other -felonys, proceeding from such lewde and wicked -progenitors.’ The offence of calling a fellow-free-man -‘a Bussey-gap rogue,’ was sufficiently serious -to attract the attention of a guild; a case of this -kind being recorded in the books of the Bakers and -Brewers’ company of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1645.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The traces of this disordered state of society remained -until the early part of the reign of George III., -when the sheriff of Northumberland was first enabled -to execute process in the north-western parts of the -county. ‘Within my own recollection,’ says Mr. -Hedley, ‘almost every old house in the dales of Rede -and Tyne was what is called a <em>Peel</em> house, built for -securing its inhabitants and their cattle in the moss-trooping -times.’ Very many of these yet exist. Far -different is the state of the district now. The men of -the mural region, and of the vales of North Tyne, -and Rede-water, are as upright as any in England. -With the exception of a few aged individuals, an -uneducated person is not to be found. Although, -in addition to the ordinary courts of law, they have -access to courts-leet and courts-baron, (those admirable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>institutions by which our Saxon forefathers gave -to the poorest villager the ready means of procuring -redress of wrong,) nowhere has the law less occasion -forcibly to assert its claims. Property is secure, -and land brings its full price in the market. On -some of the extensive farms of the Cheviot range, -not fewer than ten thousand sheep are kept; they are -counted but twice a year, and seldom is one amissing. -The value of land in Northumberland (exclusive -of towns and mines) is seven times greater -than it was at the commencement of the eighteenth -century, and two hundred times what it was in the -middle of the sixteenth. The antiquary, who will -not fail to rejoice in the prosperity of the country -through which he is travelling, as well as in the -safety of his own person, may therefore go on his -way cheerfully and in confidence.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The second mile-castle from Sewingshields, opposite -the farm-house called the Kennel, is remarkable -as having been built upon an absolute declivity. -Hodgson observes that it had an interior wall on -every side of it, at the distance of about twenty feet -from the exterior wall.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE BLACK DIKE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Shortly after leaving Busy-gap, two narrow, but -rather steep gaps are passed in quick succession, -which do not seem to have obtained names. Through -the first of these the <span class='sc'>Black Dike</span> has probably run. -This is an earth-work of unknown antiquity, which is -supposed to have stretched, in a nearly straight line, -from the borders of Scotland near Peel-fell, through -Northumberland and Durham, to the south of Yorkshire. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>The scantiness of the soil on the crags of -the Wall, accounts for its not being discernible there, -and the ground immediately to the north and south -of it is boggy. In a plantation on the hill side, opposite -to where we now are, looking south, the dike -exists in excellent preservation. The <i>seuch</i>, or slack -of it, may be seen even from the Wall, on the western -edge of the plantation, which is called the ‘Black-dike -planting.’ From the information of those who knew -it half a century ago, I shall set down its probable -course in this vicinity. Coming in a south-east direction, -it passes the east end of Broomlee-lough; having -cleared the Wall and Vallum, it goes by the west of -Beggar-bog, the east of Low Morwood, through the -Muckle-moss, and so to the Black-dike plantation. -Passing afterwards a field called the Black-hall, it is -last seen on the north bank of the Tyne near the -Water-house. It re-appears on the south bank at -Morley, and passing Tedcastle and Dean-row, is -supposed to go by Allenheads into the county of -Durham. In the best piece of it which I have seen, -the ditch is ten feet across the top, and about five feet -deep, reckoning from the top of the mound on its east -side. Within the memory of my informants, it was -much deeper. The sheep were often covered up in it -in a snow-storm, as they naturally went there for shelter. -The earth taken out of the ditch is uniformly thrown -to the east side, where it forms an embankment. No -stones, or such only as were derived from the cutting, -have been used in its formation. The only conjecture -hazarded respecting its origin is, that it formed the line -<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>of demarcation between the kingdoms of Northumbria -and Cumbria; and certainly the course pursued by -the Black-dike is very nearly similar to the boundary -assigned to these regions in the most authentic -maps of Saxon England. The antiquity of the cutting -may be inferred from the circumstances, that for -some distance it forms the division between the -adjacent parishes of Haltwhistle and Warden, and -that it passes through bogs which probably owe their -origin to the devastations committed in the north of -England by William the Norman.<a id='r99' /><a href='#f99' class='c012'><sup>[99]</sup></a> The Black-dike -is laid down in the map of Northumberland which -was prepared to accompany Horsley’s Britannia, and -in Kitchin’s Map of Northumberland, under the -name of the ‘Scots’-dike.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>South of the turnpike road, and behind a small -house, called Beggar-bog, is a low freestone crag, -which exhibits some quarry-like excavations, filled -with the chippings of stone. It has probably furnished -material for the Wall, the stone being of -the same character.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The stream which we next cross is the Knag-burn; -it forms the eastern boundary of Housesteads. Passing -it, we scale the ramparts of this far-famed station.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>THE ANCIENT BORCOVICUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>BORCOVICUS.—‘This’ says Gordon, ‘is unquestionably -the most remarkable and magnificent -station in the whole island;’ and ‘it is hardly credible -what a number of august remains of the Roman -grandeur is to be seen here to this day, seeing in -every place where one casts his eye there is some -curious Roman antiquity to be seen: either the -marks of streets and temples in ruins, or inscriptions, -broken pillars, statues, and other pieces of -sculpture all scattered along the ground.’ Stukely, -in the vehemence of his admiration, denominates it -‘the Tadmor of Britain.’ Let not the visitor, however, -approach it with expectations too greatly excited. -There is very much to admire, but not a -great deal to strike the eye at first sight. The altars -and sculptured figures which lay in profusion on the -ground when Gordon and Stukely were there, have -been removed,<a id='r100' /><a href='#f100' class='c012'><sup>[100]</sup></a> but the ruins of the place remain as -complete and vast as ever. The city is, in a great -measure, covered with its own debris, but the excavations -which have recently been made, shew us -that when they are continued throughout the entire -station, the ancient <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span> will be the Pompeii -of Britain.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HOUSESTEADS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The station of Housesteads contains an area of -nearly five acres. 'Half of it hangs on a slope, with -a southern aspect: the other, or northern half, is -flat, floored with basalt, covers the summit of a lofty -ridge, and commands a prospect on the east, south, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>and west, far away beyond the valley of the Tyne, -over blue air-tinted grounds and lofty mountains; -and to the north of the Wall, over the vast waste of -the forest of Lowes, where indeed, a proud, stupendous -solitude frowns o’er the heath.'</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Wall forms its northern boundary, and the -Vallum, it is probable, came to the support of -its southern rampart.<a id='r101' /><a href='#f101' class='c012'><sup>[101]</sup></a> It is naturally defended on -all sides, except the west. In order duly to protect -this side, the gateway seems to have been walled -up at an early period, and a triple line of ramparts -drawn along it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Although the position of Housesteads clearly indicates -that this fort was erected for the accommodation -of a mural garrison, it would seem to have been -built independently of the Wall. The first anxiety -of the soldiers engaged in that great work would be -to erect a secure habitation for themselves. The -west wall of the station, instead of coming up to -the great Wall in a straight line, makes the curve -which is usual in those corners of a camp that are -independent of the Wall; as is shewn in the wood-cut -at the top of the next page.</p> - -<div id='p216a' class='figcenter id018'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span> -<img src='images/i_p216a.jpg' alt='Junction of West Wall of Housesteads with the Wall' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div id='p216b' class='figleft id021'> -<img src='images/i_p216b.jpg' alt='Ground Plan of Gateway, Housesteads' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>BORCOVICUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>All the gateways, except the north, have been -explored, and present very interesting subjects of -study to the antiquary. The western<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>WEST GATEWAY OF BORCOVICUS.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -is in the best condition, and is specially -worthy of attention. Its arrangements -will readily be understood by an inspection -of the ground plan which is here introduced, -together with the views of it as -seen from the outside and inside of the -station, on the next page. This gateway, -as well as the others which have been -explored, is, in every sense of the word, -double. Two walls must be passed -before the camp can be entered; each -is provided with two portals, and each -portal has been closed with two-leaved -gates. The southern entrance of the -outside wall has alone, as yet, been entirely -cleared of the masonry that closed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>it. The jambs and pillars are formed of massive -stones of rustic masonry. The doors, if we may -judge from the fragments of corroded iron which -have been lately picked up, were of wood, strengthened -with iron plates and studs; they moved, as is -apparent from the pivot-holes, upon pivots of iron. -In the centre of each portal stands a strong upright -stone, against which the gates have shut. Some of -the large projecting stones of the exterior wall are -worn as if by the sharpening of knives upon them; -this has probably been done by the occupants of the -suburban buildings after the closing of the gateway. -The guard-chambers on each side are in a state of -choice preservation, one of the walls standing fourteen -courses high. Were a roof put on them, -the antiquary might here stand guard, as the Tungrians -did of old, and, for a while, forget that the -world is sixteen centuries older than it was when these -chambers were reared. At least two of the chambers -in this part of the camp have been warmed by -U shaped flues running round three of their sides -beneath the floor.<a id='r102' /><a href='#f102' class='c012'><sup>[102]</sup></a> These chambers, when recently -excavated, were found to be filled with rubbish so -highly charged with animal matter as painfully to -affect the sensibilities of the labourers. The teeth -and bones of oxen, horns resembling those of the -red-deer, but larger, and boars’ tusks were very -<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>abundant; there was the usual quantity of all the -kinds of pottery used by the Romans. It is not -improbable that this rubbish may have been derived -from some dunghill outside the walls, and thrown -here when the gateway was walled up; it is, however, -a remarkable fact, that the soil of the interior area -of the stations on the Wall is, for the most part, -thickly mingled with bones. Is it possible that the -Romans have thrown on the floors of their apartments, -and suffered to remain amongst the straw -or rushes which may have covered them, the refuse -of their food?</p> - -<div class=''> - -<div id='p217a' class='figcenter id028'> -<img src='images/i_p217a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Outside View of the West Portal of <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div id='p217b' class='figcenter id028'> -<img src='images/i_p217b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Inside View of the West Portal of <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The view of Housesteads in the accompanying -lithograph, is taken from beside the eastern gateway, -and gives a general idea of the scene of desolation -which it presents.<a id='r103' /><a href='#f103' class='c012'><sup>[103]</sup></a> The only habitation near -is a shepherd’s cottage to the south of the station. -A peculiarity in the upper division of the eastern -gateway requires attention; the lower division, as -seen in the lithograph, has been walled up at an early -period. A rut, nearly nine inches deep, appears in -the threshold, on each side of the central stone against -which the gates closed. Grooves, similar in character, -are seen in the gateways of the camps at Birdoswald -and Maryport. Were it not for the central -stone, which presents an impediment to the passage -of chariots, no one would doubt that these hollows -have been occasioned by the action of their wheels. -The following extract, explanatory of the condition -<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>of the city of Pompeii, will probably throw light upon -this and other things belonging to the camp.</p> - -<div id='p220a' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p220a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 50%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />HOUSESTEADS (BORCOVICUS) FROM THE EAST.<br /><span class='small'>Printed by W Monkhouse, York</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>RUTS IN THE GATEWAY.</div> - -<p class='c014'>The Domitian way which led to it was narrow, the carriage-way -seldom exceeding ten feet in width. The streets of the -city itself are paved with large irregular pieces of lava, joined -neatly together, in which the chariot wheels have worn ruts, -still discernible; in some places they are an inch and a half -deep, and in narrow streets follow one track.... In most -places, the streets are so narrow, that they may be crossed -at one stride; where they are wider, a raised stepping-stone -has been placed in the centre of the crossing. This, though -in the middle of the carriage-way, did not much inconvenience -those who drove about in the <i>biga</i>, or two-horsed chariot, because -the width of these streets being only sufficient to admit -the carriage, the wheels passed freely in the spaces left between -the curb on either side, and the stone in the centre.<a id='r104' /><a href='#f104' class='c012'><sup>[104]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>The stone in the centre of the doorway would not -be a greater impediment than the stepping stones -in the streets of Pompeii.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The remains of the gateways of <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span> shew -that in plan and construction they must have resembled -the Roman Gateway which, under the name of the -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Porta nera,’</span> is preserved entire at Treves, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>AUGUSTA -TREVIRORUM</span></span>, once the seat of government of the -Western Empire.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In examining this and other Roman camps, the -spectator will, perhaps, be struck with the narrowness -of the streets, and the very small capacity of the -the dwellings. It is well to recollect that in their -encampments the Romans studiously avoided occupying -a larger space than was absolutely necessary. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>Gibbon observes that a modern army would present -to the enemy a front three times as extended as a -Roman one of the same force. In the field, ten men -were apportioned to a tent, ten feet square;<a id='r105' /><a href='#f105' class='c012'><sup>[105]</sup></a> a similar -proportion would without doubt be followed in -the stationary camp.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BORCOVICUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not easy to ascertain the precise character of -the dwellings of the soldiers; the more perfect of the -ruins in this and other forts, induce the belief that -they were dark, bare, and cheerless. The roofs were -probably formed of free-stone slate. Several thin -slabs of this kind, with nail-holes in them, as well as -some of the nails themselves, have been found in -this and other stations.<a id='r106' /><a href='#f106' class='c012'><sup>[106]</sup></a> On <a href='#p224f'>Plate XIII</a>, figs. 1, 7, -are drawn some door or window heads, found here; -these most likely belonged to buildings of a superior -class. The entrance into a chamber at <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>, -recently excavated, was found to be only fourteen -inches wide; it was rudely ‘stepped over’ at the top. -Fragments of a sort of window glass are frequently -found in some of the stations; this would probably -be a rare luxury.<a id='r107' /><a href='#f107' class='c012'><sup>[107]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE CHAMBERS OF THE STATION.</div> - -<p class='c000'>At Housesteads, two or three of the ruined chambers -<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>will, above the rest, attract the attention of the -visitor. Near the centre of the northern division is -one which is seventy feet long and eight broad; it -must have been a place of public concourse. In the -front of it is a kiln which has probably been used -for drying corn; near the southern gateway is -another which was nearly destroyed in the endeavour -made to extricate a cow which had fallen into -it, and, in struggling to relieve herself, had thrust -her head and neck into the flue. The Romans seem -to have kiln-dried their corn at the close of the harvest; -it would not have been safe to stack it in the -open fields. They would the more readily do this, -as it is still by no means unusual, in the central and -southern parts of Europe, to thrash the corn at the -close of harvest on the field where it grew.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Three hypocausts have been found here, two -within the station, and another to the east of it, on -the Knag-burn; the flues of the latter were full of -soot; very slight traces of any of them now remain.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In this and most other stations, writes Hodgson, -‘there are found considerable quantities of limestone, -having partly the character of stalagmite, and partly -that of such cellular stone as forms about the mouths -of petrifying wells. Some of it is in amorphous -lumps; but the greatest part of it has been either -sawn into rectangular pieces, or formed in a fluid -state in moulds.’ They are probably artificial; at -<span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>, where this calcareous substance is -abundant, it seems to have acquired its porosity by -being mixed with straw. The use to which it has -<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>been applied is by no means obvious. Hodgson -thought that it had been inserted in the side walls of -the hypocausts, to allow heat to arise from below -without smoke. This is doubtful. At <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>, -the blocks, I am told, have been used as ordinary -stones. In the construction of the Pharos at Dover, -(where building stone is scarce) the calcareous composition -has been largely used. Why it should have -been employed at <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>, and other places, -where free-stone is abundant, does not appear.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BORCOVICUS</div> -<p class='c000'>The suburbs of <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span> have been very extensive, -the ruins of them distinctly appearing on -the east, south, and west sides of the station. A -little to the south of it, and stretching westward, the -ground has been thrown up in long terraced lines, -a mode of cultivation much practised in Italy and -in the east. Similar terraces, more feebly developed, -appear at Bradley; I have seen them very distinctly -marked on the banks of the Rede-water, Old Carlisle -and other places.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A well, cased with Roman masonry, is in front of -the shepherd’s house, south of the station; a spring, -yielding excellent water, is at the bottom of the same -field; the Knag-burn washes the station on its eastern -side, and there is ‘a fine well under the high -basaltic cliff’ on which the northern wall of the -station stands, ‘which is still well walled round,’ -and has occasionally been used as a bath. None has -been discovered within the station itself.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p224b'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE XI</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p224b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Broken Columns, Borcovicus</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class=''> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p224d'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE XII</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p224d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Sculpted Figures, Borcovicus</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p224f'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE XIII</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p224f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Sculpted Figures, etc.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In the valley below is a small sandstone ridge, -called Chapel-hill, from the idea that a temple stood -<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>upon it. Two fine altars have been found here.<a id='r108' /><a href='#f108' class='c012'><sup>[108]</sup></a> -The ruins that contained the Mithraic antiquities, to -which reference will be made afterwards, stood a -little to the west of this hill. All traces of the small, -dark temple, where the horrid mysteries of the god -were performed, are now nearly obliterated.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The fragments of columns which are engraved in -<a href='#p224b'>Plate XI</a>, enable us to imagine the original grandeur -of the place.<a id='r109' /><a href='#f109' class='c012'><sup>[109]</sup></a> With some of the certainty with -which a comparative anatomist decides upon the -character and habits of an animal, from an inspection -of a fragment of its osseous system, an architect -determines the size and style of a building from an -examination of some of its parts. Thus, the circular -column, of which one of the stones (<a href='#p224b'>Plate XI</a>.) that -now lies in the valley below the station, has formed -a part, was probably not less than twenty feet high; -how imposing must the entire temple have been!</p> - -<p class='c000'>Plates XII and XIII exhibit several of the carved -figures which formerly lay in confusion among the -ruins of the station. They are interesting, as exhibiting -the state of the arts in Britain at that time, -the mode of dress adopted by the Romans, and the -<span id='p226' class='figleft id029'><img src='images/i_p226.jpg' alt='Figure of Victory' class='ig001' /></span>high degree of attention which they paid to the -decoration of their stations. Roman art in Britain -has surely been rated too low.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>The figure introduced on this page was found here. -It represents one -of old Rome’s most -favourite deities,—Victory, -careering, -with outstretched -wings, over the -globe. How strong -must the passion for -conquest have been -in the breast of a -people, who, though -nurtured in a southern -climate, braved -for more than three -centuries, the fogs, -and storms, and desolation -of this wild -region! Wherever -the winged goddess -led, they followed, -and, most pertinaciously too, maintained their -ground. But, there is a tide in the affairs of men.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A Roman poet, in the fulness of his heart, sang—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Urbs oritur (quis tunc hoc ulli credere posset?)</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Victorem terris impositura pedem.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Cuncta regas: et sis magno sub Cæsare semper</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sæpe etiam plures nominis hujus habe.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Et quoties steteris domito sublimis in orbe,</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Omnia sint humeris inferiora tuis.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>How different the strains which, in a distant age, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>and in another clime, were to flow from the lyre of -a brother bard, and how appropriate to the present -condition of the deserted <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>!—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Where is Rome?</div> - <div class='line'>She lives but in the tale of other times;</div> - <div class='line'>Her proud pavilions are the hermit’s home,</div> - <div class='line'>And her long colonnades, her public walks</div> - <div class='line'>Now faintly echo to the pilgrim’s feet,</div> - <div class='line'>Who comes to muse in solitude, and trace,</div> - <div class='line'>Through the rank moss revealed, her honoured dust.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>That Housesteads is the <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span> of the empire, -<span id='p227' class='figright id029'><img src='images/i_p227.jpg' alt='Sepulchral Slab to a young Physician' class='ig001' /></span>appears plain -from the numerous inscriptions -that allude -to the first cohort of -the Tungrians, which, -according to the Notitia, -was quartered -there. One of these -inscriptions is shewn -on page <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>; another, -a sepulchral stone, is -here presented. The -figure on the top of -the slab I take to be -a rabbit, and suspect -that it had some reference -to the worship -of the obscene -god, Priapus. The -inscription is usually -read in the following manner, though, perhaps, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>ordinario</em></span> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>might with equal propriety be read <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>ordinato</em></span>:—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>D[IIS] M[ANIBVS]</div> - <div>ANICIO</div> - <div>INGENVO</div> - <div>MEDICO</div> - <div>ORDI[NARIO] COH[ORTIS]</div> - <div>PRIMÆ TVNGR[ORVM]</div> - <div>VIX[IT] AN[NIS] XXV</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><em>Sacred</em> to the gods of the shades below.</div> - <div>To Anicius</div> - <div>Ingenuus,</div> - <div>physician</div> - <div>in ordinary, of cohort</div> - <div>the first of the Tungrians.</div> - <div>He lived twenty-five years.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>From an inscription found at Castlecary, it appears -that this cohort of Tungrians built one thousand -paces of the Antonine Wall in Scotland. They -were from about Tongres, on the banks of the Mæse, -in Belgic Gaul. Their rank, as a milliary cohort, -conferred on them the dangerous honour of advancing -in the van of the army to battle, and their acknowledged -valour probably procured for them the appointment -to this exposed and dangerous post.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE NAME ASCERTAINED.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The etymology of <em>Borcovicus</em> is easy. A high -hill to the south of the station is called Borcum or -Barcomb, a neighbouring stream is designated Bardon-burn, -and a village near its confluence with the -Tyne, Bardon-mill. <i>Bar</i>, in Celtic, means a height, -and probably forms the root of all these names; the -termination, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>vicus</em></span>, is a Latin word, signifying a village.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The stone used in the inside of the walls of the -station, and for other ordinary purposes, has been -quarried out of the cliffs in the sandstone ridge, -along which the present military road passes. 'The -altars, columns, and quoins, and much of the ashlar -work, have been taken from a stratum of freestone -on the north side of the Wall, and similar to that in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>which the recesses, called the King and Queen’s -Caves, on the south side of Broomlee-lough, are -formed.'<a id='r110' /><a href='#f110' class='c012'><sup>[110]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>THE VALLUM COMMANDED BY THE CRAGS.</div> -<p class='c000'>Again taking the Wall as our guide, we will pursue -our course westward. For the greater part of -the way along the high ground, the Wall is in a sufficiently -good state of preservation to make it a varied -and interesting study; it not unfrequently exhibits -five, six, and even seven courses of facing-stones. The -Northumbrian lakes also lend a charm to the scene. -Though appearing in native simplicity and rude -grandeur, they will not on that account be less appreciated -by men of taste. The Vallum is generally -very boldly developed, and runs for several miles in -the valley below, completely commanded by the hill -on which the Wall stands, as is shewn in the section, -<a href='#p112b'>Plate IV</a>. This fact is surely fatal to the theory of -its having been erected to withstand the brunt of a -northern foe. It would have been impolitic to -allow the enemy to occupy these heights even as a -post of observation. It is true, that the Vallum is occasionally -commanded by the rising ground on the -south: opposite Sewingshields it is so, and opposite -Hot-bank, a little to the west of where we now are, -it is overlooked on both sides. This difficulty is not -a very formidable one. The engineer of the Barrier -has drawn the Vallum chiefly in straight lines from -one point to another, and has not thought it necessary -to guard with excessive jealousy every little -<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>rising ground to the south; he never, however, departs -from his course to go round the north of a -hill, as he does to go round the south of that one near -Halton-chesters. The cases, moreover, in which -the Vallum is exposed to observation from the south, -are very few. Horsley’s own testimony upon this -point is decided. He writes—</p> - -<p class='c014'>It must be owned, that the southern prospect of Hadrian’s -work, and the defence on that side, is generally better than -on the north; whereas the northern prospect and defence -have been principally, or only taken care of in the Wall of -Severus.<a id='r111' /><a href='#f111' class='c012'><sup>[111]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>RAPISHAW-GAP.</div> - -<p class='c000'>After passing a mile-castle we come to a depression -in the ridge of basalt, that places us opposite -the west end of Broomlee-lough; the crag on the -west side of this slack is called Cuddy’s-crag. A -little farther on, we reach a more extensive pass, -called Rapishaw-gap; a road passes through it -under the same circumstances as that through Busy-gap, -a little above the bottom of the valley. The -traveller may here with advantage go to the north of -the Wall, in order to examine the geological -character of the cliffs he has passed; they are seen -‘to rise in rude and pillared majesty.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>Regaining the high grounds, the Wall for a short -space is found to possess less than its usual interest; -the ground on the east side of the Bradley estate -was formerly common, and the object of our study -was every man’s prey. Other objects of inquiry, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>however, abundantly relieve the attention. Langley -castle, on the south bank of the Tyne, is in sight, -and during our western journey will long continue -to be so. It is a square building strengthened by -rectangular towers at the corners. Formerly a seat of -the Percys, it became afterwards the property of the -Radcliffes. It passed, on the rebellion of 1715, along -with the other possessions of the earl of Derwentwater, -into the hands of the commissioners of Greenwich -Hospital, who at present retain it. Destroyed by fire -at an early period, it has never been repaired; its -masonry is notwithstanding in excellent preservation. -On a clear day the singularly strong tongue -of land on which are the ruins of Staward-le-peel, -may also be discerned to the south. But, more to -our present purpose, the high, brown hill of Borcum, -from which the Romans obtained much of the stone -used in the construction of this part of the Wall, is in -the foreground. <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>ANCIENT QUARRY<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> An interesting discovery was made -here in 1837, to which subsequent reference will be -made. On opening an ancient quarry on the top of it, -near the ‘longstone,’ a workman found a small copper -vessel, containing a large number of Roman coins; -four of these were of the time of Hadrian, and all -the rest, of previous reigns. Those of Trajan and -Hadrian were as fresh as if new from the die. The -conclusion is natural, that the quarry had been last -wrought in the time of Hadrian, the Wall itself being -possibly of the same date. An extensive earthen camp -is on the summit of the hill, probably raised by the -soldiers who were engaged in quarrying the rock.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>Greenlee-lough is to the north; on its western -margin is a modern structure, Bonny-rig, the property -of sir Edward Blackett.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Proceeding westward, the Wall again rises into -notice. ‘Much of it remains of very various thicknesses, -the whole of the perpendicular outsets and -insets being on the south side.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HADRIAN SLAB.</div> - -<p class='c000'>On the tail of the crag on which we now are, the -farm-house of Bradley stands. Built up in the -doorway of its old kitchen, was a stone, now at -Matfen, bearing the fragment of an inscription. -Another fractured slab, formerly in the possession -of the ‘judicious’ Warburton, and now at Durham, -when joined to it, gives an inscription precisely similar -to one immediately to be noticed, with the exception -of a letter or two in the line of the fracture. -The fragments, doubtless, as Hodgson conjectures, -formed one stone, deposited in the foundation of some -castellum in this neighbourhood, as a memorial of its -erection by Hadrian. The wood-cut annexed has -been prepared from drawings carefully made of the -two portions in their separate localities.</p> - -<div id='p232' class='figcenter id005'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span> -<img src='images/i_p232.jpg' alt='Slab to Hadrian, Bradley' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>BRADLEY HALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Once, at least, since the days of Hadrian, this -central region of the Wall has been honoured with -the presence of royalty. Hodgson says,—</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the authority of documents in Rymer, Prynne, and the -Calender of Patent Rolls, I find Edward the First testing records -in the presence of several great officers of state, at Lanchester, -on Aug. 10; at Corbridge, Aug. 14; at Newburgh, -Aug. 28, 30, 31, and Sep. 4; at Bradley ‘in Marchia Scotiæ,’ -Sep. 6 and 7; at Haltwhistle on the 11th, and at Thirlwall -on the 20th of the same month; and at Lanercost on Oct. 4, -A.D. 1306, at which last house he continued all winter. The -Bradley here mentioned is probably Bradley-hall, on the right -bank of Craglough-burn, and a little south both of Vallum -and Wall, not the farm-house of Bradley, which is between -the two barriers.—<cite>Northd.</cite> II. iii. 288.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The exigencies of war have again and again drawn -to this secluded spot the mightiest potentates of -earth; as yet this imperial ground has not been -trodden by the feet of Majesty, attracted by the sweet -allurements of peace.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the margin of the military road, opposite to us, -is the only Inn in the district, which is known by no -other name than that of <em>Twice Brewed</em>. Before the -construction of the Railway it was much resorted to -by the carriers who conducted the traffic between -the eastern and western portions of the island. As -many as fifty horses and about twenty men would -be put up here for the night. Now, it is nearly forsaken. -Hutton took up his abode here on a carrier’s -night. The difficulty he had in procuring an exclusive -bed was compensated by the amusement of observing -the carriers at their meal—he soon perceived -<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>that they had ‘no barricade in the throat; and became -convinced that eating was the chief end of man!’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MILKING-GAP.</div> -<p class='c000'>The next break in the basaltic ridge, is the -Milking-gap. As we approach it, Crag-lough is -seen laving the base of the perpendicular cliff -along which the Wall runs. In order to take the -high ground, westward of the gap, the Wall here -turns at a considerable angle. In this valley, the -north fosse again comes to the help of the structure. -In front of the farm-house, called Hot-bank, -are distinct traces of a mile-castle. In taking up its -foundations, the slab, of which the annexed drawing -is a faithful copy, was found, which would seem to -be a tablet precisely similar to that which is formed -by the junction of the two fragments referred to above.</p> - -<div id='p234' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p234.jpg' alt='Slab to Hadrian, Milking-gap' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">IMP[ERATORIS] CAES[ARIS] TRAIAN[I].</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">HADRIANI AVG[VSTI]</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">LEG[IO] SECVNDA AVG[VSTA]</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">AVLO PLATORIO NEPOTE LEG[ATO] PR[O]PR[ÆTORE.]</span></div> - <div class='c001'>Of the Emperor Cæsar Trajanus</div> - <div>Hadrianus Augustus,</div> - <div>The second legion, styled the August,</div> - <div>Aulus Platorius Nepos, being legate and proprætor.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>Of all the inscriptions discovered in Britain, Hodgson -pronounces this to be of the greatest historical -importance, inasmuch as it leads to the true reading -of several fragments of similar inscriptions throwing<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>MILKING-GAP INSCRIPTION.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -light upon the authorship of the Wall. One of -these was known to Horsley, and seems to have puzzled -that great antiquary. It and other fragments which -have since been found in different mile-castles, tend to -produce the conviction, that the mile-castles, (which -are on the line of the Wall, ascribed to Severus,) -were built by Hadrian. The simplicity of the inscription -will strike the classical reader, who will -not fail also to observe the peculiarity of the name -of the emperor being in the genitive case.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Although the station of <em>Vindolana</em> lies considerably -to the south of the lines of the Barrier, it is -ranked by the Notitia among the stations <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per lineam -valli</em></span>, and as such, must be examined by us in our -mural peregrination. Leaving Milking-gap with -this view, and crossing the low grounds to the -south of the Wall, the Vallum is observed, contrary -to its usual tendency, making two rapid curves, -something in the form of the letter S, to avoid, apparently, -the swellings of the contiguous marsh. At -High-shields, a cottage on the little ridge south of -the turnpike-road, the station comes into view. It -stands upon a partially detached eminence, surrounded, -though not so closely as to be commanded, by -hills of superior elevation. On all sides, except the -western, it is naturally defended, whilst the summits -of the surrounding heights afford it a degree of shelter -<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>which would be peculiarly grateful to the natives -of southern Europe. The Chineley-burn flows past it, -and the situation is altogether one of peculiar beauty. -In modern times, the place has been variously designated -Little Chesters, the Bowers, and Chesterholm.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>VINDOLANA.</div> -<p class='c000'>VINDOLANA.—As this station is detached -from the Wall, and lies upon the line of the ancient -road which ran from <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> to <span class='sc'>Magna</span>, -it is not improbable that it was one of Agricola’s -forts. The road which connected it with the Wall -may yet be distinctly traced between High Shields -and the farm-house of Chesterholm.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The walls, ditches, and gateways of the station -are all discernible. The northern gateway would -be the one chiefly used by the garrison, as it opens -directly upon the Great Military Way. An examination -of the western gateway, some years ago, -led to the belief that it had been walled up at an -early period; this is the most exposed side of the -camp. A portion of the wall of the station near the -north-east corner, when cleared by its late owner, -Mr. Hedley, stood twelve courses high. In this -case, as in many others, the researches of the antiquary -have only facilitated the operations of the -destroyer; much of it has since been removed. -The size of the stones, which is considerable in the -foundation course, gradually diminishes upwards.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CHESTERHOLM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>At least two buildings provided with hypocausts, -have been discovered here. One of these stood -about fifty yards beyond the western rampart, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>when discovered, contained a square apartment, -vaulted above. Some of the vaulting-stones are -still preserved at Chesterholm; they are grooved -near the lower extremity, apparently to allow of the -joints being strengthened by the insertion between -them of keys of slate or wood. The remains of -this building were more complete when Hodgson -wrote the following paragraph than at present:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The pillars of the hypocaust are still very black with fire -and soot; and people say that the Bowers, from the Roman -age till within the last century, was the elysium of a colony of -fairies; and this ruined bath, the kitchen to one of their palaces, -of which the soot among the stones was undeniable -evidence; and confident belief affirmed, that long passages -led from this laboratory of savoury messes to subterranean -halls that ever echoed to the festivities and music of the -Queen of the Bowers, and her aërial court.</p> - -<div id='p237' class='figright id013'> -<img src='images/i_p237.jpg' alt='Altar to Fortune, Chesterholm' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The other hypocaust was partially explored by -Warburton in 1717, but -more fully by the rev. -Ant. Hedley in 1831. It -stood within the area -of the camp not far from -the eastern gateway. In -its ruins, Warburton -found the fine altar to -Fortune, here engraved. -It is now preserved in the -Library of the Dean and -Chapter at Durham, the -‘judicious’ antiquary not -having been able to obtain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>his price for it of my lord Oxford.<a id='r112' /><a href='#f112' class='c012'><sup>[112]</sup></a> Here -also Mr. Hedley discovered the three noble altars -<span id='p238' class='figright id019'><img src='images/i_p238.jpg' alt='Hypocaust Pillar' class='ig001' /></span>which are still preserved at Chesterholm. The -pillars which supported the -floor of the hypocausts were -of different shapes and diameters; -some of them were portions -of square columns, as in -the annexed example, some -circular, like the balusters of -stairs, as may be seen by the -specimens of them in the garden -at Chesterholm. The Romans -themselves, Hodgson -remarks, seem to have treated the fallen works of their -predecessors here with very little ceremony, when -they cut down the handsome columns of halls and -temples into pillars for sooty hypocausts.</p> - -<p class='c000'>About a furlong west of the camp is a copious -spring, from which the water was taken by a channel -formed of large stones into the station. The -water still, in some measure, follows its ancient -track, as the appearance of the herbage shews, and -pours itself, by a covered passage, into the Chineley-burn -on the opposite side.</p> - -<div id='p238b' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p238b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 40%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />MILE STONE AT CHESTERHOLM.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>In the vicinity of the camp is an object of peculiar -interest. On the line of the ancient Roman road -which skirts its northern rampart, stands a mile-stone -at the spot where the soldiers of Agricola or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>Hadrian placed it. The opposite lithograph shews -it in the foreground; the camp is in the distance. -It is upwards of six feet high, and is nearly two feet -in diameter. There are traces of an inscription on -its western face, but scarcely a letter can now be deciphered.<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>ROMAN MILE-STONE.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -Another mile-stone formerly stood to -the west of this, but it was removed and split up by -its tasteless owner, into two gate-posts. Horsley -says that it bore the inscription—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>BONO REIPVBLICÆ NATO.</div> - <div>To one born for the good of the republic—</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>an inscription which, supposing it to be perfect, -though this is a little doubtful, is happily contrived to -be complimentary to each successive emperor. The -Romans, with wise policy, paid great attention to their -roads; the stones which they erected at every mile -were generally inscribed with the name of the consul -or emperor under whose auspices they were made. -Horsley mentions another mile-stone, which was to -the east of the present one.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Close by the mile-stone is a tumulus of considerable -size.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the house and grounds of the late Mr. Hedley, -are preserved some very valuable antiquarian remains. -A very fine altar to Jupiter is reserved for -subsequent description. Another, whose focus is -reddened by the action of fire, is here introduced -on account of the evidence which it affords, in corroboration -of the conjecture of Horsley, that Little -Chesters was the <span class='sc'>Vindolana</span> of the Romans, where, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>according to the Notitia, the fourth cohort of the -Gauls was stationed.</p> - -<div id='p240' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p240.jpg' alt='Altar to Genius of the Pretorium' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<p class='c000'>GENIO -PRÆTORI[I] -SACRVM PI -TVANIVS SE -CVNDVS PRÆ -FECTVS COH[ORTIS] IV -GALLOR[VM]</p> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<p class='c000'>To the genius -of the Prætorium -sacred; Pi- -tuanius Se- -cundus præ- -fect of the fourth cohort -of the Gauls, <em>erects this</em>.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Several other inscriptions by the fourth cohort of -the Gauls have been found here since the time of -Horsley.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The altar to Fortune, given in a previous page, -shews us that at least a detachment of the sixth -<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>legion had, at some period, its abode here. <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>THE TWENTIETH LEGION.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> A stone,</p> -<div id='p241a' class='figright id030'> -<img src='images/i_p241a.jpg' alt='alt=Symbol, Leg. XX.' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>preserved at the place, and -of which an engraving is here -given, bears testimony to the -presence of the twentieth legion -also, which was surnamed -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>V[ALENS] V[ICTRIX]</span></span>, ‘the valiant and victorious’, and -of which the symbol was a boar. This legion was first -sent over to Britain by Claudius, and remained in -it until the island was abandoned by the Romans. -Horsley conceives that this legion was concerned in -the erection of the Vallum, though, he adds, we have -no inscriptions to prove it. He suspects that it was no-way -concerned in building the Wall, because, among -all the centurial inscriptions which had come under -his notice, not one mentioned this legion, or any -cohort belonging to it. The discovery, since the -publication of the Britannia Romana, of this and -other memorials to be noticed as we proceed, renders</p> -<div id='p241b' class='figright id030'> -<img src='images/i_p241b.jpg' alt='alt=Part of Slab to Hadrian' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>it probable that the twentieth legion was engaged -upon both the Wall and the Vallum; -and as, according to Horsley, -‘it is evident that this legion -was at Chester in the year 154,’ -where it long continued, the probability -is strengthened, that the -Wall, as well as the Vallum, was built before that -period. A fragment of an inscription, represented -above, bears direct reference to Hadrian. The -Milking-gap slab, to which it has a very close resemblance, -enables us to supply the parts that are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>wanting. The only difference seems to be, that the -emperor’s name is in the dative case instead of the -genitive as in the other example.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>IMP CA</em>ES TRAIA<em>N</em></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>HAD</em>RIANO <em>AVG P P</em></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>LE</em>G II <em>AVG</em></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>A PLATORIO NEPOTE LEG PR PR.</em></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The cottage which Mr. Hedley erected for his -own residence is, with the exception of the quoins,</p> -<div id='p242' class='figright id031'> -<img src='images/i_p242.jpg' alt='alt=Coping-stone, Roman ‘broaching’' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>entirely formed of stones procured from the station. -In addition to the altars -which stand in front of -the house, several objects -of considerable interest -are built up in the covered -passage which leads from the -kitchen to the burn; among -them is a range of Roman coping-stones, -of the form shewn in -the cut. The ‘broaching’ of -the stones has been alluded to previously.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Near the stables attached to the house, is a Roman -altar converted into a swine-trough; the figure on -its side seems to have been intended for an eagle, -the emblem of the imperial Jove. A foretaste this -of the day when every idol shall be cast to the moles -and to the bats. May it speedily arrive!</p> - -<div id='p242b' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p242b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'><span style="margin-left: 40%;">John Storey, Del. et Lith.</span></span><br />THE CRAGS, WEST OF CRAG LOUGH.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>VINDOLANA</div> - -<p class='c000'>The probable meaning of the word <span class='sc'>Vindolana</span>, -is ‘the hill of arms;’ <em>vin</em>, with slight variations of -pronunciation, signifying, in all the Celtic dialects, a -height; and <em>lann</em>, in the Gaelic, weapons. The name -well accords with those common in Ossian’s poems.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>Rejoining the Wall at Milking-gap, and continuing -our course westward, we soon arrive at a -conspicuous gap, on the Steel-rig grounds. The -Wall on the eastern declivity of this pass may -be studied to great advantage. The courses are -laid parallel to the horizon; the mortar of each -course of the interior seems to have been smoothed -over before the superincumbent mass was added. In -order to give the in-door antiquary an idea of its condition, -a drawing of it is here introduced.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>PEEL-CRAG.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Mounting another hill, and again descending into -the valley, we find another gap, in which the remains -of a mile-castle will be noticed, from which it has -received the name of the Castle-nick. A little farther -removed is Peel-crag, one of the most precipitous -faces which the Wall has had to traverse. -The military way ingeniously avoids the -sudden descent by winding round the southern -projections of the rock. After passing a cottage, -called the Peel, a modern road is encountered -which leads to Keilder, and so into Scotland; in -its progress northwards, however, it soon degenerates -into a mere track. As this pass is more than -usually open, the fosse again appears surmounted by -a mound on its northern margin; the earth-works -are strongly marked, but the Wall is gone.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The lithographic view represents the northern -aspect of the crags, as they appear here.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the western side of this, sheltered by a few -trees, is the farm-house of Steel-rig. Attaining the -next elevation—Winshields-crag—we are on ground -<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>reputed to be the highest between the two seas; a turf -cairn has been erected on it for the purposes of the ordnance -survey. From this lofty summit, the vessels navigating -the Solway may easily be descried.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BLOODY-GAP.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Proceeding in the same direction, we reach another -gap of wide dimensions, but very steep on both declivities. -Here the Wall has been provided with a ditch, -strengthened, as usual in dangerous situations, with -a rampart on its outer margin. If the local vocabulary -does not furnish this pass with a name (and I -have not been able to find that it does), Bloody-gap, -from the following circumstance, well befits it. -Nearly direct north from it, is a rising ridge of -ground, called Scotch-coulthard. When the moss-troopers, -who abounded in these parts, succeeded in -safely reaching it, their pursuers commonly considered -farther chase useless. Between the Wall and this -point of safety, therefore, the race and the conflict -were necessarily of the most desperate character; -that many deadly conflicts have taken place, is -evidenced by the numerous skeletons which are -turned up in draining the ground.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A lonely cottage, upon an exposed part of the -ridge, is called Shield-on-the-Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Near the modern military way, two large stones, -called ‘the mare and foal,’ are standing. In Armstrong’s -map of Northumberland, three are marked; -they are probably remains of a Druidical circle.</p> - -<div id='p244a' class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_p244a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 40%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />THE WALL AT STEEL-RIG.<br /><span class='small'>Printed by W. Monkhouse, York</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>ANCIENT TRADITIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Shortly afterwards we come to a gap of very -bold proportions. Popular faith asserts it to have -been the abode of evil spirits, and it is known by -the ominous name of Bogle-hole. The sides of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>gap are steep; on the western declivity the courses -of the Wall are for the most part conformable to -the ground, but they are stayed up by occasional -steps parallel to the horizon. In the valley, to the -south, the Vallum is seen bending up towards the -Wall, apparently to assist in defending the pass; it -would not have done so, had it been an independent -fortification. The vicinity of Bogle-hole seems a -fitting place for introducing the following passage -from Procopius, a writer of the fifth century. We -can readily conceive that at a period when the inroads -of the Caledonians were still fresh in the -memory of the inhabitants, the country north of the -Wall would be regarded with superstitious dread. -Doubtless, many who passed the boundary, found, to -their cost, that in this region lay the pathway to -the world of spirits:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Moreover, in this isle of Brittia, men of ancient time built -a long wall, cutting off a great portion of it: for the soil, and -the man, and all other things, are not alike on both sides; -for on the eastern (southern) side of the Wall, there is a -wholesomeness of air in conformity with the seasons, moderately -warm in summer, and cool in winter. Many men inhabit -here, living much as other men. The trees, with their -appropriate fruits, flourish in season, and their corn lands are -as productive as others; and the district appears sufficiently -fertilized by streams. But on the western (northern) side -all is different, insomuch indeed, that it would be impossible -for a man to live there, even half an hour. Vipers and serpents -innumerable, with all other kinds of wild beasts, infest -that place; and, what is most strange, the natives affirm, -that if any one, passing the Wall, should proceed to the other -side, he would die immediately, unable to endure the unwholesomeness -of the atmosphere. Death also, attacking such -beasts as go thither, forthwith destroys them.... They -<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>say that the souls of men departed are always conducted -to this place; but in what manner I will explain immediately, -having frequently heard it from men of that region relating -it most seriously, although I would rather ascribe their asseverations -to a certain dreamy faculty which possesses them.—<cite>Giles’s -Ancient Britons</cite>, I. 404.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CAW-GAP.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The next defile is Caw-gap; some ruined cottages, -formed of Wall-stones, stand in it. The extreme -jealousy with which the Romans defended an exposed -situation is well shewn here. The fosse, -which guards the pass through the low ground, is -discontinued on the western side as soon as the -Wall attains a sufficient elevation, but upon the -the ground drooping, though only for the space of -a few yards, it re-appears for that short distance.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A road runs through this pass to the north, which -soon becomes a mere track. It passes a solitary -house, called Burn Deviot, nearly due north from -the gap, which was long the resort of smugglers and -sheep-stealers. The memory of its last tenants, -Nell Nichol and her two daughters, who were a pest -to the country, is still fresh in the district. Though -many years have elapsed since any one occupied the -dwelling, lights are said often to be seen at the windows -at night, visible tokens of the presence of the -spirits of the murdered children of Nell’s daughters.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CAWFIELDS CRAGS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The crags along which we soon find ourselves to -be proceeding, possess a perpendicular elevation of -nearly five hundred feet above the plains below. -Passing another small gap, called the Thorny Doors, -we come to a tract of Wall in an excellent state -<span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>of preservation. The lower courses have lately -been freed from the rubbish which for centuries -has covered them, and the fallen stones replaced -in their proper order. The whole face of the -Wall has a remarkably fresh appearance, and -nowhere can the tooling of the stones be examined -with more advantage. Amongst the fallen stones, -one was lately found which furnishes us with additional -evidence, that the twentieth legion was engaged -in the erection of this part of the Wall. It</p> -<div id='p247' class='figright id032'> -<img src='images/i_p247.jpg' alt='alt=Mural Stone, Leg. XX. V.V.' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>is preserved amongst the antiquities -at Chesters, and is -represented in the adjoining -cut. This sculpture -cannot have been derived -from the Vallum, in the -construction of which, in the time of Hadrian, the -twentieth legion is acknowledged to have been -employed; for the Vallum is here distant more than -three hundred yards from the Wall. The reader -will of course perceive the bearing which this fact -has upon the question of the contemporaneous origin -of the two structures, and the construction of the -Wall, as well as the Vallum, by Hadrian.</p> - -<p class='c000'>While the antiquary is eagerly scrutinizing indentations -in stones which were chiselled sixteen centuries -ago, his eye will occasionally rest upon the memorials -of an antiquity so indefinite as to throw -into the shade even his primeval records. Lepidodendra, -and other fossils of the mill-stone-grit and coal -series, are of occasional occurrence. Who shall tell -<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>when these giant plants flourished, how they were -enveloped in their sandy bed, and how hardened into -the flinty stone made use of by the Roman soldiers? -Imagination reels at the questions suggested.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>PILGRIMS'-GAP.</div> - -<p class='c000'>We are now arrived at the most perfect mile-castle -remaining on the line, generally named, from -the farm-house to the north of it, the Cawfields -Castle. The gap which it guarded was denominated -by the peripatetic party of 1849, in commemoration -of their visit, the Pilgrims’-gap, a name which is -beginning to be recognised by the inhabitants of the -neighbourhood.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE CAWFIELDS CASTELLUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Until recently, the castellum was nearly covered -with its own ruins. Since the annexed drawing was -taken, the rubbish has been entirely removed from -the inside, as well as the out.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The building is a parallelogram, but the corners -at its lower side are rounded off. It measures, inside, -sixty-three feet from east to west, and forty-nine -feet from north to south. The great Wall forms its -northern side. The stones used in the construction -of this building are of the same size and character -as those employed in the Wall itself; the mortar has -disappeared from between the courses of the facing-stones, -but portions of lime are seen in the grout of -the interior. In the western wall, nine courses of -stones are standing. The side walls of the castle -have not been tied to the great Wall, but have been -brought close up to it, and the junction cemented -with mortar.</p> - -<div id='p248a' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p248a.jpg' alt='Mile-castle at Cawfield' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson Delt.<span style="margin-left: 50%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />MILE-CASTLE NEAR CAW-FIELDS<br /><span class='small'>Printed by W. Monkhouse York.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is provided with a gateway of large dimensions, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>both on its northern and southern side. In -Horsley’s day, it was a matter of doubt whether -there was any opening through the Wall, excepting -at the points where the Watling-street and the -Maiden-way crossed it; the disinterment of this -mile-castle sets the question at rest, and justifies us -in believing that the passages at Busy-gap, Rapishaw-gap, -and other places, are of Roman formation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The gateways are formed of large slabs of rustic -masonry, and to give them full development, the -walls are thicker here than in other parts. The -width of the wall at the lower gateway is nine feet -three inches; at the upper, which was, of course, -the more exposed, ten feet six inches. The opening -of each gateway is ten feet. Two folding-doors have -closed the entrance, which, when thrown back, have -fallen into recesses prepared for them. Some of the -pivot holes of the doors remain, which exhibit a -circular chafing, and are slightly tinged with the -oxide of iron. The security of the northern gateway -did not entirely depend upon the solidity of its -masonry, or the strength of its doors. It opens upon -a sort of cliff, and the road from it does not lead -directly away, but runs for a little distance under -the Wall, so as to give an opportunity of more -readily acting against an enemy.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The masonry of the whole building, but particularly -of the gateways, is peculiarly fresh. The lines -that have been lightly chiselled on some of the large -rustic slabs of the gateways, in order to guide the -workmen in correctly placing those above which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>project less than than the others, are still quite distinct. -The stone is of a very durable nature, -but it is difficult to conceive how such slender -markings, particularly when in a horizontal position, -could long resist the action of the weather. -Were we to judge only from the appearance of the -masonry, we might be led to suppose that the building -had been enveloped in its own ruins not long -after its erection—perhaps in that dreadful irruption -of the Caledonians which brought Severus to this -country—and that it was never afterwards repaired.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In clearing out the interior of this building, no -traces of party-walls, of a substantial character at -least, were found. It stands upon a slope of about -one foot in five, and, towards the hanging side of it, -the ground has been rendered horizontal by ‘made -earth.’ Some fragments of gray slate, pierced for -roofing, were found among the rubbish; it is therefore -not improbable that a shed was laid against the -southern wall for the protection of the soldiers. At -about the elevation which the raised floor would -reach, the Wall is, in one place, eaten away by the -action of fire. Here, probably, was the hearth round -which the shivering soldiers of the south clustered, -to forget, in the recital of their country’s tales, the -fierce Caledonians who prowled around them, or the -still fiercer tempests, which all their valour and all -their engineering skill could not exclude from their -dwellings. With the exception of such sheds, or mere -temporary erections, the whole building seems to have -been open above. Two large fragments of funereal slabs -<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>were found in the castellum; one of them has been -roughly shaped into a circular form, and is reddened -by fire; the letters which remain are distinct and -well formed. Has it been the hearth? The inscription -has been erased from the other. Another stone of -still greater interest was found here, furnishing additional -<span id='p251' class='figright id033'><img src='images/i_p251.jpg' alt='Part of Slab to Hadrian' class='ig001' /></span>evidence of the erection of the mile-castles -by Hadrian. From the annexed cut, -it will at once be perceived that it -is a duplicate of the inscription, -already described, in which the second -legion endeavours to perpetuate its -name, and those of its emperor, -Hadrian, and Aulus Platorius Nepos, -his legate. There cannot be a doubt -that the castellum and the Wall were built at the -same time, and by the same parties; if Hadrian -therefore built the one, the other is erroneously -ascribed to Severus.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Two small silver coins were found amongst the -rubbish within the castellum, one of Vespasian, the -other of Marcus Aurelius. Although their testimony -is of a negative character, it will be observed, -that it is not inconsistent with the idea, that the -castle was erected in the time of Hadrian, and with -the opinion already hazarded, that it was dismantled -at an early period. There were also found large pieces -of earthen-ware, chiefly of the coarser kinds, and -fragments of millstones formed of lava, which shew -that culinary operations were carried on within these -cold, bare walls, and a solitary oyster-shell among -<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>the rubbish bore testimony to the attachment of the -Romans to this article of luxury. The mile-castle -is very nearly midway between the seas.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Besides the articles already enumerated, there -were picked up within the castellum some large glass -beads of somewhat singular appearance, (<a href='#p170c'>Plate VII</a>., -figs. 7, 8) and a fibula of brass. The whole of these -relics are safely deposited in the collection of antiquities -at Chesters. The interesting building is, -happily, upon an estate belonging to John Clayton, -esq.; the hand of the spoiler will therefore not be -allowed to touch it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>About one hundred and fifty yards south of the castellum, -is a spring of excellent water. Near it, about -midway between the Vallum and the Wall, an altar -to Apollo was lately discovered, which will afterwards -be described.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>TEMPORARY CAMP.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A road leads from the vicinity of the mile-castle -to the town of Haltwhistle, in the sheltered valley of -the Tyne, whither, should the shades of evening be -approaching, the way-worn antiquary may be glad to -bend his steps. At the point where the path joins the -modern military road, a Roman camp will be observed. -On the sides which are most exposed, -double and triple lines of earth-works have been -raised. The rock on the western face of the ground -where the camp stands, has been wrought by the -Romans for stones, and the camp has given them temporary -protection. It was here that the inscription -on the face of the rock, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>LEG. VI. V.</span></span>, was discovered -in 1847, as already mentioned, page 81. The quarry, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>not being required for the use of the district, was -shortly afterwards closed.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HALTWHISTLE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The Castle-hill at Haltwhistle is, apparently, a diluvial -deposit; ramparts, still quite distinct, run round -the margin of its summit. Several peel-houses in the -town and its vicinity, will interest the antiquary.<a id='r113' /><a href='#f113' class='c012'><sup>[113]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>To those who cherish the religious views of the -early Anglican reformers, it will be interesting to -remember, that this is the native district of Nicholas -Ridley, bishop and martyr. Willimoteswick-castle, -his reputed birth-place, is on the south bank of the -Tyne, about three miles below Haltwhistle.<a id='r114' /><a href='#f114' class='c012'><sup>[114]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HALTWHISTLE-BURN-HEAD.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>Rejoining the Wall, Haltwhistle-burn-head is the -first object of interest that we meet with in our course -westward. The burn, to which important reference -will presently be made, is derived from the overflowings -of Greenlee-lough. Between its source, and -the gap by which it passes the ridge on which the -Wall stands, it is called the Caw-burn; below that -point it bears the name of Haltwhistle-burn.</p> - -<p class='c000'>As the width of the defile, and the passage of the -stream, render this a weak point in the barrier, the -two lines of fortification approach very near to each -other; they afterwards again diverge.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Westward of Burn-head farm-house, the fosse is -boldly developed, but the Wall is traceable only in -the ruins of its foundation. As we proceed onwards -to Great Chesters, the foundations of a mile-castle -which has stood half to the north of the Wall, and -half within it, may be, though not without careful -scrutiny, observed. The tower which formerly stood -at Portgate is the only other known example of a -similar arrangement.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>GREAT CHESTERS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>ÆSICA, or Great Chesters, is the tenth stationary -camp on the line of the Wall. Its superficial contents -are 3 acres, 35 poles. The ramparts and fosse -are clearly defined. The southern gateway may be -traced; it is nearer the eastern than the western -side. A double rampart of earth seems to have -given additional security to the western side, which, -by situation, is the weakest. A vaulted room in the -centre of the camp still answers very correctly to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>the description given of it in 1800 by Dr. Lingard, -(quoted by Hodgson, II. iii. 203.)</p> - -<p class='c014'>It is 6½ feet square, and 5 feet high. It was descended by -steps, and had, at the opposite end to its entrance, a sort of -bench, raised on mason work, 2½ feet wide and high, and covered -with a slab of stone. The roof consisted of six similar -and contiguous arches of stone, each 15 inches broad. It had -also one pillar. The floor had on it a great quantity of ashes, -was flagged, and on raising one of the stones, a spring gushed -out, which converted the vault into a well.</p> - -<p class='c000'>About one hundred and fifty yards south of the -station, in a field which has for years been furrowed -by the plough, the remains of a building of somewhat -rude construction have just been discovered. Its -floor, consisting, for the most part, of the usual -compost, is nearly a foot thick. Further examination -would probably disclose, in its vicinity, the -foundations of numerous suburban buildings.</p> - -<p class='c000'>An ancient road leads from the southern gateway -of the station to the great military way which ran -from <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> to <span class='sc'>Magna</span>.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ÆSICA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The station of <span class='sc'>Æsica</span>, according to the Notitia, was -about the year 430, garrisoned by the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>cohors prima -Astorum</em></span>.<a id='r115' /><a href='#f115' class='c012'><sup>[115]</sup></a> Horsley (writing in 1731) observes, that no -inscriptions had been found here mentioning the first -cohort of the Asti, or any other cohort. In 1761, however, -an inscription was dug up in this station, which is -now deposited in the museum at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -recording that in the reign of Alexander -<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>Severus (200 years before the date of the Notitia) -the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘cohors secunda Asturum’</span> rebuilt a granary -here which had fallen into decay from age—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘horreum -vetustate conlabsum.’</span> It is to be observed that the -spelling of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Asturum’</span> is similar to that of the inscription -at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, and we do not find that the <em>second</em> -cohort, either of the Asti or Astures, is mentioned -elsewhere as part of the Roman auxiliary forces in -Britain.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Near the eastern gateway of the station there has -been lately dug up a large mural tablet, shewn in -the wood-cut, and bearing the following inscription:</p> - -<div id='p256' class='figcenter id034'> -<img src='images/i_p256.jpg' alt='Tablet to Hadrian' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CÆS. TRAI[A]N. HADRIA<br />NO AVG. P[ATRI] P[ATRIÆ].</span></span><br /><br /><span class='small'>To the emperor Cæsar Trajanus Hadria-<br />nus Augustus, the father of his country.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not probable that this slab has been derived -from the Vallum, which is upwards of a quarter of a -mile from the station.<a id='r116' /><a href='#f116' class='c012'><sup>[116]</sup></a> Why the upper part of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>tablet was left blank does not appear; enough, -however, has been inserted to support the theory, -that Hadrian built the Wall. Although several of -the stations were probably built before the Wall, -and were quite independent of it, this can scarcely -have been one of them; its position seems to indicate -that it was called into existence in order to -accommodate the mural garrison.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<div id='p256b' class='figcenter id012'> -<a href='images/i_p256bbig.jpg'><img src='images/i_p256b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /></a> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'><em>SURVEYED BY I. T. W. BELL 1860</em><span style="margin-left: 10%;"><em>A. Reid’s Lithog. 117 Pilgrim St. Newcastle.</em></span></span><br />Plan of<br />AN ANCIENT WATER COURSE EXTENDING FROM<br />SAUGHY BIG WASH POOL TO ÆSICA GREAT-CHESTERS.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>ETYMOLOGY OF ÆSICA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Celtic authorities all agree in tracing the name -<span class='sc'>Æsica</span> to a word signifying <em>water</em>. The propriety -of such an appellation does not at first sight appear. -The camp is far from either the eastern or western -sea; no lake is visible from its ramparts; the only -water which is near is the Haltwhistle-burn, a -somewhat tiny stream. The low ground to the -south has a fenny aspect, but the station itself stands -high and dry, though upon a part of the mural -ridge less elevated than usual. It is not improbable -that it may have derived its name from an aqueduct -which leads the water from the Greenlee-lough to -the camp. As this water-course has hitherto escaped -the notice of writers upon the Wall, and is a work -of considerable interest, a somewhat detailed description -of it may be allowable.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c021'> - <div>THE WATER-COURSE AT ÆSICA.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>The camp, though not greatly elevated, stands higher than -the ground, either north or south of it. The country to the -north, though generally flat, is studded with numerous hills -of moderate elevation. On the sides of some of these, -about two-thirds up, may be noticed a line that reminds -the spectator of the parallel roads in Glenroy and other -<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>places. On examination, it is found to be an artificial -cutting, made with evident reference to the maintenance of -the water level. The sections given in <a href='#p444d'>Plate XVI</a>., -shew its size and form. In some places the water stands in -it yet; in others a mass of peat fills it; and very frequently, -where the channel has been obliterated, its course is shewn by -a line of rushes, which grow on the damp ground. Wherever -the water-course can be distinctly discerned, it has -been laid down in the accompanying plan by a green line; -where the traces of it are lost, the line of the water level -has been pursued, and is indicated by dots of the same -colour.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE WATER-COURSE.</div> - -<p class='c014'>The whole length of the water-course is six miles; the -distance in a straight line is little more than two miles and -a quarter. It takes its commencement at the Saughy-rig-washpool, -which is formed by the occasional damming up of -the Caw-burn, at about a mile from its exit from the Greenlee-lough. -In the immediate vicinity of the burn, the side of -the water-course next the rivulet which would be endangered -by the overflowing of the natural stream, is made up with flat -stones put in endwise, some of which still remain as shewn in -the section at B, in the plan. In its course to the station, in -order at once to preserve the level, and avoid the necessity of -using forced embankments or stone aqueducts, it is taken -along the sides of the moderately elevated hills which rise -from the plain. So ingeniously is this done, that once only -has it been necessary to cross a valley by an artificial mound -of earth. This has been at a spot between the third and -fourth mile of the water-course, and which is still known in -the district by the name of Benks-bridge, though probably -few of the inhabitants are aware of the evident origin of the -term. Some ingenuity has been employed in fixing the site -of this mound. It is placed in that part of the valley where -there is a slight descent on each side of it; the drainage of -the surface is thus provided for without the use of a culvert; -the surface water on the west, naturally making for the Halt-whistle-burn, -that on the east for the river Tipalt. The mound -which has taken the water-course across the valley at Benks-bridge -<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>has entirely disappeared, having probably been absorbed, -in the course of ages, by the mossy ground on which it stood. -The whole fall of the water-course, reckoning from the Wash-pool -to the bottom of the arched chamber in the centre of the -station is thirty feet. This is distributed over its entire -length in the way shewn in the following table:—</p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='7%' /> -<col width='6%' /> -<col width='6%' /> -<col width='4%' /> -<col width='4%' /> -<col width='4%' /> -<col width='7%' /> -<col width='9%' /> -<col width='4%' /> -<col width='4%' /> -<col width='20%' /> -<col width='4%' /> -<col width='4%' /> -<col width='7%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'><em>ft.</em></td> - <td class='c010'><em>in.</em></td> - <td class='c022'></td> - <td class='c009'><em>m.</em></td> - <td class='c010'><em>f.</em></td> - <td class='c010'><em>c.</em></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'><em>ft.</em></td> - <td class='c009'><em>in.</em></td> - <td class='c023'></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010' colspan='3'>Commencing at</td> - <td class='c010'>A</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c022'></td> - <td class='c009'>At 2</td> - <td class='c010'>6</td> - <td class='c010'>0½</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>11</td> - <td class='c009'>10</td> - <td class='c023'>fall</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'><em>m.</em></td> - <td class='c010'><em>f.</em></td> - <td class='c010'><em>c.</em></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c022'></td> - <td class='c009'>2</td> - <td class='c010'>7</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>E</td> - <td class='c010'>14</td> - <td class='c009'>4</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>6</td> - <td class='c010'>B</td> - <td class='c010'>2</td> - <td class='c010'>10</td> - <td class='c022'>fall.</td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>21</td> - <td class='c009'>6</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>10</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>23</td> - <td class='c009'>7</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>2</td> - <td class='c010'>4</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>7</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>6</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>23</td> - <td class='c009'>5</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>4½</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>7</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>29</td> - <td class='c009'>10</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>4</td> - <td class='c010'>9</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>6</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>25</td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>6</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>7</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='small'>North end, Benks-bridge.</span></td> - <td class='c010'>25</td> - <td class='c009'>4</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>7</td> - <td class='c010'>8½</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>4</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='small'>South end, Do.</span></td> - <td class='c010'>29</td> - <td class='c009'>7</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>6½</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>4</td> - <td class='c010'>1½</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>4</td> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>29</td> - <td class='c009'>9</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>3½</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>7</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>4</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>8</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>29</td> - <td class='c009'>11</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>2½</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>6</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>5½</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>28</td> - <td class='c009'>6</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>4</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>C</td> - <td class='c010'>3</td> - <td class='c010'>10</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>4</td> - <td class='c010'>4</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>28</td> - <td class='c009'>11</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>2</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>9</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'>5</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>29</td> - <td class='c009'>0</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>2</td> - <td class='c010'>1</td> - <td class='c010'>6½</td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'>11</td> - <td class='c010'>4</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'>6</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'>0</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='small'>Present bottom of arched chamber in centre of station.</span></td> - <td class='c010'>30</td> - <td class='c009'>4</td> - <td class='c023'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>2</td> - <td class='c010'>2</td> - <td class='c010'>9½</td> - <td class='c010'>D</td> - <td class='c010'>11</td> - <td class='c010'>2</td> - <td class='c022'>”</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c023'></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c014'>The nature of the ground threw considerable difficulties in -the way of the engineer, which accounts for the exceedingly -tortuous nature of the track pursued. It is indeed remarkable -that without the aid of accurate levelling instruments, -any one could be so fully assured that the requisite fall existed -as to venture upon the task of its formation. The -workmen in the execution of the design probably drew the -water along with them as they proceeded. In one place, (G) -they seem to have made too free with the fall, and after -proceeding for some distance, (upwards of a furlong) have -retraced their steps, and constructed the cutting at a -higher level. In crossing the valleys, there is sometimes an -unusual loss of fall. This is particularly the case at the third -mile (E) where there is a difference in the level of the course, -on the opposite side of the slack, of nearly ten feet. This -valley is permeated by a streamlet, and to take the water -<span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>across it at the level previously preserved, a stone aqueduct -would have been necessary. Appearances seem to indicate -that an easier plan was adopted. A dam being formed across -the hanging side of the valley, the water of the course was -allowed to deliver itself freely into it, and eventually rising -after the manner of a mill-head to the level of the course on -the western side, pursued its way as before. That this plan -was the result of a change in the design of the architect -seems evident, for on the eastern side of the valley a second -cutting (E) has been made at a lower level than the other, -apparently with the view of leading the water more gradually -to the lower point.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Unfortunately all traces of the water-course are lost for -some distance before approaching the station, so that it cannot -be ascertained where it entered it, if it did so at all.</p> - -<p class='c014'>That some important object was gained by the formation -of so long a cutting is undoubted, but what that object was -is a perplexing question. It can scarcely be supposed that -the garrison at <span class='sc'>Æsica</span> were dependent for their daily supply -of so important an article as water upon an open cutting outside -the Barrier. The feeblest of their foes could, in an instant, -cut off the provision. No doubt the country, for some distance -north of the Wall, was held in subjection by the Roman -forces, but when the Wall was built, and the station planned, -such was not the case. The station itself is not destitute of -water. A well, sunk some years ago, to the depth of twenty-four -feet, yields to the tenants of the farm-house an unfailing -supply. I am disposed to think that the water brought by -the cutting was to give to the north rampart of the station -the advantage of a wet ditch. By throwing an embankment -across the depression on the north of the station, as it begins -to slope down to the bed of the Haltwhistle-burn, a considerable -body of water would lodge here. The station of <span class='sc'>Æsica</span> -was an important one. In a particularly wild district, at an -unusual distance from the great lines of Roman communication, -and close beside the great opening in the mural ridge, -by which the waters of the Forest of Lowes effect a passage -to the low grounds, it would be peculiarly exposed to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span>attacks of the enemy. Although somewhat elevated above -the ground north of the Wall, it is not so much so as to be -impregnable on that quarter. A body of water collected here -to keep the enemy at a still greater distance might not be -beneath the attention of the garrison. Any temporary interference -with the aqueduct would in this case be productive -of no inconvenience. The existence of a water-course on the -enemy’s side of the Wall at <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>, which may have served -a similar purpose, has already been noticed. At <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>, -High Rochester, some guttered stones, covered with flags, -were recently found lying in a direction which led to the supposition, -that they brought water from some springs outside -the station to the eastern moat.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In the Archæologia Æliana<a id='r117' /><a href='#f117' class='c012'><sup>[117]</sup></a> is a plan and description of -an ancient aqueduct, which brought water from some distant -rivulets to the station at Lanchester. It consists of two -branches, the longer of which is nearly four miles in extent. -Earthen embankments, to preserve the level, are occasionally -used in both of them, and, as they run over sandy ground, -the bottom of them has been puddled. The two lines, after -uniting, deliver their water into a reservoir outside the station, -near to its south-west corner. That the water of this aqueduct -cannot have been used for domestic purposes appears -from what Hodgson, the author of the paper, adds—‘Several -wells have, from time to time, been discovered here by labourers, -on the outside of the walls, and there is a plentiful -spring at a short distance from where the bath stood.’</p> - -<p class='c014'>Whatever may have been the object served, the water-course -at <span class='sc'>Æsica</span> is a striking memorial of the skill, forethought, -and industry of the Roman garrisons. At the present -day, in a highly civilized country, and after the enjoyment -of a long period of internal peace, we are but beginning -to see the necessity of bringing water from a distance into -our large towns. An individual garrison, exposed to all the -hazards of war, scrupled not, even fourteen or sixteen centuries -<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>ago, for some purpose which they thought important, -to cut a water-course six miles long!</p> - -<p class='c014'>It is not a little remarkable too, that after the lapse of so -long a period, the cutting should be distinctly visible through -so large a portion of its track.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The view which is here taken of the object of the water-course -is not given because it is absolutely satisfactory, but -because it presents the fewest difficulties. We might have -expected that if a miniature lake had been formed on the -north of the station, some remains of the embankment necessary -to confine its waters would appear; none are, however, -to be observed. The soil, on being turned up, has not the -black and sludgy aspect, which might be anticipated, but is -of a yellow hue; the bottom of a pond at Wall-mill, which -was drained within living memory, has, however, a precisely -similar appearance.</p> - -<p class='c000'>To the south of Great Chesters is Wall-mill, near -to which the burying ground of the station seems to -have been. Brand observed here several remarkable -barrows, and was shewn some of the graves -which had been opened. ‘They consisted,’ he tells -us, ‘of side stones set down into the earth, and -covered at top with other larger stones.’ He took -them to be very early Christian sepulchres; this is -more than doubtful. The progress of agricultural -improvement has obliterated all traces of the cemetery; -to one, however, of its sepulchral monuments -reference will afterwards be made.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Romans systematically avoided intra-mural -interments. The following is one of the laws of the -Twelve Tables:</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">HOMINEM MORTUUM IN URBE NE SEPELITO NEVE URITO.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is remarkable that at so early a period of the history -<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>of the republic, attention should have been -turned to this subject, and that in a digest of legislation -so brief as that referred to, this should form -one of the enactments.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>COCK-MOUNT-HILL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Shortly after leaving <span class='sc'>Æsica</span>, the crags again appear, -and the Wall ascends the heights. At Cock-mount-hill, -about a quarter of a mile forward, the -Murus is four or five feet high. On the Ollalee -ground, it is six and seven feet high, and shews on -the north, nine courses of facing-stones; at another -place, ten courses appear, and the height is six feet -four inches.<a id='r118' /><a href='#f118' class='c012'><sup>[118]</sup></a> The earth-works are seen in the valley -below, covered with the whin, called by botanists, -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Genista Anglica</em></span>. The continuous sandstone ridge is -deeply scarred with ancient quarries.<a id='r119' /><a href='#f119' class='c012'><sup>[119]</sup></a> Here the -view is most extensive, Skiddaw, Crossfell, and other -celebrated summits, shewing themselves conspicuously -on the south, and Burnswark, a peculiar flat-topped -eminence, and several more distant hills, on -the north. A truncated pyramid of stones and earth, -used by the ordnance surveyors,<a id='r120' /><a href='#f120' class='c012'><sup>[120]</sup></a> has been left upon -the elevated ridge, called Mucklebank-crag.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALLTOWN-CRAGS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The next defile that we reach is a very wide one, -and is denominated Walltown crags. Walltown -consists of a single house, which, though now occupied -by the tenant of the farm, bears marks of having -formerly been a place of strength, and the -residence of persons of consideration. Ridley the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>Martyr refers with much affection in his valedictory -letter to his brother who resided here:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Farewell, my dearly beloved brother John Ridley of the -Waltoune, and you my gentle and loving sister, Elizabeth, -whom, besides the natural league of amity, your tender love, -which you were said ever to bear towards me above the rest -of your brethren, doth bind me to love. My mind was to -have acknowledged this your loving affection, and to have requited -it with deeds, and not with words alone. Your -daughter Elizabeth I bid farewell, whom I love for the meek -and gentle spirit that God hath given her, which is a precious -thing in the sight of God.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the crevices of the whin rock, near the house, -chives grow abundantly. The general opinion of -the country is, that they are the produce of plants -cultivated by the Romans, who were much addicted -to the use of this and kindred vegetables. This belief -is but a modification of the more extended -statements of our earliest writers on the Wall. -Sampson Erdeswicke in 1574, says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Skotts lyches, or surgeons, do yerely repayr to the -sayd Roman Wall next to thes, (Caer Vurron) to gether -sundry herbs for surgery, for that it is thought that the -Romaynes there by had planted most nedefull herbes for -sundry purposes, but howsoever it was, these herbes are fownd -very wholesome.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Camden gives an account precisely similar.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the eastern declivity of the gap, and near the -line of the Wall, is a well, which, in the district, is -generally called king Arthur’s Well. Brand, however, -gives a different account of it:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>At Walltown, I saw the well wherein Paulinus is said to -have baptized king Ecfrid. It has evidently been enclosed, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>which indicates something remarkable in so open and wild a -country. Some wrought stones lay near it. The water is -very cool and fine.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The western ascent is steep. Hutton tells us he was -sometimes obliged to crawl on all fours. On the -summit are evident traces of a mile-castle.</p> - -<div id='p265' class='figcenter id018'> -<img src='images/i_p265.jpg' alt='Nine-nicks of Thirlwall' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>NINE-NICKS OF THIRLWALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>We now enter upon a most interesting part of the -line. The mural ridge, divided by frequent breaks -into as many isolated crags, is denominated the -Nine Nicks of Thirlwall. The view from the edge -of the cliff is extensive; stunted trees unite with the -craggy character of the rock in giving variety to the -foreground. The Wall adheres, with tolerable pertinacity, -to the edge of the crags, and hence pursues -a course that is by no means direct. The accompanying -wood-cut, which exhibits the view looking -eastwards, shews the zig-zag path which it adopts. -Nearly all our historians agree in stating that the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>most perfect specimens of the Wall now remaining, -are on Walltown crags. Certain it is that all who -have examined the other parts of the Wall with care, -will visit this with peculiar pleasure; but such are the -varied features which each section of the Barrier -presents, and the consequent interest which each -excites, that it is difficult to determine which part, -on the whole, is most worthy of attention.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALLTOWN-CRAGS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>For a considerable distance along the crags, the -Wall is in excellent preservation, presenting, on the -north side, in several places, ten courses of facing-stones, -and in one, twelve. In the highest part it is -eight feet nine inches high, and nine feet thick. The -military way may in many places be seen, avoiding -very dexterously the more abrupt declivities of its -rocky path.</p> - -<p class='c000'>At length the cliffs, which extend in a nearly unbroken -series from Sewingshields to Carvoran, sink -into a plain, and the fertility and the beauty of a -well-cultivated country re-appear.</p> - -<p class='c000'>However pleasing the change, the traveller will -not fail occasionally to look back upon the road he -has trod, and view with secret satisfaction those bold -and airy heights which so well symbolize the austere -and undaunted spirit of that great people whose works -he is contemplating; and when in after years, and it -may be in some region far distant, the image of them -rises in his imagination, he will be ready to exclaim—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>I feel the gales that from ye blow</div> - <div class='line'>A momentary bliss bestow.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CARVORAN.</div> -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>MAGNA, the modern Carvoran, lies to the south -both of the Vallum and Wall. The nature of the -ground in its neighbourhood seems to have dictated -this arrangement. The Wall occupies the edge of -a strip of elevated ground, the benefit of which, as a -position of strength against an enemy, it was desirable -not to lose. Had the station been placed as usual -on the line of the Wall, the Vallum, in skirting its -southern rampart, would have been brought into a -swamp that occupies the valley between the high -ground on which the Wall stands, and the somewhat -commanding site of the station. Both the lines of the -Barrier have therefore been allowed to pursue their -parallel course nearly together, and the station has -been placed about two hundred and fifty yards within -the Wall, on a platform which is sufficiently defended -on the south by the declivity that slopes from it -to the modern village of Greenhead.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It is not impossible, however, that <span class='sc'>Magna</span> may -have been one of Agricola’s forts, the valley, through -which the river Tipalt flows, requiring the adoption -of this method of resisting the aggressions of the -Caledonians.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The station has enclosed an area of four acres and -a half. Having, a few years ago, been brought under -tillage, it is with difficulty that even its outline can -now be traced; some fragments of the north rampart, -however, remain, and the north fosse is distinct.<a id='r121' /><a href='#f121' class='c012'><sup>[121]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MAGNA.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>In the front of the farm-house which was erected -in the year—long to be remembered in these parts—1745, -is built up a Roman altar, apparently without -an inscription. In the garden, and behind the dwelling, -are several other interesting memorials of Roman -occupation. Amongst them are broken capitals -and fragments of columns, moulded coping-stones, -gutter-stones, and troughs, of various shapes and -rude construction. Several bases of columns lie -scattered about, the prevailing form of which is -square, as shewn in <a href='#p224f'>Plate XIII</a>., fig. 5; one of them -is, however, of circular shape, and is ornamented with -a cable-pattern moulding, resembling the Housesteads -pedestal, given in <a href='#p224b'>Plate XI</a>.<a id='r122' /><a href='#f122' class='c012'><sup>[122]</sup></a> There are also -preserved here a small altar, in perfect preservation, -inscribed, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>D[E]O BE[L]ATVCADRO</span></span>, some imperfect -altars, several centurial stones, a broken effigy -of the bird of Jove, a pair of bronze shears (figured -of the full size on <a href='#p268a'>Plate XIV</a>., fig. 1), evidently, -from their proportions, meant to be handled -by fair fingers, fragments of Samian ware and amphoræ, -a few beads, and some implements of iron. -Amongst the articles disinterred from the stations on -the line, there are generally to be found numerous -small flat circular implements, of which examples -<span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>are engraved (of the full size) on <a href='#p224b'>Plate XI</a>. They -vary from half-an-inch to two inches in diameter, -and have a circular hole in the centre. For the -most part they are composed of sherds of Samian -ware, occasionally, of jet, and of amber; at Carvoran -are some of rude shape, made of imperfectly -burnt clay and shale. Various conjectures have been -hazarded respecting their use; the most probable is, -that they were employed as tallies, the small beads -representing units, the large, tens. In the inn at -Glenwhelt are preserved a magnificent pair of stag’s -horns, nearly perfect, which were found in the well -of the station; each antler is a yard long. In the -possession of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -are several valuable inscribed stones -derived from this station, which have been presented -by Colonel Coulson of Blenkinsop Hall.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p268a'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE XIV.</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_p268a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Lamp, Fibula, Shears, and Compasses</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='sc'>Magna</span>, during the days of Roman occupation, -must have been a place of considerable importance. -Not only did the road which leads directly from -<span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, come up to it, but the Maiden-way, from -Whitley Castle and the south, ran through it, as is -supposed, to Bewcastle and the other stations north -of the Wall, as shewn on the Map, <a href='#if26'>Plate I</a>.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Rejoining the lines of the Barrier, we find them -about to descend into the valley watered by the -Tipalt, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>insaniens flumen</em></span>, as Camden calls it. The -moat of the Wall is peculiarly well developed, -that of the Vallum, though less so, is still -distinct; they are exactly parallel to each other. -Before the traveller forsakes his present elevation, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>it will be well for him to mark the westward -course of the objects of his study, lest he lose -their track in the swampy ground fronting Thirlwall -Castle. A valley of considerable extent stretches -before him; on the north brow of it, at the distance -of about three miles, Gilsland Spa is situated; the -works of the Barrier stand upon its southern edge. -The trough of the north fosse may easily be discerned -where it is intersected by the railway.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It has been suggested that one of the objects -contemplated by the Romans in the construction -of a double line of fortification, was the enclosure -of a space of ground which might be cultivated by -the garrison, and where their cattle might graze in -security. If this had been the case, the Wall would -have been drawn along the northern margin of the -wide and fruitful valley of Gilsland, and the Vallum -along its southern edge.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THIRLWALL CASTLE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Thirlwall Castle is, as Hutchinson calls it, ‘a dark, -melancholy fortress’ of the middle age.<a id='r123' /><a href='#f123' class='c012'><sup>[123]</sup></a> It was -for many centuries previous to its purchase by -the ancestors of the earl of Carlisle, the residence -of an ancient Northumbrian family of the name -of Thirlwall. Amongst the witnesses examined -on the occasion of the famous suit between the -families of Scrope and Grosvenor, for the right -<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>to bear the shield ‘azure, a bend or,’ which was -opened at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1385, before -king Richard II. in person, was John Thirlwall, an -esquire of Northumberland. The witness related -what he had heard on the subject of the dispute, from -his father, who ‘died at the age of 145, and was when -he died the oldest esquire in all the North, and had -been in arms in his time sixty-nine years.’ Such is -the language of the record of these proceedings, preserved -in the Tower of London.</p> - -<p class='c000'>This locality may also bring to the reader’s remembrance -the lines in Marmion—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The whiles a Northern harper rude</div> - <div class='line'>Chaunted a rhyme of deadly feud,</div> - <div class='line'>‘<em>How the fierce Thirlwalls, and Ridleys all,</em></div> - <div class='line'><em>Stout Willimondswick,</em></div> - <div class='line'><em>And Hardriding Dick,</em></div> - <div class='line'><em>And Hughie of Hawdon, and Will o’ the Wall,</em></div> - <div class='line'><em>Have set on Sir Albany Featherstonhaugh,</em></div> - <div class='line'><em>And taken his life at the Deadman’s-shaw</em>.’—</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not generally known that this ‘ancient ditty,’ -which sir Walter Scott gives at length in a note as a -genuine antique, is a modern fabrication, the production -of his correspondent Surtees, the historian of -Durham. The ballad, however, breathes the very -spirit of the fierce borderers, or it would not have -deceived so accomplished an antiquary as Scott.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The walls of the castle are nine feet thick, and -are faced, both inside and outside, with stones taken -from the Roman Wall. It is a singular thing to -see a building, formed out of a prior structure, itself -<span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>in ruins, and becoming a prey to yet more modern -depredators. The stones remain meanwhile, whether -in the primeval structure, or in those of mediæval -and recent date, as good as ever. Brand observes—</p> - -<p class='c014'>There is built up near the inn at Glenwhelt, a most barbarous, -gigantic head of stone, which is most certainly not -Roman. It came from Thirlwall Castle, and has no doubt -belonged to some of those hideous figures made use of anciently -in such castles to frighten the distant enemy.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Brand’s original still graces the -vicinity of the inn, and its -effigy, this page. Its ugliness -is no proof that it is not Roman; -but, after all, whose beauty -would not be tarnished by exposure -such as it has endured?</p> - -<div id='p272' class='figleft id030'> -<img src='images/i_p272.jpg' alt='Stone Effigy' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>CENTRAL REGION OF THE BARRIER.</div> - -<p class='c000'>That portion of the line which lies between the -Tipalt and the Irthing is probably weaker than any -other between Wallsend and Bowness. Not only -is the ground flat, but it is destitute of the aid which -copious rivers give it, both at its eastern and western -extremities. Throughout the whole of this district, -both barriers keep close together. Except in the -neighbourhood of Rose-hill, no portion of the stone -Wall remains in all this tract.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The country between the Tipalt and the Solway -is characterized by a number of diluvial hills, not -unfrequently resembling barrows. To the south of -Brampton, they are so numerous and so nearly uniform -in size and shape as to suggest to the playful -<span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>imagination the idea of their being gigantic mole-hills. -The occurrence of these in the line of the -Barrier must have caused some trouble to the engineer -of the Wall. The difficulty, however, was -overcome. The first hill of this description -that we meet with, occurs immediately westward of -the point where the Newcastle and Carlisle railroad -crosses the mural line. The Wall unhesitatingly -ascends it on the one side, and descends it on the -other, though it would scarcely have described a -larger arc had it gone round its base.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>VALLUM AT WALLEND.</div> - -<p class='c000'>About half-a-mile onward is a small village, called -Wallend. The earth-works are, for a short distance, -in an admirable state of preservation; nowhere -else is the Vallum seen to greater advantage.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A peculiarity in the relative position of the Wall -and Vallum will here force itself upon the attention. -The Wall, which, for the larger portion of its course, -stands considerably above the Vallum, now takes a -lower level, and for nearly the whole space between -this point and the Irthing, is completely commanded -by the earthen ramparts. The following diagram will -give a general idea of the country, and of the mutual -relation between the two structures. Had the -Wall (A) and Vallum (B) been independent undertakings, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>this arrangement would not have been adopted. -The earth-works ascribed to Hadrian having been -found inefficient, would have been relentlessly cut in -upon by the officers of Severus, who would doubtless -have planted the Wall in those positions which were -naturally the strongest, irrespective of any prior -work. As it is, to give the Vallum the advantage -of an eminence in resisting a southern foe, the Wall -relinquishes a portion of the acclivity which it might -with advantage have taken.</p> - -<div id='p273' class='figcenter id018'> -<img src='images/i_p273.jpg' alt='Section of Works near Wallend' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>CHAPEL HOUSE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Chapel-house and Fowl-town, two contiguous -farm-houses, are next met with in our course. -Chapel-house is probably the site of a mile-castle, -it having been constructed out of the materials of a -<span id='p274' class='figleft id013'><img src='images/i_p274.jpg' alt='Slab to Hadrian, by Leg. XX. V. V.' class='ig001' /></span>prior building, which boasted walls of great thickness. -An inscribed stone, -of which the woodcut is a -copy, is to be seen lying -in an out-house, from the -walls of which it has recently -been taken. The letters on one end have -been worn away. The inscription may be read—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>NERVÆ N[EPOTI]</div> - <div>TRA[IANO] HADRIA[NO]</div> - <div>AVG[VSTO]</div> - <div>LEG. XX. VV.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the grandson of Nerva,</div> - <div>Trajanus Hadrianus</div> - <div>Augustus,</div> - <div>The twentieth legion, valiant and victorious.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>This is another testimony which recent research -has brought to light, of the part which Hadrian -and the twentieth legion bore in the construction, -both of the Wall and the Vallum.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>At the village of Gap, the Vallum, which is very -distinct, stands considerably above the Wall. The -place is said to take its name from the Wall having -been broken through here at an early period.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Rose-hill is a hill no longer. The top of the -diluvial mount was thrown into the surrounding -hollow, in order to afford a site for the railway station, -that has assumed the name of the summit -which it displaced.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MUMP’S HALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In the immediate neighbourhood of Rose-hill is -Mump’s-hall, formerly the residence of the Meg -Merrilies of sir Walter Scott:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>'Mump’s-hall,' says Hodgson, 'according to tradition, was -once a public-house, kept by a notorious person of the name -of Meg Teasdale, who drugged to death such of her guests as -had money. In Guy Mannering she glares in the horrid -character of Meg Merrilies. But certainly all this tradition -is deeply coloured with unpardonable slander against the ancient -and respectable family of the Teasdales of Mump’s-hall.'</p> - -<p class='c014'>Sir Walter Scott was in early life an occasional resident at -Gilsland. The broad, flat stone is pointed out, a little above -the Shaws Hotel, on which tradition asserts he was standing -when he declared to the subsequent lady Scott the emotions -which agitated his bosom. He had therefore the opportunity -of becoming acquainted with the district and its traditions.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The small thatched cottage, opposite to the road leading -from the railway station, is usually pointed out as the residence -of Meg, but it is not the one which was occupied by her. She -lived in the larger building beyond, round which the road bends -at a right angle. The front of the house is modernized, but the -back of it still retains the character of a border fortress. My -information upon this and other subjects respecting her, has -been derived from an individual residing in the district, whose -mother knew Meg well, and visited her upon her death-bed. -Although the heroine of Mump’s-hall was cast in a mould -<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>somewhat suited to the state of the district at that time, she -was not the fiend-like woman that she is generally represented. -One murder, however, the tradition of the country lays to -her charge. A pedlar having called upon Meg’s brother, -who kept a school at Long Byers (mid-way between Rose-hill -and Greenhead), accidentally presented to him a box filled -with guineas instead of his snuff-box. The traveller was requested -to convey a note to Mump’s-hall, which he did, but -was not seen alive afterwards. Suspicion arising, the house -was searched, and the body found concealed among hay in -the barn; but the parties who made the discovery durst not -reveal it, for fear of injury to themselves and families. About -six weeks afterwards the body was found lying upon the -moors. My informant added to his narrative—‘probably -the laws were not so active in those days as at present, for -these things could not escape now.’</p> - -<p class='c014'>When Meg was upon her death-bed, the curiosity of the -neighbourhood was excited, and many of her cronies visited -her, in hopes of hearing her disburthen her conscience respecting -the death of the pedlar. They were, however, disappointed; -for whenever she attempted to speak upon the subject, -some one of the family, who always took care to be present, -placed a hand upon her mouth.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Upper Denton church is hard by. It is evidently a very -ancient building, and possibly exhibits some Saxon work. It -is one of the smallest churches in England, and is as damp -and mouldy as felons’ dungeons used to be. Meg and several -of the members of her family lie in the church-yard. Four -tombstones, ranged in a row, mark their resting places.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>POLTROSS-BURN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The works of the Barrier are crossed by the railway -a little to the west of Rose-hill station. The Wall -here exhibits three or four courses of facing-stones. -A little beyond this point, the lines, still clearly defined, -cross the stream called Poltross-burn, which divides -the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. -The gorge in which the stream flows is deep -<span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>and well-wooded. There are no remains of a bridge -in the valley, but traces of a mile-castle, by -which the defile has been guarded, are distinct upon -its western bank. Before reaching the Irthing, at a -farm-house called Willowford, the site of another -castellum may be discerned. From this point to the -water’s edge, the Wall and Vallum have probably -gone in close companionship; but this is a matter -which cannot now be ascertained. The western bank -of the river is lofty and precipitous. Consisting, as -it does, chiefly of diluvial soil and gravel, on which -the water of the stream below is continually acting, -it is not surprising that all traces of the Wall, -if it ever ascended the height, have long since disappeared. -On the very brink of the precipice above, -the remains of the Wall and fosse re-appear. The -faithful followers of the Wall, who have closely -pursued its track from the eastern sea, will not be -willing to desert their companion, even for a brief -space, at this point. The cliff, however, will test -their constancy. Hutton had his troubles; he says, -somewhat magniloquently—</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>PASSAGE OF THE IRTHING.</div> - -<p class='c014'>I had this river to cross, and this mountain to ascend, but -I did not know how to perform either. I effected a passage -over the river by the assistance of stones as large as myself, -sometimes in and sometimes out; but, with difficulty, reached -the summit of the precipice by a zig-zag line, through the -brambles, with a few scratches.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The latest historian of the Wall attempted to ascend -the bank in a right line; he has given us the -result of his experience, as a warning to others.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>None of the party completely succeeded in ascending the -precipitous bank by the course of the Wall. The attempt is -very dangerous, and, as success accomplishes nothing, should -never be tried by those whose life and existence are in any -way useful.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the top of the cliff is a mile-castle. To the -north, two conical summits appear, which strongly -resemble barrows. We now approach Birdoswald, -the twelfth station on the line.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>AMBOGLANNA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>AMBOGLANNA, the Birdoswald of the present -day, is an interesting station.</p> -<div id='p278' class='figleft id022'> -<img src='images/i_p278.jpg' alt='alt=Altar to Jupiter, by Coh. I. Ael. Dac.' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>Numerous inscriptions have been -found within its walls, mentioning -the first cohort of the Dacians, -surnamed the Ælian, which, -according to the Notitia, was -quartered at <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span>. One -of them, in the possession of -Robert Bell, esq., of the Nook, -Irthington, is here figured.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO]</div> - <div>ET N[VMINIBVS] AVG[VSTI]</div> - <div>COH[ORS] PRIMA AEL[IA]</div> - <div>DAC[ORVM] CVI PR[ÆEST]</div> - <div>GALLICVS</div> - <div>TR[I]B[VNVS]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To Jupiter, the best and greatest,</div> - <div>And the deities of Augustus,</div> - <div>The first cohort (the Ælian)</div> - <div>Of the Dacians, commanded by</div> - <div>Gallicus,</div> - <div>The Tribune.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The name <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span> seems to signify, the -circling glen. The former part of the word, meaning -<em>about</em>, is met with in most of the western languages; -as the Welsh <i>am</i>, the Irish and Gaelic <i>umain</i>, the -Saxon <i>ymb</i> or <i>embe</i>, the Greek αμφι, and the Latin -(in compound words) <i>amb</i>. <i>Glanna</i> is obviously -<span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>synonymous with the modern <em>glen</em>, a term of very -frequent use in the land of the Gäel.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Here the name has been most appropriately bestowed. -The camp stands upon the precipitous edge -of a tongue of land, which, on every side except the west, -is severed from the adjoining ground by deep scars. -Hodgson describes the spot with great accuracy—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Irthing, in front of the station, makes two grand and -sweeping turns, under red scars, which have rich flat grounds -before them, deeply fringed along the margin of the river -with a border of alder, heckberry (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Prunus Padus</em></span>, or bird-cherry,) -and other upland trees. When the banks are not -steep, they are deeply wooded: and diluvial hills, rounded -into vast and beautiful varieties of form, present to the eye -rich sylvan and cultivated scenes, while their component parts, -as the river passes their sides, expose to the geologist rounded -specimens of the different kinds of rocks to be found in the -plains of Cumberland, and the high mountains that lie on -each side of the Firth of the Solway.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BIRDOSWALD.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The modern name presents greater difficulties -than the ancient one. Had king Oswald been a -denizen of these parts, which he was not, we might -have supposed that Birdoswald was a <em>burgh</em> of his. -The name is one of old standing, but the etymology -of it can only be a subject of conjecture.<a id='r124' /><a href='#f124' class='c012'><sup>[124]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>The station contains an area of between five and -six acres. The walls are in an unusually good state -of preservation; the southern rampart shewing -eight courses of facing-stones. Camden’s statement -<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>is still true to the letter;—‘it has been surrounded -with a stately wall of free-stone, about five feet thick, -as may be fairly measured at this day.’ The moat -which surrounded the wall may also be satisfactorily -traced.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Although the Wall adapts itself to the north rampart -of the fort, the station is entirely independent -of the Wall (see the wood-cut <em>p.</em> <a href='#p084'>84</a>), and must -have been built before it. Probably the first step -taken in the construction of the Barrier, in every -case, was the erection of the stationary camps.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Vallum cannot now be traced in the immediate -vicinity of the station; but Gordon tells us, that -it came close up to the southern rampart.</p> - -<div id='p280' class='figleft id015'> -<img src='images/i_p280.jpg' alt='West Gateway, Birdoswald, Amboglanna' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The southern gateway may be discerned, though -it is encumbered -with rubbish; -the eastern and -western have recently -been divested -of much -of the matter that -has for ages obscured -them. The -wood-cut, representing -the western -portal, as seen -from the inside, -exhibits the pivot-holes of the gates, and the ruts -worn by the chariots or wagons of the Romans. -The ruts are nearly four feet two inches apart, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>the precise gauge of the chariot marks in the -east gateway at Housesteads. The more perfect -of the pivot-holes exhibits a sort of spiral grooving, -which seems to have been formed with a -view of rendering the gate self-closing. The aperture -in the sill of the doorway, near the lower -jamb, has been made designedly, as a similar vacuity -occurs in the eastern portal; perhaps the object of -it has been to allow of the passage of the surface -water from the station.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The whole area of the camp is marked with the -lines of streets and the ruins of buildings. The -present farm-house occupies, according to Horsley, -the site of the pretorium. On the east side of the -southern gateway are the remains of a kiln for -drying corn; the stones are reddened by fire. Near -the eastern gateway a building, furnished with a -hypocaust, has been partially excavated. From its -ruins a sculptured figure, draped, and in a sitting -posture, has recently been taken. The head and -other highly relieved parts were found to have been -broken off: it remains on the ground.</p> - -<div id='p281' class='figright id013'> -<img src='images/i_p281.jpg' alt='Mural Stone, Leg. VI. V. F.' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>A large altar with an inscription, which is in a -great measure illegible, lies within the walls of the -camp. A stone broken -in two pieces, and which -is preserved on the spot, -bears testimony to the -presence of the sixth -legion here; it may be read, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>LEGIO SEXTA VICTRIX -FIDELIS</span></span>—The Sixth legion the Victorious and Faithful.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>AMBOGLANNA.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>The boldness of the lettering, and the depth and -clearness of the cutting, give reason to suppose that -the inscription is of early date. Besides these, several -centurial stones, mill-stones, and coping-stones, as -well as portions of tile, and fragments of pottery, are -preserved in the farm-house, and yield to the visitor -indubitable proofs of Roman occupation. In draining -the field to the west of the station, many small -altars, without inscriptions, have been found, which -were remorselessly broken, and used with other materials -for filling the drains. Strange, that altars -before which Romans of ‘fierce countenance’ have -bowed, should be put to such a use!</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Imperious Cæsar, dead, and turned to clay,</div> - <div class='line'>Might stop a hole to keep the wind away:</div> - <div class='line'>O, that the earth which kept the world in awe,</div> - <div class='line'>Should patch a wall to expel the winter’s flaw!</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>On the east of the station are extensive and well-defined -marks of suburban buildings.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The accompanying lithograph is taken from the -western side of the station. It well represents the -chilly and somewhat forbidding aspect of this now -nearly deserted place.</p> - -<div id='p282a' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p282a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 50%;">John Storey, Lith.</span></span><br />BIRDOSWALD, WESTERN RAMPART.<br /><span class='small'>Printed by W. Monkhouse, York.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Westward of Birdoswald, the Wall is in an unusually -good state of preservation. Taking into -account, not only the height, but the length of the -fragment, and the completeness of the facing-stones -on both sides, it may be pronounced the finest specimen -of the great structure that now remains. -Some portions of it, however, are beginning to exhibit -evident signs of decrepitude and decay.</p> - -<div id='p283' class='figcenter id018'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span> -<img src='images/i_p283.jpg' alt='Section of Works, Wallbours' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Within a short mile of the station, the remains of -a castellum appear. Here the Vallum exhibits the -unusual feature of a second ditch, as is represented -in the subjoined section.<a id='r125' /><a href='#f125' class='c012'><sup>[125]</sup></a> Hodgson says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Through a bog, about a mile west of <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span>, the -Vallum has had two ditches, probably intended for draining -the military road that ran between them. They are still very -distinct.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A careful examination of the spot induces me to -think, that the additional fortification was intended -to give increased security to a defile, which, running -from the vicinity of the Wall to the bed of the Irthing -below, renders the works in this part more than -usually liable to attack from the south.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE WORKS AT WALLBOURS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>At the western extremity of this extra ditch, -the Wall and Vallum come into close proximity; -the space between them was, with the exception of -room for the military way, occupied by the foundations -of a castellum. The place bears the name of -Wallbours.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Barrier next crosses a small hill called the Pike. -The Vallum is a little below the summit of the eminence, -on its southern side; if this fortification had -been formed irrespective of the Wall, it would -<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>doubtless have been drawn along the top of the -height. The same remark applies to Hare-hill.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The view from the Pike, of the flat and fertile -vale below is truly magnificent.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE WALL AT HARE-HILL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Soon after passing Banks-burn, we arrive at -Hare-hill, where a portion of the Wall stands nine -feet ten inches in height. This is the highest piece -of the Wall that is anywhere to be met with; but, -owing to the smallness of the fragment, and to its -being entirely deprived of facing-stones, it is less -imposing than it would otherwise be. Hutton’s enthusiasm, -however, never fails him; his remark at -Hare-hill is—</p> - -<p class='c014'>I viewed this relick with admiration: I saw no part higher.</p> - -<p class='c000'>At this point of our progress, the antiquary may -be disposed to turn aside for a little, to view two -relics of the mediæval period of great interest—Lanercost -Priory and Naworth Castle. The priory -is a beautiful specimen of the early English style, -and bears architectural evidence of having been -built somewhere between the years 1155 and 1160. -Besides the church, partially in ruins and partially -in repair, the refectory and some portions of the monastic -buildings remain. The whole structure has -been formed of stones taken from the Roman Wall. -In addition to some altars preserved in the crypt of -the church, several centurial and carved stones are -to be seen in the walls of the adjacent buildings.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>NAWORTH CASTLE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Naworth Castle, though still an interesting building, -is destitute of some of the attractions which it once -<span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>possessed. The Roman altars and other primeval -monuments collected by lord William Howard, have -long been dispersed, and a fire in 1844, almost entirely -destroyed the baronial residence of that renowned -border-chief, which, until that event, remained -nearly in the state in which it was in his own day. -The dungeons, however, in which the daring moss-troopers -were immured, remain, and two magnificent -oak trees near the grand entrance still extend -those brawny arms on which, according to tradition, -lord William suspended the victims of his lawless -power. The load of twenty gasping wretches would -not materially weigh down the larger boughs of these -fine trees. That the government of lord William—the -Belted Will of Border tales—was of a vigorous -character, there cannot be a doubt; but that he used -his power capriciously, cruelly, or tyrannically, there -is no evidence. Lord William seems to have sent -the most desperate of his prisoners to Newcastle-upon-Tyne -or Carlisle. They would probably have -as good a chance for life at Belted Will’s tribunal -as at the assizes of either of these towns, if we -may judge of the state of feeling towards them from -North’s Life of Lord-keeper Guildford. His lordship, -then sir Francis North, came to Newcastle, on -the northern circuit, in 1676. His biographer says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The country is yet very sharp upon thieves; and a violent -suspicion, there, is next to conviction. When his lordship -held the assizes at Newcastle, there was one Mungo Noble, -supposed to be a great thief, brought to trial before his lordship, -upon four several indictments; and his lordship was so -<span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>much a south-country judge as not to think any of them well -proved. One was for stealing a horse of a person unknown, -and the evidence amounted to no more than that a horse was -seen feeding upon the heath near his shiel, and none could -tell who was the owner of it. In short the man escaped, -much to the regret of divers gentlemen, who <em>thought he -deserved</em> to be hanged, and that was enough. While the -judge at the trial discoursed of the evidence and its defects, -a Scotch gentleman upon the bench, who was a border commissioner, -made a long neck towards the judge and said—'My -laird, send him to huzz, and ye’s ne'er see him mair.'</p> - -<p class='c000'>On rejoining the Barrier, we find, that though -the line of the Wall, in its course to the Eden, -may yet be distinctly discerned, in very few instances -any portion of the masonry remains.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MONEY-HOLES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The site of a mile-castle nearly opposite Lanercost -Priory, is termed Money-holes, in consequence -of the efforts made to discover some treasure supposed -to be concealed in it. At Crag-hill the -north ditch is very bold. At Hayton-gate, a drove -road, probably an ancient pass, crosses the line of -the Wall from north to south. At Randilands the -north fosse is still well developed. After crossing -the rivulet, called Burtholme-beck, a piece of the -Wall is seen, which stands about seven feet high; -its facing-stones are gone, but the rough pebbly mortar -possesses its original tenacity. As is often the -case, the ruin is tufted with hazel bushes and stunted -specimens of the alder and oak. The Vallum is -about seventy yards to the south of the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Approaching Low-wall,<a id='r126' /><a href='#f126' class='c012'><sup>[126]</sup></a> something like an out-work -<span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>appears on the north side of the Barrier. Has -there been a double line of wall here? After crossing -a road, denominated Friar-wain-gate, which -leads from Bewcastle to Lanercost, we reach another -house called Wall; Roman masons might claim -many of the stones as theirs. At How-gill is a cottage, -where probably a mile-castle stood to defend -the ‘beck,’ In the modern structure may be observed -stones broached in the Roman fashion, and -others variously tooled by Roman hands.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The farm-house of Dove-cote is on the eastern -bank of the King-water. The fosse and the foundation -of the Murus are seen crossing the hill on the -northern side of the summit: the Vallum, which is -indistinctly marked, probably took a corresponding -position on the southern side.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALTON.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The village of Walton, by its very name, bears -testimony to its relationship with the great Barrier-line. -Many of the stones of the Wall may be detected -in its cottages. One of its dwellings furnishes -a good specimen of the mode of cottage-building -formerly prevalent in the North. The rafters of the -house, which consist of large and rudely-shaped -pieces of timber, instead of resting upon the walls, -come down to the ground; they are tied together -near the top by a transverse beam, and the mud -walls, as well as the thatched roof, partially depend -upon them for support. Horsley says, 'at Wal-town -there seems to have been some fortification or -encampment. One side of the square is yet very -visible, and the ramparts pretty large, about eighty -<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>yards long. It is high ground and dry. Perhaps it -has been a summer encampment or exploratory post -for the garrison at Cambeck.'</p> - -<p class='c000'>At Sandysike farm-house the foundation of the -Wall as well as abundant traces of mural vicinage -are to be seen. The barn consists of Roman stones -marked with the diamond-broaching. Several -sculptured stones are built up in the garden-wall; -amongst them is one which displays the thunderbolt -of Jove; the wall-fruit peacefully rests upon -it. Another, exhibiting the wheel of Nemesis, the -emblem of swift justice, and which no doubt once -formed part of an altar to Jupiter, is built into a pig-sty. -A mill-stone of peculiar shape, and closely resembling -one at Naworth Castle, is preserved on the -grounds; it is probably Roman.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>PETRIANA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>PETRIANA, the Cambeck-fort of Horsley, and -the Castle-steads of the locality, is to the south of the -Vallum and Wall. A deep scar separates it from -the lines of the Barrier. The site of the station -may be recognised, but it is long since its ramparts -were overthrown, and the ruined buildings of the -interior entirely obliterated.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Its rich soil and sunny exposure recommended it -to the father of the present proprietor of Walton-house -as a fitting site for a garden, and such it is at -the present day. It has yielded many altars and<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>CAMBECK-FORT.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -sculptured stones, some of which are still preserved -upon the spot, and from time to time the spade still -reveals to the numismatist, treasures, over the loss of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>which, Romans in ancient days may have mourned, -though not in a degree proportioned to their present -value. Wood-cuts of three of the coins which have -been found at Castlesteads are here introduced, as -they commemorate the family of a man whose name -is intimately connected with the Wall. They are in -the cabinet of Robert Bell, esq., of Irthington.</p> - -<div id='p289a' class='figleft id035'> -<img src='images/i_p289a.jpg' alt='Coin of Severus, Julia' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c014'><span class='sc'>Julia</span>, the second wife of Severus, -and the mother of Caracalla and -Geta. Severus, who was a believer -in astrology, on the death of -his first wife, looked out for another -whose nativity was favourable to the ambitious views -which he at that time entertained. He heard of a woman in -Syria whose destiny it was to marry a king, and accordingly -solicited and obtained in marriage Julia Domna.</p> - -<div id='p289b' class='figleft id035'> -<img src='images/i_p289b.jpg' alt='Coin of Caracalla' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c014'><span class='sc'>Bassianus</span>, commonly called -Caracalla. He was created Cæsar -by his father, A.D. 196, when he -took the names of Marcus Aurelius -Antoninus. In A.D. 198, he -was invested with the dignity of Augustus. Amongst his -other titles, he bore the name of Britannicus, as is shewn -on the coin. The engraver of the die from which this coin was -struck, has probably given a correct likeness of his subject; -at least, he has represented an individual who appears capable -of attempting an aged father’s life, and of imbruing his hands -in the blood of a brother. Vengeance at length overtook him.</p> - -<div id='p289c' class='figleft id035'> -<img src='images/i_p289c.jpg' alt='Coin of Geta' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c014'><span class='sc'>Geta</span>, who, together with his -brother Caracalla, accompanied -his father to Britain. He was -murdered by Caracalla A.D. 212.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The finest of the altars, standing in the garden of -Walton-house, is here engraved. The thunderbolt -<span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>of Jupiter adorns one side of it, the wheel of -Nemesis the other. The inscription has been read -by Mr. Thomas Hodgson, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -in the following way, after a careful and learned -examination of it, and kindred inscriptions.</p> - -<div id='p290' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p290.jpg' alt='Altar to Jupiter, Coh. II. Tungr.' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">COH[ORS] SECVNDA TVNGR[ORVM]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">M[ILLIARIA] EQ[ITATA] C[IVIVM] L[ATINORVM] CVI</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PRAEEST ALB[VS]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">SEVERVS PR-</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">AEF[ECTVS] TVNG[RORVM] IN-</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">STA[NTE] VIC[TORE] SEVRO</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PRINCIPI</span></div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>To Jupiter, the best and greatest,</div> - <div class='line'>The second cohort of the Tungrians,</div> - <div class='line'>A milliary <em>regiment</em>, having a proportionate supply of horse, <em>and consisting of</em> citizens of Latium,</div> - <div class='line'>Commanded by Albus</div> - <div class='line'>Severus, pre-</div> - <div class='line'>fect of the Tungrians, <em>erects this</em>;</div> - <div class='line'>The work being superintended by Victor Sevrus (or Severus), the princeps.<a id='r127' /><a href='#f127' class='c012'><sup>[127]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>PETRIANA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The Notitia places the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ala Petriana,’</span> under a prefect, -at <span class='sc'>Petriana</span>. Although two inscriptions belonging -to this place mention the second cohort of -the Tungri, none have been found here which name -the Ala Petriana. It is possible that this cohort -may have been a part of the Ala Petriana, but until -this point be settled, or some further light thrown -upon the subject, the occurrence of Cambeck-fort<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>CAMBECK-FORT.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -next in order to <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span>, must be regarded as the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>best evidence of its being the <span class='sc'>Petriana</span> of the Notitia.</p> - -<div id='p292' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p292.jpg' alt='View of Pigeon Crag' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>WRITTEN-ROCK OF GELT.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Before crossing the Cambeck-water it may be well -to remind the reader, that the river Gelt, on whose -rocky banks the Roman quarrymen have left lettered -memorials of their toil, is about four miles to the -south of this place. With the view of clearly displaying -the inscription, which has frequently been -inaccurately engraved, the lithograph opposite to page -81, has been drawn to a scale which precludes the -possibility of shewing the height of the cliff. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>adjoining wood-cut partly supplies this deficiency; -it exhibits another inscription, not of a very intelligible.<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>PIGEON-CRAG.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -character, on the Pigeon-crag, which is a -little higher up the water, and shews the general -character of the scenery on this beautiful stream.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The distance of these quarries on the Gelt, from the -line of the Barrier, renders it very questionable -whether large supplies were derived from them for -the Wall. Hodgson remarks—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The quarry at Helbeck-scar (the Written-rock) might serve -for the largest stones for part of the Murus, and the stations -at Brampton-old-church, and Walton-castlesteads; for the -general purpose of the Murus, stone, however, could be got in -places much nearer than Helbeck-scar.</p> - -<p class='c000'>At the quarries of High and Low Breaks, about a -mile and a half north of the Wall, there are marks of -extensive ancient workings; the quarries are still in -use and yield stone of good quality.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Written-rock will not be easily found by a -stranger, but directions and assistance may generally -be obtained from the workmen employed upon a -modern quarry, which is not far from the spot.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>HEADSWOOD.</div> -<p class='c000'>We now rejoin the Barrier. The passage of the -Cambeck-water seems to have been guarded with -some care. On the eastern margin of the stream, -to the north of the Wall, is an earth-work raised a -little above the general level of the surface, which -here is somewhat depressed. Stones, which do not -appear in the contiguous parts, lie scattered about -the place. These circumstances seem to favour the -idea of there having been some additional fortification -<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>in this part. The western bank of the stream -consists of a bold breastwork of red-sandstone, rising -about fifty feet above the level of the water. The -fosse of the Wall has been deeply cut into this rock; -it still remains in a state of great perfection. The -old drove-road between Newcastle and Carlisle, -which, for some distance west of this, runs upon the -site of the Wall, or close by it, here avails itself -of the fosse as a means of climbing the bank. The -ditch of the Vallum is also discernible. The farm-house -of Beck is partially constructed of Roman -stones, and on the east side of the rivulet of Beck -a few stones of the Wall are in their original situation. -Headswood, as its name implies, occupies a -commanding position. The ditch of the Vallum is -at this place peculiarly bold, and is about thirty-five -yards distant from the Wall. The fosse of the Wall -<span id='p294' class='figleft id013'><img src='images/i_p294.jpg' alt='Mural Stone, Leg. II. Aug.' class='ig001' /></span>bends round an object which has the appearance -of being an additional fortification outside the Wall. -At the west end of Newtown-of-Irthington are the -remains of a large mile-castle; the stones still lie in -confusion upon the site. The stone represented in -the margin was found at -this place. We next come -to White-flat, where the -rubble of the foundation of -the Wall is very discernible -and the ditch very deep. Hurtleton (the town -of strife) is next reached; both lines of fosse are distinct -and in close contiguity.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the corner of a field, called Chapel-field, there are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>evident signs of a mile-castle; the plough, however, -has been drawn over the site. The two works, -which between White-flat and this point have approached -each other very closely, now quickly diverge, -the Wall bending to the north.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>IRTHINGTON.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The village of Irthington is a little to the south of -the Barrier. Here formerly stood one of the strongholds -of the powerful Norman family of De Vallibus; -the building is now entirely removed, its site being -occupied by the Nook, the residence of Robert Bell, -esq. The foundations of some of its walls have recently -been exposed. The keep probably occupied a -lofty earthen mound which is now crowned with -thriving trees. The parish church has recently -been renewed with much skill and taste. The old -fabric was entirely built of Roman wall-stones. -In the course of its restoration, a striking proof of -the disturbed state of the border district in the -middle ages was disclosed; a number of skeletons, -confusedly thrown together, being found buried within -its area. The church, originally a Transition-Norman -building, had evidently at some period after -its erection, been contracted in its dimensions by -the rejection of the side aisles. The outer walls -consisted of the original columns of the aisles, filled -up very roughly with common rubble. The columns -bore decided marks of fire. The neighbouring -parish church of Kirklinton, which has also been -recently rebuilt, exhibited similar appearances. On -taking down the old tower, which was a fortified -stronghold, the bony remnants of upwards of sixty -bodies were found in a space of not more than five -<span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>yards square; others were found in confused masses -in other parts. <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>BORDER STRIFE.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> The probable explanation of these circumstances -is this:—After the battle of Bannockburn, -the Scottish forces, flushed with success, entered -England, and the inhabitants, unable to withstand -them, fled to the churches for protection. But neither -the strength of the buildings nor their supposed -sanctity could yield them effectual succour; the -miserable people were slain, and their bodies -left among the smouldering ruins. Those of their -countrymen who escaped, buried them in a hasty -manner upon the spot. When the desolated district -had recovered energy enough to repair the -churches, its utmost efforts were barely sufficient -to enclose those parts which had, by their solidity, -withstood the fire; and the reduced population required -nothing more.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The coins of Edw.I. and II. are comparatively abundant -in this district, the armies of that monarch and -his immediate successors, frequently taking the -western route, in their marches to and from Scotland.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Rejoining the Wall, we meet, when within a quarter -of a mile of Old-wall, with the site of a mile-castle. -The ruins of the building slightly raise it -above the general level, and prevent the plough -biting into it. The road formerly deviated from its -track to go round it. An altar, an urn, and several -coins of Edward I., have been found in it. In the -buildings at Old-wall, many Roman stones will be -noticed, and the earth-works of both lines of the -Barrier may be traced. The Wall is entirely uprooted; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>upwards of six hundred cart-loads of stones, -within the recollection of the inhabitants, have been -taken from it in this immediate vicinity.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Between this point and Stanwix, the works may -be traced with tolerable satisfaction, an ancient -drove-road running upon the site of the Wall for -the greater part of the way.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BLEATARN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>At Bleatarn (blue tarn or lake), on the south side -of the Wall, is a mound of earth resembling an -elongated barrow; between this earth-work and the -Wall, is a marshy hollow, which is said to have formerly -been the bed of a lake or tarn. The Vallum -takes a sweep to avoid this morass, and at its greatest -distance is removed from the Wall about two -hundred and twenty yards.</p> - -<p class='c000'>About half-a-mile south from Bleatarn, is the site of -a Roman camp, which Horsley conceived to be one of -the stations <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per lineam Valli</em></span>; it is now called Watch-cross. -If it be a station of this class, and if the order -in which the stations are arranged in the Notitia -exactly corresponds with their consecutive positions -in reality, the name of it was <span class='sc'>Aballaba</span>, which was -garrisoned by a <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>numerus</em></span> or troop of Moors, under a -prefect. There is, however, reason to doubt whether -this was a stationary camp at all, as will presently -appear.</p> - -<p class='c000'>As already remarked, no inscribed stones have -been found to identify any of the stations west of <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span> -with the list given in the Notitia. Even -though this difficulty respecting Watch-cross had -not occurred, to go on appropriating the names of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>the Notitia, station after station, guided solely by -the slender thread of the order of their succession, -would be a hazardous undertaking, and is rendered -still more so by the uncertainty existing as to those -which are, and which are not, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>stationes per lineam -Valli</em></span>. In our journey from this point westward, -the stations will, therefore, be designated by their -modern names; when the Latin names are added, it -is to be understood that they are conjectural.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>WATCH-CROSS.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>WATCH-CROSS.</em>—Horsley gives the following -account of this station:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>A little detached from the wall, to the south, is a Roman -fort, of about four chains and an half square, called Watch-cross; -and as I was assured by the country people, and have -had it since further confirmed, a military way has gone near it, or -between it and the military way belonging to the Wall; for -they often plough up paving stones here, and think part of the -highway to Brampton to be upon it. This is the least station -on the line of the Wall, and is as usual, plundered of its stones, -as that at Burgh and Drumburgh. However, the ramparts -and ditches are very fair and visible.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The common on which it stood having been enclosed -about seventy years ago, and brought into -cultivation, all traces of the camp have been obliterated. -On a careful examination of its site, I failed -to discover any fragments of Roman pottery, or -other marks of Roman occupation. In those parts -of Cumberland where the soil is not naturally stony, -the site of a mile-castle or station, which has been -brought into cultivation, may often be distinguished -by the occurrence in that particular spot of numerous -fragments of freestone. No such appearance here -<span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>presents itself. The person who farms the ground -says it is of better quality than the surrounding land; -still, it does not seem to possess the peculiar fertility -of a spot that has at any period for a length of time -been the resort of a crowded population. Hutchinson -describes ‘the whole ground-plot’ as being covered, -in his day, ‘with a low growth of heath;’ the sites -of all the other cities of the Wall are too replete with -animal remains to yield, even unaided by cultivation, -so coarse a product. I am therefore strongly disposed -to think, with Hodgson, that it was a mere summer -encampment. The spot has been well chosen; -for, though not greatly elevated, it has an extensive -prospect. Horsley himself had some doubts of -the propriety of admitting it into the rank of a stationary -camp, ‘by reason of its being so small, -and having no remains of stone walls.’ The distance, -however, between Cambeck-fort and Stanwix, which -is rather greater than that between any other two -stations, induced him to give it this position.</p> - -<p class='c000'>From Bleatarn the antiquary will, with some care, -be able to trace the Barrier by Wall-head, Walby, -and Wall-foot, to Tarraby. From this village to -Stanwix, a rural road runs upon the foundations of -the Wall; the ditch on its north side, which within -living memory was very boldly marked, although -partially filled up is yet distinctly traceable.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>STANWIX.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>STANWIX.</em>—The church and church-yard of -Stanwix occupy the site of the station which guarded -the northern bank of the Eden. Recent explorations -have displayed distinct remains of ancient -<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>edifices. In pulling down the old church, to make -way for the present structure, a very fine figure of -Victory, somewhat mutilated, was disclosed, which is -now in the museum at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The -name of the place indicates, that whilst the dwellings -in the vicinity were made of clay, as many of -them are yet, by reason of the plunder of the Roman -station, it could boast of being a <em>town of stones</em>. -The situation is one of great beauty. To the east, at -a considerable distance, the Nine-nicks of Thirlwall -rear their rugged peaks; and to the south and south-west, -appear the beautiful grounds of Rickerby-house, -the river Eden permeating a rich and well-cultivated -country, the ancient city of Carlisle crowned -with its venerable cathedral, and the long vista -of country terminating in the Cumbrian mountains.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Between the station and the north bank of the -river Eden, the fosse of the Wall is distinctly -marked, and a hollowed line, formed by the excavation -of the foundation of the Wall itself, shews its -track to the water’s edge, near to the Hyssop-holme-well. -We are told by Camden—</p> - -<p class='c014'>That the Wall passed the river over against the castle—where -in the very channel, the remains of it, namely, the great -stones, appear to this day.</p> - -<p class='c000'>That the Wall, on the other side of the river, -clambered up that part of the castle-bank which projects -most boldly forward, is rendered probable by -the appearance of masonry, resembling its foundations, -beneath the grassy surface. At this point, however, -we lose all trace of the great structure until we -<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>get beyond the boundaries of the famous Border city -of the West.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CARLISLE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>All antiquaries agree that Carlisle is the <span class='sc'>Luguvallium</span> -of the Romans. It is not improbable that -it was one of Agricola’s forts. It is not named in -the list of the stations <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per lineam Valli</em></span> given in the -Notitia. The Notitia mentions only the forts having -separate garrisons, and it is probable that after the -erection of the camp at Stanwix, <span class='sc'>Luguvallium</span> became -subordinate to that camp, and had no distinct -garrison, which will account for its omission.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Whitaker says <span class='sc'>Luguvallium</span> signifies, in the ancient -Celtic, the fort upon the Waters.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Extensive remains of the ancient city lie beneath -the modern Carlisle; seldom is the ground penetrated -to any considerable depth without disclosing -ancient masonry, Samian ware, and Roman coins.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Carlisle contains two interesting structures of the -mediæval period—the castle and the cathedral. The -keep of the castle is a good specimen of the Norman -donjon, though some parts of it have been modernized. -On the walls and door of one of its chambers, -used as a prison in the ‘Fifteen’ and the ‘Forty-five,’ -are to be seen the coats of arms, the devices, and marks -of the ‘sorrowful sighings,’ of the unhappy rebels, who -beguiled their wretched hours in carving them. The -cathedral exhibits some interesting specimens of the -Norman as well as later styles. Its east window, -which is of the decorated period, is the finest in the -kingdom, with the exception, perhaps, of the west -window at York.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>About a quarter of a mile beyond the canal basin, -and nearly midway between the canal and the river, -the track of the Wall may again be discerned. Owing -to the difficulty of entirely uprooting it, its foundations -have been suffered to remain; they form a cart-road -which is used for farm purposes. A little farther -on, the plough has won the day, and a uniform -green sward or luxuriant harvest baffles our research.</p> - -<div id='p302' class='figcenter id023'> -<img src='images/i_p302.jpg' alt='Altar—ob res trans vallum prospere gestas' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>KIRK-ANDREWS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A turf-covered mound on the east side of the -church of Kirk-andrews, is occasioned by a portion -of the ruins of the Wall. In the village is preserved -the altar of which the wood-cut gives a representation. -It was found at Kirk-steads, about a mile -south of the Wall, and bears marks of having been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>cut down to suit the purpose of some comparatively -modern builder. The focus of the altar is unusually -large; the boldness of the lettering indicates an -early date. It may be read—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>L[VCIVS] IVNIVS VIC-</div> - <div class='line'>TORINVS ET (?)</div> - <div class='line'>C[AIVS] AELIANVS LEG[ATI]</div> - <div class='line'>AUG[VSTALES] LEG[IONIS] VI VIC[TRICIS]</div> - <div class='line'>P[IÆ] F[IDELIS] OB RES TRANS</div> - <div class='line'>VALLVM PRO-</div> - <div class='line'>SPERE GESTAS.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Lucius Junius Vic-</div> - <div class='line'>torinus, and</div> - <div class='line'>Caius Ælianus, Augustal legates</div> - <div class='line'>Of the sixth legion, victorious,</div> - <div class='line'>Pious, and faithful, on account of achievements beyond</div> - <div class='line'>The Wall pros-</div> - <div class='line'>perously performed.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>This is a vivid memorial of deeds of common occurrence -during the period of Roman occupation. -The original possessors of the isthmus, driven from -their homes, and forced to seek an asylum in the -hills to the north of the Wall, would be accounted -the lawful prey of the aggressor.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The gates of mercy shall be all shut up;</div> - <div class='line'>And the fleshed soldier,—rough and hard of heart,—</div> - <div class='line'>In liberty of bloody hand, shall range</div> - <div class='line'>With conscience wide as hell; mowing like grass</div> - <div class='line'>Your fresh fair virgins and your flowering infants.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Whilst the Roman warrior gloated over his success, -and feasted, and thanked his gods, and recorded -his exploits on the votive stone, the routed remnants -<span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>of the Caledonian bands would mourn over their -slaughtered comrades and desolated home-steads.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The great scarcity of stone in the western part -of Cumberland has rendered the Wall a valuable -quarry to the inhabitants from time immemorial. In -our future progress we shall see little of it, except -in the buildings contiguous to its site. The heart -of the antiquary will, however, occasionally be gladdened -by the recognition of the lines of the earth-works—their -slightly elevated mounds appearing to -his eager gaze scarcely less beautiful than the moulded -forms produced by the genius of the sculptor, -in districts more rich than this, in the remains of -antiquity.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Vallum appears to have gone nearly due west, -along the valley, from Kirk-andrews to Burgh; the -Wall proceeds, after its usual manner, from eminence -to eminence.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BURGH-UPON-SANDS.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>BURGH-UPON-SANDS</em> is the next station. -In Horsley’s day the remains of its ramparts were -to be seen at a place called the Old-castle, a little to -the east of the church. He says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the west side these remains are most distinct, being -about six chains in length. And Severus’s Wall seems to -have formed the north rampart of the station. I was assured -by the person to whom the field belonged, that stones were -often ploughed up in it, and lime with the stones. Urns have -also frequently been found here. I saw, besides an imperfect -inscription, two Roman altars lying at a door in the town, -but neither sculptures nor inscriptions are now visible upon -them. ...... If besides all this, we consider the distance from -the last station at Stanwix, I think it can admit of no doubt -<span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>but there must have been a station here, though most of its -ramparts are now levelled, the field having been in tillage -many years. I shall only further add, that it was very proper -to have a station at each end of the marsh, which, if the water -flowed as high as some believe, would make a kind of bay.</p> - -<p class='c000'>At present, little meets the eye of the inquirer, to -inform him of the spot where the station stood, but -when the surface of the ground is broken, the traces -of a Roman city are still sufficiently distinct. The -church-yard is filled with fragments of red sandstone -blocks. At the depth of two feet, it contains -several distinct lines of foundations. Entire ‘lachrymatory’ -vessels and fragments of unglazed jars and -urns have repeatedly been dug up. A small bronze -figure was recently found. When the canal was cut, -blocks of stone, blackened by smoke, were dug out -of the soil to the south-east of the church.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A few inscribed stones have been found since Horsley’s -day, but none of them name the cohort which was -stationed in the camp. Hence we have no means of -knowing whether Watch-cross has been rightly -thrown out of the list of ‘stations along the line,’ and -whether Burgh is, as Horsley states it to be, the -<span class='sc'>Axelodunum</span> of the Notitia, or <span class='sc'>Congavata</span>, according -to the opinion of Hodgson.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the absence of more decided remains of the camp -or Wall, an examination of the church of this long -straggling town will reward the attention of the antiquary. -It is a good specimen of the fortified Border -churches. It has served the threefold purpose -of a church, a fortress, and a prison.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>In case of an inroad from the Scottish coast, the cattle appear -to have been shut up in the body of the church, and the -inhabitants to have had recourse to the large embattled -tower at its western end. The only entrance to this tower -is from the inside of the church, and it is secured by a ponderous -iron door, fastening with two large bolts. The walls of -the tower are seven feet thick. Its lowest apartment is a vaulted -chamber, lighted by three arrow-slits. At the south angle is -a spiral stone staircase, leading to two upper chambers.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Many of the stones of which the church is built, -are Roman, and exhibit reticulated tooling.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>KING EDWARD’S MONUMENT.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Near to Burgh is the site on which the castle -of sir Hugh de Morville, one of the murderers -of Thomas à Becket, formerly stood. The adjoining -field is called—‘Hang-man-tree,’ doubtless -because my lord had his gallows here, always ready -for use. A neighbouring enclosure bears a designation -not less ominous—‘Spill-blood-holm.’ But the -most interesting historical memorial which the -neighbourhood of Burgh affords, is the monument to -king Edward I., which stands on the marsh.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Longshanks had marshalled his army: his numerous host -lay encamped upon the sandy flat on the north of the town: -the waters of the Solway alone separated him from the objects -of his vengeance. Here the mighty Edward was called to -enter into conflict with an enemy whom he had often braved on -the battle-field, but who was now to approach him by a new -method of assault. In this struggle, his valour availed him -nothing, his chivalrous hosts could yield him no aid, and no -devoted Eleanor was there to abstract from his veins the subtle -poison which the king of terrors had infused. On Burgh-marsh -the ‘ruthless king’ breathed his last. A monument, represented -in the vignette at the close of this part, marks the spot.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>TOWER OF REPENTANCE.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>Another structure, on the opposite side of the -Firth, may be noticed by the traveller. The history -of the ‘Tower of Repentance’ is strikingly illustrative -of the disordered state of society in this -district before the union of the two kingdoms.</p> - -<p class='c014'>A chieftain from the northern side having made a successful -inroad into the English border, was crossing the Solway -on his return, laden with booty, when a sudden storm arose. -In order to lighten his labouring vessel, he threw his prisoners -overboard in preference to the cattle which he had stolen. -The danger past, he was smitten with remorse. In order to -make such amends as he could, he built a beacon-tower which -overlooks the Solway, and to this day is called the Tower of -Repentance. Tradition avers that the penitent himself carried -all the stones used in its erection to the top of the hill. It -is not far from the town of Ecclefechan.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In passing along the village of Burgh, the observing -visitor will notice the large number of boulder-stones, -some of them half a ton in weight, which -are strewed over the ground; several of them have -been used in forming the foundations of the cottages. -They are of granite, and in some distant age have -been wrenched from the summit of Criffel, the hill -which lends so much beauty to the landscape on the -northern side of the Solway.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the western side of the village of Dykesfield, -which we next encounter, is a common that contains -several earthen ramparts and temporary camps.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Between Dykesfield and the next station, Drumburgh, -an extensive marsh occurs, which even now is -occasionally overflowed by the waters of the Solway. -Hodgson inclines to the belief, that the Wall -<span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span>ran directly across it. Horsley, however, took a -different view of the subject.</p> - -<p class='c014'>From hence to Drumburgh Castle no vestige of the Wall -is to be seen; though I think it certain that the Wall did -not pass through the marsh, but by Boustead-hill and Easton, -for both tradition and matter of fact favour this course of it. -The country people often strike upon the Wall, and could tell -exactly several places through which, by this means, they -knew it had passed, and always by the side of the marsh. -Besides it is no way reasonable to suppose that the Romans -would build their Wall within tide-mark.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>EASTON-MARSH.</div> - -<p class='c000'>After careful inquiry, I am disposed to adopt -Horsley’s view; even now, stones which appear to be -Wall-stones, are turned up by the operations of the -husbandmen in the line which the Wall is supposed -to have taken by Boustead and Easton. It need -not be a subject of surprise, that the Wall in this -district has been so thoroughly removed, as there -is no quarry within a convenient distance, and the -Wall, therefore, has been the source from which the -inhabitants of the country have drawn their supply -of building stones. The Romans seem to have gone -to Howrigg quarry, which is not less than eight -miles south of the Barrier, for their facing-stones; -those which they used for the interior of the Wall -correspond in character with the proceeds of Stone-pot-scar, -a quarry on the north shore of the Solway.</p> - -<p class='c000'>We must now part company with the Vallum. -This wonderful earth-work, which has outlived the -accidents of seventeen centuries, and which we have -traced, with but few interruptions, from the modern -representative of <span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span> to this point, is not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>observed going beyond it. As the Vallum falls -short of the Wall at its eastern extremity by about -four miles, so it does at its western. Horsley, who -wrote more than a century ago, and who, consequently, -had better opportunities of judging than -we can now have, says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Whether Hadrian’s work (the Vallum) has been continued -any further than this marsh, or to the water-side beyond -Drumburgh, is doubtful. But I am pretty confident that it -was not carried on so far as the Wall of Severus at this end, -any more than at the other. And I can by no means yield to -Mr. Gordon’s sentiments, that the one, for a good space at -each end, was built upon the foundation of the other. However, -it is certain that from the side of the marsh to the west -end of the Wall there is no appearance of Hadrian’s work, or -any thing belonging to it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>DRUMBURGH.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>DRUMBURGH</em> contains distinct remains of a -small stationary camp. This, if Watch-cross be rejected, -was the sixteenth station of the Wall, and -consequently, the <span class='sc'>Axelodunum</span> of the Notitia, which -was garrisoned by the first cohort of the Spaniards. -The camp is on the grounds of Richard Lawson, esq. -The ramparts are well defined, as well as the ditch -which surrounds them. The whole area is covered -with a luxuriant sward, and its northern margin is -shaded by some thriving ash-trees. No portion of -the Wall remains in its vicinity, but its present proprietor -remembers witnessing the removal of the -foundation. The northern rampart of the station -did not come up to the Wall, but was removed a -few yards from it; probably the military way ran -between the station and the Wall. The station at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>Barr-hill, on the Antonine Wall, is similarly situated.</p> - -<p class='c000'>South of the station is a well, enclosed by a circular -wall of Roman masonry. It is still in use, -though the water is drawn from it by a pump.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The mediæval castle, of which there are considerable -remains, is a very fine specimen of the ancient -fortified manor-house. It is built of Roman stones. -Extensive alterations were made upon it in the reign -of Henry VIII. The habitable part of it is now -occupied as a farm-house.</p> - -<p class='c004'>The tranquillity of this region was not always what -it now is.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Standing on the northern rampart of the station, Mr. Lawson, -the aged proprietor, directed the attention of the Pilgrim-party -of 1849 to a small cottage on the opposite shore. -‘There,’ said he, ‘lived a Scottish reaver, who in the days of my -grandfather made, on nineteen successive Easter-eves, a -successful foray on the English side. A twentieth time he -prepared to go; his family remonstrated, he however persisted, -saying that this should be his last attempt. Our -people were prepared for him and slew him.’ Some of -the party asked ‘what notice did the law take of the transaction?’ -'None; the law which could not protect a man, would -not punish him for taking the law into his own hands.'</p> - -<p class='c000'>Now, nearly arrived at the western extremity of -the great Barrier, we meet with but few traces of its -characteristic masonry; enough, however, remains -to lure us pleasantly to our journey’s end.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In cutting the canal from Carlisle to the Solway -Firth, in 1823, a prostrate forest of oak was discovered, -which belonged to an age anterior to that of -Hadrian. The engineer of the canal says—</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>PRIMEVAL FOREST.</div> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>A subterraneous forest was cut through in the excavation -of the canal, near the banks of the Solway Firth, about half a -mile north-west of the village of Glasson, and extending into -Kirklands. The trees were all prostrate, and they had fallen, -with little deviation, in a northerly direction, or a little eastward -of it.—Some short trunks, of two or three feet in height, -were in the position of their natural growth; but although -the trees, with the exception of their alburnum and all the -branches, were perfectly sound, yet the extremity of the -trunks, whether fallen or standing, were so rugged, that it was -not discoverable whether the trees had been cut down, or had -fallen by a violent storm. The level upon which the trunks -lay, was a little below that of high tides, and from eight to -ten feet below the surface of the ground they were embedded -in; which, excepting the superficial soil, is a soft blue clay, -having the appearance of marine alluvion.... Although -the precise period when this forest fell is not ascertainable, -there is a positive proof that it must have been long prior to -the building of the Wall because the foundations of the Wall -passed obliquely over it, and lay three or four feet above the -level of the trees.—<cite>Arch. Æl.</cite> ii. 117.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The forest extends over a considerable tract of -ground. It is probable that it was overthrown by a -tempest from the south or south-west, at a time -when the sea occupied a lower level than it does at -present. The wood was so sound, that it was used -in common with other oak timber in forming the -jetties at the outlet of the canal into the Solway -Firth. The president’s chair of the Society of Antiquaries, -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is formed of it.</p> - -<p class='c004'>At Port-Carlisle is a mound resembling an ancient -British barrow, called Fisher’s-cross. About half-a-mile -to the westward of it is another which has -been somewhat encroached upon by the road that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>runs along the margin of the Solway, and is denominated -Knock’s-cross. The proverb is common -throughout Cumberland, 'As old as Knock’s-cross.'</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the front of the Steam-packet hotel, Port-Carlisle, -is built up the fragment of a small Roman altar, bearing -the inscription, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>SVIS MATRIBVS</span></span>. It is one of the -numerous instances that we meet with, along the line -of the Wall, of altars dedicated to the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Deæ Matres</em></span>.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>BOWNESS.</div> -<p class='c000'>Between Port-Carlisle and Bowness, the site of -the Wall may be traced nearly the whole way; not -unfrequently the foundations of it and its fosse may -be discerned. In one place some large stones resembling -those used in forming the gateways of the -mile-castles will be noticed. In Brand’s day some -considerable portions of the Wall remained, between -these points. He says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>About three quarters of a mile to the east of Bowness, -some fragments of Severus’ Wall remain, of a great height; -on measuring one of them, we found it to be about eight feet -high; it was bound and overgrown with ivy in a most -picturesque manner. The facing-stones on both sides have -been taken away.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On my first visit to Bowness, I saw a portion of -it as Hodgson describes it—</p> - -<p class='c014'>It is six feet high. Its rugged and weathered core, still -hard as a rock, is thickly bearded with sloe-thorn and hazel, -and mantled below with ivy and honey-suckle.</p> - -<p class='c000'>This interesting object has been entirely removed, -which is the more to be regretted, as no advantage -has been gained by its destruction; it served as a -fence between two fields.</p> - -<div id='p312b' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p312b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>H. Burdon Richardson, Delt.<span style="margin-left: 50%;">John Storey Lith.</span></span><br />BOWNESS.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>TERMINATION OF THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span><em>BOWNESS</em> is the name of the low, bow-shaped -ness, or peninsula, at the extreme point of the left -bank of the Solway Firth. It is slightly elevated above -the surrounding country, as is plainly seen when it -is viewed from a distance. A little to the east of -the site of the station, the Solway is easily fordable -at low water; but no one, in the memory of the inhabitants -of these parts, has forded the estuary westward -of the town. This circumstance would render -Bowness a fit place at which to terminate the -Barrier Wall. With difficulty the antiquary detects -some slight traces of the walls of the station, its -southern lines near the church being those which -are most apparent. No quarry being within several -miles of the spot, the Wall and station have furnished -the materials of which the church and most of the -habitations of the town are composed. A small altar -built up in the front of a barn in the principal street, -has an inscription importing that it was dedicated to -Jupiter the best and greatest, by Sulpicius Secundianus, -the tribune of the cohort for the safety of our -lords, the emperors Galbus and Volusianus.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Bowness may be the <span class='sc'>Gabrosentum</span> of the Notitia; -Horsley reckoning Watch-cross among the stations of -the line, conceives it to be <span class='sc'>Tunnocelum</span>.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Over that beautiful expanse of waters bounded by -the Criffel and other Dumfriesshire hills, which we -see from the somewhat elevated beach that has -formed the northern margin of the station, the eye -of the Roman sentinel must often have listlessly -rolled, as he paced his tedious hours away. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>memory of Roman and Caledonian feuds gives to the -picture, as we now behold it, a charm enhanced -by contrast with the state of things which existed -in ancient days. <span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>CHANGE OF TIMES.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span>The hills have the aspect -which they formerly bore, the waters of the -Solway ebb and flow as they were wont, the same -clear sky spans the vault of heaven which was outstretched -in Roman days;—but then, the occupants -of the opposite shores scowled upon each other with -deadly hate, and planned the means of mutual -slaughter. Stealthily they cast the net and threw -the leister into the margin of the sea, or when they -openly appeared upon the waters, it was in galleys -armed for sanguinary aggression;—now, with each -returning tide, the fisherman plies his peaceful trade, -fearless of harm, and the inhabitants of both the -northern and the southern shore hail each other -as friends and fellow-countrymen.</p> - -<div id='p314' class='figcenter id018'> -<img src='images/i_p314.jpg' alt='Monument to Edward I.' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id005'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span> -<img src='images/i_p315.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">The Roman Barrier of the</span></span></div> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">Lower Isthmus.</span></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'>PART IV <br /> <span class='small'>THE SUPPORTING STATIONS OF THE WALL.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c004'><a id='p315b'></a></p> -<div class='c000'> - <img class='drop-capi' src='images/i_p315b.jpg' width='300' alt='' /> -</div><p class='drop-capi_8'> -Altho’ we have now traversed the -line of the mural Barrier -from one extremity to -the other, and -examined all -the camps that -lie upon its -track, we have -met with but -seventeen or -eighteen of the -twenty-three -that are mentioned -in the Notitia as stations <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>per lineam Valli</em></span>. -According to Horsley, five remain to be accounted -for, and according to Hodgson, who rejects Watch-cross, -six. These must be sought for among the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>stations which support the great Barrier on its northern -or southern side. As the names of the camps -north of the Wall have been ascertained by independent -authority, and as they do not correspond<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>SECONDARY FORTS OF THE NOTITIA.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -with those of the remaining stations of the Notitia, -it is agreed on all hands, that the list is to be completed -from among the fortified places which support -the Barrier on the south. Without dwelling upon -the reasons which have guided the conjectures, (for -they are but conjectures at the best), of the great -author of the Britannia Romana, and other antiquaries, -in appropriating the remaining names supplied -by the Notitia, it may be sufficient to say, that as the -primary stations, so far as they have been ascertained, -are found to be arranged in that document -in regular consecutive order, beginning at the eastern -extremity of the line, it is conceived to be highly -probable that a similar course has been pursued -with the secondary camps. If, therefore, we -could correctly ascertain which, of all the camps that -dot the country in the southern vicinage of the Wall, -are mural stations, we might, with tolerable plausibility, -bestow upon them in their order the remaining -names of the Notitia roll. But this is a task -of great difficulty, and considerable uncertainty must -necessarily attend the appropriation of the names -upon this principle.</p> - -<p class='c000'>An examination of the forts themselves, however, -on both sides of the Wall, is a task equally easy and -instructive, and it is one which is essential to a correct -estimate of the strength of the principal fortification—the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>Wall. Sir John Clark must have altogether -overlooked the existence of these supporting -stations, when he wrote in the following strain to -his friend Gale:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>After all, I cannot but take notice of two things with regard -to the Wall, that have given me great matter of speculation. -The first is, why it was made at all, for it could never -be a proper defence, and perhaps at Bowness less than at any -other place, since our barbarian forefathers on the north side -could pass over at low water, and if the sea was higher or -deeper than it is now, could make their attacks from the -north-east side by land.—The second is, why the Scots historians, -vain enough by nature, have not taken more pains to -describe the Wall, a performance which did their ancestors -more honour than all the trifling stories put together which -they have transmitted to us. It is true the Romans walled -out humanity from us; but it is as certain they thought the -Caledonians a very formidable people, when they at so much -labour and cost built this Wall; as before they had made a -Vallum between the Forth and the Clyde.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE BARRIER NOT A NAKED WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The Romans did not oppose to the enemy a single -line of fortification only, which, by some casual negligence -on their part, or a sudden exertion of desperate -bravery on the side of their antagonists, -might in a moment be rendered useless. In addition -to the Wall, stationary camps were planted -along its whole course, at a few miles distance from it, -both to the north and the south; so that, in reality, -a triple line of fortresses was opposed to the passage -of an enemy from either quarter. These subsidiary -stations were connected with the garrisons on the -Wall, and to some extent with each other, by good -roads. In maintaining a surveillance over an enemy, -whether to the north or the south of the chief member -<span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span>of the fortification, in furnishing a secure retreat -for the soldiery when venturing beyond their line, -and in stemming the first shock of an onset, the importance -of the out-stations cannot be over-rated.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE SUPPORTING FORTS OF DIFFERENT ERAS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not contended that all the stations which are -immediately on the north and south of the Wall were -erected with the express view of supporting it. Several -of them doubtless were, but others, there is -reason to believe, were made by Agricola, before the -Wall was projected or thought of. All that is necessary -for us to admit is, that they contributed -materially to the strength of the main structure, and -as such, formed an important element in the calculations -of the engineer of the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In taking a cursory survey of the supporting stations -of the line, it may be well, first, to examine -those which defended its eastern extremity: next, -those which are upon Watling-street—the great -channel of communication between the northern and -southern sections of Britain on the east side of the -summit level: afterwards, those which are on the -Maiden-way—the road on the west of the summit -level: and reserve to the last, the important stations -which strengthened the works on the northern and -southern shores of the Solway.</p> - -<p class='c004'><em>TYNEMOUTH.</em>—The Castle and Priory stand -upon a peninsula so strong and so easily defended, -that it could not have escaped the attention either of -the aboriginal Britons or the Romans. The altar, -which was erected by the fourth cohort of the Lingones,</p> -<div id='p319' class='figleft id035'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span> -<img src='images/i_p319.jpg' alt='Tablet, Gyrum Cumbas' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>has been already described (<em>p.</em> 109). Another -lettered stone, found along -with it, is here represented.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">GYRVM CVMBAS</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ET TEMPLVM</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">FECIT C IV</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">MAXIMINVS</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">LEG VI VI</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">EX VOTO</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>About the reading of the first line of this inscription, -which Brand translates, ‘a circular harbour for -the shipping,’ there is some uncertainty; but there is -no doubt about the other lines, which import that—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>Caius Julius Maximinus, <em>of</em> the Sixth Legion, victorious,</div> - <div>in the performance of a vow, erected <em>this</em> temple.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The mere circumstance of its selection as the site -of a temple, proves this to have been a place of some -importance in the Roman age. The name of the builder -of the temple fixes, with a near approach to precision, -the date of its dedication. Caius Julius Verus -Maximinus was a Thracian shepherd of great personal -strength; he attracted at an early period of his -life the notice of Septimius Severus, and under -Caracalla attained to the rank of centurion. On the -assassination of Alexander Severus, in 235, he assumed -the purple, and was himself assassinated in -238. He probably accompanied Septimius Severus -into Britain, and on this occasion erected the temple -commemorated by this inscription. The following -amusing account of the personal qualifications of -Maximinus, is given in Dr. William Smith’s admirable -Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>His height exceeded eight feet, but his person was not -ungraceful, for the size and muscular developement of his limbs -were in proportion to his stature, the circumference of his -thumb being equal to that of a woman’s wrist, so that the -bracelet of his wife served him for a ring.... The remarkable -magnitude of his eyes communicated a bold and imposing -expression to his features. He was able single-handed to -drag a loaded wagon, could with his fist knock out the -grinders, and with a kick break the leg of a horse; while his -appetite was such, that in a day he could eat forty pounds of -meat, and drink an amphora of wine. At least such are the -statements of the ancient writers.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Nearly all traces of the camp at Tynemouth have -been erased. Some years after the modern well -near the entrance into the castle was sunk, another -of wide diameter, and cased with masonry, was discovered, -in consequence of the falling in of its covering; -it is supposed to be Roman, but was again -closed by order of the commander of the garrison, -before it could be properly inspected.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MEDIÆVAL REMAINS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The mediæval remains at Tynemouth are of great -interest. The castellated gateway which formerly -defended the approaches to the priory precincts has -been sadly mutilated by tasteless renovators, but the -ecclesiastical buildings, which have happily been -left to the mercy of the elements, exhibit even in -their ruins, much of their original beauty. The -church-yard, affords a resting place to many who -for years had been tossed upon the restless ocean, -and to some who, venturing into the briny flood in -search of health and pleasure, met with an untimely -end. Friendly tomb-stones, speak of them; some -names, however, are in danger of being forgotten.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span>The murdered body of Oswin king of Deira, was -deposited in the church-yard of this monastery. Here -too, were buried Malcolm Canmore king of Scotland—the -friend of the Saxon—and his son, prince -Edward, so named after his maternal ancestor the -Confessor; they were both slain in the same fatal -battle fought near Alnwick, A.D. 1094. Queen -Margaret, through whom her present majesty, queen -Victoria, derives her Saxon blood, survived the -slaughter of her husband and son but a few days.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>BLAKE-CHESTERS.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>BLAKE-CHESTERS</em>, at the high end of North -Shields, is the site of another camp. Waterville, the -residence of George Rippon, esq., is within its -bounds. Several carved stones, much worn by the -weather, are on the ground, and many Roman building-stones -may be observed in the contiguous fences.</p> - -<p class='c000'>These are not the only camps which were situated -on the east coast north of the Wall. Hodgson says—</p> - -<p class='c000'>From the Wall northward, are numerous small -square camps, strengthened with deep ditches, scattered -over the country, as if they had been intended -for rural purposes.<a id='r128' /><a href='#f128' class='c012'><sup>[128]</sup></a> A line of them may still be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span>traced through the parishes of Long-Benton, past -Cramlington, into the Plessy grounds.</p> - -<p class='c000'>There is every probability that the site of Morpeth -castle was fortified by the Romans. Some portions -of the curtain-wall still standing have been pronounced -by competent judges to be of Roman masonry.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>FORT AT SOUTH SHIELDS.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>SHIELDS LAWE.</em>—The southern shore of the -estuary of the Tyne was as well protected as the northern. -A camp, comprehending several acres, stood -upon the slightly elevated headland at South Shields -called the Lawe. The excellence of the situation, as a -post of observation, is proved by the acts of the -pilots who have planted a beacon and erected many of -their residences upon it. In 1798, the foundations of -many old walls, which obstructed the plough, were -removed. The lowest course of some of them consisted -‘of rough whinstone, evidently brought from -the shore, as the barnacles were still adhering to -them.’ The remains of a hypocaust were discovered -at the same time. Several coins were also found, -and as some of them were of the reign of Valentinian -(A.D. 380), it may be presumed that the station was -in use only a short time before the desertion of -Britain by the Romans. An altar, despoiled of -its inscription, which was found in this station, -is preserved in the library at Durham.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The ancient military-way called the Wreckendike -terminated at this station. Until a recent period, -one branch of it could be traced by Lay-gate, the -Dean-bridge, and Jarrow-slake, to Gateshead-fell. -It also led to Lanchester, Binchester, and the South.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>STATION AT JARROW.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span><em>JARROW.</em>—At nearly the same distance from -the camp on the Lawe, on the south side of the river, -as Blake-chesters is from Tynemouth, on the north, -the site of another Roman fort occurs. Hodgson, -who first drew attention to it, says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>At Jarrow, an oblong square of about three acres, with its -corners rounded off, overlooking the estuary of Jarrow-slake, -and fronting on the south the bank of the navigable stream -called the Don, is, on good grounds, supposed to have been the -site of a station or fortified town of the Romans. Under-ground -foundations of a wall of strong masonry mark out its area on -every side, and include within them the site of the present -church and church-yard, and some ragged remains of the ancient -monastery of Jarrow. In digging up part of the remains -of these walls in 1812, a silver denarius of Aulus -Vitellius was found embedded in mortar in the heart of the -wall; and when the road was formed past Jarrow-row, in -1803, two square pavements of Roman brick were discovered.</p> - -<div id='p323' class='figright id019'> -<img src='images/i_p323.jpg' alt='323' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Two inscribed stones have -been found here which give -strength to the opinion that -Jarrow was a Roman station. -One of them, now at Somerset-house, -is shewn in the -wood-cut. As Brand observes, -it is interesting as containing the name of -our island at length. It has been read—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>DIFFVSIS PROVINC<em>IIS IN</em> BRITANNIA AD VTRVMQVE</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>O<em>CEANVM</em> EXERCITVS <em>FECIT</em></span>.</span>—</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The army erected this, on the extension of the Roman -dominion in Britain, from the western to the eastern sea.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The other stone has formed part of an altar erected -in honour of the adopted sons of Hadrian.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>The church of Jarrow is a simple building, but it -contains some undoubted Saxon work. Within the -walls of the ancient monastery, some portions of -which exist, the venerable Bede passed his useful -and unostentatious life. Of him, Surtees, the Historian -of Durham, observes—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The lamp of learning, trimmed by the hand of a single -monastic who never passed the limits of his Northumbrian -province, irradiated from the cell of Jarrow, the Saxon realm -of England with a clear and steady light; and when Bede -died, history reversed her torch, and quenched it in deep night.</p> - -<p class='c000'>This venerable man died, A.D., 735, in the act of -completing a translation into Anglo-Saxon of the -Gospel of St. John. His name would have been -worthy of all reverence, even had he done nothing -more than give to his countrymen the Scriptures in -their vernacular tongue. It must however be confessed -that ‘he fell on evil times,’ and that his works -embody many of the errors and superstitions of the -period.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>WARDLEY.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>WARDLEY.</em>—An ancient entrenchment containing -an area of upwards of six acres, may yet be -observed at Wardley, in the parish of Jarrow, nearly -opposite to Wallsend. Hodgson, who resided for -several years in this neighbourhood, was not able to -learn that any Roman antiquities were ever found in -it. He was disposed, however, to think that it belonged -to the Roman era. It may have been a summer -encampment of the garrison at Wallsend, and -as such, would contribute not a little to their comfort, -and the defence of the river.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span>Wardley, there is some reason to suppose, is the -Wredelau of the chroniclers, where the body of -St. Cuthbert became immoveable, and where the -wandering monastics received the revelation which -directed them to Durham.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Such were the strongholds by which the garrisons -on the eastern extremity of the Wall were assisted -in maintaining their ground against the foe.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Watling-street, running north and south, crossed -the Wall at about twenty miles from its termination -at Wallsend. The modern turnpike-road -between Corbridge and West-Woodburn adheres -very closely to its track, and occasionally the ancient -ditches protecting it on both sides are to be seen. -Its stations were probably planted by Agricola, but -were not on that account less useful to the soldiers of -the Barrier. Our examination of them must be brief.</p> - -<p class='c004'><em>CHEW-GREEN.</em>—Here, close upon the Scottish -border, is an extensive Roman camp; investigation -is necessary to decide whether it was of a temporary -or permanent character; it is probably only an -earthen entrenchment.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>HIGH-ROCHESTER.</div> -<p class='c000'>BREMENIUM, or High Rochester, is a station -of considerable interest. It stands upon Watling-street, -at about twenty two miles north of the Wall. -Between Rochester and Chew-green the pavement of -the Roman road may be distinctly traced for many -miles together. The site on which the station stands -is high and much exposed; but, in a military point of -view, it is very strong. On all sides the ground slopes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>from it, but on the north it sinks so rapidly, as to give -it the protection of a bold breastwork. The walls -of the station are stronger than those of the forts -on the line of the Wall; they are not only thicker, -but are composed of larger stones.<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>BREMENIUM.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> A moat has -surrounded the camp; on the east side, which is by -nature the weakest, two ditches have been formed, -which there is reason to believe were supplied with -water. All the gateways may be traced with considerable -distinctness; the southern one has suffered -least from depredation. The interior of the station -is filled with the ruins of buildings; some of them -would well repay examination. Of the modern structures -which have been raised within its area, two are -peel-houses or fortified dwellings of considerable -strength. The suburban buildings of the station have -been situated on the west side, where their foundations -still appear. Here they would be protected by -the valley along which, at about a quarter of a mile’s -distance, the Sills-burn runs. The stones of the -ramparts are strongly marked by the diamond -broaching. The station contains an area of four -acres and three roods.</p> - -<p class='c000'>At about half-a-mile distant from the station, in a -south-east direction, there have recently been discovered -the foundations of some Roman <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>cippi</em></span> or -funeral monuments. They are close by the road, -and as was usually the case, on the south side of -it. Three of them are square, the fourth, which is -the largest, is circular. The masonry of all of them -is remarkably fresh. The circular tomb has two -<span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>courses of stones standing, besides the flat stones -which form the foundation. On clearing out the interior, -a jar of unburnt clay was found; it had no -bones in it. The natural soil was found to have -been acted upon by fire to the depth of more than a -foot. Mixed with the rubbish was a quantity of -white ashes. A coin of Alexander Severus was -found within the area, a circumstance which strengthens -the presumption that the station was occupied -by the Romans until a late period.</p> - -<p class='c000'>There are several temporary camps in this neighbourhood. -Persons well acquainted with the country, -and who have noticed the peculiar structure of -Roman roads, give it as their opinion that a Roman -way has proceeded eastwards from Rochester by -Yatesfield, Potts-Durtrees, Yardhope, Holystone, -and Glanton, in a direction which renders it probable -that it joined that branch of Watling-street -which traversed the eastern side of Northumberland, -and is often inelegantly termed the Devil’s-causeway.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Some distance south of the station, and near to -the point at which Watling-street crosses the modern -high-way, (in front of Redesdale cottage) the remains -of an ancient lime-kiln were recently found. It was -situated on the slope of a rocky hill, and had been -formed partly by the excavation of the natural rock, -and partly by regular courses of masonry. In order -to take advantage of the form of the ground, the mouth -for drawing out the lime was placed in front. The -stones were much reddened by the action of fire, and -portions of lime were adhering to them. There is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>excellent limestone near the kiln, and several beds -of coal are in the vicinity. Several heaps of rubbish, -on the line of Watling-street, where the coal crops -out, render it probable that this mineral was wrought -by the Romans.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In ascertaining the Roman names of the stations -on the line of the Wall, reference has hitherto been -made only to the Notitia Imperii. Another document -has come down to our time, of which we -may now avail ourselves—the Itinerary of Antonine. -It does not mention any of the stations immediately -upon the Wall, but names some to the north and -and south of it. It is a sort of road-book of the -whole Roman empire, and is supposed to have -been made by one of the emperors who bore the -name of Antoninus. Horsley thinks that Caracalla -is best entitled to be accounted its author. That -part of it which relates to Britain contains fifteen -routes; the towns upon each are named, and the -distances from one to another given in Roman -miles. The aid which such a document gives in -ascertaining the ancient designations of the stations -that occur in it is obvious. The first ‘Iter’ is -entitled ‘A Route from the Limit, that is, from the -Wall, to <span class='sc'>Prætorium</span>, 156 miles.’ It begins thus—</p> - -<table class='table3' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='10%' /> -<col width='64%' /> -<col width='8%' /> -<col width='16%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>From</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Bremenium</span> to <span class='sc'>Corstopitum</span></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='fss'>XX</span></td> - <td class='c024'>miles.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>To</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Vindomora</span></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='fss'>IX</span></td> - <td class='c024'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>To</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Vinovia</span></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='fss'>XIX</span></td> - <td class='c024'>”</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c000'>The second ‘Iter’ also begins at the Wall, and -goes to the Ritupian-port, Richborough, 481 miles.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span>The first portion only, of it also, bears upon our present -investigation.</p> - -<table class='table4' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='8%' /> -<col width='74%' /> -<col width='6%' /> -<col width='12%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>From</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Blatum Bulgium</span> to <span class='sc'>Castra Exploratorum</span></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='fss'>XII</span></td> - <td class='c024'>miles.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>To</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Luguvallium</span></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='fss'>XII</span></td> - <td class='c024'>”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>To</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Voreda</span></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='fss'>XIV</span></td> - <td class='c024'>”</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c000'>The tenth ‘Iter,’ which is from <span class='sc'>Glanoventa</span> to -<span class='sc'>Mediolanum</span>, 150 miles, begins with towns which -are supposed to be in the vicinity of the Wall.</p> - -<table class='table5' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='11%' /> -<col width='57%' /> -<col width='14%' /> -<col width='17%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>From</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Glanoventa</span> to <span class='sc'>Galava</span></td> - <td class='c010'><span class='fss'>XVIII</span></td> - <td class='c024'>miles.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>To</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Alione</span> (or <span class='sc'>Alionis</span>)</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='fss'>XII</span></td> - <td class='c024'>”</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c000'>That Rochester is the <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span> of the first -route, is established by the discovery of an altar in -it, which professes to be erected by the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>duplares</em></span> of -the exploratory troops stationed at <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>. -In no position would exploratory troops be more -needed than here, and no place could be more appropriately -fixed upon as the starting point of an -‘Iter’ than this. Several of the inscriptions belonging -to this station bear the name of Caracalla. Both -<span class='sc'>Bremenium</span> and <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span> seem to have undergone -important repairs in the time of this emperor.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Eight miles south of High Rochester, and on the -line of Watling-street, is another Roman station.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>HABITANCUM.</div> -<p class='c000'>HABITANCUM is the name which Camden, -and Horsley, on the authority of a stone found near -the station, and which was inspected by them both, -agree in bestowing upon the modern Risingham.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The position of <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span> will strike a stranger -with surprise. Instead of occupying an eminence, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>it is placed in a valley, and close upon the banks of -the Rede. Hills environ it, though not very closely, -on every side. They who, in early spring, have -been exposed on the neighbouring heights to the -sleety shower, will know the reason of the selection. -The climate of Risingham is peculiarly mild. The -west wind blows with the steadiness of a trade wind, -and the harsh east seldom descends into this favoured -valley. The village of Woodburn is on the opposite -side of the river. The lines in ‘Rokeby’ well characterize -the spot, though its wood is fast disappearing—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Where Rede upon his margin sees</div> - <div class='line'>Sweet Woodburn’s cottages and trees.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Notwithstanding the secluded nature of the situation, -it is not destitute of military strength. The -Rede defends it on the north, which was the point of -greatest danger; and, excepting on the south, where -an out-post seems to have been maintained, an enemy -could be descried long before approaching the camp.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The walls of the station have been constructed of -the same strong masonry as those of <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>. -Owing to the excellence of the stone, the marks of -the tool upon them are peculiarly distinct. In the -hill behind the station, called the Bell-knowe, the -ancient quarrymen have left numerous wedge-holes -and other indications of their labours. Although a -fosse usually surrounded the ramparts of a station, -and although sir Walter Scott has sung of—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The moated mound of Risingham,</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>RISINGHAM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Risingham does not appear to have been defended in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span>this way. In company with the owner of the property, -who had a little before thorough-drained the -ground bordering on the south and east sides of -the camp, I sought in vain for any traces of a -fosse. The ruins of the interior would yield a -rich harvest to the careful explorer. Recent excavations -have revealed some chambers of great interest; -but, with the exception of those near the -south-east corner, they have been removed as soon -as displayed. Some of the buildings were evident -restorations of prior structures: a circumstance -which confirms the conclusion deduced from other -considerations, that the station was long occupied by -the Romans. After being deserted, a portion of its -north rampart has been carried away by the river. -Until recently, the remains of the bridge by which -Watling-street crossed the Rede, on the west side -of the station, were distinctly visible. The soil which -covers the camp is peculiarly rich, being replete with -animal matter. Many important antiquarian treasures -have been procured from this spot. The large -slab, six feet long, which forms the ground-work of -the initial letter at the beginning of this part, was -found among the ruins of the south gateway. The -inscription mentions the restoration of the gate with -the walls of the station (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PORTAM CUM MURIS VETUSTATE -DILAPSIS</span></span>). The upper part, which is lost, probably -contained the name of Severus; in what remains, -some of the titles of Caracalla appear. Geta’s -name seems to have been erased. The stone is now -at Newcastle. Another very fine slab found at this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span>station, is at Cambridge. Some of the altars discovered -here will be described in the last part.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Horsley is naturally surprised that <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span> is -not named in the Antonine Itinerary. One conjecture -in which he indulges, in order to account for -this is, ‘that the station might be neglected before -the reign of Caracalla,’ which is proved to be unfounded -by the slab already referred to, and by the -discovery last year of some large fragments of inscriptions, -mentioning that emperor by his title -Adiabenicus. A second supposition which he entertains -may be the correct one. He says—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Possibly Risingham might be looked on as too near to</div> - <div class='line'>Rochester, to make it another mansion in this route. And</div> - <div class='line'>though two places are sometimes set down in the same iter,</div> - <div class='line'>which are at no greater distance, yet other circumstances</div> - <div class='line'>might render this proper at one place, and not so at another.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not improbable that the two stations may have -been under one command. The exposed situation -of <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span> would render it highly desirable -that the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>exploratores</em></span>, after having battled for a season -with the elements and the Caledonians, should -be allowed a period of comparative relief in some -more sheltered spot, such as <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CORSTOPITUM.</div> -<p class='c000'>CORSTOPITUM is the next place that occurs in -this ‘iter,’ in which it is set down as being twenty -miles from <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>. At the distance of about -twenty-three English miles from the camp of High -Rochester, and on the line of Watling-street, are now -to be found the remains of the station of Corchester.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CORCHESTER.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span>This, which is a little to the west of the town of Corbridge, -is doubtless the ancient <span class='sc'>Corstopitum</span>. The -station, which is now entirely levelled, and can with -difficulty be traced, has stood upon a gently swelling -knoll on the north bank of the Tyne. A bridge, the -foundations of which the floods of seventeen centuries -have spared, connected it with the opposite bank of the -river; the remains of this bridge are precisely similar -in appearance to those on the North Tyne at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>. -The bridge has crossed the river obliquely, a -circumstance which corroborates the opinion formerly -expressed, that the bridges in these parts -consisted of horizontal roadways, supported upon -piers—unless, indeed, we suppose that the Romans -were acquainted with the construction of the skew-arch. -Hutchinson states, that a ‘military way passes -from this place south-west through Dilston Park, -over Hexham Fell to Old Town in Allendale, and -meets with the Maiden-way at Whitley Castle.’ -Abundance of medals, inscriptions, and other Roman -antiquities, have been found at Corchester. Pieces of -Roman bricks and pots are spread over the surface -of the ground. The church at Corbridge has been -raised at the expense of the station. Horsley conceives -that this fort was abandoned before the compilation -of the Notitia, as it is not mentioned in that -document. It is about two miles south of the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The large altar which is figured in the initial -letter at the beginning of this volume, formed, -in Horsley’s days, the shaft of the market-cross -at Corbridge. It is now on the stairs of the entrance-tower, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span>at the castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. -The inscription is defaced, but the carving -on both sides remains; on the one side is a -soldier, armed—the representative probably of war; -on the other is a warrior, having laid aside his weapons, -dragging an amphora of wine—a picture, emblematic -of peace. The singular use made of this heathen -relic suggests the insertion here of the story of the -‘Fairy stone,’ as it is still told in this neighbourhood.</p> - -<p class='c014'>A Roman altar in the vicinity of Bywell was, during the -‘troublesome times’ of 1715, put to a use little contemplated -either by the ancients or moderns. It was employed as the -post-office of the non-juring gentry of the district. The -parties, wishing to keep up a correspondence with each -other, arranged to deposit their communications in a -hollow of the altar. In the gray of the morning little girls -clad in green, and trained to the task, approached the stone -with a dancing step, and, having got the letters, retired with -antic gestures. So well did they perform their part that they -were mistaken for fairies, and the object of their visits was not -discovered for a long time afterwards. The stone was known -by the name of the Fairy stone.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CORBRIDGE LANX.</div> -<p class='c000'>But the greatest curiosity which has been discovered -at <span class='sc'>Corstopitum</span>, is the silver <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>lanx</em></span>, or dish, which -is represented on the next page. A piece of plate -so massive, is of rare occurrence in the stations of -the North. It is in the possession of the duke of -Northumberland. There is an accurate cast of it in -the Newcastle Museum of Antiquities.</p> - -<div id='p335' class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p335.jpg' alt='Corbridge Lanx' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>'It was found (says Mr. Robert Cay, in a letter of 4th March -1734) near Corbridge, by some ignorant poor people who -have cut off the feet in such a vile barbarous manner, that -they have broke two holes through the table, and a small -<span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span>piece off one of the corners too.' It is 19½ inches long, and -15 broad; it weighs about 150 ounces. The rim of the plate -rises nearly an inch above the interior. The figures have been -punched into form. Gale’s conjecture as to its use is probably -the correct one. ‘This is big enough (he says) to contain -the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>exta</em></span> of a sheep, or other small victims, which seems to me -to be the likeliest employment for it, and that it was one of -these sacrificing utensils that Virgil calls <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Lances</em></span>:</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c019'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta.</span>’</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>The principal figures on the plate are probably, those of Diana, -Minerva, Juno, Vesta, and Apollo.</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the left side of the design is Diana, armed with a bow -and arrow. Below her feet is an urn with water flowing from -it; in front of her, is an altar with an offering, of a globular -form, upon it, and below the altar, is a dog of the greyhound -species, looking up to the goddess.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The next figure is Minerva. She wears a helmet, and her -breast is adorned with the Gorgon’s head. A spear is in her -left hand. The thumb and first two fingers of her right hand -are uplifted, as if in the act of bestowing a benediction.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The next figure is supposed to be Juno, though no symbol -is given by which she can be decisively distinguished. Her -right hand is uplifted in a manner similar to Minerva’s. At -her feet lies a dead buck.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Vesta succeeds. She is seated; part of her peplus or mantle -is drawn over her head; the two fore-fingers of her left -hand, which is apparently resting upon her bosom, are upraised. -Beneath the goddess is an altar with the fire -burning.</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the right of the piece is Apollo, standing under a canopy. -His bow is in his left hand, a flower in his right. His -lyre is on the ground by his side, and a griffin is below him.</p> - -<p class='c014'>An eagle and some other birds are among the branches of -the tree in the upper part of the piece.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Under the whole representation some recondite meaning is -probably concealed, which can only be a subject of conjecture. -(<em>See Hodgson’s Northumberland</em>, II. iii. 246.)</p> - -<div id='p338' class='figright id014'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span> -<img src='images/i_p338.jpg' alt='Altar to Astarte' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>GREEK ALTAR.</div> -<p class='c000'>Two important altars, with Greek inscriptions -have been found at Corbridge. One is dedicated to -the Tyrian Hercules; the -other, which is represented -in the adjoining wood-cut, -to Astarte, the Ashtaroth -of the Scriptures.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>ΑΣΤΑΡΤΗΣ</div> - <div class='line'>ΒΩΜΟΝ Μ’</div> - <div class='line'>ΕΣΟΡΑΣ</div> - <div class='line'>ΠΟΥΛΧΕΡ Μ’</div> - <div class='line'>ΑΝΕΘΗΚΕΝ</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>Of Astarte,</div> - <div>The altar</div> - <div>You see,</div> - <div>Pulcher</div> - <div>replaced.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Josephus tells us, that -Hiram king of Tyre, built -two temples, which he dedicated -to these deities. -The Israelites, in forsaking -the living God, not -unfrequently betook themselves -to the abominations of the Sidonians.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in12'>... With these in troop</div> - <div class='line'>Came Astoreth, whom the Phœnicians call’d</div> - <div class='line'>Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns;</div> - <div class='line'>To whose bright image nightly by the moon</div> - <div class='line'>Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs,</div> - <div class='line'>In Sion also not unsung,...</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is deeply and painfully interesting to dig up in -our British soil decided traces of this gross idolatry.<a id='r129' /><a href='#f129' class='c012'><sup>[129]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>HEXHAM CRYPT.</div> -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span><em>HEXHAM</em> is generally admitted by antiquaries -to have been a Roman town, though the proof of it -is not absolutely decisive. St. Wilfrid built a church -and monastery here about the year 673, after the Roman -manner, which was considered the wonder of the -age. We are told by the historians of that period that -‘secret cells and subterranean oratories were laid with -wondrous industry beneath’ the building. Some vaults -<span id='p339' class='figleft id025'><img src='images/i_p339.jpg' alt='Crypt of Hexham Abbey Church' class='ig001' /></span>still remaining -probably formed -the crypt -of this ancient -structure. The -stones which -compose this -under-ground -building are all -Roman; the peculiar -mode in -which they are -chiselled is exhibited -in the -annexed wood -cut, representing -one of its -chambers. The walls exhibit several Roman mouldings -and cornices, besides inscriptions.<a id='r130' /><a href='#f130' class='c012'><sup>[130]</sup></a> It is not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>likely that these stones would be brought from Corbridge -(the nearest Roman station, if Hexham be -not one), which is on the other side of the river, and -three miles distant; especially as there is abundance -<span id='p340' class='figright id025'><img src='images/i_p340.jpg' alt='Slab to Severus at Hexham' class='ig001' /></span>of stone in the immediate -neighbourhood. -The -most important -of the inscribed -slabs which are -walled up in the -crypt, is here exhibited; -it is one<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>INSCRIPTION TO SEVERUS.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -of the inscriptions -bearing the -names of the emperor Septimius Severus (who -added to his own name that of his predecessor, Pertinax), -of his eldest son, Caracalla, who styled himself -Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius, and of Geta, -his younger son, whose name and title have obviously -been erased from the tablet, an operation which -we find has been studiously performed on many -similar inscriptions, doubtless after his murder by -his unnatural brother Caracalla. The date of this -inscription is marked by the union of Severus and -his two sons in the imperial title. Its object does -not appear from what remains of the stone, further -than that it recorded some act done by a vexillation -of some portion of the Roman forces.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The mediæval antiquities of Hexham are highly interesting. -The gateways and embattled towers will -<span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>repay examination; but the gem of this fine old town, -which in the Saxon era was an episcopal see, is the -Abbey-church. The choir and transepts alone remain; -they exhibit much beauty of detail, and their several -parts blend most harmoniously together. The church -formerly possessed the right of sanctuary. The frid-stool -is still in its place. The cross which marked -the eastern boundary of the privileged territory is -nearly entire, and is kept near its original site, in the -yard of the poor-house. The <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>disjecta membra</em></span> of that -which marked the northern boundary of the sanctuary -lie by the side of the road going over Cross-bank, -a hill between two and three miles north -of Hexham, and from which the traveller approaching -the town from the north first obtains a view -of the venerable abbey-church, and surrounding -town. The prospect is now, to the peaceful antiquary, -guiltless of his neighbour’s blood, singularly -interesting—what must it have been when descried -in ancient times by panting fugitives, pressed by an -avenging hand, and fleeing to the sanctuary! This -cross remains a monument of the disordered state -of society in the middle ages, and leads the reflecting -passenger to contrast his present tranquility with -the insecurity of former times. No favoured spot is -now necessary to shield the innocent from the rage -of a stronger assailant, or will be allowed to stay the -course of justice upon the guilty.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>EBCHESTER.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>EBCHESTER</em>, situated upon the line of Watling-street, -is, as its name indicates, a Roman station. -Surtees thus describes it:—</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>Ebchester stands at the foot of a long descent, yet on the -edge of a still steeper declivity. Its cottages and trees are -scattered along a lofty brow overhanging the green haugh-lands -of the Derwent. On the very edge of the steep, the vallum -of a Roman station is still extremely distinct, and the -little chapel of Ebchester, a farmhold, and a few thatched -cottages, stand within the very area of the ancient <span class='sc'>Vindomora</span>—if -<span class='sc'>Vindomora</span> it be, for the point is by no means -stated as beyond controversy.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>LANCHESTER.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>LANCHESTER</em> is, on the authority of the itinerary -of Richard of Cirencester, conceived to be the -<span class='sc'>Epeiacum</span> of the Romans. Though several miles -removed from the Wall, its position upon Watling-street -would render it useful as a supporting station. -It occupies a lofty brow to the west of the village, on -a tongue of land formed by the junction of two -small streams. On three sides the ground falls from -the camp; on the west only it is commanded by a -high moorland hill, whose prospect ranges from the -Cheviots, in the north, to the Cleveland hills, in the -south. The station is one of the largest class, containing -an area of about eight acres. The walls may -be distinguished on all sides. The south wall, though -deprived of its facing-stones, stands eight feet high, -and shews nine courses of thin rubble-stones arranged -edgewise in a leaning direction. A layer of -very rough mortar has been placed on each course -of stones after they have been placed in their bed. -On the outside of the south-east angle a subterranean -chamber has been discovered; the descent to it is -by steps. It is difficult to conjecture the use to -which it has been put; a similar chamber was found -<span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>to occupy the same position outside the camp at -Plumpton. The masonry of some chambers near -the south-east corner of the station, which when first -opened were found to be full of bones, is very perfect. -The remains of a hypocaust may be seen near -to the place where the pretorium has probably stood. -Lanchester seems to have been garrisoned almost -throughout the entire period of Roman occupation; -a large proportion of the coins found at it are of the -higher empire, but the series extends down to -Valentinian. The name of Gordian occurs on two -inscriptions as the restorer of some of its buildings. -The destruction of the station was probably owing to -some sudden and violent catastrophe. The observations -of Surtees on this subject, are applicable to -many of the camps of the Barrier.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The red ashes of the basilica and bath, the vitrified flooring, -and the metallic substances evidently run by fire, which occur -amongst the ruins, form a strong indication that the structure -perished in the flames.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It has already been observed (p. <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>) that two -aqueducts have brought water to the station from a -distance of some miles. This is the more remarkable -as several deep wells have been found near the -camp, and there are open springs within fifty paces -from the south and east wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The surrounding moor abounds in iron-stone; of -this the Romans seem to have availed themselves, -for immense heaps of slag, of ancient production, -have been found in the neighbourhood.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span><em>BINCHESTER</em> is still farther to the south, on -the same line of road; but, on account of its distance, -would have but little intercourse with the stations -immediately connected with the Barrier. It contains -some hypocausts, which are peculiarly worthy -of careful examination.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Retracing our steps and again penetrating the region -of fierce Caledonian onslaughts and border feuds, -we find Bewcastle occupying a position north of the -Wall, on the Maiden-way, corresponding with that -which Risingham does on Watling-street.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>BEWCASTLE.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>BEWCASTLE</em> stands in the bottom of a basin -formed by a wide amphitheatre of bleak and lofty -hills. The camp occupies a platform slightly elevated -above the rivulet, the Kirkbeck, which washes its -southern ramparts and permeates the valley. The -northern side is the weakest part of the position, but -even here there is a depression in the contour of -the ground, which would render it more easily defensible. -In this quarter too there are marks of -artificial fortifications beyond the station wall. The -fort, in order to suit the nature of the ground, is not -of the usual square form, but is six-sided; it probably -encloses an area of about four acres. The -ground on which the camp stands is reckoned the -most fertile in all Cumberland. It was in the depth -of winter that I visited it (1, Jan. 1850) but even -then the space occupied by the fortifications might -be distinguished by its peculiar verdure. To the -east of the camp are some barrow-like mounds, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>on the west of it are terraced lines, bearing testimony -to the agricultural industry of the Romans. On the -eminence westward of the camp are the foundations -of square buildings, probably posts of observation. -On the lofty summits of some of the adjacent hills -the concentric lines of British encampments plainly -appear. They still seem to bid defiance to the -Roman fort in the valley.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Within the lines of the camp, and protected by a -moat of its own, is a dark and frowning castle; it is -tersely described in an ancient manuscript, ‘as a -strength against the Scots in time of warre.’ The -captain of Bewcastle was a military chief of -considerable power; he is frequently mentioned -in Border minstrelsy. The castle is built with -the stones of the station. Its masonry is very -rude; the mortar which has been used is rough, -containing, besides gravel and sand, pieces of coal, -charcoal, burnt clay, and broken bricks. A tower, -apparently added after the main structure was reared, -guards the entrance-gateway.</p> - -<p class='c000'>This, or some previous building, gives name to -Bewcastle—Bueth’s-castle.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Bueth was, before the conquest, lord of Bewcastle and Gilsland. -After some previous changes, Henry II., by a grant, -dated <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘<em>apud Novum Castrum super Tynam</em>,’</span> gave the manor -of Gilsland to Hubert de Vallibus, one of his Norman retainers. -The Saxons were not men quietly to submit to wrong. -Gilbert Bueth, son of the dispossessed proprietor, collecting a -band of followers, made frequent incursions into his ancient -patrimony. Robert de Vallibus, son of Hubert, the former -possessor, suggested a conference, at which he basely assassinated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span>the unarmed Saxon. Expiation was easy; the<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>ORIGIN OF LANERCOST PRIORY.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -priory of Lanercost was founded and richly endowed. It is -traditionally said that part of the expiatory ceremony consisted -in the demolition of the walls of his castle at Castle-steads -(Cambeck-fort), and sowing the site with salt. The -baronial residence was transferred to Irthington, where, as -already observed, some traces of it remain. Robert de Vallibus -was afterwards employed by Henry II. as a judge of -assize. How lax must the state of morality have been, when -a murderer was allowed to sit upon the bench! His ill-gotten -lands were not permitted to descend to his posterity, William, -his only child, dying before him.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The far-famed Runic cross, respecting which so -much has been written, holds its ancient place in the -church-yard of Bewcastle. The inscription, which -is now hardly legible, is pronounced by Kemble -(Archæologia xxviii. 347) to be an Anglo-Saxon, not -a Norse one. Two Roman inscriptions, not now -to be found, have been described as belonging to -this station. One of them, which Camden saw -used as a grave-stone, bore the letters,</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>LEG[IO] II AVG[VSTA]</div> - <div>FECIT</div> - <div class='c001'>The second legion, the august,</div> - <div>made <em>this</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The other, much fractured, Horsley saw fulfilling -the same office. He says, ‘I take it to have been an -honorary monument erected to Hadrian, by the -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Legio secunda Augusta</em></span>, and the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Legio vicesima</em></span>.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>WHITLEY CASTLE.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>WHITLEY CASTLE</em> is the modern name of -another outpost, which is situated on the Maiden-way, -as far south of the Wall as Bewcastle is north -<span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span>of it. An imperfect inscription found here, and -described by Camden and Horsley, commemorates -the dedication of a temple to Caracalla, in his fourth -consulship (A.D. 213), by the third cohort of the -Nervii. As the Notitia places the third cohort of -the Nervii at <span class='sc'>Alionis</span>, it is conceived that such -may have been the ancient designation of the camp at -Whitley Castle. The station stands upon the -gently inclining side of a hill, about two miles -north of the town of Alston. The railway approaches -within a few furlongs of it. The form -of the camp is peculiar, being that of a trapezoid, -whereas the usual figure is that of a parallelogram. -In another respect it differs from all the other camps -that we have hitherto examined; it is surrounded by -an extraordinary number of earthen entrenchments. -On the western side, which is the most exposed, -there are no fewer than seven ditches, with corresponding -ramparts, and on the north, four. These -earth-works are in a state of wonderful preservation. -The strength of these lines, and the comparative -absence, both within and without the station, -of Roman stones, render it probable that the -garrison trusted to breastworks of earth, rather -than of masonry. The general level of the camp -is elevated above the surface of the contiguous -ground, in consequence, probably, of the mass of -ruins which it contains. Its whole area, including -the entrenchments and ditches, amounts to nine acres.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A large altar procured from the station is in the -neighbouring farm house; the inscription is illegible, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>but it has on the upper part of its four sides, a -carving in bold relief.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ROMAN DUNGHILL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is no unusual thing to find in the neighbourhood -of a Roman station manifest traces of the dunghill -of the fort. As might be expected, such a -repository is replete with objects which, though once -despised and cast away as worthless, well repay the -search of the antiquary. Not far from the north-east -angle of this camp a large dunghill was found, -which has been recently removed for farm purposes. -It contained numerous fragments of Roman earthenware -and glass, as well as armillæ of jet or fine cannel -coal. Its most curious product, however, was a -large store of old shoes or sandals. The soles were -all made ‘right and left,’ and consisted of several folds -of leather fastened together with round-headed nails. -(See <a href='#p444h'>Plate XVIII</a>. figs. 3, 4, 5.) Were this the only -place where these curious objects have been found, -we might hesitate to assign to them a primeval date, -but very many having been discovered in digging -the foundations of Carlisle gaol, and some in clearing -the buildings at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, as well as other places, -and being accompanied in every instance by other -articles of undoubted Roman manufacture, we are -entitled to consider them as the produce of Roman -hands. Modern artists might examine them -with advantage; Roman shoe-makers thought it no -dishonour to let nature prescribe the form that their -handy-work should assume.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>WALLIS’S ENTHUSIASM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Wallis, the author of the Natural History and -Antiquities of Northumberland, was born within the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>ramparts of this camp; the house is now removed. -In the preface to his work he accounts for the antiquarian -bias of his mind in the following strain:—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Northumberland being Roman ground, and receiving my -first breath in one of their <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>castra</em></span>, I was led by a sort of enthusiasm -to an inquiry and search after their towns, their -cities, and temples, their baths, their altars, their <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>tumuli</em></span>, -their military ways, and other remains of their splendour and -magnificence; which will admit of a thousand views and reviews, -and still give pleasure to such as have a gust for any -thing Roman; every year almost presenting new discoveries -of the wisdom, the contrivance, ingenuity, and elegance of that -respectable people.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Although nearly a century has elapsed since -Wallis wrote this, the field of Romano-British antiquities -still retains much of the fertility he ascribes -to it, and doubtless, has stores yet in reserve for -the assiduous inquirer.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Before proceeding to the stations which supported -the western extremity of the Wall, there are two -camps, one to the east, and another to the west of the -Maiden-way, which demand a little of our attention.</p> - -<p class='c004'><em>OLD TOWN.</em>—Horsley entertained the idea that -he had found the remains of a Roman camp at Old -Town, near Catton Beacon, in Allendale. Hodgson -treats the opinion with some degree of ridicule. I -am disposed to think that Horsley is right, though -the inquiries I made on the spot did not lead me -to a decision of the question.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>STATION NEAR BRAMPTON.</div> - -<p class='c000'><em>BRAMPTON.</em>—About a mile west of the modern -town of Brampton, upon a gentle eminence commanding -a view in every direction of a most beautiful -<span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span>country, are the traces of a small Roman camp. -The father of English topography, guided in some -measure by the similarity of the names, fixed the ancient -<span class='sc'>Bremetenracum</span> at Brampton; but Horsley, -in consequence of the absence of Roman remains, -demurred to the correctness of the conclusion. It -is not surprising that this camp escaped the attention -of Horsley, as it is situated within the ancient -park of Brampton, considerable portions of which -were, a century ago, covered with tangled brushwood -and venerable forest trees. Its trenches, though -still visible, are fast disappearing; every time it -is ploughed, the furrow is turned into the hollow -of its fosse. Though hundreds of cart-loads of -stones have been taken from it, the ground on -which the camp stood is thickly strewed with stony -fragments. On walking over the spot, I picked up -a piece of dove-coloured pottery, part of a millstone, -and several portions of Roman tile. Besides individual -coins which have occasionally been found -here, an earthen jar, containing a large hoard, was -turned up by the plough in 1826. It contained not -fewer than five thousand pieces, all of them of the -lower empire.</p> - -<p class='c000'>If Whitley Castle be the <span class='sc'>Alionis</span> of the Notitia, -this, as coming next in order, may be, as Camden -conjectured, <span class='sc'>Bremetenracum</span>.<a id='r131' /><a href='#f131' class='c012'><sup>[131]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ANCIENT TUMULI.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>In the plain to the south of the camp, are some remarkable -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>tumuli</em></span>. One mound of large dimensions, -standing alone, is covered with oak trees. Three -others of small size, and close to each other, are at the -eastern extremity of the same field. Two of them -are circular, and about twelve yards in diameter; the -third is elongated, and measures about thirty-two -yards in length. Whatever opinion we may form -respecting the larger mound, there can be no doubt -that the smaller ones are artificial barrows; the hollow -made by the excavation of the soil for their formation -is discernible. They do not appear to have been -opened, but will no doubt soon yield up their long-hoarded -treasures to some enterprising antiquary.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Between the station and the town of Brampton, -may be noticed the faint traces of an earthen encampment -of the usual Roman form; it is fast disappearing -under the action of the plough. West of the -station, stands an ancient church, formed of Roman -stones. Though the living have forsaken the venerable -pile, the dead are still being laid in its church-yard.</p> - -<p class='c004'>We now approach the stations which supported -the Barrier near its western extremity; it will be -well to examine first those north of the Wall.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CAMP AT NETHERBY.</div> -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span><em>NETHERBY.</em>—The nucleus of the seat of sir -James Graham is a border tower, with walls of great -thickness. These walls were doubtless erected at the -expense of the ramparts and buildings of the camp, -within which the mansion is situated. The form of -the station cannot now be satisfactorily defined; -but the number and importance of the coins, altars, -and sculptures, which have been found within it, -prove that it was a place of consequence during -the period of Roman occupation. The site, though -not greatly elevated, commands an extensive prospect -in every direction. The bank on its western -side, which slopes down to the valley of the -Esk, is said to have been washed in ancient days -by the waters of the Solway.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Among the many important inscriptions discovered -here, is one to Hadrian, closely resembling those -which have been found at Milking-gap, Bradley, and -other places. The stone has long been lost, but -in Gough’s Camden the inscription is given thus—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>IMP. CAES. TRA.</div> - <div>HADRIANO</div> - <div>AVG.</div> - <div>LEG. II. AVG. F.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>SCULPTURE AT NETHERBY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Some very fine sculptured stones, found in the -station, are preserved on the spot. Amongst them -is one which is figured on the adjoining page. A -youth stands in a niche, a mural crown is on his -head, a cornucopia in his left hand, and a patera, -from which he pours out a libation on an altar, in -his right; it is one of the finest carvings that is to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>be met with on the line of the Wall. From the -grooves which are cut in the lower part of the stone, -<span id='p353' class='figleft id013'><img src='images/i_p353.jpg' alt='Genius of the Wall' class='ig001' /></span>we may naturally conclude, -that the figure -has been formerly set -in masonry, perhaps -to adorn the approach -to some temple. Gordon -supposes the figure -to be intended -for Hadrian; Lysons -thinks that it was -meant for the ‘Genius -of the Wall of Severus’—let -us combine -the two ideas, and -suppose, that the figure -is that of Hadrian, -representing, as he -had the best right to -do, ‘the Genius of the -Barrier.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>Reference will afterwards -be made to the -figures of the <em>Deæ Matres</em> -which have been -found here.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BLATUM BULGIUM.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Netherby is supposed -to be the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Castra -Exploratorum</span></span> -of the second Antonine ‘Iter,’ which was garrisoned -<span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span>by a <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>numerus exploratorum</em></span>. Its situation -is very suitable for an exploratory garrison; and its -distance from Carlisle on the one hand, and Middleby -on the other, nearly corresponds with the distance -at which it is set down in the Itinerary both from -<span class='sc'>Luguvallium</span> and <span class='sc'>Blatum Bulgium</span>.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CAMP NEAR MIDDLEBY.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>MIDDLEBY.</em>—To the south of Middleby Kirk, in -the county of Dumfries, is a camp which is called in -the district Burns, or Birrens. It occupies a low -and sheltered situation, but possesses, notwithstanding, -considerable natural capabilities of defence. -The water of Mein washes the earthy scar which -forms its southern margin, and the Middleby burn, -which joins the Mein at the south-east angle of the -camp, runs parallel to its eastern rampart. It appears, -from the plan given in Roy’s Military Antiquities, -to have been protected, in addition to its -stone walls, on three sides by four earthen ramparts, -with intervening ditches; and on the north, which -was at once by nature the weakest, and the quarter -most exposed to the attack of the enemy, by not -fewer than six. The northern ramparts remain in -nearly their original completeness, but the overflowings -of the Mein on the south, the construction of a -road on the east, and the operations of agriculture on -the west, have destroyed the ramparts on these sides. -A <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>procestrium</em></span>, or out-work, protected by its own ramparts, -appears to have been appended to the west side -of the original camp; or, perhaps, to speak more correctly, -the suburban buildings, which were situated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>in this quarter were embraced by an additional fortification. -In so exposed a situation, such a precaution -would be highly proper. The field in which the -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>procestrium</em></span> was, has been brought into cultivation, -and a great number of carved stones, which were -found in it, taken to Hoddam Castle. The corners -of the camp are, as is usually the case, rounded; the -four gateways are clearly discernible. The interior -area of the station measures three acres and three-quarters. -On the south side of the station a large -vault, arched with stone, was laid open more than a -century ago. Popular credulity has magnified it into -an underground passage, which extended all the way -to Burnswark; the people in the neighbourhood aver -that they have known persons go a considerable way -along it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The altars and sculptures found at this place are -engraved and described, apparently with great -accuracy, in Stuart’s Caledonia Romana. Amongst -them is a stone tablet, bearing the words—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>IMP. CAESARI TRAIAN. LEG. SECVND. AVG.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>A piece of another, with the inscription—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>LEG. XX. VICT.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The lamented author of this work says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>With the exception of a brass coin of Germanicus, and the -inscription containing the name of Hadrian, the greater part, -if not all the antiquities found at Birrens, may be ascribed perhaps -to the third or fourth century. The striking similarity -of style and execution which exists between them and the -bulk of those discovered in the north of England, of which -the dates can be ascertained, is sufficient to stamp them as -the productions of a period subsequent to the reign of Septimius -Severus.—<cite>Caledonia Romana</cite>, 130.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_356'>356</span>It did not belong to the author’s subject; to inquire, -how the fact of so few of the memorials of the -mural line being of the age of Severus, comported -with the popular idea that he built the Wall!</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>BURNSWARK HILL.</div> - -<p class='c000'><em>BURNSWARK</em>, or Birrenswork.—A solitary -hill, nearly three miles to the north-west of Middleby, -rises to the height of nearly seven hundred and forty -feet above the level of the sea. 'On its top lies an -unequal plain, about nine hundred feet long, by four -hundred and fifty of mean width—almost inaccessible -on two of its sides, and by no means of easy attainment -on any.'<a id='r132' /><a href='#f132' class='c012'><sup>[132]</sup></a> From this elevated summit, the -mountain ridges which are scattered over not fewer -than six of the Scottish counties can be descried; -looking eastward, the Nine-nicks of Thirlwall are in -sight; southward, the familiar forms of Skiddaw, -Saddleback, and Cross-fell rise into view; to the -south-west, the craggy peaks of the Isle of Man -arrest the attention in favourable states of the atmosphere; -and, not unfrequently a long, black streak, on -the distant verge of the ocean, indicates the position -of Ireland. According to the former political divisions -of the British empire, four kingdoms were thus -to be seen from Burnswark-hill.</p> - -<p class='c000'>So commanding a position was not neglected by -the ancient Britons. 'Around the area of the summit -may still be traced the remains of a wall, composed -of earth and stones, which seems to have been -raised at every spot where the precipitous rock did -<span class='pageno' id='Page_357'>357</span>not of itself afford sufficient protection.' Unhappily -most of the stones have been hurled into the valley -below, to form a long boundary fence. The enclosure -is divided into two compartments of nearly equal size; -one of them contains a circular range of stones, the -remains apparently of an ancient cairn or watch-tower.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CAMPS ON THE HILL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>On two of the sides of Burnswark are the vestiges -of Roman military works. The largest, which is on -the southern slope, encloses an area of twelve acres. -It has been originally encompassed by two ramparts, -separated, as usual, by a deep trench; it had three -gates on the upper, and apparently the same number -on the under side, with a single one at each -end. These gateways have been protected by circular -mounds, thrown up before them, and fortified -on the top. The pretorium, or general’s quarters, -defended by an entrenchment of its own, was placed -on the north-west angle of the camp. This circumstance -would seem to warrant us in supposing, -that, even in the stationary camps of the Wall, the -pretorium was not uniformly placed in the upper -part of the central area, where, according to the -usual theory, we should expect to find it. All the -entrenchments are of earth, and on the north side -they are peculiarly bold.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The camp on the northern face of the hill has been -constructed upon the same principle, but is in a less -perfect condition. It is of the same length, but has -only half its breadth. A covered way conducts from -the one to the other. It is probable that both these -<span class='pageno' id='Page_358'>358</span>camps have been the summer quarters, <em>castra -æstiva</em>, of the garrison at Middleby. So important -a position would not, however, at any period of the -year be abandoned to the enemy; 'when not filled with -the tents of its summer inhabitants, it is probable -that a small garrison was maintained on its summit.'<a id='r133' /><a href='#f133' class='c012'><sup>[133]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CAMP AT PLUMPTON.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>PLUMPTON.</em>—Several camps south of the line, -and at nearly equal distances from the Wall and from -one another, added security to the fortification in the -western district. Plumpton, or Old Penrith, called in -the locality by the common name of Castlesteads, -is a large station about thirteen miles south of -Carlisle. The conjecture of Horsley ascribed to it, the -name of <span class='sc'>Bremetenracum</span>. The turnpike-road -goes close past it, as did the ancient Roman way -which led from <span class='sc'>Luguvallium</span> to the south of -Britain. The station presents the usual characteristics -of a Roman camp. Though not much elevated, -it is sufficiently raised to enjoy a most extensive -view of the surrounding country. The western -side is the strongest, being protected by the deep -but narrow valley in which the river Peterel flows. -Its ramparts are boldly marked, and the interior of -the station is filled up to their level by a mass of -prostrate habitations. The largest heap of ruins is -on the north-east quarter; it may be the remains of -the pretorium. The fosse is well defined on the -north, south, and west sides. Enough of the eastern -gate remains to shew that it has been a double portal. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_359'>359</span>One stone of the threshold yet retains its -position; it is worn by the feet of the ancient -tenants of the city, and is circularly chafed by the -action of the door in opening and shutting. Several -very large stones, which have been used in the construction -of the south gateway, lie near their original -site—some of them yet exhibit the holes in which -the pivots of the doors turned. The line of the -street, which went from the eastern to the western -gateway (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>via principalis</em></span>), is discernible. On the -outside of the south-east corner of the station, an -arched chamber, or passage, was discovered a few -years ago; but it is now filled up with rubbish.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>OLD PENRITH.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Extensive remains of ancient foundations have -been removed from the field on the east of the station; -here, according to tradition, Old Penrith stood. -There are also indications of suburban buildings to -the west of the station. In the neighbourhood of the -camp, and even at some distance from it, we meet, in -the houses and stone fences, with such a number of -the small neat stones which were usually employed -in the construction of Roman dwellings, as to impress -us with the idea, that the suburban buildings were -very extensive in every direction.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In recently lowering a part of the turnpike-road, -about a quarter of a mile south of the station, a well, -cased with Roman masonry, was exposed. It is -square, and is set diagonally to the road; it now copiously -supplies the neighbouring farm-houses, -which formerly were, in dry seasons, much inconvenienced -by the scarcity of water.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_360'>360</span>Several sculptured, and inscribed stones, as well -as coins, have been found here; but none of them -are of a nature sufficiently interesting to detain us -longer at Plumpton.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>OLD CARLISLE.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>OLD CARLISLE</em> is nearly two miles south of -Wigton. The station is a large one; the ruins of -its ramparts and interior buildings are boldly -marked. A double ditch, with intervening vallum, -seems to have surrounded the fort. The rivulet -Wiza runs in a deep ravine immediately below the station, -on its west side, and at a remoter distance, on its -south also, thereby lending to it additional strength. -<span id='p360' class='figleft id035'><img src='images/i_p360.jpg' alt='Altar to Jupiter for the safety of Severus' class='ig001' /></span>The remains of suburban buildings may still be seen -outside the walls, on the south, east, and west. -Within the fort, a street may be -distinctly traced from the north -to the south gate, and another -from the east towards the west. -Near the centre of the station -is a moist spot of ground where -we may conceive a well to have -been. Up to a recent period, -the Roman roads leading from -this station on the one hand, -to Carlisle, and on the other -to Maryport, were distinctly -visible. Of the many important -inscribed stones dug out -of this station, that which is represented above is -probably the most interesting. It was found in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_361'>361</span>year 1775, about two hundred yards east of the -camp, and is now in the collection at Netherby.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO]</div> - <div>PRO SALVT[E]</div> - <div>IMP[ERATORIS] L. SEPTIM[II]</div> - <div>SEVERI AVG[VSTI] N[OSTRI]</div> - <div>EQVITES ALAE</div> - <div>AVG[VSTÆ] CVRANTE</div> - <div>EGNATIO VERE-</div> - <div>CVNDO PRA-</div> - <div>EF[ECTVS] POSVERVNT</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To Jupiter, best and greatest.</div> - <div>For the safety</div> - <div>of the emperor Lucius Septimius</div> - <div>Severus, our Augustus;</div> - <div>The cavalry of the wing <em>styled</em></div> - <div>the Augustan, under the direction of</div> - <div>Egnatius Vere-</div> - <div>cundus pre-</div> - <div>fect, placed <em>this</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CAMP NEAR MARYPORT.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>MARYPORT.</em>—On the cliffs overhanging the -modern town of Maryport, are the manifest remains -of a large Roman station. Its position gives it a -commanding view of the Solway Firth and Irish -Channel. The camp is a very large one, and the -lines of its ramparts are very boldly developed. The -eastern side, which is the only one that is not defended -by a natural defile, or valley, was protected -by a double ditch. There are some traces of masonry -also near the gateway on this side, which render -it probable that this entrance had been guarded -by additional outworks. Some portions of this gateway -remain; the sill of it is strongly marked by the -action of chariot wheels. The ruts are about -five inches deep, and five feet ten inches apart. -Within the station is a well, encased with circular -masonry. The interior of the station was excavated -in 1766. The following account of the appearances -which were then observed, is given in Lysons’ Cumberland:—</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_362'>362</span>The workmen found the arch of the gate beat violently -down and broken; and on entering the great street, discovered -evident marks of the houses having been more than once -burnt to the ground and rebuilt; an event not unlikely to have -happened on so exposed a frontier. The streets had been -paved with broad flag-stones, much worn by use, particularly -the steps into a vaulted room, supposed to have been a temple. -The houses had been roofed by Scotch slates, which, with the -pegs which fastened them, lay confusedly in the streets. Glass -vessels, and even mirrors were found; and coals had evidently -been used in the fire places. Foundations of buildings were -round the fort on all sides.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HOSPITAL CAMP.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In the grounds of Nether Hall, the seat of -J. Pocklington Senhouse, esq., is a small entrenchment -containing an area of about an acre and a -half; it is in a low and sheltered position, and has -probably been a retreat for invalids. Ancient -roads have diverged from this station, leading to -Bowness, Wigton, and Papcastle. On draining, -lately, the fields on the line of road leading towards -Old Carlisle, its pavement was met with, -and to a great extent removed. The body of -the road was composed of large granite boulders, -some of them a quarter of a ton in weight; the -interstices being filled up with smaller stones. On -the south side of this way several slabs of stone -were found, lying flat on the ground. They probably -covered the ashes of the dead; fragments of red -pottery and glass were found beneath them.</p> - -<div id='p363' class='figcenter id036'> -<img src='images/i_p363.jpg' alt='Altar to Jupiter, Maryport' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='sidenote'>ANTIQUITIES AT NETHER HALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Very numerous and very important are the remains -of antiquity which this station has yielded. -With the exception of one fine altar, they are all -carefully preserved in the house and grounds at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_363'>363</span>Nether Hall. Many of the sculptured stones which -have been found here, are more highly carved and -more tastefully designed than is usual in the mural -region. An altar to the genius of the place, which -has been removed to Whitehaven Castle, and will be -described in the last Part of this work, is characterized -by Camden as <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘<em>ara pulcherrima affabrè artificio -antiquo exculpta</em>,’</span> and a more graceful altar -than that which is shewn in this cut, we have not -met with in our mural peregrination. It is important, -also, as proving the residence here of the -'<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>prima cohors Hispanorum</em></span>.' In consequence, probably, -of some service done to Hadrian this cohort -<span class='pageno' id='Page_364'>364</span>seems, subsequently to the dedication of this altar, to -have obtained the title of Ælia and the rank of <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>milliaria -equitata</em></span>. The inscription may be read.—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO]</div> - <div>COH[ORS] I HIS[PANORVM]</div> - <div>CVI PRAE[EST]</div> - <div>MA[RCVS] MAENI-</div> - <div>VS AGRIP[PA]</div> - <div>TRIBV[NVS]</div> - <div>POS[VIT]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To Jupiter, the best and greatest.</div> - <div>This first cohort of the Spaniards,</div> - <div>Commanded by</div> - <div>Marcus Mæni-</div> - <div>us Agrippa</div> - <div>The Tribune,</div> - <div>Erected <em>this</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>A plain, square, but now partially fractured, pillar, -inscribed, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>ROMAE AETERNAE ET FORTVNAE REDVCI</span></span>, is -reserved to form the concluding cut on the last page -of this volume. It is a striking memorial at once of -the aspiring pretensions and blighted prospects of -the imperial city. A boar, the symbol of the -twentieth legion, exhibiting more than the usual -spirit, forms the vignette at the close of this Part; -and the slab which bears testimony to the labours -which the second, and twentieth, legion underwent in -constructing the works of this station, is introduced -at the close of the Part devoted to the discussion of -the question ‘Who built the Wall?’ There is preserved -in the piazza at Nether Hall, a carving in -relief of a warrior on horseback trampling on a fallen -enemy; the drawing is not strictly correct, but -is very spirited, and the foreshortening of the horse’s -head remarkably good. Besides these, there are -several large and instructive altars and funereal -slabs, as well as a tablet having a Greek inscription -to this effect—Aulus Egnatius Pastor set up this -to Æsculapius.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_365'>365</span>The minor antiquities consist of fragments of tiles, -one of which bears the stamp of the first cohort of -the Spaniards, a bronze pot bearing a marked resemblance -to some which are in modern use, several -earthenware vessels of large size, and quite perfect, -implements of iron, and weapons of war. Amongst -the coins which have been found in the station, -are a great many forged denarii of Trajan and -Hadrian. They are chiefly formed of lead, and -are badly made; in some instances the metal has -not reached the centre of the mould, and in scarcely -any have the edges of the casting been properly -dressed. Genuine coin must have been exceedingly -scarce among the soldiery of the camp, and -their credulity very great, to allow of the circulation -of such base imitations.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ANCIENT BARROW.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A large artificial mound or barrow is to the -left of the station. The inhabitants had an old tradition -respecting it; they conceived it to be the -sepulchre of a king. It was opened in 1763; near -its centre ‘the pole and shank bones of an ox’ were -found, but neither urns, burnt bones, nor coins, were -discovered.</p> - -<p class='c000'>There is great uncertainty about the ancient name -of this fort. Camden pronounced it to be <span class='sc'>Olenacum</span>, -chiefly influenced by the resemblance in -sound between it and the name of the neighbouring -village of Ellenborough (Maryport is but of recent -origin). This supposition gathers force from the fact -that in ancient documents the river Ellen, which gives -name to the place, is written ‘Alne’ and ‘Olne.’</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_366'>366</span><em>PAPCASTLE</em> is about six miles south-east of -Maryport. Numerous relics of antiquity have been -found here, but little now remains to mark it out as -the site of a Roman station except its extraordinary -fertility. The town of Cockermouth, a mile to the -south of the fort, is supposed to have risen from its -ruins.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The forts which we have already examined may -be thought sufficient to support the line of the Wall. -The peculiar circumstances of its western extremity -will perhaps justify us in reckoning Moresby, -notwithstanding its distance from the Wall, among -the out-stations of the Barrier. Not only does the -Scottish coast, by projecting considerably beyond the -western termination of the Wall, facilitate the invasion -of the intra-mural portion of the island—but Ireland, -the native land of the Scoto-Celts, is nigh at -hand. It was necessary to prevent, not only the -inhabitants of Caledonia landing on the coast of -Cumberland, but the ‘Scots,’ also, who at that time -‘poured out of Ireland.’ Another sea-port station, -south of Maryport, was therefore requisite.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CAMP AT MORESBY.</div> -<p class='c000'><em>MORESBY</em>, within a short distance of Whitehaven, -still exhibits the remains of a Roman camp. -It occupies a commanding position, enjoying especially -an extensive marine prospect. Its western -and southern ramparts are still good. The parish -church and church-yard border upon its eastern -wall. A sculptured stone, evidently chiselled by -Roman hands, lies upon the spot, under the ruined -<span class='pageno' id='Page_367'>367</span>chancel-arch of the old church. The important slab, -of which the wood-cut gives a representation, was -found in digging for the foundations of the present -parish church. It is another of the interesting testimonies -which -we have of the -energy and influence -of the -emperor Hadrian -in those -parts. Like the -Milking-gap -inscription, it -gives the name -of the emperor -in the genitive case.</p> - -<div id='p367' class='figcenter id023'> -<img src='images/i_p367.jpg' alt='Slab to Hadrian, Moresby' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>FORT AT MALBRAY.</div> -<p class='c000'>A military way ran along the coast from this station, -by way of Maryport, to the extremity of the -Wall, at Bowness. By this means, the defence of -the coast could be more effectually secured. As the -distance between Maryport and Bowness is considerable, -a small camp was planted at Malbray, -which is about midway between the two places. The -site of it is now a ploughed field.</p> - -<p class='c000'>We have now taken a hasty review of the stations -on both sides of the Wall, which have supported that -structure. Never, assuredly, was a dangerous frontier -more securely guarded. So long as the stations were -supplied with vigilant and well-disciplined troops, no -foe, however well armed, could successfully attempt -the passage of the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MURAL SCENES.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_368'>368</span>Even the cursory view that we have taken of the -subject, entitles us to say, that the boldness of the design -was worthy of Rome in the zenith of her glory; -and that the manner in which the project was carried -out was becoming a nation with whom to conceive -was to execute.</p> - -<p class='c000'>If we turn our attention for a moment from the -work, to the object for which it was intended, regret, -that man should use his ingenuity for the purposes -of aggression and bloodshed, will take the place of -admiration. Milton aptly describes the scenes which -this region would often witness:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>He look’d, and saw wide territory spread</div> - <div class='line'>Before him, towns, and rural works between,</div> - <div class='line'>Cities of men with lofty gates and towers,</div> - <div class='line'>Concourse in arms, <em>fierce faces</em> threatening war,</div> - <div class='line'>Giants of mighty bone, and bold emprise;</div> - <div class='line'>Part wield their arms ...</div> - <div class='line'>... now scattered lies</div> - <div class='line'>With carcases and arms th' ensanguined field</div> - <div class='line'>Deserted....</div> - <div class='line'>... Others from <span class='sc'>The Wall</span> defend</div> - <div class='line'>With dart and javelin....</div> - <div class='line'>On each hand slaughter and gigantic deeds.</div> - <div class='line'>Adam was all in tears.</div> - <div class='c013'><cite>Paradise Lost</cite>, xi. 638-674.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div id='p368' class='figcenter id037'> -<img src='images/i_p368.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>Symbol of Leg. xx. v. v.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id005'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_369'>369</span> -<img src='images/i_p369.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c015'> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">The Roman Barrier of the</span></span></div> - <div><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">Lower Isthmus.</span></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'>PART V. <br /> <span class='small'>THE QUESTION—WHO BUILT THE WALL?—DISCUSSED.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c004'><a id='p369a'></a></p> -<div class='c000'> - <img class='drop-capi' src='images/i_p369a.jpg' width='200' alt='' /> -</div><p class='drop-capi0_5'> -Our course hitherto has been a detail -of facts; now we enter upon the -region of speculation. In the -former Parts of this work, the -history of the Roman occupation -of Britain has been briefly -told and an attempt made to depict -the present condition of the -Vallum and Wall, with their camps, -castles, and outworks; now the question -must be put—Is the Barrier the -Work of one master-mind, or are its several -parts the productions of different periods, and of -different persons? Had the statements of the ancient -historians upon the subject been explicit and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_370'>370</span>consistent, the inquiry would involve simply an -appeal to their authority; unhappily, the information -which they afford is not only very meagre, but -of a character so unsatisfactory, as to compel us to -sift their evidence, and to compare it with the facts -which we glean from an examination of the fortifications -themselves.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>AGRICOLA’S WORKS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Agricola, we are informed by Tacitus, erected forts -both on the Lower and Upper Isthmus; we are nowhere -told that he drew walls, whether of earth or -stone, across either of them. The northern rampart -of the Vallum has by many been conceived to be -the work of Agricola. In the absence of any direct -historical testimony bearing upon this subject, the -circumstance that the lines of the Vallum pursue a -course precisely parallel to each other, must be -considered as fatal to this theory. It is altogether -incredible, that two engineers should at different -periods construct independent works, without crossing -each other’s ramparts. In Roy’s Military Antiquities, -several instances are given where the -trenches of one encampment cut arbitrarily those of -another, the troops who last occupied the post, not -seeming to pay the least attention to the works of -their predecessors; the lines of the Vallum would -doubtless exhibit the same appearance had they -been the works of different periods. The claims -of Agricola to the authorship of any part of the -Vallum may therefore at once be set aside, and the -inquiry be confined to the relative claims of Hadrian -and Severus.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HADRIAN AND SEVERUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_371'>371</span>If the parallelism of the lines of the Vallum be -fatal to the theory, that one of the mounds is the work -of Agricola, and the others the work of Hadrian, a -similar mode of reasoning leads to the conclusion, -that the Vallum and the Wall cannot be independent -structures. If Severus, finding that the earth-works -of Hadrian had fallen into decay, or were no longer -sufficient to wall out the Caledonians, had determined -to erect a more formidable Barrier, would he not -have mapped out its track without any reference to -the former ruinous and inefficient erection? -Had he done so, we should find the lines taking -independent courses—sometimes contiguous, occasionally -crossing each other; sometimes widely -separated, seldom pursuing for any distance a -parallel course, but the Wall, as the latest built, -uniformly seizing the strongest points, whether previously -occupied by the Vallum or not. This, however, -is not the case; the Wall and Vallum, in -crossing the island, pursue precisely the same track -from sea to sea; for the most part they are in close -companionship, and in no instance does the Wall -cut in upon the trenches of the Vallum. At the first -view of the subject, therefore, we should be disposed -to question the accuracy of the opinion which -gives to these works distinct dates, and ascribes the -Vallum to Hadrian, and the stone Wall to Severus. -Before further prosecuting this inquiry, it will be -well to lay before the reader all the statements of -the ancient historians upon the matter in question; -he will by this means see the necessity of appealing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_372'>372</span>to the structures themselves for a satisfactory -decision of the question.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>TESTIMONY OF HISTORIANS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Herodian was contemporary with Severus, and -professes to have been an eye-witness of all that he -relates. He gives a detailed account of the emperor’s -proceedings in Britain, but does not once -mention the Wall. Dion Cassius was also contemporary -with Severus. As before observed, that -part of the original work which treats of Britain is -lost; we have, however, Xiphiline’s abridgment -of it. The only reference which he makes to the -Wall, comports with its existence previous to the arrival -of Severus in Britain, Speaking of that emperor’s -expedition against the Caledonians, he says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Nor did he ever return from this expedition, but died three -years after he first set out from Rome. He got a prodigious -mass of riches in Britain. The two most considerable bodies -of people in that island, and to which almost all the rest relate, -are the Caledonians and the Meatæ. <em>The latter dwell -near the Barrier Wall</em> (οιχουσι δε οἱ μεν Μαιαται προς αυτῳ τῳ -διατειχισματι, ὁ την νῆσον διχῆ τεμνει) <em>which divides the island into -two parts</em>.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Spartian, writing about A.D. 280, is the first person -who gives us any direct information about the -erection of a Wall; and it is on his testimony -chiefly that the credit of the work has been given to -Severus. Speaking of Hadrian, he says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>He went to Britain where he corrected many things, and -first drew a Wall (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>murumque primus duxit</em></span>) eighty miles long, -to separate the Romans from the barbarians.</p> - -<p class='c000'>No testimony could be more explicit than this in -favour of the view that Hadrian built the Wall. As -<span class='pageno' id='Page_373'>373</span>this writer, however, subsequently ascribes the work -to Severus, many are of opinion that Spartian here -speaks of the Vallum, not of the stone Wall. Mere -verbal criticism will not decide the point, but it may -be observed in passing, that although the words -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>murus</em></span> and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>vallum</em></span> are occasionally interchanged by -Latin authors, the term (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>murus</em></span>) which Spartian -uses in the passage, taken strictly, means a stone -wall. Speaking of Severus, the same writer says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>He fortified Britain with a Wall drawn (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>muro ducto</em></span>) across -the island, and ending on each side at the sea, which was the -chief glory of his reign, and for which he received the name -of Britannicus.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The same writer, in a subsequent chapter, makes -a second reference to the Wall, which is of some -importance in discussing the question. Narrating an -incident which occurred near the Wall, he says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>After the Wall or Vallum in Britain was completed, and -the emperor was returning to the next stage <em>not as conqueror -only, but as founder of eternal peace</em>, and was thinking within -himself what omen might happen to him, an Ethiopian soldier, -famous as a mimic, and noted for his jokes, crossed his path, -crowned with cypress. Struck with the colour of the man, and -his crown, he was angry with him, and ordered him to be put -out of his sight, when the fellow is reported, by way of a joke, -to have said—'Thou hast been everything—conquered everything: -now conqueror, be a god!'</p> - -<p class='c000'>Julius Capitolinus, a writer who flourished about -the same time as Spartian (A.D. 280) speaking of -the Antonine Wall, uses an expression which seems -to imply, that the only previously existing Barrier -was one of turf. He says—</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_374'>374</span>Antoninus, by his legate Lollius Urbicus, conquered the -Britons, the barbarians being secluded by <em>another</em> earthen -wall (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>alio muro cespiticio ducto</em></span>).</p> - -<p class='c000'>All the remaining classical historians sum up in -favour of Severus; they, however, probably only re-echo -the statements of Spartian, with a slight addition -of errors of their own. Eusebius Pamphilius -says, that—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Clodius Albinus being slain at Lyons, Severus made war -upon the Britons, and in order to render the subject provinces -more secure from barbaric invasion, he drew a Wall from sea -to sea, an hundred and thirty-two miles long.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Aurelius Victor, who wrote about A.D. 360, recording -his great exploits, says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>He achieved greater things than those, for after repulsing -the enemy in Britain, he drew a Wall from sea to sea.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The younger Victor, in his epitome of the work -of the elder, says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>He drew a Vallum thirty-two miles long from sea to sea.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Eutropius wrote about the year 360. He says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Severus’s last war was in Britain; he drew a Wall of -thirty-two miles from sea to sea.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Paulus Orosius, who wrote A.D. 417, says, that -the conqueror Severus—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Having fought many severe battles, determined to separate -the part of the island which he had recovered, from the tribes -that remained unsubdued, and, therefore, drew a deep fosse, -and a very strong Vallum (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>magnam fossam firmissimumque -vallum</em></span>), strengthened with numerous towers, from sea to sea, -over a space of one hundred and thirty-two miles.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_375'>375</span>Cassiodorus, who wrote A.D. 520, gives a similar -testimony. Among the events of the consulship of -Aper and Maximus (A.D. 207), he enumerates the -transference of the war by Severus to Britain—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Where, that he might render the subject provinces more -secure against the incursions of the barbarians, he drew a -Wall (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>vallum</em></span>) from sea to sea, one hundred and thirty-two -miles in length.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>VALUE OF THEIR TESTIMONY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Such are the statements of the Roman historians -respecting the authorship of the Wall. Several circumstances -tend to invalidate the claim which they -make in behalf of Severus. The first author who attributes -the Wall to Severus is Spartian, a weak -writer, who lived in an ignorant age, and nearly a -century after the time of Severus. Surely his assertion -will not be allowed to outweigh the negative -testimony of Herodian and Dion Cassius, the contemporaries -of Septimius Severus. Of all the authors -who mention the length of the Wall, the only one -who approaches correctness is Spartian, when speaking -of the Wall, which he states that Hadrian drew -from sea to sea; eighty Roman miles is very nearly -the true length. The other writers call it thirty-two, -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>SPARTIAN INCONSISTENT.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span>or one hundred and thirty-two. Admitting, as some -have supposed, that the larger number is an error, -occasioned by some careless transcriber’s inserting -in the copies the centurial number (C), which did -not exist in the original, the difficulty is not removed. -Thirty-two Roman miles is the length of the Barrier -of the Upper Isthmus, not of the Lower, and these -writers seem to have confounded the one with the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_376'>376</span>other. Buchanan, Usher, and several writers, who -were as capable of weighing the evidence furnished -by the ancient historians as we are, have accordingly -maintained, that the Wall which extended from the -Forth to the Clyde, is that which was reared by -Severus. This opinion we now know, from the inscriptions -found upon it, to be erroneous; but the fact -that it was entertained by such able scholars, proves -the incompleteness of the historic evidence upon the -subject. Milton correctly estimates the vague nature -of this testimony. He writes—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Severus, on the frontiers of what he had firmly conquered, -builds a wall across the island from sea to sea; which our -author judges the most magnificent of all his other deeds; and -that he thence received the style of Britannicus; in length a -hundred and thirty-two miles. Orosius adds, it is fortified -with a deep trench, and between certain spaces many towers -or battlements. The place whereof, some will have to be in -Scotland, the same which Lollius Urbicus had walled before. -Others affirm it only Hadrian’s work re-edified; both plead -authorities, and the ancient track, yet visible: but this I -leave, among the studious of these antiquities, to be discussed -more at large.—(<cite>History of England</cite>, <em>bk.</em> ii.)</p> - -<p class='c000'>Spartian, moreover, invalidates his own testimony -when he says, that the erection of this Wall was the -greatest glory of Severus’s reign (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>quod maximum ejus -imperii decus est</em></span>). The Wall is indeed a magnificent -work; it is, as Stukely characterizes it, ‘the -noblest monument’ of Roman power ‘in Europe;’ -but if reared by Severus, it is, a lasting monument of -his failure. He came to Britain panting for renown—he -resolved to reduce the whole island to his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_377'>377</span>subjection—to make the sea-girt cliffs of Northern -Caledonia his barrier. The efforts which he put -forth were worthy of his resolve—‘In a word,’ says -Dion Cassius, ‘Severus lost fifty thousand men there, -and yet quitted not his enterprise.’ Were the abandonment -of the Wall of Antonine, and the withdrawal -of the frontier to the southern Isthmus, where -Hadrian, eighty years before, had prudently fixed it, -the glorious results of all his aspirations? Spartian -assuredly errs, if not in saying that Severus built the -Wall, at least in stating that this was the great boast -of his reign.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>OCCUPATIONS OF SEVERUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>When, too, we may ask, did he build the Wall? -not assuredly when he issued forth on the expedition -that was to win him so much renown, and which occupied -him the greater part of the time he was in -Britain. He was then bent upon aggression, not -defence. Neither is it probable that he would do it -on his return. According to Spartian, he had at that -time proved himself not only victorious, but the -founder of eternal peace, and thus had removed all -ground for apprehension in the direction of Caledonia. -Or, on the other hand, according to the more -accurate and trustworthy historians, Herodian and -Dion Cassius, he was returning worn out with disease -and the endless fatigues he had sustained; -chagrined at the havoc which the islanders had made -in his army, though they uniformly refused to hazard -a general engagement; and broken-hearted at the -misconduct and ingratitude of his sons, and so would, -we may suppose, have been deficient in the spirit -<span class='pageno' id='Page_378'>378</span>and the means to embark in so large a work. That -he should have repaired some of the stations, particularly -those upon the line of his march, when about -to enter upon what he hoped to be the crowning -enterprise of his life, and that he should have -maintained garrisons in them to make good his communications -with the south, is not only probable, -but is rendered almost certain by the inscriptions -which several of them have yielded; but that, in -such circumstances, he should have planned and -executed the whole line of the Wall, its castles -and turrets, and several of the stations, is almost -incredible.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>POPULAR OPINION.</div> - -<p class='c000'>But it may be asked, if Hadrian formed the whole -Barrier, how is it that the popular voice should ascribe -the most important part of it not to him, but -to Severus? That the Wall is generally called by -the name of Severus, is at once admitted. So long -ago as the reign of Elizabeth, Spencer wrote—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Next there came Tyne, along whose stony bank</div> - <div class='line'>That Roman monarch built a brazen wall,</div> - <div class='line'>Which mote the feebled Britons strongly flank</div> - <div class='line'>Against the Picts, that swarmed over all,</div> - <div class='line'>Which yet thereof <em>Gualsever</em> they do call.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Popular testimony, apart from the authentic records -of history, is of value for our present purpose only so -far as it is the traditional statement of the knowledge of -those who lived when the event took place. The -nearer to its source that we trace a tradition, the clearer -and more unequivocal it will become, if it have its origin -in truth. The popular opinion that Severus built -<span class='pageno' id='Page_379'>379</span>the Wall, will not stand this test. Whatever value -may be attached to the testimony of Gildas, the first -British historian, it is not denied that he records correctly -the hear-say evidence of his day. He does -not mention Severus, but tells us, that after the departure -of the Romans, the Britons, distressed by -the Picts and Scots, sought the assistance of their -former conquerors, and at their suggestion, and with -their assistance, raised first a wall of turf, and afterwards, -when that was found insufficient, a wall of -stone. The narrative of Gildas has been already -given. (<em>p.</em> 29.)</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>BEDE’S TESTIMONY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Bede refers to the opinion that Severus built the -stone Wall, only to refute it; he says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>Severus was drawn into Britain by the revolt of almost all -the confederate tribes; and, after many great and dangerous -battles, he thought fit to divide that part of the island which he -had recovered from the other unconquered nations, not with a -wall, as some imagine, but with a rampart. For a wall is made -of stones, but a rampart, with which camps are fortified to repel -the assaults of enemies, is made of sods, cut out of the earth, and -raised above the ground all around like a wall, having in front -of it the ditch whence the sods were taken, and strong stakes -of wood fixed upon its top. Thus Severus drew a great ditch -and strong rampart, fortified with several towers, from sea to -sea; and was afterwards taken sick, and died at York.</p> - -<p class='c000'>He then repeats Gildas’ account of the origin of -the Wall, and adds—‘that it was not far from the -trench of Severus.’</p> - -<p class='c000'>These quotations are made simply to prove, that -the testimony of tradition, at a period not long subsequent -to the departure of the Romans, was by no -<span class='pageno' id='Page_380'>380</span>means decisive; no stress ought, therefore, now to be -laid upon it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>TRADITION IN ERROR.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The popular report, which ascribes the building of -the Wall to Severus, is the less worthy of credit, -inasmuch as it imputes to him also the building of -the northern Barrier, which we know was the work -of Lollius Urbicus, in the reign of Antonine. Pinkerton -says, 'As to the Welsh name of <em>Gual Sever</em>, -which it is said they give to the Wall in the North -of England, it is also given to that between the -Firths of Scotland.<a id='r134' /><a href='#f134' class='c012'><sup>[134]</sup></a> A small grave-stone, which was -discovered in Falkirk church-yard, in the immediate -neighbourhood of the Antonine Wall, about the year -1815, confirms the testimony of Pinkerton upon this -point. The inscription, a cast of which I have seen, -records the burial there, in the reign of Fergus II., -of ‘a knight, Rob. Graham, who first threw down the -Wall of Severus’ (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>ILLE EVERSVS VALL. SEVER</span></span>). If -popular opinion has erred with reference to the one -Wall, it may have erred with respect to the other also.<a id='r135' /><a href='#f135' class='c012'><sup>[135]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c000'>But we ought not to expect minute accuracy in a -tradition transmitted through many generations. It -is enough that the general impress of the truth -remains. It is nothing surprising, that, after the -lapse even of a century or two, the name of Severus -should have been connected with every military -stronghold in the northern section of the island. As -<span class='pageno' id='Page_381'>381</span>having inflicted the last and heaviest blow upon it, -his hated memory would be the longest retained.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the absence of any decisive testimony from -the historians of Rome, respecting the emperor who -upreared the Murus, we may next examine the inscribed -stones which have been found upon it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>COMMEMORATIVE SLABS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In some instances, inscriptions attached to Roman -buildings give their history with great particularity. -This is the case with the Antonine Wall in Scotland. -Slabs inserted at intervals, record the name of the -reigning emperor, of his legate, of the troops engaged -upon the work, and also the number of paces -executed by each detachment. Unfortunately these -commemorative slabs are of rare occurrence in -the Lower Barrier, and the information given by -such as do exist, is very scanty. This will appear -the more surprising, if we bear in mind that the -English Wall is not only twice as long as the other, -but is built of stone throughout; the Scotch Wall -is chiefly formed of earth. On the theory, that -Hadrian reared all the members of the Barrier, the -paucity of inscriptions admits of easy explanation. -The custom of raising these memorials did not -commence until his day, and at the time of the -erection of the Wall was probably in its infancy; the -practice was in vogue during the reigns of several of -his successors, and was not discontinued until after -the time of Caracalla. If, on the other hand, -Severus built the Wall, it is a most unaccountable -thing that his soldiers have left no record of the fact -upon the line of the Wall itself, and but very scanty -<span class='pageno' id='Page_382'>382</span>traces of his name even in the out-stations. This is -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>PAUCITY OF INSCRIPTIONS TO SEVERUS.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -the more remarkable, when we remember that -the Wall was built by the same legions as were employed -upon the Vallum of the Upper Barrier. The -Antonine Wall was constructed by the twentieth -legion and by vexillations of the second, and sixth. -On the mural line of the Lower Barrier we frequently -meet with stones inscribed with the names and -insignia of the second, and sixth, legion, and occasionally -with those of the twentieth. If the -English Wall was built in A.D. 210, as is generally -stated, how is it that the troops disregarded a custom -so natural and so laudable as that which was -practised so extensively by their predecessors, in -A.D. 140? Extensive repairs were made by Caracalla -at <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>, <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>, and some other -stations; of these we have distinct records in the -inscriptions which remain. How is it, if the mind -and hand of his father gave being to the magnificent -fence of the English isthmus, that not one of the -many stones which he upreared records the fact? -Mural slabs and contemporary historians are alike -silent upon the subject, and, probably, for the simple -reason that Severus did not build it.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It will serve the purposes of truth to cite all the -instances in which the name of either emperor has -been found upon the line; wood-cuts of all to which -I have had access, have been already presented to -the reader.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>INSCRIPTIONS NAMING HADRIAN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The name of Hadrian occurs in many instances. -At Jarrow a stone was found, and is figured in Brand, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_383'>383</span>which was inscribed <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>OMNIVM FIL. HADRIANI</span></span>. In the -foundations of the castellum at Milking-gap a stone -was discovered (p. <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>), bearing in bold letters the -name of the emperor, and of his legate Aulus Platorius -Nepos. At Chesterholm a fragment of a precisely -similar inscription was found (p. <a href='#p241a'>241</a>). In the neighbourhood -of Bradley, two fragments were discovered, -which, when placed together, give us an accurate -copy of the same inscription (p. <a href='#p232'>232</a>). In the ruins -of the castellum near Cawfields, was a portion of -another, with a precisely similar inscription (p. <a href='#p251'>251</a>); -and near the eastern gateway of <span class='sc'>Æsica</span> a large tablet -was dug up, bearing the name of the same emperor -(p. <a href='#p256'>256</a>). In an outhouse, which probably occupies -the site of a castellum, at Chapel-house, in Cumberland, -a stone was found, which mentions Hadrian and -the twentieth legion (p. <a href='#p274'>274</a>). Horsley describes a -slab which he saw at Bewcastle, bearing the following -inscription—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>IMP.</em> CAES. TRA<em>IANO</em></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>HADRIANO AVG.</em></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>L</em>EG. II AVG. ET XX V.</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">LICINIO PR<em>ISCO</em></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">LEG. AVG. PR. PR.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>In Gough’s Camden, a stone, inscribed to Hadrian -by the second legion, is stated to have been found at -Middleby; and at Moresby we have the fine slab -now at Whitehaven castle (p. <a href='#p367'>367</a>).</p> - -<p class='c000'>It will perhaps be said that these inscriptions -prove nothing beyond the universally admitted facts, -that many of the stations existed in Hadrian’s day, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_384'>384</span>and that the Vallum was raised by him. The reply -to this is, that several of them have been found at a -distance from any station, and on the line of the -Wall itself, and that too, in positions where it is farther -removed than usual from the Vallum. The occurrence -of three or four of them in mile-castles, seems to -prove that they owed their position there to no accidental -circumstance, and no one will deny that -these mile-towers were contemporaneous with the -Wall.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>INSCRIPTIONS TO SEVERUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The force of these remarks will more clearly appear -after ascertaining what inscriptions bear the -name of Severus. If we turn to the inquiry with the -impression that he built the more important member -of the Barrier, we might expect to find the evidences -of the activity which prevailed in his day more -abundant than in the time of Hadrian. Such, however, -is not the fact. The one at Hexham (p. <a href='#Page_340'>340</a>) -was the only inscription to Severus which was known -to Gordon and Horsley. Well might Gordon, who -maintained the Septimian theory, denominate it—‘a -very precious jewel of antiquity.’ Hexham is nearly -four miles south of the Wall. To this must be added -the altar discovered at Old Carlisle (p. <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>), -which is about ten miles distant from the Wall; -and another in a dilapidated state, found at the same -place; and the gateway slab found at <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span> -(p. <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>), one of the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>castra exploratorum</em></span> nearly ten -miles in advance of the Wall, recording the restoration -of part of the fortifications there. Besides these, -I know not of any inscriptions to Severus. I purposely -<span class='pageno' id='Page_385'>385</span>omit all reference to an altar, said to have -been discovered at Netherby, bearing the inscription -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>SEPT. SEVERO IMP. QVI MVRVM HVNC CONDIDIT</span></span>, because, -both Gordon and Horsley pronounce it to be -spurious.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE GELT QUARRY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Much importance is attached by those who advocate -the claims of Severus to the inscription on the -face of the ancient quarry, on the river Gelt. Here, -it may be said, is the very spot from which the -stones of the Wall were taken, and the precise -date is fixed—the consulship of Aper and Maximus. -That the quarry was used by the Romans at this -period, is not a matter of dispute, but it is very -questionable whether much of the stone from it was -used in the building of the Wall, because, suitable -materials could be procured nearer at hand. The -year in which Aper and Maximus were consuls was -A.D. 207; the year in which, according to the received -reckoning, Severus came to Britain, was that -in which Geta and Caracalla were consuls, A.D. 208.<a id='r136' /><a href='#f136' class='c012'><sup>[136]</sup></a> -It is not likely that Severus would order the stones -to be quarried before his arrival in Britain. But, -allowing that the chronology of Severus’ reign is to -be received with some latitude, and granting that he -had landed in Britain in A.D. 207, some time would -necessarily elapse in making inquiries into the state -of the country, and no inconsiderable period would -be occupied in making surveys, even after the construction -of the Wall had been determined on. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_386'>386</span>quarry has probably been wrought for some ordinary -purpose, perhaps for the erection of some buildings -in the station near Brampton, at the period in -question.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HADRIAN’S QUARRIES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Evidence is not wanting to prove, on the other -hand, that quarries near the line of the Roman -Wall were wrought in the time of Hadrian. In -an old quarry near the top of Borcum, or Barcombe -(a hill near the village of Thorngrafton, and opposite -to the station of <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>), a large number of -Roman coins was found. They are described and -figured in the last Part of this work. Since none -of the pieces of this hoard were later than the time -of Hadrian, and the coins of his reign and Trajan’s -were peculiarly fresh, it is agreed that the treasure -must have been deposited in Hadrian’s time. -The quarry on Haltwhistle-fell (p. <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>), it will also -be remembered, bore the name of the sixth legion, -which, if the reasoning in the next paragraph be -admitted, will appear to have been inscribed before -the arrival of Severus in Britain.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It has already been observed that numerous stones -along the line bear, without any addition, the names -of the second legion, the sixth, and the twentieth. -There can be no doubt that these legions and their -vexillations executed the principal part of the Work. -The main bodies of these forces, however, had their -head-quarters, at the time of the arrival of Severus, -in districts of the country southward of the Barrier -line. The second legion, after the building of the -Antonine Wall, appears to have gone to Carleon, in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_387'>387</span>South Wales, the Isca of the Romans. The sixth -legion removed to York before A.D. 190, where -it continued as long as the Romans remained -in the island. Horsley, speaking of the inscriptions -on the Wall which mention this legion,<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>MOVEMENTS OF THE LEGIONS.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -says, ’some of them, from the characters and other -circumstances, may be supposed as ancient as Hadrian’s -reign.' The twentieth legion had taken up -its abode at Chester, the <span class='sc'>Deva</span> of the Romans, as -early as the year 154. Though it is probable that -Septimius Severus may have taken detachments of -these legions with him in his Scottish campaign, it -is not likely that he would withdraw the main -bodies from forts of such importance; and those which -did accompany him would find the discharge of their -military duties sufficiently onerous, without engaging -in a work so vast as the building of the Wall.</p> - -<p class='c000'>But, after all, the works themselves furnish us -with the best proof that the whole is one design, and -the production of one period. It is difficult to conceive -how any person can traverse the line of the -Barrier without coming to the conclusion, that all -the works—Vallum, Wall and fosse, turrets, castles, -stations, and outposts—are but so many parts of one -great design, essential to each other, and unitedly -contributing to the security of a dangerous frontier. -The Murus and the Vallum throughout their whole -course pursue tracks harmonizing with each other; -the Murus, however, selecting those acclivities from -which an attack from the north can be best repulsed—the -Vallum, those from which aggression -<span class='pageno' id='Page_388'>388</span>from the south can be repelled. Stukeley was unable -to resist the evidence of his senses. Speaking of the -works in the neighbourhood of Carvoran, he says—</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>STUKELEY’S TESTIMONY.</div> - -<p class='c014'>I suppose this Wall built by Severus is generally set upon -the same track as Hadrian’s Wall or Vallum of earth was; -for, no doubt, they there chose the most proper ground; but -there is a Vallum and ditch all the way accompanying the -Wall, and on the south side of it; and likewise studiously -choosing the southern declivity of the rising ground. I observe, -too, the Vallum (Wall?) is always to the north. It is -surprising that people should fancy this to be Hadrian’s Vallum; -it might possibly be Hadrian’s work, but may be called -the line of contravallation; for, in my judgment, the true intent, -both of Hadrian’s Vallum and Severus’s Wall, was, -in effect, to make a camp extending across the kingdom; -consequently, was fortified both ways, north and south: -at present, the Wall was the north side of it; that called -Hadrian’s work, the south side of it; hence we may well -suppose all the ground of this long camp, comprehended between -the Wall and the southern rampire, was the property -of the soldiers that guarded the Wall.—<cite>Iter Boreale</cite>, p. 59.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Speaking of the works westward of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -he says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Vallum runs parallel to the Wall, but upon the declining -ground south, as the other north; this confirms me in -my suspicion, that both works were made at the same time, -and by the same persons, and with intent that this should be -a counter-guard to the other, the whole included space being -military ground.—<cite>Iter Boreale</cite>, 66.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The reader needs scarcely to be reminded of the -striking illustration of these remarks which is furnished -by the appearance of the works a little to the -west of Carrhill, and by the fact, that for nearly ten -<span class='pageno' id='Page_389'>389</span>miles in the middle of their course, the Vallum is -commanded by the heights on which the Wall stands.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>RELATIVE POSITION OF THE WORKS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Whenever the distance between the Wall and -Vallum varies, it is generally with some obvious -design in view. Thus, as Hodgson, who powerfully -supports the view here taken, remarks—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Vallum and Murus always contract the width of -the interval between them as they approach a river, apparently -for no other purpose than a close protection of the -military way, and the defence of one bridge; for if they had -passed the brooks and rivers on their line at any considerable -distance from each other, two bridges would have been necessary, -and two sets of guards to defend them: and here it -is not unimportant to remark, that the Murus always takes -that brow of the ridge it traverses, which is precipitous to -the north, and never deserts its straightest or most defensible -course to find a convenient situation for a bridge, while the -Vallum almost invariably bends inwards as it approaches a -bridge, and diverges outwards as it leaves it.—<cite>Hist. Nor.</cite> II. iii.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Horsley’s plan of the Barrier between <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> -and <span class='sc'>Magna</span>, which is copied on <a href='#p044b'>Plate II</a>., will afford -several examples of the truth of these remarks.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The position of the Vallum and Murus, in relation -to the stations, furnishes additional evidence. The -Murus usually forms the northern wall of the station, -or comes up to the northern cheek of its eastern -and western gates, while the Vallum protects -its southern rampart, or comes up to the lower -side of its doorways. The two lines give complete -protection to the camps, and to the roads leading to -and from them. On the supposition that the Vallum -is an independent fortification, and that it was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_390'>390</span>constructed nearly a century before the Wall was -thought of, we must concede that its plan was such -as to give the stations the least possible support, to -leave them, in short, in a great measure exposed to -the enemy. The manner in which the two walls -combine in giving strength to a station, is very well -shewn in Warburton’s plan of the works in the vicinity -of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> (Plate II). It is scarcely possible -to deny the justice of the remark, which he -appends to the title—‘A Plan of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> ... with -part of the Plan of Severus’ Wall and Hadrian’s -Vallum, shewing how they are connected at the stations, -and by their mutual relation to one another, <em>must -have been one entire united defence or fortification</em>.'</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>SEVERUS REPAIRED THE WALL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is not improbable that Severus may have repaired -some portions of the Wall, and perhaps added -some few subsidiary defences. Richard of Cirencester -gives us correct information upon several -points connected with Roman Britain, which we do -not learn from other authors; it is not unlikely that -his view of the subject of our present study may be -the correct one. He says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>About this time the emperor Hadrian, visiting this island, -erected a Wall, justly wonderful, and left Julius Severus his -deputy in Britain.... Virius Lupus did not perform -many splendid actions, for his glory was intercepted by the -unconquerable Severus, who, having rapidly put the enemy to -flight, <em>repaired the Wall of Hadrian</em>, now become ruinous, -and restored it to its former perfection. Had he lived, he intended -to extirpate the very name of the barbarians.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The supposition that Hadrian built the Wall is -consistent with the accounts which historians give -<span class='pageno' id='Page_391'>391</span>us of his attachment to architectural undertakings. -One writer, of great research, says of him—</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>HADRIAN A GREAT BUILDER.</div> -<p class='c014'>No prince, perhaps, ever raised so many public and private -edifices as Hadrian. In every city of note, throughout the -empire, some erection perpetuated his memory: bridges, -aqueducts, temples, and palaces, rose on every hand. Many -cities, likewise, were either wholly built or repaired by him. -<em>Building seems, indeed, to have been a main feature in his system -of government.</em> He was the first who appointed that each -cohort should have its quota of masons, architects, and all -kinds of workmen needed for the erection and adornment of -public edifices.—<cite>Hist. Rome</cite>, <em>Tract Soc. London 277</em>.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It is perhaps needless to pursue the subject further. -More might easily be said; but I was unwilling, -on a point of so much importance, to say less. -The reader will not fail to perceive what an -impressive view the works of the mural barrier, -considered as one vast scheme, and not as a series -of after-thoughts, give of the mighty conceptions -and energies of imperial Rome.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In taking leave of those renowned men, Hadrian -and Severus, it may be allowable to advert to the -testimony which, before departing this life, they are -said to have given as to the vanity of all earthly things. -Hadrian, who used to say, that an emperor should -be like the sun, visiting all the regions of the earth, -found himself then, in darkness. His knowledge of -the Eleusinian mysteries gave him no peace; he -addressed his soul in these words:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Animula, vagula, blandula</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hospes, comesque corporis</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quæ nunc abibis in loca</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pallidula, rigida, nudula?</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nec ut soles dabis joca.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_392'>392</span>These lines are thus happily imitated by Prior—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Poor, little, pretty, fluttering thing,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Must we no longer live together?</div> - <div class='line'>And dost thou prune thy trembling wing,</div> - <div class='line in2'>To take thy flight thou know’st not whither?</div> - <div class='line'>Thy humorous vein, thy pleasing folly,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Lies all neglected, all forgot;</div> - <div class='line'>And, pensive, wavering, melancholy,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Thou dread’st and hop’st thou know’st not what.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>DEATH OF HADRIAN AND SEVERUS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Severus’ restless pursuit after happiness was -equally vain. His dying words are said to have -been, '<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Omnia fui et nihil expedit</em></span>'—I have tried -everything, and found nothing of any avail. What -a contrast to the language addressed to him by the -Ethiopian soldier—'Thou hast been everything—conquered -everything: now, conqueror, be a god!'</p> - -<div id='p392' class='figcenter id038'> -<img src='images/i_p392.jpg' alt='Slab, Leg. II. and Leg. XX.' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id005'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_393'>393</span> -<img src='images/i_p393a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='xlarge'><span class="blackletter">The Roman Barrier of the -Lower Isthmus.</span></span></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='part06' class='c003'>PART VI. <br /> <span class='small'>MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES FOUND ON THE LINE OF THE WALL.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c004'><a id='p393'></a></p> -<div class='c000'> - <img class='drop-capi' src='images/i_p393.jpg' width='200' alt='' /> -</div><p class='drop-capi0_4'> -Most apposite is the remark -of Dr. Johnson, that -‘Whatever withdraws -us from the power -of our senses; whatever -makes the past, the distant, -or the future predominate -over the present, advances us in the dignity -of thinking beings.’ Few things are so well -calculated to produce this effect, as the altars and -lettered tablets that have been left on our soil by the -Romans. When we but glance at them, who is not -moved at the reflection, that they were chiselled by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_394'>394</span>hands which for so many centuries have mouldered -nerveless in the dust!</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Still on its march, unnoticed and unfelt</div> - <div class='line'>Moves on our being. We do live and breathe,</div> - <div class='line'>And we are gone! The spoiler heeds us not;</div> - <div class='line'>We have our spring-time and our rottenness;</div> - <div class='line'>And as we fall, another race succeeds</div> - <div class='line'>To perish likewise.</div> - <div class='c013'><em>Kirke White.</em></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>On proceeding to decipher the antique records, -our emotions are more varied and more intense. -The old Roman seems to arise from the tomb, -and to reveal his modes of thought and principles -of action. His breast heaves; his heart is -laid bare. In lines which his own fingers have -carved, the gods before whom he trembled are declared. -Looking on the very altar at which he knelt, -we almost seem to see ‘the mean man bowing down, -and the great man humbling himself.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>LETTERED STONES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The region of the Wall has yielded more inscribed -stones of the Roman period than any other portion -of the kingdom. Many of them have already been -presented to the reader; a few others will here be -described. The lettered stones of the mural line -may be divided into three classes—altars, funereal -slabs, and centurial stones.</p> - -<h3 class='c025'>ALTARS.</h3> - -<div class='sidenote c001'>PARTS OF AN ALTAR.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The offering of such sacrifices as were supposed -to be acceptable to their deities, formed an essential -part of the religion of the Greeks and Romans. -Very numerous are the altars which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_395'>395</span>have been discovered on the line of the Wall. -Many of them are small, some not larger than the -palm of the hand, rough in the workmanship, and -without any inscription; others are of large size,</p> -<div id='p395' class='figright id013'> -<img src='images/i_p395.jpg' alt='alt=Altar, Deo Vetri' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>and of ornate character. The usual form of them is -shewn in the annexed -cut. The inscription is -on the face of the altar; -the base and upper portion -project a little beyond -the sides. A small -cavity on the top called -the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>focus</em></span>, or hearth, received -the offering. The -sides of the altar were -frequently adorned with carvings representing the -victims, the implements used in sacrifice, and insignia -of the god. On the altar<a id='r137' /><a href='#f137' class='c012'><sup>[137]</sup></a> before us, we have represented -the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>præfericulum</em></span>, or pitcher, which contained -the wine for the offering; the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>patera</em></span>, a round, -shallow dish, generally with a handle, which was -used in throwing a small portion of the wine upon -the altar; the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>securis</em></span>, or axe, with which the animal -was slain; and the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>culter</em></span>, or knife, used in flaying or -dividing it. In the Chesterholm altar, figured <em>p.</em> 240, -the sacrificial ox is represented; and on the sides of -the altar to Jupiter, which is shewn on page 290, the -thunder-bolt of the god, and the wheel of Nemesis— -<span class='pageno' id='Page_396'>396</span>the emblem of swift vengeance—are given. The -small size of the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>focus</em></span> proves that the offerings presented -to the deities occupied a very small bulk. -When an animal was slain, a portion of the entrails -was often all that fell to the lot of the god.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Idibus in magni castus Jovis æde sacerdos</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Semimaris flammis viscera libat ovis.<a id='r138' /><a href='#f138' class='c012'><sup>[138]</sup></a></span></div> - <div class='c013'><cite>Ovid’s Fasti</cite>, i. 587.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>NATURE OF THE OFFERINGS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Frequently the offering consisted of a little barley-meal, -some fruit, some frankincense, or chips of fragrant -wood, with wine or milk. Occasions of sacrifice -were often times of merry-making. The -slain victim and the dedicated wine formed the -ready materials of a feast. Ovid sarcastically represents -an old woman performing the rites due to -the goddess of Silence; upon her offering (three -grains of incense) she allows a few drops of wine to -fall, and assisted by her companions, though needing -little help, she drinks up the remainder, departing -from her devotions tipsy, and anything but taciturn.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ecce anus ... annosa,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Et digitis tria thura tribus sub limine ponit</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vina quoque instillat. Vini, quodcumque relictum est,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Aut ipsa, aut comites, plus tamen ipsa, bibit.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">... ebriaque exit anus.</span></div> - <div class='c013'><cite>Fasti</cite>, ii. 571.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>ALTAR TO JUPITER.</div> - -<p class='c000'>As might be expected, many altars are dedicated to -Jupiter, the king and father, as he was styled, of gods -and men. The wood-cut represents a very fine one, -which was found in the station at Chesterholm, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_397'>397</span>and is now preserved under the piazza of the House.</p> - -<div id='p397' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p397.jpg' alt='Large Altar to Jupiter' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>I[OVI] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO]</div> - <div>CETERISQUE</div> - <div>DIIS IMMORT[ALIBVS]</div> - <div>ET GEN[IO] PRAETOR[II]</div> - <div>Q[VINTVS] PETRONIVS</div> - <div>Q[VINTI] F[ILIVS] FAB[IA] VRBICVS</div> - <div>PRAEF[ECTVS] COH[ORTIS] IIII</div> - <div>GALLORUM</div> - <div>EX ITALIA</div> - <div>DOMO BRIXIA</div> - <div>VOTVM SOLVIT</div> - <div>PRO SE</div> - <div>AC SVIS</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To Jupiter, best <em>and</em> greatest,</div> - <div>And to the rest of the</div> - <div>Immortal gods,</div> - <div>And the genius of the pretorium,</div> - <div>Quintus Petronius</div> - <div>Son of Quintus, of the Fabian family, <em>surnamed</em> Urbicus.</div> - <div>Prefect of the Fourth cohort</div> - <div>Of the Gauls,</div> - <div>From Italy, <em>and</em></div> - <div>Of a house of Brixia,</div> - <div>Performed a vow</div> - <div>For himself</div> - <div>And family.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Two lines have been purposely erased, perhaps in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_398'>398</span>consequence of some error committed by the -sculptor. The town of Brixia, the modern Brescia, -is situated on a feeder of the Po. Petronius, it -would appear, still remembered, and doubtless with -affection, his former home in sunny Italy. Storks -adorn both sides of the altar; the object of their -introduction is rather doubtful. In the Risingham -slab, now at Cambridge, to which reference -has already been made (<em>p.</em> 332), a cock is associated -with the figure of Mars, and a stork with that of -Victory. Can the stork have been the emblem of victory, -as the cock was of the god of war? The powerful -wing and stately motions of this bird render it a -fitting emblem of the goddess whose favours Petronius -must often have sought. The inscription is -distinct, and strikingly displays the polytheism of the -Romans. Petronius associates with Jupiter, not -only all the immortal gods, but the genius of the -pretorium also.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>POLYTHEISM OF ROME.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Not only were the superior deities and invisible -genii blended in one invocation, but mortal men -were not unfrequently associated with the greatest -of the gods on the same altar. This is the case in -one already described (<em>p.</em> <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>). Quintus Verius, on -an altar found at Housesteads, calls upon Jupiter, -the best and greatest, together with ‘the deities of -Augustus.’ The emperor himself is probably intended -by this phrase, not the gods whom the emperor -worshipped. The use of the noun in the -plural number, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>numina</em></span>, is not opposed to this view. -Horsley remarks that <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>numina</em></span> is frequently, in classical -writers, applied to a particular deity; thus we -<span class='pageno' id='Page_399'>399</span>have <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>numina Dianæ</em></span> in Horace, and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>numina Phœbi</em></span> -in Virgil. The emperors, we know, were frequently -worshipped as gods. The Mantuan bard, addressing -Augustus, has no doubt of his divinity, though he -knows not what region to assign to his especial care;</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>... urbesne invisere, Cæsar,</div> - <div class='line'>Terrarumque velis curam;...</div> - <div class='line'>An deus immensi venias maris, ac tua nautæ</div> - <div class='line'>Numina sola colant....</div> - <div class='c013'><cite>Georg.</cite> I. 25.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div id='p399' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p399.jpg' alt='Altar, Genio Loci, etc.' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MARYPORT ALTAR.</div> -<p class='c000'>An altar, which is not less remarkable for the ornate -character of its decorations, than for the striking -display which it affords of the polytheism of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_400'>400</span>the Romans, was found in the camp at Maryport, -and is now in the possession of the earl of Lonsdale, -at Whitehaven Castle. An accurate representation -is given of it in the preceding engraving.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>GENIO LOCI</div> - <div class='line'>FORTVNÆ REDVCI</div> - <div class='line'>ROMÆ AETERNÆ</div> - <div class='line'>ET FATO BONO</div> - <div class='line'>G[AIVS] CORNELIVS</div> - <div class='line'>PEREGRINVS</div> - <div class='line'>TRIB[VNVS] COHOR[TIS]</div> - <div class='line'>EX PROVINCIA</div> - <div class='line'>MAVR[ITANIÆ] CÆSA[RIENSIS]</div> - <div class='line'>DOMOS E . . .</div> - <div class='line'>. . . . .</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the Genius of the place,</div> - <div>To returning Fortune,</div> - <div>To eternal Rome,</div> - <div>And to propitious fate,</div> - <div>Gaius Cornelius</div> - <div>Peregrinus,</div> - <div>Tribune of a cohort,</div> - <div>From the province of</div> - <div>Mauritania Cæsariensis,</div> - <div>. . . . . . . . . .</div> - <div>. . . . . . . .</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The lower lines of the inscription of this altar are -much injured; they probably refer to the restoration of -some buildings. The upper portion is sufficiently -plain. Peregrinus addresses first the deity of the -place over which his arms had triumphed; lest -the local god should not smile benignantly, he -resorts to Fortune, who had conducted him safely to -the land of his adoption; if this deity should fail him, -he thinks to find a refuge in the genius of the eternal -city; but driven from this resource, there is nothing -for it, but to trust to fate or chance.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On the back of this altar (which as it is at present -placed at Whitehaven Castle, cannot be seen), are -inscribed the words, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>VOLANTI VIVAS</span></span>. This was probably -the expression of the good wishes of some -party for his friend, inscribed for greater efficacy on -the sacred stone; and may be translated, Volantius, -long may you live!</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>ALTARS TO MARS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_401'>401</span>Mars is occasionally addressed, though not so -frequently as we might expect in a chain of mural -garrisons. Two small altars dedicated to him have -already been introduced. On several altars, chiefly -found in Cumberland, he is addressed by the name -<span id='p401a' class='figright id039'><img src='images/i_p401a.jpg' alt='Altar, Deo Cocidio' class='ig001' /></span>of Cocidius. One which was found at -Bank’s-head, and is now preserved at -Lanercost Priory, is here introduced. -An altar found at Lancaster bearing -the inscription, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>DEO SANCTO MARTI -COCIDIO</span></span>, is the authority for supposing -that Cocidius was a name of Mars. -The altar before us has been dedicated -by the soldiers of the twentieth legion, -surnamed the Valiant and Victorious; -the boar, the badge of the legion, is at -the bottom of the altar. It appears also that Mars -was sometimes styled Belatucadrus, the expression -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>DEO MARTI BELATUCADRO</span></span> being found upon some -altars; the altars to Belatucadrus are, however, confined -to Cumberland. One of them is here -<span id='p401b' class='figleft id033'><img src='images/i_p401b.jpg' alt='Altar, Deo Belatucadro' class='ig001' /></span>given. It was found at Walton Castlesteads, -where it still remains. The letters are -rudely carved, and the last two lines not -very intelligible. The name Belatucadrus -or Belatucader is derived from the words -Baal and Cadir; and probably means—The -invincible or omnipotent Baal. The fact that -Baal, the great idol of the east, found votaries in -Britain shews how easy it is to propagate error.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It was the practice of the Romans to adopt the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_402'>402</span>deities of the countries which they subdued, and -they may be supposed to have sought to amalgamate -with their own god of war, the corresponding divinity -worshipped in that part of Britain where these -altars were reared.</p> - -<div id='p402' class='figright id039'> -<img src='images/i_p402.jpg' alt='Altar to Minerva' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MINERVA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The worship of Minerva was not neglected by the -soldiers of the Wall. The wood-cut exhibits an -altar to the virgin goddess, which -was found in the station at Rochester; -it is now at Alnwick -Castle. Several others exist. Science -is required in the arts of -war as well as peace. The victory -which mere daring achieved, -was by the Greeks and Romans -ascribed to the intervention of -Mars; that which was the result -of skilful strategy to the influence -of Minerva. This altar was consecrated -by Julius Carantus.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>FORTUNA.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Fortune was one of the favourite deities of Rome. -The great confidence which the Romans placed in -her is expressed in the story related by Plutarch, -that on entering Rome she put off her wings and -shoes, and threw away her globe, as she intended to -take up her permanent abode among the Romans. -Several altars addressed to Fortune have been -found on the line of the Wall. One of the most -remarkable is shewn in the annexed cut. It was -found in a building in the south-east corner of the -station at Risingham, and is now in the Museum of</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_403'>403</span>Antiquities, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The great peculiarity -of it is, that the projecting base of the altar -is provided with a focus, and that on the projection -the inscription is repeated. It reads—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>FORTVNAE</div> - <div>SACRVM</div> - <div>VALERIVS</div> - <div>LONGINVS</div> - <div>TRIB[VNVS]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To Fortune</div> - <div>Sacred</div> - <div>Valerius</div> - <div>Longinus</div> - <div>Tribune.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div id='p403' class='figcenter id005'> -<img src='images/i_p403.jpg' alt='Altar to Fortune' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The altar, when in its original position, was raised -by means of two courses of masonry considerably -above the level of the ground. The object of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_404'>404</span>second focus is a matter of conjecture. According -to the grammarians, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>altare</em></span> (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>alta ara</em></span>, high altar) was -dedicated only to the gods above, whilst the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>ara</em></span> was -both lower, and employed in sacrificing to the gods -below as well as those above. Can Fortune have -been viewed in the double capacity of a superior and -inferior divinity, and can the tribune, Valerius -Longinus, have sought to secure the favour of the -powerful deity both in this life and the one to come!</p> - -<div id='p404' class='figcenter id018'> -<img src='images/i_p404.jpg' alt='Altar to Mithras' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MITHRAS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Several of the altars found on the line of the Wall -are dedicated to the god Mithras. <i>Mitra</i>, it appears, -is one of the names for the sun in Sanscrit; and that</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_405'>405</span>Mithras was, by the Romans, identified with the sun, -is clearly proved by many of the inscriptions on the -altars of that deity. One, found in the Mithraic cave -at Housesteads, and which is now at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -is figured on the former page. The inscription -upon it may be read thus;—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>DEO</div> - <div>SOLI INVI</div> - <div>CTO MYTRÆ</div> - <div>SAECVLARI</div> - <div>LITORIVS</div> - <div>PACATIANVS</div> - <div>B[ENE]F[ICIARIVS] COS. PRO</div> - <div>SE ET SVIS V[OTVM] S[OLVIT]</div> - <div>L[IBENS] M[ERITO]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the god</div> - <div>The Sun the in-</div> - <div>vincible Mithras</div> - <div>The Lord of ages</div> - <div>Litorius</div> - <div>Pacatianus</div> - <div>A consular beneficiary; for</div> - <div>himself and family discharges a vow</div> - <div>Willingly and deservedly.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>WORSHIP OF THE SUN.</div> - -<div id='p405' class='figright id033'> -<img src='images/i_p405.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Another small and roughly-cut altar procured from -the same place, and also now at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -has a figure of the sun on its -capital: Hodgson reads the inscription -in this manner—Hieronymus, -performing a vow, freely and duly -dedicates this to the sun.</p> - -<p class='c000'>When we contemplate the powerful -and beneficial influence of the -sun, we cannot be surprised that the -worship of this luminary, especially -in the east, constituted the first form of idolatry—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>To solemnize this day, the glorious sun</div> - <div class='line'>Stays in his course, and plays the alchemist;</div> - <div class='line'>Turning, with splendour of his precious eye,</div> - <div class='line'>The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>WORSHIP OF MITHRAS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The various ceremonies which were observed in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_406'>406</span>the worship of Mithras, are supposed to have been -emblematic of the different influences exercised -by the sun upon vegetable and animal life. The -notices which we have of the meaning of these -emblems are, however, a mass of mysticism and absurdity. -The god is commonly represented as a -youth wearing the Phrygian cap and attire, and -<span id='p406' class='figright id022'><img src='images/i_p406.jpg' alt='Attendant of Mithras' class='ig001' /></span>kneeling on a bull thrown on the ground, the -throat of which he is cutting. He is usually accompanied -by two attendants, the one -bearing an uplifted torch, representing -the sun in the vernal equinox, -ascending to the zenith of his power, -the other, an extinguished torch, -resting on the ground, emblematic -of the orb of day, when hastening -to the winter solstice. The wood-cut -here introduced exhibits one of -these figures (now at Newcastle-upon-Tyne), -which was found in -the cave at Housesteads.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The Mithraic worship was introduced into the -western world, from Persia, about the time of Julius -Cæsar, and speedily spread over all parts of the -empire. It appears to have outlived other forms -of idolatry in Europe. Its favourers seem to have -abandoned polytheism; on the line of the Wall at -least, the name of Mithras is not combined with -that of any other deity. This circumstance, together -with the laborious, though vain, researches of its -philosophical supporters, recommended it to those -<span class='pageno' id='Page_407'>407</span>who rejected the pure and simple truths of Christianity.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MITHRAIC CAVE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Another of the Housesteads altars to Mithras -is here figured. It is inscribed—</p> - -<div id='p407' class='figleft id035'> -<img src='images/i_p407.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">D[EO] O[PTIMO] M[AXIMO]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">INVICTO MYT</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">RÆ SAECVLARI</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PVBL[IVS] PROCVLI</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">NYS C[ENTVRIO] PRO SE</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ET PROCVLO FIL[IO]</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">SVO V. S. L. M.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>———</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">D.D. (<em>dominis</em>) N.N. (<em>nostris</em>) GALLO ET</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">VOLVSINO CO[N]S[VLIBVS]</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>CC</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the god best and greatest</div> - <div>The invincible Mith-</div> - <div>ras, lord of ages,</div> - <div>Publius Proculinus,</div> - <div>Centurion, for himself</div> - <div>And Proculus his son,</div> - <div>his vow freely and deservedly pays.</div> - <div>———</div> - <div>Our lords Gallus and</div> - <div>Volusinus being consuls.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The temples of Mithras generally consisted of a -cave, or a small building from which the light was -excluded. A cave was adopted, ‘because,’ says Porphyry, -‘a cave is the image and symbol of the world,’ -and it was dark, ‘because the essence of the virtues -is obscure.’ All who sought the favour of this god -were subjected to a long course of painful initiatory -discipline. Nonnius, a Greek poet, says—</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MITHRAIC RITES.</div> - -<p class='c014'>No one can be admitted into his mysteries, unless he has -previously undergone all the punishments, the number of -which they say is eighty, some of them of the gentler sort, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_408'>408</span>others more severe. The milder are undergone first, then the -severer; and after the whole course is gone through, they -are initiated. Fire and water are the sorts of punishment -which they endure. These torments are said to be inflicted -to produce examples of piety and greatness of mind under -sufferings. After they have been many days in water, they -cast themselves into fire; then live in desert places, and there -subdue the cravings of hunger; and thus, as we have said, -the aspirant goes through the whole course of eighty torments; -which if he survive, then he is initiated into the mysteries -of Mithras.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Human sacrifices seem to have been used in -the worship of Mithras. Photius, in his life of -Athanasius, asserts that there was a Greek temple -in Alexandria, in which, in ancient times, the Greeks -performed sacred rites to Mithras, sacrificing men, -women, and children, and auguring from their entrails. -Pliny tells us that in the year of Rome 657, -a decree of the senate was passed, forbidding the -immolation of man; for till that time monstrous -solemnities were openly celebrated.<a id='r139' /><a href='#f139' class='c012'><sup>[139]</sup></a> The emperor -Heliogabalus, a native of Syria, styled himself high -priest of Mithras. His assassination is partly ascribed -to the horror with which the people listened -to the tales of magic rites in which he was concerned, -and of human victims secretly slaughtered.<a id='r140' /><a href='#f140' class='c012'><sup>[140]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MITHRAIC CAVE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The cave at Housesteads in which the Mithraic -sculptures were found, was situated in the valley to -the south of the station. It was discovered in 1822 -by the tenant of the farm in which it stood, who fixed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_409'>409</span>upon the spot as one likely to yield him the material -which he required for building a stone fence hard by. -The building was square; its sides faced the cardinal -points. It had been originally, as was usually -<span id='p409' class='figleft id015'><img src='images/i_p409.jpg' alt='Zodiacal Tablet, Borcovicus' class='ig001' /></span>the case in a Mithraic temple, permeated by a small -stream. Hodgson, who saw it as soon as it was laid -bare, says, ‘The cave itself seems to have been -a low contemptible hovel, dug out of a hill side, -lined with dry walls, and covered with earth or -straw.’ Though the building has been entirely -removed, a small hollow is left which marks the spot -where it stood. All the sculptured stones have -happily been placed in the custody of the Society -of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Amongst -them, besides the altars -already given, -and some which it -has not been thought -necessary here to -engrave, is the curious -stone shewn in -the wood-cut. It -represents Mithras, -surrounded by the -zodiac. The signs of -cancer and libra are -omitted. The zodiacal -tablet assumes -an egg-like form, -probably to symbolize -the principle of generation. The god holds -a sword in his right hand, and a peculiar spiral -<span class='pageno' id='Page_410'>410</span>object in his left. It more nearly resembles an ear -of corn than the flame of a torch. We are reminded -<span id='p410a' class='figleft id006'><img src='images/i_p410a.jpg' alt='Pine-apple Ornament, etc., Cilurnum' class='ig001' /></span>by it of the ornaments resembling -pine apples, which -are frequently found on the -line of the Wall; and were -probably connected with the -worship of this deity. The -example here figured, as well -as the small altar which accompanies it, was found at -Housesteads; both are now preserved at Chesters.</p> - -<div id='p410b' class='figcenter id018'> -<img src='images/i_p410b.jpg' alt='Presumed Mithraic Sculpture, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MITHRAIC SYMBOLS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The accompanying wood-cut represents a subject -which is supposed to be connected with the mysteries -of Mithraic worship. The slab was found at -<span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, and is now at Alnwick Castle. Though -not satisfied with Hodgson’s description of it, I am -unable to supply a better. He says;—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The sculpture is in two compartments: that on the left -seems to contain a lion, statant, raising the head of a naked -and dead man: that on the right, a figure of Mithras seated -on a bench, and having a flag in one hand, a wand in the -other, and on its head the Persian tiara.(?) I would hazard a -conjecture that the whole relates to the Mithraic rites called -Leontica; for the lion, in the zodiac of the ancient heathens, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_411'>411</span>stood for Mithras, or the sun, which threw its greatest heat -upon the earth during its course through the constellation Leo.</p> - -<div id='p411' class='figright id033'> -<img src='images/i_p411.jpg' alt='Altar to Apollo, Cawfield mile-castle' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>ALTAR TO APOLLO.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Numerous as are the altars on the -line of the Wall to the Persian god, -only one has been found dedicated to -Apollo, the Grecian representative of -the luminary of day. It was discovered -in the summer of 1850, lying -near a spring in the vicinity of the -Cawfield mile-castle, about midway between -the Wall and the Vallum, and -is now preserved in the collection of -antiquities at Chesters. The following -reading must be regarded as, -in a great measure, conjectural; no doubt, however, -can exist as to the deity to which it is dedicated.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">DEO APOL</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">INI ET O[MNIBVS] N[VMINIBV]S</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">SINIS[TRA] EXPL[ORATORVM]</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CVI PR[AEEST] SVLP[ICIVS]</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>VOTVM</em> S[OLVIT]</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">L.L. (<em>libentissime</em>) M[ERITO]</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the God Apol-</div> - <div>lo and the other deities,</div> - <div>The left <em>wing</em> of guides</div> - <div>Commanded by Sulpicius,</div> - <div>In discharge of a vow</div> - <div>Most willingly and deservedly.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>It is believed that this is the only inscription to -Apollo yet discovered in England, though one at -least has been found in Scotland. The Roman soldiers -in Britain were probably not much given to the -study of the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><em>belles lettres</em></span>, which were under the -peculiar patronage of the god of the silver bow.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The next is an inscription of unusual importance.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ultima Cumaei venit jam carminis aetas;</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jam redit et <span class='sc'>Virgo</span>.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div id='p412' class='figleft id013'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_412'>412</span> -<img src='images/i_p412.jpg' alt='Inscription to the Syrian Goddess, Magna' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>INSCRIPTION TO THE SYRIAN GODDESS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A slab was found at Carvoran in 1816, and is now in -the castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -which contains -an exposition in -iambic verse of the creed -of a Roman tribune -respecting the mother -of the gods. Faber remarks, -that Ceres, Cybele, -Venus, the Syrian -goddess Derceto, the -Phœnician Astarte, and -the Egyptian Isis, were -all one and the same -deity. The inscription, -which is an unusually long one, is here arranged in -lines of the length which the scansion requires—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c026'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">IMMINET LEONI VIRGO CÆLESTI SITU</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">SPICIFERA, JUSTI INVENTRIX, URBIUM CONDITRIX,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">EX QUIS MUNERIBUS NOSSE CONTIGIT DEOS</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ERGO EADEM MATER DIVUM, PAX, VIRTUS, CERES,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">DEA SYRIA; LANCE VITAM ET JURA PENSITANS.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">IN CÆLO VISUM SYRIA SIDUS EDIDIT,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">LYBIÆ COLENDUM INDE CUNCTI DIDICIMUS,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ITA INTELLEXIT, NUMINE INDUCTUS TUO</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">MARCUS CÆCILIUS DONATINUS, MILITANS</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">TRIBUNUS IN PRÆFECTO DONO PRINCIPIS.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The Virgin in her celestial seat overhangs the Lion,</div> - <div class='line'>Producer of corn, Inventress of right, Foundress of cities,</div> - <div class='line'>By which functions it has been our good fortune to know the deities;</div> - <div class='line'>Therefore the same <em>Virgin is</em> the Mother of the gods, <em>is</em> Peace, <em>is</em> Virtue, <em>is</em> Ceres,</div> - <div class='line'><em>Is</em> the Syrian Goddess poising life and laws in a balance,</div> - <div class='line'>The constellation beheld in the sky hath Syria sent forth</div> - <div class='line'>To Lybia to be worshipped, thence have all of us learnt it,</div> - <div class='line'>Thus hath understood, overspread by thy protecting influence,</div> - <div class='line'>Marcus Cæcilius Donatinus, a warfaring</div> - <div class='line'>Tribune in <em>the office of</em> prefect, by the bounty of the emperor.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_413'>413</span>Cæcilius probably prepared this exposition of his -faith on being admitted into the mysteries of Ceres. -However unintelligible, we cannot but admire the -humility and teachable disposition of the tribune.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Their judge was conscience, and her rule their law,</div> - <div class='line'>That rule, pursued with reverence, and with awe,</div> - <div class='line'>Led them, however faltering, faint and slow,</div> - <div class='line'>From what they knew, to what they wished to know.</div> - <div class='line'>But let not him that shares a brighter day,</div> - <div class='line'>Traduce the splendour of a noontide ray,</div> - <div class='line'>Prefer the twilight of a darker time,</div> - <div class='line'>And deem his base stupidity no crime!</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MINOR DEITIES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>A glance at some of the minor, and local deities -must conclude our review of the gods of the Barrier.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The deities of Greece and Rome were without number. -Every fountain and river, every hill and forest, -had its tutelary deity; every product of earth, air, or -sea, its guardian; every place its genius; every household -its <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>penates</em></span>. The antiquities found on the Wall -furnish us with numerous illustrations of this fact. -The engraving represents an altar which was found -at Birdoswald, and is now at Lanercost.</p> - -<div id='p413' class='figleft id032'> -<img src='images/i_p413.jpg' alt='Altar to Silvanus, Amboglanna' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">DEO SANCTO</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">SILVANO VE</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">NATORES</span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">BANNE S.S. (<em>sacraverunt</em>)</span></div> - <div class='c001'>To the holy god</div> - <div>Silvanus,</div> - <div>The hunters of</div> - <div>Banna</div> - <div>Have consecrated <em>this</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE NYMPHS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_414'>414</span>Silvanus seems to have presided over woods and -boundaries. Several altars have been erected to him -along the line. Forests must at that time have -covered a great portion of the country, and given -shelter to beasts of chase worthy of the martial -prowess of the occupants of the Isthmus.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A host of female forms, denominated nymphs, -haunted mountain, valley, and stream.</p> - -<p class='c000'>When in the Iliad, the father of the gods calls -together his council,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Nor of the Floods was any absent thence</div> - <div class='line'>Oceanus except, or of the <span class='sc'>Nymphs</span></div> - <div class='line'>Who haunt the pleasant groves, or dwell beside</div> - <div class='line'>Stream-feeding fountains, or in meadows green.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>An interesting altar, dedicated to these deities, was -found by the side of a spring overlooking the station -of <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>. It is now in the garden of Spencer -Trevelyan, esq., of Long Witton.</p> - -<div id='p414' class='figleft id040'> -<img src='images/i_p414.jpg' alt='Altar to the Nymphs, Habitancum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>SOMNIO PRAE</div> - <div class='line'>MONITVS</div> - <div class='line'>MILES HANC</div> - <div class='line'>PONERE IVS</div> - <div class='line'>SIT</div> - <div class='line'>ARAM QVAE</div> - <div class='line'>FABIO NVP</div> - <div class='line'>TA EST NYM</div> - <div class='line'>PHIS VENE</div> - <div class='line'>RANDIS.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The inscription is roughly cut, but -quite legible, no contraction is used in it, and no ligature -is admitted, even in the case of diphthongs. -The construction of the sentence is peculiar, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_415'>415</span>admits of two renderings. Taking <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>nupta est</em></span> to signify -dedicated, a peculiar use of the word, suggested perhaps -by its etymological relationship with the one -which it governs, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>nymphis</em></span>, the inscription will read—</p> - -<p class='c014'>A soldier, warned in a dream, directed the erection of this -altar, which is dedicated by Fabius to the nymphs to whom -worship is due.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The other method of rendering it is the following,—</p> - -<p class='c014'>A soldier, warned in a dream, directed her (<em>eam</em> supplied) -who is married to Fabius to erect this altar to the nymphs -to whom worship is due.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THE GODS OF THE MOUNTAINS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>According to either interpretation the altar was -erected to the sylphs of the fountain, in consequence -of a dream. The lively imagination of the Roman -has invested the humble spring where it originally -stood with such an air of romance, as to render it a -matter of regret that the altar does not still grace -the spot.</p> - -<div id='p415a' class='figright id041'> -<img src='images/i_p415a.jpg' alt='Altar to the Gods of the Mountains, Vindobala' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The adjoining wood-cut represents -a small altar found at Rutchester, -<span class='sc'>Vindobala</span>, and now in the Castle of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The inscription -reads—To the gods of the -mountains, Julius Firminus, the -decurion,<a id='r141' /><a href='#f141' class='c012'><sup>[141]</sup></a> erected this. -Epona, to whom the next -<span id='p415b' class='figleft id033'><img src='images/i_p415b.jpg' alt='Altar to Epona, Magna' class='ig001' /></span>altar is dedicated, was the -protectress of horses; images of her were -to be seen in most stables. Juvenal’s -dandy jockey swore by her alone. This -<span class='pageno' id='Page_416'>416</span>altar was found at Carvoran, and is now in the High -School of Edinburgh. The accompanying example -<span id='p416a' class='figright id033'><img src='images/i_p416a.jpg' alt='Altar, sculptured with a Toad, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /></span>is not the only instance of a toad being -represented on an altar. This was -found at Chesters, <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, where -it is still preserved. Did the Romans -stoop so low as to worship reptiles? -If so, the superstitious practice has -probably been derived from the east. Dr. Kitto remarks, -‘The importance attached to the frog, in some -parts of Egypt, is shewn by its being embalmed, -and honoured with sepulture in the tombs of Thebes. -In the Egyptian mythology, the frog was an emblem -of man in embryo.’</p> - -<div id='p416b' class='figleft id030'> -<img src='images/i_p416b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>VITERES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Many altars have been found on the line dedicated -to gods unknown to Rome’s Pantheon, and -supposed to have a purely local celebrity. The -engraving exhibits one of a numerous -class.<a id='r142' /><a href='#f142' class='c012'><sup>[142]</sup></a> It was discovered -near Thirlwall Castle about 1757, -in the course of the formation of -the military road, and shortly after -presented to the Society of Antiquaries. -Vitres, or Viteres, or Veteres, -is a god whose name is confined -to the north of Britain. -Hodgson remarks, that Vithris -was a name of Odin, as we find in the death-song of -Lodbroc—'I will approach the courts of Vithris, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_417'>417</span>with the faltering voice of fear.' If Viteres and the -Scandinavian Odin be identical, we are thus furnished -with evidence of the early settlement of the Teutonic -tribes in England. The altar given on page <a href='#p395'>395</a> is -<span id='p417a' class='figright id042'><img src='images/i_p417a.jpg' alt='Altar to Viteres, Condercum' class='ig001' /></span>also dedicated to Viteres. The occurrence of the -name of this god in a plural form, as -in the annexed example, which was -found at <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>, and is now at -Somerset-house, has suggested the -idea, that Viteres is not the proper -name of a god, but that <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>diis veteribus</em></span>—the -ancient gods—is the inscription -intended. Most probably, however, -Viteres was the name of a local deity.</p> - -<div id='p417b' class='figleft id042'> -<img src='images/i_p417b.jpg' alt='Altar to the Dea Hamia, Thirlwall-castle' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>LOCAL DEITIES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The next altar is also dedicated to a local goddess; -at least it is not easy to give any more satisfactory -account of the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Dea Hamia</em></span>. The altar -was found near Thirlwall castle, -and belongs to the Society of Antiquaries, -London.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>DEÆ MATRES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>We now proceed to an important -group of altars and sculptures, which, -if not strictly local, are yet chiefly -found in those regions of Europe -which were swept by the Teutonic -wave in its progress westward. They have been -met with in England, the Netherlands, along the -banks of the Rhine and other parts of Germany, and -in France. These deities, when sculptured, are represented -as triple, generally seated, clothed in long -flowing drapery, and bearing in their laps baskets of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_418'>418</span>fruit. A slab, of which a drawing has already been -given (p. <a href='#p140'>140</a>), is inscribed <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>MATRIBUS CAMPESTRIBUS</span></span>, -to the mothers of the plains; it probably refers to -the deities in question. An altar found in the same -<span id='p418a' class='figright id043'><img src='images/i_p418a.jpg' alt='Altar to the Three Lamiæ, Condercum' class='ig001' /></span>station, <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>, and now in -the vaults of Somerset-house, is -inscribed <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>LAMIIS TRIBUS</span></span>, to the three -Lamiæ. The wood-cut accurately -represents it. In Rich’s companion -to the Latin Dictionary, the -Lamiæ are represented as ‘Vampires; -believed to be malignant -spirits of the female sex, who wandered -about at night in the guise -of old hags, sucking blood, and -devouring the flesh of human beings. This superstition,’ -continues the writer, ‘originated in Egypt.’ -In corroboration of the Egyptian origin of this class -of demons, it may be stated that small images, arranged -in triplets, are of common occurrence among</p> -<div id='p418b' class='figleft id022'> -<img src='images/i_p418b.jpg' alt='Egyptian Idols' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='figright id022'> -<img src='images/i_p418c.jpg' alt='Egyptian Idols' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<p class='c000'>the antiquities of Egypt. -The cuts here introduced -exhibit two groups of -this class of idols, selected -from a large number -of similar sets, in the -possession of his Grace -the duke of Northumberland, -at Alnwick Castle. Their resemblance to -some of those found upon the line of the Wall is striking. -The foreign origin of these mother-deities is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_419'>419</span>further proved by their being denominated in inscriptions -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>MATRES TRAMARINÆ</span></span>, Transmarine Mothers. -The altar here figured is an example of this kind; -it was found at <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>, and is now preserved -<span id='p419' class='figleft id030'><img src='images/i_p419.jpg' alt='Altar to the Transmarine Mothers, Habitancum' class='ig001' /></span>at Alnwick Castle. The inscription -records, that Julius Victor -dedicated it in discharge of a -vow freely and deservedly to the -Transmarine Mothers. This Victor, -it appears by another inscription, -was a tribune of the first -cohort of the Vangiones, a Germanic -tribe. On none of these altars -are the deities distinguished -by a proper name. This would seem to be in conformity -with the superstitious feelings of the middle -ages in England and Germany, where it was -thought unlucky to call the fairies and elves by -any other denominations than the respectful titles -of ‘the ladies,’ or ‘the good people.’ Several sculptures -representing, as is supposed, the mother-goddesses, -have been found on the line of the Wall. -One group, found at Housesteads, and now in the -castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is drawn (fig. 4) on -<a href='#p224d'>Plate XI</a>. When seen by Horsley, this slab had -in the upper part of it two fishes and a sea-goat -in relief. Two other sets got at the same place, -are figured in the Britannia Romana. In one of -them, the central or chief figure is represented as -bound by the legs. The ancients, in order to prevent -a deity, whose favour they coveted, taking his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_420'>420</span>departure against their will, not unfrequently used -<span id='p420a' class='figleft id013'><img src='images/i_p420a.jpg' alt='Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby' class='ig001' /></span>the unwarrantable liberty -of securing him by chains. -At Netherby, there are -three sculptures belonging -to this class. One of them, -shewn in the wood-cut, -is in a perfect condition. -The figures are standing, -an ample covering -envelopes their heads, and a short tunic scantily -<span id='p420b' class='figright id032'><img src='images/i_p420b.jpg' alt='Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby' class='ig001' /></span>invests their bodies. Another -group, here engraved, has -met with the usual fate of -Roman sculptures in the -north of England—they have -suffered decapitation; the -ample folds of the garments by which they are -<span id='p420c' class='figleft id013'><img src='images/i_p420c.jpg' alt='Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby' class='ig001' /></span>clothed have happily not -been disturbed, and the -central or chief personage -holds a basket of fruit. -The third sculpture is -of larger size and has -suffered more extensive -injury; the left hand -figure of the group only -remains; she is seated, -and holds fruit in her lap. -The Byzantine character -of the drapery will -<span class='pageno' id='Page_421'>421</span>be noticed. At Nether-hall another fragment of a -<span id='p421' class='figright id042'><img src='images/i_p421.jpg' alt='Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Nether-hall' class='ig001' /></span>group, procured from the neighbouring -station, is preserved—the left hand -figure has been broken off; the two -remaining ladies wear the same cowl-like -head-dress as the Netherby -mothers; shewn on the former page. -Mr. Thomas Wright, speaking of these mythic personages, -says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>The ancient mythology of the Germanic race was not entirely -eradicated by Christianity; and it is interesting to -trace it as reflected in the popular superstitions of the present -day. The reverence for the three goddesses who presided -over the woods and fields, pre-arranged the fates of individuals, -and dispensed the blessings of Providence to mankind, -may thus be traced down to a comparatively late period, both -in Germany and in England. They are sometimes regarded as -the three Fates—the <i>Norni</i> of the north, the wælcyrian of -the Anglo-Saxons (the weird sisters, transformed in Shakespeare -into three witches), disposing of the fates of individuals, -and dealing out death and life. But they are also found -distributing rewards and punishments, giving wealth and -prosperity, and conferring fruitfulness. They are the three -fairies who are often introduced in the fairy legends of a later -period, with these same characteristics.<a id='r143' /><a href='#f143' class='c012'><sup>[143]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>After so long a companionship with the heathen -relics found on the line of the Wall, the reader will -naturally ask—Have no Christian remains been -found?—Does no memorial record the name of -<span class='sc'>Jehovah</span>, the living God? A negative reply must -<span class='pageno' id='Page_422'>422</span>be given to the inquiry. There is, however, -abundant evidence to prove, that Christianity was -extensively diffused through the world long before -the Romans departed from Britain. Tacitus tells -us, that in his day there was a great multitude -of Christians at Rome itself. The younger Pliny, -in the second century, addressing the emperor, -complains that the heathen temples were almost -deserted. Justin Martyr says, there is not a -nation in which prayers and thanksgivings are not -offered up in the name of the crucified Jesus; and -Tertullian, the most ancient of the Latin fathers, appealing -to the magistrates, says, ‘We are but of -yesterday, yet we have filled every place, your cities, -garrisons, and free towns, your camps, senate, and -forum; we have left nothing empty but your temples.’ -Britain early received the glad tidings. ‘The -concurrent voice of antiquity,’ says Mr. Thackeray, -‘although it has not designated the individuals who -were the immediate instruments of Providence in -enlightening Britain, assigns the year 60 as about -the period when the Christian religion was introduced -into this island.’ At this time there were not -fewer than 48,000 Roman soldiers, including their -auxiliaries, in this country, some of whom must have -been well acquainted with the name of Christ. In -the army there would be some centurions like Cornelius, -some deputies like Sergius Paulus, who, not -content with knowing the truth themselves, endeavoured -to communicate it to others, and yet these -Christian soldiers have, along the line of the Wall, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_423'>423</span>left no memorial of their faith. The God whom -they served required not the erection of an altar of -stone, or an offering of frankincense. Their ‘inscription’ -was, a holy life, ‘seen and read of all men.’ -Notwithstanding the example and teaching of such -men, it is a lamentable fact, that heathenism continued -to rear its head in Britain until near the -close of the period of Roman occupation, as -several of the altars found on the line of the -Wall clearly testify.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>CHRISTIAN SYMBOL.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Brand conceived that an altar discovered at Rutchester, -and now in the museum at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -exhibited the Christian symbol. It may well -be doubted whether the rude carving to which he -refers, is any thing more than a partially obliterated -letter. There are other letters, evidently of modern -fabrication, carved on this altar.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Fas est ab hoste doceri.</em></span> An obvious remark clothed -in Horsley’s own language, and extracted from a -work that is now scarce, will form a suitable conclusion -to this section. Speaking of vows in sickness -he says—</p> - -<p class='c014'>There is one thing in these pagan votive altars that may -be a shame and reproach to a great many who call themselves -Christians; and that is, the willingness and cheerfulness with -which they paid, or pretended to pay, the vows they had made. -Such as have any acquaintance with those things, know how -commonly these letters <span class='fss'>V. S. L. M.</span> or <span class='fss'>V. S. L. L. M.</span>, are added at -the end of inscriptions that are on such altars, whereby they -signified how <em>willingly</em> and <em>cheerfully</em>, as well as <em>deservedly</em>, -they performed the vows they had made, viz., <em>votum solvit -libens merito</em>, or <em>votum solvit libens, lubens</em> (or <em>lætus</em>) <em>merito</em>. -Much more <em>deservedly</em>, and therefore more <em>willingly</em> and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_424'>424</span><em>cheerfully</em>, should the vows made to the Most High, to the -true and living God, be paid or performed to him, and particularly -the vows made in trouble.<a id='r144' /><a href='#f144' class='c012'><sup>[144]</sup></a></p> - -<h3 class='c025'>SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS.</h3> - -<div class='sidenote c001'>MONUMENTAL SLABS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Extreme importance was attached by both Greeks -and Romans to the due discharge of the rites of sepulture. -Until earth had been three times sprinkled -over the body of the departed, his spirit was conceived -to be denied admission into the Elysian -fields. The practice of burning the dead became -common at Rome about the latter period of the republic. -The inconvenience and expense of the process -would necessarily restrict it to persons of some -wealth. After the pile was consumed, the ashes of -the deceased were gathered up by the nearest relative, -and deposited in an urn. There are numerous -instances in Britain of the Romans having buried -their dead entire. Skeletons have been found in -London, which Mr. Charles Roach Smith considers -must have been deposited in the higher empire. As -Christianity gained ground, the custom of burning -the dead fell into disuse; the early Christians were -unwilling to do needless violence to the dust of a fellow -disciple, and resolved to discontinue the superstitious -ceremonies which usually attended cremation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Whether the body was previously reduced to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_425'>425</span>ashes, or deposited in the ground unburnt, it was -usual to raise a mound over the spot.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus: et ingens</div> - <div class='line'>Aggeritur tumulo tellus.</div> - <div class='c013'><cite>Æn.</cite> III. 62.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>FUNERAL URN.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Sometimes, instead of a mound of earth, a monument -of stone covered the place where the sepulchral -urn was deposited. This was the case at -<span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>, as already described (<em>p.</em> 326). With -the ashes or body of the deceased, it was usual to -deposit a small brass coin to answer the demands of -Charon. 'This custom of burying valuables and -coins with the dead is by no means extinct; the -humbler Irish will pawn their clothes to provide -fresh pieces of money to throw into the coffins of -their departed friends.'<a id='r145' /><a href='#f145' class='c012'><sup>[145]</sup></a> The Romans, as formerly -observed, did not usually deposit either the unburnt -bodies of the dead, or their ashes, within the walls -of towns or stations. A curious exception to this -practice has lately been noticed. In the month of -October last (1850), a funereal urn was discovered -within the station of <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>, near the north-west -corner. It was sunk in the earth, and was covered -by an oblong flat stone, without inscription. -The vase, which was of earthen-ware, and altogether -devoid of ornament, was globular in its form, and of -large dimensions. It measured two feet in diameter, -and two feet in height. It contained ashes, amongst -which was found a solitary silver coin of Hadrian. -This urn is preserved at Chesters. On the slab covering -<span class='pageno' id='Page_426'>426</span>the remains of the deceased person, the name -and age were not unfrequently inscribed. The -carving, which sometimes includes an effigy of -the individual, is often very rude; the back of the -stone is, for the most part, undressed. The inscriptions -on these ‘frail memorials’ which in the mural -region have come down to our times, and ‘implore -the passing tribute of a sigh,’ almost uniformly commence -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>DII MANES.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -with the letters D. M.—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>diis manibus</em></span>. The -shades or departed spirits are, probably, themselves -intended in this address, though much confusion exists -upon the subject in the works of the ancient -writers. In the following lines, Ovid represents the -manes as being objects of worship:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Est honor et tumulis: animas placate paternas;</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parvaque in extinctas munera ferte pyras.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parva petunt <span class='fss'>MANES</span>: pietas pro divite grata est</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Munere: non avidos Styx habet ima Deos.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tegula projectis satis est velata coronis;</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Et sparsæ fruges, parcaque mica salis.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div id='p426' class='figright id019'> -<img src='images/i_p426.jpg' alt='Sepulchral Altar to the Manes of Fabia Honorata, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Some of the ceremonies here referred to by the -Latin poet, are still in use, as -all know who have visited the -cemetery of Père la Chaise, in -Paris. On the sepulchral slab, -death is rarely mentioned; but -the number of years, months, and -days, that the deceased lived, is -recorded with great particularity. -The altar, of which an engraving -is here introduced, was found at -<span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, and is now in the -Library of the Dean and Chapter -<span class='pageno' id='Page_427'>427</span>at Durham. It bears the following inscription—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] S[ACRVM]</div> - <div>FABIÆ HONOR</div> - <div>ATÆ FABIVS HON</div> - <div>ORATIVS TRIBVN[VS]</div> - <div>COH[ORTIS] I. VANGION[VM]</div> - <div>ET AVRELIA EGLIC</div> - <div>IANE FECER</div> - <div>VNT FILIÆ DVLCISSIMÆ</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>Sacred to the divine Manes of</div> - <div>Fabia Honorata.</div> - <div>Fabius Hon-</div> - <div>oratius the tribune of the</div> - <div>First cohort of Vangiones,<a id='r146' /><a href='#f146' class='c012'><sup>[146]</sup></a></div> - <div>And Aurelia Eglic-</div> - <div>iane erected <em>this</em></div> - <div>To their most sweet daughter.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MORTALITY OF THE GARRISON.</div> - -<p class='c000'>‘Tender souls!’ exclaims Hodgson, ‘your last act -of piety to a beloved daughter has not been forgotten: -the altar that bears the memorial of your affection -still exists, though it has been banished from the -custody of the ashes which were committed to its -care.’ Though painful, it is yet pleasant to notice the -heavings of natural affection in the martial bosom -of a Roman soldier. This stone differs from most of -the sepulchral monuments, in being an altar instead -of a slab, and in not mentioning the age of the deceased. -It has been remarked that the larger proportion -of the tomb-stones of the mural region -record the deaths of young persons. The climate -of the north of England, particularly of the exposed -district of the Barrier, must have told with fearful -severity upon the constitutions of those who had -been reared under the sunny skies of Italy and Spain.</p> - -<div id='p428' class='figcenter id028'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_428'>428</span> -<img src='images/i_p428.jpg' alt='Sepulchral Slab to the Manes of Aurelia Faia, Magna' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>SEPULCHRAL SLAB.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The large slab which is here figured, was found -at Carvoran, and is now in the castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. -It reads—</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>D[IIS] M[ANIBVS]</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>AVRE[LIAE] FAIAE</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>D[OMO] SALONAS</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>AVRE[LIVS] MARCVS</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>Ↄ</span> (<em>centurio</em>) <span class='fss'>OBSEQ[IO] CON-</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IVG[IS] SANCTIS-</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>SIMAE QVAE VI-</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>XIT ANNIS XXXIII.</span></span></div> - <div><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>SINE VLLA MACVLA</span></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c017'> - <div>To the divine Manes of</div> - <div>Aurelia Faia,</div> - <div>Of a house of Salona,</div> - <div>Aurelius Marcus</div> - <div>A centurion, out of affection</div> - <div>For his most holy wife</div> - <div>Who lived</div> - <div>Thirty three years,</div> - <div>Without any stain, <em>erected this</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_429'>429</span>It is not unnatural that a soldier while bemoaning -the loss of a beloved wife in a land of strangers, -should so dwell upon her virtues as to conceive that -hers was a faultless character. Gruter gives an inscription -which nearly resembles this. It was erected -by Marcus Aurelius Paullus—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>CONIVGI INCOMPARABILI</div> - <div class='line'>CVM QVA VIXIT ANNIS XXVII</div> - <div class='line'>SINE VLLA QVERELA</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>To his incomparable wife, with whom he had lived twenty-seven -years without having had a single squabble.</p> - -<p class='c000'>‘This couple,’ says Mr. Akerman, ‘must for ever throw -into the shade all the candidates for the Dunmow flitch.’</p> - -<div id='p429' class='figleft id014'> -<img src='images/i_p429.jpg' alt='Sepulchral Slab to the Memory of Cornelius Victor' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>At Chesterholm is a slab which, though suffering -from exposure to the weather, -is still distinct:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">DIIS MANIBVS</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CORN[ELIVS] VICTOR S. C. (<em>Sibi Constitvit</em>)</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">MIL[ES] ANN[OS] XXVI CIV[IS]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PANN[ONIAE] FIL[IVS] SATVRNI-</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">NI P.P VIX[IT] ANN[OS] LV. D[IES] XI</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">CONIVX PROCVRAVI</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>To the divine Manes; Cornelius Victor ordered this to be -erected over himself. He was a soldier twenty-six years, -a citizen of Pannonia, and the very dutiful (<span class='fss'>P.P.</span> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>pientissime</em></span>) -son of Saturninus. He lived fifty-five years and eleven days. -I, his wife, saw his order executed.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The tomb-stone to a young physician has already -been given, page <a href='#p227'>227</a>.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>CENTURIAL STONES.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='sidenote'>CENTURIAL STONES.</div> -<p class='c000'>The only other class of inscribed stones to which -reference will now be made, is that of centurial -<span class='pageno' id='Page_430'>430</span>stones. The centurions seem to have been in the -habit of placing a common stone, inscribed with the -name of their <em>century</em>—company or troop, in that section -of the Wall which they had built. The letters are -usually very rudely cut; sometimes they are enclosed -in a border, as in the annexed example, -which, probably found in the vicinity of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, -is now at Alnwick Castle.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div id='p430a' class='figcenter id044'> -<img src='images/i_p430a.jpg' alt='Centurial Stone, Coh. V. Cæcilii Proculi, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='lg-container-b c017'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">COH[ORS] V</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">> (<em>centuria</em>) CAECILI[I]</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">PROCVLI</span></div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The fifth cohort.</div> - <div class='line'>The century of Cæcilius</div> - <div class='line'>Proculus.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'>More frequently, however, the stone is entirely -unadorned, as in this example, which, along with -<span id='p430b' class='figright id014'><img src='images/i_p430b.jpg' alt='Centurial Stone, Cilurnum' class='ig001' /></span>the former, was removed -from Walwick Chesters to -Alnwick Castle. The letter -C, reversed thus Ↄ, or -more frequently an angular -mark resembling the letter V, laid upon its -side thus >, is the sign usually adopted for <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>centuria</em></span>, -century. Two centurial stones are shewn in the wood-cut -introduced in page 190. The upper one, that of -Valerius Maximus, was described, a century ago, by -Horsley, who found it near Haltwhistle-burn. Afterwards -it was built up in a gable of the Cawfield -farm-house, against which a coal-shed was formed. -Here, though sadly begrimed, it was protected from -further injury, until rescued by the present owner of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_431'>431</span>the farm, and safely deposited in the museum of antiquities -at Chesters.</p> - -<h3 class='c025'>COINS.</h3> - -<div class='sidenote c001'>NUMISMATIC REMAINS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Next in importance to the inscribed stones found -on the line of the Wall, the student of history will -reckon the coins which the spade and plough of the -husbandman turn up in considerable numbers in the -mural region. In a rude state of society the commercial -transactions of the residents of a district are -almost entirely confined to an interchange of the -commodities produced by each. A body of soldiery, -however, liable to be removed from place to place, and -compelled to expend their energies in unproductive -industry, are necessarily obliged to resort to the use -of money. It is chiefly in the stations where the -Roman legions lodged, or on the roads which they -traversed, that the imperial coin is found. These -metallic pieces, bearing the insignia of Rome, thus -become exceedingly important in tracking the march -of Roman armies. As works of art, the design and -execution of many of them are truly admirable. The -copper coins of Hadrian are especially worthy of -study. The custom which prevailed during the best -periods of the empire, of rendering the circulating -medium of the market-place the means of commemorating -the leading events of the day, gives them -increased value. Were all the other records of -Roman story destroyed, its most stirring incidents -might be recovered by a careful examination of the -coins which the cabinets of the antiquary contain.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>COINS.</div> -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_432'>432</span>Ample use has already been made of this source of -information in the first Part of this work. Why is -it that Britain neglects this means of rousing the -spirit of her people, of communicating information, -and of securing an almost imperishable memorial of -her mighty acts? Had she recorded upon her -coinage the events of the last half-century, she would -have transmitted to posterity the memory of a series -of warlike achievements and peaceful triumphs unparalleled -in extent and unequalled in glory. As it -is, our metallic currency has little value beyond its -commercial worth, and generation after generation is -compelled to contemplate, with what complacency -they may, the same lady sitting immoveably upon -the same enduring rock, and the same mounted -knight making his interminable attempt to slay the -same deathless dragon. The immense number of -the coins found upon the line of the Wall, and the -extension of the series from the earliest periods down -to the time of Honorius, prove incontestibly the -length of time that the Romans maintained their -hold of this isthmus. The accidental loss of pieces -of money will not, alone, account for the large quantity -which has been found. In times of danger the -possessors of treasure seem to have been in the habit -of concealing it in the earth; the secret of their -having done so must often have perished with them. -In excavating that portion of the station of <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> -which was opened in 1843, not fewer than seventy -Roman coins were found. In 1833, near the west -gateway of <span class='sc'>Vindolana</span>, three hundred small brass -<span class='pageno' id='Page_433'>433</span>coins, mostly of Constantius and Mangentius, were -found, not in a heap or vessel, but dispersed among -the soil. The Rev. John Walton, who, about a century -ago was vicar of Corbridge, made a considerable -collection of Roman coins, by purchasing such as -were turned up in the neighbouring station of Corchester. -The following circumstance is related -concerning him. A party of Jews having established -in the neighbourhood a prussian-blue manufactory, -felt disposed to enter the market with the vicar. Mr. -Walton, unwilling to compete with them by offering -a larger price, had the fields where the coins were -found, strewed with imitations of the genuine pieces. -These, on being picked up, were freely bought by -the Jews, who, soon finding the trade a losing one, -abandoned it altogether.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The station, notwithstanding such systematic -gleaning, is not yet deprived of its treasures. Not -long ago, a rustic eked out a livelihood by searching -for its coins, and disposing of them to occasional -customers. The other day a plough-boy being -asked if he had found any lately, produced straight-way -from his pocket not less than thirty, most of -them, indeed, highly corroded.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The coinage of Rome seems to have continued in -circulation in the north of England for a very short -time after the departure of the Roman forces from -Britain. Saxon money is found in Northumberland -of a date coeval with the arrival of that people, but -is never mingled with the Roman coinage. The -coins of the Romans, on the other hand, are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_434'>434</span>never accompanied by those of their successors. -Within about forty years after the departure of the -Romans, the circulation of the imperial coinage -seems to have ceased. This circumstance proves -incontestibly that a mighty political revolution had -taken place in the interval. The present appearance -of the stations corroborates the idea. The walls -have been forcibly thrown down, the statues and -other objects within them purposely mutilated, and -the whole inclosure rendered, as far as possible -unfit for human habitation.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>THORNGRAFTON COINS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>To attempt a description of even the principal -coins that can still be ascertained to have been procured -from the district of the Wall, would be to -compose a treatise upon numismatics. It will perhaps -be sufficient to lay before the reader a brief -<span id='p434' class='figright id045'><img src='images/i_p434.jpg' alt='Vessel, in which the Thorngrafton Coins were found' class='ig001' /></span>account of the hoard which was discovered in 1837, -in an ancient quarry near Thorngrafton. The coins, -sixty-five in number, were contained in a small -skiff-shaped receptacle with a circular handle. The -vessel represented in -the adjoining wood-cut -is about six inches -long; the lid has a -hinge at one end, and -fastens with a spring -at the other. The -coins are at present -in the possession of -the brother of the -quarryman who discovered them, and he holds them -with such tenacity, that my artist was refused permission -<span class='pageno' id='Page_435'>435</span>to see even the case which contained them, -though he had taken a journey of thirty miles for -the purpose of drawing them. Mr. Fairless, of -Hexham, was more fortunate, and obtained leave to -take sealing-wax impressions of the coins, from -which the wood-cuts have been prepared. I am -indebted to Mr. Fairless for the description of the -coins, which he took from the pieces themselves.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>GOLD.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div id='p435' class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p435a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'><em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>TI. CLAVD. CAESAR. AVG. GERM. -P.M. TRIB.POT. P.P.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>NERO CLAVD. CAES. DRVSVS. -GERM. PRINC. IVVENT.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p435b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'><em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>SALVS.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p435c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'><em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em> A Victory holding a garland -over the head of a -Roman soldier, and in -the exergue, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS. VIII.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>SILVER.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c027'>1. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c028'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>SALVS.</span></span> Device same as in gold above.</p> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p435d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>2. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. SER. GALBA CAESAR AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>DIVA AVGVSTA.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_436'>436</span></p> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p436a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>3. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. SER. GALBA CAESAR AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>S.P.Q.R. OB. C.S.</span></span> (Within -a wreath.)</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>4. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>SER. GALBA AVG.</span></span> <em>Rev.</em> Same as last.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p436b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>5. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>OTHO CAESAR AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PONT. MAX.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p436c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>6. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS -AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. XIX.</span></span> A basket filled -with corn or bread.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p436d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>7. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>CAES. VESP. AVG. P.M. COS. III.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>CONCORDIA AVGVSTI.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id048'> -<img src='images/i_p436e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>8. 9. 10. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c030'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PON. MAX. TR.P. COS. VI.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id048'> -<img src='images/i_p436f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>11. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. VESP. AVG. CENS.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PONTIF. MAXIM.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p436g.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>12. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>DIVV. AVGVSTVS VESPASIANVS.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> No inscription. A figure standing.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p436h.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>13. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. VESP. AVG. P. M. COS. VIII.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>VES</span></span> (figure) <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>TA</span></span>.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_437'>437</span></p> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p436h.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>14. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. VESPASIANVS AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS. ITER.</span></span>—(figure)—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>TR. POT.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p437a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>15. <em>Obv.</em> Same as last.</p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS.</span></span>—(an eagle standing on cippus)—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>VII.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p437b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>16. <em>Obv.</em> Inscription same as last.</p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> Reversed goats’ heads, bearing a shield.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p437c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>17. <em>Obv.</em> Inscription same as last.</p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS. ITER. TR. POT.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p437d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>18. <em>Obv.</em> Inscription same as last.</p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>GENIVM</span></span>—(figure)—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>P.R.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p437e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>19. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. DOMITIANVS -AVG. P.M.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>TR. POT. II. COS. VIIII. -DES. X. P.P.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p437f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>20. 21. <em>Obv.</em> Same as last.</p> - -<p class='c031'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. XXI. COS. XVI. CENS.P. P.P.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p437g.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>22. 23. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>CAESAR AVG. DOMITIANVS.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c031'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS. IIII.</span></span> Pegasus.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_438'>438</span></p> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p438a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>24. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>CAES. DOMIT. AVG. GERM. -P.M. T.R.P.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c031'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. XIIII. COS. XIII. CENS. P. -P. P.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p438b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>25. <em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. XXII. COS. XVI. CENS.P. P. P.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p438c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>26. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. DOMITIANVS AVG. P. M</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>TR. POT. II. COS. VIIII. DES. XII.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p438d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>27. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>CAES. AVG. DOMIT. COS. III.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c031'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PRINCEPS IVVENTVT.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p438e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>28. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. NERVA. CAES. AVG. P.M. -TR.P. COS. III. P.R.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c031'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>FORTVNA P.R.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p438f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>29. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. NERVA. TRAIAN. -AVG. GERM.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c031'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS. II.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p438g.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>30.31. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>P.M. TR.P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p438h.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>32. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. -DAC. P. M. TR.P.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c031'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS. V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO -PRINC.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_439'>439</span></p> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p439a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>33. 34. 35. <em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS. V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p439b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>36. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P. -COS. V. P.P.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p439c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>37. <em>Obv.</em> Same as last.</p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Exergue.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>FORT.RED.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p439d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>38. Same as before.</p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Exergue.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>PAX.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p439e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>39. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. -GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c000'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p439f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>40. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. -GER. DAC.</span></span></p> -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>P.M. TR.P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>41. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. GERM.</span></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p439g.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>42. 43. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. -AVG. GERM.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c031'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>P.M. TR. P. COS. II. P.P.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_440'>440</span></p> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p440a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>44. Same as 40. with <em>Exergue</em>. <span class='fss'>TRO—VIO.</span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p440b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>45. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>COS.V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p440c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>46. The same as last.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p440d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>47. Same as last. Seated figure, the right hand -extended, holding a Victory.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column30'> - -<div class='figleft id046'> -<img src='images/i_p440e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column70'> - -<p class='c000'>48. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS -AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>P.M. TR.P. COS. III.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p440f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>49. <em>Obv.</em> Same as last.</p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Exergue.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>FEL. P.R.</span></span> (doubtful.)</p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>P.M. TR.P. COS. III.</span></span></p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column20'> - -<div class='figleft id047'> -<img src='images/i_p440g.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column80'> - -<p class='c000'>50. <em>Obv.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c029'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>P.M.TR.P. COS. III.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c030'><span class='fss'>PIE—TAS</span>, in the field.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>51. <em>Obv.</em> Same as last.</div> - <div class='c001'><em>Rev.</em> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>P.M.TR.P. COS. III.</span></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c015'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_441'>441</span>CONSULAR AND OTHERS.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='figcenter id049'> -<img src='images/i_p441c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='figcenter id049'> -<img src='images/i_p441d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='figcenter id049'> -<img src='images/i_p441e.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<p class='c000'>This coin symbolizes the peace -concluded between the Roman -general Scaurus and the Arabian -monarch Aretas.</p> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='figcenter id049'> -<img src='images/i_p441f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='figcenter id049'> -<img src='images/i_p441g.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column-container'> - -<div class='column'> - -<div class='figcenter id049'> -<img src='images/i_p441h.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='column'> - -<div class='figcenter id049'> -<img src='images/i_p441i.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -</div> - -</div> -<div class='figcenter id050'> -<img src='images/i_p441j.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<h3 class='c025'>MINERALS AND METALS.</h3> - -<p class='c032'>In nearly all the stations of the line, the ashes of -mineral fuel have been found; in some, a store of -unconsumed coal has been met with, which, though -intended to give warmth to the primeval occupants -<span class='pageno' id='Page_442'>442</span>of the isthmus, has been burnt in the grates of the -modern English. In several places the source -whence the mineral was procured can be pointed -out; but the most extensive workings that I have -heard of, are in the neighbourhood of Grindon -Lough, near Sewingshields. Not long ago, a shaft -was sunk, with the view of procuring the coal which -was supposed to be below the surface; the projector -soon found, that though coal had been there, it was -all removed. The ancient workings stretched -beneath the bed of the lake.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MINING OPERATIONS.</div> - -<p class='c000'>In Allendale and Alston Moor, numerous masses -of ancient scoriæ have been found, which must have -resulted from the reduction of lead from its ore. In -the station of Corchester, portions of lead pipe have -been found; it is an inch and a half in diameter, -and has been formed by bending round a flat strip -of the metal, and soldering the joint.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Iron has been produced in large quantities. In -the neighbourhood of <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span> masses of iron -slag have been found. It is heavier than what proceeds -from modern furnaces, in consequence, probably, -of the imperfect reduction of the ore. In the -neighbourhood of Lanchester, the process seems to -have been carried on very extensively. On the -division of the common, two large heaps were -removed, the one containing about four hundred cart -loads of dross, the other six hundred. It was used -in the construction of some new roads which were -then formed, a purpose for which it was admirably -adapted. In the neighbourhood of one of these -<span class='pageno' id='Page_443'>443</span>heaps of scoriæ, the iron tongs represented in Plate -XVII. fig. 8, so much resembling those at present -used by blacksmiths, were ploughed up. During -the operation of bringing this common into cultivation, -the method adopted by the Romans of producing -<span class='sni'><span class='hidev'>|</span>BLAST FURNACE.<span class='hidev'>|</span></span> -the blast necessary to smelt the metal was -made apparent. Two tunnels had been formed in -the side of a hill; they were wide at one extremity, -but tapered off to a narrow bore at the other, where -they met in a point. The mouths of the channels -opened towards the west, from which quarter a -prevalent wind blows in this valley, and sometimes -with great violence. The blast received -by them would, when the wind was high, be poured -with considerable force and effect upon the smelting -furnaces at the extremity of the tunnels.</p> - -<h3 class='c025'>METALLIC IMPLEMENTS.</h3> - -<p class='c032'>Notwithstanding the tendency of iron to oxidize, -several weapons made of this material, and used by -the Romans, have come down to our day. Their -general character and form can be better learnt from -an inspection of the drawings which depict them -than by verbal description. On Plate X. are shewn -two spear or javelin heads, and on <a href='#p444f'>Plate XVII</a>. the -iron points of some arrows.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Vessels of cast-metal, fitted for domestic use, are -occasionally met with. On <a href='#p444f'>Plate XVII</a>. fig. 2, is a -specimen of a pot or boiler, closely resembling those -in modern use; it was found in cutting the Newcastle -and Carlisle Railway, near Haydon Bridge.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>METALLIC IMPLEMENTS.</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_444'>444</span>Bronze vessels are occasionally found. The utensils -depicted on <a href='#p444d'>Plate XVI</a>. are of this metal. Fig. 1, -is a pan, evidently intended for culinary purposes. -The use of the other vessel, fig. 2, so nearly resembling -a modern coffee-pot, is not so apparent, though -several of this form have been found in the Roman -stations in the north of England. Is it a decanter—a -sort of wine flagon? Both of these vessels were -found on the line of the Wall, but at what point I -have been unable to learn.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Near to Whitfield, were recently found three -camp-kettles, of peculiar make, which are now in -the Museum of Antiquities at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. -They are formed of bronze, but of exceedingly thin -metal; they have evidently seen much service, and -are patched in several places. Owing to the thinness -of the metal they would very readily feel the fire. -In Italy, where during a great part of the year a fire -is only lighted when indispensable, similar vessels -are still in use. These three vessels vary in size, -so as to allow of their being placed one within the -other. The smallest of them is shewn on Plate -XVII. fig. 3. The strainer, fig. 1, also of bronze, -and very finely and tastefully perforated, was found -with them.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The boss of a shield, having something of the -appearance of the head of a snake, <a href='#p190b'>Plate VII</a>. fig. -2, is also of bronze. It is preserved at Chesters.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Fibulæ or clasps, for fastening the loose robes worn -by the Romans, are, as may be supposed, of ordinary -occurrence. The one represented, of the full size, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_445'>445</span><a href='#p268a'>Plate XIV</a>. fig. 2, was found at Carvoran. It is -of bronze, and is of a form of which there are many -examples. The tongue is wanting, but the spiral -spring to which it was attached, and the groove -which caught it, are distinctly observed. The small -pair of bronze shears or scissors, which are shewn of -their full size, <a href='#p268a'>Plate XIV</a>. fig. 1, were also found at -Carvoran.</p> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p444b'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE XV.</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p444b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>J. STOREY DEL ET LITH.<span style="margin-left: 50%;">PRINTED BY A. REID.</span></span><br />Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p444d'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE XVI</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p444d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>J STOREY DEL ET LITH<span style="margin-left: 50%;">PRINTED BY AND<sup>w</sup> REID.</span></span><br />Bronze Vessels</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p444f'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE XVII.</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p444f.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>J STOREY DEL ET LITH<span style="margin-left: 50%;">PRINTED BY AND<sup>w</sup> REID.</span></span><br />Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='illo'> - -<p class='c000'><a id='p444h'></a></p> -<div class='c013'><em>PLATE XVIII</em></div> -<div class='figcenter id012'> -<img src='images/i_p444h.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='small'>J STOREY DEL ET LITH<span style="margin-left: 50%;">PRINTED BY AND<sup>w</sup> REID.</span></span><br />Soles of Sandals, etc.</p> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<h3 class='c025'>EARTHENWARE AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.</h3> - -<div class='sidenote c001'>ROMAN POTTERY.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Few subjects possess more interest than the pottery -of the Romans. Whether we regard the shape -of the vessels, the beauty of their ornaments, or the -excellence of the material of which they are composed, -they are worthy of our admiration. Fortunately -for the present writer, so much has recently -been published upon the subject, as to justify him in -dismissing it with a brief notice.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Among the earthenware vessels found in the -mural region are some of coarse structure, such as -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>amphoræ</em></span>, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>mortaria</em></span>, pans for common domestic purposes, -and some which have probably been intended -for exposure to the fire. The amphoræ are large -narrow-necked vessels, capable of containing several -gallons, and formed of red clay. In general, they -have been furnished with two handles, on one of -which the maker’s name is not unfrequently stamped. -They were used for holding wine. I am not aware -of any having been found on the line of the Wall, -in a state at all approaching to completeness.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The mortars are strong shallow vessels, provided -<span class='pageno' id='Page_446'>446</span>with a lip for the convenience of pouring. They -are formed of clay, resembling fire-brick in colour. -On their inner surface, are frequently imbedded -angular fragments of quartz, chert, or iron scoriæ. -By this contrivance, the bruising of parched corn or -other articles of food would be more easily effected.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Various vessels of common earthenware, such as -would be required in every household for holding -water, grain, and kindred substances, are discovered, -occasionally nearly perfect. At Nether Hall some -very fine ones are preserved, which were found in -the neighbouring station; one is twelve inches in -diameter, and nearly six deep. Another, of globular -form, is ten inches in diameter, and nine in depth.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Besides these, fragments of thick vessels are frequently -met with, which are of a porous nature, and -hence well adapted to withstand the sudden application -of heat. In these, when placed upon the fire, we -may readily conceive that food was baked or stewed.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Other vessels, for the most part of smaller size, -more elegant shape, and composed of finer materials, -are of common occurrence. Some are nearly -black, others grey or slate-coloured: these are quite -plain and unembossed. A species of yellow earthen-ware -is found, tinted with a brown pigment, by the -partial removal of which, a sort of pattern is given -to it. All these are of British manufacture. Many -of the potteries in which they were fabricated, -have been clearly ascertained. The slate-coloured -and grey kinds owe their peculiar hue to the action -of what has been called, the smother kiln. During -<span class='pageno' id='Page_447'>447</span>the process of baking the vessels, the vent of the -furnace has been closed, so as to fill the kiln with -smoke. The unconsumed carbon not only communicated -its own hue to the objects exposed to it, but -prevented the iron, which usually forms the colouring -matter of clay, from being converted into the peroxide, -which is of a brick-red colour.<a id='r147' /><a href='#f147' class='c012'><sup>[147]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>SAMIAN WARE.</div> - -<p class='c000'>The finest species of earthenware found in -Roman camps, is that called Samian. It is of a -bright coral-red colour. It can at once be detected -by its glaze, which has not yet, in modern times, -been successfully imitated. Some vessels are quite -plain, but others are very tastefully embossed. -Plates IX. and XV. furnish specimens of the more -ornamental kind. The large fragment, engraved -<a href='#p444b'>Plate XV</a>. fig. 1, was found in sinking the shaft of -the famous Wallsend pit. No potteries for the -manufacture of this species of ware, have been found -in Britain; and as the maker’s marks, and the patterns -of the embossed varieties correspond with -those found on the continent, it is conceived to be -of foreign origin. Gaul and Spain have been pointed -out as the countries from which the specimens exhumed -in Britain were probably procured. The vast -quantity of fragments of Samian ware mingled -with the rubbish of some of the stations is truly -remarkable; and not less worthy of observation is -the fact, that not only has the clay of which the -broken vessels are composed, undergone no deterioration -by being buried for centuries in the damp -<span class='pageno' id='Page_448'>448</span>earth, but even the glaze is, to all appearance, uninjured. -That even the plainer kinds of Samian ware -have been accounted valuable by their owners, is -evident from the circumstance, that marks and names, -by which they might be identified, have in numerous -instances been scratched upon them. In <a href='#p170c'>Plate VII</a>. -figs. 9 and 11, are two examples of this kind, found -at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, and still preserved there. In some -cases where a vessel has been fractured, it has been -joined by clasps of lead. Fig. 1, <a href='#p190b'>Plate VII</a>., is an -example of this, also found at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>. The process -of boring the holes to receive the lead must -have been one of some labour, and would not have -been undertaken unless the vessel had been accounted -valuable.</p> - -<p class='c000'>An imitation of the Samian ware seems to have -been made in Britain during the continuance of the -Roman period. It is not equal to the original in -colour, texture, or design. Fig. 2, <a href='#p190d'>Plate IX</a>. differs -in appearance from true Samian—it may be an -imitation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The lamp shewn on <a href='#p268a'>Plate XIV</a>. fig. 4, is of red -earthenware, covered with a black pigment; it -proves the vast amount of skill and taste which the -Romans lavished even upon articles of minor importance.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>MINOR ANTIQUITIES.</div> - -<p class='c000'>Mill-stones are among the most frequent of the -discoveries made in our Roman stations. Some, -found at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, are shewn in <a href='#p224f'>Plate XIII</a>. fig. 4. -They closely resemble the querns which were used -in Scotland and the rural districts of Northumberland, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_449'>449</span>within a recent period. Many of the stones -consist of the mill-stone grit, basalt, or granite of -the district; others are formed of a species of lava -which is not procured in any locality nearer than -Rhine Prussia. The advantage of these foreign -stones is, that, though hard, they are porous, and, -as they wear away, still present a continuity of -sharp edges to the action of the grain.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The process of grinding the corn by hand-mills -must have been a most tedious one. Probably a -large proportion of the grain consumed by the -soldiers of the Barrier was simply boiled, after -being slightly bruised in mortars.</p> - -<div class='sidenote c015'>CONCLUSION.</div> -<p class='c000'>Here a period must be put to this account of the -Roman Wall and its antiquities. Many topics worthy -of fuller discussion have been but cursorily treated, -and some omitted altogether; but it is impossible, in -a work of this extent, to do full justice to a subject of -such magnitude; we content ourselves with imitating -the moderation of Hadrian, who, instead of grasping -at universal empire, sought only a dominion which -he might reasonably hope to maintain.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Still, we may reckon on some advantage from the -brief communion we have held with the Mighty -among the Ancients. We can hardly tarry, even for -an hour, in association with the palmy days of the -Great Empire, without learning, on the one hand, to -emulate the virtues that adorned her prosperity, and -on the other, to shun the vices that were punished by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_450'>450</span>her downfall. The sceptre which Rome relinquished, -we have taken up. Great is our Honour—great our -Responsibility—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in14'>... Heavenly wisdom on this ball</div> - <div class='line'>Creates, gives birth to, guides, consummates all.</div> - <div class='line'>States thrive or wither (as moons wax and wane)</div> - <div class='line'>E'en as His will and His decrees ordain;</div> - <div class='line'>While Honour, Virtue, Piety, bear sway,</div> - <div class='line'>They flourish; and as those decline, decay.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div id='p450' class='figcenter id010'> -<img src='images/i_p450.jpg' alt='Tail piece—Romæ Æternæ Fortunæ Reduci' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_451'>451</span> - <h2 class='c003'>INDEX.</h2> -</div> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Aballaba</span>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Æsica</span>, Great Chesters, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Agricola lands in Britain, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Alionis</span>, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Altars, form of, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span>, Birdoswald, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Amphoræ, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Ancient Britons, description of, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Apollo, altar to, <a href='#Page_411'>411</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Aqueduct at Great Chesters, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Arthur, King, traditions respecting, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Arthur’s Well, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Astures, a people from Spain, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Battle of Heaven-field, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Bede, on the building of the Wall, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Belatucadrus, altar to, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Belted Will, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Benwell, <span class='sc'>Condercum</span>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Bewcastle, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Binchester, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Birdoswald, <span class='sc'>Amboglanna</span>, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Black-carts farm, Wall on, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Black-dike, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Blake-chesters, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Blast furnace, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Blea-tarn, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Bloody-gap, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Bogle-hole, traditions of, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>, Housesteads, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>, etymology of, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Borcum or Barcombe, quarry on, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Border strife, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Borders, state of, in middle ages, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Bradley, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Brampton, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Bridge at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Bridge over North Tyne, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Britain, first notice of, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>, High-Rochester, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Bremetenracum</span>, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Broaching of the stones, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Brunton, the Wall at, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Bueth’s castle, <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Burgh-upon-Sands, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Burnswark, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Busy-gap, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Byker-hill, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Cæsar’s landing in Britain, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Carrawburgh, <span class='sc'>Procolitia</span>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Cambeck-fort, <span class='sc'>Petriana</span>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Camp kettles, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Carausius, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Carlisle, <span class='sc'>Luguvallium</span>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Carvoran, <span class='sc'>Magna</span>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Castella, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='sc'>Castra Exploratorum</span></span>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Caw-gap, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Cemeteries, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, 262.</li> - <li class='c033'>Centurial Stones, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Chapel-hill, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Chapel-house, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Chapel-houses, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Chesters, <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Chesterholm, <span class='sc'>Vindolana</span>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Chew-green, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_452'>452</span>Chives on Walltown crags, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Christian remains, none on the Wall, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Christianity, early introduction of into Britain, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, Chesters, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Cippi</em></span>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coal wrought by the Romans, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Cocidius, altar to, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coins found on Borcum, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, 434.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coins found in Cambeck fort, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coins found in Newcastle bridge, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coins, number of Roman, relating to Britain, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coins, general remarks upon, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coins, number found on the Wall, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coins, Roman and Saxon, not commingled, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Coins, spurious, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Concrete, hydraulic properties of Roman, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Constantine proclaimed emperor, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Condercum</span>, Benwell, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Corchester, <span class='sc'>Corstopitum</span>, <a href='#Page_332'>332</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Corstopitum</span>, Corchester, <a href='#Page_332'>332</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Cost of the Wall, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Cousin’s-house, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Crags, why the Wall built upon, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Cumming’s cross, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Dea Hamia</em></span>, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Deæ Matres</em></span>, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Denton Hall, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Devil’s Wall in Germany, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Down-hill, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Drumburgh, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Dykesfield, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Earthenware, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Ebchester, <a href='#Page_341'>341</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Edward I. at Bradley, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Egyptian triple goddesses, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Ellenborough, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Emperors worshipped, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Epeiacum</span>, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Epona, altar to, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Fibulæ, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Fisher’s-cross, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Forest, primeval, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Fortune, altar to, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Fosse of the Wall, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Gelt quarry, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Genius, local, altar to, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Genius of the Wall, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Gildas’ account of the miseries of the Britons, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Glass for windows, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Goddess mothers, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Graham’s-dike, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Great Chesters, <span class='sc'>Æsica</span>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Grooves in thresholds of gates, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>, Risingham, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hadrian arrives in Britain, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hadrian, death of, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hadrian slabs, <a href='#Page_383'>383</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Harlow-hill, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Halton-chesters, <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Haltwhistle, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Haltwhistle-burn-head, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hare-hill, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Heddon-on-the-Wall, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hedley, Rev. Anthony, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hexham, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, 339.</li> - <li class='c033'>Historical testimonies respecting the building of the Wall, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hodgson, Rev. John, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Horsley, biographical notice of, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Horsley on Christian vows, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hospital, camp, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Housesteads, <span class='sc'>Borcovicus</span>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>, Halton-chesters, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hypocausts at <span class='sc'>Hunnum</span>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hypocausts, their probable use, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Hypocausts at Chesters, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_453'>453</span>Inscriptions, value of, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Iron wrought by the Romans, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Irthington, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Itinerary of Antonine, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Jarrow, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Jupiter, altar to, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Keep of Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Kiln for drying corn, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Kirk-Andrews, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Lakes of Northumberland, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Lamiæ</em></span>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Langley castle, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Lanchester, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Lanercost priory, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Lanx, the Corbridge, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Lead wrought by the Romans, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Legio <span class='fss'>XX.</span> engaged upon the Wall, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Limekiln, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Limestone-bank, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Lingones</em></span> at Tynemouth, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Luguvallium</span>, Carlisle, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Magna</span>, Carvoran, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Maiden-way, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Malcolm Canmore, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mars, altars to, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Maryport, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Masonry of the Stations, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Masonry of the Wall, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Maximus, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Middleby, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mile-castles, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mile-castle at Cawfield, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mile-stone, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mill-stones, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Military-way, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Milking-gap, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Minerva, altar to, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mithras, altar to, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Monument to Edward I., <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Moresby, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mortar, Roman, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Mortaria</em></span>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mountain-god, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mumps-hall, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Murus and Vallum, one design, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Mythology of Gothic tribes, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Names of stations ascertained, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Naworth-castle, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Netherby, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Nether-hall, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Newcastle-upon-Tyne, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Nine-nicks of Thirlwall, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>North Shields, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Nymphs, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Old Carlisle, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Old Town, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Ouseburn mile-castle, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Pap-castle, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Passage of the Eden, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Passage of the Irthing, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Peel-crag, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Peel-houses, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Petriana</span>, Cambeck-fort, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Polytheism of the Romans, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Plumpton, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Pons Ælii</span>, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Procolitia</span>, Carrawburgh, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Quarry on Fallowfield fell, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Quarry on Haltwhistle fell, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Quarry, Roman, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Rapishaw-gap, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Richard of Cirencester on the building of the Wall, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Risingham, <span class='sc'>Habitancum</span>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Rochester, High, <span class='sc'>Bremenium</span>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Roman emperors, number who visited Britain, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Ruts in gateway of Birdoswald, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_454'>454</span>Rutchester, <span class='sc'>Vindobala</span>, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Sacrifices, Roman, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Samian ware, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Sandals, Roman, <a href='#Page_348'>348</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Secondary forts, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Segedunum</span>, Wallsend, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Sepulchral inscriptions, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Severus lands in Britain, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Severus, death of, <a href='#Page_392'>392</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Sewingshields farm-house, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Shields’-lawe, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Silvanus, altar to, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Speaking pipes in the Wall, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Stags’-horns, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Stanwix, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Stations, description of, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Stationes per lineam valli</em></span>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Steel-rig, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Stotes-houses, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Streets, narrowness of, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Syrian goddess, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Tepper-moor, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Terraced gardens, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Thirlwall-castle, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Time occupied in building the Wall, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Toads represented on altars, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Tower of Repentance, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Tower-tay, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Traditions regarding <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Traditions, Sewingshields, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Transmarine Mothers, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Troughs of stone, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Tumuli</em></span>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, 365.</li> - <li class='c033'>Turrets, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Twice-brewed-ale (inn), <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Tynemouth, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Vallum, description of, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Vallum, additional rampart of, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Vangiones, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Vegetation inimical to the Wall, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Vespasian and Titus in Britain, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Viteres, altars to, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>, 416, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Victory, figure of, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Vindobala</span>, Rutchester, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Vindolana</span>, Chesterholm, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'><span class='sc'>Vindomora</span>, <a href='#Page_342'>342</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Wallend, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Wall, in relation to the rivers, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Wallis, <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Wall-mill, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Wall, probable height of, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Wallsend, <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Walltown crags, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Walton, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Warden-hill, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Wardley, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Water-course, ancient, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Watch-cross, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Whitley-castle, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Wreckendike, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</li> - <li class='c033'>Written rock on the Gelt, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul class='index c015'> - <li class='c033'>Zodiacal tablet, #409.#</li> -</ul> - -<hr class='c034' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. </span>The Plan represents the position of each stone now remaining in the river. -It is the result of a series of observations made during the summer of 1850, by -Mr. Robert Elliot, of Wall. Most of the stones have luis-holes.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. </span>This coin is in the possession of Mr. Bell, of the Nook, -Irthington, to whose cabinet of coins, chiefly procured from the -line of the wall, the author has kindly been allowed free access.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. </span>This interesting coin is thus described by Akerman:—<span class='sc'><em>Obverse</em></span>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><span class='fss'>HADRIANUS</span> -· <span class='fss'>AVG</span><em>ustus</em>, <span class='fss'>CO</span><em>nsul</em> III. [tertium] <span class='fss'>P</span><em>ater</em> -<span class='fss'>P</span><em>atriæ</em></span>. Laureated bust of Hadrian, with the chlamys buckled -over his right shoulder. <span class='sc'><em>Reverse</em>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ADVENTVS AVG</span><em>usti</em> <span class='fss'>BRITANNIAE</span>. -In the exergue—<span class='fss'>S</span><em>enatus</em> <span class='fss'>C</span><em>onsulto</em></span>. An altar, with the fire kindled, -placed between the emperor in his toga, who holds a patera, and a -female figure, a victim lying at her feet.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. </span>Numismatists differ as to the appropriation of the female. The -same figure in other coins of this reign being used to personify -Rome, it probably does so in this case; and represents the secure -possession obtained by the Eternal City, of Albion’s rocky shore. -However this may be, the same figure has been placed by many -successive generations of mint-masters on the reverse of the copper -coinage of Great Britain. Britain in this still bows to Rome!</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c014'><span class='label'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. </span>The Roman Eagle.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. </span>Walsh on Coins.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. </span>In the collection of Geo. Rippon, Esq., North Shields.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. </span>Historians differ as to the degree of credibility due to this author. -Mr. Wright, in his Biographia Britannica Literaria, says that his -is ‘a name of very doubtful authority.’ Sharon Turner thinks -that ‘as far as he can be supported, and made intelligible, by -others, he is an acceptable companion, but that he cannot be -trusted alone;’ and Mr. Stevenson, in the preface to his edition of -the original Latin of Gildas, writes ‘We are unable to speak with -certainty as to his parentage, his country, or even his name, the -period when he lived, or the works of which he was the author.’ -Thus much, however, is certain, that he lived before the time of -Bede, and is quoted by him.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. </span>This point is well put by Sir Francis Palgrave, in his History -of the Anglo-Saxons. ‘The walls of the cities fortified by the -Romans were yet strong and firm. The tactics of the legions -were not forgotten. Bright armour was piled in the storehouses, -and the serried line of spears might have been presented to the -half-naked Scots and Picts, who could never have prevailed against -their opponents.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. </span>The supposition is not destitute of support. The migratory -tendencies of the Gothic tribes have always been conspicuous. -From the earliest periods of our history, the inhabitants of Jutland -and its neighbouring provinces were in the habit of making -descents upon the coasts of Britain. After the departure of the -Romans, their attempts were probably more bold and frequent, -but they did not then, for the first time, commence. The Norfolk -and Suffolk coast was, from its position, peculiarly exposed to these -incursions, and as early as the close of the third century, was -placed under the command of a military Count called <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Comes litoris -Saxonici</em></span>. This district was called ‘the Saxon shore,’ as Sir Francis -Palgrave observes, not merely because it was open to the incursion -of the Saxons, but, most probably, because they had succeeded in -fixing themselves in some portion of it. The weak hold which the -Romans, at all times, had of Scotland, would render it an easier -prey than England to the Franks and Saxons. Tacitus informs -us, that the ruddy hair and lusty limbs of the Caledonians indicate -a Germanic extraction. Richard of Cirencester tells us, that a -little before the coming of Severus, the Picts landed in Scotland; -from which we are at least entitled to infer, that the Picts were -not the original inhabitants of North Britain; and probably the -statement is substantially correct, inasmuch as large reinforcements -landed in Scotland at this period, as previously observed. -The Scots—the other branch of the people classed under the general -term Caledonians—are confessedly of Irish origin. When St. -Columba, whose mother tongue was Irish Gaelic, preached to the -Picts, he used an interpreter. Fordun, the Father of Scottish -History, tells us, ‘The manners of the Scots are various as to -their languages; for they use two tongues, the Scottish and the -Teutonic. The last is spoken by those on the sea-coasts and in -the low countries, while the Scottish is the speech of the mountaineers -and the remote islanders.’ The proper Scots, Camden -describes as those commonly called Highlandmen; ‘for the -rest,’ he adds, ‘more civilized, and inhabiting the eastern part, -though comprehended under the name of Scots, are the farthest -in the world from being Scots, but are of the same German -origin with us English.’ Dr. Jamieson, whose researches in -philology are well known, is decidedly of opinion that the Picts -and Saxons had a common origin. Upon what other theory, -he argues, can the prevalence of the Saxon tongue in the Lowlands -of Scotland be accounted for? William the Conqueror could -not change the language of South Britain—was it likely that a few -Saxon fugitives at the Scottish court could supplant that of their -benefactors?</p> - -<p class='c000'>The theory of the Germanic origin of the Picts removes another -difficulty. How is the disappearance of the Celtic tongue from -England to be accounted for? The Saxons, on seizing the soil, -would not exterminate the inhabitants, but retain them as bondsmen. -Had the majority of the occupants of England been the -original Britons or Romanized Celts, we should have found in our -daily speech, and in the names of our towns and villages, a large -intermixture of Gaelic and Latin; but such is not the case. Grant -that the Picts were a branch of the great Gothic family—and that -successive waves of them had, long before the time of Cerdic, -poured from the lowlands of Scotland over the plains of England, -and the almost entire extermination of the ancient British -is easily accounted for.</p> - -<p class='c000'>If the theory here advocated, cannot be sustained, it must at least -be allowed, that the population of North Britain was largely -leavened with individuals of the Saxon race. These strangers -would doubtless obtain that supremacy over the natives which the -Franks did in Gaul; so that, even upon this limited view of the -question, the influence of the Germanic race in fixing the destinies -of Britain, at this critical period, is apparent.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. </span>The whole of these are accurately figured and described in -the "Materials for the History of Britain," published by the -government. It is to be hoped that a work so auspiciously begun -will not be strangled in its birth, by a false application of the principles -of national economy.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. </span>Whitaker’s History of Manchester, i. 228.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. </span>"Politically speaking, Rome is now the city of the dead."</p> -<div class='c013'><cite>Times</cite>, March 18th, 1850.</div> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. </span>Hodgson states the mean of nineteen measurements to be -one hundred and twenty six yards.—<em>Northumberland</em>, II. iii. 310. -This high number is obtained by its including the mountain districts, -where the works are widely separated.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. </span>Harl. MSS. 374,—impr. Hodg. North’d. II. iii. 273.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. </span>Harl. MSS. 373,—impr. Richardson’s Reprints and Imprints, -divis. Miscell.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. </span>It will be observed here that the erection of this structure has -not been <em>always</em> ascribed to Severus.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. </span>Greater extremes are met with, but they are rare. Hodgson -in a note p. 276 says, The foundations in the turnpike-road, just -west of Portgate are scarcely seven feet broad; but opposite a -plantation a little further west, ten feet and a half. Hutton found -the Wall at Brunton only five feet and a half thick.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. </span>This is particularly the case about Old Wall in Cumberland.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. </span>Hutton’s Roman Wall, 139.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. </span>Hodg. North’d. II. iii. 276.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. </span>Horsley, in the profiles of the barrier which he gives, represents -the marginal rampart or <em>agger</em> as being much larger than -the south one. The present aspect of the works does not warrant -such a delineation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. </span>When travelling along the road west of Birdoswald, I have -seen a ploughman and his team entirely disappear, on descending -into the fosse of the Vallum.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. </span>An inspection of Horsley’s own sections will at once show -this.—<cite>Britan. Romana</cite>, 158.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. </span>In corroboration of this statement, it may be mentioned that -an intelligent and substantial farmer offered to take, on a twenty-one -years’ lease, the Corchester field, in which the station of <span class='sc'>Corstopitum</span> -stood, at the yearly rate of 6<em>l.</em> per acre. It contains -twelve acres.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. </span>The Notitia has <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Lergorum</em></span>, but it will be afterwards shewn that this is probably an error for -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Lingonum</em></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. </span>The Notitia has <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Astorum</em></span> in this and the subsequent instances, but all the inscriptions -hitherto found have <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Asturum</em></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. </span>Brit. Rom. 102.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. </span>Ibid. 473.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. </span>This slab is in the possession of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, -and is preserved, along with several other interesting -reliques of the Wall, in that noble baronial residence, so worthy -of the chiefs of Percy, Alnwick Castle.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. </span>Now in the Dean and Chapter Library at Durham.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. </span>According both to Hyginus and Vegetius, the first cohort -of a legion, in the times of the lower empire, was called <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>milliaria</em></span>, -from its being stronger than any cohort of the legion, and from -its generally consisting of about a thousand men.</p> -<div class='c013'><cite>Arch. Æl.</cite> ii., 83.</div> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. </span>A correspondent of the author writes 'Even in my -own day it was the custom of the superstitious, on the line of -the Wall, especially between Birdoswald and Cambeck Fort to -pound the stones, bearing inscriptions, into sand for their kitchens, -or bury them in the foundations of houses or walls, for the simple -reason that they considered them unlucky—calling them 'witch -stones’. When one was found, the <em>old wives</em> fearing that the butter -might not form in the churn, took good care that it should -never again make its appearance. Thus down went many a -splendid Roman altar, a sacrifice to ignorance and superstition'!</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. </span>The plough has now passed over the station of Watch Cross. -The enquiries which I have made on the spot, and in the neighbourhood, -are, on the whole, confirmatory of Hodgson’s view.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. </span>Mounsey’s Account of the occupation of Carlisle in 1745.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. </span>Ford’s Hand-book of Spain, 1st edition, p. 306.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. </span>On putting the inquiry pointedly to a person who had ploughed -up some portions of the Vallum in the neighbourhood of Wallend, -Cumberland, and who was also acquainted with the mode -in which the Maiden-way (a Roman road) was formed, I was -told that there were no traces of pavement in the Vallum.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. </span>We must not, however, pronounce a road to be impracticable, -because now it would be thought so. A Northumberland farmer, -speaking to me upon this subject, said he had seen roads which, -in his neighbourhood, were regularly traversed only a century ago, -on which no one would venture now-a-days; ‘it was like -coming down a crag-side.’ He had driven through mosses in -which the horses were commonly enveloped, but had no misgivings -so long as he could see the heads of the animals.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. </span>Hodgson, however, distinctly proves, that the <em>cornage</em>, or -castle-guard rent of the North of England—originally a payment -in lieu of cattle, and called in English, <em>horngeld</em> and <em>neatgeld</em>, -cattle-tax, or ox-lay—has nothing whatever to do with sounding -the war-alarm by <em>horns</em>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. </span>It must, however, be borne in mind, that even the uneducated -labourer, in a highly civilized community, has unconsciously received -a considerable amount of mental training, which places him -in a situation much superior to that of the mere savage.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. </span>The remainder of this valuable communication is, in order to -avoid repetition, embodied in the subsequent account of the Masonry -of the Wall.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. </span>Hodgson II. ii. 298.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. </span>It would be described by a modern builder as a rough blocking -course.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f44'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. </span>The cuts representing these markings are transferred from my -note book, without reference to scale.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f45'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. </span>Concrete contains less lime, and is mixed with a smaller proportion -of water than grout. It is chiefly used in large masses, -to form an artificial foundation for a building.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f46'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. </span>The almost entire absence of those little white lumps of lime, -not properly mixed with sand, which are found in the imperfectly -prepared mortar of modern times, shews that the lime must in some -way have been crushed by rollers or beaters.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f47'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. </span>Mr. Bell, of Irthington, tells me that in some places the foundation -flags of the north side point upwards, at an angle of about -twenty degrees, caused apparently by the settling of the ponderous -mass. In this circumstance, we have an interesting confirmation -of the supposition that the Wall was surmounted with a parapet on -its north side. The foundation would have settled equally if both -sides had been burdened alike.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f48'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. </span>Part II. v. iii. p. 294.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f49'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. </span>In some parts of the line, the joints of the Wall are at present -filled with earthy matter instead of mortar, and it is the opinion of -some authorities, and amongst them, the eminent architect and -intelligent antiquary, Mr. Dobson, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, that -in these places, clay has been originally substituted for mortar. -Very loath to suppose that the original builders of the Wall -would leave any portion of it in so unsatisfactory a state, I -have been in the habit of accounting for the apparent absence of -mortar in the following way:—The upper part of the structure -having been overthrown by a ruthless enemy, and the lower -parts covered with the fallen rubbish, the whole heap would -speedily become coated with vegetation. Roman mortar, with all -its tenacity, would not be able to resist the powers of vitality; and -the constant demands of the ferns and the foxgloves would, in the -course of time, abstract the whole of the lime. The roots of the -plants, by whose agency the work of abstraction had proceeded, -yielding in due time to the process of decay, would themselves, -in the form of vegetable earth, supply the place of the lime which -they had withdrawn.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f50'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. </span>The only source of information which I have upon the subject -of this wall, is a translation of an extract from a pamphlet by -Professor Buchner, of Regensburg, in the first volume of the -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Archæologia Æliana.’</span> The precise relation which the <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><em>Pfahl</em></span> bears -to the stone Wall does not very clearly appear from this paper; -to all appearance, however, the analogy between the German and -English barriers is very close.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f51'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. </span>Hodg. North’d. II. iii. 276.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f52'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. </span>Ibid. 284.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f53'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. </span>Iter Boreale, 67.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f54'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. </span>He who has the heart of a pilgrim <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘<em>per lineam Valli</em>,’</span> will not -fail to accompany the author, while he attempts, at the very commencement -of his local peregrination, to pay a tribute of respect -to three departed worthies who made the Wall their especial study.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='sc'>John Horsley</span> was the first and mightiest of the three—is it too -much to say that he was the father of the science of Archæology? -Born in an unknown locality of this county, receiving his elementary -education at Newcastle, his academical at Edinburgh, he -spent the greater portion of his life as the pastor of a Presbyterian -congregation in Morpeth. His tastes, and great familiarity with -the classics, induced him to devote his leisure hours to the study of -the antiquities of Northumberland. Had he conceived that the -Britannia Romana would have cost him one-third of the time -which its execution required, the world would never have seen it. -Having embarked in the undertaking, he felt it his duty to make -it as good as he could. How severe his toils, how great his pecuniary -sacrifices, how ardent his aspirations after emancipation from -his self-imposed task, in order that he might entirely devote himself -to his sacred calling, who shall tell? The thought that his flock might -eventually be no losers, that his family and his own fair fame might -gain by the enterprise, buoyed him up in his course. On 2 Jan. -1731-2, he put the finishing stroke to his labours, the dedication of -his work bearing that date. Now he might hope to reap the fruits -of his toils—the enjoyment of rest, such as the wearied only know, -the congratulations of friends, the approbation of the learned, the -replenishment of his exhausted means. None of these fruits he -enjoyed. He can scarcely have had the satisfaction of casting his -eyes upon a completed copy of his work. The ink of his dedication -was hardly dry when he was summoned to the unseen world. -Respecting him who recorded the mighty doings of the Romans in -Britain, the parish clerk of Morpeth made the following entry in -the church-yard calendar:—Buried,</p> -<div class='c013'>‘<em>1731-2, Jan. 15</em>, Mr. John Horsley.’</div> - -<p class='c000'>‘Vanity of vanities, all is vanity.’ As regards the honours or -enjoyments of this world, he died an utterly unrequited man. -Even of that bubble, posthumous fame, an attempt was made to -rob him. Warburton, in his Vallum Romanum, transfers Horsley -‘in bulk’ to his pages—he even copies, without alteration, the -opinions which Horsley expresses in the first person. The honest -Hutton often quotes the ‘judicious Warburton,’ little knowing -whose the feathers are which he so justly admires. The precise spot -where his remains rest is unknown. He whose lot it was to interpret, -after the lapse of many centuries, the throbbings of natural -affection over departed relatives in the heathen breast, had no -one to erect over him, though a Christian minister, a memorial -that should outlive a single century. Even the parish clerk, in -his attachment to the altar and the throne, denies him, in the -sepulchral register, the title which courtesy, at least, would -have accorded him. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Requiescat in pace!</em></span></p> - -<p class='c004'>The Rev. <span class='sc'>Anthony Hedley</span>, was also a native of Northumberland; -he was a man of literary tastes, and considerable antiquarian -acquirements. He entered public life as curate of Hexham, where -his preaching was that of a Boanerges. He subsequently held -some temporary appointments at Whelpington, Newcastle, and -Whitfield. Having, however, actively espoused the cause of that -political body, who, until lord Grey became premier, had no -patronage to bestow, it was his lot to sigh in vain for a summons -to active occupation in the work which he loved. When the -party whom he had long and conscientiously served, came into office, -neglect was his portion. One of the original members of the -Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, he did much to -promote the study of primæval archæology in the fruitful region -traversed by the Wall. Biased by his taste for antiquities, he was -led to select, as his abode for life’s evening, the beautiful valley -of the Chineley Burn. The rural hall arose at his bidding, nearly -every stone of which was chiseled by Roman hands. The milliary -which told to Hadrian’s soldiers that another mile had been -traversed, stood by his barn. The station of <span class='sc'>Vindolana</span> was in -his grounds—many beautiful altars and other important reliques -had he dug out of it—he could tell where the prætorium stood, -where the standards were deposited, where every soldier slept. -Scarcely were all the arrangements for his comfortable residence -at Chesterholm made, when death seized him as its victim. Imprudently -superintending, whilst somewhat indisposed, the exhumation -of an urn in the station, his mortal part was a few days -afterwards deposited in the church-yard at Beltingham. He died -in 1835, and his beautiful abode has since remained desolate.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Westmoreland has the honour of giving birth to the Rev. <span class='sc'>John -Hodgson</span>, but Northumberland enjoyed the advantage of his -youthful and maturer labours. Successively curate of Sedgefield, -Lanchester, and Heworth, and afterwards vicar of Kirkwhelpington, -he was shortly before his death promoted to the living of Hartburn. -He was the chief founder of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -and the chief contributor to its transactions. -His tastes led him to contemplate, and an honourable desire to -make provision for the education and settlement of his family, induced -him to begin, a history of Northumberland. Seldom have -laudable designs been so signally defeated. He lived but to complete -a part of his task; his health failed, and his mind gave way -under his excessive labours. His fortunes were not bettered by -them; ‘I have lived,’ said he, 'to see that works of this kind are -not suited to the times I live in, perhaps to any time. It is not -profitable to me—it is not suited to my profession—I ought to do -my duty in my profession—to take up night and day to do it well. -Well? no; but as well as good intentions, holy zeal, every -thought and faculty of my mind fully exerted, could do it.' Hodgson -paid great attention to the Wall, and its antiquities. The last -published portion of his history contains a vast mass of learned -information upon the subject. It is perhaps enough for the present -author to say, that had not Horsley and Hodgson cleared the way -before him, he would never have adventured to write a book upon -the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus. Though he cannot be a Horsley -or a Hodgson, he hopes he will never prove a Warburton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f55'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. </span>Brand conceives that <span class='sc'>Segedunum</span> may be derived from -the Saxon <em>secg</em>, a sedge or flag, and <em>dun</em>, which is an Anglo-Saxon, -as well as a Celtic word; this would give, as its meaning—the hill of -sedge. If we can suppose that any of the Germanic hordes had -obtained so complete a settlement here, as to give them the power -of forming a local vocabulary in accordance with their own language -prior to the Roman occupation of this post, the Saxon origin -of the term is by no means improbable. In no part of England -was an early settlement more likely to take place than on the -eastern coast of Northumberland, but, after all, we must probably -assign a later date to the first arrival of our Gothic forefathers. -If a Saxon derivation be at all admissible, another might be suggested: -<em>sige</em> is the Anglo-Saxon for victory, and <em>tun</em> is town—the -town of victory—an appropriate name for a station occupied either -by Roman or Saxon forces.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f56'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. </span>This statement I make on the authority of the late Mr. Buddle, -who said, as I remember, that in his youth he had seen the stones -extending far into the river.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f57'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. </span>This place derived its earlier name from being the property, -and perhaps the suburban residence of John Cosyn, a worthy -alderman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the seventeenth century. -About 1740, sir Robert Carre, a London knight, and draper, -but also, it is thought, a burgess of the northern metropolis, -bought Cosyn’s house at Wallsend, and thenceforward designated -it Carre-ville. The present mansion is, with some little impropriety, -called Carville-<em>hall</em>.</p> - -<p class='c000'>When I began my inquiries at Wallsend, I had much difficulty -in ascertaining which was Cousin’s-house. One man told me he -had lived all his life in Wallsend—sixty years—and had never -heard of it. Our books still continue to copy from Horsley, and -to give us the out-of-date information that the Wall began at -Cousin’s-house.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f58'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. </span>In districts where the Wall has been levelled with the earth, a -foot-path or bridle-road frequently indicates its course. When -land was of less value than it is now, the farmers, who appropriated -the stones of the Wall to their own use, were not at the trouble to -remove its foundation. The stony track, however, afforded a firm -road, and when the increased value of the ground rendered it worth -while to bring the whole into cultivation, a right of way had, in -many instances, been established.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f59'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. </span>Hodgson, II. iii. 169.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f60'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. </span>Horsley’s traditionary account was probably derived from the -same source as Leland’s; and therefore may indicate, not the station -wall, but the great Wall itself. If, as the excavations made -since Horsley’s day seem to prove, the Wall crossed obliquely from -the south to the north side of Collingwood-street, it must have -passed over the site of St. Nicholas’-church—not to the north of it.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f61'> -<p class='c014'><span class='label'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. </span>So inviting a post would not escape the notice of the ancient -British warrior—the appearances Mr. Hodgson describes, are not -inconsistent with its having been an Ancient-British strong-hold.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f62'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. </span>Drawn to twice the usual size.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f63'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. </span>The author, as the leader of the pilgrim-band who traversed -the Wall in the summer of 1849, used a staff made out of this -primeval oak. It is now in the Newcastle collection of antiquities.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f64'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. </span>Tour, iii. 313, quoted by Brand, i. 37.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f65'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. </span>Brand’s Newcastle, i. 37.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f66'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. </span>Jerusalem was called after him Ælia Capitolina, and the -games at Pincum, in Mæsia, Ælia Pincensia.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f67'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. </span>Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f68'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. </span>In the possession of the Society of Antiquaries at Somerset-house. -The wood-cuts are drawn to twice the usual scale.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f69'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. </span>Baxter, in his glossary, derives it from the ancient British -words <i>Pen ual</i>, the head of the Wall. A comparatively modern -village would hardly take a Celtic name; besides, although the -Roman station has a commanding prospect in a military point of -view, it is scarcely so elevated as to be entitled to the epithet -of Pen or Ben; the village of Benwell is below it.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f70'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. </span>History of Manchester, i. 224.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f71'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. </span>The cottage is still standing in the neighbourhood of Wylam, -in which George Stephenson first saw the light. Aided, in due -time, by his son, worthy of such a father, he did more than any -other man to elaborate our present railway system. The antiquary -who has been revelling in the associations of the past will scarcely -fail, as he looks down from his Wall-traversed heights upon the -vale which gave birth to such a man, to give for a moment the -reins to his imagination, and suffering his mind to penetrate the -mists of futurity, ruminate upon the changes which the efforts -of the Stephensons are destined to produce, not only in the physical, -but in the moral aspect of society.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f72'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. </span>Derived from wall and <i>botle</i>, the Saxon for an abode.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f73'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. </span>Anciently written Throcklow. Low, or Law, is applied -either to a low, round-topped eminence, or an artificial mound.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f74'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. </span>Hodgson, II. iii. 178.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f75'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. </span>Britannia Romana, 139.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f76'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. </span>Note in Lappenberg’s Anglo-Saxon Kings, i. 91.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f77'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. </span>The road leaves the Wall here, and keeps to the right of the -hill. The north side of the hill is planted with trees, and it is -interesting to notice in the summit of the plantation, a dip, corresponding -to the depression of the fosse of the Wall.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f78'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. </span>Unable to resist the positive testimony of an intelligent eye-witness, -I was, at first, disposed to think that he had included in -his measurement some chamber on the inside of the station wall. -I am now prepared to receive the statement without deduction. -Some recent excavations at Risingham have laid bare a part of -the curtain wall which has been built double, the intervening space, -or chamber, being filled up with rubble and rubbish run together -with lime, so as to form a solid mass of masonry of considerable -thickness. The object of this arrangement may have been, to form -a solid, elevated platform, for the use of the soldiery.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f79'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. </span>Both Horsley and Lingard had previously noticed it. Horsley -says he was told by a countryman that ‘it was what the speaking -trumpet was laid in.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f80'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. </span>The aqueduct was not traced on the Halton side of the valley, -so that the precise point where it joined the station is not known; -it is now entirely removed.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f81'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. </span>Several of the sculptures at Matfen were sent to Alnwick -Castle. Wallis uses the term, ‘centurial stone,’ very loosely, applying -it even to the large Milking-gap slab.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f82'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. </span>Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, b. III. ch. ii. Giles’s translation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f83'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. </span>Although a walk of a few minutes will bring the traveller, -who knows exactly whither to bend his steps, to this curious -relic, a stranger may fruitlessly spend much time in examining -the many low scars which diversify the surface of the fell. It is -a deeply interesting object.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f84'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. </span>The cramps seem to have been of various kinds. Some authors -speak of iron cramps. One antiquary, I know, spent a livelong -summer’s day knee-deep in the water, extracting one which -proved to be entirely of lead. A. cramp, of very curious form and -structure, taken from this bridge, is preserved in the museum at -Chesters, and is figured <a href='#p170c'>Plate VII</a>. fig. 1.; it seems to have been triply -dove-tailed; the substance of it is iron, but it has been coated all -over to the thickness of one-eighth of an inch with lead. The -iron would give the instrument tenacity, and the lead protect the -more corrosive metal from oxidization; truly the Romans built -for perpetuity.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f85'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. </span>History of Northumberland, II. iii. 180.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f86'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. </span>The initial L, page <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, is formed of two of these Roman balusters. -The lower one is at Chesters, the upright one at Chesterholm.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f87'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. </span>The section of the hypocaust wall on <a href='#p088b'>Plate III</a> is taken from -this example, and shews the hanging floor.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f88'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. </span>See an interesting ‘Account of an Excavation recently made -within the Roman Station at <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span>, by John Clayton, esq.’ in -the Archæologia Æliana, iii. 142.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f89'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. </span>The improved method of making draining-tiles for agricultural -uses has suggested the formation of hollow bricks for building purposes. -A floor might be paved and side-walls formed of these, so -as readily to admit of the circulation of air throughout the whole -substance of the apartment, and a handful of coke or charcoal, -placed at the entrance of the flue, would effectually warm the whole. -Specimens of bricks of this kind, remarkably strong, and ingeniously -contrived for securely locking into one another, are before -me, for which I am indebted to Robert Rawlinson, esq., after -whose design they were formed. The Latin comedy represents the -miser begrudging the smoke that escaped from his chimney—well -may the benevolent man regret that whilst his poor neighbours are -bending under the chills of winter, three-fourths of the heat -generated in his parlour-grate is absolutely wasted.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f90'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. </span>Now at Alnwick-castle.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f91'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. </span>The words printed in italics have been supplied from contemporaneous inscriptions; they -can scarcely be said to be conjectural readings.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f92'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r92'>92</a>. </span>Soldiers who by their good conduct had earned a double allowance of corn or pay.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f93'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r93'>93</a>. </span>Hodgson learnedly explains this inscription—Arch. Æl. i. 128.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f94'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r94'>94</a>. </span>Preserved in the interesting collection at Chesters.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f95'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. </span>This peculiar term is probably derived from the Saxon <i>Seuch</i>, -a furrow or fosse, and <i>Shiel</i>, a hut for those who have the care of -cattle, and thus signifies, the cottage by the fosse.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f96'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r96'>96</a>. </span>It is reported in the neighbourhood, that Mrs. Spearman having -dreamt that she found a rich hoard of treasure among the -ruins of the castle, made diligent search for it, but without success. -When the castle was removed, however, the farmer obtained a -valuable deposit of mediæval manure.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f97'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r97'>97</a>. </span>Pliny’s Natural History, lib. vii. c. 2, q.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f98'> -<p class='c014'><span class='label'><a href='#r98'>98</a>. </span>Hodgson’s Northumberland, II., iii., 287.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f99'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r99'>99</a>. </span>The country being depopulated, lands once in tillage, again -became wastes. The forests being partially destroyed, either by -fire or the axe, the streams which used to permeate the low-grounds -were arrested in their course by prostrate trunks and -branches, and gave rise to extensive morasses. In the bogs of -the district we are now considering, immense quantities of large -oak and birch timber, as well as of oak leaves and hazel nuts, are -continually being found. The Dike would not, of course, originally, -be drawn through swampy ground.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f100'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r100'>100</a>. </span>Many of them are preserved in the Museum of the Society -of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f101'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r101'>101</a>. </span>Horsley remarks, 'I cannot say that Hadrian’s Vallum has -made the south rampart of this station at Housesteads, but I think -it has passed it not much to the south, and seems to have a small -turn just at the brook, in order to come near, if not up to it.' This -looks as if Horsley could not altogether throw off the idea that -the works exhibit unity of design. Hutton notices his inconsistency, -and, quoting him, (as transferred to the pages of ‘the judicious -Warburton,’) writes—‘But can a thing be brought near to -what does not exist! Hadrian was dead long before the appearance -of this station.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f102'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r102'>102</a>. </span>This circumstance, together with the fact, that all the camps -of the Barrier abound in stones reddened with fire, is confirmatory -of the view, that the buildings supplied with hypocausts were not -necessarily baths.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f103'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r103'>103</a>. </span>The site of the western gateway is marked by a figure in the -background of the picture.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f104'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r104'>104</a>. </span>Pompeii.—Library of Entertaining Knowledge.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f105'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r105'>105</a>. </span>Two of this number, however, would always be on duty, -to the very great comfort of the eight who remained.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f106'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r106'>106</a>. </span>The initial N, page 43, is formed of three nails from Housesteads, -drawn to three-fourths of the actual size.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f107'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r107'>107</a>. </span>The most satisfactory specimen that I have seen is at Carvoran; -it has apparently been rolled, when in a soft state, on a -stone table, and presents, from its slightly roughened surface, the -degree of opacity which plate-glass has before it is polished.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f108'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r108'>108</a>. </span>One of them is engraved, on p. <a href='#p063'>63</a>, the inscription of the other -is illegible; both are in the Museum at Newcastle.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f109'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r109'>109</a>. </span>See also the vignette, page 42. Most of these are still on -the ground. They are drawn to the usual scale.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f110'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r110'>110</a>. </span>Archæologia Æliana, i. 268.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f111'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r111'>111</a>. </span>Britannia Romana, 125.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f112'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r112'>112</a>. </span>Hutchinson’s Northumberland, i. 60.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f113'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r113'>113</a>. </span>A dilapidated building, near the east end of the town, illustrates -some of the peculiarities of this species of border fortress. The -lower portion of it was devoted to the reception of cattle—the -upper was occupied by the family. The floor of the second story -consists of stone flags laid upon massive beams of oak, very roughly -dressed. The object of this arrangement has probably been to -prevent the enemy, who might get possession of the lower part of -the building without being able to take the upper part by storm, -from applying, with much success at least, fire to the floor. The -stone slates of the roof were generally fastened with the bones of -sheeps’ trotters—a most durable fastening—instead of wooden pins; -but, in this instance, the original roof has been removed.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f114'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r114'>114</a>. </span>Whilst lying in prison, and cheerfully waiting for the time -when he should be offered, his mind reverted to the scenes and -companions of his youth. 'My hope was of late that I should -have come among you, and to have brought with me abundance -of Christ’s blessed gospel, according to the duty of that office and -ministry whereunto among you I was chosen, named, and appointed, -by the mouth of that our late peerless prince, king Edward.' -In a letter, in which, as one ‘minding to take a far journey,’ -he bids farewell to his loving brothers and sisters, and his well-beloved -and worshipful cousins, he specifies many of the well-known -localities of this district, then their places of residence.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f115'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r115'>115</a>. </span>Labbe’s edition of the Notitia Imperii, published at Paris, 1651.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f116'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r116'>116</a>. </span>It is preserved in the collection of antiquities at Chesters.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f117'> -<p class='c014'><span class='label'><a href='#r117'>117</a>. </span>Arch. Æliana, i. 118.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f118'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r118'>118</a>. </span>History of the Picts’ or Romano-British Wall, 35.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f119'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r119'>119</a>. </span>Hodgson, II. iii. 293.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f120'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r120'>120</a>. </span>History of the Picts’ Wall, 35.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f121'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r121'>121</a>. </span>The owner of the ground was provoked to obliterate the remains -of this ancient city, in consequence of the manner in which -curiosity-mongers (not antiquaries) trespassed on his fields, in their -way to the station, instead of taking the beaten track.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f122'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r122'>122</a>. </span>I have been strongly reminded of these circular pedestals by -the figures of the columns of the Roman part of Reculver church, -given (p. 198) in Mr. C. Roach Smith’s admirable work on Richborough -and Reculver. The northern examples are, however, of -coarser workmanship than the southern seem to have been; the -moulding that encircles the Carvoran specimen resembles straw-ropes -rather than carefully fabricated cables.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f123'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r123'>123</a>. </span>Thirl, from the Saxon <i>thirlian</i>, signifies to pierce, to bore. It -is generally supposed, that this stronghold derived its name from -the Scots having broken through the Wall here. It may, however, -have taken it from the sluice or bridge where the river passed -through the Wall; thirl, says Hutchinson, being frequently -applied to the opening left in moor fences for sheep to pass through.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f124'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r124'>124</a>. </span>Can it have been derived from the Saxon <i>bryddes wald</i> or -<i>weald</i>, the bird’s forest? The local pronunciation of the name of -the place is peculiar and rather favours the proposed etymology.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f125'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r125'>125</a>. </span>The Wall is at too great a distance from the Vallum to be -introduced into the section; it is beyond the extra fosse, on the -right hand side of the wood-cut.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f126'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r126'>126</a>. </span>In this locality, the traveller is apt to lose his reckoning, in -consequence of the number of cottages and villages which are denominated -‘Wall.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f127'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r127'>127</a>. </span>Some antiquaries have conceived, that in the last two words -of the inscription, a reference is made to the emperor Septimius -Severus. This cannot be admitted, for—1. The emperor’s name -would not be placed after that of the prefect: 2. The term <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>instante</em></span> -implies the discharge of a subordinate duty; for, not to mention -other examples, the temple of which the <span class='sc'>Cilurnum</span> slab records -the restoration (p. 186), was built by command of Marius Valerianus, -under the superintendence of (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>instante</em></span>) Septimius Nilus: -3. That <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>princeps</em></span> was the designation of a subordinate officer in -the army, appears not only from a collation of other inscriptions, -but from the following statement of Manutius—'In a legion there -were three kinds of foot soldiers, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>hastati</em></span>, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>principes</em></span>, and <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>triarii</em></span>, and in -each there were ten centurions, who were called the first <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>hastatus</em></span>, -the second <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>hastatus</em></span>, the third, and so on, up to the tenth; the first -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>princeps</em></span>, the second, and so on; but the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>triarii</em></span>, the bravest of all, -were named in a different manner, for they did not call them first -triarius, but <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>primipilus</em></span>, or <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>primipili centurio</em></span>.'—<cite>Arch. Æl.</cite>, ii. 88.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Principi</em></span> is doubtless intended for the more usual form of the -ablative, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>principe</em></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f128'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r128'>128</a>. </span>An earthen encampment is cut in two by the Newcastle and -Berwick railway, in the second field south of the Netherton -station. In the space of three fields, lying east of this camp, -three others may be distinctly discerned, varying in size from forty -to seventy yards square. At Dove-cote, which is less than a mile -west of Netherton station, is a large field covered with the ruins of -stone buildings. Excavations in one portion at least of the ground -yield large quantities of glazed pottery. The remains are apparently -mediæval, but it is remarkable that no record of ruins so -extensive is known to exist.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f129'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r129'>129</a>. </span>Hutchinson says (A.D. 1778), the altar to Hercules is in -the possession of the duke of Northumberland; it is not now -among those preserved at Alnwick-castle. The altar to Astarte is -in the collection at Netherby.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f130'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r130'>130</a>. </span>The last time I was in the crypt, I was impressed with the idea -that some portions of it were actually of Roman workmanship; -if so, St. Wilfrid has adapted to his own uses the vaults which he -found on the spot. The crypt at Ripon, to which this bears a -marked resemblance, is now understood to be Roman.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f131'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r131'>131</a>. </span>Horsley, near the close of his work, was less opposed to this -view than at the beginning. In a note (<em>p.</em> 481), he says—‘I see -no reason to change my sentiments concerning any one of these -stations; except that I am more inclined to yield to the common -opinion, that <span class='sc'>Bremetenracum</span> is at Brampton, and to think that -<span class='sc'>Olenacum</span> and <span class='sc'>Virosidum</span> are transposed; so that <span class='sc'>Olenacum</span> -may be Ellenborough, on the river Ellen, and <span class='sc'>Virosidum</span>, -Old Carlisle, on the Wiza. And if the military-way near -the Wall, which goes by Watchcross, has led to Brampton, as the -country people suppose, this might still make it more probable, that -Brampton is <span class='sc'>Bremetenracum</span>.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f132'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r132'>132</a>. </span>Caledonia Romana, 131.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f133'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r133'>133</a>. </span>Caledonia Romana, 134.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f134'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r134'>134</a>. </span>Pinkerton’s Inquiry into the History of Scotland, i. 55.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f135'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r135'>135</a>. </span>I do not, however, find that the Antonine Wall is now known -in the district by the name of Severus’ Wall.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f136'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r136'>136</a>. </span>See chronological tables of Roman History in Smith’s Dictionary -of Biography and Mythology.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f137'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r137'>137</a>. </span>This small altar was found at Benwell, and is now in the possession -of the Society of Antiquaries, London—it is drawn to twice -the usual scale.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f138'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r138'>138</a>. </span>On the ides the undefiled priest in the temple of the great -Jove offers in the flames the entrails of a wether.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f139'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r139'>139</a>. </span>Archæologia Æliana, i. 306.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f140'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r140'>140</a>. </span>Smith’s Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f141'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r141'>141</a>. </span>Decurion, a commander of a troop of ten men.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f142'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r142'>142</a>. </span>This and the two subsequent cuts are drawn to twice the -usual scale.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f143'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r143'>143</a>. </span>For further information on this interesting subject the reader -is referred to two admirable papers by Mr. C. Roach Smith, and -Mr. Thomas Wright, in the second volume of the Journal of the -British Archæological Association.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f144'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r144'>144</a>. </span>Vows in Trouble, by John Horsley, A.M. London: Printed -for Richard Ford, at the Angel, in the Poultry, near Stocks market. -And sold by R. Akenhead, Bookseller, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -1729.—At the time Horsley published this book, he was -engaged in the preparation of the <cite>Britannia Romana</cite>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f145'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r145'>145</a>. </span>Smith’s Collectanea Antiqua i. 21.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f146'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r146'>146</a>. </span>The first cohort of the Vangiones were in Britain in the time of -Hadrian, from whom some of them, in 132, had a discharge from -the army, with the privilege to marry. They were from Belgic -Gaul, and were a long time quartered at Risingham, at which station -eight of their tribunes have left their names on inscriptions.</p> -<div class='c013'><cite>Hist. Nor.</cite> II. iii. 183.</div> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f147'> -<p class='c000'><span class='label'><a href='#r147'>147</a>. </span>See Remains of Roman Art in Cirencester, 78.</p> -</div> -<hr class='c034' /> -<p class='c035'><a id='endnote'></a></p> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='large'>Transcriber’s Note</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>On p. <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, footnote <a href='#r86'>86</a> appears with no anchor in the text. Judging from -the context, the anchor has been placed at the end of the sentence -beginning ‘The stone pillars are...’, which mentions the balusters -referred to in the note.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On p. <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>, based on the context, the word ‘stones’ in the phrase -‘all the trifling [stones] put together’, is most likely a misprinting -of ‘stories’.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Lapses and inconsistencies in punctuation and format in tabular matter, -or in the Index have been silently corrected.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The index entry 'Fosse of the Wall' is out of order, and its position -has been adjusted.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and -are noted here.</p> - -<table class='table6' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='14%' /> -<col width='11%' /> -<col width='58%' /> -<col width='14%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. x.</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>British Archæ[o]logical Association</td> - <td class='c024'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. xx.</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>16. Section of Works, near eighteenth mile-stone [25/52]</td> - <td class='c024'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. xxiii.</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>164. Sc[lu]/ul]pture to the Deæ Matres</td> - <td class='c024'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 8</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>f[ri/ir]ths</td> - <td class='c024'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 16</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>that ascend from these marshes.[”]</td> - <td class='c024'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 50</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>T[ih/hi]s portion</td> - <td class='c024'>Transposed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 62</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>wh[i]ch is thus inscribed</td> - <td class='c024'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 65</td> - <td class='c009'>n. 34</td> - <td class='c010'>and in the neig[h]bourhood</td> - <td class='c024'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 103</td> - <td class='c009'>n. 54</td> - <td class='c010'>a native of No[r]thumberland</td> - <td class='c024'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>The mi[l]liary which told to Hadrian’s soldiers</td> - <td class='c024'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 134</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>suc[c]essor</td> - <td class='c024'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 150</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>so that a [a ]greater portion</td> - <td class='c024'>Line break repetition.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 204</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>have bee[e]n widely diffused</td> - <td class='c024'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 258</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>artific[i]al mound</td> - <td class='c024'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'></td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>Wher[e]ever</td> - <td class='c024'>line break hyphenation error.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 310</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>circu[cu]lar</td> - <td class='c024'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 362</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>The body of [of] the road</td> - <td class='c024'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 380</td> - <td class='c009'>n. 135</td> - <td class='c010'>is now known in the [p/d]istrict</td> - <td class='c024'>Corrected.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 407</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>dis[c]ipline</td> - <td class='c024'>Added.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 423</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'><em>deserve[r]dly</em></td> - <td class='c024'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 430</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>vi[n]cinity</td> - <td class='c024'>Removed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c010'>p. 447</td> - <td class='c009'></td> - <td class='c010'>f[n/u]rnace</td> - <td class='c024'>Corrected.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Roman Wall, by Rev. 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