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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cba3403 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50280 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50280) diff --git a/old/50280-0.txt b/old/50280-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7d14f27..0000000 --- a/old/50280-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14677 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Latin Phrase-Book, by -Carl Meissner and Henry William Auden - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Latin Phrase-Book - -Author: Carl Meissner - Henry William Auden - -Release Date: October 22, 2015 [EBook #50280] - -Language: Latin - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN PHRASE-BOOK *** - - - - -Produced by Carolus Raeticus - - - - - LATIN PHRASE-BOOK - - BY - - C. MEISSNER - - TRANSLATED FROM THE SIXTH GERMAN EDITION - - WITH THE ADDITION OF - - SUPPLEMENTARY PHRASES AND REFERENCES - - BY - - - - - H. W. AUDEN, M.A. - - - ASSISTANT MASTER AT FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH; LATE SCHOLAR OF - CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND BELL UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR - - - - - LONDON - - MACMILLAN AND CO. - - AND NEW YORK - - 1894 - - All rights reserved - - - - - - - -PREFACE - - -Although, ideally speaking, a phrase-book should always be compiled by -the pupil himself from his own individual observation, yet in these -days, when an extended curriculum tends to curtail considerably the -amount of Latin read, it seems to me that anything which may help boys -to some knowledge of Latinity in a short time is not wholly useless. -Hence this translation. The use of such books as _Meissner's -Phraseologie_ involves no new and untried principles, witness the -excellent results obtained in Germany, where the book has passed -through six editions. It has also been translated into French (the -translation is now in its third edition) and Italian. - -My best thanks are due to Professor Meissner for his courtesy in -allowing me to make this translation, also to Professor Pascal of -Reims, to whose admirable translation I am much indebted. - -H. W. AUDEN. - - -FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH, - -1894 - - - - -CONTENTS - - -I. The World and Nature— - - 1. The World—Creation - 2. The Earth and its Surface - 3. Water—Rivers—Sea - 4. Fire - 5. Air—Sky—Climate—Heavenly Bodies - 6. Natural Phenomena - -II. Space and Time— - - 1. Points of the Compass—Situation - 2. Boundary—Territory—Distance - 3. Road—Travel - 4. Coming—Going - 5. Riding—Driving - 6. Walking—Footsteps—Direction - 7. Movement in General - 8. Time in General - 9. Year—Seasons - 10. Day—Divisions of the Day - -III. Parts of the Human Body - -IV. Properties of the Human Body— - - 1. Feelings—Sensations—Powers - 2. Birth—Life - 3. Time of Life - 4. Hunger—Thirst - 5. Laughter—Tears - 6. Health—Sickness - 7. Sleep—Dreams - 8. Death - 9. Burial - -V. Human Life; its various Relations and Conditions— - - 1. Circumstance—Situation—Difficulty - 2. Commencement—End—Result - 3. Cause—Motive—Origin - 4. Regard—Importance—Influence—Power—Inclination - 5. Opportunity—Possibilty—Occasion—Chance - 6. Success—Good Fortune - 7. Misfortune—Fate—Ruin - 8. Danger—Risk—Safety - 9. Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation - 10. Riches—Want—Poverty - 11. Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage - 12. Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour - 13. Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense - 14. Merit—Value—Reward - 15. Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders - 16. Friendship—Enmity—Reconciliation - 17. Authority—Dignity - 18. Praise—Approval—Blame—Reproach - 19. Rumour—Gossip—News—Mention - 20. Fame—Reputation - 21. Honour—Disgrace—Ignominy - 22. Effort—Industry—Labour—Exertion - 23. Business—Leisure—Inactivity—Idleness - 24. Pleasure—Recreation - -VI. The Mind; its Functions— - - 1. Genius—Talent—Intelligence - 2. Imagination—Thought - 3. Conceptions—Ideals—Perfection - 4. Opinion—Prejudice—Conjecture - 5. Truth—Error - 6. Choice—Doubt—Scruple - 7. Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion - 8. Plan—Advice—Deliberation - 9. Resolve—Design—Intention - 10. Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay - 11. Remembrance—Forgetfulness - 12. Theory—Practice—Experience - -VII. The Arts and Sciences— - - 1. Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature - 2. Learning—Erudition - 3. Culture—Civilisation - 4. Education—Instruction—School—Profession - 5. Example—Pattern—Precedent - 6. Philosophy - 7. The Parts of Philosophy - 8. System—Method—Principles - 9. Species—Definition—Classification—Connection - 10. Proof—Refutation - 11. Conclusion—Hypothesis—Inference - 12. Debate—Controversy - 13. Agreement—Contradiction - 14. Particular Sciences - (History—Mythology—Chronology—Geography—Mathematics—Natural - Science—Astronomy) - 15. Art in General - 16. Poetry—Music—Painting—Sculpture - 17. The Drama - -VIII. Speech and Writing— - - 1. Speech in General - 2. Style—Expression - 3. Delivery—Voice - 4. Subject-Matter—Argument - 5. Question—Answer - 6. Humour—Earnest - 7. Language—Use of Language—Translation—Grammar - 8. Sentence—Period—Words—Proverbs—Syllables - 9. Writing—Writers—Books - 10. Letters - -IX. The Emotions— - - 1. Disposition—Emotion in General - 2. Joy—Pain - 3. Vexation—Care—Equanimity—Contentment—Affliction - 4. Fear—Terror—Anxiety - 5. Courage—Discouragement—Pusillanimity—Pride—Arrogance—Insolence - 6. Presence of Mind—Composure—Despair - 7. Hope—Expectation - 8. Pity—Pardon—Want of Feeling—Cruelty - 9. Love—Longing—Admiration—Enthusiasm - 10. Belief—Confidence—Loyalty—Protection—Promise—Veracity (_fides, - fiducia_) - 11. Suspicion—Presentiment - 12. Hatred—Jealousy—Envy - 13. Discontent—Anger—Revenge—Fury - -X. Virtues and Vices— - - 1. Virtue—Morality - 2. Vice—Crime - 3. Desire—Passion—Self-Control - 4. Wrong—Insult—Outrage—Offence - 5. Violence—Ambuscade—Threats - 6. Appearance—Deceit—Falsehood—Derision - 7. Duty—Inclinations - 8. Reason—Conscience—Remorse - 9. Measure—Standard—Limit—Moderation - 10. Morals—Immorality—Principles—Character - -XI. Religion— - - 1. God—Worship - 2. Religion—Religous Scruple—Oath - 3. Belief—Unbelief—Superstition - 4. Prayers—Wishes—Vows - 5. Sacrifice—Festival - 6. Oracle—Prodigies—Auspices—Presage - -XII. Domestic Life— - - 1. The House and its different Parts - 2. Domestic Matters—Property - 3. Habitation—Clothing - 4. Food—Drink - 5. Subsistence in General - 6. Expenditure—Luxury—Prodigality - 7. Hospitality - 8. Sociability—Intercourse—Isolation - 9. Conversation—Audience—Conference - 10. Greeting—Farewell - 11. Betrothal—Marriage—Divorce - 12. Will—Inheritance - 13. Custom—Usage - -XIII. Commerce and Agriculture— - - 1. Commerce in General—Purchase—Price - 2. Money—Interest—Loans - 3. Money-Matters—Accounts—Audit - 4. Rate of Interest - 5. Profit—Credit—Debt - 6. Building - 7. Agriculture—Management of Stock - -XIV. The State— - - 1. Constitution—Administration—Government - 2. Civil Rights—Rank - 3. Dignity—Position—Honours—Pre-eminence - 4. Public Meetings—Suffrage - 5. Laws—Bills - 6. Popular Favour—Influence—Unpopularity - 7. Party-Spirit—Neutrality—Politics—Aristocracy—Democracy - 8. Demagogy—Revolution—Rebellion—Anarchy - 9. Proscription—Confiscation—Banishment—Amnesty - 10. Power—Monarchy—Royalty - 11. Slavery—Freedom - 12. Revenue—Colonies—Provinces - 13. Magistracies— - (_a_) Candidature—Election - (_b_) Particular Magistracies - 14. The Senate - -XV. Law and Justice— - - 1. Law in General - 2. Inquiry—Testimony—Torture - 3. Process—Defence - 4. Accusation—Verdict—Decision - 5. Guilt - 6. Punishment—Acquittal - -XVI. War— - - 1. Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General - 2. Pay—Service—Commissariat - 3. Command—Discipline - 4. Weapons - 5. War - 6. The Army on the March - 7. The Camp - 8. A Siege - 9. Before the Fight - 10. The Fight— - (_a_) The Fight in General - (_b_) The Attack - (_c_) Close Quarters - (_d_) Tactics—Reinforcements - (_e_) Successful Attack - (_f_) Retreat—Flight—Pursuit - (_g_) Defeat—Massacre—Wounds—Losses - 11. Victory—Triumph - 12. Truce—Peace—Treaties—Alliance - 13. Conquest Submission - -XVII. Shipping— - - 1. Naval Affairs in General - 2. Voyage—Shipwreck—Landing - 3. A Naval Battle - -Appendix - - - - -I. The World and Nature - - -1. The World—Creation - - -_rerum_ or _mundi universitas_—the universe. - -_rerum natura_ or simply _natura_—creation; nature. - -_haec omnia, quae videmus_—the visible world. - -_totius mundi convenientia et consensus_—the perfect harmony of the -universe. - -_deus mundum aedificavit, fabricatus est, effecit_ (not -_creavit_)[1]—God made the world. - -_deus est mundi procreator_ (not _creator_), _aedificator, fabricator, -opifex rerum_—God is the Creator of the world. - -_elementa; initia_ or _principia rerum_—the elements. - -_elementa et tamquam semina rerum_—the elements and first beginnings. - -_nutus et pondus_ or simply _nutus_ (_ῥοπή_)—gravity. - - -[1] _Creare_ is usually employed in the sense of producing, -originating, causing, e.g. _similitudo creat errorem; periculum alicui -creare_. It has, however, occasionally the meaning to create, e.g. De -Fin. _rerum quas creat natura._ - - - - -2. The Earth and its Surface - - -_orbis terrae, terrarum_[1]—the earth; the globe - -_(terra) continens_ (B. G. 5. 8. 2)—the continent. - -_terra (regio) mediterranea_—an inland region; the interior. - -_interior Asia; interiora Asiae_—the interior of Asia. - -_sinus urbis_ (Sall. Cat. 52. 35)—the heart of the city. - -_in ipsam_ or _intimam Graeciam penetrare_—to penetrate into the heart -of Greece. - -_terra effert_ (more rarely _fert_,[2] but not _profert_) _fruges_—the -earth brings forth fruit, crops. - -_terra fundit fruges_—the earth brings forth fruit abundantly. - -_animata (animalia) inanimaque_ (not _inanimata_)—animate and -inanimate nature. - -_ea, quae terra gignit_—the vegetable kingdom. - -_ea, quae e terra gignuntur_—the vegetable kingdom. - -_ea, quae a terra stirpibus continentur_—the vegetable kingdom. - -_ea quorum stirpes terra continentur_ (N. D. 2. 10. 26)—the vegetable -kingdom. - -_arbores stirpesque, herbae stirpesque_ (De Fin. 5. 11. 33)—the -vegetable kingdom. - -_radices agere_ (De Off. 2. 12. 73)—to take root. - -_gemmas agere_—to bud, blossom. - -_gemmae proveniunt_—the trees are budding. - -_arbores frondescunt_—the trees are coming into leaf. - -_rami late diffunduntur_—the twigs are shooting out, spreading. - -_montes vestiti silvis_—wooded hills. - -_summus mons_—the top of a mountain. - -_culmina Alpium_—the summits of the Alps. - -_sub radicibus montis, in infimo monte, sub monte_—at the foot of the -mountain. - -_superare Alpes, Pyrenaeum, Apenninum_[3] (both always in the -sing.)—to cross the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines. - -_altissimis montibus undique contineri_—to be shut in on all sides by -very high mountains. - -_prospectus est ad aliquid_—one has a view over...; one is able to see -as far as... - -_collis leniter ab infimo acclivis_ (opp. _leniter a summo -declivis_)—a gentle ascent. - -_ad extremum tumulum_—on the edge of the hill. - -_loca edita, superiora_—heights, high ground. - -_loca aspera et montuosa_ (Planc. 9. 22)—rough and hilly ground. - -_loca plana_ or simply _plana_—level country; plains. - -_saxa praerupta_—steep rocks. - -_loca inculta_—uncultivated districts. - -_loca deserta_ (opp. _frequentia_)—deserts. - -_loca amoena, amoenitas locorum_—pleasant districts; charming -surroundings. - - -[1] To the Romans _orbis terrarum_ (more rarely _orbis terrae_) meant -all those countries which made up the Roman Empire. - -[2] _ferre_ is also used metaphorically, to produce, e.g. _haec aetas -perfectum oratorem tulit_ (Brut. 12. 45). - -[3] But _Pyrenaei montes, saltus_ occur (B. G. 1. 1. 7; B.C. 1. 37. 1). - - - - -3. Water—Rivers—Sea - - -_summa aqua_—the surface of the water. - -_ex aqua exstare_—to stand out of the water. - -_aqua est umbilīco tenus_—the water reaches to the waist. - -_aqua pectus aequat, superat_—the water is up to, is above, the chest. - -_(se) ex aqua emergere_[1]—to come to the surface. - -_aquam ex flumine derivare_—to draw off water from a river. - -_aquam ducere per hortum_—to bring a stream of water through the garden. - -_aquae ductus_ (plur. _aquarum ductus_)[2]—a conduit; an aqueduct. - -_agros irrigare_—to irrigate fields. - -_aqua viva, profluens_ (opp. _stagnum_)—running water. - -_aqua iugis, perennis_—a perpetual spring. - -_frigidā, calidā lavari_ (Plin. Ep. 3. 5. 11)—to take a cold, warm, -bath. - -_aquae, aquarum inops_—ill-watered. - -_fluctuare_ or _fluctuari_—driven by the waves. - -_fluctibus iactari_—tossed hither and thither by the waves. - -_fluctibus (undis) obrui_,[3]_submergi_—to be engulfed. - -_gurgitibus hauriri_—to be drowned in the eddies. - -_flumen citatum fertur_—the rivers flows with a rapid current. - -_flumen imbribus auctum_—a river swollen by the rain. - -_flumen super ripas effunditur_—the river is over its banks, is in -flood. - -_flumen extra ripas diffluit_—the river is over its banks, is in flood. - -_flumen agros inundat_[4]—the river floods the fields. - -_flumen vado transire_—to wade across, to ford a river. - -_flumine secundo_—with the stream; downstream. - -_flumine adverso_—against the stream; upstream. - -_Rhenus oritur_ or _profluit ex Alpibus_—the Rhine rises in the Alps. - -_accessus et recessus aestuum_—ebb and flow (of tide). - -_decessus aestus_—the ebb. - -_aestus maritimi mutuo accedentes et recedentes_ (N. D. 2. 53. -132)—the alternation of tides. - -_aestus ex alto se incitat_ (B. G. 3.12)—the tide is coming in. - -_aestu rursus minuente_—when the tide begins to go down. - -_mare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur_—there is a storm at sea. - -_mare medium_ or _internum_[5]—the Mediterranean Sea. - - -[1] Also used metaphorically, e.g. _(se) emergere ex malis_ (Nep. Att. -11. 1) to recover from misfortune. So _emergere e fluctibus -servitutis_ (Harusp. Resp. 23. 48). - -[2] _aquae ductio_ = the action, process of drawing off the water; -_canalis_ = the water-pipe, channel, conduit. - -[3] So metaphorically, _aere alieno obrutum esse_, to be over head and -ears in debt; _nomen alicuius obruere perpetua oblivione_, to drown a -person's name in oblivion. - -[4] Inundation = _eluvio_, not _inundatio_ which is post-classical. - -[5] The Romans called it _mare nostrum_ (B.G. 5.1). Similarly _mare -Oceanus_ (B. G. 3. 7), the Atlantic; _mare superum_, the Adriatic -(Att. 8. 16. 1); _mare inferum_, the Etruscan Sea (Att. 8. 3. 5). - - - - -4. Fire - - -_ignem facere, accendere_—to light, make a fire. - -_ignem tectis inferre, subicere_—to set fire to houses. - -_ignem concipere, comprehendere_—to take fire. - -_ignem excitare_ (pro Mur. 25. 51)—to make up, stir up a fire. - -_ignem alere_—to keep up a fire. - -_accendere, incendere aedificia_—to set buildings on fire. - -_inflammare urbem_—to set fire to a city. - -_flammis corripi_—to be devoured by the flames. - -_incendio flagrare_, or simply _conflagrare, ardere_ (Liv. 30. 7)—to -be on fire, in flames. - -_incendio deleri, absūmi_—to be burned to ashes. - -_igni cremari, necari_—to perish in the flames. - -_ignem conclamare_—to raise an alarm of fire. - -_ventus ignem distulit_ (B. G. 5. 43)—the wind spread the conflagration. - - - - -5. Air—Sky—Climate—Heavenly Bodies - - -_aer terrae circumiectus_ or _circumfusus_—the atmosphere. - -_aer qui est terrae proximus_—the atmosphere. - -_suspicere_[1]_ (in) caelum_—to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up -to the sky. - -_oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum_—to raise the eyes to heaven; to -look up to the sky. - -_sub divo_—in the open air. - -_orbis finiens_ (Div. 2. 44. 92)—the horizon. - -_caelum_ or _natura caeli_—climate. - -_caelum salūbre, salubritas caeli_ (opp. _grave, gravitas_)—healthy -climate. - -_caeli temperatio_—temperate climate. - -_aer calore et frigore temperatus_—temperate climate. - -_caeli asperitas_—rough climate. - -_caeli varietas_—variable climate. - -_caelestia_—(1) the heavenly bodies, (2) celestial phenomena. - -_sol oritur, occidit_—the sun rises, sets. - -_ortus, occasus solis_—sunrise; sunset. - -_sol_[2] (_luna_) _deficit, obscuratur_—the sun, moon, is eclipsed. - -_solis defectio_—an eclipse of the sun. - -_luna crescit; decrescit, senescit_—the moon waxes, wanes. - -_motus stellarum constantes et rati_—the regular courses of the stars. - -_cursum conficere in caelo_—to run its course in the sky. - -_caelum astris distinctum et ornatum_—the star-lit sky; the firmament. - -_nox sideribus illustris_—a star-light night. - -_stellae errantes, vagae_—the planets. - -_stellae inerrantes_ (N. D. 2. 21. 54)—the fixed stars. - -_sidera certis locis infixa_—the fixed stars. - -_orbis lacteus_—the milky way. - -_orbis signifer_—the zodiac. - -_vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli_—the pole. - -_orbis, pars (terrae), cingulus_—a zone. - -_orbis medius_—the temperate zone. - - -[1] _suspicere_ is also used figuratively, to look up to, esteem, -honour, e.g. _viros, honores_. Similarly _despicere_. - -[2] For an account of an eclipse _vid._ Liv. 44. 37. - - - - -6. Natural Phenomena - - -_vocis imago_, or simply _imago_[1]—an echo. - -_saxa voci respondent_ or _resonant_—the rocks re-echo. - -_ventus remittit_ (opp. _increbrescit_)—the wind is falling. - -_ventus cadit, cessat_—the wind dies down, ceases. - -_ventis secundis, adversis uti_—to have favourable, contrary, winds. - -_ventus se vertit in Africum_—the wind is turning to the south-west. - -_tempestas cooritur_—a storm is rising. - -_imber tenet_ (Liv. 23. 44. 6)—the rain continues. - -_imbres repente effusi_—a sudden shower. - -_tempestatem idoneam, bonam nancisci_—to meet with good weather. - -_calor se frangit_ (opp. _increscit_)—the heat is abating. - -_sol ardet, urit_—the sun burns, scorches. - -_ardore solis torreri_—to be dried up by the sun's heat. - -_tanta vis frigoris insecuta est, ut_—the frost set in so severely -that... - -_frigore (gelu) rigere, torpere_—to be numb with cold. - -_frigore confici_—to freeze to death. - -_aestus et frigoris patientem esse_—to be able to bear heat and cold. - -_tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonitribusque_ (Liv. 1. 16)—a -storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder. - -_caelum tonitru contremit_—the heavens are shaken by the thunder. - -_fulmina_[2] _micant_—the lightning flashes. - -_fulmen locum tetigit_—the lightning has struck somewhere. - -_fulmine tangi, ici_—to be struck by lightning. - -_de caelo tangi, percuti_—to be struck by lightning. - -_fulmine ictus_—struck by lightning. - -_eruptiones ignium Aetnaeorum_—an eruption of Etna. - -_Vesuvius evomit_ (more strongly _eructat_) _ignes_—Vesuvius is -discharging flame. - -_venti ab ortu solis flant_—the east winds are blowing. - - -[1] Also metaphorically, e.g. _gloria virtuti resonat tamquam imago_ -(Tusc. 3. 3), glory is as it were the echo of virtue. - -[2] Used sometimes figuratively, e.g. _fulmen verborum, fulmina -eloquentiae, fulmina fortunae_ (Tusc. 2. 27), _fulmina imperii_ (Balb. -15. 34). - - - - -II. Space and Time - - -1. Points of the Compass—Situation - - -_spectare in (vergere ad) orientem (solem), occidentem_[1] (_solem_), -_ad meridiem, in septentriones_—to lie to the east, west, south, north. - -_spectare inter occasum solis et septentriones_—to be situate to the -north-west. - -_Germania quae_ or _Germaniae ea pars quae, ad orientem, occidentem -vergit_—eastern, western Germany. - -_est a septentrionibus collis_—a hill lies to the north. - -_situs loci_—the situation of a place. - -_natura loci_—the natural position of a place. - -_opportunitas loci_ (B. G. 3. 14)—the advantageous situation of a place. - -_opportuno loco situm_ or _positum esse_—to be favourably situated. - -_urbs situ ad aspectum praeclara est_—the city is very beautifully -situated. - -_oppidum mari adiacet_—the town lies near the sea. - -_villa tangit viam_—the country-house stands near the road. - -_oppidum colli impositum est_—the town stands on rising ground. - -_oppidum monti subiectum est_—the town lies at the foot of a mountain. - -_promunturium in mare procurrit_—a promontory juts out into the sea. - -_paeninsula in mare excurrit, procurrit_—a peninsula projects into the -sea. - -_promunturium superare_—to double a cape. - -_urbs in sinu sita est_—the city is situate on a bay. - - -[1] "The east" and "the west" = _orientis, occidentis (solis) terrae, -partes, regiones, gentes_. The adjectives _orientalis, occidentalis_ -are not used in good Latin. The north, i.e. northern countries, is -represented by _terrae septentrionibus subiectae_; the south by _terra -australis_. - - - - -2. Boundary—Territory—Distance - - -_tangere, attingere terram_—to be contiguous, adjacent to a country. - -_finitimum_[1] _esse terrae_—to be contiguous, adjacent to a country. - -_continentem esse terrae_ or _cum terra_ (Fam. 15. 2. 2)—to have the -same boundaries; to be coterminous. - -_Gallia Rhodano continetur_ (_vid._ sect. V. 4., note _contineri -aliqua re..._)—Gaul is bounded by the Rhone.[TR1] - -_Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit_—the Rhone[TR2] is the -frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani. - -_fines (imperii) propagare, extendere, (longius) proferre_—to enlarge -the boundaries of a kingdom. - -_(ex) finibus excedere_—to evacuate territory. - -_in Sequanis_—in the country of the Sequani. - -_in Sequanos proficisci_—to invade the territory of the Sequani. - -_porrigi ad septentriones_—to stretch northwards. - -_haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum_—the territory of this race -extends as far as the Rhine. - -_in latitudinem, in longitudinem patere_—to extend in breadth, in -length. - -_late patere_[2] (also metaphorically _vid._ sect. VIII. 8)—to have a -wide extent. - -_imperium orbis terrarum terminis definitur_—the empire reaches to the -ends of the world. - -_longe, procul abesse ab urbe_—to be far from town. - -_prope (propius, proxime) abesse_—to be not far away. - -_paribus intervallis distare_—to be equidistant. - -_tantundem viae est_—the road is the same length. - -_longo spatio, intervallo interiecto_—at a great distance. - -_intervallo locorum et temporum disiunctum esse_—to be separated by an -immense interval of space and time. - -_a mille passibus_—a mile away. - -_e longinquo_—from a distance. - -_loca longinqua_—distant places. - -_ultimae terrae_—the most distant countries, the world's end. - -_extremae terrae partes_—the most distant countries, the world's end. - -_longinquae nationes_—distant nations. - - -[1] _vicinum esse_, to be neighbouring; used of houses, gardens, etc. - -[2] _patere_ denotes extension in its widest sense; _pertinere_, -extension from one point to another, e.g. _ars et late patet et ad -multos pertinet_ (De Or. 1. 55. 235); _ex eo oppido pars ad Helvetios -pertinet_ (B. G. 1. 6. 3). - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the English original says "Gaul is bounded -by the Rhine" which is wrong as can be seen both from the Latin -expression and the original German edition. - -[TR2] Transcriber's Note: In the original book Auden translates -_Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit_ wrongly as "the Rhine is the -frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani." The French and German -versions correctly translate _Rhodanus_ as "le Rhône" and "Rhone". - - - - -3. Road—Travel - - -_viam sternere (silice, saxo)_—to pave a road. - -_substruere viam glarea_ (Liv. 41. 27)—to make a gravel path. - -_via strata_—a street, a made road. - -_via trita_[1]—a well-trodden, much-frequented way. - -_viam munire_[2]—to make a road. - -_viam patefacere, aperire_—to open a route. - -_ferro viam facere (per confertos hostes)_—to cut one's way (through -the enemies' ranks). - -_viam intercludere_—to obstruct a road; to close a route. - -_iter obstruere_—to obstruct a road; to close a route. - -_via fert, ducit aliquo_—a road leads somewhere. - -_in viam se dare_—to set out on a journey. - -_viae se committere_—to set out on a journey. - -_viam ingredi, inire_ (also metaphorically)—to enter upon a route; to -take a road. - -_rectā (viā)_—straight on. - -_de via declinare, deflectere_ (also metaphorically)—to turn aside -from the right way; to deviate. - -_(de via) decedere alicui_—make way for any one. - -_Appia via proficisci_—to set out by the Appian road. - -_erranti viam monstrare_—to direct a person who has lost his way. - -_errores Ulixis_—the wanderings of Ulysses. - -_viam persequi_ (also metaphorically)—to continue one's journey, -pursue one's course. - -_longam viam conficere_—to accomplish a long journey. - -_fessus de via_—weary with travelling; way-worn. - -_Hercules_[3] _in trivio, in bivio, in compitis_—Hercules at the -cross-roads, between virtue and vice. - -_iter facere_—(1) to take a journey, (2) to make, lay down a road -(rare). - -_una iter facere_—to travel together. - -_iter ingredi (pedibus, equo, terra)_—to begin a journey (on foot, on -horseback, by land). - -_iter aliquo dirigere, intendere_—to journey towards a place. - -_tendere aliquo_—to journey towards a place. - -_longum itineris spatium emetiri_—to finish a very long journey. - -_ex itinere redire_[4]—to return from a journey. - -_in itinere_[5]—on a journey; by the way. - -_iter terrestre, pedestre_—travel by land, on foot. - -_itinera diurna nocturnaque_—travelling day and night. - -_iter unius diei_ or simply _diei_—a day's journey. - -_iter impeditum_—an impassable road. - -_disiunctissimas ultimas terras peragrare_ (not _permigrare_)—to -travel through the most remote countries. - -_peregrinatio_—a foreign journey. - -_peregrinari, peregre esse_—to be travelling abroad. - -_peregre proficisci_—to go abroad. - -_aliquem proficiscentem prosequi_—to accompany any one when starting; -to see a person off. - -_aliquem proficiscentem votis ominibusque prosequi_ (_vid._ sect. VI. -11, note _Prosequi..._)—to wish any one a prosperous journey. - -_rus excurrere_—to make a pleasure-trip into the country. - -_ruri vivere, rusticari_—to live in the country. - -_vita rustica_—country life (the life of resident farmers, etc.) - -_rusticatio, vita rusticana_—country life (of casual, temporary -visitors). - - -[1] _tritus_ is also used figuratively, e.g. _proverbium (sermone) -tritum_ (De Off. 1. 10. 33), _vocabulum latino sermone non tritum_ -(Acad. 1. 7. 27). - -[2] Cf. in metaphorical sense, _viam ad honores alicui munire_ (Mur. -10. 23). - -[3] _vid._ on this subject De Off. 1. 32. 118; Fam. 5. 12. 3. - -[4] _reverti_ means properly to turn back and retrace one's steps, -after giving up one's intention of remaining longer in a place, or -continuing one's journey, cf. Div. 1. 15. 27, _itaque revertit ex -itinere, cum iam progressus esset multorum dierum viam_. Similarly -_reditus_ = return, _reversio_ generally = turning back. Cicero only -uses _revenire_ in conjunction with _domum_. - -[5] _ex itinere_ implies that the march was interrupted, thus there is -a difference between _in itinere aliquem aggredi_ and _ex itinere_, -etc. In the same way distinguish _in fuga_ and _ex fuga_, e.g. _ex -fuga evadere, ex fuga dissipati_. - - - - -4. Coming—Going - - -_pedibus ire_—to go on foot. - -_discedere a, de, ex loco aliquo_—to leave a place. - -_egredi loco_;[1] _excedere ex loco_—to leave a place. - -_decedere loco, de, ex loco_[2]—to quit a place for ever. - -_ingredi, intrare urbem, introire in urbem_—to enter a city. - -_portā ingredi, exire_—to go in at, go out of a gate. - -_extra portam egredi_—to go outside the gate. - -_commeare ad aliquem_—to go in and out of any one's house; to visit -frequently. - -_Romam venire, pervenire_—to come to Rome. - -_adventus Romam, in urbem_—arrival in Rome, in town. - -_in unum locum convenire, confluere_—to collect together at one spot. - -_Romam concurrere_ (Mil. 15. 39)—to stream towards Rome. - -_obviam ire alicui_—to meet any one. - -_obviam venire alicui_—to go to meet some one. - -_obvium_ or _obviam esse, obviam fieri_—to meet some one by chance. - -_incidere in aliquem_—to meet, come across a person; to meet casually. - -_offendere, nancisci aliquem_—to meet, come across a person; to meet -casually. - -_obviam alicui aliquem mittere_—to send to meet a person. - - -[1] _relinquere_, e.g. _domum_, properly means to give up, renounce -the possession or enjoyment of a place. - -[2] Cf. especially _decedere (ex, de) provincia_, used regularly of a -magistrate leaving his province on expiry of his term of office. -Similarly, where life is compared to a province, _decedere (de) vita_, -or merely _decedere_ = to quit this life, die (cf. De Sen. 20. 73). - - - - -5. Riding—Driving - - -_curru vehi, in rheda_ (Mil. 21. 55)—to drive. - -_equo vehi_—to ride. - -_sternere equum_—to saddle a horse. - -_conscendere equum_—to mount. - -_ascendere in equum_—to mount. - -_descendere ex equo_—to dismount. - -_in equo sedere; equo insidēre_—to be on horseback. - -_(in) equo haerere_—to sit a horse well; to have a good seat. - -_calcaria subdere equo_—to put spurs to a horse. - -_calcaribus equum concitare_—to put spurs to a horse. - -_equo citato_ or _admisso_—at full gallop. - -_freno remisso; effusis habenis_—with loose reins. - -_equum in aliquem concitare_—ride against any one at full speed; -charge a person. - -_habenas adducere_—to tighten the reins. - -_habenas permittere_—to slacken the reins. - -_admittere, permittere equum_—to give a horse the reins. - -_frenos_[1] _dare equo_—to give a horse the reins. - -_agitare equum_—to make a horse prance. - -_moderari equum_—to manage a horse. - -_equi consternantur_—the horses are panic-stricken, run away. - -_equos incitatos sustinere_—to bring horses to the halt when at full -gallop. - - -[1] Cf. _frenos, calcaria alicui adhibere_, used metaphorically. - - - - -6. Walking—Footsteps—Direction - - -_gradum facere_—to take a step. - -_gradum addere_ (sc. _gradui_) (Liv. 26. 9)—to increase one's pace. - -_suspenso gradu_—on tiptoe. - -_gradum sensim referre_—to retreat step by step. - -_vestigia alicuius sequi, persequi_ or _vestigiis aliquem sequi, -persequi_—to follow in any one's steps. - -_vestigiis alicuius insistere, ingredi_ (also metaph.)—to follow in -any one's steps. - -_loco_ or _vestigio se non movere_—not to stir from one's place. - -_recta (regione, via); in directum_—in a straight line. - -_in obliquum_—in an oblique direction; sideways. - -_obliquo monte decurrere_—to run obliquely down the hill. - -_in contrarium; in contrarias partes_—in an opposite direction. - -_in transversum, e transverso_—across; transversely. - -_quoquo versus; in omnes partes_—in all directions. - -_in diversas partes_ or simply _diversi abeunt, discedunt_—they -disperse in different directions. - -_huc (et) illuc_—hither and thither. - -_ultro citroque_—on this side and on that; to and fro. - -_longe lateque, passim_ (e.g. _fluere_)—far and wide; on all sides; -everywhere. - - - - -7. Movement in General - - -_se conferre in aliquem locum_—to go to a place. - -_petere locum_—to go to a place - -_quo tendis?_—where are you going? - -_sublimem_ or _sublime_ (not _in sublime_ or _sublimiter_) _ferri, -abire_—to fly aloft; to be carried into the sky. - -_praecipitem ire; in praeceps deferri_—to fall down headlong. - -_in profundum deici_—to fall down into the abyss. - -_se deicere de muro_—to throw oneself from the ramparts. - -_deicere aliquem de saxo Tarpeio_—to throw some one down the Tarpeian -rock. - -_Nilus praecipitat_[1] _ex altissimis montibus_—the Nile rushes down -from very high mountains. - -_se proripere ex domo_—to rush out of the house. - -_humi procumbere_—to fall on the ground. - -_humi prosternere aliquem_—to throw any one to the ground. - -_in terram cadere, decidere_—to fall to the earth. - -_in terram demergi_—to sink into the earth. - -_appropinquare urbi_, rarely _ad urbem_—to draw near to a city. - -_propius accedere ad urbem_ or _urbem_—to advance nearer to the city. - -_longius progredi, procedere_—to march further forward. - -_Romam versus proficisci_—to advance in the direction of Rome. - -_ad Romam proficisci_—to set out for Rome. - -_properat, maturat proficisci_—he starts in all haste, precipitately. - -_consequi, assequi aliquem_—to catch some one up. - -_praecurrere aliquem (celeritate)_—to overtake and pass some one. - -_post se relinquere aliquem_—to overtake and pass some one. - -_multitudo circumfunditur alicui_—a crowd throngs around some one. - -_per totum corpus diffundi_—to spread over the whole body. - - -[1] _praecipitare_ is also transitive, e.g. _praecipitare aliquem_, to -hurl a person down; _ruere_ always intransitive except in poetry. - - - - -8. Time in General - - -_tempus praeterit, transit_—time passes. - -_tempus habere alicui rei_—to have time for a thing. - -_tempus mihi deest ad aliquid faciendum_—I have no time to do something. - -_tempus consumere in aliqua re_—to pass one's time in doing something. - -_tempus terere, conterere (in) aliqua re_—to waste time on something. - -_tempus conferre ad aliquid_—to employ one's time in... - -_tempus tribuere alicui rei_—to devote time to anything. - -_tempus non amittere, perdere_—to lose no time. - -_nullum tempus intermittere, quin_ (also _ab opere_, or _ad opus_)—to -devote every spare moment to...; to work without intermission at a -thing. - -_tempus ducere_—to spend time. - -_aliquid in aliud tempus, in posterum differre_—to put off till -another time; to postpone. - -_nihil mihi longius est_ or _videtur quam dum_ or _quam ut_—I cannot -wait till... - -_nihil mihi longius est quam_ (c. Inf.)—nothing is more tiresome to me -than... - -_tempus (spatium) deliberandi_ or _ad deliberandum postulare, dare, -sibi sumere_—to require, give, take time for deliberation. - -_paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare_—to give some one a few -days for reflection. - -_tempori servire,_[1] _cedere_—to accommodate oneself to circumstances. - -_ex quo tempore_ or simply _ex quo_—since the time that, since (at the -beginning of a sentence). - -_eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum_—at the same moment that, -precisely when. - -_incidunt tempora, cum_—occasions arise for... - -_tempus (ita) fert_ (not _secum_)—circumstances demand. - -_tempus maximum est, ut_—it is high time that... - -_haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, memoria_—the present day. - -_his temporibus, nostra (hac) aetate, nostra memoria, his_ (not -_nostris_) _diebus_—in our time; in our days. - -_nostra aetas multas victorias vidit_—our generation has seen many -victories. - -_memoria patrum nostrorum_—in our fathers' time. - -_aetate (temporibus) Periclis_—in the time of Pericles. - -_antiquis_[2] _temporibus_—in old days, in the olden time. - -_libera re publica_—in the time of the Republic. - -_tempora Caesariana_—the imperial epoch. - -_media quae vocatur aetas_—the middle ages. - -_Pericles summus vir illius aetatis_—Pericles, the greatest man of his -day. - -_Pericles, quo nemo tum fuit clarior_—Pericles, the greatest man of -his day. - -_Pericles, vir omnium, qui tum fuerunt, clarissimus_—Pericles, the -greatest man of his day. - -_vir ut temporibus illis doctus_—a man of considerable learning for -those times. - -_tempore progrediente_—in process of time. - -_primo quoque tempore_—at the first opportunity. - -_hoc tempore_—at this moment. - -_puncto temporis_—in an instant. - -_momento_[3] _temporis_—at the important moment. - -_in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis_—just at the critical moment. - -_temporis causa_—on the spur of the moment. - -_ad tempus_[4] _adesse_—to be there at a given time. - -_ad exiguum tempus_—for a short time. - -_brevis_ or _exigui temporis_—for a short time. - -_satis longo intervallo_—after a fairly long interval. - -_spatio temporis intermisso_—after some time. - -_in praesentia, in praesens (tempus)_—at present; for the moment. - -_in posterum; in futurum_—for the future. - -_in perpetuum_—for ever. - -_semel atque iterum; iterum ac saepius; identidem; etiam atque -etiam_—more than once; repeatedly. - -_futura providere_ (not _praevidere_)—to foresee the future. - -_futura_ or _casus futuros (multo ante) prospicere_—to foresee the far -distant future. - -_futura non cogitare, curare_—to take no thought for the future. - -_saeculi_[5] _consuetudo_ or _ratio atque inclinatio temporis -(temporum)_—the spirit of the times, the fashion. - -_his moribus_—according to the present custom, fashion. - - -[1] The verb _servire_ helps to form several phrases, e.g. _servire -valetudini_, to be a valetudinarian; _iracundiae_, to be unable to -restrain one's anger; _brevitati_, to be concise; _communi utilitati_, -to be devoted to the public good, etc. - -[2] _antiquitas_ = the state of affairs in times gone by, not a -division of time; so _antiquitatis studia_, archaeology; _veteres_ or -_antiqui poetae, populi_, the poets, people of antiquity; _antiqua -monumenta_, the relics of antiquity. _antiquitates_ plur. is used for -the institutions, usages of times gone by. - -[3] _momentum_ (i.e. _movimentum_) is properly that which sets in -motion, which gives a decisive impulse to things, cf. Luc. iv. 819, -_momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum_. Livy and later writers employ -the word in the sense of a moment of time. - -[4] _ad tempus_ also means (1) according to the circumstances of the -case, e.g. _ad tempus consilium capere_, (2) for a short time, -temporarily. - -[5] The _spirit_ of a thing is usually rendered by such words as -_natura, proprietas, ratio atque voluntas_, e.g. the spirit, genius of -a language, _natura_ or _proprietas sermonis_; the spirit of the laws, -_voluntas et sententia legum_. - - - - -9. Year—Seasons - - -_praeterito anno_ (not _praeterlapso_)—in the past year. - -_superiore, priore anno_—last year. - -_proximo anno_—(1) last year; (2) next year. - -_insequenti(e) anno_ (not _sequente_)—in the following year. - -_anno_[1] _peracto, circumacto, interiecto, intermisso_—after a year -has elapsed. - -_anno vertente_—in the course of the year. - -_initio anni, ineunte anno_—at the beginning of the year. - -_exeunte, extremo anno_—at the end of the year. - -_singulis annis, diebus_—year by year; day by day. - -_quinto quoque anno_—every fifth year. - -_ad annum_—a year from now. - -_amplius sunt (quam) viginti anni_ or _viginti annis_—it is more than -twenty years ago. - -_viginti anni et amplius, aut plus_—twenty years and more. - -_abhinc (ante) viginti annos_ or _viginti his annis_—twenty years ago. - -_quinque anni sunt_ or _sextus annus est, cum te non vidi_—I have not -seen you for five years. - -_quinque annos_ or _sextum (iam) annum abest_—he has been absent five -years. - -_anno ab urbe condita quinto_—in the fifth year from the founding of -the city. - -_commutationes temporum quadripartitae_—the succession of the four -seasons. - -_verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore_—in spring, summer, -autumn, winter time. - -_ineunte, primo vere_—at the beginning of spring. - -_ver appetit_—spring is approaching. - -_suavitas verni temporis_—the charms of spring. - -_summa aestate, hieme_—in the height of summer, depth of winter. - -_hiems subest_—winter is at hand. - -_hiemem tolerare_—to bear the winter. - -_anni descriptio_—the division of the year (into months, etc.) - -_annus (mensis, dies) intercalaris_—the intercalary year (month, day). - -_fasti_—the calender (list of fasts and festivals). - - -[1] Unless _one_ is emphasised _unus_ is left out with the following -words: _annus, mensis, dies, hora_, and _verbum_. - - - - -10. Day—Divisions of the Day - - -_ante lucem_—before daybreak. - -_prima luce_—at daybreak. - -_luce (luci)_—in full daylight. - -_ubi illuxit, luxit, diluxit_—when it was day. - -_lucet_—it is daylight. - -_diluculo_—in the morning twilight. - -_advesperascit_—evening is drawing on. - -_die, caelo vesperascente_—when it is growing dusk; towards evening. - -_multus dies_ or _multa lux est_—the day is already far advanced. - -_ad multam noctem_—till late at night. - -_de nocte, de die_—while it is still night, day. - -_multa de nocte_—late at night. - -_intempesta, concubia nocte_—in the dead of night; at midnight. - -_silentio noctis_—in the silence of the night. - -_vicissitudines dierum noctiumque_—the succession of day and night. - -_noctes diesque, noctes et dies, et dies et noctes, dies noctesque, -diem noctemque_—night and day. - -_tempus matutīnum, meridianum, vespertinum, nocturnum_—morning, noon, -evening, night. - -_tempora matutina_—the morning hours. - -_in dies (singulos)_—from day to day. - -_in diem vivere_—to live from day to day. - -_alternis diebus_—every other day. - -_quattuor dies continui_—four successive days. - -_unus et alter dies_—one or two days. - -_dies unus, alter, plures intercesserant_—one, two, several days had -passed, intervened. - -_diem proferre_ (Att. 13. 14)—to adjourn, delay. - -_biduo serius_[1]—two days late. - -_horā citius_—an hour too soon. - -_postridie qui fuit dies Non. Sept. (Nonarum Septembrium)_ (Att. 4. 1. -5)—on the day after, which was September 5th. - -_hodie qui est dies Non. Sept.; cras qui dies futurus est Non. -Sept._—to-day the 5th of September; tomorrow September the 5th. - -_dies hesternus, hodiernus, crastinus_—yesterday, to-day, tomorrow. - -_diem dicere colloquio_—to appoint a date for an interview. - -_ad diem constitutam_—at the appointed time. - -_diem videre, cum..._—to live to see the day when... - -_dies dolorem mitigabit_—time will assuage his grief. - -_quota hora est?_—what time is it? - -_tertia hora est_—it is the third hour (= 9 A.M.) - -_ad horam compositam_—at the time agreed on. - - -[1] Used absolutely "too late" = _sero_; if "too late for," "later -than," always _serius (quam)_. - - - - -III. Parts of the Human Body - - -_omnibus artubus contremiscere_—to tremble in every limb. - -_aures claudere, patefacere_ (e.g. _veritati, assentatoribus_)—to turn -a deaf ear to, to open one's ears to... - -_aures praebere alicui_—to listen to a person. - -_aures alicuius obtundere_ or simply _obtundere (aliquem)_—to din a -thing into a person's ears. - -_in aurem alicui dicere (insusurrare) aliquid_—to whisper something in -a person's ears. - -_ad aures alicuius_ (not _alicui_) _pervenire, accidere_—to come to -some one's ears. - -_aures erigere_—to prick up one's ears. - -_oratio in aures influit_—his words find an easy hearing, are listened -to with pleasure. - -_aures elegantes, teretes, tritae_ (De Or. 9. 27)—a fine, practised ear. - -_neque auribus neque oculis satis consto_—I am losing my eyesight and -getting deaf. - -_caput aperire_ (opp. _operire_)—to uncover one's head. - -_capite aperto_ (opp. _operto_)—bare-headed. - -_capite obvoluto_—with head covered. - -_caput demittere_—to bow one's head. - -_caput praecīdere_—to cut off a man's head. - -_caput_[1] _parieti impingere_—to strike one's head against the wall. - -_cervices_ (in Cic. only in plur.) _frangere alicui_ or _alicuius_—to -break a person's neck. - -_gladius cervicibus impendet_—a sword hangs over his neck. - -_hostis_[2] _in cervicibus alicuius est_—the foe is at our heels, is -upon us. - -_promittere crinem, barbam_—to grow one's hair, beard long. - -_passis crinibus_—with dishevelled hair. - -_capilli horrent_—his hair stands on end. - -_capilli compti, compositi_ (opp. _horridi_)—well-ordered, -well-brushed hair. - -_extremis digitis aliquid attingere_—to touch with the fingertips. - -_frontem contrahere_ (opp. _explicare_)—to frown. - -_frontem ferire, percutere_—to beat one's brow. - -_in fronte alicuius inscriptum est_—one can see it in his face. - -_ab alicuius latere non discedere_—to be always at a person's side. - -_a latere regis esse_—to belong to the king's bodyguard. - -_manum (dextram) alicui porrigere_—to give one's hand to some one. - -_manum non vertere alicuius rei causa_[3]—to make not the slightest -effort; not to stir a finger. - -_manus inicere, inferre, afferre alicui_—to lay violent hands on a -person. - -_manus tollere_—to raise one's hands in astonishment. - -_manus dare_—to own oneself conquered, surrender. - -_manu ducere aliquem_—to lead some one by the hand. - -_manu_ or _in manu tenere aliquid_—to hold something in one's hand. - -_in manibus habere aliquid_ (also metaphorically)—to have something in -one's hands, on hand. - -_de manu in manus_ or _per manus tradere aliquid_—to pass a thing from -hand to hand. - -_ex_ or _de manibus alicui_ or _alicuius extorquere aliquid_—to wrest -from a person's hand. - -_e manibus dimittere_—to let go from one's hands. - -_in alicuius manus venire, pervenire_—to come into some one's hands. - -_in alicuius manus incidere_—to fall unexpectedly into some one's hands. - -_in manus(m) sumere aliquid_—to take something into one's hands. - -_in manibus_[4] _aliquem gestare_—to carry in one's arms. - -_e (de) manibus effugere_,[5] _elābi_—to slip, escape from the hands. - -_inter manus auferre aliquem_—to carry some one away in one's arms. - -_compressis manibus sedere_ (proverb.) (Liv. 7. 13)—to sit with folded -arms; to be inactive. - -_mordicus tenere aliquid_—to hold fast in the teeth (also -metaphorically, obstinately). - -_oculos conicere in aliquem_—to turn one's gaze on; to regard. - -_oculos circumferre_—to look in every direction. - -_in omnes partes aciem (oculorum) intendere_—to gaze intently all -around. - -_omnium oculos (et ora) ad se convertere_—to draw every one's eyes -upon one. - -_omnium animos_ or _mentes in se convertere_—to attract universal -attention. - -_conspici, conspicuum esse aliqua re_—to make oneself conspicuous. - -_oculos_ (_aures, animum_[6]) _advertere ad aliquid_—to turn one's -eyes (ears, attention) towards an object. - -_oculi in vultu alicuius habitant_—his eyes are always fixed on some -one's face. - -_oculos figere in terra_ and _in terram_—to keep one's eyes on the -ground. - -_oculos pascere aliqua re_ (also simply _pasci aliqua re_)—to feast -one's eyes with the sight of... - -_oculos deicere, removere ab aliqua re_—to turn one's gaze away from -an object. - -_oculos operire (morienti)_[7]—to close the eyes of a dying person. - -_oculorum aciem alicui praestringere_ (also simply _praestringere_)—to -dazzle a person. - -_oculos, lumina amittere_—to lose one's sight. - -_oculis privare aliquem_—to deprive a person of his eyes. - -_luminibus orbare aliquem_—to deprive a person of his eyes. - -_oculis captum esse_[8] (_vid._ sect. IV. 6., note _auribus, -oculis..._)—to be blind. - -_ante oculos aliquid versatur_—something presents itself to my vision. - -_oculis, ante oculos (animo) proponere aliquid_—to picture a thing to -oneself; to imagine. - -_ante oculos vestros_ (not _vobis_) _res gestas proponite_—picture to -yourselves the circumstances. - -_cernere et videre aliquid_—to see clearly, distinctly. - -_oculis mentis videre aliquid_—to see with the mind's eye. - -_in oculis aliquem ferre_—to cherish as the apple of one's eye. - -_aliquis est mihi in oculis_—to cherish as the apple of one's eye. - -_abire ex oculis, e conspectu alicuius_—to go out of sight, disappear. - -_venire in conspectum alicuius_—to come in sight. - -_se in conspectum dare alicui_—to show oneself to some one. - -_fugere alicuius conspectum, aspectum_—to keep out of a person's sight. - -_in conspectu omnium_ or _omnibus inspectantibus_—before every one, in -the sight of the world. - -_omnia uno aspectu, conspectu intueri_—to take in everything at a -glance. - -_non apparere_—to have disappeared. - -_pedibus obterere, conculcare_—to trample under foot. - -_ad pedes alicuius accidere_—to fall at some one's feet. - -_ad pedes alicuius se proicere, se abicere, procumbere, se -prosternere_—to throw oneself at some one's feet. - -_ad pedes alicuius iacēre, stratum esse (stratum iacēre)_—to prostrate -oneself before a person. - -_quod ante pedes est_ or _positum est, non videre_—to fail to see what -lies before one. - -_sanguine manare, redundare_—to drip blood; to be deluged with blood. - -_vultum fingere_—to dissemble, disguise one's feelings. - -_vultus ficti simulatique_—a feigned expression. - -_vultum componere ad severitatem_—to put on a stern air. - -_vultum non mutare_—to keep one's countenance, remain impassive. - - -[1] _caput_ has several metaphorical meanings, e.g. _capita -coniurationis_ (Liv. 9. 26), the leaders of the conspiracy; _caput -Graeciae_, the capital of Greece; _caput cenae_, the chief dish; -_capita legis_, the headings, clauses of a law; _id quod caput est_, -the main point; _de capite deducere_ (Liv. 6. 15), to subtract from -the capital; _capitis periculum_, mortal peril; _capitis deminutio_ -(_maxima, media, minima_) (Liv. 22. 60), deprivation of civil rights. -_caput_ is often combined with _fons_ = source, origin, e.g. _ille -fons et caput Socrates_ (Cic. De. Or. 1. 42); _in aegritudine est fons -miseriarum et caput_ (Cic.) By metonymy _caput_ is used with _liberum_ -(and _noxium_) (Verr. 2. 32. 79) with the meaning of a free (guilty) -person, individual. - -[2] Cf. _velut in cervicibus habere hostem_ (Liv. 44. 39); _bellum -ingens in cervicibus est_ (Liv. 22. 33. 6). - -[3] Cf. _ne digitum quidem porrigere alicuius rei causa_. - -[4] Notice too _liberos de parentum complexu avellere_ (Verr. 2. 1. 3. -7), to snatch children from their parents' "arms" (not _brachium_), so -_in alicuius complexu mori_; _in alicuius complexu haerere_. _medium -aliquem amplecti_, to take to one's arms, embrace; _libentissimo animo -accipere_, to welcome with open arms. - -[5] Distinguish _effugere aliquid_, to escape the touch of, e.g. -_invidiam, mortem_; and _effugere ex aliqua re_, to escape from a -position one is already in, e.g. _e carcere, e caede, e praelio_. -Notice _fugit me_, it escapes my notice. - -[6] _animum advertere aliquid_ = _animadvertere aliquid_ = to notice a -thing; _animadvertere in aliquem_ = to punish a person. - -[7] To shut one's eyes to a thing, _conivere in aliqua re_. - -[8] Cf. _caecatus, occaecatus cupiditate, stultitia_. - - - - -IV. Properties of the Human Body - - -1. Feelings—Sensations—Powers - - -_sensus sani, integri, incorrupti_—sound, unimpaired senses. - -_sensibus praeditum esse_—to be endowed with sense. - -_sensu audiendi carere_—not to possess the sense of hearing. - -_sub sensum_ or _sub oculos, sub aspectum cadere_—to come within the -sphere of the senses. - -_sensibus_ or _sub sensus subiectum esse_—to come within the sphere of -the senses. - -_sensibus percipi_—to be perceptible to the senses. - -_res sensibus_ or _oculis subiectae_ (De Fin. 5. 12. 36)—the world of -sense, the visible world. - -_res quas oculis cernimus_—the world of sense, the visible world. - -_res externae_—the world of sense, the visible world. - -_sensus movere_ (more strongly _pellere_)—to make an impression on the -senses. - -_aliquid sensus suaviter afficit_—a thing makes a pleasant impression -on the senses. - -_aliquid sensus iucunditate perfundit_—a thing makes a pleasant -impression on the senses. - -_pulsu externo, adventicio agitari_—to be affected by some external -impulse, by external impressions. - -_sevocare mentem a sensibus_ (De Nat. D. 3. 8. 21)—to free one's mind -from the influences of the senses. - -_aliquid a sensibus meis abhorret_—something offends my instincts, -goes against the grain. - -_vires corporis_ or merely _vires_—bodily strength. - -_vires colligere_—to gain strength. - -_vires aliquem deficiunt_—to lose strength. - -_dum vires suppetunt_—as long as one's strength holds out. - -_bonis esse viribus_—to be robust, vigorous. - -_pro viribus_ or _pro mea parte_—as well as I can; to the best of my -ability. - -_pro virili parte_[1] (cf. sect. V. 22.)—as well as I can; to the best -of my ability. - - -[1] _pro virili parte_ is distinct from the other expressions, as -implying more assurance and confidence on the part of the speaker. - - - - -2. Birth—Life - - -_in lucem edi_—to see the light, come into the world. - -_ei, propter quos hanc lucem aspeximus_—those to whom we owe our being. - -_tollere_[1] or _suscipere liberos_—to accept as one's own child; to -make oneself responsible for its nurture and education. - -_aliquem in liberorum loco habere_—to treat as one's own child. - -_sexus_ (not _genus_) _virilis, muliebris_—the male, female sex. - -_patre, (e) matre natus_—son of such and such a father, mother. - -_Cato Uticensis ortus erat a Catone Censorio_—Cato of Utica was a -direct descendant of Cato the Censor. - -_originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere_—to trace one's descent from some -one. - -_Romae natus, (a) Roma oriundus_—a native of Rome. - -_cuias es_—what country do you come from? - -_natione, genere Anglus_—an Englishman by birth. - -_ortus ab Anglis_ or _oriundus ex Anglis_—a native of England. - -_urbs patria_ or simply _patria_—native place. - -_animam, spiritum ducere_—to breathe, live. - -_aera spiritu ducere_—to breathe the air. - -_animam continere_—to hold one's breath. - -_cursu exanimari_ (B.G. 2. 23. 1)—to run till one is out of breath. - -_spiritum intercludere alicui_—to suffocate a person. - -_in vita esse_—to be alive. - -_vita_ or _hac luce frui_—to enjoy the privilege of living; to be alive. - -_vitam beatam (miseram) degere_—to live a happy (unhappy) life. - -_vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, -ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere_—to live (all) one's life -(honourably, in the country, as a man of learning). - -_dum vita suppetit; dum (quoad) vivo_—as long as I live. - -_si vita mihi suppeditat_[2]—if I live till then. - -_si vita suppetit_—if I live till then. - -_quod reliquum est vitae_—the rest of one's life. - -_vitae cursum_ or _curriculum_[3] _conficere_—to finish one's career. - -_Homerus fuit_[4] _multis annis ante Romam conditam_—Homer lived many -years before the foundation of Rome. - - -[1] It was the custom for a Roman father to lift up his new-born -child, which was laid on the ground at his feet; hence the expression -_tollere, suscipere_. - -[2] _suppeditare_ (1) transitive, to supply sufficiently; (2) intrans. -to be present in sufficient quantities = _suppetere_. - -[3] _vitae (vivendi) cursus_ or _curriculum_ = life, -career—considering its duration, length. Life = biography is not -_curriculum vitae_, but simply _vita, vitae descriptio_. - -[4] To live, speaking chronologically, is _esse_; _vivere_ denotes to -be alive, pass one's life, e.g. _laute, in otio_. - - - - -3. Time of Life - - -(The terms for the different ages of man are _infans, puer, -adulescens, iuvenis, senior, senex, grandis natu_.) - -_ea aetate, id aetatis esse_—to be of such and such an age. - -_a puero (is), a parvo (is), a parvulo (is)_—from youth up. - -_a teneris unguiculis_ (ἐξ ἁπαλων ὀνύχων) (Fam. 1. 6. 2)—from one's -cradle, from one's earliest childhood. - -_ab ineunte (prima) aetate_ (De Or. 1. 21. 97)—from one's entry into -civil life. - -_ex pueris excedere_—to leave one's boyhood behind one, become a man. - -_flos aetatis_—the prime of youthful vigour. - -_aetate florere, vigere_—to be in the prime of life. - -_integra aetate esse_—to be in the prime of life. - -_adulescentia deferbuit_—the fires of youth have cooled. - -_aetate progrediente_—with advancing years. - -_aetate ingravescente_—with the weight, weakness of declining years. - -_aetas constans, media, firmata, corroborata_ (not _virilis_)—manhood. - -_grandior factus_—having reached man's estate. - -_corroborata, firmata aetate_—having reached man's estate. - -_sui iuris factum esse_—to have become independent, be no longer a -minor. - -_aetate provectum esse_ (not _aetate provecta_)—to be advanced in years. - -_longius aetate provectum esse_—to be more advanced in years. - -_grandis natu_—aged. - -_aetate affecta esse_—to be infirm through old age. - -_vires consenescunt_—to become old and feeble. - -_senectute, senio confectum esse_—to be worn out by old age. - -_exacta aetate mori_—to die at a good old age. - -_ad summam senectutem pervenire_—to live to a very great age. - -_senectus nobis obrēpit_—old age creeps on us insensibly. - -_admodum adulescens, senex_—still quote a young (old) man. - -_extrema aetas_—the last stage of life, one's last days. - -_extremum tempus aetatis_—the last stage of life, one's last days. - -_vita occidens_—the evening of life. - -_aequalem esse alicuius_—to be a contemporary of a person. - -_maior (natu)_—the elder - -_aetate alicui antecedere, anteire_—to be older than. - -_quot annos natus es?_—how old are you? - -_qua aetate es?_—how old are you? - -_tredecim annos natus sum_—I am thirteen years old. - -_tertium decimum annum ago_—I am in my thirteenth year. - -_puer decem annorum_—a boy ten years old. - -_decimum aetatis annum ingredi_—to be entering on one's tenth year. - -_decem annos vixisse_—to be ten years old. - -_decimum annum excessisse, egressum esse_—to be more than ten years -old, to have entered on one's eleventh year. - -_minorem esse viginti annis_—to be not yet twenty. - -_tum habebam decem annos_—I was ten years old at the time. - -_centum annos complere_—to reach one's hundredth year, to live to be a -hundred. - -_vitam ad annum centesimum perducere_—to reach one's hundredth year, -to live to be a hundred. - -_accessio paucorum annorum_—the addition of a few years. - -_tertiam iam aetatem videre_—to be middle-aged (_i.e._ between thirty -and forty). - -_in aetatem alicuius, in annum incidere_—to happen during a person's -life, year of office. - -_omnium suorum_ or _omnibus suis superstitem esse_—to outlive, survive -all one's kin. - -_homines qui nunc sunt_ (opp. _qui tunc fuerunt_)—our contemporaries; -men of our time. - -_homines huius aetatis, nostrae memoriae_—our contemporaries; men of -our time. - -_posteri_—posterity. - -_scriptores aetate posteriores_ or _inferiores_—later writers. - - - - -4. Hunger—Thirst - - -_esurire_—to be hungry. - -_fame laborare, premi_—to be tormented by hunger, to be starving. - -_famem tolerare, sustentare_—to endure the pangs of hunger. - -_inediā mori_ or _vitam finire_—to starve oneself to death. - -_fame confici, perire, interire_—to die of starvation. - -_fame necari_—to be starved to death (as punishment). - -_famem, sitim explere_—to allay one's hunger, thirst. - -_famem sitimque depellere cibo et potione_—to allay one's hunger, -thirst. - -_siti cruciari, premi_—to suffer agonies of thirst. - -_sitim colligere_—to become thirsty. - -_sitim haustu gelidae aquae sedare_—to slake one's thirst by a draught -of cold water. - -_famis et sitis_[1] _patientem esse_—to be able to endure hunger and -thirst. - - -[1] _sitis_ is also used metaphorically—e.g. _libertatis sitis_ (Rep. -1. 43. 66), so _sitire_—e.g. _honores_ (De Fin. 4. 5. 3), _libertatem_ -(Rep. 1. 43. 66), _sanguinem_ (Phil. 2. 7. 20). The participle -_sitiens_ takes the Gen.—e.g. _sitiens virtutis_ (Planc. 5. 13). - - - - -5. Laughter—Tears - - -_risum edere, tollere_[1]—to begin to laugh. - -_cachinnum tollere, edere_—to burst into a roar of laughter. - -_risum movere, concitare_—to raise a laugh. - -_risum elicere_ (more strongly _excutere_) _alicui_—to make a person -laugh. - -_risum captare_—to try and raise a laugh. - -_risum tenere vix posse_—to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter. - -_risum aegre continere posse_—to be scarcely able to restrain one's -laughter. - -_aliquid in risum vertere_—to make a thing ridiculous, turn it into a -joke. - -_lacrimas, vim lacrimarum effundere, profundere_—to burst into a flood -of tears. - -_in lacrimas effundi_ or _lacrimis perfundi_—to be bathed in tears. - -_lacrimis obortis_—with tears in one's eyes. - -_multis cum lacrimis_—with many tears. - -_magno cum fletu_—with many tears. - -_lacrimas tenere non posse_—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears. - -_fletum cohibere non posse_—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears. - -_vix mihi tempero quin lacrimem_—to be hardly able to restrain one's -tears. - -_vix me contineo quin lacrimem_—to be hardly able to restrain one's -tears. - -_lacrimas_ or _fletum alicui movere_—to move to tears. - -_prae lacrimis loqui non posse_—to be unable to speak for emotion. - -_gaudio lacrimare_—to weep for joy. - -_hinc illae lacrimae_ (proverb.) (Ter. And. 1. 1. 99; Cael. 25. -61)—hence these tears; there's the rub. - -_lacrimula_ (Planc. 31. 76)—crocodiles' tears. - -_lacrimae simulatae_—crocodiles' tears. - - -[1] Not _in risum erumpere_, which only occurs in late Latin. However, -_risus, vox, fletus erumpit_ is classical, similarly _indignatio_ -(Liv. 4. 50), _furor, cupiditates_ (Cael. 12. 28). - - - - -6. Health—Sickness - - -_bona (firma, prospera) valetudine_[1] _esse_ or _uti_ (_vid._ sect. -VI. 8., note _uti..._)—to enjoy good health. - -_valetudini consulere, operam dare_—to take care of one's health. - -_firma corporis constitutio_ or _affectio_—a good constitution. - -_infirma, aegra valetudine esse_ or _uti_—to be ill, weakly. - -_in morbum incidit_—he fell ill. - -_aegrotare coepit_—he fell ill. - -_morbo tentari_ or _corripi_—to be attacked by disease. - -_morbo afflīgi_—to be laid on a bed of sickness. - -_lecto teneri_—to be confined to one's bed. - -_vehementer, graviter aeogratare, iacēre_—to be seriously ill. - -_gravi morbo affectum esse, conflictari, vexari_—to be seriously ill. - -_leviter aegrotare, minus valere_—to be indisposed. - -_aestu et febri iactari_—to have a severe attack of fever. - -_omnibus membris captum esse_[2]—to be affected by disease in every -limb; to be paralysed. - -_ex pedibus laborare, pedibus aegrum esse_—to have the gout. - -_pestilentia_ (not _pestis_) _in urbem (populum) invadit_—the plague -breaks out in the city. - -_animus relinquit aliquem_—a man loses his senses, becomes unconscious. - -_morbus ingravescit_[3]—the disease gets worse. - -_morbo absūmi_ (Sall. Iug. 5. 6)—to be carried off by a disease. - -_assidēre aegroto_ (Liv. 25. 26)—to watch by a sick man's bedside. - -_aegrotum curare_—to treat as a patient (used of a doctor). - -_curationes_—method of treatment. - -_aegrotum sanare_ (not _curare_)—to cure a patient. - -_ex morbo convalescere_ (not _reconvalescere_)—to recover from a -disease. - -_e gravi morbo recreari_ or _se colligere_—to recruit oneself after a -severe illness. - -_melius ei factum est_—he feels better. - -_valetudinem (morbum) excusare_[4] (Liv. 6. 22. 7)—to excuse oneself -on the score of health. - -_valetudinis excusatione uti_—to excuse oneself on the score of health. - - -[1] _valetudo_ is a neutral term = state of health. _sanitas_ = -soundness of mind, reason—e.g. _ad sanitatem reverti_, to recover -one's reason. - -[2] Note _auribus, oculis, captum esse_, to be deaf, blind; _mente -captum esse_, to be mad. - -[3] The comparative and superlative of _aeger_ and _aegrotus_ are not -used in this connection, they are replaced by such phrases as -_vehementer, graviter aegrotare, morbus ingravescit_, etc. - -[4] But _se excusare alicui_ or _apud aliquem_ (_de_ or _in aliqua -re_) = to excuse oneself to some one about a thing. - - - - -7. Sleep—Dreams - - -_cubitum ire_—to go to bed. - -_somno_ or _quieti se tradere_—to lay oneself down to sleep - -_somnum capere non posse_—to be unable to sleep. - -_curae somnum mihi adimunt, dormire me non sinunt_—I cannot sleep for -anxiety. - -_somnum oculis meis non vidi_ (Fam. 7. 30)—I haven't had a wink of -sleep. - -_arte, graviter dormire (ex lassitudine)_—to sleep soundly (from -fatigue). - -_artus somnus aliquem complectitur_ (Rep. 6. 10)—to fall fast asleep. - -_somno captum, oppressum esse_—to be overcome by sleep. - -_sopītum esse_—to be sound asleep. - -_in lucem dormire_—to sleep on into the morning. - -_somno solvi_—to awake. - -_(e) somno excitare, dormientem excitare_—to rouse, wake some one. - -_e lecto_ or _e cubīli surgere_—to rise from one's bed, get up. - -_per somnum, in somnis_—in a dream. - -_per quietem, in quiete_—in a dream. - -_in somnis videre aliquid_ or _speciem_—to see something in a dream. - -_in somnis visus (mihi) sum videre_—I dreamed I saw... - -_species mihi dormienti oblata est_—I saw a vision in my dreams. - -_somnium verum evādit_ (Div. 2. 53. 108)—my dream is coming true. - -_somnium interpretari_—to explain a dream. - -_somniorum interpres, coniector_—an interpreter of dreams. - -_somniare de aliquo_—to dream of a person. - - - - -8. Death - - -_(de) vita decedere_ or merely _decedere_—to depart this life. - -_(ex) vita excedere, ex vita abire_—to depart this life. - -_de vita exire, de (ex) vita migrare_—to depart this life. - -_mortem (diem supremum) obire_—to depart this life. - -_supremo vitae die_—on one's last day. - -_animam edere_ or _efflare_—to give up the ghost. - -_extremum vitae spiritum edere_—to give up the ghost. - -_animam agere_—to be at one's last gasp. - -_mors immatura_ or _praematura_—an untimely death. - -_mature decedere_—to die young. - -_subita morte exstingui_—to be cut off by sudden death. - -_necessaria_ (opp. _voluntaria_) _morte mori_—to die a natural death. - -_morbo perire, absūmi, consūmi_—to die a natural death. - -_debitum naturae reddere_[1] (Nep. Reg. 1)—to die a natural death. - -_mortem sibi consciscere_[2]—to commit suicide. - -_se vita privare_—to take one's own life. - -_manus, vim sibi afferre_—to lay hands on oneself. - -_vitae finem facere_—to put an end to one's life. - -_talem vitae exitum_ (not _finem_) _habuit_ (Nep. Eum. 13)—such was -the end of... (used of a violent death). - -_mortem oppetere_—to meet death (by violence). - -_mortem occumbere pro patria_—to die for one's country. - -_sanguinem suum pro patria effundere_ or _profundere_—to shed one's -blood for one's fatherland. - -_vitam profundere pro patria_—to sacrifice oneself for one's country. - -_se morti offerre pro salute patriae_—to sacrifice oneself for one's -country. - -_dare venenum in pane_—to give a person poison in bread. - -_venenum sumere, bibere_—to take poison. - -_veneno sibi mortem consciscere_—to poison oneself. - -_poculum mortis (mortiferum) exhaurire_ (Cluent. 11. 31)—to drain the -cup of poison. - -_potestas vitae necisque_—power over life and death. - -_plagam extremam_ or _mortiferam infligere_—to inflict a death-blow. - -_e_ or _de medio tollere_—to remove a person. - -_perii! actum est de me!_ (Ter. Ad. 3. 2. 26)—I'm undone! it's all up -with me! - - -[1] _sua morte defungi_ or _mori_ is late Latin, cf. Inscr. Orell. -3453, _debitum naturae persolvit_. - -[2] _se interficere, se occidere, se necare_ are rare. During the -classic period, when suicide was not common, _ipse_ is often -added—e.g. _Crassum se ipsum interemisse_ (Cic. Scaur. 2. 16), -_Lucretia se ipsa interemit_ (Fin. 2. 20. 66); but later, when suicide -had become frequent, _se interemit; nonnulli semet interemerunt_ -(Suet. Iul. 89), etc., occur commonly. - - - - -9. Burial - - -_funere efferri_ or simply _efferri_ (_publice; publico, suo -sumptu_)—to be interred (at the expense of the state, at one's own -cost). - -_sepultura aliquem afficere_—to bury a person. - -_iusta facere, solvere alicui_—to perform the last rites for a person. - -_supremo officio in aliquem fungi_—to perform the last rites for a -person. - -_funus alicui facere, ducere_ (Cluent. 9. 28)—to carry out the funeral -obsequies. - -_funus alicuius exsequi_—to attend a person's funeral. - -_exsequias alicuius funeris prosequi_—to attend a person's funeral. - -_supremis officiis aliquem prosequi_ (_vid_ sect. VI. 11., note -_Prosequi..._)—to perform the last offices of affection. - -_mortuum in sepulcro condere_—to entomb a dead body. - -_aliquem mortuum_[1] _cremare_ (Sen. 23. 84)—to burn a corpse. - -_pompa funebris_—a funeral procession. - -_funus_ or _exsequias celebrare_—to celebrate the obsequies. - -_ludos funebres alicui dare_—to give funeral games in honour of a -person. - -_oratio funebris_[2]—a funeral oration. - -_sepulturae honore carere_—to be deprived of the rites of burial. - -_iustis exsequiarum carere_—to be deprived of the rites of burial. - -_elogium in sepulcro incisum_—the epitaph. - -_sepulcro_ (Dat.) or _in sepulcro hoc inscriptum est_—this is the -inscription on his tomb... - -_hic situs est..._—here lies... - -_aliquem in rogum imponere_—to place on the funeral-pyre. - -_proiici inhumatum (in publicum)_—to be cast out unburied. - - -[1] "Corpse" usually = _corpus mortui_ or simply _corpus_. _cadaver_ -is a corpse which has begun to decompose. - -[2] For eulogy, panegyric, use _laudatio funebris_ or simply -_laudatio_, cf. Mil. 13. 33; Liv. 5. 50. - - - - -V. Human Life; its various Relations and Conditions - - -1. Circumstance—Situation—Difficulty - - -_res humanae_ or simply _res_—human life. - -_haec est rerum humanarum condicio_—that is the way of the world; such -is life. - -_sic vita hominum est_—that is the way of the world; such is life. - -_ita (ea lege, ea condicione) nati sumus_—this is our natural -tendency, our destiny; nature compels us. - -_res externas_ or _humanas despicere_—to despise earthly things. - -_res humanas infra se positas arbitrari_—to feel superior to the -affairs of life. - -_meliore (deteriore) condicione esse, uti_—to find one's circumstances -altered for the better (the worse). - -_condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis_—the position of the lower -classes. - -_res meae meliore loco, in meliore causa sunt_—my position is -considerably improved; my prospects are brighter. - -_meliorem in statum redigor_—my position is considerably improved; my -prospects are brighter. - -_aliquem in antiquum statum, in pristinum restituere_—to restore a man -to his former position. - -_in tanta rerum (temporum) iniquitate_—under such unfavourable -circumstances. - -_res dubiae, perditae, afflictae_—a critical position; a hopeless -state of affairs. - -_in angustias adducere aliquem_—to place some one in an embarrassing -position. - -_in angustiis, difficultatibus, esse_ or _versari_—to be in a dilemma; -in difficulties. - -_angustiis premi, difficultatibus affici_—to be in a dilemma; in -difficulties. - -_agitur praeclare, bene cum aliquo_—so-and-so is in a very -satisfactory position; prospers. - -_res ita est, ita (sic) se habet_—the facts are these; the matter -stands thus. - -_eadem (longe alia) est huius rei ratio_—the case is exactly similar -(entirely different). - -_hoc longe aliter, secus est_—this is quite another matter. - -_res (ita) fert_—circumstances make this necessary; the exigencies of -the case are these. - -_pro re (nata), pro tempore_—according to circumstances. - -_pro tempore et pro re_—according to circumstances. - -_res eo_ or _in eum locum deducta est, ut..._—the matter has gone so -far that...; the state of affairs is such that... - -_quo loco res tuae sunt?_—how are you getting on? - -_eadem est causa mea_ or _in eadem causa sum_—my circumstances have -not altered. - -_si quid (humanitus) mihi accidat_ or _acciderit_—if anything should -happen to me; if I die. - -_quae cum ita sint_—under such circumstances. - -_utcumque res ceciderit_—whatever happens; in any case. - - - - -2. Commencement—End—Result - - -_initium capere; incipere ab aliqua re_—to begin with a thing. - -_initium facere, ducere, sumere (alicuius rei)_—to commence a thing. - -_ab exiguis initiis proficisci_—to start from small beginnings. - -_parare_ with Inf.—to prepare to do a thing. - -_aggredi ad aliquid faciendum_—to prepare to do a thing. - -_incunabula_[1] _doctrinae_—the origin, first beginnings of learning. - -_finem facere alicuius rei_—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a -thing. - -_finem imponere, afferre, constituere alicui rei_—to finish, complete, -fulfil, accomplish a thing. - -_ad finem aliquid adducere_—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a -thing. - -_ad exitum aliquid perducere_—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish -a thing. - -_finem habere_—to come to an end. - -_aliquid (bene, prospere) succedit_ or _procedit_ (opp. _parum -procedere, non succedere_)—the matter progresses favourably, succeeds. - -_eventum, exitum (felicem) habere_—to turn out (well); to result -(satisfactorily). - -_quorsum haec res cadet_ or _evadet?_—what will be the issue, end, -consequence of the matter? - -_ad irritum redigere aliquid_—to frustrate, nullify. - -_res aliter cecidit ac putaveram_—the result has surprised me; I was -not prepared for this development. - -_quid illo fiet?_—what will become of him? - -_quid huic homini_ (also _hoc homine_) _faciam?_—what am I to do with -this fellow? - - -[1] _incunabula_ literally swaddling-clothes. _cunabula_, cradle, is -not used in this metaphorical sense except in post-Augustan Latin. - - - - -3. Cause—Motive—Origin - - -_causam afferre_—to quote as a reason; give as excuse. - -_iustis de_[1] _causis_—for valid reasons. - -_magnae (graves) necessariae causae_—cogent, decisive reasons. - -_non sine causa_—on good grounds; reasonably. - -_quid causae fuit cur...?_—how came it that...? - -_causa posita est in aliqua re_—the motive, cause, is to be found in... - -_causa repetenda est ab aliqua re_ (not _quaerenda_)—the motive, -cause, is to be found in... - -_multae causae me impulerunt ad aliquid_ or _ut..._—I was induced by -several considerations to... - -_causam interponere_ or _interserere_—to interpose, put forward an -argument, a reason. - -_praetendere, praetexere aliquid_—to make something an excuse, pretext. - -_causam idoneam nancisci_—to find a suitable pretext. - -_per causam_ (with Gen.)—under the pretext, pretence of... - -_causae rerum et consecutiones_—cause and effect. - -_causae extrinsecus allatae_ (opp. _in ipsa re positae_)—extraneous -causes. - -_rerum causae aliae ex aliis nexae_—concatenation, interdependence of -causes. - -_ex parvis saepe magnarum rerum momenta pendent_—important results are -often produced by trivial causes. - -_ex aliqua re nasci, manare_—to originate in, arise from. - -_ab aliqua re proficisci_—to originate in, arise from. - -_ex aliqua re redundare_ (_in_ or _ad aliquid_)—to accrue in great -abundance. - -_utilitas efflorescit ex aliqua re_—untold advantages arise from a -thing. - -_e fontibus haurire_ (opp. _rivulos consectari_ or _fontes non -videre_)—to draw from the fountain-head. - -_haec ex eodem fonte fluunt, manant_—these things have the same origin. - -_fons et caput_ (_vid._ sect. III., note _caput..._)—source, origin. - - -[1] Notice the order; so regularly _ea_ and _qua de causa_; but _ob -eam causam_ not _eam ob causam_. For the meaning of _iustus_ cf. xvi. -5 _bellum iustum_ and xvi. 10a _praelium iustum_. - - - - -4. Regard—Importance—Influence—Power—Inclination - - -_rationem habere alicuius rei_—to have regard for; take into -consideration. - -_respicere_[1] _aliquid_—to have regard for; take into consideration. - -_quo in genere_—from this point of view; similarly. - -_multis rebus_ or _locis_—in many respects; in many points. - -_in utraque re_—in both cases; whichever way you look at it. - -_ceteris rebus_ (not _cetera_)—as regards the rest; otherwise. - -_omni ex parte; in omni genere; omnibus rebus_—from every point of -view; looked at in every light. - -_aliqua ex parte_—to a certain extent. - -_aliquatenus_—to a certain extent. - -_magni (nullius) momenti esse_—to be of great (no) importance. - -_momentum afferre ad aliquid_—to determine the issue of; to turn the -scale. - -_pertinere ad aliquid_—to be essentially important to a thing. - -_hoc nihil ad sapientem pertinet_—a wise man is in no way affected by -this. - -_hoc in sapientem non cadit_—it is incompatible with the nature of a -wise man; the wise are superior to such things. - -_multum valere ad aliquid_—to contribute much towards...; to affect -considerably; to be instrumental in... - -_multum afferre ad aliquid_—to contribute much towards...; to affect -considerably; to be instrumental in... - -_magnam vim habere ad aliquid_—to have considerable influence on a -question. - -_positum, situm esse in aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing. - -_contineri aliqua re_[2]—to depend upon a thing. - -_consistere in aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing. - -_pendēre ex aliqua re_—to depend upon a thing. - -_in te omnia sunt_—everything depends on you. - -_in ea re omnia vertuntur_—all depends on this; this is the decisive -point. - -_constare ex aliqua re_—to be composed of; to consist of. - -_cernitur (in) aliqua re_ (not _ex aliqua re_)—it is evident from... - -_in manu, in potestate alicuius situm, positum esse_—to be in a -person's power. - -_penes aliquem esse_—to be in a person's power. - -_res integra_[3] _est_—the matter is still undecided; it is an open -question. - -_res mihi integra est_—I have not yet committed myself. - -_mihi non est integrum, ut..._—it is no longer in my power. - -_integrum (causam integram) sibi reservare_—to leave the question -open; to refuse to commit oneself. - -_penes te arbitrium huius rei est_—the decision of the question rests -with you. - -_arbitrio alicuius omnia permittere_—to put the matter entirely in -some one's hands. - -_omnium rerum arbitrium alicui permittere_—to put the matter entirely -in some one's hands. - -_arbitratu, arbitrio tuo_—just as you wish. - - -[1] But _respicere ad aliquid (aliquem)_ = to look round at an object. - -[2] _contineri aliqua re_ also means (1) to be bounded by..., e.g. -_oceano_; (2) to be limited, restricted to, e.g. _moenibus_. - -[3] The proper meaning of _integer_ (_in-TAG, tango_) is untouched, -unsullied. - - - - -5. Opportunity—Possibility—Occasion—Chance - - -_occasio datur, offertur_—a favourable[1] opportunity presents itself. - -_occasione data, oblata_—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs. - -_per occasionem_—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs. - -_quotienscunque occasio oblata est; omnibus locis_—on every occasion; -at every opportunity. - -_occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei_ or _ad aliquid -faciendum_—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing. - -_facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei_ or _ut possit..._—to give a man -the opportunity of doing a thing. - -_potestatem,_[2] _copiam alicui dare, facere_ with Gen. gerund.—to -give a man the opportunity of doing a thing. - -_occasionem nancisci_—to get, meet with, a favourable opportunity. - -_occasione uti_—to make use of, avail oneself of an opportunity. - -_occasionem praetermittere, amittere_ (through carelessness), -_omittere_ (deliberately), _dimittere_ (through indifference)—to lose, -let slip an opportunity. - -_occasioni deesse_[3]—to neglect an opportunity. - -_occasionem arripere_—to seize an opportunity. - -_facultatem, potestatem alicui eripere, adimere_—to deprive a man of -the chance of doing a thing. - -_nulla est facultas alicuius rei_—no opportunity of carrying out an -object presents itself. - -_locum dare suspicioni_—to give ground for suspicion. - -_ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis_—to give occasion for -blame; to challenge criticism. - -_ansam habere reprehensionis_—to contain, afford matter for criticism. - -_adduci aliqua re_ (_ad aliquid_ or _ut..._)—to be induced by a -consideration. - -_nescio quo casu_ (with Indic.)—by some chance or other. - -_temere et fortuito; forte (et) temere_—quite accidentally, -fortuitously. - - -[1] Not _occasio opportuna, bona, pulchra_, the notion "favourable" -being contained in the word itself. We find, however, _occasio -praeclara, ampla, tanta_, not unfrequently. - -[2] Notice _potestatem alicui pugnandi facere_, to offer battle, and -_potestatem sui facere alicui_, (1) to give opportunity of battle, and -also (2) to grant an audience to (cf. _sui conveniendi potestatem -facere_). - -[3] In the same way _deesse officio_, to leave one's duties undone; -_d. muneri_, to neglect the claims of one's vocation; _d. rei -publicae_, to be careless of state interests, to be unpatriotic; _d. -sibi_, not to do one's best. - - - - -6. Success—Good Fortune - - -_fortuna secunda uti_—to be fortunate, lucky. - -_fortunae favore_ or _prospero flatu fortunae uti_ (_vid._ sect. VI. -8., note _uti..._)—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in Fortune's -smiles. - -_fortunam fautricem nancisci_—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in -Fortune's smiles. - -_fortuna caecos homines efficit, animos occaecat_—Fortune makes men -shortsighted, infatuates them. - -_fortunam tentare, experiri_—to try one's luck. - -_fortunam periclitari (periculum facere)_—to run a risk; to tempt -Providence. - -_fortunae se committere_—to trust to luck. - -_fortunam in manibus habere_—to have success in one's grasp. - -_fortunam ex manibus dimittere_—to let success slip through one's -fingers. - -_fortuna commutatur, se inclinat_—luck is changing, waning. - -_ludibrium fortunae_—the plaything of Fortune. - -_is, quem fortuna complexa est_—Fortune's favourite. - -_a fortuna desertum, derelictum esse_—to be abandoned by good luck. - -_fortuna aliquem effert_—Fortune exalts a man, makes him conspicuous. - -_rebus secundis efferri_—to be puffed up by success; to be made -arrogant by prosperity. - -_ad felicitatem (magnus) cumulus accedit ex aliqua re_—his crowning -happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his -felicity is... - -_aliquid felicitatis cumulum affert_—his crowning happiness is -produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is... - -_aliquid felicitatem magno cumulo auget_—his crowning happiness is -produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is... - -_in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem fluentibus_—when life runs -smoothly. - -_beata vita, beate vivere, beatum esse_[1]—happiness, bliss. - -_ad bene beateque vivendum_—for a life of perfect happiness. - -_peropportune accidit, quod_—it is most fortunate that... - - -[1] _beatitas_ and _beatitudo_ are used by Cicero in one passage only -(De Nat. Deorum, 1. 34. 95), but merely as a linguistic experiment. - - - - -7. Misfortune—Fate—Ruin - - -_fortuna adversa_—misfortune, adversity. - -_res adversae, afflictae, perditae_—misfortune, adversity. - -_in calamitatem incidere_—to be overtaken by calamity. - -_calamitatem accipere, subire_—to suffer mishap. - -_nihil calamitatis (in vita) videre_—to live a life free from all -misfortune. - -_calamitatem haurire_—to drain the cup of sorrow.[1] - -_omnes labores exanclare_—to drain the cup of sorrow. - -_calamitatem, pestem inferre alicui_—to bring mishap, ruin on a person. - -_calamitatibus affligi_—to be the victim of misfortune. - -_calamitatibus obrui_—to be overwhelmed with misfortune. - -_calamitatibus defungi_—to come to the end of one's troubles. - -_calamitate doctus_—schooled by adversity. - -_conflictari (cum) adversa fortuna_—to struggle with adversity. - -_in malis iacere_—to be broken down by misfortune. - -_malis urgeri_—to be hard pressed by misfortune. - -_fortunae vicissitudines_—the vicissitudes of fortune. - -_ancipites et varii casus_—the changes and chances of this life. - -_sub varios incertosque casus subiectum esse_—to have to submit to the -uncertainties of fortune; to be subject to Fortune's caprice. - -_multis casibus iactari_—to experience the ups and downs of life. - -_ad omnes casus subsidia comparare_—to be prepared for all that may -come. - -_varia fortuna uti_—to experience the vicissitudes of fortune; to have -a chequered career. - -_multis iniquitatibus exerceri_[2]—to be severely tried by misfortune. - -_fortunae telis propositum esse_—to be exposed to the assaults of fate. - -_fortunae obiectum esse_—to be abandoned to fate. - -_ad iniurias fortunae expositum esse_—to be a victim of the malice of -Fortune. - -_fortunae cedere_—to acquiesce in one's fate. - -_aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare_—to bring a -man to ruin; to destroy. - -_praecipitem agi, ire_—to be ruined, undone. - -_ad exitium vocari_—to be ruined, undone. - -_ad interitum ruere_—to be ruined, undone. - -_in perniciem incurrere_—to be ruined, undone. - -_pestem alicui (in aliquem) machinari_—to compass, devise a man's -overthrow, ruin. - -_perniciem (exitium) alicui afferre, moliri, parare_—to compass, -devise a man's overthrow, ruin. - -_ab exitio, ab interitu aliquem vindicare_—to rescue from destruction. - - -[1] In Latin metaphor the verb only, as a rule, is sufficient to -express the metaphorical meaning—e.g. _amicitiam iungere cum aliquo_, -to be bound by the bands of affection to any one; _religionem -labefactare_, to undermine the very foundations of belief; _bellum -exstinguere_, to extinguish the torch of war; _cuncta bello ardent_, -the fires of war are raging all around; _libido consedit_, the storm -of passion has ceased; _animum pellere_, to strike the heart-strings; -_vetustas monumenta exederat_, the tooth of time had eaten away the -monuments. - -[2] The first meaning of _exercere_ is to keep in motion, give no rest -to. Then, metaphorically, to keep busy, to harass—e.g. _fortuna -aliquem vehementer exercet_. Lastly, _exercere_ is used to express the -main activity in any branch of industry, thus, _exercere agros_, to -farm; _metalla_, to carry on a mining industry; _navem_, to fit out -ships, be a shipowner; _vectigalia_, to levy, collect taxes, used -specially of the _publicani_; _qui exercet iudicium_, the presiding -judge (_praetor_). - - - - -8. Danger—Risk—Safety - - -_in periculo esse_ or _versari_—to be in danger. - -_res in summo discrimine versatur_—the position is very critical. - -_in vitae discrimine versari_—to be in peril of one's life. - -_in pericula incidere, incurrere_—to find oneself in a hazardous -position. - -_pericula alicui impendent, imminent_—dangers threaten a man. - -_pericula in_ or _ad aliquem redundant_—many dangers hem a person in; -one meets new risks at every turn. - -_pericula subire, adire, suscipere_—to incur danger, risk. - -_periculis se offerre_—to expose oneself to peril. - -_salutem, vitam suam in discrimen offerre_ (not _exponere_)—to risk -one's life. - -_aliquem, aliquid in periculum (discrimen) adducere, vocare_[1]—to -endanger, imperil a person or thing. - -_alicui periculum creare, conflare_—to endanger, imperil a person or -thing. - -_in periculum capitis, in discrimen vitae se inferre_—to recklessly -hazard one's life. - -_salus, caput, vita alicuius agitur, periclitatur, in discrimine est_ -or _versatur_—a man's life is at stake, is in very great danger. - -_in ipso periculi discrimine_—at the critical moment. - -_aliquem ex periculo eripere, servare_—to rescue from peril. - -_nullum periculum recusare pro_—to avoid no risk in order to... - -_periculis perfungi_—to surmount dangers. - -_periculum facere alicuius rei_—to make trial of; to risk. - -_periculum hostis facere_—to try one's strength with the enemy; to try -issue of battle. - -_res ad extremum casum perducta est_—affairs are desperate; we are -reduced to extremeties. - -_ad extrema perventum est_—affairs are desperate; we are reduced to -extremeties. - -_in tuto esse_—to be in a position of safety. - -_in tuto collocare aliquid_—to ensure the safety of a thing. - - -[1] _vocare_ helps to form several phrases—e.g. _in invidiam, in -suspicionem, in dubium, ad exitium, in periculum vocare_. It is used -in the passive to express periphrastically the passive of verbs which -have only an active voice—e.g. _in invidiam vocari_, to become -unpopular, be hated, _invideor_ not being used. Cf. _in invidiam -venire_. - - - - -9. Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation - - -_auxilium, opem, salutem ferre alicui_—to bring aid to; to rescue. - -_auxilio alicui venire_—to come to assist any one. - -_alicuius opem implorare_—to implore a person's help. - -_confugere ad aliquem_ or _ad opem, ad fidem alicuius_—to fly to some -one for refuge. - -_ad extremum auxilium descendere_[1]—to be reduced to one's last -resource. - -_auxilium praesens_[2]—prompt assistance. - -_adesse alicui_ or _alicuius rebus_ (opp. _deesse_)—to assist, stand -by a person. - -_salutem alicui afferre_—to deliver, rescue a person. - -_saluti suae consulere, prospicere_—to take measures for one's safety; -to look after one's own interests. - -_suis rebus_ or _sibi consulere_—to take measures for one's safety; to -look after one's own interests. - -_salutem expedire_—to effect a person's deliverance. - -_solacium praebere_—to comfort. - -_nihil habere consolationis_—to afford no consolation. - -_hoc solacio frui, uti_—to solace oneself with the thought... - -_consolari aliquem de aliqua re_—to comfort a man in a matter; to -condole with him. - -_consolari dolorem alicuius_—to soothe grief. - -_consolari aliquem in miseriis_—to comfort in misfortune. - -_hoc (illo) solacio me consōlor_—I console myself with... - -_haec (illa) res me consolatur_—I console myself with... - - -[1] Similarly _descendere_ is frequently used of consenting -unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. vi. 9 ad fin. and xvi. 9. - -[2] Notice too _poena praesens_, instant punishment; _pecunia -praesens_, ready money; _medicina praesens_, efficacious remedy; _deus -praesens_, a propitious deity; _in rem praesentem venire_, to go to -the very spot to make a closer examination. - - - - -10. Riches—Want—Poverty - - -_divitiis, copiis abundare_—to be rich, wealthy. - -_magnas opes habere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence. - -_opibus maxime florere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of -affluence. - -_omnibus opibus circumfluere_—to be very rich; to be in a position of -affluence. - -_fortunis maximis ornatum esse_—to be in the enjoyment of a large -fortune. - -_in omnium rerum abundantia vivere_—to live in great affluence. - -_aliquem ex paupere divitem facere_—to raise a man from poverty to -wealth. - -_inopia alicuius rei laborare, premi_—to suffer from want of a thing. - -_ad egestatem, ad inopiam (summam omnium rerum) redigi_—to be reduced -to (abject) poverty. - -_vitam inopem sustentare, tolerare_—to earn a precarious livelihood. - -_in egestate esse, versari_—to live in poverty, destitution. - -_vitam in egestate degere_—to live in poverty, destitution. - -_in summa egestate_ or _mendicitate esse_—to be entirely destitute; to -be a beggar. - -_stipem colligere_—to beg alms. - -_stipem (pecuniam) conferre_—to contribute alms. - - - - -11. Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage - - -_usui_ or _ex usu esse_—to be of use. - -_utilitatem afferre, praebere_—to be serviceable. - -_multum (nihil) ad communem utilitatem afferre_—to considerably (in no -way) further the common good. - -_aliquid in usum suum conferre_—to employ in the furtherance of one's -interests. - -_omnia ad suam utilitatem referre_—to consider one's own advantage in -everything. - -_rationibus alicuius prospicere_ or _consulere_ (opp. _officere, -obstare, adversari_)—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare. - -_commodis alicuius servire_—to look after, guard a person's interests, -welfare. - -_commoda alicuius tueri_—to look after, guard a person's interests, -welfare. - -_meae rationes ita tulerunt_—my interests demanded it. - -_fructum (uberrimum) capere, percipere, consequi ex aliqua re_[1]—to -derive (great) profit , advantage from a thing. - -_fructus ex hac re redundant in_ or _ad me_—(great) advantage accrues -to me from this. - -_aliquid ad meum fructum redundat_—I am benefited by a thing. - -_quid attinet?_ with Infin.—what is the use of? - -_cui bono?_—who gets the advantage from this? who is the interested -party? - -_damnum_ (opp. _lucrum_) _facere_—to suffer loss, harm, damage.[2] - -_damno affici_—to suffer loss, harm, damage. - -_detrimentum capere, accipere, facere_—to suffer loss, harm, damage. - -_iacturam_[3] _alicuius rei facere_—to throw away, sacrifice. - -_damnum inferre, afferre alicui_—to do harm to, injure any one. - -_damnum ferre_—to know how to endure calamity. - -_incommodo afficere aliquem_—to inconvenience, injure a person. - -_incommodis mederi_—to relieve a difficulty. - -_damnum_ or _detrimentum sarcire_ (not _reparare_)—to make good, -repair a loss or injury. - -_damnum compensare cum aliqua re_—to balance a loss by anything. - -_res repetere_—to demand restitution, satisfaction. - -_res restituere_—to give restitution, satisfaction. - - -[1] Also _fructum alicuius rei capere, percipere, ferre, consequi ex -aliqua re_—e.g. _virtutis fructus ex re publica (magnos, laetos, -uberes) capere_ = to be handsomely rewarded by the state for one's -high character. - -[2] Notice too _calamitatem, cladem, incommodum accipere_, to suffer -mishap, reverse, inconvenience; _naufragium facere_, to be shipwrecked. - -[3] _damnum_ (opp. _lucrum_) = loss, especially of worldly -possessions; _detrimentum_ (opp. _emolumentum_) = harm inflicted by -others; _fraus_ = deceitful injury; _iactura_ (properly "throwing -overboard") = the intentional sacrifice of something valuable in order -either to avert injury or to gain some greater advantage. "Harmful" = -_inutilis, qui nocet_, etc., not _noxius_, which is only used -absolutely—e.g. _homo noxius_, the offender, evildoer. - - - - -12. Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour - - -_benevolo animo esse in aliquem_—to be well-disposed towards... - -_benevolentiam habere erga aliquem_—to be well-disposed towards... - -_benevolentiam, favorem, voluntatem alicuius sibi conciliare_ or -_colligere (ex aliqua re)_—to find favour with some one; to get into -their good graces. - -_benevolentiam alicui praestare, in aliquem conferre_—to show kindness -to... - -_benevolentia aliquem complecti_ or _prosequi_—to show kindness to... - -_gratiosum esse alicui_ or _apud aliquem_—to be popular with; to stand -well with a person. - -_in gratia esse apud aliquem_—to be popular with; to stand well with a -person. - -_multum valere gratia apud aliquem_—to be highly favoured by; to be -influential with... - -_florere gratia alicuius_—to be highly favoured by; to be influential -with... - -_gratiam inire ab aliquo_or _apud aliquem_—to gain a person's esteem, -friendship. - -_in gratiam alicuius venire_—to gain a person's esteem, friendship. - -_gratiam alicuius sibi quaerere, sequi_, more strongly _aucupari_—to -court a person's favour; to ingratiate oneself with... - -_studere, favere alicui_—to look favourably upon; to support. - -_studiosum esse alicuius_—to look favourably upon; to support. - -_propenso animo, studio esse_ or _propensa voluntate esse in aliquem_ -(opp. _averso animo esse ab aliquo_)—to look favourably upon; to -support. - -_alicui morem gerere, obsequi_—to comply with a person's wishes; to -humour. - -_alicuius causa_[1] _velle_ or _cupere_—to be favourably disposed -towards. - -_gratum (gratissimum) alicui facere_—to do any one a (great) favour. - -_se conformare, se accommodare ad alicuius voluntatem_—to accomodate -oneself to another's wishes. - -_alicuius voluntati morem gerere_—to accomodate oneself to another's -wishes. - -_se convertere, converti ad alicuius nutum_[2]—to take one's -directions from another; to obey him in everything. - -_totum se fingere et accommodare ad alicuius arbitrium et nutum_—to be -at the beck and call of another; to be his creature. - -_voluntatem_or _animum alicuius a se abalienare, aliquem a se -abalienare_ or _alienare_—to become estranged, alienated from some one. - - -[1] Probably originally _omnia alicuius causa velle_ = to wish -everything (favourable) in some one's behalf. - -[2] But _se convertere ad aliquem_ = either (1) to approach with -hostile intention, or (2) to turn to some one for sympathy or -assistance. - - - - -13. Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense - - -_beneficium alicui dare, tribuere_—to do any one a service or kindness. - -_beneficio aliquem afficere, ornare_—to do any one a service or -kindness. - -_beneficia in aliquem conferre_—to heap benefits upon... - -_beneficiis aliquem obstringere, obligare, devincire_—to lay any one -under an obligation by kind treatment. - -_beneficium remunerari_ or _reddere (cumulate)_—to (richly) recompense -a kindness or service. - -_gratus_ (opp. _ingratus_) _animus_[1]—gratitude. - -_gratiam alicui debere_—to owe gratitude to; to be under an obligation -to a person. - -_gratiam alicui habere_—to feel gratitude (in one's heart). - -_gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re_—to show -gratitude (in one's acts). - -_gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re_—to thank a person (in words). - -_grates agere (dis immortalibus)_—to give thanks to heaven. - -_gratiam mereri_—to merit thanks; to do a thankworthy action. - -_par pari referre_—to return like for like. - -_paria paribus respondere_—to return like for like. - -_bonam (praeclaram) gratiam referre_—to reward amply; to give manifold -recompense for. - -_benefacta maleficiis pensare_—to return evil for good. - -_maleficia benefactis remunerari_—to return good for evil. - -_pro maleficiis beneficia reddere_—to return good for evil. - - -[1] _animus_ is used similarly in several periphrases to express -abstract qualities—e.g. _animus inexorabilis_ = inflexibility, -severity; _animus implacabilis_ = implacability; _animus (fides) -venalis_ = venality. Cf. _simplices mores, simplex natura, ratio, -genus_ = simplicity (_simplicitas_ is post-Augustan and usually = -frankness, candour). _immemor ingenium_ = forgetfulness (_oblivio_ in -this sense is not classical). - - - - -14. Merit—Value—Reward - - -_bene, praeclare (melius, optime) mereri_[1] _de aliquo_—to deserve -well at some one's hands; to do a service to... - -_male mereri de aliquo_—to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly. - -_meritum alicuius in_ or _erga aliquem_—what a man merits at another's -hands. - -_nullo meo merito_—I had not deserved it. - -_ex, pro merito_—according to a man's deserts. - -_multum (aliquid) alicui rei tribuere_—to consider of importance; to -set much (some) store by a thing. - -_multum alicui tribuere_—to value, esteem a person. - -_praemiis (amplissimis, maximis) aliquem afficere_[2]—to remunerate -(handsomely). - -_meritum praemium alicui persolvere_—to reward a man according to his -deserts. - -_praemium exponere_ or _proponere_—(to encourage) by offering a reward. - -_praemium ponere_—to offer a prize (for the winner). - -_palmam deferre, dare alicui_—to award the prize to... - -_palmam ferre, auferre_—to win the prize. - -_pacta merces alicuius rei_—the stipulated reward for anything. - -_mercede conductum esse_—to be hired, suborned. - - -[1] _mereri_ is a middle verb, and consequently always has an adverb -with it. - -[2] Notice the numerous phrases of which _afficere_ is a part—e.g. -_afficere aliquem admiratione, beneficio, exilio, honore, iniuria, -laude, poena, supplicio_. Especially important is its passive use—e.g. -_affici admiratione_, to admire; _gaudio, voluptate_, to rejoice, be -pleased; _dolore_, to be pained, vexed; _poena_, to suffer punishment. - - - - -15. Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders - - -_orare et obsecrare aliquem_—to entreat earnestly; to make urgent -requests. - -_magno opere, vehementer, etiam atque etiam rogare aliquem_—to entreat -earnestly; to make urgent requests. - -_precibus aliquem fatigare_—to importune with petitions. - -_supplicibus verbis orare_—to crave humbly; to supplicate. - -_precibus obsequi_—to grant a request. - -_alicui petenti satisfacere, non deesse_—to accede to a man's petitions. - -_magnis (infimis) precibus moveri_—to be influenced by, to yield to -urgent (abject) entreaty. - -_negare_, more strongly _denegare alicui aliquid_—to refuse, reject a -request. - -_petenti alicui negare aliquid_—to refuse, reject a request. - -_repudiare, aspernari preces alicuius_—to refuse, reject a request. - -_nihil tibi a me postulanti recusabo_—I will refuse you nothing. - -_aliquid ab aliquo impetrare_—to gain one's point with any one. - -_optata mihi contingunt_—my wishes are being fulfilled. - -_voluntati alicuius satisfacere, obsequi_—to satisfy a person's wishes. - -_ex sententia_—as one would wish; to one's mind. - -_aliquid optimis ominibus prosequi_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 11., note -_Prosequi..._)—to wish prosperity to an undertaking. - -_bene id tibi vertat!_—I wish you all success in the matter. - -_mandatum, negotium alicui dare_—to entrust a matter to a person; to -commission. - -_negotium ad aliquem deferre_—to entrust a matter to a person; to -commission. - -_mandatum exsequi, persequi, conficere_—to execute a commission. - -_iussa_ (usually only in plur.), _imperata facere_—to carry out orders - - - - -16. Friendship—Enmity—Reconciliation (cf. xii. 8) - - -_amicitiam cum aliquo jungere, facere, inire, contrahere_—to form a -friendship with any one. - -_amicitiam colere_—to keep up, foster a connection. - -_uti aliquo amico_—to be friendly with any one. - -_est_ or _intercedit mihi cum aliquo amicitia_—I am on good terms with -a person. - -_sunt_ or _intercedunt mihi cum aliquo inimicitiae_[1]—I am on bad -terms with a person. - -_uti aliquo familiariter_—to be on very intimate terms with... - -_artissimo amicitiae vinculo_ or _summa familiaritate cum aliquo -coniunctum esse_—to be bound by the closest ties of friendship. - -_vetustate amicitiae coniunctum esse_—to be very old friends. - -_amicitiam alicuius appetere_—to court a person's friendship. - -_in amicitiam alicuius recipi_—to gain some one's friendship; to -become intimate with. - -_ad alicuius amicitiam se conferre, se applicare_—to gain some one's -friendship; to become intimate with. - -_aliquem (tertium) ad (in) amicitiam ascribere_—to admit another into -the circle of one's intimates. - -_amicitiam renuntiare_—to renounce, give up a friendship. - -_amicitiam dissuere, dissolvere, praecīdere_—to renounce, give up a -friendship. - -_amicissimus meus_ or _mihi_—my best friend. - -_homo intimus, familiarissimus mihi_—my most intimate acquaintance. - -_inimicitias gerere, habere, exercere cum aliquo_—to be at enmity with -a man. - -_inimicitias cum aliquo suscipere_—to make a person one's enemy. - -_inimicitias deponere_—to lay aside one's differences. - -_aequi iniqui_—friend and foe. - -_placare aliquem alicui_ or _in aliquem_—to reconcile two people; to -be a mediator. - -_reconciliare alicuius animum_ or simply _aliquem alicui_—to reconcile -two people; to be a mediator. - -_in gratiam aliquem cum aliquo reducere_—to reconcile two people; to -be a mediator. - -_in gratiam cum aliquo redire_—to be reconciled; to make up a quarrel. - -_sibi aliquem, alicuius animum reconciliare_ or _reconciliari -alicui_—to be reconciled; to make up a quarrel. - - -[1] The singular _inimicitia_ is only used to express the abstract -idea "enmity". - - - - -17. Authority—Dignity (cf. xiv. 3) - - -_magna auctoritate esse_—to possess great authority; to be an -influential person. - -_auctoritate valere_ or _florere_—to possess great authority; to be an -influential person. - -_magna auctoritas est in aliquo_—to possess great authority; to be an -influential person. - -_multum auctoritate valere, posse apud aliquem_—to have great -influence with a person; to have considerable weight. - -_magna auctoritas alicuius est apud aliquem_—to have great influence -with a person; to have considerable weight. - -_alicuius auctoritas multum valet apud aliquem_—to have great -influence with a person; to have considerable weight. - -_auctoritatem_ or _dignitatem sibi conciliare, parare_—to gain -dignity; to make oneself a person of consequence. - -_ad summam auctoritatem pervenire_—to attain to the highest eminence. - -_auctoritatem alicuius amplificare_ (opp. _imminuere, minuere_)—to -increase a person's dignity. - -_auctoritati, dignitati alicuius illudere_—to insult a person's dignity. - -_dignitas est summa in aliquo_—to be in a dignified position. - -_summa dignitate praeditum esse_—to be in a dignified position. - -_aliquid alienum (a) dignitate sua_ or merely _a se ducere_—to -consider a thing beneath one's dignity. - -_aliquid infra se ducere_ or _infra se positum arbitrari_—to consider -a thing beneath one's dignity. - - - - -18. Praise—Approval—Blame—Reproach - - -_laudem tribuere, impertire alicui_—to praise, extol, commend a person. - -_laude afficere aliquem_—to praise, extol, commend a person. - -_(maximis, summis) laudibus efferre aliquem_ or _aliquid_—to praise, -extol, commend a person. - -_eximia laude ornare aliquem_—to praise, extol, commend a person. - -_omni laude cumulare aliquem_—to overwhelm with eulogy. - -_laudibus aliquem (aliquid) in caelum ferre, efferre, tollere_—to -extol, laud to the skies. - -_alicuius laudes praedicare_—to spread a person's praises. - -_aliquem beatum praedicare_—to consider happy. - -_omnium undique laudem colligere_—to win golden opinions from every one. - -_maximam ab omnibus laudem adipisci_—to win golden opinions from every -one. - -_aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare_—to consider a thing creditable to -a man. - -_aliquem coram, in os_ or _praesentem laudare_—to praise a man to his -face. - -_recte, bene fecisti quod..._—you were right in...; you did right to... - -_res mihi probatur_—a thing meets with my approval. - -_res a me probatur_—I express my approval of a thing. - -_hoc in te reprehendo_ (not _ob eam rem_)—I blame this in you; I -censure you for this. - -_vituperationem subire_—to suffer reproof; to be criticised, blamed. - -_in vituperationem, reprehensionem cadere, incidere, venire_—to suffer -reproof; to be criticised, blamed. - -_exprobrare alicui aliquid_—to reproach a person with... - -_aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere_—to reproach a person with... - -_conqueri, expostulare cum aliquo de aliqua re_—to expostulate with a -person about a thing. - - - - -19. Rumour—Gossip—News—Mention - - -_rumor, fama, sermo est_ or _manat_—report says; people say. - -_rumor, fama viget_—a rumour is prevalent. - -_fama serpit (per urbem)_—a report is spreading imperceptibly. - -_rumor increbrescit_—a report, an impression is gaining ground. - -_rumorem spargere_—to spread a rumour. - -_famam dissipare_—to spread a rumour. - -_dubii rumores afferuntur ad nos_—vague rumours reach us. - -_auditione et fama accepisse aliquid_—to know from hearsay. - -_fando aliquid audivisse_—to know from hearsay. - -_ex eo audivi, cum diceret_—I heard him say... - -_vulgo dicitur, pervulgatum est_—every one says. - -_in ore omnium_ or _omnibus_ (_hominum_ or _hominibus_, but only -_mihi, tibi_, etc.) _esse_—to be in every one's mouth. - -_per omnium ora ferri_—to be in every one's mouth. - -_in ore habere aliquid_ (Fam. 6. 18. 5)—to harp on a thing, be always -talking of it. - -_efferre_ or _edere aliquid in vulgus_—to divulge, make public. - -_foras efferri, palam fieri, percrebrescere, divulgari, in medium -proferri, exire, emanare_—to become known, become a topic of common -conversation (used of things). - -_in sermonem hominum venire_—to be a subject for gossip. - -_in ora vulgi abire_—to be a subject for gossip. - -_fabulam fieri_—to be the talk of the town, a scandal. - -_nuntio allato_ or _accepto_—on receiving the news. - -_Romam nuntiatum est, allatum est_—news reached Rome. - -_certiorem facere aliquem_ (_alicuius rei_ or _de aliqua re_)—to -inform a person. - -_mentionem facere alicuius rei_ or _de aliqua re_[1]—to mention a thing. - -_mentionem inicere de aliqua re_ or Acc. c. Inf.—to mention a thing -incidentally, casually. - -_in mentionem alicuius rei incidere_—to mention a thing incidentally, -casually. - -_mentio alicuius rei incidit_—to mention a thing incidentally, casually. - - -[1] Not _commemorare_, the fundamental meaning of which is "to make a -person mindful of...," and implies an emphatic reference to a definite -point. - - - - -20. Fame—Reputation - - -_gloriam, famam sibi comparare_—to gain distinction. - -_gloriam (immortalem) consequi, adipisci_—to win (undying) fame. - -_gloriae, laudi esse_—to confer distinction on a person; to redound to -his credit. - -_laudem afferre_—to confer distinction on a person; to redound to his -credit. - -_gloria, laude florere_—to be very famous, illustrious. - -_summa gloria florere_—to have reached the highest pinnacle of eminence. - -_clarum fieri, nobilitari, illustrari_ (not the post-classical -_clarescere_ or _inclarescere_—to become famous, distinguish oneself. - -_gloriam colligere, in summam gloriam venire_—to become famous, -distinguish oneself. - -_aliquem immortali gloria afficere_—to confer undying fame on, -immortalise some one. - -_aliquem sempiternae gloriae commendare_—to confer undying fame on, -immortalise some one. - -_immortalitatem consequi, adipisci, sibi parere_—to attain eternal -renown. - -_gloria duci_—to be guided by ambition. - -_laudis studio trahi_—to be guided by ambition. - -_laudem, gloriam quaerere_—to be guided by ambition. - -_stimulis gloriae concitari_—to be spurred on by ambition. - -_gloriae, laudis cupiditate incensum esse, flagrare_—to be consumed by -the fires of ambition. - -_de gloria, fama alicuius detrahere_—to detract from a person's -reputation, wilfully underestimate a person. - -_alicuius gloriae_ or simply _alicui obtrectare_—to detract from a -person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person. - -_alicuius famam, laudem imminuere_—to detract from a person's -reputation, wilfully underestimate a person. - -_obscurare alicuius gloriam, laudem, famam_[1] (not _obscurare -aliquem_)—to render obscure, eclipse a person. - -_famae servire, consulere_—to have regard for one's good name. - -_famam ante collectam tueri, conservare_—to live up to one's reputation. - -_bene, male audire (ab aliquo)_—to have a good or bad reputation, be -spoken well, ill of. - -_bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo_—to have a good or bad -reputation, be spoken well, ill of. - -_famam crudelitatis subire_ (Catil. 4. 6. 12)—to gain the reputation -of cruelty. - -_infamiam alicui inferre, aspergere_—to damage a person's character, -bring him into bad odour. - -_infamem facere aliquem_—to damage a person's character, bring him -into bad odour. - -_magnam sui famam relinquere_—to leave a great reputation behind one. - -_opinionem virtutis habere_—to have the reputation of virtue. - -_existimatio_[2] _hominum, omnium_—the common opinion, the general idea. - - -[1] In the same way, to improve a man, _alicuius mores corrigere_ (not -_aliquem c._); to understand some one, _alicuius orationem_ or _quid -dicat intellegere_. - -[2] _existimatio_ has two uses: (1) active—opinion held by others, -criticism; (2) passive—reputation, character, usually in a good sense, -consequently = good reputation without the addition of _bona, -integra_, etc. - - - - -21. Honour—Disgrace—Ignominy - - -_esse in honore apud aliquem_—to be honoured, esteemed by some one. - -_honorem alicui habere, tribuere_—to honour, show respect for, a person. - -_aliquem honore afficere, augere, ornare, prosequi_ (_vid._ sect. VI. -11., note _Prosequi..._)—to honour, show respect for, a person. - -_aliquem cupiditate honorum inflammare_ (or _aliquem ad cupiditatem -honorum inflammare_)—to kindle ambition in some one's mind. - -_honores concupiscere_ (opp. _aspernari_)—to aspire to dignity, high -honours. - -_honoris causa aliquem nominare_ or _appellare_—to speak of some one -respectfully. - -_statuam alicui ponere, constituere_—to set up a statue in some one's -honour. - -_aliquem colere et observare_ (Att. 2. 19)—to pay respect to, be -courteous to a person. - -_aliquem ignominia afficere, notare_—to inflict an indignity upon, -insult a person. - -_alicui ignominiam inurere_—to inflict an indignity upon, insult a -person. - -_infamiam concipere, subire, sibi conflare_—to incur ignominy. - -_vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere_—to sully one's fair fame. - -_notam turpitudinis alicui_ or _vitae alicuius inurere_—to injure a -man's character, tarnish his honour. - -_ignominiam non ferre_—to chafe under an indignity, repudiate it. - -_maculam (conceptam) delere, eluere_—to blot out a reproach. - - - - -22. Effort—Industry—Labour—Exertion - - -_studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut..._—to -take great pains in order to... - -_egregiam operam_ (_multum, plus_ etc. _operae_) _dare alicui rei_—to -expend great labour on a thing. - -_operam alicui rei tribuere, in aliquid conferre_—to expend great -labour on a thing. - -_operam (laborem, curam) in_ or _ad aliquid impendere_—to expend great -labour on a thing. - -_multum operae ac laboris consumere in aliqua re_—to exert oneself -very energetically in a matter. - -_studium, industriam_ (not _diligentiam_) _collocare, ponere in aliqua -re_—to apply oneself zealously, diligently to a thing. - -_incumbere in (ad) aliquid_—to be energetic about, throw one's heart -into a thing. - -_opus_[1] _facere_ (De Senect. 7. 24)—to do work (especially -agricultural). - -_opus aggredi_—to take a task in hand, engage upon it. - -_ad opus faciendum accedere_—to take a task in hand, engage upon it. - -_res est multi laboris et sudoris_—the matter involves much labour and -fatigue. - -_desudare et elaborare in aliqua re_ (De Senect. 11. 38)—to exert -oneself very considerably in a matter. - -_labori, operae non parcere_—to spare no pains. - -_laborem non intermittere_—to work without intermission. - -_nullum tempus a labore intermittere_—not to leave off work for an -instant. - -_lucubrare_ (Liv. 1. 57)—to work by night, burn the midnight oil. - -_inanem laborem suscipere_—to lose one's labour. - -_operam (et oleum) perdere_ or _frustra consumere_—to lose one's labour. - -_rem actam_ or simply _actum agere_ (proverb.)—to have all one's -trouble for nothing. - -_labore supersedēre (itineris)_ (Fam. 4. 2. 4)—to spare oneself the -trouble of the voyage. - -_patiens laboris_—capable of exertion. - -_fugiens laboris_—lazy. - -_operae pretium est_ (c. Inf.)—it is worth while. - -_acti labores iucundi_ (proverb.)—rest after toil is sweet. - -_contentionem adhibere_—to exert oneself. - -_omnes nervos_[2] _in aliqua re contendere_—to strain every nerve, do -one's utmost in a matter. - -_omnibus viribus_or _nervis contendere, ut_—to strain every nerve, do -one's utmost in a matter. - -_omni ope atque opera_ or _omni virium contentione eniti, ut_—to -strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter. - -_contendere et laborare, ut_—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in -a matter. - -_pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut_—to strain every nerve, do one's -utmost in a matter. - - -[1] _opus_ always means the concrete work on which one is engaged; -_labor_ is the trouble, fatigue, resulting from effort; _opera_ is the -voluntary effort, the trouble spent on an object. Thus _laborare_ = -not simply to work, but to work energetically, with exertion and -consequent fatigue; _operari_, to be busy with a thing. Terence thus -distinguishes _opus_ and _opera_: _quod in opere faciundo operae -consumis tuae_. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 455 _operumque laborem miratur_ = -the trouble with such huge works must have cost. - -[2] _nervi_ properly = sinews, muscles, not nerves the existence of -which was unknown to the ancients. Metaphorically _nervi_ denotes not -only strength in general but also specially—(1) vital power, -elasticity, e.g. _omnes nervos virtutis elidere_ (Tusc. 2. 11. 27), -_incīdere_, to paralyse the strength of virtue; (2) motive power, -mainspring, essence, of a thing, e.g. _vectigalia nervi rei publicae -sunt_ (Imp. Pomp. 7. 17), _nervi belli pecunia_ (Phil. 5. 2. 15). - - - - -23. Business—Leisure—Inactivity—Idleness - - -_negotium suscipere_—to undertake an affair. - -_negotium obire, exsequi_—to execute, manage a business, undertaking. - -_negotium conficere, expedire, transigere_—to arrange, settle a matter. - -_negotia agere, gerere_—to be occupied with business, busy. - -_multis negotiis implicatum, districtum, distentum, obrutum esse_—to -be involved in many undertakings; to be much occupied, embarrassed, -overwhelmed by business-claims. - -_negotiis vacare_—to be free from business. - -_occupatum esse in aliqua re_—to be engaged upon a matter. - -_intentum esse alicui rei_—to be engaged upon a matter. - -_negotium alicui facessere_ (Fam. 3. 10. 1)—to give a person trouble, -inconvenience him. - -_magnum negotium est_ c. Inf.—it is a great undertaking to... - -_nullo negotio_—without any trouble. - -_otiosum esse_—to be at leisure. - -_in otio esse_ or _vivere_—to be at leisure. - -_otium habere_—to be at leisure. - -_otio frui_—to be at leisure. - -_otio abundare_—to have abundance of leisure. - -_otium sequi, amplexari_—to be a lover of ease, leisure. - -_otiosum tempus consumere in aliqua re_—to spend one's leisure hours -on an object. - -_otio abūti_[1] or _otium ad suum usum transferre_—to use up, make -full use of one's spare time. - -_(in) otio languere et hebescere_—to grow slack with inactivity, -stagnate. - -_otio diffluere_—to grow slack with inactivity, stagnate. - -_desidiae et languori se dedere_—to abandon oneself to inactivity and -apathy. - -_ignaviae_[2] _et socordiae se dare_—to abandon oneself to inactivity -and apathy. - -_per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agere_—to pass one's life in luxury and -idleness. - - -[1] _abuti_ properly = to consume, make full use of. From this is -developed the rarer meaning to use in excess, abuse = _perverse, -intemperanter, immoderate uti_. Abuse, misuse = _pravus usus, vitium -male utentium, insolens mos_. _abusus_ is only found in the Jurists, -and _abusio_ is a technical term of rhetoric = _κατάχρησις_. - -[2] The original meaning of _ignavia_ (_in-gnavus_, cf. _navus, -navare_) is not cowardice but laziness. - - - - -24. Pleasure—Recreation - - -_voluptatem ex aliqua re capere_ or _percipere_—to derive pleasure -from a thing. - -_voluptate perfundi_—to revel in pleasure, be blissfully happy. - -_voluptatibus frui_—to take one's fill of enjoyment. - -_voluptates haurire_—to take one's fill of enjoyment. - -_se totum voluptatibus dedere, tradere_—to devote oneself absolutely -to the pursuit of pleasure. - -_homo voluptarius_ (Tusc. 2. 7. 18)—a devotee of pleasure; a -self-indulgent man. - -_voluptatis illecebris deleniri_—to be led astray, corrupted by the -allurements of pleasure. - -_voluptatis blanditiis corrumpi_—to be led astray, corrupted by the -allurements of pleasure. - -_in voluptates se mergere_—to plunge into a life of pleasure. - -_animum a voluptate sevocare_—to hold aloof from all amusement. - -_voluptates (corporis)_—sensual pleasure. - -_voluptatis_ or _animi causa_ (B. G. 5. 12)—for one's own diversion; -to satisfy a whim. - -_deliciis diffluere_—to wanton in the pleasures of sense. - -_animum relaxare, reficere, recreare_ or simply _se reficere, se -recreare, refici, recreari (ex aliqua re)_—to recruit oneself, seek -relaxation. - -_animum_ or simply _se remittere_—to indulge oneself. - -_animo_ or simply _sibi indulgere_—to indulge oneself. - - - - -VI. The Mind; its Functions - - -1. Genius—Talent—Intelligence - - -_magno animo esse_—to be magnanimous, broad-minded. - -_animum attendere ad aliquid_—to turn one's attention to a thing. - -_diligenter attendere (aliquid)_—to attend carefully. - -_alias res_ or _aliud agere_—to be inattentive. - -_animo adesse_[1]—(1) to be attentive; (2) to keep one's presence of -mind. - -_vir magno ingenio, ingeniosus_—a man of ability. - -_vir magno ingenio praeditus_—a man of ability. - -_ingenio valere_—to be talented, gifted. - -_ingenio abundare_—to be very talented. - -_natura et ingenium_—natural gifts. - -_ingenium acuere_—to sharpen the wits. - -_ingenii acumen_—penetration; sagacity. - -_ingenii tarditas_ (opp. _celeritas_)—dulness of intellect. - -_ingenii infirmitas_ or _imbecillitas_—weakmindedness. - -_mentis compotem esse_—to be of sane mind. - -_mente captum esse, mente alienata esse_—to be out of one's mind. - -_sanae mentis esse_—to be of sound mind. - -_mentis quasi luminibus officere_ (_vid._ sect. XIII. 6) or _animo -caliginem offundere_—to obscure the mental vision. - -_intellegentia_ or _mente multum valere_[2]—to possess great ability. - -_ad intellegentiam communem_ or _popularem accommodare aliquid_—to -accommodate something to the standard of the popular intelligence. - - -[1] For the second meaning cf. Cicero, _ades animo et omitte timorem, -Scipio_. - -[2] _captus_, in the meaning ability, capacity, only occurs in the -phrase _ut captus est servorum_; while _capacitas_ merely means -capacity, content, e.g. _vasorum_. - - - - -2. Imagination—Thought - - -_animo, cogitatione aliquid fingere_ (or simply _fingere_, but without -_sibi_), _informare_—to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive. - -_animo concipere aliquid_—to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive. - -_animo, cogitatione aliquid praecipere_ (Off 1. 23. 81)—to form a -conception of a thing beforehand. - -_cogitatione sibi aliquid depingere_—to picture to oneself. - -_ingenium, cogitatio_—imagination. - -_ingenii vis_ or _celeritas_—vivid, lively imagination. - -_rerum imagines_—creatures of the imagination. - -_res cogitatione fictae_ or _depictae_—creatures of the imagination. - -_opinionum commenta, ineptiae, monstra, portenta_—extravagant fictions -of fancy. - -_animo, mente, cogitatione aliquid comprehendere, complecti_—to grasp -a thing mentally. - -_in eam cogitationem incidere_—to happen to think of... - -_haec cogitatio subit animum_—an idea strikes me. - -_illud succurrit mihi_—an idea strikes me. - -_mihi in mentem venit alicuius rei_—something comes into my mind. - -_aliquid animo meo obversatur_ (cf. sect. III, s. v. _oculi_)—a vague -notion presents itself to my mind. - -_aliquem ad eam cogitationem adducere ut_—to induce a person to think -that... - -_alicuius animum ab aliqua re abducere_—to draw away some one's -attention from a thing. - -_cogitationem, animum in aliquid intendere_ (Acad. 4. 46)—to direct -one's attention... - -_omnes cogitationes ad aliquid conferre_—to give all one's attention -to a thing. - -_mentem in aliqua re defigere_—to fix all one's thoughts on an object. - -_in cogitatione defixum esse_—to be deep in thought. - -_cogitationes in res humiles abicere_ (De Amic. 9. 32) (Opp. _alte -spectare, ad altiora tendere, altum, magnificum, divinum -suspicere_)—to study the commonplace. - - - - -3. Conceptions—Ideals—Perfection - - -_notiones animo (menti) insitae, innatae_—innate ideas. - -_intellegentiae adumbratae_[1] or _incohatae_ (De Leg. 1. 22. -59)—vague, undeveloped ideas. - -_notionem_ or _rationem alicuius rei in animo informare_ or _animo -concipere_—to form a conception, notion of a thing. - -_absolutus et perfectus_—absolutely perfect. - -_omnibus numeris absolutus_ (N. D. 2. 13)—perfect in every detail. - -_ad summum perducere_—to bring to the highest perfection. - -_perficere et absolvere_—to bring to the highest perfection. - -_ad perfectionem, (ad summum) pervenire_—to attain perfection. - -_absolutio et perfectio_ (not _summa perfectio_)—ideal perfection. - -_cogitatione, non re_—ideally, not really. - -_undique expleta et perfecta forma_—an ideal. - -_species optima_ or _eximia, specimen_, also simply _species, -forma_—an ideal. - -_comprehensam quandam animo speciem (alicuius rei) habere_—to have -formed an ideal notion of a thing. - -_singularem quandam perfectionis imaginem animo concipere_—to conceive -an ideal. - -_imaginem perfecti oratoris adumbrare_—to sketch the ideal of an orator. - -_civitas optima, perfecta Platonis_—Plato's ideal republic. - -_illa civitas Platonis commenticia_—Plato's ideal republic. - -_illa civitas, quam Plato finxit_—Plato's ideal republic. - - -[1] _adumbrare_ is a technical term of painting = to make a sketch, -outline of an object; then metaphorically, to merely hint at a thing. -Its opposite is _exprimere_, technical term of sculpture, -=figuratively, to represent exactly, clearly. It never has the simple -meaning "to express." - - - - -4. Opinion—Prejudice—Conjecture - - -_in sententia manere, permanere, perseverare, perstare_—to abide by, -persist in one's opinion. - -_illud, hoc teneo_—I abide by this opinion. - -_a sententia sua discedere_—to give up one's opinion. - -_de sententia sua decedere_—to give up one's opinion. - -_(de) sententia desistere_—to give up one's opinion. - -_de sententia deici, depelli, deterreri_—to be forced to change one's -mind. - -_de sententia aliquem deducere, movere_—to make a man change his -opinion. - -_aliquem ad suam sententiam perducere_ or _in suam sententiam -adducere_—to win a man over to one's own way of thinking. - -_ad alicuius sententiam accedere, sententiam alicuius sequi_—to adopt -some one's opinion. - -_idem sentire_ (opp. _dissentire ab aliquo_)—to hold the same views. - -_sententiam suam aperire_[1]—to freely express one's opinions. - -_sententiam fronte celare, tegere_—not to betray one's feelings by -one's looks. - -_dic quid sentias_[2]—give me your opinion. - -_in hac sum sententia, ut...putem_—I think that... - -_plura in eam sententiam disputare_—to discuss a subject more fully on -the same lines. - -_ut mea fert opinio_—according to my opinion. - -_ut mihi quidem videtur_—according to my opinion. - -_mea (quidem) sententia_—according to my opinion. - -_quot homines, tot sententiae_—many men, many minds. - -_opiniones falsas animo imbibere_—to be imbibing false opinions. - -_opinionibus falsis imbui_—to be imbibing false opinions. - -_opinionis error_—erroneous opinion. - -_opinio praeiudicata_, also simply _opinio_ (not _praeiudicium_ = a -preliminary decision)—prejudice. - -_opinio confirmata, inveterata_—a rooted opinion. - -_opinionum pravitate infici_—to be filled with absurd prejudices. - -_opinionum commenta_ (N. D. 2. 2. 5)—chimeras. - -_monstra_ or _portenta_—marvellous ideas; prodigies. - -_coniectura assequi, consequi, aliquid coniectura colligere_—to -conjecture. - -_quantum ego coniectura assequor, auguror_—as far as I can guess. - -_coniecturam alicuius rei facere_ or _capere ex aliqua re_—to infer by -comparison, judge one thing by another. - -_de se (ex se de aliis) coniecturam facere_—to judge others by oneself. - -_aliquid in coniectura positum est_—it is a matter of conjecture, -supposition. - -_aliquid coniectura nititur, continetur_ (Div. 1. 14. 24)—it is a -matter of conjecture, supposition. - -_probabilia coniectura sequi_—to try to conjecture probabilities. - -_aliquid mihi nec opinanti, insperanti accidit_—a thing has happened -contrary to my expectation. - - -[1] _se aperire_ = to betray oneself; cf. _se indicare_ (Liv. 2. 12). - -[2] Not _sententiam dicere_, which is used of senators giving their -vote; cf. _suffragium ferre_. - - - - -5. Truth—Error - - -_verum dicere, profiteri_—to speak the truth, admit the truth. - -_omnia ad veritatem_[1] _dicere_—to be truthful in all one's statements. - -_veritatis amans, diligens, studiosus_—truthful; veracious. - -_a vero aversum esse_ (Catil. 3. 1. 29)—to be averse to truth. - -_a veritate deflectere, desciscere_—to swerve from the truth. - -_veri videndi, investigandi cupiditas_—love of truth. - -_veri inquisitio atque investigatio_—zealous pursuit of truth. - -_a vero abduci_—to be led away from the truth. - -_proxime ad verum accedere_—to be very near the truth. - -_a vero non abhorrere_—to be probable. - -_veri simile esse_—to be probable. - -_haec speciosiora quam veriora sunt_—this is more plausible than true. - -_vera et falsa (a falsis) diiudicare_—to distinguish true and false. - -_vera cum falsis confundere_—to confuse true with false. - -_veritas_—veracity. - -_re (vera), reapse_ (opp. _specie_)—in truth; really. - -_in errore versari_—to be mistaken. - -_magno errore teneri_—to be in gross error, seriously misled. - -_in magno errore versari_—to be in gross error, seriously misled. - -_vehementer errare_—to be in gross error, seriously misled. - -_erroribus implicari_ (Tusc. 4. 27. 58)—to fall into error. - -_per errorem labi_, or simply _labi_—to take a false step. - -_aliquem in errorem inducere, rapere_—to lead a person into error. - -_errorem animo imbibere_—to get a mistaken notion into the mind. - -_errorem cum lacte nutricis sugere_ (Tusc. 3. 1. 2)—to imbibe error -from one's mother's breasts. - -_error longe lateque diffusus_—a wide-spread error. - -_errorem tollere_—to banish an error, do away with a false impression. - -_errorem amputare et circumcīdere_—to banish an error, do away with a -false impression. - -_errorem stirpitus extrahere_—to totally eradicate false principles. - -_errorem deponere, corrigere_—to amend, correct one's mistake. - -_alicui errorem demere, eripere, extorquere_—to undeceive a person. - -_nisi fallor_—if I am not mistaken. - -_nisi (animus) me fallit_—if I am not mistaken. - -_nisi omnia me fallunt_—unless I'm greatly mistaken. - - -[1] _verum_ = the truth, concrete; _veritas_ = truth in the abstract. - - - - -6. Choice—Doubt—Scruple - - -_optionem alicui dare_ (Acad. 2. 7. 19)—to give a person his choice. - -_optionem alicui dare, utrum...an_—to offer a person the alternative -of... or... - -_in dubium vocare_—to throw doubt upon a thing. - -_in dubio ponere_—to throw doubt upon a thing. - -_in dubium venire_—to become doubtful. - -_quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet_ (Leg. Agr. 1. 4. 11)—a -thing which is rather (very) dubious. - -_dubitatio mihi affertur, inicitur_—a doubt arises in my mind. - -_dubitationem alicui tollere_—to relieve a person of his doubts. - -_aliquid in medio, in dubio relinquere_ (Cael. 20. 48)—to leave a -thing undecided. - -_aliquid dubium, incertum relinquere_—to leave a thing undecided. - -_sine dubio_ (not _sine ullo dubio_)—without doubt, beyond all doubt. - -_sine ulla dubitatione_—without any hesitation; without the least -scruple. - -_scrupulum ex animo alicuius evellere_ (Rosc. Am. 2. 6)—to relieve a -man of his scruple. - -_unus mihi restat scrupulus_ (Ter. Andr. 5. 4. 37) (cf. too _religio_, -sect. XI. 2)—one thing still makes me hesitate. - - - - -7. Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion - - -_certo (certe) scio_[1] (Arch. 12. 32)—I know for a fact. - -_probe scio, non ignoro_—I know very well. - -_non sum ignarus, nescius_ (not _non sum inscius_)—I know very well. - -_me non fugit, praeterit_—I am not unaware. - -_quantum scio_—as far as I know. - -_quod sciam_—as far as I know. - -_hoc_ (not _tantum_) _certum est_—this much is certain. - -_aliquid compertum habere_—to know a thing for certain. - -_illud pro certo affirmare licet_—this much I can vouch for. - -_mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo_—I am quite certain on -the point. - -_inter omnes constat_—it is a recognised fact. - -_mihi persuasum est_[2]—I am persuaded, convinced. - -_mihi persuasi_—I am persuaded, convinced. - -_sic habeto_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point. - -_persuade tibi_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point. - -_velim tibi ita persuadeas_—convince yourself of this; rest assured on -this point. - -_sic volo te tibi persuadere_—convince yourself of this; rest assured -on this point. - -_addūcor, ut credam_—I am gradually convinced that... - -_non possum adduci, ut (credam)_—I cannot make myself believe that... - -_ex animi mei sententia_ (_vid._ sect. XI. 2)—according to my strong -conviction. - -_suo iudicio uti_—to act in accordance with one's convictions. - - -[1] With _certe scio_, which is the form Cicero usually employs, the -certitude lies in our knowledge, _certum est me scire_; with _certo -scire_ the certitude lies in the object of our knowledge. _certo_ -rarely occurs except with _scio_. - -[2] Caesar occasionally uses _persuasum sibi habere_. - - - - -8. Plan—Advice—Deliberation - - -_consilium capere, inire_ (_de aliqua re_, with Gen. gerund., with -Inf., more rarely _ut_)—to form a plan, make a resolution. - -_consilio desistere_—to give up a project, an intention. - -_consilium abicere_ or _deponere_—to let a plan fall through. - -_a consilio deterreri aliqua re_—to be deterred from one's intention -by something. - -_mediocribus consiliis uti_—to adopt half-measures. - -_consilium, sententiam mutare_—to alter one's views, intentions. - -_suo consilio uti_[1]—to go one's own way, proceed independently. - -_magna moliri_—to be busy with ambitious projects. - -_consilia cum aliquo communicare_[2]—(1) to communicate one's plans to -some one; (2) to make common cause with a person. Similarly _c. -causam, rationem_. - -_consilia inter se communicare_—to take common counsel. - -_aliquem in_ or _ad consilium adhibere_—to consult a person, take his -advice. - -_consilium habere (de aliqua re)_—to deliberate together (of a number -of people). - -_consultare_ or _deliberare (de aliqua re)_—to deliberate, consider -(of individuals). - -_consiliis arcanis interesse_ (Liv. 35. 18)—to be present at secret -consultations. - -_consilium dare alicui_—to give a person advice. - -_auctorem esse alicui, ut_—to give a person advice. - -_aliquem consilio (et re) iuvare_—to give a person the advantage of -one's advice (and actual support). - -_consilii mei copiam facio tibi_—I put myself at your disposal as -regards advice. - -_consilium petere ab aliquo_—to apply to a person for advice. - -_consilii inopem esse_—to be perplexed. - -_omnia consilia frigent_ (Verr. 2. 25)—advice is useless in this case; -the situation is very embarrassing. - -_nullo consilio, nulla ratione, temere_—without reflection; -inconsiderately; rashly. - -_secum (cum animo) reputare aliquid_—to think over, consider a thing. - -_considerare in, cum animo, secum aliquid_—to think over, consider a -thing. - -_agitare (in) mente_ or _(in) animo aliquid_—to think over, consider a -thing. - -_aliquid cadit in deliberationem_ (Off. 1. 3. 9)—a subject becomes -matter for reflection. - -_re diligenter considerata, perpensa_—after mature deliberation. - -_omnibus rebus circumspectis_—after mature deliberation. - -_inita subductaque ratione_—after mature deliberation. - - -[1] _uti_ is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the -meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practising, proving, etc., e.g. -_uti ventis secundis, adversis_; _praesenti animo uti_, to show -presence of mind; _perpetua felicitate_, to enjoy...; _prudentia, -severitate, crudelitate_, to show...; _bona valetudine, prospero -fortunae flatu_, to enjoy...; cf. sect. V. 6. - -[2] _communicare (aliquid cum aliquo)_ means properly to share a thing -with some one. From this are developed the two senses—1. to give some -one something, e.g. _consilia, laudem, gloriam alicuius rei_; 2. to -receive a share of a thing, e.g. _pericula, paupertatem_. "To -communicate," _i.e._ to announce, inform, is represented by _dicere, -tradere, narrare, exponere, certiorem facere_, etc. - - - - -9. Resolve—Design—Intention - - -_in animo habeo_ or _mihi est in animo_ c. Inf.—I am resolved; it is -my intention. - -_certum (mihi) est_—I am determined. - -_certum deliberatumque est_—I am firmly resolved. - -_stat mihi sententia_ (Liv. 21. 30.)—I am firmly resolved. - -_incertus sum, quid consilii capiam_—I am undecided... - -_mihi non constat_ (with indirect question)—I have not made up my mind. - -_propositum est mihi_ c. Inf.—I intend, propose to... - -_propositum, consilium tenere_ (opp. _a proposito deterreri_)—to abide -by one's resolution. - -_propositum_[1] _assequi, peragere_—to carry out one's plan. - -_magna sibi proponere_ or _magna spectare_—to have a high object in -view; to be ambitious. - -_in incepto_ or _conatu perstare_—to persevere in one's resolve. - -_in proposito susceptoque consilio permanere_—to persevere in one's -resolve. - -_incepto_ or _conatu desistere_—to give up one's project. - -_parare aliquid_—to take measures for... - -_animum inducere_ c. Inf. (not _in animum inducere_)—to persuade -oneself to... - -_a me impetrare non possum, ut_—I cannot bring myself to... - -_descendere ad aliquid, ad omnia_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note _Similarly -descendere..._)—to consent to..., lend oneself to... - -_descendere ad extrema consilia_ (Fam. 10. 33. 4)—to have recourse to -extreme measures. - - -[1] In classical prose _propositum_ is still semi-adjectival and has -not yet acquired all the functions of a substantive; consequently it -cannot be joined to a genitive, an adjective, or a pronoun. Cf. the -treatment of _factum, dictum_, etc., in Augustan Latin. - - - - -10. Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay - - -_consilium est_ c. Inf. or _ut_—my intention is... - -_id sequor, ut_—my intention is... - -_spectare aliquid_ or _ad aliquid_—to have an object in view. - -_res eo spectat, ut_—the matter tends towards..., has this object.[1] - -_res spectat ad vim (arma)_—there seems a prospect of armed violence; -things look like violence. - -_id quod voluit consecutus est_—he attained his object. - -_ad id quod voluit pervenit_—he attained his object. - -_quid tibi vis?_—what do you mean to do? - -_quid hoc sibi vult?_—what is the meaning of this? - -_quid hoc rei est?_—what is the meaning of this? - -_eo consilio, ea mente, ut_—with the intention of... - -_de industria, dedita opera_ (opp. _imprudens_)—designedly; -intentionally. - -_ad id ipsum_[2]—with this very object. - -_infecta re_ (Liv. 9. 32)—to no purpose; ineffectually. - -_moram alicui rei afferre, inferre, facere_—to retard, delay a thing. - -_in mora alicui esse_—to detain a person. - -_nullam moram interponere, quin_ (Phil. 10. 1. 1)—to make all possible -haste to... - -_sine mora_ or _nulla mora interposita_—without delay. - -_diem ex die ducere, differre_—to put off from one day to another. - - -[1] Note _Athenae a Persis petutuntur_, the object of the Persian -invasion is Athens (Nep. Them. 2. 6). - -[2] The aim, tendency of a writing or a poem is _consilium, quo liber -scriptus est, quo carmen compositum est_, or _quod quis in libro -scribendo secutus est_, not _consilium libri_. - - - - -11. Remembrance—Forgetfulness - - -_memoriā tenere aliquid_—to remember a thing perfectly. - -_memoriam alicuius rei tenere_—to remember a thing perfectly. - -_recenti memoria tenere aliquid_—to have a vivid recollection of a -thing. - -_memoriā (multum) valere_ (opp. _memoriā vacillare_)—to have a good -memory. - -_memorem esse_ (opp. _obliviosum esse_)—to have a good memory. - -_memoria tanta fuit, ut_—he had such an extraordinary memory that... - -_memoriā labi_—to make a slip of the memory. - -_memoriae mandare aliquid_[1]—to impress on the memory. - -_ex memoria_ (opp. _de scripto_)—from memory; by heart. - -_memoriter_—(1) with good memory; (2) from personal recollection. - -_memoria custodire_—to keep in mind. - -_memoriam alicuius rei renovare, revocare (redintegrare)_—to recall a -thing to one's recollection. - -_memoriam alicuius rei repetere_—to recall to mind a thing or person. - -_in memoriam alicuius redire_—to recall to mind a thing or person. - -_in memoriam alicuius redigere, reducere aliquid_ (not _revocare_)—to -recall a thing to a person's mind. - -_memoria et recordatio_—vivid recollection. - -_grata memoria aliquem prosequi_[2]—to show a thankful appreciation of -a person's kindness. - -_nomen alicuius grato animo prosequi_—to think of a person with a -grateful sense of his goodness. - -_memoriam alicuius rei repraesentare_ (opp. _memoriam alicuius rei -deponere, abicere_)—to picture to oneself again. - -_memoriam alicuius rei conservare, retinere_—to retain the -recollection of a thing. - -_memoriam alicuius pie inviolateque servare_—to show an affectionate -regard for a person's memory. - -_gratam (gratissimam) alicuius memoriam retinere_—to retain a (most) -pleasant impression of a person. - -_numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet_—the memory of this -will never fade from my mind. - -_aliquid in memoria nostra penitus insidet_—a thing has been vividly -impressed on our[TR1] memory. - -_memoriam eius nulla umquam delebit (obscurabit) oblivio_ (Fam. 2. -1)—nothing will ever make me forgetful of him. - -_semper memoria eius in (omnium) mentibus haerebit_—nothing will ever -make me forgetful of him. - -_nomen suum posteritati aliqua re commendare, propagare, prodere_—to -win renown amongst posterity by some act. - -_memoriam nominis sui immortalitati tradere, mandare, commendare_—to -immortalise one's name. - -_post hominum memoriam_—within the memory of man. - -_post homines natos_—within the memory of man. - -_memoriae causa, ad_ (not _in_) _memoriam_[3] (Brut. 16. 62)—in memory -of... - -_oblivio alicuius rei me capit_—I forget something. - -_aliquem in oblivionem alicuius rei adducere_ (pass. _in oblivionem -venire_)—to make a person forget a thing. - -_aliquid excidit e memoria, effluit, excidit ex animo_—a thing -escapes, vanishes from the memory. - -_memoria alicuius rei excidit, abiit, abolevit_—the recollection of a -thing has been entirely lost. - -_obliterari_[4] (Liv. 26. 41)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_memoria alicuius rei obscuratur, obliteratur, evanescit_—to be -forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_oblivioni esse, dari_—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_in oblivionem adduci_—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_oblivione obrui, deleri, exstingui_—to be forgotten, pass into -oblivion. - -_in oblivione iacēre_ (of persons)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion. - -_aliquid ab oblivione vindicare_—to rescue from oblivion. - -_mementote_ with Acc. c. Inf.—do not forget. - - -[1] Distinguish this expression from _ediscere_ which = to learn by -heart; also from _memoriae prodere, tradere_ = to hand down as -tradition (_vid._ sect. VII. 14). - -[2] _Prosequi_ used figuratively, with an ablative, occurs in several -phrases—e.g. _prosequi aliquem honore; verbis honorificis; beneficiis, -officiis, studiis suis; ominibus, votis, lacrimis_. - -[3] One can also say _monumenti causa_—e.g. _aliquid alicui momenti -causa relinquere_. Cf. such turnings as _alicuius memoriam aliqua re -prosequi, celebrare, renovare_. - -[4] This and the following expressions are useful to express the -passive of _oblivisci_. - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has "my", which is -wrong, however, because the Latin phrase uses _nostra_. The French -edition uses "notre mémoire". - - - - -12. Theory—Practice—Experience - - -_ratione, doctrina_ (opp. _usu_) _aliquid cognitum habere_—to have a -theoretical knowledge of a thing. - -_ad artem, ad rationem revocare aliquid_ (De Or. 2. 11. 44)—to reduce -a thing to its theoretical principles; to apply theory to a thing. - -_doctrinam ad usum adiungere_—to combine theory with practice. - -_in rebus atque in usu versatum esse_—to have had practical experience. - -_usu_[1] _praeditum esse_—to possess experience. - -_magnum usum in aliqua re habere_—to have had great experience in a -thing. - -_multarum rerum usus_—varied, manifold experience. - -_usu rerum (vitae, vitae communis) edocti sumus_—we know from -experience. - -_experti scimus, didicimus_—we know from experience. - -_usu cognitum habemus_—we know from experience. - -_res ipsa, usus rerum (cotidie) docet_—everyday experience tells us -this. - -_(rerum) imperitum esse_—to have had no experience of the world. - -_multa acerba expertus est_[2]—he has had many painful experiences. - -_usus me docuit_—experience has taught me. - - -[1] Not _experientia_, which in classical prose means attempt, proof. - -[2] _experiri_ is only used of personal experience. - - - - -VII. The Arts and Sciences - - -1. Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature - - -_optima studia, bonae, optimae, liberales, ingenuae artes, -disciplinae_—the sciences; the fine arts. - -_litterarum_[1] _studium_ or _tractatio_ (not _occupatio_)—the study -of belles-lettres; literary pursuits. - -_homines litterarum studiosi_—learned, scientific, literary men. - -_homines docti_—learned, scientific, literary men. - -_artium studia_ or _artes vigent_ (not _florent_)—learning, scientific -knowledge is flourishing. - -_litterae iacent, neglectae iacent_[2]—scholarship, culture, -literature is at a low ebb. - -_litteras colere_—to be engaged in the pursuit of letters. - -_litteras amplecti_—to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters. - -_litteras adamasse_ (only in perf. and plup.)—to be an enthusiastic -devotee of letters. - -_in studio litterarum versari_—to be engaged in literary pursuits. - -_in aliquo litterarum genere versari_—to be engaged in any branch of -study. - -_summo studio in litteris versari_—to be an ardent student of... - -_se totum litteris tradere, dedere_—to devote oneself entirely to -literature. - -_se totum in litteras_ or _se litteris abdere_—to be quite engrossed -in literary studies. - -_in litteris elaborare_ (De Sen. 8. 26)—to apply oneself very closely -to literary, scientific work. - -_in litteris acquiescere_ or _conquiescere_—to find recreation in study. - -_aetatem in litteris ducere, agere_—to devote one's life to science, -study. - -_omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere_—to devote all one's -leisure moments to study. - -_omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre_—to employ -all one's energies on literary work. - -_optimarum artium studio incensum esse_—to be interested in, have a -taste for culture. - -_litterarum studio trahi_—to feel an attraction for study. - -_trahi, ferri ad litteras_—to feel an attraction for study. - -_litterarum studia remittere_—to relax one's studies. - -_intermissa studia revocare_—to resume one's studies. - -_primis (ut dicitur)_[3] or _primoribus labris gustare_ or _attingere -litteras_—to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, -of the sciences. - -_litterae_—literature. - -_litterae ac monumenta_ or simply _monumenta_—written records; -documents. - -_litterae latinae_[4]—Roman literature. - -_clarissima litterarum lumina_—shining lights in the literary world. - -_graecis litteris studere_—to study Greek literature. - -_multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari_—to be well -(slightly) acquainted with Greek literature. - - -[1] _littera_ in sing. = letter of the alphabet, e.g. _litteram nullam -ad me misit_. In plur. = 1. letters of the alphabet, characters (cf. -viii. 9); 2. a letter (_epistola_); 3. writings, books, e.g. _graecae -de philosophia litterae_; 4. literature, _graecas litteras discere_; -5. literary pursuits; 6. science; 7. culture, erudition, learning, -_erant in eo plurimae litterae, neque eae vulgares, sed interiores -quaedam et reconditae_. - -[2] _iacēre_ metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and -abandoned, but of persons (cf. _frigere_) who have lost all their -political influence. - -[3] Cf. Pro Caelio 12, 28 _extremis ut dicitur digitis attingere_. - -[4] _latinus_ is only used of language and literature, _Romanus_ of -nationality. - - - - -2. Learning—Erudition - - -_vir_ or _homo doctus, litteratus_—a man of learning; a scholar; a -savant. - -_vir doctissimus_—a great scholar. - -_vir perfecte planeque eruditus_—a man of profound erudition. - -_vir omni doctrina eruditus_—a man perfect in all branches of learning. - -_multi viri docti_, or _multi et ii docti_ (not _multi docti_)—many -learned men; many scholars. - -_omnes docti, quivis doctus, doctissimus quisque_—all learned men. - -_nemo doctus_—no man of learning. - -_nemo mediocriter doctus_—no one with any pretence to education. - -_latinis litteris_ or _latine doctus_—acquainted with the Latin -language. - -_bene_[1] _latine doctus_ or _sciens_—a good Latin scholar. - -_doctrina abundare_ (De Or. 3. 16. 59)—to be a man of great learning. - -_a doctrina mediocriter instructum esse_—to have received only a -moderate education. - -_doctrina exquisita, subtilis, elegans_[2]—sound knowledge; scholarship. - -_doctrina recondita_—profound erudition. - -_studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur_ (De Or. 1. 2. -8)—abstruse studies. - -_magnam doctrinae speciem prae se ferre_—to pass as a man of great -learning. - -_vita umbratilis_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 4)—the contemplative life of a -student. - -_litterarum scientiam_ (only in sing.) _habere_—to possess literary -knowledge. - -_scientiam alicuius rei consequi_—to acquire knowledge of a subject. - -_scientia comprehendere aliquid_—to acquire knowledge of a subject. - -_penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid_ (De Or. 1. 23. 108)—to -have a thorough grasp of a subject. - -_scientia augere aliquem_—to enrich a person's knowledge. - -_multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse_—to be well-informed, -erudite. - -_multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse_ (opp. _litterarum_ or -_eruditionis expertem esse_ or _[rerum] rudem esse_)—to be -well-informed, erudite. - - -[1] For the use of adverbs to modify adjectives and other adverbs -_vid._ Nägelsbach Lat. Stil. p. 278; cf. _bene multi, bene mane, bene -penitus_ (Verr. 2. 70. 169), _impie ingratus_ (Tusc. 5. 2. 6) etc. -Such combinations are especially frequent in Tacitus, Velleius, -Seneca, and Quintilian. For _latine_ by itself cf. Cic. Opt. Gen. 4 -_latine, id est pure et emendate, loqui_. If the style is to be -criticised, adverbs can be added—e.g. _bene, perbene, pessime, -eleganter_, etc., cf. vii. 7. - -[2] Not _solida_, which means properly entire, massive—e.g. _marmor -solidum, crateres auro solidi_, then metaph. e.g.—_solida laus, -utilitas_. - - - - -3. Culture—Civilisation - - -_animum, ingenium excolere_ (not _colere_)—to cultivate the mind. - -_animi, ingenii cultus_ (not _cultura_)—mental culture. - -_optimis studiis_ or _artibus, optimarum artium studiis eruditum -esse_—to have received a liberal education. - -_litteras scire_—to have received a liberal education. - -_litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae_—profound -scientific education. - -_sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae_ (De Sen. 4. -12)—for a Roman he is decidedly well educated. - -_litteris leviter imbutum_ or _tinctum esse_—to have received a -superficial education. - -_omni vita atque victu excultum atque expolitum esse_ (Brut. 25. -95)—to have attained to a high degree of culture. - -_omnis cultus et humanitatis expertem esse_[1]—to be quite uncivilised. - -_ab omni cultu et humanitate longe abesse_ (B. G. 1. 1. 3)—to be quite -uncivilised. - -_homines, gentem a fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque -deducere_ (De Or. 1. 8. 33)—to civilise men, a nation. - - -[1] Not _incultum esse_, which refers only to external appearance. - - - - -4. Education—Instruction—School—Profession - - -_liberaliter, ingenue, bene educari_—to receive a liberal education. - -_severa disciplina contineri_—to be brought up under strict discipline. - -_aliquem ad humanitatem informare_ or _instituere_—to teach a person -refinement. - -_mores alicuius corrigere_—to improve a person. - -_in viam reducere aliquem_—to bring a person back to the right way. - -_in viam redire_—to return to the right way. - -_litteras discere ab aliquo_—to be educated by some one. - -_institui_ or _erudiri ab aliquo_—to receive instruction from some one. - -_disciplina alicuius uti, magistro aliquo uti_—to receive instruction -from some one. - -_e disciplina alicuius profectum esse_—to be brought up in some one's -school. - -_puerum alicui erudiendum_ or _in disciplinam tradere_—to entrust a -child to the tuition of... - -_operam dare_ or simply _se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam -alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem_—to become a pupil, -disciple of some one. - -_multum esse cum aliquo_ (Fam. 16. 21)—to enjoy close intercourse -with... (of master and pupil). - -_ludus (discendi_ or _litterarum_)—an elementary school. - -_schola_—a school for higher education. - -_scholam frequentare_—to go to a school. - -_disciplina (institutio) puerilis_ (not _liberorum_)—the teaching of -children. - -_pueros elementa (prima) docere_—to teach children the rudiments. - -_primis litterarum elementis imbui_—to receive the first elements of a -liberal education. - -_doctrinae, quibus aetas puerilis impertiri solet_ (Nep. Att. 1. -2)—the usual subjects taught to boys. - -_artes, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet_—the -usual subjects taught to boys. - -_erudire aliquem artibus, litteris_ (but _erudire aliquem in iure -civili, in re militari_)—to teach some one letters. - -_natum, factum esse ad aliquid (faciendum)_—to be born for a thing, -endowed by nature for it. - -_adversante et repugnante natura_ or _invitā Minervā (ut aiunt) -aliquid facere_ (Off. 1. 31. 110)—to do a thing which is not one's -vocation, which goes against the grain. - -_crassa_ or _pingui Minerva_ (proverb.)—with no intelligence or skill. - -_calcaria alicui adhibere, admovere; stimulos alicui admovere_—to -spur, urge a person on. - -_frenos adhibere alicui_—to restrain some one. - -_bona indole_ (always in sing.) _praeditum esse_—to be gifted, -talented (not _praeditum esse_ by itself). - -_ingenio valere_—to be gifted, talented. - -_summo ingenio praeditum esse_—to possess rich mental endowments. - -_in aliqua re progressus facere, proficere, progredi_—to make progress -in a subject. - -_aliquid efficere, consequi in aliqua re_ (De Or. 1. 33. 152)—to -obtain a result in something. - -_adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit_ or -_alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt_—he is a young man of great -promise. - -_adulescens bonae (egregiae) spei_—a promising youth. - -_magna est exspectatio ingenii tui_—we expect a great deal from a man -of your calibre. - -_desudare in scholae umbra_ or _umbraculis_[1]—to exert oneself in the -schools. - -_genus vitae (vivendi)_ or _aetatis degendae deligere_[2]—to choose a -career, profession. - -_viam vitae ingredi_ (Flacc. 42. 105)—to enter upon a career. - -_philosophiam, medicinam profiteri_—to be a philosopher, physician by -profession. - -_se philosophum, medicum (esse) profiteri_—to be a philosopher, -physician by profession. - -_qui ista profitentur_—men of that profession. - - -[1] Cf. _umbra, umbracula (-orum)_, and _umbratilis_ (_vid._ vii. 2, -_vita umbratilis_), used of the retired life of a savant as opposed to -_sol, lux fori_[TR1] or _forensis_. Cf. De Legg. 3. 6. 14 _Phalereus -ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque -non modo in solem atque in pulverem sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque -produxit._ - -[2] The _locus classicus_ on the choice of a profession is De Officiis -1. 32. 115-122. - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has _sol, lux ori_. -But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using _sol, -lux fori_. - - - - -5. Example—Pattern—Precedent - - -_exemplum clarum, praeclarum_—a good,[1] brilliant example; a striking -example. - -_exemplum luculentum_—a good, brilliant example; a striking example. - -_exemplum illustre_—a good, brilliant example; a striking example. - -_exemplum magnum, grande_—a weighty example, precedent. - -_exemplum afferre_—to quote an example. - -_exemplo uti_—to quote an example. - -_aliquem (aliquid) exempli causa_[2] _ponere, proferre, nominare, -commemorare_—to cite a person or a thing as an example. - -_aliquid exemplis probare, comprobare, confirmare_—to quote precedents -for a thing. - -_aliquid exemplis ostendere_—to demonstrate by instances. - -_exempla petere, repetere a rerum gestarum memoria_ or _historiarum -(annalium, rerum gestarum) monumentis_—to borrow instances from history. - -_exempla a rerum Romanarum (Graecarum) memoria petita_—examples taken -from Roman (Greek) history. - -_multa exempla in unum (locum) colligere_—to collect, accumulate -instances. - -_ex infinita exemplorum copia unum (pauca) sumere, decerpere -(eligere)_—to choose one from a large number of instances. - -_a Socrate exemplum virtutis petere, repetere_—to quote Socrates as a -model of virtue. - -_similitudines afferre_—to cite parallel cases. - -_auctore aliquo uti ad aliquid_—to have as authority for a thing. - -_auctorem aliquem habere alicuius rei_—to have as authority for a thing. - -_auctoritatem alicuius sequi_—to be guided by another's example. - -_auctoritas et exemplum_ (Balb. 13. 31)—standard and pattern. - -_sibi exemplum alicuius proponere ad imitandum_ or simply _sibi -aliquem ad imitandum proponere_—to set up some one as one's ideal, -model. - -_sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquo_ or _exemplum capere de aliquo_—to -take a lesson from some one's example. - -_ad exemplum alicuius se conformare_—to shape one's conduct after -another's model. - -_exemplum edere, prodere_—to set an example. - -_exemplo esse_—to set an example. - -_exemplum in aliquo_ or _in aliquem statuere_—to inflict an exemplary -punishment on some one. - -_exemplum (severitatis) edere in aliquo_ (Q. Fr. 1. 2. 2. 5)—to -inflict an exemplary punishment on some one. - -_bene (male) praecipere alicui_—to inculcate good (bad) principles. - -_praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re_—to give advice, directions, -about a matter. - -_ad praecipiendi rationem delābi_ (Q. Fr. 1. 1. 6. 18)—to adopt a -didactic tone. - -_aliquid in animo haeret, penitus insedit_ or _infixum est_—a thing is -deeply impressed on the mind. - -_aliquid animo mentique penitus mandare_ (Catil. 1. 11. 27)—to impress -a thing on one's memory, mind. - -_demittere aliquid in pectus_ or _in pectus animumque suum_—to take a -thing to heart. - -_hoc verbum alte descendit in pectus alicuius_—what he said made a -deep impression on... - - -[1] Not _bonum exemplum_, which means an example morally good for us -to follow. - -[2] "For example" must not be translated by _exempli causa_, which is -only used in complete sentences with such verbs as _ponere, afferre, -proferre, nominare_. _verbi causa (gratia)_ = "for instance," "we will -say," usually refers to a single expression, e.g. _quid dicis igitur? -miserum fuisse verbi causa M. Crassum?_ (Tusc. 1. 4. 12). Often -examples are introduced by such words as _ut, velut, in his_, etc., -e.g. _bestiae quae gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili_ (N. D. 2. 48. -124). - - - - -6. Philosophy - - -_se conferre ad philosophiam, ad philosophiae_ or _sapientiae studium_ -(Fam. 4. 3. 4)—to devote oneself to philosophy. - -_animum appellere_ or _se applicare ad philosophiam_—to apply oneself -to the study of philosophy. - -_philosophiae (sapientiae) studio teneri_ (Acad. 1. 2. 4)—to be -enamoured of philosophy. - -_in portum philosophiae confugere_—to take refuge in philosophy. - -_in sinum philosophiae compelli_—to be driven into the arms of -philosophy. - -_philosophia (neglecta) iacet_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 1, note -_iacēre..._)—philosophy is neglected, at low ebb. - -_philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare_ (Acad. 1. 1. 3)—to write -expositions of philosophy in Latin. - -_Ciceronis de philosophia libri_—Cicero's philosophical writings. - -_decreta, inventa philosophorum_—the tenets, dogmas of philosophers. - -_quae in philosophia tractantur_—philosophical subjects. - -_praecepta philosophorum (penitus) percepta habere_—to be well -acquainted with the views of philosophers. - -_illae sententiae evanuerunt_—those views are out of date. - -_illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt_ (Fin. 5. 8. -23)—those ideas have long ago been given up. - -_schola, disciplina, familia; secta_—a sect, school of thought. - -_sectam alicuius sequi_ (Brut. 31. 120)—to be a follower, disciple of -some one. - -_disciplinam alicuius profiteri_—to be a follower, disciple of some one. - -_qui sunt a Platone_ or _a Platonis disciplina; qui profecti sunt a -Platone; Platonici_—disciples of Plato, Platonists. - -_Solo, unus de septem (illis)_—Solon, one of the seven sages. - -_Pythagorae doctrina longe lateque fluxit_ (Tusc. 4. 1. 2)—Pythagoras' -principles were widely propagated. - -_scholas habere, explicare_ (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to give lectures. - -_scholis interesse_—to attend lectures. - -_tradere (aliquid de aliqua re)_—to teach - -_audire Platonem, auditorem esse Platonis_—to attend Plato's lectures. - - - - -7. The Parts of Philosophy - - -_physica_[1] (_-orum_) (Or. 34. 119); _philosophia naturalis_—physics; -natural philosophy. - -_dialectica_ (_-ae_ or _-orum_) (pure Latin _disserendi ratio et -scientia_)—logic, dialectic. - -_disserendi praecepta tradere_—to teach logic. - -_disserendi elegantia_—logical minuteness, precision. - -_disserendi subtilitas_ (De Or. 1. 1. 68)—dialectical nicety. - -_disserendi spinae_ (Fin. 4. 28. 79)—subtleties of logic; dilemmas. - -_disserendi peritus et artifex_—an accomplished dialectician. - -_homo in dialecticis versatissimus_—an accomplished dialectician. - -_disserendi artem nullam habere_—to know nothing of logic. - -_dialecticis ne imbutum_[2] _quidem esse_—to be ignorant of even the -elements of logic. - -_ratione, eleganter_ (opp. _nulla ratione, ineleganter, confuse_) -_disponere aliquid_—to arrange on strictly logical principles. - -_philosophia, quae est de vita et moribus_ (Acad. 1. 5. 19)—moral -science; ethics. - -_philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et -moribus disputatur_—moral science; ethics. - -_philosophia, quae in rerum contemplatione versatur_, or _quae artis -praeceptis continetur_—theoretical, speculative philosophy. - -_philosophia,_[3] _quae in actione versatur_—practical philosophy. - -_omnes philosophiae loci_—the whole domain of philosophy. - - -[1] Cf. Acad. 1. 5. 19 _philosophandi ratio triplex; una de vita et -moribus, altera de natura et rebus occultis, tertia de disserendo_. - -[2] _imbuere_ is properly to give the first touch to, tinge, bathe, -e.g. _gladii sanguine imbuti_. Metaph. it = (1) to fill with, e.g. -_religione, pietate, superstitione, crudelitate_; (2) to teach, -initiate, e.g. _animum honestis artibus_, and is used especially of a -superficial knowledge. - -[3] Cf. Sen. Ep. 25. 10 _philosophia activa_. - - - - -8. System—Method—Principles - - -_ratio; disciplina, ratio et disciplina; ars_—system. - -_ad artem redigere aliquid_—to systematise. - -_ad rationem, ad artem et praecepta revocare aliquid_ (De Or. 1. -41)—to systematise. - -_arte conclusum esse_—to have been reduced to a system. - -_ratio et doctrina_—systematic, methodical knowledge. - -_artificio et via tradere aliquid_—to give a scientific explanation of -a thing. - -_artificiose redigere aliquid_—to treat with scientific exactness; to -classify. - -_ad rationis praecepta accommodare aliquid_—to treat with scientific -exactness; to classify. - -_totam rationem evertere_ (pass. _iacet tota ratio_)—to upset the -whole system. - -_ratione et via, via et ratione progredi, disputare_ (Or. 33. 116)—to -proceed, carry on a discussion logically. - -_novam rationem ingredi_—to enter on a new method. - -_a certa ratione proficisci_—to be based on a sound principle. - -_a falsis principiis proficisci_—to start from false premises. - -_ad philosophorum_ or _philosophandi rationes revocare aliquid_—to -deal with a subject on scientific principles. - -_perpetuitas et constantia_ (Tusc. 5. 10. 31)—logical consistency. - - - - -9. Species—Definition—Classification—Connection - - -_partes_[1] _generibus subiectae sunt_—the species is subordinate the -genus. - -_genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere_ (Or. 33. -117)—to analyse a general division into its specific parts. - -_genere, non numero_ or _magnitudine differre_—to differ qualitatively -not quantitatively. - -_spinae partiendi et definiendi_ (Tusc. 5. 8. 22)—minute, captious -subdivisions and definitions. - -_rem (res) definire_—to define a thing. - -_a definitione proficisci_—to start from a definition. - -_involutae rei notitiam definiendo aperire_ (Or. 33. 116)—to make an -obscure notion clear by means of definition. - -_sub metum subiectum esse_—to be comprised under the term "fear." - -_constituere, quid et quale sit, de quo disputetur_—to determine the -nature and constitution of the subject under discussion. - -_in ordinem redigere aliquid_—to systematise, classify a thing. - -_conexum et aptum esse inter se_—to be closely connected with each -other. - -_cohaerere, coniunctum esse cum aliqua re_—to be closely connected -with a thing. - -_arte (artissime) coniunctum esse_—to be very intimately related. - -_apte (aptissime) cohaerere_—to be very intimately related. - -_continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alia ex alia nexa et omnes inter se -aptae colligataeque sint_ (N. D. 1. 4. 9)—systematic succession, -concatenation. - -_diffusum, dissipatum esse_—to have no coherence, connection. - -_confusum, perturbatum esse_—to be confused. - -_rem dissolutam conglutinare, coagmentare_—to reunite disconnected -elements. - - -[1] Cf. Cic. De Or. 1. 42 for the definition. _GENUS autem id est, -quod sui similes communione quadam, specie autem differentes, duas aut -plures complectitur partes. PARTES autem sunt, quae generibus eis ex -quibus manant subiciuntur; omniaque quae sunt vel generum vel partium -nomina, definitionibus, quam vim habeant, est exprimendum. est enim -DEFINITIO rerum earum, quae sunt eius rei propriae, quam definire -volumus, brevis et circumscripta quaedam explicatio._ - - - - -10. Proof—Refutation - - -_argumentum_[1] _firmum, magnum_—a strong, striking proof. - -_argumentum afferre_—to bring forward a proof. - -_argumentum immortalitatis afferre_ (not _pro_)—to quote an argument -in favour of immortality. - -_argumentum afferre, quo animos immortales esse demonstratur_—to bring -forward a proof of the immortality of the soul. - -_argumento huic rei est, quod_—a proof of this is that... - -_aliquid planum facere_ (Ad Herenn. 2. 5)—to demonstrate, make a thing -clear. - -_aliquid alicui probare_ (or c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to prove one's point to -a person's satisfaction. - -_argumentis confirmare, comprobare, evincere aliquid_ (or c. Acc. c. -Inf.)—to prove a thing indisputably. - -_argumentum ducere, sumere ex aliqua re_ or _petere ab aliqua re_—to -derive an argument from a thing. - -_argumentum premere_ (not _urgere_)—to persist in an argument, press a -point. - -_loci (τόποι) argumentorum_ (De Or. 2. 162)—the points on which proofs -are based; the grounds of proof. - -_argumenta refellere, confutare_—to refute arguments. - -_rationem_[2] _afferre_ (Verr. 3. 85. 195)—to bring forward an -argument (based on common-sense). - - -[1] _argumentum_ = a proof resting on facts; _ratio_ = an argument -drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition. - -[2] _argumentum_ = a proof resting on facts; _ratio_ = an argument -drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition. - - - - -11. Conclusion—Hypothesis—Inference - - -_concludere, colligere, efficere, cogere ex aliqua re_—to draw a -conclusion from a thing. - -_acute, subtiliter concludere_—to draw a subtle inference. - -_ratio_ or _rationis conclusio efficit_—the conclusion proves that... - -_ratiocinatio, ratio_—the syllogism; reasoning. - -_prima_[1] (_superiora_); _consequentia_ (Fin. 4. 19. 54)—premises; -consequences. - -_conclusiuncula fallax_ or _captio_—a fallacious argument; sophism. - -_positum est a nobis primum_ (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—we start by -presupposing that... - -_hoc posito_—on this supposition, hypothesis. - -_hoc probato consequens est_—it follows from what we have shown. - -_sequitur_ (not _ex quo seq._) _ut_—it follows from this that... - -_ex quo, unde, hinc efficitur ut_—it follows from this that... - - -[1] In a syllogism the technical term for the major premise is -_propositio_ or _propositio major_; for the minor, _propositio minor_; -for the conclusion, _conclusio_. - - - - -12. Debate—Controversy - - -_disputatio, quaestio_—systematic, scientific discussion. - -_disputare_[1] (_de aliqua re, ad aliquid_)—to discuss, investigate a -subject scientifically. - -_subtiliter disputare_—to thoroughly discuss. - -_in utramque partem, in contrarias partes disputare_ (De Or. 1. 34)—to -discuss both sides of a question. - -_in nullam partem disputare_—to say nothing either for or against an -argument. - -_non repugno_—I have nothing to say against it. - -_pertinacem_ (opp. _clementem_) _esse in disputando_—to be dogmatic; -positive. - -_opponere alicui aliquid_—to object, to adduce in contradiction. - -_dare, concedere aliquid_—to grant, admit a thing. - -_sumere_ (opp. _reicere_) _aliquid_—to assume a thing. - -_tenere aliquid; stare in aliqua re_—to insist on a point. - -_obtinere aliquid_—to maintain one's assertion, prove oneself right. - -_in controversia (contentione) esse, versari_—to be at variance with. - -_in controversiam cadere_—to be at variance with. - -_in controversiam vocare, adducere aliquid_—to make a thing the -subject of controversy. - -_in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire_ (De Or. 2. 72. 291)—to be -contested, become the subject of debate. - -_in controversia relinquere aliquid_—to leave a point undecided. - -_controversiam (contentionem) habere cum aliquo_—to maintain a -controversy with some one. - -_in contentione ponitur, utrum...an_—it is a debated point whether... -or... - -_id, de quo agitur_ or _id quod cadit in controversiam_—the point at -issue. - -_controversiam sedare, dirimere, componere, tollere_—to put an end to, -settle a dispute. - -_controversiam diiudicare_—to decide a debated question. - -_transigere aliquid cum aliquo_—to come to an understanding with a -person. - -_res mihi tecum est_—I have a point to discuss with you. - -_sine (ulla) controversia_—indisputably; incontestably. - -_hoc est a (pro) me_—this goes to prove what I say. - -_res ipsa docet_—the very facts of the case show this. - -_res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur_—the matter speaks for itself. - -_res confecta est_—the question is settled, finished. - - -[1] _disputare_ = to discuss, considering the arguments _pro_ and -_con_, used of a number of people with different opinions. _disserere -de aliqua re_ = to discourse on a matter for the benefit of those -present; but in both cases the substantive is _disputatio_. - - - - -13. Agreement—Contradiction - - -_consentire, idem sentire cum aliquo_—to agree with a person. - -_dissentire, dissidere ab_ or _cum aliquo_—to disagree with a person. - -_omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt_—all agree on this point. - -_una et consentiens vox est_—all are unanimous. - -_una voce; uno ore_—unanimously. - -_uno, communi, summo_ or _omnium consensu_ (Tusc. 1. 15. -35)—unanimously. - -_re concinere, verbis discrepare_—to agree in fact but not in word. - -_hoc convēnit inter nos_—we have agreed on this point. - -_hoc mihi tecum convēnit_ (Att. 6. 1. 14)—I agree with you there. - -_quī convenit?_—how is this consistent? how are we to reconcile this...? - -_summa est virorum doctissimorum consensio_ (opp. _dissensio_)—the -learned men are most unanimous in... - -_constantia_ (opp. _inconstantia_) (Tusc. 5. 11. 32)—consistency. - -_inter se pugnare_ or _repugnare_—to be mutually contradictory. - -_secum pugnare_ (without _sibi_); _sibi repugnare_ (of things)—to -contradict oneself, be inconsistent. - -_a se dissidere_ or _sibi non constare_ (of persons)—to contradict -oneself, be inconsistent. - -_pugnantia loqui_ (Tusc. 1. 7. 13)—to make contradictory, inconsistent -statements. - -_dicere contra aliquem_ or _aliquid_ (not _contradicere alicui_)—to -contradict some one. - - - - -14. Particular Sciences -(History—Mythology—Chronology—Geography—Mathematics—Natural -Science—Astronomy) - - -_res Romanae_[1]—Roman history (_i.e._ the events in it). - -_res gestae Romanorum_—Roman history (_i.e._ the events in it). - -_historia_—history (as a science). - -_historia Romana_[2] or _rerum Romanarum historia_—Roman history -(_i.e._ the exposition, representation of it by writers). - -_memoria rerum Romanarum_—Roman history (as tradition). - -_historiam (-as) scribere_—to write a history. - -_res populi Romani perscribere_—to write a history of Rome. - -_rerum scriptor_[3]—an historian. - -_rerum auctor_ (as authority)—an historian. - -_evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta_—to study -historical records, read history. - -_memoriae traditum est, memoriae (memoria) proditum est_ (without -_nobis_)—tradition, history tells us. - -_tradunt, dicunt, ferunt_—they say; it is commonly said. - -_accepimus_[4]—we know; we have been told. - -_historiae prodiderunt_ (without _nobis_)—history has handed down to us. - -_apud rerum scriptores scriptum videmus, scriptum est_—we read in -history. - -_duplex est memoria de aliqua re_—a twofold tradition prevails on this -subject. - -_rerum veterum memoria_—ancient history. - -_memoria vetus_ (Or. 34. 120)—ancient history. - -_veterum annales_—ancient history. - -_veterum annalium monumenta_—ancient history. - -_antiquitatis memoria_—ancient history. - -_recentioris aetatis memoria_—modern history. - -_memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum)_—the history of our own times; -contemporary history. - -_nostra memoria_ (Cael. 18. 43)—the history of our own times; -contemporary history. - -_omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum_ or _omnium -rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria_—universal history. - -_memoriam annalium_ or _temporum replicare_—to consult history. - -_aetas heroica_[5] (Tusc. 5. 3. 7)—the mythical period, the heroic age. - -_tempora heroica_ (N. D. 3. 21. 54)—the mythical period, the heroic age. - -_fabulae, historia fabularis_—mythology. - -_repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab -heroicis temporibus_—to go back to the remote ages. - -_ut a fabulis ad facta veniamus_—to pass from myth to history. - -_historicorum fide contestata memoria_—historic times. - -_historiae, rerum fides_—historic truth. - -_narrare aliquid ad fidem historiae_—to give a veracious and historic -account of a thing. - -_res historiae fide comprobata_—an acknowledged historical fact. - -_incorrupta rerum fides_—genuine historical truth. - -_ad historiam (scribendam) se conferre_ or _se applicare_—to devote -oneself to writing history. - -_homo in historia diligens_—a conscientious historian. - -_memoriam rerum gestarum (rerum Romanarum) tenere_—to be well versed -in Roman history. - -_domestica (externa) nosse_—to be acquainted with the history of one's -own land. - -_temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo_—chronology. - -_temporum ordinem servare_—to observe the chronological order of events. - -_servare et notare tempora_—to observe the chronological order of -events. - -_res temporum ordine servato narrare_—to narrate events in the order -of their occurrence. - -_temporibus errare_ (Phil. 2. 9. 23)—to make a chronological mistake. - -_ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare_—to calculate the date of an -event. - -_diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus_—to be exact in calculating -dates. - -_terrarum_ or _regionum descriptio (geographia)_—geography. - -_Africae situm paucis exponere_—to give a brief exposition of the -geography of Africa. - -_regionum terrestrium aut maritimarum scientia_—geographical knowledge. - -_mathematica (-ae)_ or _geometria (-ae)_, _geometrica (-orum)_ (Tusc. -1. 24. 57)—mathematics. - -_mathematicorum ratione concludere aliquid_—to draw a mathematical -conclusion. - -_formas_ (not _figuras_) _geometricas describere_—to draw geometrical -figures. - -_se conferre ad naturae investigationem_—to devote oneself to the -study of a natural science. - -_astrologia_ (pure Latin _sidera, caelestia_)—astronomy. - -_spectator siderum, rerum caelestium_ or _astrologus_[6]—an astronomer. - -_arithmetica_[7] (_-orum_)—arithmetic. - -_numeri (-orum)_—arithmetic. - -_bis bina quot sint non didicisse_—to be absolutely ignorant of -arithmetic. - - -[1] But _res Romana_ = the Roman power, Rome. - -[2] _historia_ has several different senses. (1) The narration, -exposition of the facts (_res gestae, res_), cf. _rerum exemplum_, -historic precedent; _res facta_, historic fact. (2) Historical -composition, e.g. _historiam scribere, historia graeca_ = either a -history written in Greek or a history of Greece (_rerum graecarum -historia_); _historia latina_, history written in Latin; _historia -romana_ or _rerum romanarum historia_ = a history of Rome. (3) A place -famous in history, e.g. _quacunque ingredimur, in aliqua historia -pedem ponimus_. In the plural _historiae_ means specially histories, -anecdotes (_narratiunculae_), memoirs, e.g. _Taciti historiae_. - -[3] _historicus_ means an erudite student of history, one engaged on -historical research. As an adjective its use in Cicero is limited, -being only used when opposed to _oratorius_, e.g. _genus historicum_, -historic style (Brut. 83. 286). - -[4] _scimus, cognovimus_ (= we know by experience) are not used of -historical knowledge. - -[5] _heroicus_ only of time. _herous_ = epic, e.g. _versus herous_ (De -Or. 3. 49. 191) = a dactylic hexameter; _pes herous_ a dactyl; "epic" -of other things is usually _epicus_, e.g. _carmen epicum_; _poetae -epici_, or _epici_ alone. For "heroic" of an action, cf. _praeclarum -atque divinum factum; factum illustre et gloriosum_, etc. - -[6] It is only in later Latin after _astrologus_ had acquired the -meaning of astrologer, magician, that _astronomus_ came to be used (= -astronomer). - -[7] In Cicero always neut. plur., e.g. _in arithmeticis satis -versatus_; later writers use the fem. sing. The pure Latin word is -_numeri_, cf. De Fin. 1. 21. 72 _an ille se, ut Plato, in musicis, -geometria, numeris, astris contereret?_ So De Fin. 5. 29. 87 _cur -Plato Aegyptum peragravit, ut a sacerdotibus barbaris numeros et -caelestia acciperet?_ Cf. Nägelsb. Lat. Stil. p. 46. - - - - -15. Art in General - - -_artis opus; opus arte factum_ or _perfectum_—a work of art. - -_opus summo artificio[TR1] factum_—a master-piece of classical work. - -_opus omnibus numeris absolutum_—a master-piece of classical work. - -_artem exercere_—to follow an artistic profession, practise an art. - -_artem tradere, docere_—to teach an art. - -_artem profiteri_—to profess an art. - -_artium (liberalium) studium_, or simply _studium_—a taste for the -fine arts. - -_artis praecepta_, or also simply _ars_—the rules of art; aesthetics. - -_(artis, artium) intellegens, peritus_[1] (opp. _idiota_, a layman)—a -connoisseur; a specialist. - -_existimator (doctus, intellegens, acerrimus)_—a (competent, -intelligent, subtle) critic. - -_in existimantium arbitrium venire_ (Brut. 24. 92)—to come before the -tribunal of the critics. - -_iudicium facere_—to criticise. - -_sensum, iudicium habere_—to be a man of taste. - -_elegantia in illo est_—he possesses sound judgment in matters of taste. - -_iudicium subtile, elegans, exquisitum, intellegens_—good taste; -delicate perception. - -_iudicium acuere_—to cultivate one's powers of criticism. - -_abhorrere ab artibus_ (opp. _delectari artibus_)—to have no taste for -the fine arts. - -_veritatem_[2] _imitari_ (Div. 1. 13. 23)—(1) to make a lifelike -natural representation of a thing (used of the artist); (2) to be -lifelike (of a work of art). - -_in omni re vincit imitationem veritas_—in everything nature defies -imitation. - -_aliquid ad verum exprimere_—to make a copy true to nature. - -_morum ac vitae imitatio_—a lifelike picture of everyday life. - -_aliquid e vita ductum est_—a thing is taken from life. - - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text has _opus summo artifico -factum_. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition -using _opus summo artificio factum._ - -[1] _idiota_ = properly uninitiated, not the same as _rudis, indoctus, -imperitus_. - -[2] _veritas_ means not merely truth (opp. _mendacium_), but also -reality (opp. _opinio, imitatio_). Thus we often find the combination -_res et veritas ipsa_ (Tusc. 5. 5. 13), _natura rerum et ipsa veritas_. - - - - -16. Poetry—Music—Painting—Sculpture - - -_poema condere, facere, componere_—to write poetry. - -_versus facere, scribere_—to write poetry. - -_carmina , versus fundere_ (De Or. 3. 50)—to write poetry with facility. - -_carmen epicum_—epic poetry. - -_poeta epicus_—an epic, heroic poet. - -_poesis scaenica_—dramatic poetry. - -_poeta scaenicus_—a dramatic poet. - -_scriptor tragoediarum, comoediarum_, also (_poeta_) _tragicus, -comicus_[1]—a writer of tragedy, comedy. - -_scriptor fabularum_[2]—a writer of fables. - -_divino quodam instinctu concitari, ferri_ (Div. 1. 31. 66)—to feel -inspired. - -_divino quodam spiritu inflatus_ or _tactus_—inspired. - -_carmen, versum agere_—to recite a poem, line with appropriate action. - -_carmen recitare_—to read a piece of verse with expression. - -_carmen pronuntiare_—to recite a piece of verse (without gestures). - -_carmen inconditum_—a rough poem; an extempore effusion. - -_se conferre ad poesis studium_—to devote oneself to poetry. - -_poetica laude florere_—to be distinguished as a poet. - -_poesis genus ad Romanos transferre_—to transplant to Rome one of the -branches of poesy. - -_alicuius laudes versibus persequi_—to sing the praises of some one -(not _canere aliquem_) - -_alicuius laudes (virtutes) canere_—to sing the praises of some one -(not _canere aliquem_) - -_alicuius res gestas versibus ornare, celebrare_—to celebrate some -one's exploits in song. - -_ut ait Homerus_—as Homer sings (not _canit_). - -_numerus poetice vinctus_—poetical rhythm. - -_artem musicam_[3] _discere, tractare_—to learn, study music. - -_nervorum et tibiarum cantus_—instrumental music. - -_vocum et fidium (nervorum) cantus_—vocal and instrumental music. - -_docere aliquem fidibus_—to teach some one to play a stringed -instrument. - -_fidibus discere_ (De Sen. 8. 26)—to learn to play a stringed -instrument. - -_fidibus canere_—to play on the lyre. - -_pellere nervos in fidibus_—to strike the strings of the lyre. - -_tibias inflare_—to play the flute. - -_tibiis_ or _tibiā canere_—to play the flute. - -_ad tibiam_ or _ad tibicinem canere_—to sing to a flute accompaniment. - -_(homo) symphoniacus_—a singer, member of a choir. - -_symphōnīa canit_ (Verr. 3. 44. 105)—the orchestra is playing. - -_acroāma_[4]—a professional performer. - -_modi_ (De Or. 1. 42. 187)—the melody. - -_modos facere_—to compose, put to music. - -_numerus, numeri_—the tune; rhythm. - -_numerose cadere_—to have a rhythmical cadence. - -_ars pingendi, pictura_ (De Or. 2. 16. 69)—the art of painting. - -_ars fingendi_—the art of sculpture. - -_signa et tabulae (pictae)_—statues and pictures. - -_simulacrum e marmore facere_—to make a marble statue. - -_statuas_[5] _inscribere_ (Verr. 2. 69. 167)—to put an inscription on -statues. - - -[1] _tragicus, comicus_ as adjectives = occurring in tragedy, -comedy—e.g. _Orestes tragicus; senes comici_. Comic in the ordinary -sense = _ridiculus_, c.f. _homo ridiculus_. - -[2] Not _fabulator_, which = a gossip, teller of anecdotes. - -[3] _musica (-orum)_ is also used for music, cf. _in musicis se -conterere_. - -[4] _acroama_ = originally anything performed to give pleasure, then a -performer. The Greeks applied the term to music; the Romans used it of -any professional performer who entertained guests while at table. - -[5] _statua_ is not used of statues of the gods, but _signum, -simulacrum_. - - - - -17. The Drama - - -_ars ludicra_ (De Or. 2. 20. 84)—the dramatic art. - -_fabula, ludus scaenicus_—the piece; the play. - -_argumentum_—the plot of the piece. - -_actio_—the treatment of the piece. - -_actus_—an act. - -_fabulam docere_ (διδάσκειν) (of the writer) (opp. _fabulam -discere_—to study a piece, of the actor)—to get a piece played, -rehearse it. - -_fabulam agere_—to act a play (said of the actors). - -_fabulam edere_—to bring out a play, put it on the stage (used of the -man who finds the money). - -_fabulam dare_—to produce a play (of the writer). - -_in scaenam producere aliquem_—to introduce a character on the stage. - -_in scaenam prodire_—to come upon the stage. - -_in scaenam redire_—to reappear on the stage. - -_de scaena decedere_—to retire from the stage. - -_in scaenam aliquid inducere_—to bring a thing upon the stage. - -_familia, grex, caterva histrionum_—a theatrical company. - -_dominus gregis_—the manager. - -_theatrum_[1]—the playhouse. - -_theatra reclamant_—the spectators protest. - -_populum facilem, aequum habere_—to have an appreciative audience. - -_plaudere_ (not _applaudere_)—to applaud, clap a person. - -_plausum dare (alicui)_—to applaud, clap a person. - -_clamores (coronae) facere, excitare_—to elicit loud applause. - -_saepius revocatur_ (Liv. 7. 2. 9)—he is encored several times. - -_fabulam exigere_ (Ter. Andr. Pol.)—to hiss a play. - -_fabula cadit_—a piece is a failure, falls flat. - -_histrionem exsibilare, explodere, eicere, exigere_—to hiss an actor -off the stage. - -_histrioni acclamare_[2]—to interrupt an actor by hooting him. - -_partes agere alicuius_[3]—to play the part of some one. - -_agere servum, lenonem_—to act the rôle of a slave, pander. - -_actor primarum (secundarum, tertiarum) partium_—the actor who plays -the leading part. - -_tragoedia_ or _fabula Antigona_ (not _Antigona trag._ or _fab._)—the -Antigone. - -_in Sophoclis_ (not _Sophoclea_) _Aiace_ or _apud Sophoclem in -Aiace_—in Sophocles' Ajax. - -_caterva, chorus_—the Chorus in Tragedy. - -_carmen chori, canticum_—a choric ode in a tragedy. - -_loci melici_—the lyric portions of a tragedy. - -_diverbium_—stage dialogue. - -_canticum_—a choric ode. - -_ludi circenses, scaenici_—performances in the circus; theatrical -perfomances. - -_ludos apparare_—to institute games. - -_ludos facere, edere (Iovi)_—to give public games in honour of Jupiter. - -_ludos instaurare_—to revive public games. - -_munus gladiatorium edere, dare_ (or simply _munus edere, dare_)—to -give a gladiatorial show. - -_gladiatores dare_—to give a gladiatorial show. - -_familia_[4] _gladiatoria_ (Sest. 64. 134)—a band, troupe of -gladiators under the management of a _lanista_. - -_ludus gladiatorius_—a school for gladiators. - -_gladiatoribus_ (Att. 2. 19. 3)—at the gladiatorial games. - -_celebritas ludorum_—crowded games. - -_magnificentia ludorum_—sumptuous public games. - -_ludi apparatissimi_—sumptuous public games. - -_ludi Olympia_ (not _ludi Olympici_), _Pythia_—the Olympian, Pythian -games. - -_Olympia vincere_ (Ολύμπια νικαν)—to win a prize at the Olympian games. - -_ludi gymnici_—gymnastic contests. - -_certamina gymnica_—gymnastic contests. - -_stadium currere_ (Off. 3. 10. 42)—to run a foot-race. - - -[1] _theatrum_ = (1) the playhouse, theatre; (2) the audience, house. -It is used metaphorically for the sphere of activity, theatre, scene, -e.g. _theatrum magnum habet ista provincia_ (Cic.); _nullum theatrum -virtuti conscientia majus_ (ibid.) - -[2] Livy is the first writer who uses _acclamare_ in a good sense. - -[3] Also used metaphorically of the part played in life, e.g. _partes -suscipere, sustinere, dare, tribuere, defendere, tueri_. Similarly -_persona_ (properly mask) is used in several phrases, e.g. _personam -alicuius agere, ferre, tenere_; _personam suscipere_ or _induere_; -_personam tueri_ (Phil. 8. 10); _personam alicui imponere_ (Sull. 3. -8). _persona_ thus got the meaning of personality, individuality, -character, and lastly in a concrete sense a personage of distinction. -N.B.—It never represents our "person," cf. many persons were present, -_multi (homines) aderant_. - -[4] Hence _familiam ducere_, metaphorically to be at the head of a -movement, to play the leading part, e.g. _in iure civili_ (Cic.) For -other phrases drawn from the wrestling-school _vid._ ix. 6. - - - - -VIII. Speech and Writing - - -1. Speech in General - - -_ars dicendi_—the art of speaking; oratory. - -_ad dicendum se conferre_—to devote oneself to oratory. - -_dicendi_[1] _praecepta tradere_—to teach rhetoric. - -_rhetor, dicendi magister_—a teacher of rhetoric. - -_facultas dicendi_—oratorical talent. - -_natum, factum esse ad dicendum_—to be a born orator. - -_facilem et expeditum esse ad dicendum_ (Brut. 48. 180)—to be a ready, -fluent speaker. - -_rudem, tironem ac rudem_ (opp. _exercitatum_) _esse in dicendo_—to be -an inexperienced speaker. - -_disertum esse_ (De Or. 1. 21. 94)—to be fluent. - -_eloquentem esse_ (De Or. 1. 21. 94)—to be a capable, finished speaker. - -_eloquentia valere_—to be very eloquent. - -_dicendi arte florere_—to be very eloquent. - -_eloquentiae laude florere_—to be a distinguished orator. - -_vis dicendi_—oratorical power. - -_multum dicendo valere, posse_—to have great weight as a speaker. - -_eloquentiae principatum tenere_—to be considered the foremost orator. - -_primum_ or _principem inter oratores locum obtinere_—to be considered -the foremost orator. - -_oratorum principem esse_—to be considered the foremost orator. - -_orationem conficere_—to compose a speech. - -_orationem commentari_ (Fam. 16. 26)—to prepare, get up a speech. - -_oratio meditata_ (Plin. 26. 3. 7)—a prepared speech. - -_subito, ex tempore_ (opp. _ex praeparato_) _dicere_—to speak extempore. - -_oratio subita_—an extempore speech. - -_oratio perpetua_—a continuous discourse. - -_oratio accurata_[2] _et polita_—a carefully prepared speech. - -_oratio composita_—an elaborate speech. - -_contentio_ (opp. _sermo_) (Off. 2. 48)—pathetic address; emotional -language. - -_copiose dicere_—to speak very fluently. - -_ornate dicere_—to speak well, elegantly. - -_libere dicere_ (Verr. 2. 72. 176)—to speak frankly, independently. - -_plane, aperte dicere_—to speak openly, straightforwardly. - -_perspicue, diserte dicere_—to speak in clear, expressive language. - -_missis ambagibus dicere_—to speak without circumlocution. - -_accommodate ad persuadendum dicere_—to be a persuasive speaker. - -_aggredi ad dicendum_[3]—to come forward to make a speech; to address -the house. - -_verba facere apud_[4] _populum, in contione_—to address a meeting of -the people. - -_in contionem (in rostra) escendere_[5] (only of Romans)—to mount the -rostra. - -_orationem habere_ (Tusc. 5. 33. 94)—to make a speech. - -_initium dicendi facere_—to begin to speak. - -_finem dicendi facere_—to cease speaking. - -_perorare_—(1) to make one's peroration; (2) to deliver the closing -speech (in a case where several speeches have been made). - -_animos audientium permovere, inflammare_—to make an impression on -one's audience. - -_animos tenere_—to rivet the attention of... - -_audientiam sibi (orationi) facere_—to obtain a hearing. - -_solutum et expeditum esse ad dicendum_—to be never at a loss for -something to say. - -_lingua promptum esse_—to have a ready tongue. - -_celeritas in respondendo_—readiness in debate, in repartee. - -_bonis lateribus_[6] _esse_—to have good lungs. - -_linguae solutio_—volubility. - - -[1] Note the way in which the Latin language prefers a concrete -expression in the plural to represent our abstract "rhetoric," cf. -_musica (-orum), astra, numeri, soni_ = music, astronomy, arithmetic, -acoustics (_vid._ vii. 14). - -[2] _accuratus_ is only used of things, never of persons. - -[3] _surgere ad dicendum_ is only used of some one who has been till -now seated (De Or. 2. 78. 316). - -[4] _apud_ is used of appearing before an official assembly, e.g. -_apud populum, apud senatum, apud iudices_. _coram_ is used of an -informal casual meeting. - -[5] _escendere_ is more common than _ascendere_, cf. _in contionem -escendere_ (Cic. Att. 4. 2. 3; Liv. 2. 7. 7, etc. etc.) Similarly _in -rostra escendere_ (Cic. Liv.), _in tribunal escendere_ (Liv.) Later -_suggestum, rostra escendere_ (Tac. Ann. 15. 59; ibid. 13. 5.). - -[6] _latus_ is never used in the singular in good Latin with the -meaning "lungs,", "breath," "vigour," cf. Cic. _iam me dies, vox, -latera deficient si..._ In a somewhat similar way _lacerti_ is used of -oratorical vigour, e.g. _ipse hastas...oratoris lacertis viribusque -torquebit_ (De Or. 1. 57. 242). - - - - -2. Style—Expression - - -_genus dicendi (scribendi); oratio_[1]—style. - -_genus dicendi grave_ or _grande, medium, tenue_[2] (cf. Or. 5. 20; 6. -21)—elevated, moderate, plain style. - -_fusum orationis genus_—a running style. - -_inconditum dicendi genus_ (Brut. 69. 242)—a rough, unpolished style. - -_inflatum orationis genus_—a bombastic style. - -_oratio altius exaggerata_—a bombastic style. - -_elatio atque altitudo orationis_—the exalted strain of the speech. - -_exsurgere altius_ or _incitatius ferri_—to take a higher tone -(especially of poets and orators). - -_magnifice loqui, dicere_—(1) to speak vehemently, passionately; (2) -to speak pompously, boastfully. - -_magniloquentia, granditas verborum_—pathos; passion. - -_tragoediae_—tragic pathos. - -_expedita et facile currens oratio_—an easy, fluent style. - -_oratio aequabiliter fluens_—an easy, fluent style. - -_flumen_[3] _orationis_ (De Or. 2. 15. 62)—flow of oratory. - -_siccitas, sanitas orationis_—the plain style. - -_verborum tenuitias, oratio subtilis_—the plain style. - -_oratio exilis, ieiuna, arida, exsanguis_—the dry, lifeless style. - -_ornatus orationis, verborum_—well-chosen language, grace of style. - -_elegantia orationis_—tasteful description. - -_oratio pura, pura et emendata_—pure, correct language. - -_integritas, sinceritas orationis_ (not _puritas_)—purity of style. - -_oratio inquinata_[4] (De Opt. Gen. Or. 3. 7)—incorrect language. - -_orationes Catonis antiquitatem redolent_ (Brut. 21. 82)—Cato's -speeches sound archaic. - -_ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent_—there is a flavour of -Atticism about his discourse. - -_oratio soluta_ (not _prosa_) or simply _oratio_—prose. - -_oratio numerose cadit_—his style has a well-balanced cadence. - -_numeris orationem astringere, vincire_—to make a speech rhythmical. - -_lumina, flores dicendi_ (De Or. 3. 25. 96)—flowers of rhetoric; -embellishments of style. - -_sententias (verbis) explicare, aperire_—to explain one's sentiments. - -_sententiae reconditae ex exquisitae_ (Brut. 97. 274)—profound -sentiments. - -_ubertas_ (not _divitiae_) _et copia orationis_—a full and copious -style of speech. - -_crebritas_ or _copia_ (opp. _inopia_) _sententiarum_ or simply -_copia_—richness of ideas. - -_sententiis abundans_[5] or _creber_ (opp. _sententiis inanis_)—rich -in ideas. - -_adumbrare aliquid_ (Or. 14. 43)—to roughly sketch a thing. - -_exprimere aliquid verbis_ or _oratione_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 3, note -_adumbrare..._)—to express clearly, make a lifelike representation of -a thing. - -_exponere aliquid_ or _de aliqua re_—to give an account of a thing -(either orally or in writing). - -_sententiae inter se nexae_—the connection. - -_perpetuitas verborum_—the connection. - -_contextus orationis_ (not _nexus, conexus sententiarum_)—the -connection. - -_ratio sententiarum_—the connection of thought. - -_ratio, qua sententiae inter se excipiunt._—the connection of thought. - -_vitam alicuius exponere_—to give an account of a man's life. - -_vitam alicuius depingere_—to make a sketch of a man's life. - -_de ingenio moribusque alicuius exponere_—to make a character-sketch -of a person. - -_summo colore aliquid illustrare_—to depict a thing in lively colours. - -_ante oculos ponere aliquid_—to bring a thing vividly before the eyes. - -_oculis_ or _sub oculos, sub aspectum subicere aliquid_—to represent a -thing vividly. - -_rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio_ (De Or. 3. 53. 202)—graphic -depiction. - -_perlustrare, lustrare oculis aliquid_—to scrutinise, examine closely. - -_sic exponere aliquid, quasi agatur res (non quasi narretur)_—to -represent a thing dramatically. - -_aliquem disputantem facere, inducere, fingere (est aliquid apud -aliquem disputans)_—to introduce a person (into a dialogue) -discoursing on... - -_in uno conspectu ponere aliquid_—to give a general idea of a thing. - -_sub unum aspectum subicere aliquid_—to give a general idea of a thing. - -_in brevi conspectu ponere aliquid_—to make a short survey of a thing. - -_uno conspectu videre aliquid_—to have a general idea of a thing. - -_breviter tangere, attingere aliquid_—to touch briefly on a thing. - -_strictim, leviter tangere, attingere, perstringere aliquid_—to make a -cursory mention of a thing; to mention by the way (not _obiter_ or _in -transcursu_). - -_quasi praeteriens, in transitu attingere aliquid_—to make a cursory -mention of a thing; to mention by the way (not _obiter_ or _in -transcursu_). - -_res summas attingere_—to dwell only on the main points. - -_summatim aliquid exponere_—to dwell only on the main points. - -_multa verba facere_—to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully. - -_multum, nimium esse (in aliqua re)_ (De Or. 2. 4. 17)—to go deeply -into a matter, discuss it fully. - -_pluribus verbis, copiosius explicare, persequi_[6] _aliquid_—to give -a full, detailed account of a thing. - -_fusius, uberius, copiosius disputare, dicere de aliqua re_—to speak -at great length on a subject, discuss very fully. - -_breviter, paucis explicare aliquid_—to explain a matter briefly, in a -few words (not _paucis verbis_). - -_rem paucis absolvere_ (Sall. Iug. 17. 2)—to explain a matter briefly, -in a few words (not _paucis verbis_). - -_rebus ipsis par est oratio_—the circumstances are described in -language worthy of them. - -_rebus verba respondent_—the circumstances are described in language -worthy of them. - -_copiam quam potui persecutus sum_—I have exhausted all my material. - -_verbis non omnia exsequi posse_—to be unable to say all one wants. - -_in medium proferre aliquid_—to bring a subject forward into discussion. - -_in medio ponere (proponere)_—to publish, make public. - -_silentio praeterire_ (not _praetermittere_) _aliquid_—to pass over in -silence. - -_significare aliquem_ or _aliquid_—to allude to a person or thing (not -_alludere_). - -_significatione appellare aliquem_—to allude to a person or thing (not -_alludere_). - -_describere aliquem_ (Cael. 20. 50)—to allude to a person or thing -(not _alludere_). - -_leviter significare aliquid_—to hint vaguely at a thing. - -_ordine narrare, quomodo res gesta sit_—to detail the whole history of -an affair. - -_dicendo ornare aliquid_—to embellish a narrative. - -_rhetorice, tragice ornare aliquid_ (Brut. 11. 43)—to add rhetorical, -dramatic embellishments to a subject. - -_digressus, digressio, egressio_—a digression, episode. - -_quod ornandi causa additum est_—a digression, episode. - -_includere in orationem aliquid_—to interpolate, insert something. - -_inserere orationi aliquid_—to interpolate, insert something. - -_interponere aliquid_ (De Am. 1. 3)—to interpolate, insert something. - -_dicendo augere, amplificare aliquid_ (opp. _dicendo extenuare -aliquid_)—to lend lustre to a subject by one's description. - -_in maius ferre, in maius extollere aliquid_—to exaggerate a thing. - -_in maius accipere aliquid_—to overestimate a thing. - -_digredi (a proposito)_ (De Or. 2. 77. 311)—to digress, deviate. - -_studio alicuius rei provectus sum_—my zeal for a thing has led me too -far. - -_longe, alte (longius, altius) repetere_ (either absolute or _ab -aliqua re_)—to go a long way back (in narrative). - -_oratio longius repetita_ (De Or. 3. 24. 91)—a rather recondite speech. - -_accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus_—to adopt the language of -everyday life. - -_ad vulgarem sensum_ or _ad communem opinionem orationem accommodare_ -(Off. 2. 10. 35)—to express oneself in popular language. - - -[1] Not _stilus_, which means the writing instrument, the stylus, -hence the expression _stilum vertere_ (Verr. 2. 3. 41), to erase what -has been written. Metaphorically it denotes—(1) the action of writing, -e.g. _stilus optimus est et praestantissimus dicendi effector et -magister_; (2) the manner of writing, mode of composition, e.g. _unus -enim sonus est totius orationis et idem stilus_. - -[2] Speeches belong according to their subject-matter to _genus -deliberativum_ (συμβουλευτικόν), _genus iudicale_ (δικανικόν), or -_genus demonstrativum_ (ἐπιδεικτικόν), cf. Cic. de Inv. 1. 5. 7; -Arist. Rhet. bk. iii. - -[3] On the other hand, _oratio fluit_ (De Or. 3. 49. 190) = the -language has no rhythm. - -[4] Not _impura_, which means unchaste, obscene. - -[5] Not _dives_ which Cicero uses only absolutely and almost always of -persons, cf. however _animus hominis dives_ (Parad. 6. 44), _divitior -mihi et affluentior videtur esse vera amicitia_ (De Am. 16. 58). - -[6] _persequi_ is often used in the meaning to expound, treat of -either orally or in writing, e.g. _alicuius vitam, alicuius laudes -versibus, res Hannibalis_. - - - - -3. Delivery—Voice - - -_actio_ (Brut. 38)—delivery. - -_pronuntiatio_[1] c. Gen.—artistic delivery; declamation. - -_actio paulum claudicat_[2]—the delivery is rather halting, poor. - -_haerere, haesitare_ (Catil. 2. 6. 13)—to stop short, hesitate. - -_perturbari, permoveri_—to be nervous, embarrassed. - -_de scripto orationem_[3] _habere, dicere_ (opp. _sine scripto, ex -memoria_)—to read a speech. - -_interpellare aliquem (dicentem)_—to interrupt. - -_vox magna, clara_ (Sulla 10. 30)—a strong, loud voice. - -_vox gravis, acuta, parva, mediocris_—a deep, high, thin, moderate -voice. - -_vox canōra_ (Brut. 63. 234)—a melodious, ringing voice. - -_vox lenis, suppressa, summissa_—a gentle, subdued voice. - -_vocem mittere_ (_sonitum reddere_ of things)—to speak, utter a sound. - -_vocem summittere_—to lower one's voice. - -_contentio, remissio vocis_—raising, lowering the voice. - -_vocem intercludere_ (Just. 11. 8. 4)—to prevent some one from speaking. - -_nulla vox est ab eo audita_—no sound passed his lips. - -_magna voce clamare_—to shout at the top of one's voice. - -_clamorem tollere_ (Liv. 3. 28)—to raise a shout, a cry. - -_gestum_ (always in the sing.) _agere_—to gesticulate. - - -[1] Not _declamatio_ which = an oratorical exercise. Distinguish -_pronuntiare_ (De Or. 1. 59. 251), to declaim a thing according to the -rules of rhetoric; and _declamare_ = to go through rhetorical -exercises as a practice in speaking. - -[2] _claudicare_ often metaph. of things which are unequal, weak, e.g. -_amicitia claudicat_ (Fin. 1. 69). - -[3] But to read a speech _orationem legere_ (Brut. 51. 191); to read -with expression, _recitare_ (Phil. 10.2. 5). - - - - -4. Subject-Matter—Argument - - -_non habeo argumentum scribendi_—I have nothing to write about. - -_deest mihi argumentum ad scribendum_ (Att. 9. 7. 7)—I have nothing to -write about. - -_non habeo, non est quod scribam_—I have nothing to write about. - -_res_ (opp. _verba_) _mihi suppetit_—I have abundance to say. - -_materia mihi crescit_—my subject grows as I write. - -_res componere ac digerere_—to arrange and divide the subject-matter. - -_dispositio rerum_ (De Inv. 1. 7. 9)—the arrangement of the -subject-matter. - -_materia rerum et copia uberrima_—abundance of material. - -_infinita et immensa materia_—abundance of material. - -_materiem ad ornatum praebere_—to afford matter for elaboration, -embellishment. - -_id quod (mihi) propositum est_—a theme, subject proposed for -discussion. - -_res proposita_—a theme, subject proposed for discussion. - -_id quod quaerimus (quaeritur)_—a theme, subject proposed for -discussion. - -_institutum_ or _id quod institui_—a theme, subject proposed for -discussion. - -_a proposito aberrare, declinare, deflectere, digredi, egredi_—to -digress from the point at issue. - -_ad propositum reverti, redire_—to come back to the point. - -_ad rem redire_—to come back to the point. - -_sed redeat, unde aberravit oratio_—but to return from the digression -we have been making. - -_sed ad id, unde digressi sumus, revertamur_—but to return from the -digression we have been making. - -_verum ut ad id, unde digressa est oratio, revertamur_—but to return -from the digression we have been making. - -_mihi propositum est_ c. Inf. (or _mihi proposui, ut_)—the task I have -put before myself is... - -_ponere_—to propose, set a theme. - -_ponere alicui, de quo disputet_—to set some one a theme for discussion. - -_ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit_ (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to let -those present fix any subject they like for discussion. - - - - -5. Question—Answer - - -_quaestionem ponere, proponere_—to propose a subject of debate, put a -question. - -_quaestionem poscere_ (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to get a question submitted to one. - -_hoc loco exsistit quaestio, quaeritur_—at this point the question -arises. - -_nunc id quaeritur, agitur_—the question now is... - -_res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur_—the question at issue. - -_magna quaestio est_ (followed by an indirect question)—it is a -difficult point, disputed question. - -_quaerendum esse mihi visum est_—the question has forced itself on my -mind. - -_quaestionem solvere_—to decide, determine a question. - -_quaestio ad exitum venit_—the question has been settled. - -_ad interrogata respondere_[1]—to answer questions. - -_bene interrogare_—to cross-examine cleverly, put leading questions. - -_percontanti non deesse_ (De Or. 1. 21. 97)—to answer every question. - -_responsum ab aliquo ferre, auferre_—to extract an answer from some one. - -_respondere in hanc sententiam_[2]—to answer to this effect. - - -[1] Note to answer (a thing) _respondere ad aliquid_ or _alicui rei_; -to answer (a person) always _alicui_. So _dicere alicui_ to speak to a -person, but _scribere ad aliquem_. - -[2] _responsum dare_ only of answers given by oracles or lawyers. - - - - -6. Humour—Earnest - - -_ioco uti_ (Off. 1. 29. 103)—to make a joke. - -_haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi_—I said it in jest. - -_animo prompto esse ad iocandum_—to be humorously inclined. - -_extra iocum, remoto ioco_ (Fam. 7. 11. 3)—joking apart. - -_facete dicere_—to be witty. - -_facetiis uti, facetum esse_—to make witty remarks. - -_facete et commode dicere_ —to indulge in apt witticisms. - -_breviter et commode dictum_—a short, pointed witticism. - -_facete dictum_—a witticism, bon mot. - -_arcessitum dictum_ (De Or. 2. 63. 256)—a far-fetched joke. - -_dicta dicere in aliquem_—to make jokes on a person. - -_aspergere sales orationi_ (Or. 26. 87)—to intersperse one's speech -with humorous remarks. - -_aliquid ad ridiculum convertere_—to make a joke of a thing. - -_(homo) ridiculus_ (Plaut. Stich. 1. 3. 21)—a wit; a joker. - -_lepos in iocando_—humour. - -_iucunde esse_ (Deiot. 7. 19)—to be in a good temper. - -_se dare iucunditati_—to let oneself be jovial. - -_sibi displicere_ (opp. _sibi placere_)—to be in a bad temper. - -_ioca et seria agere_—to be now jesting, now in earnest. - -_serio dicere_ (Plaut. Bacch. 1. 1. 42)—to say in earnest... - -_severitatem adhibere_—to show that one is serious. - -_ineptum esse_ (De Or. 2. 4. 17)—to be silly, without tact. - -_nimium diligentem esse_[1]—to be pedantic. - - -[1] Such words as "pedantry," "pedant" can be expressed very variously -in Latin, cf. N. D. 3. 31. 71 _posse ACERBOS e Zenonis schola exire_; -Pro Mur. 9. 19 _multorum DIFFICULTATEM exsorbuit_; Brut. 38. 143 _erat -in Crasso latine loquendi sine MOLESTIA diligens elegantia_. - - - - -7. Language—Use of Language—Translation—Grammar - - -_lingua graeca latinā locupletior (copiosior, uberior) est_—the Greek -language is a richer one than the Latin. - -_commercium linguae_—intercourse of speech. - -_volubilitas, solutio linguae_—volubility. - -_vitium orationis, sermonis_ or simply _vitium_—a mistake, solecism. - -_saepe (crebro, multa) peccavit, erravit, lapsus est_—he has made -several mistakes. - -_eiusdem linguae societate coniunctum esse cum aliquo_ (De Or. 3. 59. -223)—to be united by having a common language. - -_orationis expertem esse_—to be unable to express one's ideas. - -_sermo patrius_ (Fin. 1. 2. 4)—native tongue; vernacular. - -_consuetudo sermonis, loquendi_—to usage of language. - -_cotidiani sermonis usus_—the ordinary usage of language, everyday -speech. - -_communis sermonis consuetudo_—the ordinary usage of language, -everyday speech. - -_sermo familiaris et cotidianus_—the ordinary usage of language, -everyday speech. - -_aliquid a consuetudine sermonis latini abhorret, alienum est_—the -expression is not in accordance with Latin usage. - -_consuetudo vitiosa et corrupta_ (opp. _pura et incorrupta_) -_sermonis_—incorrect usage. - -_incorrupta latini sermonis integritas_[1] (Brut. 35. 132)—pure, -correct Latin. - -_sermo latinus_ (opp. _sermo parum latinus_) (cf. sect. VII. 2., note -_For the use of adverbs..._)—good Latin. - -_latine loqui_ (Brut. 45. 166)—(1) to speak Latin, (2) to speak good -Latin (also _bene latine_), (3) to express oneself clearly. - -_graece_ or _graeca lingua loqui_—to speak the Greek language. - -_latinam linguam scire_ or _didicisse_—to know Latin. - -_latine scire_—to know Latin. - -_latine commentari_—to write treatises in Latin. - -_aliquid e graeco in latinum (sermonem) convertere, vertere, -transferre_—to translate from Greek into Latin. - -_Platonem vertere, convertere_—to translate Plato. - -_ab_ or _de_ (not _ex_) _Platone vertere, convertere, transferre_—to -translate from Plato. - -_ex Platonis Phaedone haec in latinum conversa sunt_—what follows has -been translated into Latin from Plato's Phaedo. - -_aliquid (graeca) latine reddere_ or _sermone latino interpretari_—to -render something into Latin. - -_ad verbum transferre, exprimere_—to translate literally, word for -word (not _verbo tenus_). - -_verbum e verbo exprimere_—to translate literally, word for word (not -_verbo tenus_). - -_verbum pro verbo reddere_—to translate literally, word for word (not -_verbo tenus_). - -_totidem verbis transferre_—to translate literally, word for word (not -_verbo tenus_). - -_his fere verbis, hoc fere modo convertere, transferre_—to translate -freely. - -_liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus_—the work when translated; -translation (concrete). - -_interpretatio, translatio_ (not _versio_ or _conversio_)—the process -of translation. - -_interpres_—the translator. - -_leges dicendi_—the rules of speech, grammar. - -_praecepta_[2] _grammaticorum_—the rules of speech, grammar. - -_grammaticus_[3] (De Or. 1. 3. 10)—a linguist, philologian. - -_emendate scribere_—to write correctly, in faultless style. - -_latine scribere_[4] (Opt. Gen. Or. 2. 4)—to write good Latin. - - -[1] Cf. Cic. ad Herenn. 4. 12. 17 _latinitas est quae sermonem purum -conservat ab omni vitio remotum_. - -[2] Not _regula_, which means a level, standard, e.g. _regula ad quam -iudicia rerum diriguntur_ (Cic.) - -[3] The adverb _grammatice_ is used with _loqui, scribere_ = to speak, -write correctly; _grammatista_ and also _litterator_ are used of -elementary teachers. - -[4] Cf. _latine docere philosophiam_, to teach philosophy in Latin; -Fin. 3. 12. 40 _latine scire_, to know Latin. (cf. ἑλληνιστὶ ξυνιέναι -Xen. Anab. 7. 6. 8). Also _latine didicisse, latine oblivisci_ (Caec. -22. 62), in which Dräger supposes an ellipse of _loqui_ or _dicere_. - - - - -8. Sentence—Period—Words—Proverbs—Syllables - - -_enuntiatio, enuntiatum, sententia_—the sentence, proposition. - -_compositio, structura verborum_—the structure of the sentence. - -_ambitus, circuitus, comprehensio, continuatio (verborum, orationis)_, -also simply _periodus_—the period. - -_constructio, structura verborum, forma dicendi_—the construction. - -_adiungi, addi coniunctivo_ (Marc. Cap. 3. 83)—to be used with the -conjunctive mood. - -_copia, ubertas verborum_—profusion of words. - -_verbis abundantem esse, abundare_—to be rich in words. - -_inopia verborum_—poverty of expression. - -_lectissimis verbis uti_ (De Or. 3. 37)—to employ carefully chosen -expressions. - -_prisca, obsoleta_ (opp. _usitata_), _ambigua verba_—obsolete, -ambiguous expressions. - -_locutio_ (Brut. 74. 258)—a phrase. - -_verbo, nomine; re, re quidem vera_—nominally; really. - -_si verba spectas_—literally. - -_verbis alicuius_, e.g. _salutare_ (Liv. 9. 36)—in some one's name; on -some one's behalf (not _nomine alicuius_). - -_haec verba sunt_ (Ter. Phorm. 3. 2. 32)—these are mere empty phrases. - -_inanis verborum sonitus_—mere words; empty sound. - -_inanium verborum flumen_—senseless rant. - -_flosculi, rhetorum pompa_—fine, rhetorical phrases. - -_voces iacere_ (Sall. Iug. 11)—to let fall an expression. - -_nullum (omnino) verbum facere_—to not say a word. - -_ne verbum_ (without _unum_) _quidem de aliquo facere_—to say not a -syllable about a person. - -_verba facere (de aliqua re, apud aliquem)_—to speak on a subject. - -_verbum ex aliquo elicere_—to extract a word from some one. - -_verbis concertare_ or _altercari cum aliquo_ (B. C. 3. 19. 6)—to hold -an altercation with a man. - -_verborum concertatio_—an altercation, debate. - -_pauca dicere_ (_pauca verba dicere_ only of the orator)—to say only a -few words. - -_omnia verba huc redeunt_—all this means to say. - -_nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit_ (or simply _ei_)—no word escaped -him. - -_verbo parum valere_ (Tusc. 3. 5. 11)—to unable to find a suitable -expression. - -_verbum prorsus nullum intellegere_—not to understand a single word. - -_huic rei deest apud nos vocabulum_—we have no expression for that. - -_inducere novum verbum in latinam linguam_—to introduce a new word -into the Latin language. - -_verba parere, fingere, facere_—to invent, form words. - -_nominum interpretatio_—etymology (not _etymologia_). - -_vocabulum,_[1] _verbum, nomen ducere ab, ex..._—to form, derive a -word from... (used of the man who first creates the word). - -_verbum ductum esse a...putare_—to derive a word from... (used of an -etymologist). - -_originem verbi repetere a..._—to derive a word from... (used of an -etymologist). - -_nomina enodare_ or _verborum origines quaerere, indagare_—to give the -etymological explanation of words. - -_nomen amicitiae_ (or simply _amicitia_) _dicitur ab amando_—the word -_amicitia_ comes from _amare_. - -_in aliqua re dici_—to be used in speaking _of_ a thing. - -_quid significat, sonat haec vox?_—what is the meaning, the original -sense of this word? - -_quae est vis huius verbi?_—what is the meaning, the original sense of -this word? - -_quae notio_ or _sententia subiecta est huic voci?_—what is the -meaning, the original sense of this word? - -_vis et notio verbi, vocabuli_—the fundamental meaning of a word. - -_vox, nomen carendi_ or simply _carere hoc significat_ (Tusc. 1. 36. -88)—the word _carere_ means... - -_quem intellegimus sapientem?_—what do we understand by "a wise man"? - -_quae intellegitur virtus_—what do we mean by "virtue"? - -_quid est virtus?_—what do we mean by "virtue"? - -_idem valere, significare, declarare_—to have the same meaning. - -_vocabula idem fere declarantia_—synonyms. - -_vocabulum latius patet_—the word has a more extended signification. - -_vocabulum angustius valet_—the word has a narrow meaning. - -_iracundiam sic (ita) definiunt, ut ulciscendi libidinem esse dicant_ -or _ut u. libido sit_ or _iracundiam sic definiunt, ulc. -libidinem_—anger is defined as a passionate desire for revenge. - -_in bonam (malam) partem accipere aliquid_—to take a thing in good -(bad) part. - -_aemulatio dupliciter dicitur, ut et in laude et in vitio hoc nomen -sit_—the word _aemulatio_ is employed with two meanings, in a good and -a bad sense. - -_verba ac litteras_ or _scriptum (legis) sequi_ (opp. _sententia_ the -spirit)—to hold by the letter (of the law). - -_hoc vocabulum generis neutri_ (not _neutrius_) _est_)—this word is -neuter. - -_ordo verborum_ (Or. 63. 214)—the order of words. - -_vocabulum proprium_—the proper term; a word used strictly. - -_verbum translatum_ (Or. 27. 92)—a figurative expression; a word used -metaphorically. - -_translatio_—a metaphor. - -_verba composita_[2]—well-arranged words. - -_verborum immutatio_—a trope; metonymy. - -_continua translatio_ (Or. 27. 94)—an allegory; continuous metaphor. - -_simili uti_—to employ a comparison, simile. - -_dissimulatio_ (Off. 1. 30. 108)—irony. - -_vetus (verbum) est_ (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—it was said long ago that... - -_ut est in proverbio_—as the proverb says. - -_ut_ or _quod_ or _quomodo aiunt, ut_ or _quemadmodum dicitur_—as the -proverb says. - -_in proverbii consuetudinem_ or simply _in proverbium venire_—to pass -into a proverb. - -_proverbii locum obtinere_ (Tusc. 4. 16. 36)—to be used as a proverb. - -_hoc est Graecis hominibus in proverbio_—this is a proverb among the -Greeks. - -_bene illo Graecorum proverbio praecipitur_—that Greek proverb -contains an excellent lesson. - -_vetamur vetere proverbio_—an old proverb tells us not to... - -_proverbium vetustate_ or _sermone tritum_ (_vid._ sect. II. 3, note -_tritus..._)—an old proverb which every one knows. - -_syllabam, litteram producere_ (opp. _corripere_) (Quintil. 9. 4. -89)—to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter. - -_haec vox longa syllaba terminatur, in longam syllabam cadit, -exit_—this word ends in a long syllable. - -_oriri a longa_ (De Or. 1. 55. 236)—to begin with a long syllable. - -_syllabarum auceps_—a verbal, petty critic; a caviller. - -_verborum aucupium_ or _captatio_—minute, pedantic carping at words. - -_litteras exprimere_ (opp. _obscurare_)—to pronounce the syllables -distinctly. - -_ad litteram, litterate_—to the letter; literally. - -_litterarum_[3] _ordo_—the alphabet. - -_litterae, elementa_—the alphabet. - -_ad litteram_ or _litterarum ordine digerere_—to arrange in -alphabetical order. - - -[1] _verbum derivare_ means to form new words from words which exist -already, e.g. by adding a syllable, _Atrides_ from _Atreus_. For -word-building, cf. Cic. De Or. 3. 37 and 38; Hor. A. P. 46. - -[2] Compound words = _verba copulata, iuncta_ (Or. 48. 159), -_coniuncta_, cf. Cic. De Or. 3. 38. 154. - -[3] Cf. _quarta elementorum littera_, the fourth letter of the -alphabet (Suet. Iul. 56). - - - - -9. Writing—Writers—Books - - -_litteris mandare_ or _consignare aliquid_ (Acad. 2. 1. 2)—to put down -in writing. - -_litteris persequi_ (_vid._ sect. VIII. 2, note _persequi..._) -_aliquid_—to treat in writing. - -_scriptor_ (not _auctor_ = guarantor)—the writer, author. - -_scribere_—to take to writing, become an author. - -_ad scribendum_ or _ad scribendi studium se conferre_—to become a -writer, embrace a literary career. - -_animum ad scribendum appellere, applicare_—to become a writer, -embrace a literary career. - -_librum scribere, conscribere_—to write a book. - -_librum conficere, componere_ (De Sen. 1. 2)—to compose, compile a book. - -_librum edere_ (Div. 1. 3. 6)—to publish a book. - -_librum evolvere, volvere_—to open a book. - -_volumen explicare_—to open a book. - -_librum mittere ad aliquem_ (Fin. 1. 3. 8)—to dedicate a book to some -one. - -_index, inscriptio_[1] _libri_—the title of a book. - -_liber inscribitur_[2] _Laelius_ (Off. 2. 9. 30)—the book is entitled -"Laelius". - -_Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo)_ or _in eo_ (not _suo_) _libro, qui -inscribitur Laelius_—Cicero says in his "Laelius." - -_est liber de..._—there exists a book on... - -_exstat liber_ (notice the order of the words)—the book is still extant. - -_liber intercidit, periit_—the book has been lost. - -_liber deperditus_—a book which has been entirely lost sight of. - -_liber perditus_—a lost book of which fragments (_relliquiae_, not -_fragmenta_) remain. - -_liber qui fertur alicuius_—a book which is attributed to some one. - -_nescio quis_—an anonymous writer. - -_liber refertur ad nescio quem auctorem_—the book is attributed to an -unknown writer. - -_hic liber est de amicitia_ (not _agit_) or _hoc libro agitur de -am._—the book treats of friendship. - -_libro continetur aliquid_—the book contains something... (not -_continet aliquid_). - -_libro scriptor complexus est aliquid_—the book contains something... -(not _continet aliquid_). - -_in extremo libro_ (Q. Fr. 2. 7. 1)—at the end of the book. - -_liber mihi est in manibus_—to be engaged on a book. - -_librum in manibus habere_ (Acad. 1. 1. 2)—to be engaged on a book. - -_liber, oratio in manibus est_—the book, speech can easily be obtained. - -_librum in manus sumere_—to take up a book in one's hands. - -_librum de manibus ponere_[3]—to lay down a book (_vid._ sect. XII. 3, -note _vestem deponere..._). - -_perpolire, limare diligenter librum, opus_—to polish, finish a work -with the greatest care. - -_extrema manus accēdit operi_ (active _extremam manum imponere -operi_)—to put the finishing touch to a work. - -_liber accurate, diligenter scriptus_—a carefully written book. - -_aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere_ (not _excerpere -librum_)—to make extracts from Cicero's writings. - -_aliquid in commentarios suos referre_ (Tusc. 3. 22. 54)—to enter a -thing in one's note-book. - -_librum annotare, interpolare, distinguere_—to furnish a book with -notes, additional extracts, marks of punctuation. - -_se abdere in bibliothecam suam_—to bury oneself in one's library. - -_Platonem legere, lectitare_—to read Plato. - -_locum Platonis afferre, proferre_ (not _citare_)—to quote a passage -of Plato. - -_scriptor hoc loco dicit_—our (not _noster_) author tells us at this -point. - -_Cicero loco quodam haec dicit_—Cicero says this somewhere. - -_Platonem legere et cognoscere_—to study Plato. - -_legendo percurrere aliquid_—to read cursorily. - -_apud Platonem scriptum videmus,_[4] _scriptum est_ or simply _est_—we -read in Plato. - -_in Platonis Phaedone scriptum est_—in Plato's "Phaedo" we read. - -_verba, oratio, exemplum scriptoris_—the text of the author (not -_textus_). - -_legentes, ii qui legunt_[5]—the reader. - -_languorem, molestiam legentium animis afferre_—to weary, bore the -reader. - -_liber plenus delectationis_—a very charming book. - -_alicuius mens in scriptis spirat_—a man's soul breathes through his -writings. - -_mendum (scripturae)_ (Fam. 6. 7. 1)—a clerical error, copyist's -mistake. - -_mendose scriptum_—full of orthographical errors. - -_labi in scribendo_—to make a mistake in writing. - -_mendosum esse_ (Verr. 2. 4. 77)—(1) to make frequent mistakes in -writing; (2) to be full of mistakes (speaking of a passage). - -_inducere verbum_ (Phil. 13. 19. 43)—to strike out, delete a word. - - -[1] Not _titulus_ which means—(1) an inscription on a tomb, monument; -(2) public notice, e.g. an advertisement of a sale, _sub titulum misit -lares_ (Ov.); (3) metaph. title, honour, e.g. _consulatus, coniugis_. -It is only in very late writers that it = a title of a book. - -[2] The perfect _inscriptus est_ is only used when the writer himself -is speaking of his book, e.g. _de senectute disputavi eo libro, qui -Cato maior inscriptus est_, "...which I have entitled _Cato maior_." - -[3] Distinguish the two verbs _ponere_ = to set down for a moment -temporarily, and _deponere_ to lay aside, abandon altogether. Cf. -_vincere_ and _devincere_, _perdere_ and _deperdere_. - -[4] _legere_ in this connection only in the perfect. - -[5] Not _lector_, which means a professional reader, cf. De Or. 2. 55. -223. Similarly "audience" = _ii qui audiunt_ or _audientes_ (usually -in oblique cases). Words in _-tor_ and _-trix_ always denote those who -do something habitually or for some permanent object. Thus of -functionaries—_censor, dictator, quaestor_; of artisans—_fictor_ -sculptor, _institor_ retail dealer, _mercator_ wholesale merchant, -_structor_ mason; of people who are always showing some distinguishing -quality or defect—_calumniator, ratiocinator_; of those who have -performed a feat so remarkable as to confer on them a durable -characteristic—_creator urbis_ (Romulus), _servator Graeciae_ -(Themistocles), _Cimbrorum victor_ (Marius), etc. - - - - -10. Letters - - -_epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem_—to write a -letter to some one. - -_epistula ad Atticum data, scripta, missa_ or _quae ad A. scripta -est_—a letter to Atticus. - -_epistulam dare alicui ad aliquem_—to charge some one with a letter -for some one else. - -_epistulam reddere alicui_ (Att. 5. 21. 4)—to deliver a letter to some -one (used of the messenger). - -_epistularum commercium_—correspondence. - -_litterae missae et allatae_—correspondence. - -_colloqui cum aliquo per litteras_—to correspond with some one. - -_litteras inter se dare et accipere_—to be in correspondence with... - -_litteras perferre aliquo_—to take a letter somewhere. - -_epistulam signare, obsignare_—to seal, fasten a letter. - -_epistulam solvere, aperire, resignare_ (of Romans also _linum -incīdere_)—to open a letter. - -_epistulam intercipere_ (Att. 1. 13. 2)—to intercept a letter. - -_epistulam deprehendere_—to take forcible possession of a letter. - -_litteras recitare_ (Att. 8. 9. 2)—to read a letter aloud (in public). - -_litterae hoc exemplo_ (Att. 9. 6. 3)—a letter, the tenor of which is... - -_litterae in hanc sententiam_ or _his verbis scriptae sunt_—the terms, -contents of the letter are as follows. - -_Kalendis Ianuariis Romā (dabam)_—Rome, January 1st. - -_dies_ (fem. in this sense)—the date. - -_pater optime_[1] or _carissime, mi pater_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 10)—my -dear father. - -_litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob._—to deliver a letter -dated September 21st. - - -[1] Neither _amatus_ nor _dilectus_ can be used in this connection. - - - - -IX. The Emotions - - -1. Disposition—Emotion in General - - -_animi affectio_ or _habitus_ (De Inv. 2. 5)—humour; disposition. - -_ita_[1] _animo affectum esse_—to be so disposed. - -_animos tentare_ (Cluent. 63. 176)—to try to divine a person's -disposition. - -_animum alicuius_ or simply _aliquem flectere_—to make a person change -his intention. - -_animi motus, commotio, permotio_—the emotions, feelings. - -_aliqua re moveri, commoveri_—to be moved by a thing. - -_alicuius animum commovere_—to touch a person's heart, move him. - -_alicuius animum pellere_—to make an impression on a person's mind. - -_motus excitare in animo_ (opp. _sedare, exstinguere_)—to excite -emotion. - -_commotum_ or _concitatum esse_—to be moved, agitated. - -_commotum perturbatumque esse_—to be greatly agitated. - -_alicuius mentem turbare, conturbare, perturbare_—to upset a person. - -_quid tibi animi est?_—what sort of humour are you in? - - -[1] But not _magno, laeto,_ etc., _animo affici_. - - - - -2. Joy—Pain - - -_afficere aliquem gaudio, laetitia_—to give pleasure to some one. - -_afferre alicui laetitiam_—to give pleasure to some one. - -_laetitiam capere_ or _percipere ex aliqua re_—to take pleasure in a -thing. - -_delectari aliqua re_—to take pleasure in a thing. - -_in sinu gaudere_ (Tusc. 3. 21. 51)—to rejoice in secret. - -_gaudio perfundi_[1]—to be filled with delight. - -_cumulum gaudii alicui afferre_ (_vid._ sect. V. 6) (Fam. 16. 21. -1)—to add the crowning point to a person's joy. - -_gaudio, laetitia exsultare_—to utter cries of joy. - -_laetitia gestire_ (Tusc. 4. 6. 13)—to be transported with joy. - -_effusa_[2] _laetitia_—a transport of joy. - -_laetitia gestiens_—a transport of joy. - -_gaudio, laetitia efferri_—to be beside oneself with joy. - -_animum alicuius ad laetitiam excitare_—to put a man in a pleasurable -frame of mind. - -_nimio gaudio paene desipere_—to almost lose one's reason from excess -of joy. - -_doleo aliquid, aliqua re, de_ and _ex aliqua re_—I am pained, vexed, -sorry. - -_aegre, graviter, moleste fero aliquid_ (or with Acc. c. Inf. or -_quod_)—I am pained, vexed, sorry. - -_tuam vicem_[3] _doleo_—I am sorry for you. - -_dolore affici_—to feel pain. - -_dolorem capere (percipere) ex aliqua re_—to be vexed about a thing. - -_doloribus premi, angi, ardere, cruciari, distineri et divelli_—to -feel acute pain. - -_dolorem alicui facere, afferre, commovere_—to cause a person pain. - -_acerbum dolorem alicui inurere_—to cause any one very acute pain. - -_acer morsus doloris est_ (Tusc. 2. 22. 53)—the pain is very severe. - -_dolorem in lacrimas effundere_—to find relief in tears. - -_dolori indulgere_—to give way to grief. - -_dolor infixus animo haeret_ (Phil. 2. 26)—grief has struck deep into -his soul. - -_dolore confici, tabescere_—to be wasted with grief; to die of grief. - -_dolores remittunt, relaxant_—the pain grows less. - -_dolori resistere_—to struggle against grief. - -_callum obducere_[4] _dolori_ (Tusc. 2. 15. 36)—to render insensible -to pain. - -_animus meus ad dolorem obduruit_ (Fam. 2. 16. 1)—I have become -callous to all pain. - -_dolorem abicere, deponere, depellere_—to banish grief. - -_dolorem alicui eripere_ (Att. 9. 6. 4)—to free a person from his pain. - -_cum magno meo dolore_—to my sorrow. - - -[1] _gaudio compleri_ (Fin. 5. 14. 69) is rare in Cicero; _gaudio -impleri_ does not occur. Speaking generally, _complere, implere, -replere_, should not be used of emotions. - -[2] Cf. _effusa fuga_, headlong flight; _effusi sumptus_, lavish -expenditure (Rosc. Am. 24. 68); _cursus effusus_ (Liv. 9. 41. 17). - -[3] _vicem_ with a genitive or a possessive pronoun has the meaning -"on account of," "with regard to," especially with verbs expressing -the emotions, e.g. _doleo, timeo, irascor_. - -[4] Note too _consuetudo callum obduxit stomacho meo_ (Fam. 9. 2. 3), -habit has made me callous. _callum_ properly is the thic nerveless -skin which covers the bodies of animals. - - - - -3. Vexation—Care—Equanimity—Contentment—Affliction - - -_in aegritudine, sollicitudine esse_—to be vexed, mortified, anxious. - -_aegritudine, sollicitudine affici_—to be vexed, mortified, anxious. - -_sollicitum esse_—to be vexed, mortified, anxious. - -_nihil omnino curare_—not to trouble oneself about a thing. - -_non laborare de aliqua re_—not to trouble oneself about a thing. - -_aliquid me sollicitat, me sollicitum habet, mihi sollicitudini est, -mihi sollicitudinem affert_—something harasses me, makes me anxious. - -_aegritudo exest animum planeque conficit_ (Tusc. 3. 13. 27)—anxiety -gnaws at the heart and incapacitates it. - -_aegritudine, curis confici_—to be wasting away with grief. - -_aegritudine afflictum, debilitatum esse, iacēre_—to be bowed down, -prostrated by grief. - -_aegritudinem alicuius elevare_—to comfort another in his trouble. - -_aliquem aegritudine levare_—to comfort another in his trouble. - -_quieto, tranquillo, securo animo esse_—to enjoy peace of mind. - -_rebus suis, sorte sua contentum esse_—to be contented. - -_satis habeo, satis mihi est_ c. Inf.—I am content to... - -_paucis, parvo contentum esse_—to be satisfied with a little. - -_fortunae meae me paenitet_[1]—I am discontented with my lot. - -_non me paenitet, quantum profecerim_—I am not dissatisfied with my -progress. - -_in luctu esse_ (Sest. 14. 32)—to suffer affliction. - -_in sordibus luctuque iacēre_—to be in great trouble, affliction. - -_mors alicuius luctum mihi attulit_—some one's death has plunged me in -grief. - -_in maximos luctus incidere_—to be overwhelmed by a great affliction. - -_magnum luctum haurire_ (without _ex-_)—to undergo severe trouble, -trials. - -_luctum percipere ex aliqua re_—to feel sorrow about a thing. - -_omnem luctum plane abstergere_—to banish all sad thoughts. - -_luctum deponere_ (Phil. 14. 13. 34)—to lay aside one's grief. - -_vel maximos luctus vetustate tollit diuturnitas_ (Fam. 5. 16. 5)—time -assuages the most violent grief. - - -[1] The evidence of inscriptions and the best MSS. seems to point to -the derivation of _paenitet_, not from _poena_ (cf. _punire, -impunis_), but from the root contained in _penes, penetrare, penitus_; -its original meaning would thus be, "to be touched, affected within, -at heart" (Bréal). - - - - -4. Fear—Terror—Anxiety - - -_timorem, terrorem alicui inicere_, more strongly _incutere_—to -inspire fear, terror. - -_timor aliquem occupat_ (B. G. 1. 39)—fear comes upon some one. - -_in timore esse, versari_—to be in fear. - -_in timorem venire, pervenire_—to become frightened. - -_metus aliquem exanimat_ (Mil. 24. 65)—a man is paralysed with fear. - -_exalbescere metu_—to grow pale with fear. - -_metu fractum et debilitatum, perculsum esse_—to be completely -prostrated by fear. - -_abicere, omittere timorem_—to banish one's fears. - -_a metu respirare_ (Cluent. 70. 200)—to recover from one's fright. - -_ex metu se recreare, se colligere_—to recover from one's fright. - -_respirandi spatium dare_—to give time for recovery. - -_terror incidit alicui_—terror, panic seizes some one. - -_terror invadit in aliquem_ (rarely _alicui_, after Livy -_aliquem_)—terror, panic seizes some one. - -_in terrorem conicere aliquem_—to overwhelm some one with terror. - -_(animo) angi_ (Brut. 27)—to be very uneasy; to fret. - -_cura sollicitat angitque aliquem_—anxiety troubles and torments one. - -_angoribus premi_—to be tormented with anxiety. - -_angoribus confici_ (Phil. 2. 15. 37)—to be worn out, almost dead with -anxiety. - - - - -5. Courage—Discouragement—Pusillanimity—Pride—Arrogance—Insolence - - -_bono animo esse_—to be brave, courageous. - -_bonum animum habere_—to be brave, courageous. - -_animus alicui accedit, crescit_—to take courage. - -_animum capere, colligere_—to take courage. - -_animum recipere_ (Liv. 2. 50)—to take courage again. - -_animo forti esse_—to be brave by nature. - -_fortem te praebe_—be brave! - -_alacri et erecto animo esse_—to show a brisk and cheerful spirit. - -_animum facere, addere alicui_—to succeed in encouraging a person. - -_animum alicuius confirmare_—to strengthen, confirm a person's courage. - -_animum alicui augere_ (B. G. 7. 70)—to increase a person's courage. - -_animum alicuius redintegrare_—to re-inspire courage. - -_animus frangitur, affligitur, percellitur, debilitatur_—their spirits -are broken. - -_animos militum accendere_—to fire with courage. - -_animi cadunt_—their courage is ebbing. - -_animo cadere, deficere_—to lose courage; to despair. - -_animum demittere_—to lose courage; to despair. - -_erigere alicuius animum_ or _aliquem_—to encourage a person. - -_excitare animum iacentem et afflictum_ (opp. _frangere animum_)—to -inspire the spiritless and prostrate with new vigour. - -_animo esse humili, demisso_ (more strongly _animo esse fracto, -perculso et abiecto_) (Att. 3. 2)—to be cast down, discouraged, in -despair. - -_inflatum, elatum esse aliqua re_—to be proud, arrogant by reason of -something. - -_insolentia, superbia inflatum esse_—to be puffed up with pride. - -_magnos spiritus sibi sumere_ (B. G. 1. 33)—to be haughty. - -_spiritus alicuius reprimere_—to lower a person's pride. - -_insolentius se efferre_—to behave arrogantly. - -_elatius se gerere_—to give oneself airs. - -_sibi sumere aliquid_ (Planc. 1. 3)—to take upon oneself. - -_contumacius se gerere_—to display a proud obstinacy. - -_libera contumacia Socratis_ (Tusc. 1. 29. 71)—the frank but defiant -demeanour of Socrates (before his judges). - - - - -6. Presence of Mind—Composure—Despair - - -_praesenti animo uti_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 8, note _uti..._)—to possess -presence of mind. - -_aequo (aequissimo) animo ferre aliquid_—to endure a thing with (the -greatest) sang-froid. - -_humane, modice, moderate, sapienter, constanter ferre aliquid_—to -bear a thing with resignation, composure. - -_(animo) paratum esse ad aliquid_—to be resigned to a thing. - -_omnia perpeti paratum esse_—to be ready to endure anything. - -_ad omnes casus se comparare_—to prepare oneself for all contingencies. - -_animum alicuius de statu, de gradu demovere_ (more strongly -_depellere, deturbare_)—to disconcert a person. - -_de statu suo_ or _mentis deici_ (Att. 16. 15)—to lose one's -composure; to be disconcerted. - -_de gradu deici, ut dicitur_[1]—to lose one's composure; to be -disconcerted. - -_perturbari (animo)_—to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted. - -_sui (mentis) compotem non esse_—to lose one's head, be beside oneself. - -_non esse apud se_[2] (Plaut. Mil. 4. 8. 26)—to lose one's head, be -beside oneself. - -_mente vix constare_ (Tusc. 4. 17. 39)—to compose oneself with -difficulty. - -_animo adesse_ (Sull. 11. 33)—to be quite unconcerned. - -_ad se redire_—to regain one's self-possession. - -_constantiam servare_—to be calm, self-possessed. - -_mente consistere_—to be calm, self-possessed. - -_desperare_[3] _suis rebus_—to despair of one's position. - -_ad (summam) desperationem pervenire, adduci_ (B. C. 2. 42)—to be -plunged into the depths of despair. - -_desperatio rerum (omnium)_ (Catil. 2. 11. 25)—absolute despair; a -hopeless situation. - -_quid (de) me fiet?_ (Ter. Heaut. 4. 3. 37)—what will become of me? - -_actum est de me_—it's all over with me; I'm a lost man. - - -[1] These expressions are metaphors from the fencing-school. _gradus_ -is the position taken up by a combatant, so _gradu depelli, deici_ = -to be driven out of one's ground. - -[2] Used especially in the comic poets. - -[3] _desperare_ is used, generally with _de_, more rarely with the -accusative, in the meaning "to no longer count upon a thing," e.g. -_reditum, pacem_; or with the dative, especially with _sibi, suis -rebus, saluti, fortunae suae_. Note the use of _desperatus_, -"abandoned," "given up," "despaired of," e.g. _desperati morbi_ -(Cic.), _aegrota ac paene desperata res publica_ (Cic.) - - - - -7. Hope—Expectation - - -_spem habere_—to cherish a hope. - -_spe duci, niti, teneri_—to cherish a hope. - -_magna me spes tenet_ (with Acc. c. Inf.) (Tusc. 1. 41. 97)—I have -great hopes that... - -_sperare videor_—I flatter myself with the hope... - -_bene, optime (meliora) sperare de aliquo_ (Nep. Milt. 1. 1)—to hope -well of a person. - -_in spem venire, ingredi, adduci_—to conceive a hope. - -_spem concipere animo_—to conceive a hope. - -_spem redintegrare_ (B. G. 7. 25)—to revive a hope. - -_spem alicui facere, afferre, inicere_—to inspire any one with hope. - -_ad spem aliquem excitare, erigere_—to awaken new hope in some one. - -_in maximam spem aliquem adducere_ (Att. 2. 22. 3)—to inspire some one -with the most brilliant hopes. - -_in meliorem spem, cogitationem aliquem inducere_ (Off. 2. 15. 53)—to -induce some one to take a brighter view of things. - -_spem proponere alicui_—to lead some one to expect... - -_spes affulget_ (Liv. 27. 28)—a ray of hope shines on us. - -_spem falsam alicui ostendere_—to rouse a vain, groundless hope in -some one's mind. - -_spem alicui adimere, tollere, auferre, eripere_—to deprive a person -of hope. - -_spem praecīdere, incidere_ (Liv. 2. 15)—to cut off all hope. - -_spem perdere_—to lose hope. - -_spe deici, depelli, deturbari_—to lose hope. - -_spes ad irritum cadit, ad irritum redigitur_—expectation is overthrown. - -_spem abicere, deponere_—to give up hoping. - -_inani, falsa spe duci, induci_—to be misled by a vain hope. - -_spes me frustratur_—hope has played me false. - -_spes extenuatur et evanescit_—hope is vanishing by degrees. - -_spem alicuius fallere_ (Catil. 4. 11. 23)—to deceive a person's hope. - -_spem alicui_ or _alicuius minuere_—to weaken, diminish a person's hope. - -_spem alicuius confirmare_—to strengthen a person in his hopes. - -_spem alere_—to entertain a hope. - -_spem habere in aliquo_—to set one's hope on some one. - -_spem suam ponere, collocare in aliquo_—to set one's hope on some one. - -_inter spem metumque suspensum animi esse_—to hover between hope and -fear. - -_praeter spem, exspectationem_—contrary to expectation. - -_exspectationem_[1] _sui facere, commovere_—to cause oneself to be -expected. - -_exspectationem explere_ (De Or. 1. 47. 205)—to fulfil expectation. - -_exspectationi satisfacere, respondere_—to respond to expectations. - -_exspectatione alicuius rei pendēre (animi)_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 66)—to -be in suspense, waiting for a thing. - -_exspectatione torqueri, cruciari_—to suffer torments of expectation, -delay. - -_suspenso animo exspectare aliquid_—to be waiting in suspense for... - -_aliquem in summam exspectationem adducere_ (Tusc. 1. 17. 39)—to rouse -a person's expectation, curiosity to the highest pitch. - - -[1] Att. 1. 4. 5 _crebras exspectationes tui commoves_—i.e. you are -leading us to expect your arrival. - - - - -8. Pity—Pardon—Want of Feeling—Cruelty - - -_misericordiam alicui commovere_—to excite some one's pity. - -_misericordiam alicuius concitare_—to excite some one's pity. - -_ad misericordiam aliquem allicere, adducere, inducere_—to arouse -feelings of compassion in some one. - -_misericordia moveri, capi_ (De Or. 2. 47)—to be touched with pity. - -_misericordiam implorare_—to implore a person's sympathy, pity. - -_indulgere vitiis alicuius_—to be indulgent to a person's faults. - -_alicui veniam dare (alicuius rei)_—to pardon some one. - -_omnem humanitatem exuisse, abiecisse_ (Lig. 5. 14)—to be quite -insensible to all feelings of humanity. - -_omnem humanitatis sensum amisisse_—to be quite insensible of all -feelings to humanity. - -_omnis humanitatis expertem esse_—to be absolutely wanting in sympathy. - -_omnem humanitatem ex animo exstirpare_ (Amic. 13. 48)—to stifle, -repress all humane sentiments in one's mind. - -_nullam partem sensus habere_—to possess not the least spark of feeling. - -_crudelitate uti_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 8, note _uti..._)—to behave with -cruelty. - -_crudelitatem exercere in aliquo_—to exercise one's cruelty on some one. - -_crudelitatem adhibere in aliquem_—to exercise one's cruelty on some -one. - -_animadvertere in aliquem_—to inflict punishment on a person. - - - - -9. Love—Longing—Admiration—Enthusiasm - - -_carum habere aliquem_—to feel affection for a person. - -_in amore habere aliquem_—to feel affection for a person. - -_amore prosequi, amplecti aliquem_—to feel affection for a person. - -_carum esse alicui_—to be dear to some one. - -_carum atque iucundum esse alicui_—to be dear to some one. - -_adamasse aliquem_ (only in Perf. and Plup.) (Nep. Dion 2. 3)—to -become devoted to some one. - -_aliquem toto pectore,_[1] _ut dicitur, amare_ (Leg. 18. 49)—to love -some one very dearly, with all one's heart. - -_aliquem ex animo_ or _ex animi sententia amare_ (Q. Fr. 1. 1. 5)—to -love deeply. - -_amore captum, incensum, inflammatum esse, ardere_—to be fired with -love. - -_amorem ex animo eicere_—to banish love from one's mind. - -_mel ac deliciae alicuius_ (Fam. 8. 8. 1)—somebody's darling. - -_amores et deliciae alicuius_—somebody's darling. - -_in amore et deliciis esse alicui_ (active _in deliciis habere -aliquem_)—to be some one's favourite. - -_aliquem in sinu gestare (aliquis est in sinu alicuius)_ (Ter. Ad. 4. -5. 75)—to love and make a bosom friend of a person. - -_aliquis, aliquid mihi curae_ or _cordi_[2] _est_—somebody, something -is never absent from my thoughts. - -_curae habere aliquid_—to have laid something to heart; to take an -interest in a thing. - -_nihil antiquius_ or _prius habeo quam ut_ (_nihil mihi antiquius_ or -_potius est, quam ut_)—there is nothing I am more interested in than... - -_desiderio alicuius rei teneri, affici_ (more strongly _flagrare, -incensum esse_)—to long for a thing, yearn for it. - -_desiderio exardescere_—to be consumed with longing. - -_admirationi esse_—to be admired. - -_admiratione affici_[3]—to be admired. - -_admirationem habere_ (Quintil. 8. 2. 6)—to be admired. - -_magna est admiratio alicuius_—some one is the object of much -admiration. - -_admirationem alicui movere_—to fill a person with astonishment. - -_admiratione incensum esse_—to be fired with admiration. - -_admirabilia_ (= παράδοξα)—paradoxes; surprising things. - -_studio ardere alicuius_ or _alicuius rei_ (De Or. 2. 1. 1)—to have -enthusiasm for a person or thing. - -_studio alicuius rei aliquem incendere_—to make some one enthusiastic -for a thing. - -_ardor, inflammatio animi, incitatio mentis, mentis vis -incitatior_—enthusiasm. - -_ardorem animi restinguere_—to damp, chill enthusiasm. - -_ardor animi resēdit, consedit_—his enthusiasm has abated, cooled down. - - -[1] _pectus_ metaphorically only occurs in isolated phrases, e.g. -_toto pectore, cogitare, tremere_. Its commonest substitute is -_animus_. Similarly _cor_ metaphorically is only used in the phrase -_cordi est_. - -[2] _pectus_ metaphorically only occurs in isolated phrases, e.g. -_toto pectore, cogitare, tremere_. Its commonest substitute is -_animus_. Similarly _cor_ metaphorically is only used in the phrase -_cordi est_. - -[3] _admiratione affici_ also means "to be filled with admiration." - - - - -10. Belief—Confidence—Loyalty—Protection—Promise—Veracity (_fides,_ -_fiducia_) - - -_fidem_[1] _habere alicui_—to believe a person. - -_fidem alicuius rei facere alicui_—to make some one believe a thing. - -_fidem tribuere, adiungere alicui rei_—to believe in, trust in a thing. - -_fidem abrogare, derogare alicui_—to rob a person of his credit. - -_fidem alicuius imminuere, infirmare_ (opp. _confirmare_)—to weaken, -destroy a man's credit. - -_fiduciam in aliquo ponere, collocare_—to put confidence in some one. - -_confidere alicui_ (but _aliqua re_)—to put confidence in some one. - -_fiduciam (alicuius rei) habere_—to have great confidence in a thing. - -_fiducia sui_ (Liv. 25. 37)—self-confidence. - -_committere aliquid alicui_ or _alicuius fidei_—to entrust a thing to -a person's good faith. - -_totum se committere, tradere alicui_—to put oneself entirely in some -one's hands. - -_fidem colere, servare_—to preserve one's loyalty. - -_fidem praestare alicui_—to keep faith with a person, keep one's word. - -_in fide manere_ (B. G. 7. 4. 5)—to remain loyal. - -_fidem laedere, violare, frangere_—to break one's word. - -_fidem alicuius labefactare_ (Cluent. 60. 194)—to make a person waver -in his loyalty. - -_de fide deducere_ or _a fide abducere aliquem_—to undermine a -person's loyalty. - -_fide data et accepta_ (Sall. Iug. 81. 1)—having exchanged pledges, -promises. - -_se conferre, se tradere, se permittere in alicuius fidem_—to put -oneself under some one's protection. - -_confugere ad aliquem, ad fidem alicuius_—to flee for refuge to some -one. - -_in fidem recipere aliquem_ (B. G. 2. 15. 1)—to take a person under -one's protection. - -_fidem alicuius obsecrare, implorare_—to implore some one's protection. - -_fidem addere alicui rei_—to confirm, ratify, sanction something. - -_fidem publicam dare, interponere_ (Sall. Iug. 32. 1)—to guarantee the -protection of the state; to promise a safe-conduct. - -_fidem dare alicui_ (opp. _accipere_) (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to give one's -word that... - -_fidem servare_ (opp. _fallere_)—to keep one's word (not _tenere_). - -_fidem persolvere_—to fulfil a promise. - -_fidem (promissum) praestare_—to fulfil a promise. - -_fidem interponere_ (Sall. Iug. 32. 5)—to pledge one's word to... - -_fidem prodere_—to break one's word. - -_fidem frangere_—to break one's word. - -_promisso stare_—to abide by one's undertaking. - -_fide obstrictum teneri_ (Pis. 13. 29)—to be bound by one's word; to -be on one's honour. - -_fidem facere, afferre alicui rei_ (opp. _demere, de-, abrogare -fidem_)—to make a thing credible. - -_aliquid fidem habet_ (_vid._ also _fides_ under sect. VII., -History)—a thing finds credence, is credible. - -_sponsionem facere, sponsorem esse pro aliquo_—to be security for some -one. - -_praestare aliquem, aliquid, de aliqua re_ or Acc. c. Inf.—to be -answerable for a person, a thing. - - -[1] _fides_ has six principal meanings. A. subjectively—(1) in an -active sense, belief, confidence, which some one holds; (2) passive, -veracity, credit which one enjoys; (3) neutral, good faith, sincerity, -loyalty, conscientiousness, and especially of the protection which one -expects by appealing to a man's loyalty. B. (4) active, ratification, -sanction; (5) passive, the thing promised, surety, guarantee; (6) -neutral, authenticity, certitude, truth of a thing. Cf. Haacke, Lat -Stil. 40-41. - - - - -11. Suspicion—Presentiment - - -_suspicionem movere, excitare, inicere, dare alicui_—to rouse a -person's suspicions. - -_suspicionem habere de aliquo_—to suspect a person. - -_suspicionem alicuius rei habere_—to be suspected of a thing. - -_suspicio (alicuius rei) cadit in aliquem, pertinet ad aliquem_—a -suspicion falls on some one. - -_aliquem in suspicionem adducere (alicui), aliquem suspectum -reddere_—to make a person suspected. - -_in suspicionem vocari, cadere_—to become the object of suspicion. - -_in suspicionem alicui venire_—to be suspected by some one. - -_suspicionem a se removere, depellere, propulsare_ (Verr. 3. 60. -140)—to clear oneself of a suspicion. - -_suspicionem ex animo delere_—to banish all feeling of prejudice from -the mind. - -_suspicio insidet in animo ejus_—he is in a suspicious mood. - -_suspicio ei penitus inhaeret_—he is in a suspicious mood. - -_suspicio tenuissima, minima_—the faintest suspicion. - -_a suspicione alicuius rei abhorrere_—to have no presentiment of a -thing. - -_animus praesāgit malum_—my mind forebodes misfortune. - -_animo praesagio malum_—my mind forebodes misfortune. - - - - -12. Hatred—Jealousy—Envy - - -_invisum esse alicui_—to be hated by some one. - -_odio, invidiae esse alicui_—to be hated by some one. - -_in invidia esse alicui_—to be hated by some one. - -_in odio esse apud aliquem_—to be hated by some one. - -_invidia flagrare, premi_—to be detested. - -_in odium, in invidiam venire alicui_—to incur a person's hatred. - -_invidiam colligere (aliqua re)_—to incur a person's hatred. - -_alicuius odium subire, suscipere, in se convertere, sibi conflare_—to -incur a person's hatred. - -_in alicuius odium incurrere_—to incur a person's hatred. - -_in invidiam, odium (alicuius) vocare aliquem_—to make a person -odious, unpopular. - -_in invidiam adducere aliquem_—to make a person odious, unpopular. - -_invidiam alicui conflare_ (Catil. 1. 9. 23)—to make a person odious, -unpopular. - -_invidiam, odium ex-, concitare alicui, in aliquem_—to make a person -odious, unpopular. - -_capitali odio dissidere ab aliquo_ (De Am. 1. 2)—to be separated by a -deadly hatred. - -_odium explere aliqua re_ (Liv. 4. 32)—to glut one's hatred. - -_odium implacabile suscipere in aliquem_—to conceive an implacable -hatred against a man. - -_odio_ or _invidia alicuius ardere_—to be consumed with hatred. - -_odium inveteratum habere in aliquem_ (Vat. 3. 6)—to cherish an -inveterate animosity against some one. - -_odio inflammatum, accensum esse_—to be fired with a passionate hatred. - -_odium alicuius inflammare_—to kindle hatred in a person's heart; to -fill some one with hatred (not _implere_, _vid._ sect. IX. 2, note -_gaudio..._). - -_odium restinguere, exstinguere_—to stifle, drown one's hatred. - - - - -13. Discontent—Anger—Revenge—Fury - - -_aegre, graviter, moleste, indigne ferre aliquid_—to be discontented, -vexed at a thing; to chafe. - -_indignitas, atrocitas rei_ (Mur. 25. 51)—the revolting nature of an -action. - -_o facinus indignum!_ (Ter. Andr. 1. 1. 118)—monstrous! - -_ira incensum esse_—to be fired with rage. - -_iracundia inflammatum esse_—to be fired with rage. - -_ira ardere_ (Flacc. 35. 88)—to be fired with rage. - -_iracundia exardescere, effervescere_—to be transported with passion. - -_iracundia efferri_—to be carried away by one's anger. - -_ira defervescit_ (Tusc. 4. 36. 78)—his anger cools. - -_virus acerbitatis suae effundere in aliquem_ (De Amic. 23. 87)—to -vent one's anger, spite on some one. - -_iram in aliquem effundere_—to vent one's anger, spite on some one. - -_iram, bilem evomere in aliquem_—to vent one's anger, spite on some one. - -_irae indulgere_ (Liv. 23. 3)—to give free play to one's anger. - -_praecipitem in iram esse_ (Liv. 23. 7)—to be short-tempered; to be -prone to anger. - -_animum explere_—to cool one's anger. - -_iracundiam continere, cohibere, reprimere_—to restrain, master one's -passion. - -_iram restinguere, sedare_—to calm one's anger. - -_animum alicuius ab iracundia revocare_—to prevent some one from -growing angry, appease his anger. - -_stomachum, bilem alicui movere_—to excite a person's wrath. - -_ulcisci aliquem,_[1] _poenas expetere ab aliquo_—to revenge oneself -on some one. - -_ulcisci aliquid, poenas alicuius rei expetere_—to revenge oneself for -a thing. - -_ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo_ or _pro aliqua re_—to revenge oneself on -another for a thing or on some one's behalf. - -_poenas alicuius_ or _alicuius rei repetere ab aliquo_—to revenge -oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf. - -_iniurias persequi_ (Verr. 2. 3. 9)—to avenge an insult. - -_impellere aliquem in furorem_—to make some one furious. - -_furore inflammari, incendi_—to become furious. - -_furore incensus, abreptus, impulsus_—in a transport of rage. - -_indignatio aliquem incedit_—to be filled with indignation. - -_indignationes_ (Liv. 25. 1. 9)—signs of irritation, of discontent. - - -[1] _ulcisci aliquem_ also means to avenge some one; to exact -satisfaction on his behalf. - - - - -X. Virtues and Vices - - -1. Virtue—Morality - - -_vita honesta (turpis)_—a virtuous (immoral) life. - -_honesta expetere; turpia fugere_—to follow virtue; to flee from vice. - -_virtute praeditum, ornatum esse_ (opp. _vitiis obrutum esse_)—to be -virtuous. - -_viam virtutis ingredi_ (Off. 1. 32. 118)—to walk in the ways of virtue. - -_omnia consilia et facta ad virtutem referre_[1] (Phil. 10. 10. 20)—to -make virtue the standard in every thought and act. - -_virtutem sequi, virtutis studiosum esse_—to strive to attain virtue. - -_virtutis perfectae perfecto munere fungi_ (Tusc. 1. 45. 109)—to live -a perfect life. - -_virtutem pristinam retinere_—to live as scrupulously moral a life as -ever. - -_nihil ex pristina virtute remittere_—to live as scrupulously moral a -life as ever. - -_summum bonum_[2] _in virtute ponere_—to consider virtue the highest -good. - -_virtus hoc habet, ut..._—this is a characteristic of virtue, it... - -_a virtute discedere_ or _deficere_—to deviate from the path of virtue. - -_honestatem deserere_—to deviate from the path of virtue. - -_a maiorum virtute desciscere, degenerare, deflectere_—to deteriorate. - -_a parentibus degenerare_—to degenerate (from one's ancestors). - -_corrumpi, depravari_—to be demoralised, corrupted. - -_excitare aliquem ad virtutem_—to rouse in some one an enthusiasm for -virtue. - -_bonitas_ (Fin. 5. 29. 65)—kindheartedness. - -_naturae bonitas_ (Off. 1. 32. 118)—innate goodness, kindness. - -_naturae bona_—natural advantages. - - -[1] For "thoughts and deeds," cf. Or. 3. 43. 182 _mores instituta et -facta_; Prov. Cons. 8. 20 _consilia et facta_; Fin. 2. 14. 5 _studia -et facta_; Verr. 5. 14. 35 _mentes hominum et cogitationes_. - -[2] Note too _finis bonorum et malorum_ = the highest good and the -greatest evil. - - - - -2. Vice—Crime - - -_omni vitio carere_—to be free from faults. - -_vitia erumpunt (in aliquem)_ (De Amic. 21. 76)—his vices betray -themselves. - -_animum vitiis dedere_—to abandon oneself to vice. - -_vitiis, sceleribus contaminari_ or _se contaminare_ (Off. 3. 8. -37)—to be tainted with vice. - -_vitiis, sceleribus inquinatum, contaminatum, obrutum esse_—to be -vicious, criminal. - -_vitia exstirpare et funditus tollere_—to eradicate vice. - -_vita omnibus flagitiis,_[1] _vitiis dedita_—a life defiled by every -crime. - -_vita omnibus flagitiis inquinata_—a life defiled by every crime. - -_natura proclivem esse ad vitia_—to have a natural propensity to vice. - -_scelera moliri_ (Att. 7. 11)—to meditate crime. - -_scelus facere, committere_—to commit crime. - -_facinus facere, committere_—to do a criminal deed. - -_scelere se devincire, se obstringere, astringi_—to commit a crime and -so make oneself liable to the consequences of it. - -_scelus (in se) concipere, suscipere_—to commit a crime and so make -oneself liable to the consequences of it. - -_scelus edere in aliquem_ (Sest. 26. 58)—to commit a crime against -some one. - -_scelus scelere cumulare_ (Catil. 1. 6. 14)—to heap crime on crime. - -_scelus_[2] _supplicio expiare_—to expiate a crime by punishment. - - -[1] _flagitium_ is a crime against oneself, e.g. drunkenness. _scelus_ -is a sin against society at large, e.g. theft, murder. _nefas_ a sin -against God, e.g. sacrilege, parricide. _facinus_ any unusual action, -then generally a crime, outrage. - -[2] _flagitium_ is a crime against oneself, e.g. drunkenness. _scelus_ -is a sin against society at large, e.g. theft, murder. _nefas_ a sin -against God, e.g. sacrilege, parricide. _facinus_ any unusual action, -then generally a crime, outrage. - - - - -3. Desire—Passion—Self-Control - - -_cupiditate alicuius rei accensum, inflammatum esse_—to be fired with -desire of a thing. - -_cupiditate alicuius rei ardere, flagrare_—to have an ardent longing -for a thing. - -_cupiditatem alicuius accendere_—to rouse a person's interest, cupidity. - -_aliquem ad cupiditatem incitare_—to rouse a person's interest, -cupidity. - -_aliquem cupiditate inflammare_—to rouse a person's interest, cupidity. - -_cupiditatibus occaecari_ (Fin. 1. 10. 33)—to be blinded by passions. - -_libidine ferri_—to be carried away by one's passions. - -_se (totum) libidinibus dedere_—to abandon oneself (entirely) to -debauchery. - -_cupiditatibus servire, pārēre_—to be the slave of one's desires. - -_praecipitem ferri aliqua re_ (Verr. 5. 46. 121)—to be carried away by -something. - -_homo impotens sui_—a man of no self-control, self-indulgent. - -_homo effrenatus, intemperans_—a man of no self-control, self-indulgent. - -_sibi imperare_ or _continere et coercere se ipsum_—to have -self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations. - -_animum regere, coercere, cohibere_—to have self-control; to restrain -oneself, master one's inclinations. - -_animum vincere_ (Marcell. 3. 8)—to have self-control; to restrain -oneself, master one's inclinations. - -_imperare cupiditatibus_—to overcome one's passions. - -_coercere, cohibere, continere, domitas habere cupiditates_—to -overcome one's passions. - -_refrenare cupiditates, libidines_—to bridle one's desires. - -_effrenatae cupiditates_—unrestrained, unbridled lust. - -_indomitae animi cupiditates_—unrestrained, unbridled lust. - -_cupiditates explere, satiare_—to satisfy one's desires. - -_libidinem alicuius excitare_—to arouse some one's lust. - -_libido dominatur_ (Or. 65. 219)—the passions win the day. - -_libido consēdit_—the storm of passion has abated. - -_cupiditates deferbuerunt_ (Cael. 18. 43)—the passions have cooled down. - -_animi perturbationes exstirpare_—to eradicate passion from the mind. - - - - -4. Wrong—Insult—Outrage—Offence - - -_iniuriam inferre, facere alicui_—to wrong a person. - -_iniuria afficere aliquem_—to wrong a person. - -_iniuria lacessere aliquem_—to provoke a person by a gratuitous insult. - -_iniuria abstinere_ (Off. 3. 17. 72)—to refrain from doing a wrong, an -injustice. - -_iniuriam accipere_—to be the victim of an injustice. - -_iniuriam ferre, pati_—to suffer wrong. - -_iniurias defendere, repellere, propulsare_—to repel an injury. - -_iniurias neglegere_—to leave a wrong unpunished, to ignore it. - -_ab iniuria aliquem defendere_—to protect any one from wrong. - -_satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis_—to give some one satisfaction -for an injury. - -_contumelia aliquem afficere_—to insult some one. - -_voces (verba) contumeliosae_—insulting expressions. - -_verborum contumeliae_—insulting expressions. - -_contumeliosis vocibus prosequi aliquem_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 11, note -_Prosequi..._)—to use insulting expressions to any one. - -_maledictis aliquem onerare, lacerare_—to heap abuse on some one. - -_offendere aliquem, alicuius animum_—to hurt some one's feelings. - -_offendere apud aliquem_ (Cluent. 23. 63)—to hurt some one's feelings. - -_in offensionem alicuius incurrere_ (Verr. 1. 12. 35)—to hurt some -one's feelings. - -_offendi aliqua re (animus offenditur)_—to feel hurt by something. - -_offendere in aliquo_ (Mil. 36. 99)—to have something to say against a -person, to object to him. - -_offendere_[1] _in aliqua re_ (Cluent. 36. 98)—to take a false step in -a thing; to commit an indiscretion. - -_offensionem habere_—to give offense to, to shock a person (used of -things, _vid._ sect. V. 18). - -_res habet aliquid offensionis_—there is something repulsive about the -thing. - - -[1] Notice too _offendere caput_ (Quintil. 6. 3. 67), _pedem_ (B. -Hisp. 23), to strike one's head, foot against anything; _offendere -aliquem imparatum_ (Fam. 2. 3), to find some one unprepared, cf. -καταλαμßάνειν. - - - - -5. Violence—Ambuscade—Threats - - -_vim adhibere, facere alicui_—to use violence against some one. - -_vim inferre alicui_—to do violence to a person. - -_vim et manus afferre alicui_ (Catil. 1. 8. 21)—to kill with violence. - -_vim vi depellere_—to meet force by force. - -_vi vim illatam defendere_—to meet force by force. - -_insidias collocare, locare_ (Mil. 10. 27)—to set an ambuscade. - -_insidias alicui parare, facere, struere, instruere, tendere_—to -waylay a person. - -_aliquem in insidiis locare, collocare, ponere_—to place some one in -ambush. - -_aliquem in insidias elicere, inducere_—to draw some one into an ambush. - -_subsidere in insidiis_ (Mil. 19. 49)—to place oneself in ambush. - -_minitari (minari) alicui mortem, crucem et tormenta, bellum_—to -threaten some one with death, crucifixion, torture, war. - -_minitari alicui igni ferroque_ (Phil. 13. 9. 21)—to threaten with -fire and sword. - -_denuntiare_[1] _bellum, caedem_ (Sest. 20. 46)—to threaten war, -carnage. - -_minas iacere, iactare_—to use threats. - -_minis uti_—to use threats. - - -[1] "Threaten" in the sense of to be at hand, to be imminent, is -rendered by some such word as _imminere, impendere, instare_, e.g. -_bellum imminet_. For the meaning to seem likely, to promise, cf. -_coniuratio rem publicam perversura videtur_, the conspiracy threatens -to overthrow the state. - - - - -6. Appearance—Deceit—Falsehood—Derision - - -_speciem alicuius rei habere_—to have the appearance of something. - -_speciem alicuius rei praebere_—to give the impression of...; have the -outward aspect of... - -_speciem prae se ferre_[1]—to give the impression of...; have the -outward aspect of... - -_in speciem_—apparently; to look at. - -_specie_ (De Amic. 13. 47)—apparently; to look at. - -_per speciem (alicuius rei)_—apparently; to look at. - -_per simulationem, simulatione alicuius rei_—under pretext, pretence -of... - -_simulare morbum_—to pretend to be ill. - -_dissimulare_[2] _morbum_—to pretend not to be ill. - -_aliquis simulat aegrum_ or _se esse aegrum_—some one feigns illness. - -_aliter sentire ac loqui (aliud sentire, aliud loqui)_—to think one -thing, say another; to conceal one's opinions. - -_per dolum_ (B. G. 4. 13)—by craft. - -_dolis et fallaciis_ (Sall. Cat. 11. 2)—by the aid of fraud and lies. - -_sine fuco ac fallaciis_ (Att. 1. 1. 1)—without any disguise, frankly. - -_verba dare alicui_ (Att. 15. 16)—to deceive a person, throw dust in -his eyes. - -_mendacium dicere_—to tell lies. - -_falsa (pro veris) dicere_—to tell lies. - -_ludere, irridere, deridere aliquem_—to make sport of, rally a person. - -_illudere alicui_ or _in aliquem_ (more rarely _aliquem_)—to make -sport of, rally a person. - -_ludibrio esse alicui_—to serve as some one's butt. - -_in ludibrium verti_ (Tac. Ann. 12. 26)—to become an object of -ridicule; to be laughed at. - -_omnibus artibus aliquem ludificari, eludere_—to fool a person -thoroughly. - -_per ludibrium_—in sport, mockery. - - -[1] _prae se ferre_ followed by Acc. and Inf. = to manifest, display, -e.g. _Romanum esse semper prae me tuli_. - -[2] _simulo_ = I pretend to be what I am not, cf. ἀλαζών, a braggart; -_dissimulo_ = I pretend not to be what I am, cf. εἴρων, a mock-modest -person. _Quae non sunt simulo, quae sunt ea dissimulantur_. - - - - -7. Duty—Inclination - - -_officium suum facere, servare, colere, tueri, exsequi, praestare_—to -do one's duty. - -_officio suo satisfacere_ (Div. in Caec. 14. 47)—to do one's duty. - -_officio suo fungi_—to do one's duty. - -_omnes officii partes exsequi_—to fulfil one's duty in every detail. - -_nullam officii partem deserere_—to fulfil one's duty in every detail. - -_diligentem esse in retinendis officiis_—to be exact, punctual in the -performance of one's duty. - -_officium suum deserere, neglegere_—to neglect one's duty. - -_ab officio discedere_—to neglect one's duty. - -_de, ab officio decedere_—to neglect one's duty. - -_officio suo deesse_ (Fam. 7. 3)—to neglect one's duty. - -_ad officium redire_—to return to one's duties. - -_in officio manere_ (Att. 1. 3)—to remain faithful to one's duty. - -_contra officium est_ c. Inf.—it is a breach of duty to... - -_ab officio abduci, avocari_—to let oneself be perverted from one's -duty. - -_salvo_[1] _officio_ (Off. 3. 1. 4)—without violating, neglecting -one's duty. - -_multa et magna inter nos officia_[2] _intercedunt_ (Fam. 13. 65)—we -are united by many mutual obligations. - -_in aliquem officia conferre_—to be courteous, obliging to some one. - -_aliquem officiis suis complecti, prosequi_—to be courteous, obliging -to some one. - -_officiosum esse in aliquem_—to be courteous, obliging to some one. - -_litterae officii_ or _humanitatis plenae_—a most courteous letter. - -_studere alicui rei, studiosum esse alicuius rei_—to have an -inclination for a thing. - -_studio alicuius rei teneri_—to have an inclination for a thing. - -_propensum, proclivem esse ad aliquid_ (opp. _alienum, aversum esse, -abhorrere ab aliqua re_)—to have an inclination for a thing. - -_studiis suis obsequi_ (De Or. 1. 1. 3)—to follow one's inclinations. - -_sibi_ or _ingenio suo indulgere_ (Nep. Chabr. 3)—to indulge one's -caprice. - - -[1] Notice _salvis legibus_ (Fam. 1. 4), without breaking the law; -_salva fide_ (Off. 3. 4. 44), without breaking one's word. - -[2] _officium_ is used of anything which one feels bound to do, either -on moral grounds or from a desire to please others (especially those -in authority). Thus the word denotes not merely duty, sense of duty, -faithful performance of duty, submissiveness (cf. sect. xvi. 13), but -also courteous, obliging behaviour, complaisance, mark of respect. -Objectively it has the meaning of an office, service, command, e.g. -_officium maritimum_. - - - - -8. Reason—Conscience—Remorse - - -_rationis participem_ (opp. _expertem_) _esse_—to be endowed with -reason. - -_ratione praeditum esse, uti_—to be endowed with reason. - -_prudenter, considerate, consilio agere_ (opp. _temere, nullo -consilio, nulla ratione_)—to act reasonably, judiciously. - -_sapere_ (Off. 2. 14. 48)—to be a man of sense, judgment. - -_resipiscere_ (Att. 4. 5. 2)—to recover one's reason, be reasonable -again. - -_ad sanitatem reverti, redire_—to recover one's reason, be reasonable -again. - -_ad bonam frugem se recipere_—to recover one's reason, be reasonable -again. - -_ad sanitatem adducere, revocare aliquem_—to bring some one back to -his senses. - -_satin (= satisne) sanus es?_—are you in your right mind? - -_rationi repugnare_—to be contrary to all reason. - -_conscientia recta, recte facti (factorum), virtutis, bene actae -vitae, rectae voluntatis_—a good conscience. - -_mens bene sibi conscia_—a good conscience. - -_conscientia mala_ or _peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti_—a guilty -conscience. - -_animus male sibi conscius_—a guilty conscience. - -_nullius culpae sibi conscium esse_—to be conscious of no ill deed. - -_conscientia morderi_ (Tusc. 4. 20. 45)—to be conscience-stricken. - -_conscientiae maleficiorum stimulant aliquem_—his guilty conscience -gives him no rest. - -_conscientia mala angi, excruciari_—to be tormented by remorse. - -_(mens scelerum furiis agitatur_)—to be tormented by remorse. - -_conscientia recte factorum erigi_—to congratulate oneself on one's -clear conscience. - -_Furiae agitant et vexant aliquem_—the Furies harass and torment some -one. - - - - -9. Measure—Standard—Limit—Moderation - - -_modum tenere, retinere_[1]_, servare, adhibere_—to observe -moderation, be moderate. - -_omnia modice agere_—to be moderate in all things, commit no excess. - -_modum facere, statuere, constituere alicui rei_ or _alicuius rei_—to -set a limit to a thing. - -_modum transire_—to pass the limit. - -_extra modum prodire_—to pass the limit. - -_ultra modum_[2] _progredi_—to pass the limit. - -_metiri, ponderare, aestimare, iudicare aliquid (ex) aliqua re_—to -measure something by the standard of something else; to make something -one's criterion. - -_dirigere_ or _referre aliquid ad aliquam rem_—to measure something by -the standard of something else; to make something one's criterion. - -_fines certos terminosque constituere_—to impose fixed limitations. - -_terminis circumscribere aliquid_—to set bounds to a thing, limit it. - -_moderatum, continentem esse_—to behave with moderation. - -_moderatum se praebere_—to behave with moderation. - -_temperantia uti_—to behave with moderation. - -_moderationem, modum adhibere in aliqua re_—to show moderation in a -matter. - -_moderari aliquid_ (Flacc. 5. 12)—to show moderation in a matter. - -_modice ac sapienter_—with moderation and judgment. - -_sine modo; nullo modo adhibito_—with no moderation. - -_extra, praeter modum_—beyond all measure. - -_mediocritatem tenere_ (Off. 1. 25. 89)—to observe the golden mean. - - -[1] In the original book is _retineri_. I transcribed this as -_retinere_, following the Latin text of the French edition -(_Phraséologie Latine_, translatation by Charles Pascal, 5th ed., -1942, Librairie C. Klincksieck, p. 212). - -[2] Only Livy and subsequent writers use _modum excedere_, and in the -same way _supra modum_. - - - - -10. Morals—Immorality—Principles—Character - - -_homo bene (male) moratus_—a moral (immoral) man. - -_homo perditus_—a depraved, abandoned character. - -_praecepta de moribus_ or _de virtute_—moral precepts. - -_morum praecepta tradere alicui_—to give moral advice, rules of conduct. - -_de virtute praecipere alicui_—to give moral advice, rules of conduct. - -_mores corrupti_ or _perditi_—moral corruption (not _corruptela morum_). - -_tam perditis_ or _corruptis moribus_—amongst such moral depravity. - -_mores in dies magis labuntur_ (also with _ad_, e.g. _ad -mollitiem_)—immorality is daily gaining ground. - -_severus morum castigator_—a stern critic of morals. - -_aliquid abhorret a meis moribus_ (opp. _insitum [atque innatum] est -animo_ or _in animo alicuius_)—something is contrary to my moral -sense, goes against my principles. - -_consilia et facta_ (cf. sect. X. 1, note _For "thoughts and -deeds"..._)—thought and deed. - -_institutum tenere_—to remain true to one's principles. - -_ratione; animi quodam iudicio_—on principle. - -_vitae ratio bene ac sapienter instituta_—a sound and sensible system -of conduct. - -_meae vitae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae_ (Imp. Pomp. 1. -1.)—the principles which I have followed since I came to man's estate. - -_certas rationes in agendo_[1] _sequi_—to follow fixed principles of -conduct. - -_omnia temere agere, nullo iudicio uti_—to have no principles. - -_caeco impetu ferri_—to have no principles. - -_natura et mores; vita moresque; indoles animi ingeniique_; or simply -_ingenium, indoles, natura, mores_—character. - -_vir constans, gravis_ (opp. _homo inconstans, levis_)—a man of -character, with a strong personality. - -_sibi constare, constantem esse_—to be consistent. - -_animo mobili esse_ (Fam. 5. 2. 10)—to be inconsistent, changeable. - -_aliquid est proprium alicuius_—something is a characteristic of a man. - -_mobilitas et levitas animi_—inconsistency; changeability. - - -[1] Do not translate "to act, behave, conduct oneself" by _agere_ -without an object or an accompanying adverb, e.g. _bene, recte agere_; -however, with the gerundive the adverb may be omitted, e.g _agendum -est, tempus agendi, celeritas in agendo_. - - - - -XI. Religion - - -1. God—Worship - - -_numen (deorum) divinum_—the sovereign power of the gods. - -_dei propitii_ (opp. _irati_)—the favour of heaven. - -_superi; inferi_—the gods of the upper, lower world. - -_inferi_ (_Orcus_ and _Tartarus_ only poetical)—the world below. - -_ad inferos descendere_—to descend to the world below. - -_apud inferos esse_—to be in the lower world. - -_aliquem ab inferis_ or _a mortuis evocare, excitare_ (passive _ab -inferis exsistere_)—to summon some one from the dead. - -_deos sancte, pie venerari_—to be an earnest worshipper of the gods. - -_deum rite (summa religione) colere_—to honour the gods with all due -ceremonial (very devoutly). - -_cultus dei, deorum_ (N. D. 2. 3. 8)—worship of the gods; divine -service. - -_sacra, res divinae, religiones, caerimoniae_—ritual; ceremonial. - -_rebus divinis interesse_ (B. G. 6. 13)—to take part in divine service -(of the priest). - -_sacris adesse_—to be present at divine service (of the people). - -_sacris initiari_ (Quintil. 12. 10. 14)—to be initiated into the -mysteries of a cult. - -_templa deorum adire_—to make a pilgrimage to the shrines of the gods. - -_numerum deorum obtinere_ (N. D. 3. 20)—to be regarded as a god. - -_aliquem in deorum numerum referre, reponere_—to deify a person. - -_aliquem in deorum numero referre_—to consider as a god. - -_aliquem divino honere colere_—to pay divine honours to some one. - -_alicui divinos honores tribuere, habere_—to pay divine honours to -some one. - -_propius ad deos accedere_ (Mil. 22. 59)—to approach the gods. - -_supera et caelestia; humana et citerioria_—heavenly things; earthly -things. - -_divinitus_ (De Or. 1. 46. 202)—by divine inspiration (often = -marvellously, excellently). - -_divinitus accidit_—it happened miraculously. - - - - -2. Religion—Religious Scruple—Oath - - -_imbuere_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 7, note _imbuere..._) _pectora -religione_[1]—to inspire with religious feeling, with the fear of God. - -_audientium animos religione perfundere_ (Liv. 10. 388)—to fill the -souls of one's audience with devotion. - -_religionem ex animis extrahere_ (N. D. 1. 43. 121)—to banish devout -sentiment from the minds of others. - -_omnem religionem tollere, delere_—to annihilate all religious feeling. - -_religionem labefactare_ (_vid._ sect. V. 7, note _In Latin -metaphor..._)—to shake the foundations of religion. - -_religione obstrictos habere multitudinis animos_ (Liv. 6. 1. 10)—to -have power over the people by trading on their religious scruples. - -_religionem alicui afferre, inicere, incutere_—to inspire some one -with religious scruples. - -_aliquid religioni habere_ or _in religionem vertere_—to make a thing -a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing. - -_aliquid in religionem alicui venit_—to make a thing a matter of -conscience, be scrupulous about a thing. - -_nulla religio_—absence of scruples, unconscientiousness. - -_religionem externam suscipere_—to embrace a strange religion. - -_novas religiones instituere_—to introduce a new religion, a new cult. - -_bellum pro religionibus susceptum_—a religious war. - -_violatas caerimonias inexpiabili religione sancire_ (Tusc. 1. 12. -27)—to invoke an irrevocable curse on the profanation of sacred rites. - -_iusiurandum dare alicui_[2]—to swear an oath to a person. - -_ex animi mei sententia iuro_—I swear on my conscience. - -_iureiurando aliquem astringere_—to bind some one by an oath. - -_iureiurando aliquem adigere_—to make some one take an oath. - -_iureiurando ac fide se obstringere, ut_—to promise an oath to... - -_iureiurando teneri_ (Off. 3. 27. 100)—to be bound by oath. - -_iusiurandum (religionem) servare, conservare_—to keep one's oath. - -_periurium facere; peierare_—to commit perjury, perjure oneself. - -_iusiurandum violare_—to break one's oath. - - -[1] _religio_ (original meaning probably that which binds down, cf. -_religo, leges, lictor_, etc.) denotes, subjectively, religious -feeling, devotion, fear of God, religious scruple, conscientiousness. -Objectively it means the object of religious fear, a sacred thing or -place, also that which is contrary to the gods' will, a crime, sin, -curse; lastly in an active sense a religious obligation, an oath. - -[2] _sacramentum dicere alicui_ and _apud aliquem_ = to take in some -one's presence an oath to the standard, a military oath. - - - - -3. Belief—Unbelief—Superstition - - -_opinio dei_—belief in god. - -_deum esse credimus_—we believe in the existence of a God. - -_deos esse negare_—to deny the existence of the gods. - -_insitas (innatas) dei cognitiones habere_ (N. D. 1. 17. 44)—to have -innate ideas of the Godhead; to believe in the Deity by intuition. - -_omnibus innatum est et in animo quasi insculptum esse deum_—belief in -God is part of every one's nature. - -_natura in omnium animis notionem dei impressit_ (N. D. 1. 16. -43)—Nature has implanted in all men the idea of a God. - -_impietas_—unbelief. - -_qui deum esse negat_—an atheist. - -_superstitio mentes occupavit_ (Verr. 4. 51. 113)—superstition has -taken possession of their souls. - -_superstitione imbutum esse_—to be tinged with superstition. - -_superstitione teneri, constrictum esse, obligatum esse_—to be the -slave of superstition. - -_superstitionem funditus tollere_—to absolutely annihilate superstition. - -_superstitionem radicitus_ or _penitus evellere_—to destroy -superstition root and branch. - -_formidines_—superstitious fears; phantoms. - - - - -4. Prayers—Wishes—Vows - - -_precari aliquid a deo_—to pray to God. - -_precari deum, deos_—to pray to God. - -_supplicare deo_ (Sall. Iug. 63. 1)—to pray to God. - -_adhibere deo preces_—to pray to God. - -_praeire verba (carmen)_ (Liv. 31. 17)—to read prayers for the -congregation to repeat. - -_(supinas) manus_[1] _ad caelum tendere_—to raise the hands to heaven -(attitude of prayer). - -_favete ore, linguis_ = εὐφημειτε—maintain a devout silence (properly, -utter no ill-omened word). - -_preces facere_—to pray. - -_grates, laudes agere dis immortalibus_—to thank, glorify the immortal -gods. - -_testari deos_ (Sull. 31. 86)—to call the gods to witness. - -_contestari deos hominesque_—to call gods and men to witness. - -_dis bene iuvantibus_ (Fam. 7. 20. 2)—with the help of the gods. - -_quod deus bene vertat!_[2]—and may God grant success! - -_quod di immortales omen avertant!_ (Phil. 44. 11)—and may heaven -avert the omen! heaven preserve us from this! - -_quod abominor! (procul absit!)_—God forbid! - -_di prohibeant, di meliora!_—heaven forfend! - -_quod bonum, faustum, felix, fortunatumque sit!_[3] (Div. 1. 45. -102)—may heaven's blessing rest on it. - -_precari alicui bene (male)_ or _omnia bona (mala), salutem_—to bless -(curse) a person. - -_vota facere, nuncupare, suscipere, concipere_—to make a vow. - -_vota solvere, persolvere, reddere_—to accomplish, pay a vow. - -_voti damnari, compotem fieri_—to have to pay a vow; to obtain one's -wish. - - -[1] _supinus_ = ὕπτιος, bent backwards; _supinae manus_, with the -palms turned up. The opposite of _supinus_ is _pronus_, e.g. _puerum -imponere equo pronum in ventrem, postea sedentem_ (Varr.); _pecora -quae natura prona finxit_ (Sall.) - -[2] Note that these clauses with _quod_ are parenthetical. - -[3] Sometimes abbreviated q. b. f. f. f. s. - - - - -5. Sacrifice—Festival - - -_sacra, sacrificium facere (ἱερὰ ῥέζειν), sacrificare_—to sacrifice. - -_rem divinam facere (dis)_—to sacrifice. - -_ture et odoribus incensis_—with incense and perfumes. - -_rebus divinis (rite) perpetratis_—after having performed the -sacrifice (with due ritual). - -_sacrificium statum (solemne)_ (Tusc. 1. 47. 113)—a periodically -recurring (annual) sacrifice. - -_sacra polluere et violare_—to profane sacred rites. - -_victimas_ (oxen), _hostias_ (smaller animals, especially sheep) -_immolare, securi ferire, caedere, mactare_—to slaughter victims. - -_deos placare_ (B. G. 6. 15)—to appease the anger of the gods. - -_manes expiare_ (Pis. 7. 16)—to appease the manes, make sacrifice for -departed souls. - -_pro victimis homines immolare_—to sacrifice human victims. - -_parentare_ (Leg. 2. 21. 54)—to make a sacrifice on the tomb of one's -ancestors. - -_libare_—to offer libations. - -_diem festum agere_ (of an individual)—to keep, celebrate a festival. - -_diem festum celebrare_ (of a larger number)—to keep, celebrate a -festival. - -_supplicationem indicere ad omnia pulvinaria_ (Liv. 27. 4)—to proclaim -a public thanksgiving at all the street-shrines of the gods. - -_supplicationem quindecim dierum decernere_ (Phil. 14. 14. 37)—to -decree a public thanksgiving for fifteen days. - -_supplicationem habere_ (Liv. 22. 1. 15)—to celebrate a festival of -thanksgiving. - -_lectisternium facere, habere_ (Liv. 22. 1. 18)—to hold a lectisternium. - - - - -6. Oracle—Prodigies—Auspices—Presage - - -_oraculum consulere_—to consult an oracle. - -_oraculum petere (ab aliquo)_—to ask for an oracular response. - -_mittere Delphos consultum_—to send and consult the oracle at Delphi. - -_oraculum dare, edere_—to give an oracular response. - -_responsum dare_ (_vid._ sect. VIII. 5, note _Note to answer..._), -_respondere_—to give an oracular response. - -_oraculum Pythium (Pythicum)_—an oracle given by the Delphian Apollo -(Apollo Pythius). - -_vox Pythia (Pythica)_ (Liv. 1. 56)—an oracle given by the Delphian -Apollo (Apollo Pythius). - -_prodigia procurare_[1] (Liv. 22. 1)—to avert by expiatory sacrifices -the effect of ominous portents. - -_libros Sibyllinos adire, consulere, inspicere_—to consult the -Sibylline books. - -_augurium agere,_[2] _auspicari_ (N. D. 2. 4. 11)—to take the -auspices, observe the flight of birds. - -_de caelo servare_ (Att. 4. 3. 3)—to observe the sky (_i.e._ the -flight of birds, lightning, thunder, etc.) - -_aves (alites, oscines)_[3] _addīcunt alicui_ (opp. _abdicunt -aliquid_)—the omens are favourable to some one. - -_augures obnuntiant (consuli)_ (Phil. 2. 33. 83)—the augurs announce -an unfavourable sign. - -_auspicato (rem gerere, urbem condere)_—after having duly taken the -auspices. - -_omen accipere_ (opp. _improbare_)—to accept as a happy omen. - -_accipere, vertere aliquid in omen_—to interpret something as an omen. - -_faustis ominibus_—with favourable omens. - -_omen infaustum, triste_—an evil omen; presage of ill. - - -[1] _procurare_, a technical term of religious ceremonial = to avert -by expiation; to take the necessary measures, observe the proper -ceremony for appeasing the anger of the gods. - -[2] Not _auspicia habere_, which means to have the right to take the -auspices. As this right was usually combined with the right to -command, we find such phrases as _ponere auspicia_, to give up a -command; _imperio auspicioque alicuius, auspiciis alicuius_, under -some one's command. - -[3] In the science of augury, _alites_ denoted birds which gave omens -by their flight; _oscines_ those which gave them by their cries. - - - - -XII. Domestic Life - - -1. The House and its different Parts - - -_domus necessariis rebus instructa_—a comfortably-furnished house. - -_domus ruina_[1] _impendet_—the house threatens to fall in (_vid._ -sect. X. 5, note _"Threaten"..._). - -_domus collapsura, corruitura (esse) videtur_—the house threatens to -fall in (_vid._ sect. X. 5, note _"Threaten"..._). - -_domus subita ruina collapsa est_—the house suddenly fell in ruins. - -_domum demoliri_ (Top. 4. 22)—to demolish, raze a house. - -_domus non omnes capit_[2] (χωρειν)—the house is not large enough for -all. - -_domum frequentare_ (Sall. Cat. 14. 7)—to be a regular visitor at a -house. - -_domus rimas agit_—the house walls are beginning to crack. - -_apud eum sic fui tamquam domi meae_ (Fam. 13. 69)—I felt quite at -home in his house. - -_apud aliquem esse_—to be at some one's house. - -_tectum subire_—to enter the house. - -_tecto, (in) domum suam aliquem recipere_ (opp. _prohibere aliquem -tecto, domo_)—to welcome to one's house (opp. to shut one's door -against some one). - -_domo pedem non efferre_—to never set foot out of doors. - -_pedem limine efferre_—to cross the threshold. - -_foras exire_ (Plaut. Amph. 1. 2. 35)—to go out of the house. - -_foras mittere aliquem_—to turn some one out of the house. - -_in publico_—in the streets. - -_in publicum prodire_ (Verr. 2. 1. 31)—to show oneself in the streets, -in public. - -_publico carere, se abstinere_—to never appear in public. - -_domi se tenere_—to never appear in public. - -_deducere_[3] _aliquem de domo_—to escort a person from his house. - -_pro aris_[4] _et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare_—to fight for -hearth and home. - -_domi_ (opp. _foris_)—at home; in one's native country. - -_ostium, fores pulsare_—to knock at the door. - -_ostium, fores aperire, claudere_—to open, shut the door. - -_fores obserare_—to bolt the door. - -_ianuam effringere, revellere_—to burst open the door. - -_valvas (portam) obstruere_—to barricade a door (a city-gate). - - -[1] _ruina_ = fall, overthrow (metaphor. e.g. _ruina rei publicae, -ruinae fortunarum_, Catil. 1. 6. 14). In plur. it is used of the -ruins, débris resulting from an overthrow, e.g. _urbs strata ruinis_, -a town in ruins; _fumantes ruinae urbis_. For "ruins" in the sense of -remains of old buildings use _parietinae_. - -[2] Also metaph. e.g. _Macedonia te no capit_. - -[3] Notice too _deducere coloniam_; _deducere naves_, to launch ships, -opposed to _subducere_ = to beach a boat; _deducere adulescentes ad -virum clarissimum_ (De Am. 1. 1); _deducere de sententia aliquem_; -_rem in eum locum deducere, ut..._; _de capite deducere_ (opp. -_addere_) _quod pernumeratum est_ = to subtract from the capital the -amount paid; _deducere aliquem_, to escort a person from his province -to Rome. - -[4] At Rome there were altars not only in the temples but also in the -streets and in private houses. In a house there were usually two—one -in the court, the altar of the _Penates_; another in the _atrium_ on a -small hearth (_focus_), this was the altar of the _Lares_. Hence _arae -focique_ = the altars and hearths of the _Lares_ and _Penates_. - - - - -2. Domestic Matters—Property - - -_rem domesticam, familiarem administrare, regere, curare_—to keep house. - -_rem_ or _opes habere, bona possidere, in bonis esse_—to possess -means, to be well off. - -_opibus, divitiis, bonis, facultatibus abundare_—to be very rich. - -_rem bene (male) gerere_[1] (_vid._ sect. XVI. 10a)—to manage one's -affairs, household, property well or ill. - -_rem familiarem tueri_—to manage one's affairs, household, property -well or ill. - -_rem familiarem neglegere_—to neglect, mismanage one's household -matters. - -_diligentem, frugi esse_—to be economical. - -_diligens paterfamilias_—a careful master of the house. - -_frugi_[2] (opp. _nequam_) _servus_—a good, useful slave. - -_severum imperium in suis exercere, tenere_ (De Sen. 11. 37)—to be a -strict disciplinarian in one's household. - -_in possessionem alicuius rei venire_—to come into the possession of -something. - -_in possessionem alicuius rei invadere_—to take forcible possession of -a thing. - -_expellere aliquem domo, possessionibus pellere_—to turn a person out -of his house, his property. - -_demovere, deicere aliquem de possessione_—to dispossess a person. - -_exturbare aliquem omnibus fortunis, e possessionibus_—to drive a -person out of house and home. - -_evertere aliquem bonis, fortunis patriis_—to drive a person out of -house and home. - -_possessione alicuius rei cedere alicui_ (Mil. 27. 75)—to give up a -thing to some one else. - -_res, quae moveri possunt; res moventes_[3] (Liv. 5. 25. 6)—movable, -personal property. - -_fundi_—property in land; real property. - - -[1] _rem gerere_= generally to manage one's affairs. Then -specially—(1) to do business (of commercial men); (2) to administer -one's estate; (3) to hold a command (of a general in the field). _res -gerere_ plur. = to carry out, accomplish undertakings, used specially -of political activity. - -[2] _frugi_ is an old case-form (either locative or dative) from an -obsolete nominative _frux_. Cf. _bonae frugi esse_, to be useful; _ad -bonam frugem se recipere_, to come to one's senses (Cael. 12. 28). - -[3] _res moventes_; _movere_ is apparently sometimes used -intransitively, e.g. _terra movet_ (Liv. 35. 40; 40. 59), but here -_moventes_ is probably the participle of the middle _moveri_ (cf. _res -quae MOVERI possunt_). For parallel examples of a middle verb with a -participle present or a gerundive cf. Fin. 2. 10. 31 _utra voluptate -stante an movente?_ Suet. Claud. 28 _lecticam per urbem vehendi ius_; -Or. 2. 71. 287 _ceteris in campo exercentibus_, etc. - - - - -3. Habitation—Clothing - - -_habitare_[1] _in domo alicuius, apud aliquem_ (Acad. 2. 36. 115)—to -live in some one's house. - -_domicilium (sedem ac domicilium) habere in aliquo loco_—to dwell in a -certain place. - -_sedem collocare alicubi_ (Rep. 2. 19. 34)—to take up one's abode in a -place, settle down somewhere. - -_sedem ac domicilium (fortunas suas) constituere alicubi_—to take up -one's abode in a place, settle down somewhere. - -_considere alicubi_ (Att. 5. 14. 1)—to take up one's abode in a place, -settle down somewhere. - -_multitudinem in agris collocare_—to settle a large number of people -in a country. - -_domo emigrare_ (B. G. 1. 31)—to emigrate. - -_domo profugus_ (Liv. 1. 1)—homeless. - -_induere vestem_ (without _sibi_)—to dress oneself. - -_vestem mutare_ (opp. _ad vestitum suum redire_) (Planc. 12. 29)—to go -into mourning. - -_vestimenta (et calceos) mutare_—to change one's clothes (and shoes). - -_vestitus obsoletus, tritus_—cast-off clothing. - -_vestis stragula_ or simply _vestis_—drapery. - -_togatus,_[2] _palliatus_—with a toga, cloak on. - -_pannis obsitus_—in rags - -_paludatus, sagatus_—in a military cloak (_paludamentum_, of a -general; _sagum_, of soldiers). - -_togam virilem (puram) sumere_—to assume the _toga virilis_. - -_vestem ponere_[3] _(exuere)_—to undress. - - -[1] _habitare locum_ is not used, _locus habitatur_ is. On the other -hand, we find _incolere Asiam_, etc., or with preps. _cis, trans, -inter, prope, circum—incolere_ being used intransitively, e.g. B. G. -1. 1. 4 _Germani qui trans Rhenum incolunt_. _incolere_ is used of a -number of people, _habitare_ of individuals. - -[2] _togatus_ = a Roman citizen as opposed to—(1) a foreigner, (2) a -soldier, (3) _tunicatus_, which is used of the lower classes who -actually had no _toga_ but simply _tunica_, cf. Hor. Ep. 1. 7. 65 -_tunicatus popellus_. - -[3] _vestem deponere_ = to give up wearing a garment, never use it -again. Notice too _ponere arma_, to put down one's weapons; _ponere -librum (de manibus)_, to lay aside a book (not _deponere_, which would -mean to lay aside for good. Cf. viii. 9). - - - - -4. Food—Drink - - -_cibum sumere, capere_—to take food. - -_cibum concoquere, conficere_—to digest food. - -_multi cibi esse, edacem esse_—to be a great eater. - -_cibum apponere, ponere alicui_—to set food before a person. - -_corpus curare (cibo, vino, somno)_—to refresh oneself, minister to -one's bodily wants. - -_ventri deditum esse_—to be the slave of one's appetite. - -_cibo se abstinere_—to abstain from all nourishment. - -_ieiunium servare_—to fast. - -_tantum cibi et potionis adhibere quantum satis est_—to take only -enough food to support life. - -_cibus delicatus_—delicacies. - -_panis cibarius_—ordinary bread. - -_vino deditum esse, indulgere_—to be given to drink. - -_potare_—to drink to excess; to be a drunkard. - -_alicui bibere dare_[1]—to give some one to drink. - -_alicui bibere ministrare_—to serve some one with drink. - -_propīno tibi hoc (poculum, salutem)_—I drink your health. - -_bene tibi_ or _te!_—your health! - -_inter pocula_—whilst drinking; at table. - -_exhaurire poculum_—to empty a cup at a draught. - - -[1] These forms _dare bibere_, etc., are not Graecisms but old usages -which have survived in conversational language. For the infinitive -(the dative of the verbal noun) used in this way compare Verg. Aen. 1. -527 _non nos aut ferro Libycos populare penates venimus_; Plaut. Bacc. -iv. 3. 18 _parasitus modo venerat aurum petere._ - - - - -5. Subsistence in General - - -_victus cotidianus_—daily bread. - -_victus tenuis_ (Fin. 2. 28. 90)—meagre diet. - -_res ad vitam necessariae_—the necessaries of life. - -_quae ad victum pertinent_—the necessaries of life. - -_res ad victum cultumque necessariae_—things indispensable to a life -of comfort. - -_vitae commoditas iucunditasque_—comfort - -_omnes ad vitam copias suppeditare alicui_—to provide some one with a -livelihood. - -_quae suppeditant ad victum_ (Off. 1. 4. 12)—a livelihood. - -_copiae cotidianis sumptibus suppetunt_ (_vid._ sect. IV. 2, note -_suppeditare..._)—his means suffice to defray daily expenses. - -_victum aliqua re quaerere_—to earn a livelihood by something. - -_vivere carne, piscibus, rapto_ (Liv. 7. 25)—to live on meat, fish, by -plunder. - -_de suo_ (opp. _alieno_) _vivere_—to live on one's means. - -_vitam (inopem) tolerare_ (B. G. 7. 77)—to endure a life of privation. - -_non habeo, qui (unde) vivam_—I have no means, no livelihood. - -_laute vivere_[1] (Nep. Chab. 3. 2)—to live well. - - -[1] Not _bene vivere_, which is used of leading a moral life. - - - - -6. Expenditure—Luxury—Prodigality - - -_sumptum facere, insumere in aliquid_—to spend money on an object. - -_sumptus effusi_ (_vid._ sect. IX. 2, note _Cf. effusa fuga..._) or -_profusi_—prodigal expenditure. - -_sumptui parcere_ (Fam. 16. 4)—to incur few expenses. - -_sumptibus modum statuere_—to limit one's expenditure. - -_sumptum minuere_—to retrench. - -_sumptus perpetui_ (Off. 2. 12. 42)—current expenses. - -_sumptus liberales_ (Off. 2. 12. 42)—munificence. - -_delicate ac molliter vivere_—to live a luxurious and effeminate life. - -_luxuria diffluere_ (Off. 1. 30. 106)—to be abandoned to a life of -excess. - -_omnium rerum copia diffluere_—to be abandoned to a life of excess. - -_in luxuriam effundi_—to plunge into excesses, a career of excess. - -_effundere, profundere pecuniam, patrimonium_—to squander one's money, -one's patrimony. - -_dissipare rem familiarem (suam)_—to squander all one's property. - -_lacerare bona sua_ (Verr. 3. 70. 164)—to squander all one's property. - - - - -7. Hospitality - - -_convivium instruere, apparare, ornare (magnifice, splendide)_—to -prepare, give a feast, dinner. - -_mensas exquisitissimis epulis instruere_ (Tusc. 5. 21. 62)—to load -the tables with the most exquisite viands. - -_mensae exstructae_—a table bountifully spread. - -_caput cenae_ (Fin. 2. 8. 25)—the main dish. - -_secunda mensa_ (Att. 14. 6. 2)—the dessert. - -_ab ovo usque ad mala_ (proverb.)[1]—from beginning to end. - -_aliquem vocare, invitare ad cenam_—to invite some one to dinner. - -_promittere (ad cenam)_ (Off. 3. 14. 58)—to accept an invitiation to -dinner. - -_inter cenam, inter epulas_—during dinner; at table. - -_promittere ad aliquem_—to promise to dine with a person. - -_condicere alicui (ad cenam)_—to invite oneself to some one's house -for dinner. - -_adhibere aliquem cenae_ or _ad cenam, convivio_ or _in convivium_—to -welcome some one to one's table. - -_cenam alicui apponere_—to set a repast before a person. - -_convivia tempestiva_ (Arch. 6. 13)—a repast which begins in good time. - -_accipere aliquem (bene, copiose, laute, eleganter, regio apparatu, -apparatis epulis)_—to entertain, regale a person. - -_deverti ad aliquem (ad [in] villam)_—to go to a man's house as his -guest. - -_deversari apud aliquem_ (Att. 6. 1. 25)—to stop with a person, be his -guest for a short time when travelling. - -_mihi cum illo hospitium est, intercedit_—my relations with him are -most hospitable. - -_hospitio alicuius uti_—to enjoy a person's hospitality. - -_hospitium cum aliquo facere, (con-)iungere_—to become a friend and -guest of a person. - -_hospitio aliquem accipere_ or _excipere (domum ad se)_—to welcome a -man as a guest in one's house. - -_hospitium renuntiare_ (Liv. 25. 18)—to sever (previous) hospitable -relations. - -_domus patet, aperta est mihi_—I am always welcome at his house. - -_invitare aliquem tecto ac domo_ or _domum suam_ (Liv. 3. 14. 5)—to -invite some one to one's house. - - -[1] Lit. "from the egg to the apples," i.e. throughout the dinner; cf. -_integram famem ad ovum affero_ (Fam. 9. 20. 1). - - - - -8. Sociability—Intercourse—Isolation - - -_vitae societas_[1]—social life. - -_facilitas, faciles mores_ (De Am. 3. 11)—a sociable, affable -disposition. - -_societatem inire, facere cum aliquo_—to associate with some one. - -_dissipatos homines in (ad) societatem vitae convocare_ (Tusc. 1. 25. -62)—to unite isolated individuals into a society. - -_socium se adiungere alicui_—to attach oneself to a person's society. - -_aliquem socium admittere_—to admit a person into one's society. - -_assiduum esse cum aliquo_—to be always in some one's company. - -_uti aliquo (familiariter)_—to be on intimate terms with some one. - -_alicuius familiaritate uti_—to be on intimate terms with some one. - -_usu, familiaritate, consuetudine coniunctum esse cum aliquo_—to be on -friendly terms with a person. - -_est mihi consuetudo_, or _usus cum aliquo_—to be on friendly terms -with a person. - -_vivere cum aliquo_—to be on friendly terms with a person. - -_vetus usus inter nos intercedit_—we have known each other well for -several years. - -_devincire aliquem consuetudine_—to attach a person to oneself. - -_se dare in consuetudinem alicuius_—to devote oneself to a person's -society. - -_se insinuare in consuetudinem alicuius_ (Fam. 4. 13. 6)—to insinuate -oneself into a person's society. - -_summa necessitudine aliquem contingere_—to stand in very intimate -relations to some one. - -_in simultate cum aliquo sum_—relations are strained between us. - -_hominum coetus, congressus fugere_—to shun society. - -_in solitudine vivere_ (Fin. 3. 20. 65)—to live in solitude. - -_secum vivere_—to live to oneself. - -_vitam solitariam agere_—to live a lonely life. - - -[1] The adj. _socialis_ in the sense of "sociable" only occurs in late -Latin, e.g. _homo sociale animal_ (Sen.) - - - - -9. Conversation—Audience—Conference - - -_sermonem conferre_,[1] _instituere, ordiri cum aliquo_—to enter into -conversation with some one. - -_se dare in sermonem cum aliquo_—to enter into conversation with some -one. - -_sermonem inferre de aliqua re_—to turn the conversation on to a -certain subject. - -_in eum sermonem_[2] _incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore_—to -talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation. - -_sermo incidit de aliqua re_—the conversation turned on... - -_in sermonem ingredi_—to begin a conversation. - -_sermo ortus est ab aliqua re_—the conversation began with... - -_sermonem alio transferre_—to turn the conversation to another topic. - -_medium sermonem abrumpere_ (Verg. Aen. 4. 388)—to break off in the -middle of the conversation. - -_sermonem producere in multam noctem_ (Rep. 6. 10. 10)—to prolong a -conversation far into the night. - -_sermonem habere cum aliquo de aliqua re_ (De Am. 1. 3)—to converse, -talk with a person on a subject. - -_hinc sermo ductus est_—the conversation began in this way. - -_sermo inductus a tali exordio_—the conversation began in this way. - -_multus sermo_—a long conversation. - -_narratio, fabula_—a narrative, tale, story. - -_narratiuncula, fabella_ (Fin. 5. 15)—an anecdote. - -_haec fabula docet_—this fable teaches us (without _nos_). - -_convenire aliquem_—to meet a person (accidentally or intentionally) -and talk with him. - -_congredi cum aliquo_—to meet a person by arrangement, interview him. - -_sui potestatem facere, praebere alicui_—to give audience to some one. - -_colloquendi copiam facere, dare_—to give audience to some one. - -_conveniendi aditum_[3] _dare alicui_—to give audience to some one. - -_aditum conveniendi_ or _colloquium_[4] _petere_—to ask a hearing, -audience, interview. - -_(ad colloquium) admitti_ (B. C. 3. 57)—to obtain an audience of some -one. - -_in congressum alicuius venire_—to obtain an audience of some one. - -_velle aliquem_ (Plaut. Capt. 5. 2. 24)—to wish to speak to some one. - -_paucis te volo_—a word with you. - -_tribus verbis te volo_—a word with you. - -_sermo cotidianus_, or simply _sermo_—conversational language. - -_coram loqui (cum aliquo)_—to speak personally to... - -_commercium loquendi et audiendi_—interchange of ideas; conversation. - -_capita conferre_ (Liv. 2. 45)—to put our heads together. - -_remotis arbitris_ or _secreto_—in private; tête-à-tête. - -_intra parietes_ (Brut. 8. 32)—within four walls. - - -[1] _sermonem conserere_ in late Latin. - -[2] Distinguish from such phrases as _incidere in sermonem (hominum)_, -to become common talk. - -[3] _audientia_ is not used in this connection, but only in such -phrases as _audientiam facere alicui_ or _orationi alicuius_, to -listen to a person.[TR1] - -[4] _colloquium_ as opposed to _sermo_ means an interview specially -arranged, usually for transaction of some business. - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text has indeed "to listen to a -person". The French edition gives "prêter l'oreille, écouter -quelqu'un". Both seem to be wrong because the original German footnote -says: "Es ist nicht hierfür _audientia_ zu gebrauchen, welches Wort -nur in der Redensart _audientiam facere alicui_ oder _orationi -alicuius_ einem 'Gehör verschaffen', vorkommt." Compare also Lewis & -Short, "A Latin Dictionary", entry "audientia". - - - - -10. Greeting—Farewell - - -_salutem alicui dicere, impertire, nuntiare_—to greet a person. - -_aliquem salvere iubere_ (Att. 4. 14)—to greet a person. - -_quid agis?_[1]—how are you? - -_quid agitur? quid fit?_—what is going on? how are you getting on? - -_Cicero Attico_[2] _S.D.P. (salutem dicit plurimam)_—Cicero sends -cordial greetings to Atticus. - -_tibi plurimam salutem_—my best wishes for your welfare. - -_nuntia fratri tuo salutem verbis meis_ (Fam. 7. 14)—remember me to -your brother. - -_adscribere alicui salutem_ (Att. 5. 20. 9)—to add to one's letter -good wishes to some one. - -_salute data (accepta) redditaque_—after mutual greeting. - -_inter se consalutare_ (De Or. 2. 3. 13)—to exchange greetings. - -_dextram alicui porrigere, dare_—to give one's right hand to some one. - -_dextram iungere cum aliquo, dextras inter se iungere_—to shake hands -with a person. - -_te valere_[3] _iubeo_—I bid you good-bye, take my leave. - -_vale_ or _cura ut valeas_—good-bye; farewell. - -_bene ambula et redambula_—a safe journey to you. - -_gratulari alicui aliquid_ or _de aliqua re_—to congratulate a person -on something. - - -[1] _quid agis?_ is also used as an expression of surprise, "what are -you thinking of?" - -[2] This and the following phrase only epistolary. - -[3] _valedicere alicui_ is poetical. - - - - -11. Betrothal—Marriage—Divorce - - -_filiam alicui despondere_—to betroth one's daughter to some one. - -_sibi (aliquam) despondere_ (of the man)—to betroth oneself, get -engaged. - -_nuptias conciliare_ (Nep. Att. 5. 3)—to arrange a marriage. - -_nuptias parare_—to make preparations for a marriage. - -_condicio (uxoria)_ (Phil. 2. 38. 99)—a match. - -_ducere uxorem_—to marry (of the man). - -_ducere aliquam in matrimonium_—to marry (of the man). - -_nubere alicui_—to marry (of the woman). - -_nuptam esse cum aliquo_ or _alicui_—to be married to some one. - -_uxorem habere_ (Verr. 3. 33. 76)—to be a married man. - -_dotem filiae dare_—to give a dowry to one's daughter. - -_filiam alicui in matrimonio_ or _in matrimonium collocare_ or simply -_filiam alicui collocare_—to give one's daughter in marriage to -some-one. - -_filiam alicui in matrimonium dare_—to give one's daughter in marriage -to some-one. - -_filiam alicui nuptum dare_—to give one's daughter in marriage to -some-one. - -_nuntium remittere alicui_ (De Or. 1. 40)—to separate, be divorced -(used of man or woman). - -_repudium dicere_ or _scribere alicui_—to separate, be divorced (used -of man or woman). - -_divortium facere cum uxore_—to separate from, divorce (of the man). - -_aliquam suas res sibi habere_[1] _iubere_ (Phil. 2. 28. 69)—to -separate from, divorce (of the man). - -_repudium_[2] _remittere viro_ (Dig. 24. 3)—to separate (of the woman). - - -[1] The formula of divorce used by the man was _tuas res tibi habeto_, -cf. Plaut. Trin. 266. - -[2] Cicero uses _divortium_ not _repudium_. _divortium_ (_dis, -vertere_) is a separation by mutual consent, _divortium est, quod in -diversas partes eunt, qui discedunt_ (Paul. Dig. L. 16. 1. 161). In -_repudium_ one party takes the initiative, usually the husband. The -formula commonly used was _tua condicione non utar_. - - - - -12. Will—Inheritance - - -_testamentum facere, conscribere_—to make a will. - -_testamentum obsignare_ (B. G. 1. 39)—to sign a will. - -_testamentum resignare_—to open a will. - -_testamentum rescindere_—to declare a will to be null and void. - -_testamentum subicere, supponere_—to produce a false will. - -_testamentum irritum facere, rumpere_—to annul, revoke a will. - -_testamento aliquid cavere_ (Fin. 2. 31)—to prescribe in one's will. - -_pecuniam alicui legare_—to leave money to a person in one's will. - -_aliquem heredem testamento scribere, facere_—to appoint some one as -heir in one's will. - -_alicuius mortui voluntas (suprema)_—the last wishes of a deceased -person. - -_heredem esse alicui_—to be some one's heir. - -_hereditate aliquid accipere_—to inherit something. - -_exheres paternorum bonorum_ (De Or. 1. 38. 175)—disinherited. - -_exheredari a patre_—to be disinherited. - -_hereditate aliquid relictum est ab aliquo_—something has been left as -a legacy by some one. - -_hereditas ad me_ or _mihi venit ab aliquo_ (Verr. 2. 1. 10)—I have -received a legacy from a person. - -_hereditatem adire, cernere_—to take possession of an inheritance. - -_heres ex asse, ex dodrante_—sole heir; heir to three-quarters of the -estate. - -_heres ex besse_—heir to two-thirds of the property. - - - - -13. Custom—Usage - - -_assuefactus_[1] or _assuetus aliqua re_—accustomed to a thing. - -_in consuetudinem_ or _morem venire_—to become customary, the fashion. - -_in nostros mores inducere aliquid_ (De Or. 2. 28)—to introduce a -thing into our customs; to familiarise us with a thing. - -_consuetudinem suam tenere, retinere,[TR1] servare_—to keep up a usage. - -_consuetudo inveterascit_ (B. G. 5. 41. 5)—a custom is taking root, -growing up. - -_res obsolescit_—a thing is going out of use, becoming obsolete. - -_a vetere consuetudine discedere_—to give up old customs. - -_a pristina consuetudine deflectere_—to give up old customs. - -_in pristinam consuetudinem revocare aliquid_—to return to ancient -usage. - -_aliquid est meae consuetudinis_—it is my custom. - -_aliquid cadit in meam consuetudinem_—it is my custom. - -_mos (moris) est, ut_ (Brut. 21. 84)—it is customary to... - -_more, usu receptum est_—it is traditional usage. - -_ut fit, ita ut fit, ut fere fit_—as usually happens. - -_ut solet, ut fieri solet_—as usually happens. - -_ita fert consuetudo_—so custom, fashion prescribes. - -_ex consuetudine mea_ (opp. _praeter consuetudinem_)—according to my -custom. - -_more institutoque maiorum_ (Mur. 1. 1)—according to the custom and -tradition of my fathers. - -_ex instituto_ (Liv. 6. 10. 6)—according to traditional usage. - - -[1] Note _assuescere_, to accustom oneself to .... and _assuefacere -aliquem_, to accustom some one else to... - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: The original text has _retineri_. But that -is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using _retinere_. - - - - -XIII. Commerce and Agriculture - - -1. Commerce in General—Purchase—Price - - -_negotiatores_[1] (Verr. 2. 69. 168)—business-men. - -_homines negotii_ (always in sing.) _gerentes_—business-men. - -_negotii bene gerentes_ (Quint. 19. 62)—good men of business. - -_negotium obire_ or _exsequi_—to be engaged upon a transaction, carry -it out. - -_negotium (rem) conficere, absolvere_—to settle, finish a transaction. - -_mercaturam facere_—to be engaged in commerce, wholesale business. - -_negotia habere (in Sicilia)_—to have commercial interests in Sicily. - -_contrahere rem_ or _negotium cum aliquo_ (Cluent. 14. 41)—to have -business relations with some one. - -_transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquo_ or _inter se_—to -transact, settle a matter with some one. - -_nihil cum aliquo contrahere_—to do no business with a man. - -_quaestum facere_ (Fam. 15. 14)—to make money. - -_quaestui aliquid habere_ (Off. 2. 3. 13)—to make a profit out of -something. - -_res, quae importantur et exportantur_—imports and exports. - -_exponere, proponere merces (venales)_—to set out goods for sale. - -_parvo, vili pretio_ or _bene emere_—to buy cheaply. - -_magno_ or _male emere_—to buy dearly. - -_aliquid magno, parvo stat, constat_—a thing costs much, little. - -_aliquid nihilo_ or _gratis constat_—a thing costs nothing. - -_pretium alicui rei statuere, constituere_ (Att. 13. 22)—to fix a -price for a thing. - - -[1] The usual term for men of business are _negotiator, mercator, -caupo, institor_. The first two are used of merchants, wholesale -dealers, _negotiator_ especially when talking of the transactions -(_negotia_) of business, _mercator_ with reference to the profits -(_merces_). _caupo_ is a retail dealer, tradesman, shopkeeper; -_institor_, a pedlar, commercial traveller. - - - - -2. Money—Interest—Loans - - -_pecunia magna_,[1] _grandis (multum pecuniae)_—much money. - -_pecunia exigua_ or _tenuis_—little money. - -_pecunia praesens_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note _Notice too..._) or -_numerata_—cash; ready money. - -_aes (argentum) signatum_—coined money; bullion. - -_argentum (factum)_ (Verr. 5. 25. 63)—silver plate. - -_nummi adulterini_—bad money; base coin. - -_pecuniam erogare (in classem)_—to spend money. - -_pecuniam insumere in aliquid_ or _consumere in aliqua re_—to devote -money to a purpose. - -_pecuniam numerare alicui_ (Att. 16. 16)—to pay cash. - -_pecuniam solvere_—to pay money. - -_pecuniam alicui debere_—to owe some one money. - -_pecuniam alicui credere (sine fenore, usuris)_—to lend some one money -(without interest). - -_pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo_—to lend, -borrow money at interest. - -_pecuniam fenore occupare_ (Flacc. 21. 54)—to put out money at interest. - -_pecuniam collocare_[2] _in aliqua re_—to put money in an undertaking. - -_pecunia iacet otiosa_—the money is bringing in no interest, lies idle. - -_pecuniam mutuari_ or _sumere mutuam ab aliquo_—to borrow money from -some one. - -_pecuniam alicui mutuam dare_—to lend money to some one. - -_pecuniam creditam solvere_—to repay a loan. - -_non solvendo_[3] _esse_ (Phil. 2. 2. 4)—to be bankrupt. - -_pecuniam exigere (acerbe)_—to demand payment. - -_magnas pecunias ex aliqua re_ (e.g. _ex metallis_) _facere_—to have a -large income from a thing (e.g. from mines). - -_nummus iactatur_ (Off. 3. 20. 80)—the bank-rate varies. - -_versuram facere_ (Att. 5. 21. 12)—to transfer a debt. - -_nummulis acceptis_ (Att. 1. 16. 6)—for a trifle, a beggarly pittance. - - -[1] In plur. _magnae, multae pecuniae_ = large sums of money. - -[2] Sometimes absolutely, e.g. Cic. Off. 2. 25. 90 _pecuniam collocare_. - -[3] _solvendo_ is a predicative dative. For the development of such -uses cf. _nulli rei erimus postea_ (Plaut. Stich. 718); Ovid Met. 15. -403 _dedit huic aetas vires onerique ferendo est_; Liv. 4. 35 -_experiunda res est sitne aliqui plebeius ferendo magno honori_. - - - - -3. Money-Matters—Accounts—Audit - - -_res nummaria_ or _pecuniaria_—finance; money-matters. - -_ratio pecuniarum_—finance; money-matters. - -_argentariam facere_ (Verr. 5. 59. 155)—to be a banker. - -_argentariam dissolvere_ (Caecin. 4. 11)—to close one's bank, give up -banking. - -_codex_ or _tabulae ratio accepti et expensi_—account-book; ledger. - -_nomina facere_ or _in tabulas referre_—to book a debt. - -_pecunia in nominibus_[1] _est_—money is outstanding, unpaid. - -_pecuniam in nominibus habeo_—I have money owing me. - -_alicui expensum ferre aliquid_—to put a thing down to a man's account. - -_alicui acceptum referre aliquid_[2] (Verr. 2. 70. 170)—to put down to -a man's credit. - -_rationem alicuius rei inire, subducere_—to go through accounts, make -a valuation of a thing. - -_ad calculos vocare aliquid_ (Amic. 16. 58)—to go through accounts, -make a valuation of a thing. - -_inita subductaque ratione aliquid facere_—to do something after -careful calculation. - -_rationes putare_[3] _cum aliquo_—to balance accounts with some one. - -_ratio alicuius rei constat (convenit, par est)_—the accounts balance. - -_ratio acceptorum et datorum (accepti et expensi)_ (Amic. 16. 58)—the -account of receipts and expenditure. - -_rationem diligenter conficere_—to keep the accounts (day-book) -carefully. - -_summam facere alicuius rei_—to compute the total of anything. - -_de capite deducere_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 1, note _Notice too..._) -_aliquid_—to subtract something from the capital. - -_rationem alicuius rei reddere_—to render count of a matter; to pass -it for audit. - -_rationem alicuius rei reposcere aliquem_ or _ab aliquo_—to demand an -account, an audit of a matter. - -_rationem ab aliquo reptere de aliqua re_ (Cluent. 37. 104)—to demand -an account, an audit of a matter. - - -[1] _nomina_ are properly the sums entered in the ledger as due from a -person. Hence _nomen solvere, dissolvere_, to pay a debt.; _nomen -expedire, exsolvere_, to get rid of a debt; _bonum nomen_, a safe -investment (Cic. Fam. 5. 6. 2). - -[2] Also used metaphorically to "owe a thing to another's -instrumentality," e.g. _quod vivo tibi acceptum refero_. - -[3] The original meaning of _putare_ is to prune (cf. _purus, -amputare_), cleanse by cutting off, then make clear, calculate, -reckon. By a transference it became used of calculation, i.e. -thinking, believing. Compare the history of the French _raisonner_ and -the Italian _ragioneria_. - - - - -4. Rate of Interest - - -_centesimae_ (sc. _usurae_) (Att. 5. 21. 11)—interest at 1 per cent -per month, 12 per cent per annum. - -_binis centesimis fenerari_—to lend at 24 per cent.[TR1] - -_ternae centesimae_—36 per cent per annum. - -_quaternas centesimas postulare_ (Att. 5. 21. 11)—to demand 48 per cent. - -_semisses_—6 per cent (i.e. if for 100 denarii, asses, one pays half a -denarius, half an as per month). - -_semissibus magna copia est_—money is plentiful at 6 per cent. - -_usurae semissium_ (Colum.)—6 per cent. - -_usurae semisses_ (Jurists)—6 per cent. - -_quadrantes usurae_—3 per cent (a quarter of centesima). - -_trientes_ or _trientariae usurae_ (Att. 4. 15)—4 per cent. - -_quincunx_ (Pers. 5. 149)—5 per cent. - -_quincunces usurae_—5 per cent. - -_fenus ex triente Id. Quint. factum erat bessibus_ (Att. 4. 15. 7)—the -rate of interest has gone up from 4 per cent to 8 per cent. - -_perpetuum fenus_ (Att. 5. 21. 13)—simple interests. - -_fenus renovatum_—compound interest. - -_anatocismus_ (ἀνατοκισμός) (Att. 5. 21. 11)—compound interest. - -_fenus iniquissimum, grande, grave_—exorbitant rate of interest. - -_usura menstrua_—monthly interest. - -_centesimis cum anatocismo contentum esse_ (Att. 5. 21. 12)—to be -content with 12 per cent at compound interest. - - -[TR1] Transcriber's Note: The Latin expression means _at 2 percent per -month_ which amounts to 24 percent per year (Cp. French edition). - - - -5. Profit—Credit—Debt - - -_lucrum facere_ (opp. _damnum facere_) _ex aliqua re_—to make profit -out of a thing. - -_in lucro ponere aliquid_ (Flacc. 17. 40)—to consider a thing as profit. - -_debitor_, or _is qui debet_—the debtor. - -_creditor_, or _is cui debeo_—the creditor. - -_fides et ratio pecuniarum_—credit and financial position. - -_fides_ (_vid._ sect. IX. 10, note _fides has six..._) -_concidit_—credit is going down. - -_fidem derogare alicui_—to rob a person of his credit. - -_fides aliquem deficere coepit_—a man's credit begins to go down. - -_fides (de foro) sublata est_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 3. 8)—credit has -disappeared. - -_fides tota Italia est angusta_—credit is low throughout Italy. - -_fidem moliri_ (Liv. 6. 11. 8)—to shake credit. - -_laborare de pecunia_—to have pecuniary difficulties. - -_in summa difficultate nummaria versari_ (Verr. 2. 28. 69)—to be in -severe pecuniary straits. - -_in maximas angustias (pecuniae) adduci_—to be reduced to extreme -financial embarrassment. - -_aes alienum_ (always in sing.) _facere, contrahere_—to incur debts. - -_grande, magnum_ (opp. _exiguum_) _aes alienum conflare_—to incur -debts on a large scale. - -_incidere in aes alienum_—to get into debt. - -_aes alienum habere_—to be in debt. - -_in aere alieno esse_—to be in debt. - -_in suis nummis versari_ (Verr. 4. 6. 11)—to have no debts. - -_aere alieno obrutum, demersum esse_—to be deeply in debt. - -_aere alieno oppressum esse_—to have pressing debts. - -_aes alienum dissolvere, exsolvere_—to pay one's debts. - -_nomina_ (cf. sect. XIII. 3) _solvere, dissolvere, exsolvere_—to pay -one's debts. - -_nomina exigere_ (Verr. 3. 10. 28)—to demand payment of, recover debts. - -_ex aere alieno exire_—to get out of debt. - -_aere alieno liberari_—to get out of debt. - -_versurā solvere, dissolvere_ (Att. 5. 15. 2)—to pay one's old debts -by making new. - - - - -6. Building - - -_opus locare_—to contract for the building of something. - -_opus redimere, conducere_—to undertake the contract for a work. - -_domum aedificandam locare, conducere_—to give, undertake a contract -for building a house. - -_aedificatorem esse_ (Nep. Att. 13. 1)—to be fond of building. - -_exstruere aedificium, monumentum_—to erect a building, a monument. - -_fundamenta iacere, agere_—to lay the foundations. - -_turrim excitare, erigere, facere_—to build a tower. - -_oppidum constituere, condere_—to build, found a city. - -_pontem facere in flumine_—to build a bridge over a river. - -_inicere pontem_—to build a bridge over a river. - -_flumen ponte iungere_—to build a bridge over a river. - -_pons est in flumine_—there is a bridge over the river. - -_pontem dissolvere, rescindere, interscindere_ (B. G. 2. 9. 4)—to -break down a bridge. - -_luminibus alicuius obstruere, officere_[1]—to obstruct a person's -view, shut out his light by building. - - -[1] Also used metaphorically to overshadow, eclipse a person, cf. vi. 1. - - - - -7. Agriculture—Management of Stock - - -_agrum colere_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 67)—to till the ground. - -_agros fertiles deserere_—to leave fertile ground untilled. - -_agriculturae studere_ (opp. _agriculturam deserere_)—to have a taste -for agriculture. - -_opus rusticum_—tillage; cultivation. - -_in agris esse, habitare_—to live in the country. - -_serere; semen spargere_—to sow. - -_sementem facere_ (B. G. 1. 3. 1)—to look after the sowing. - -_ut sementem feceris, ita metes_ (proverb.) (De Or. 2. 65)—as you sow, -so will you reap. - -_laetae segetes_—the laughing cornfields. - -_laetissimi flores_ (Verr. 4. 48. 107)—a glorious expanse of flowers. - -_odores, qui efflantur e floribus_—the perfume exhaled by flowers. - -_messis in herbis est_ (Liv. 25. 15)—the crop is in the blade. - -_adhuc tua messis in herba est_ (proverb.)—your crop is still green, -_i.e._ you are still far from your ambition. - -_frumenta in agris matura non sunt_ (B. G. 1. 16. 2)—the corn is not -yet ripe. - -_messem facere_—to reap. - -_fructus demetere_ or _percipere_—to reap. - -_fructus condere_ (N. D. 2. 62. 156)—to harvest crops. - -_messis opīma_ (opp. _ingrata_)—a good harvest. - -_arbores serere_ (De Sen. 7. 24)—to plant trees. - -_arbores caedere_—to fell trees. - -_inopia_ (opp. _copia_) _rei frumentariae_—want of corn; scarcity in -the corn-market. - -_difficultas annonae_ (Imp. Pomp. 15. 44)—want of corn; scarcity in -the corn-market. - -_annona ingravescit, crescit_—the price of corn is going up. - -_annona laxatur, levatur, vilior fit_—the price of corn is going down. - -_caritas annonae_ (opp. _vilitas_), also simply _annona_—dearth of -corn; high prices. - -_ad denarios_[1] _L in singulos modios annona pervenerat_—corn had -gone up to 50 denarii the bushel. - -_annona cara est_—corn is dear. - -_hac annona_ (Plaut. Trin. 2. 4. 83)—when corn is as dear as it is. - -_rem pecuariam facere, exercere_ (cf. Varr R. R. 2. 1)—to rear stock. - -_pastum agere_—to drive to pasture. - -_pastum ire_—to go to pasture. - -_pascere gregem_—to feed a flock (of goats). - -_greges pascuntur_[2] (Verg. G. 3. 162)—the herds are grazing. - -_alere equos, canes_—to keep horses, dogs. - -_animalia quae nobiscum degunt_ (Plin. 8. 40)—domestic animals. - - -[1] _denarius_ = about 9-1/2 d., _vid._ Gow, Companion to School -Classics, p. 149. - -[2] _pascere_ and _pasci_ are also used metaphorically, _vid._ iii. s. -v. _oculi_. - - - - -XIV. The State - - -1. Constitution—Administration—Government - - -_forma rei publicae_—the constitution. - -_descriptio civitatis_—the constitution. - -_instituta et leges_—the constitution. - -_rem publicam constituere_[1]—to give the state a constitution. - -_rem publicam legibus et institutis temperare_ (Tusc. 1. 1. 2)—to give -the state a constitution. - -_civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere_—to give the state a -constitution. - -_suis legibus utitur_ (B. G. 1. 45. 3)—(a state) has its own laws, is -autonomous. - -_nullam habere rem publicam_—to have no constitution, be in anarchy. - -_rem publicam in pristinum statum restituere_—to restore the ancient -constitution. - -_optima re publica_—at the time of a most satisfactory government. - -_libera res publica, liber populus_—the Republic. - -_rem publicam gerere, administrare, regere, tractare, gubernare_—to -govern, administer the state. - -_rei publicae praeesse_—to have the management of the state. - -_ad gubernacula_ (metaph. only in plur.) _rei publicae sedere_—to hold -the reins of government. - -_clavum rei publicae tenere_—to hold the reins of government. - -_gubernacula rei publicae tractare_—to hold the reins of government. - -_principem civitatis esse_—to be the chief man in the state. - -_principem in re publica locum obtinere_—to hold the first position in -the state. - -_negotia publica_ (Off. 1. 20. 69)—public affairs. - -_vita occupata_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 2)—the busy life of a statesman. - -_accedere, se conferre ad rem publicam_—to devote oneself to politics, -a political career. - -_rem publicam capessere_ (Off. 1. 21. 71)—to devote oneself to -politics, a political career. - -_in re publica_ or _in rebus publicis versari_—to take part in politics. - -_rei publicae deesse_ (opp. _adesse_)—to take no part in politics. - -_a negotiis publicis se removere_—to retire from public life. - -_a re publica recedere_—to retire from public life. - -_in otium se referre_ (Fam. 99)—to retire into private life. - -_vita privata_ (Senect. 7. 22)—private life. - -_publico carere, forum ac lucem fugere_—to shun publicity. - -_forensi luce carere_—to shun publicity. - -_rem publicam tueri, stabilire_—to defend, strengthen the state. - -_res publica stat_ (opp. _iacet_)—the state is secure. - -_rem publicam augere, amplificare_—to aggrandise, extend the power of -the state. - -_saluti rei publicae non deesse_—to further the common weal. - -_rei publicae_[2] _causa_ (Sest. 47. 101)—for political reasons. - -_e re publica_ (opp. _contra rem p._)—for the advantage of the state; -in the interests of the state. - -_summa res publica_ (or _summa rei publicae_)—the welfare of the state. - -_commoda publica_ or _rei publicae rationes_—the interests of the state. - -_rei publicae rationibus_ or simply _rei publicae consulere_—to -further the public interests. - -_ad rei publicae rationes aliquid referre_—to consider a thing from a -political point of view. - -_in rem publicam omni cogitatione curaque incumbere_ (Fam. 10. 1. -2)—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare. - -_omnes curas et cogitationes in rem publicam conferre_—to devote one's -every thought to the state's welfare. - -_omnes curas in rei publicae salute defigere_ (Phil. 14. 5. 13)—to -devote one's every thought to the state's welfare. - -_totum et animo et corpore in salutem rei publicae se conferre_—to -devote oneself body and soul to the good of the state. - -_bene, optime sentire de re publica_—to have the good of the state at -heart. - -_omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire_—to have the good -of the state at heart. - -_rector civitatis_ (De Or. 1. 48. 211)—the head of the state. - -_viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti_ or _viri in re -publica prudentes_—statesmen. - -_auctores consilii publici_—statesmen. - -_principes rem publicam administrantes_ or simply _principes_—statesmen. - -_prudentia (civilis)_ (De Or. 1. 19. 85)—statesmanship; political -wisdom. - -_homo in re publica exercitatus_—an experienced politician. - -_res civiles_—political questions. - -_plus in re publica videre_—to possess great political insight. - -_longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae_ (De Amic. 12. 40)—to -foresee political events long before. - -_alicuius in re publica_ or _capessendae rei publicae consilia eo -spectant, ut..._—a man's policy is aiming at, directed towards... - -_rei publicae muneribus orbatus_—banished from public life. - -_gerendis negotiis orbatus_ (Fin. 5. 20. 57)—banished from public life. - - -[1] Cf. _tres viri rei publicae constituendae_. - -[2] There being no adjective in Latin for "political," we have to make -use of periphrasis with such words as _res publica, civilis, -popularis_, etc. - - - - -2. Civil Rights—Rank - - -_civitate donare aliquem_ (Balb. 3. 7)—to make a man a citizen. - -_in civitatem recipere, ascribere, asciscere aliquem_—to enroll as a -citizen, burgess. - -_civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire_—to present a person with -the freedom of the city. - -_civitatem mutare_ (Balb. 11. 27)—to naturalise oneself as a citizen -of another country. - -_generis antiquitate florere_—to be of noble family. - -_nobilitati favere_ (Sest. 9. 21)—to be a friend of the aristocracy. - -_nobilitatis fautorem, studiosum esse_—to be a friend of the -aristocracy. - -_homo novus_[1]—a parvenu (a man no member of whose family has held -curule office). - -_ordo senatorius (amplissimus)_—the senatorial order. - -_ordo equester (splendidissimus)_—the equestrian order; the knights. - -_summo loco natus_—of high rank. - -_nobili, honesto, illustri loco_ or _genere natus_—of illustrious -family. - -_humili, obscuro loco natus_—of humble, obscure origin. - -_humilibus (obscuris) parentibus natus_—of humble, obscure origin. - -_infimo loco natus_—from the lowest classes. - -_equestri loco natus_ or _ortus_—a knight by birth. - -_summi (et) infimi_ (Rep. 1. 34. 53)—high and low. - -_homines omnis generis_—people of every rank. - -_homines omnium ordinum et aetatum_—people of every rank and age. - -_homo plebeius, de plebe_—one of the people. - -_traduci ad plebem_ (Att. 1. 18. 4)—to get oneself admitted as a -plebeian. - -_transitio ad plebem_ (Brut. 16. 62)—to transfer oneself from the -patrician to the plebeian order. - -_traductio ad plebem_—to transfer oneself from the patrician to the -plebeian order. - -_unus de_ or _e multis_—one of the crowd; a mere individual. - -_faex populi, plebis, civitatis_—the dregs of the people. - -_infima fortuna_ or _condicio servorum_—a degraded, servile condition. - -_unus e togatorum numero_—an ordinary, average Roman citizen. - - -[1] A _novus homo_ by taking office becomes for his descendants -_princeps nobilitatis_ (Cic. Brut. 14) or _auctor generis_ (Leg. Agr. -2. 35). - - - - -3. Dignity—Position—Honours—Pre-Eminence—(cf. v. 17) - - -_dignitatem suam tueri, defendere, retinere, obtinere_—to guard, -maintain one's dignity. - -_dignitati suae servire, consulere_—to be careful of one's dignity. - -_aliquem ad summam dignitatem perducere_ (B. G. 7. 39)—to elevate to -the highest dignity. - -_principem (primum), secundum locum dignitatis obtinere_—to occupy the -first, second position in the state. - -_in altissimo dignitatis gradu collocatum, locatum, positum esse_—to -occupy a very high position in the state. - -_aliquem ex altissimo dignitatis gradu praecipitare_ (Dom. 37. 98)—to -depose, bring down a person from his elevated position. - -_aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere_—to overthrow a person (cf. -sect. IX. 6). - -_aliquem gradu movere, depellere_ or _de gradu (statu) deicere_—to -overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6). - -_dignitatis gradum ascendere_—to attain a position of dignity. - -_ad honores ascendere_—to rise, mount to the honours of office. - -_amplissimos honorum gradus assequi, adipisci_—to reach the highest -grade of office. - -_ad summos honores pervenire_ (cf. also sect. V. 17)—to attain to the -highest offices. - -_vir defunctus honoribus_—a man who has held every office (up to the -consulship). - -_principatum tenere, obtinere_—to occupy the leading position. - -_de principatu deiectus_ (B. G. 7. 63)—deposed from one's high position. - -_contendere cum aliquo de principatu_ (Nep. Arist. 1)—to contend with -some one for the pre-eminence. - -_primas_ (e.g. _sapientiae_) _alicui deferre, tribuere, concedere_—to -give the palm, the first place (for wisdom) to some one. - - - - -4. Public Meetings—Suffrage - - -_convocare populi concilium_ and _populum ad concilium_—to summon an -assembly of the people. - -_contionem advocare_ (Sall. Iug. 33. 3)—to summon an assembly of the -people. - -_agere cum populo_[1] (Leg. 3. 4. 10)—to submit a formal proposition -to the people. - -_concilium indicere, habere, dimittere_—to fix the day for, to hold, -to dismiss a meeting. - -_comitia habere_—to hold a meeting of the people. - -_comitia magistratibus creandis_—meetings for the election of officers. - -_comitiis_ (Abl.) _convenire_—to meet for elections. - -_comitiis consulem creari_—to be chosen consul at the elections. - -_suffragium ferre_ (_vid._ sect. VI. 4, note _Not sententiam..._)—to -vote (in the popular assembly). - -_multitudinis suffragiis rem permittere_—to leave a matter to be -decided by popular vote. - - -[1] Aulus Gellius (13. 16. 3) explains the difference between _cum -populo agere_ and _contionem habere_; the former = _rogare quid -populum quod suffragiis suis aut iubeat aut vetet_. Cf. Liv. 22. 10. 2 -_velitis iubeatisne haec sic fieri?_ also 21. 17. 4. _habere contionem -(conventio = countio = contio)_ is equivalent to _verba facere ad -populum sine ulla rogatione_. - - - - -5. Laws—Bills - - -_legem, rogationem_[1] _promulgare_ (Liv. 33. 46)—to bring a bill -before the notice of the people. - -_legem ferre_ or simply _ferre ad populum, ut..._—to propose a law in -the popular assembly. - -_legem suadere_ (opp. _dissuadere_)—to support a bill (before the -people). - -_pro lege dicere_—to support a bill (before the people). - -_legem rogare_ or _rogare populum_ (cf. sect. XVI. 4, note _Aulus -Gellius..._)—to formally propose a law to the people. - -_legem perferre_ (Liv. 33. 46)—to carry a law (said of the magistrate). - -_lex perfertur_—a law is adopted. - -_legem antiquare_[2] (opp. _accipere, iubere_)—to reject a bill. - -_legem sciscere_ (Planc. 14. 35)—to vote for a law. - -_legem iubere_—to ratify a law (used of the people). - -_legem sancire_—to let a bill become law (of the people and senate). - -_Solo lege sanxit, ut_ or _ne_—Solo ordained by law that... - -_Solonis legibus sanctum erat, ut_ or _ne_—the laws of Solon ordained -that... - -_legem abrogare_[3] (Att. 3. 23. 2)—to replace an old law by a new. - -_legem tollere_ (Leg. 2. 12. 31)—to abolish a law. - -_legi intercedere_—to protest against a law (used of the veto, -_intercessio_, of plebeian tribunes). - -_legem proponere in publicum_—to bring a law before the notice of the -people. - -_edictum proponere_ (Att. 2. 21. 4)—to publish, post up an edict. - -_legem in aes incīdere_—to engrave a law upon a brazen tablet. - -_lex rata est_ (opp. _irrita_)—a law is valid. - -_legem ratam esse iubere_—to declare a law valid. - -_a lege discedere_—to transgress a law. - -_salvis legibus_ (_vid._ sect. X. 7, note _Notice..._)—without -breaking the law. - -_lex_[4] _iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime)_—the law orders, forbids -(expressly, distinctly). - -_in lege scriptum est_, or simply _est_—the law says... - -_sententia_ or _voluntas legis_—the spirit of the law. - -_leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere_ (not _dare_)—to make -laws (of a legislator). - -_legum scriptor, conditor, inventor_—a legislator. - -_qui leges scribit_ (not _legum lator_)[5]—a legislator. - -_in legem iurare_ (Sest. 16. 37)—to swear obedience to a law. - -_lege teneri_—to be bound by a law. - -_legibus solvere_—to free from legal obligations. - -_ea lege, ut_—on condition of... - -_aliquid contra legem est_—a thing is illegal. - -_acta rescindere, dissolvere_ (Phil. 13. 3. 5)—to declare a -magistrate's decisions null and void. - -_in album referre_ (De Or. 2. 12. 52)—to record in the official -tablets (_Annales maximi_). - - -[1] A _rogatio_ had to be posted up in some public place for _trinum -nundinum (tempus)_ (Phil. 5. 3. 8), i.e. for seventeen days, _nundinae -(novem, dies)_ being a holiday, fair, held every ninth day. - -[2] On the voting-tablets (_tabellae_) used in the _comitia_ was -written either A (_antiquo_) to reject the bill, V * R (_uti rogas_) -to pass it; in judicial questions A (_absolvo_), C (_condemno_), N * L -(_non liquet_). - -[3] _legi_ or _de lege derogare_ = to reject a clause in it; _legem -abrogare_, to nullify a law by passing another which contradicts it; -_multam, poenam inrogare alicui_, to inflict a fine on some one with -the approval of the people; _pecuniam erogare (ex aerario in -classem)_, to draw money from the treasury and distribute it according -to the wishes of the people. - -[4] _lex_ is often personified in this way. - -[5] _legis lator_ = the man who proposes a law. - - - - -6. Popular Favour—Influence—Unpopularity - - -_aura favoris popularis_ (Liv. 22. 26)—popular favour; popularity. - -_populi favor, gratia popularis_—popular favour; popularity. - -_aura popularis_ (Harusp. 18. 43)—popular favour; popularity. - -_auram popularem captare_ (Liv. 3. 33)—to court popularity. - -_gratiam populi quaerere_—to court popularity. - -_aurae popularis homo_ (Liv. 42. 30)—a popular man. - -_ventum popularem quendam (in aliqua re) quaerere_—to strive to gain -popular favour by certain means. - -_gratiosum esse_ (opp. _invisum esse_)—to be popular, influential. - -_opibus, gratia, auctoritate valere, florere_—to have great influence. - -_opes, gratiam, potentiam consequi_—to acquire influence. - -_gratiam inire apud aliquem, ab aliquo_ (cf. sect. V. 12)—to gain some -one's favour. - -_crescere ex aliquo_—to raise oneself by another's fall. - -_crescere ex invidia senatoria_—to profit by the unpopularity of the -senate to gain influence oneself. - -_iacēre_ (_vid._ sect. VII. 1, note _iacēre..._)—to be politically -annihilated. - -_existimatio populi, hominum_—public opinion. - -_multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere_—to be always considering -what people think. - -_invidia_—unpopularity. - -_offensio populi, popularis_—unpopularity. - -_offensa populi voluntas_—unpopularity. - -_invidia dictatoria_ (Liv. 22. 26)—the feeling against the dictator. - -_ex invidia alicuius auram popularem petere_ (Liv. 22. 26)—to use some -one's unpopularity as a means of making oneself popular. - - - - -7. Party-Spirit—Neutrality—Politics—Aristocracy—Democracy - - -_partes_ (usually of plebeians)—a party; faction. - -_factio_ (of aristocrats)—a party; faction. - -_partium studium_, also simply _studia_—party-spirit. - -_partium studiosum esse_—to be a strong partisan. - -_certamen partium_—party-strife. - -_contentio partium_ (Phil. 5. 12. 32)—party-strife. - -_partium studiis divisum esse_—to be torn by faction. - -_consiliorum in re publica socius_—a political ally. - -_alicuius partes (causam)_ or simply _aliquem sequi_—to embrace the -cause of..., be a partisan of... - -_alicuius partibus studere_—to embrace the cause of..., be a partisan -of... - -_ab (cum) aliquo stare_ (Brut. 79. 273)—to be on a person's side (not -_ab alicuius partibus_). - -_alicuius studiosum esse_—to be a follower of some one. - -_cum aliquo facere_ (Sull. 13. 36)—to take some one's side. - -_nullius_ or _neutrius_ (of two) _partis esse_—to be neutral. - -_in neutris partibus esse_—to be neutral. - -_neutram partem sequi_—to be neutral. - -_medium esse_—to be neutral. - -_medium se gerere_—to be neutral. - -_a partibus rei publicae animus liber_ (Sall. Cat. 4. 2)—an -independent spirit. - -_idem de re publica sentire_—to have the same political opinions. - -_ab aliquo in re publica dissentire_—to hold different views in -politics. - -_ex rei publicae dissensione_—owing to political dissension. - -_in duas partes discedere_ (Sall. Iug. 13. 1)—to divide into two -factions. - -_studio ad rem publicam ferri_—to throw oneself heart and soul into -politics. - -_se civilibus fluctibus committere_—to enter the whirlpool of -political strife. - -_imperium singulare, unius dominatus, regium imperium_—monarchy. - -_optimatium dominatus_—aristocracy (as a form of government). - -_civitas, quae optimatium arbitrio regitur_—aristocracy (as a form of -government). - -_boni cives, optimi, optimates_, also simply _boni_ (opp. _improbi_); -_illi, qui optimatium causam agunt_—the aristocracy (as a party in -politics). - -_principes_ or _primores_—the aristocracy (as a leading class in -government). - -_nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt_—the aristocracy -(as a social class). - -_paucorum dominatio_ or _potentia_—oligarchy. - -_multitudinis dominatus_ or _imperium_—government by the mob. - -_spiritus patricii_ (Liv. 4. 42)—patrician arrogance; pride of caste. - -_homines graves_ (opp. _leves_)—men of sound opinions. - -_homo popularis_—a democrat. - -_homo vere popularis_ (Catil. 4. 5. 9)—a man who genuinely wishes the -people's good. - -_homo florens in populari ratione_—a democratic leader. - -_imperium populi_ or _populare, civitas_ or _res publica -popularis_—democracy. - -_causam popularem suscipere_ or _defendere_—to take up the cause of -the people, democratic principles. - -_populi causam agere_—to be a leading spirit of the popular cause. - -_patriae amantem (amantissimum) esse_ (Att. 9. 22)—to be (very) -patriotic. - -_mundanus, mundi civis et incola_ (Tusc. 5. 37)—a citizen of the -world; cosmopolitan. - - - - -8. Demagogy—Revolution—Rebellion—Anarchy - - -_plebis dux, vulgi turbator, civis turbulentus, civis rerum novarum -cupidus_—a demagogue, agitator. - -_iactatio, concitatio popularis_—popular agitation. - -_artes populares_—tricks of a demagogue. - -_populariter agere_—to play the demagogue. - -_conversio rei publicae_ (Div. 2. 2. 6)—revolution. - -_homines seditiosi, turbulenti_ or _novarum rerum -cupidi_—revolutionists. - -_novis rebus studere_—to hold revolutionary opinions. - -_novarum rerum cupidum esse_—to hold revolutionary opinions. - -_novas res moliri_ (Verr. 2. 125)—to plot a revolution. - -_contra rem publicam sentire_—to foster revolutionary projects. - -_contra rem publicam facere_—to be guilty of high treason. - -_a re publica deficere_—to betray the interests of the state. - -_plebem concitare, sollicitare_—to stir up the lower classes. - -_seditionem facere, concitare_—to cause a rebellion. - -_seditio erumpit_[1]—a rebellion breaks out. - -_coniurare (inter se) de_ c. Gerund. or _ut..._—to form a conspiracy. - -_coniurationem facere_ (Catil. 2. 4. 6)—to form a conspiracy. - -_conspirare cum aliquo (contra aliquem)_—to conspire with some one. - -_rem publicam labefactare_—to shake the stability of the state. - -_rem publicam perturbare_—to throw the state into confusion. - -_statum rei publicae convellere_—to endanger the existence of the state. - -_rem publicam vexare_—to damage the state. - -_rem publicam funditus evertere_—to completely overthrow the -government, the state. - -_omnes leges confundere_—to upset the whole constitution. - -_omnia turbare ac miscere_—to cause universal disorder. - -_perturbatio omnium rerum_ (Flacc. 37)—general confusion; anarchy. - -_omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur_ (B. C. 1. 6. 8)—anarchy -reigns supreme. - -_leges nullae_—lawlessness; anarchy. - -_iudicia nulla_—lawlessness; anarchy. - -_res fluit ad interregnum_—things seem tending towards an interregnum. - -_non nullus odor est dictaturae_ (Att. 4. 18)—there are whispers of -the appointment of a dictator. - -_tumultum sedare_ (B. C. 3. 18. 3)—to quell an outbreak. - -_concitatam multitudinem reprimere_—to allay the excitement of the mob. - -_plebem continere_—to hold the people in one's power, in check. - - -[1] But _bellum exardescit_, war breaks out. - - - - -9. Proscription—Confiscation—Banishment—Amnesty - - -_proscribere aliquem_ or _alicuius possessiones_—to proscribe a -person, declare him an outlaw. - -_aqua et igni interdicere alicui_—to proscribe a person, declare him -an outlaw. - -_in proscriptorum numerum referre aliquem_ (Rosc. Am. 11. 32)—to place -a person's name on the list of the proscribed. - -_e proscriptorum numero eximere aliquem_—to erase a person's name from -the list of the proscribed. - -_bona alicuius publicare_ (B. G. 5. 54)—to confiscate a person's -property. - -_bona alicui restituere_—to restore to a person his confiscated -property. - -_in exsilium eicere_ or _expellere aliquem_—to banish a person, send -him into exile. - -_ex urbe (civitate) expellere, pellere aliquem_—to banish a person, -send him into exile. - -_de, e civitate aliquem eicere_—to banish a person, send him into exile. - -_exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem_ (Mil. 37. 101)—to expel a -person from the city, country. - -_e patria exire iubere aliquem_—to banish a man from his native land. - -_patria carere_—to be in exile. - -_interdicere alicui Italiā_—to banish a person from Italy. - -_aliquem exsilio afficere, multare_—to punish by banishment. - -_in exsilium ire, pergere, proficisci_—to go into exile. - -_exsulatum ire_ or _abire_—to go into exile. - -_solum vertere, mutare_ (Caecin. 34. 100)—to leave one's country (only -used of exiles). - -_exsulare_ (Div. 2. 24. 52)—to live in exile. - -_in exsilio esse, exsulem esse_—to live in exile. - -_aliquem (in patriam) restituere_—to recall from exile. - -_in patriam redire_—to return from exile. - -_ante actarum (praeteritarum) rerum oblivio_ or simply -_oblivio_—amnesty (ἀμνηρτία). - -_omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione sempiterna delere_ (Phil. 1. 1. -1)—to proclaim a general amnesty. - -_postliminium_ (De Or. 1. 40. 181)—a returning from exile to one's -former privileges. - - - - -10. Power—Monarchy—Royalty - - -_imperium, rerum summam deferre alicui_[1]—to confer supreme power on -a person. - -_rem publicam alicui permittere_—to give some one unlimited power in -state affairs. - -_imperium tenere (in aliquem)_—to have power over some one. - -_imperium obtinere_—to maintain power, authority. - -_principatu deici_ (B. G. 7. 63)—to be deposed from one's leading -position. - -_cum imperio esse_ (cf. XVI. 3)—to have unlimited power; to be -invested with _imperium_. - -_in imperio esse_—to hold a high office (such as conferred _imperium_, -i.e. _consulatus, dictatura, praetura_). - -_imperium in annum prorogare_—to prolong the command for a year. - -_imperium deponere_ (Rep. 2. 12. 23)—to lay down one's power. - -_imperium singulare_[2]—absolute power; autocracy. - -_dominari in aliquem_—to have unlimited power over a person. - -_imperium, regnum, tyrannidem_[3] _occupare_—to take upon oneself -absolute power. - -_rerum potiri_—(1) to usurp supreme power, (2) to be in a position of -power. - -_dominatio impotens_—despotic, tyrannous rule. - -_potestas immoderata, infinita_—despotic, tyrannous rule. - -_tyrannidem concupiscere_—to aspire to a despotism. - -_tyrannidem sibi parere aliqua re_—to establish oneself as despot, -tyrant by some means. - -_regnum appetere_ (B. G. 7. 4)—to aspire to the sovereignty. - -_regnum adipisci_—to obtain the sovereignty, kingly office. - -_alicui regnum deferre, tradere_—to invest some one with royal power. - -_aliquem regem, tyrannum constituere_—to establish some one as king, -tyrant. - -_regem restituere_—to restore a king to his throne (not _in solium_). - -_aliquem in regnum restituere_—to restore a king to his throne (not -_in solium_). - -_aliquem regno spoliare_ or _expellere_ (Div. 1. 22. 74)—to depose a -king. - -_regios spiritus sibi sumere_—to assume a despotic tone. - - -[1] _deferre_ in the sense "confer," "attribute," is also constructed -with _ad_; when it means to bring news, give information it always -takes _ad_. - -[2] Cf. _certamen singulare_, a fight of one individual with another, -a duel (cf. xvi. 10a). _singularis_ also has the meaning "unique," -"pre-eminent," e.g. _singularis virtus_. - -[3] _tyrannus, tyrannis, tyrannicus_ are rarely used in the Greek -sense, irresponsible sovereign, etc., but usually mean despot, -despotic, etc. The pure Latin equivalents are _rex, dominus, -dominatio, imperium, regius_, or if there is emphasis on the cruelty -of despots, _dominus saevus, crudelis et superba dominatio_, etc. - - - - -11. Slavery—Freedom - - -_servitute premi_ (Phil. 4. 1. 3)—to languish in slavery. - -_liberum populum servitute afficere_—to enslave a free people. - -_aliquem in servitutem redigere_—to reduce to slavery. - -_alicui servitutem iniungere, imponere_—to lay the yoke of slavery on -some one. - -_civitatem servitute oppressam tenere_ (Dom. 51. 131)—to keep the -citizens in servile subjection. - -_libertatem populo eripere_—to rob a people of its freedom. - -_populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati_—to grant a -people its independence. - -_aliquem in servitutem abducere, abstrahere_—to carry off into slavery. - -_aliquem sub corona vendere_ (B. G. 3. 16)—to sell a prisoner of war -as a slave. - -_iugum servitutis accipere_—to submit to the yoke of slavery. - -_libertas, libertatis studium_—independent spirit. - -_imperium oppugnare, percellere_—to attack, overthrow a tyranny. - -_ad libertatem conclamare_—to summon to liberty. - -_ad arma conclamare_ (Liv. 3. 50)—to call to arms. - -_vincula rumpere_—to burst one's chains. - -_iugum servitutis excutere_—to shake off the yoke of slavery. - -_iugum servile a cervicibus deicere_ (Phil. 1. 2. 6)—to shake off the -yoke of slavery. - -_servitutem exuere_ (Liv. 34. 7)—to shake off the yoke of slavery. - -_iugum servile alicui demere_—to deliver some one from slavery. - -_ab aliquo servitutem_ or _servitutis iugum depellere_—to deliver some -one from slavery. - -_dominationem_ or _dominatum refringere_—to destroy a despotism, -tyranny. - -_regios spiritus reprimere_ (Nep. Dion. 5. 5)—to destroy a despotism, -tyranny. - -_libertatem recuperare_—to recover liberty. - -_rem publicam in libertatem vindicare a_ or _ex dominatione_—to -deliver the state from a tyranny. - - - - -12. Revenue—Colonies—Provinces - - -_vectigalia redimere, conducere_—to farm the revenues. - -_vectigalia exercere_ (_vid._ sect. V. 7, note _The first..._)—to -collect the taxes. - -_vectigalia exigere (acerbe)_—to exact the taxes (with severity). - -_pecuniam cogere a civitatibus_—to extort money from the communities. - -_vectigalia, tributa_[1] _pendere_—to pay taxes. - -_immunis (tributorum)_ (Verr. 5. 21. 51)—exempt from taxation. - -_immunitatem omnium rerum habere_—to enjoy absolute immunity. - -_vectigalia, tributa alicui imponere_—to impose tribute on some one. - -_tributorum multitudine premi_—to be crushed by numerous imposts. - -_ager publicus_—public land; state domain. - -_agros assignare_ (Leg. Agr. 1. 6. 17)—to allot land. - -_pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redit_—the public income from the -mines. - -_avertere pecuniam_ (Verr. 2. 1. 4)—to embezzle money. - -_peculatum facere_ (Rab. Perd. 3. 8)—to embezzle money. - -_rem publicam quaestui habere_—to enrich oneself at the expense of the -state. - -_coloniam deducere in aliquem locum_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 1, note -_Notice too..._)—to found a colony somewhere. - -_colōnos mittere_ (Div. 1. 1. 3)—to send out colonists. - -_coloniam constituere_ (Leg. Agr. 1. 5. 16)—to found a colony. - -_provinciam_[2] _alicui decernere, mandare_—to entrust some one with -an official duty, a province. - -_provincias sortiri_ (Liv. 38. 35)—to draw lots for the provinces. - -_alicui Syria (sorte) obvēnit, obtigit_—the province of Syria has -fallen to some one's lot. - -_provincias inter se comparant_—(the magistrates) arrange among -themselves the administration of the provinces, the offical spheres of -duty. - -_in provinciam proficisci_ (Liv. 38. 35)—to set out for one's province. - -_provincias permutare_—to exchange provinces. - -_provinciam administrare, obtinere_—to manage, govern a province. - -_provinciam obire_—to visit, traverse a province. - -(_de_ or _ex_) _provincia decedere_ or simply _decedere_ (_vid._ sect. -II. 4, note _Cf. especially..._)—to leave a province (at the -termination of one's term of office). - - -[1] _vectigalia_ = indirect taxes, including, for example, _decumae_, -the tenth, tithe of corn; _scriptura_, the duty on pasturage; -_portorium_, harbour-toll. _tributum_ = direct tax on incomes. - -[2] _provincia_ originally means a sphere of activity, an employ, -especially of magistrates; it then means the administration of a -country outside Italy conquered in war, and lastly the country itself, -a province. The senate each year determined on the countries to which -magistrates were to be sent (_provincias nominare, decernere_). - - - - -13. Magistracies - - - - -(a) Candidature—Election - - -_petere magistratum, honores_—to seek office. - -_ambire_[1] _aliquem_ (always with Acc. of person)—to solicit the vote -or favour of some one. - -_nomen profiteri_ or simply _profiteri_—to become a candidate. - -_manus prensare_[2] (De Or. 1. 24. 112)—to shake hands with voters in -canvassing. - -_nomina appellat (nomenclator)_—the agent (_nomenclator_) mentions the -names of constituents to the canvasser. - -_competītor_ (Brut. 30. 113)—a rival candidate. - -_multa (pauca) puncta in centuria (tribu) aliqua ferre_[3]—to obtain -many (few) votes in a century or tribe. - -_centuriam, tribum ferre_ (Planc. 49)—to gain the vote of a century or -tribe. - -_omnes centurias ferre_ or _omnium suffragiis, cunctis centuriis -creari_—to be elected unanimously - -_repulsam ferre consulatus (a populo)_ (Tusc. 5. 19. 54)—to fail in -one's candidature for the consulship. - -_magistratus vitio creati_—magistrates elected irregularly (_i.e._ -either when the auspices have been unfavourable or when some formality -has been neglected). - -_sufficere aliquem in alicuius locum_ or _alicui_—to elect a man to -fill the place of another who has died whilst in office. - -_alicui_ or _in alicuius locum succedere_—to succeed a person in an -office. - -_alicui imperatori succedere_—to succeed some one as general. - -_suo (legitimo) anno creari_ (opp. _ante annum_)—to be elected at the -age required by law (_lex Villia annalis_). - -_continuare magistratum_ (Sall. Iug. 37. 2)—to continue one's office -for another year. - -_continuare alicui magistratum_—to prolong some one's office for -another year. - -_prorogare alicui imperium (in annum)_—to prolong a person's command. - -_magistratus et imperia_ (Sall. Iug. 3. 1)—civil and military offices. - -_inire magistratum_—to enter into office. - -_munus administrare, gerere_—to perform official duties. - -_munere fungi, muneri praeesse_—to perform official duties. - -_honores alicui mandare, deferre_—to invest a person with a position -of dignity. - -_muneri aliquem praeficere, praeponere_—to appoint some one to an -office. - -_munus explere, sustinere_—to fulfil the duties of one's position. - -_abdicare se magistratu_ (Div. 2. 35)—to resign one's post (before the -expiry of the term of office). - -_deponere_[4] _magistratum_—to give up, lay down office (usually at -the end of one's term of office). - -_abire magistratu_—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of -one's term of office). - -_de potestate decedere_—to give up, lay down office (usually at the -end of one's term of office). - -_res ad interregnum venit_ or _adducitur_—an interregnum ensues. - -_abrogare alicui munus_ (Verr. 2. 57)—to remove a person from his -office. - -_abrogare alicui imperium_—to deprive a person of his position as -commandant. - -_viri clari et honorati_ (De Sen. 7. 22)—men of rank and dignity. - -_honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus_ (De Or. 1. 45)—a man -who has held many offices. - -_amplis honoribus usus_ (Sall. Iug. 25. 4)—a man who has held many -offices. - - -[1] Hence _ambitio_, legitimate canvassing; _ambitus_, illegal -canvassing. - -[2] Under the head _ambitionis occupatio_ (De Or. 1. 1. 1) are -enumerated _salutare, rogare, supplicare, manus prensare, invitare ad -prandium_, and sometimes _convivia tributim data_. For the whole -subject _vid._ Q. Cicero's book _de petitione consulatus ad M. fratrem_. - -[3] In counting the votes polled, a dot or mark was put opposite a -candidate's name as often as a tablet (_tabella_) with his name on it -came up. Hence _punctum ferre_, to be successful, e.g. Hor. A. P. 343 -_omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci_. - -[4] But _deponere_ is also found in the sense of _abdicare_, e.g. B. -G. 7. 33. 4; N. D. 2. 11; Liv. 2. 28. 9. - - - - -(b) Particular Magistracies - - -_consulem creare_[1]—to elect a consul. - -_aliquem consulem declarare_ (Leg. Agr. 2. 2. 4)—to declare a person -consul-elect. - -_aliquem consulem renuntiare_ (De Or. 2. 64. 260)—to offically -proclaim (by the _praeco_, herald) a man elected consul; to return a -man consul. - -_bis consul_—twice consul. - -_iterum, tertium consul_—consul for the second, third time. - -_sextum_ (Pis. 9. 20), _septimum consul_—consul for the sixth, seventh -time. - -_videant_ or _dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti -capiat_[2] (Catil. 1. 2. 4)—let the consuls take measures for the -protection of the state. - -_in hoc praeclaro consulatu_—during this brilliant consulship. - -_aetas consularis_—the consular age (43 years). - -_pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci_—to go to Cilicia as pro-consul. - -_superiore consulatu_—in his former consulship. - -_dictatorem dicere (creare)_—to name a person dictator. - -_dictaturam gerere_—to be dictator. - -_dictator dicit (legit) magistrum equitum_—a dictator appoints a -_magister equitum_. - -_potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque_ (B. G. 1. 16. 5)—he has -power over life and death. - -_lictores summovent turbam_ (Liv. 4. 50)—the lictors clear the way. - -_fasces praeferre, summittere_—to walk before with the fasces; to -lower the fasces. - -_censores censent populum_—the censors hold a census of the people. - -_censum habere, agere_ (Liv. 3. 22)—to hold the census. - -_censuram agere, gerere_—to perform the censors' duties. - -_locare aedes, vias faciendas_ (Phil. 9. 7. 16)—to receive tenders for -the construction of temples, highroads. - -_locare opera publica_—to let out public works to contract. - -_redimere, conducere porticum aedificandam_ (Div. 2. 21. 47)—to -undertake a contract for building a portico. - -_nota, animadversio censoria_—the reprimand of a censor. - -_notare aliquem ignominia_ (Cluent. 43. 119)—to brand a person with -infamy. - -_censu prohibere, excludere_—to strike off the burgess-roll. - -_tribu movere aliquem_—to expel some one from his tribe. - -_e senatu eicere_—to expel from the senate. - -_senatu movere_—to expel from the senate. - -_lustrum condere_ (Liv. 1. 44. 2)—to complete the censorship (by -certain formal purificatory ceremonies = _lustro faciendo_). - -_tribuni plebis sacrosancti_ (Liv. 3. 19. 10)—the plebeian tribunes, -whose persons are inviolable. - -_appellare_[3] _tribunos plebis (in aliqua re a praetore)_ (Liv. 2. -55)—to appeal to the plebeian tribunes against a praetor's decision. - -_provocare_[4] _ad populum_ (Liv. 2. 55)—to appeal to the people. - -_intercessio tribunicia_ (cf. sect. XIV. 5)—the tribunicial veto. - - -[1] _creare_ is used of any magistrate regularly elected. The _locus -classicus_ on this subject is Cic. De Leg. 3. 3. 6-12. - -[2] This formula conferred absolute power on the consuls. This was -done only in cases of great emergency, and was somewhat similar to our -"declaration of martial law." - -[3] _appellare_ as a legal technical term only occurs in classical -Latin in the formula _te, vos appello_. - -[4] _provocare_ only with proper names, e.g. _ad Catonem provocare_. -To appeal to some one's pity, etc. = _implorare alicuius -misericordiam, fidem_, etc. - - - - -14. The Senate - - -_publicum consilium_ (Phil. 7.7. 19)—the council of the nation; the -senate. - -_in senatum legere,_[1] _eligere_—to elect to the senate. - -_senatum vocare, convocare_—to call a meeting of the senate. - -_senatum cogere_ (Liv. 3. 39)—to assemble the senate. - -_edicere,_[2] _ut senatus frequens adsit_ (Fam. 11. 6. 2)—to issue a -proclamation calling on the senators to assemble in full force. - -_senatum habere_—to hold a sitting of the senate. - -_ad senatum referre_[4] (Cic. Dom. 53. 136)—to bring a question before -the senate (of the presiding magistrate). - -_patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re_ (Sall. Iug. 28)—to consult -the senators on a matter. - -_sententiam rogare, interrogare_—to ask the opinion of... - -_sententiam dicere_—to give an opinion (also used of a judge, cf. -sect. VI. 4). - -_senatus sententia inclīnat ad..._ (De Sen. 6. 16)—the senate inclines -to the opinion, decides for... - -_sententia vincit_ (Liv. 2. 4. 3)—the majority were of the opinion... - -_maior pars_—the majority. - -_quid censes? quid tibi videtur?_—what is your opinion? - -_quid de ea re fieri placet?_—what is your opinion? - -_discessionem facere_ (Sest. 34. 74)—to take the vote (by division). - -_discedere (pedibus), ire in alicuius sententiam_[5] (Liv. 23. 10)—to -vote for some one's motion. - -_senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut_—the senate decreed (and the -people ratified the decree) that... - -_senatus consultum fit_ (Att. 2. 24. 3)—a resolution of the senate -(not opposed by a tribunicial veto) was made. - -_senatus auctoritas_—the opinion of the senate in general. - -_senatum alicui dare_ (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2)—to give a man audience before -the senate. - -_a senatu res ad populum reicitur_—a matter is referred (for decision) -from the senate to the people. - -_dicendi mora diem extrahere, eximere, tollere_—to pass the whole day -in discussion. - -_dimittere senatum_[5]—to dismiss the senate. - -_nox senatum dirimit_—night breaks up the sitting. - - -[1] Distinct from _senatum legere_ = to read over and revise the list -of senators (used of the censors). The head of the list was called -_princeps senatus_. - -[2] _edicere, edictum_, technical terms; _edicere_ is used of the -praetor deciding how a case is to be tried, cf. Verr. 2. 1. 41; Flacc. -28. 67. Then more generally of an order, declaration, proclamation. -The senate was convened by the _praeco_ or by means of a notice posted -in some public place (_edictum_). - -[3] A meeting of the senate opened by a declaration of the agenda by -the presiding magistrate, a consul, praetor, or tribune. This was -called _referre ad senatum_. - -[4] After the _rogatio sententiarum_ came the voting, usually by -division (_per discessionem, pedibus ire in sententiam_), but in cases -of doubt each member was asked his opinion (_per singulorum sententias -exquisitas_). The presiding officer then dismissed the meeting with -the words _nihil vos moramur, patres conscripti_, "I need not detain -you any longer." From this formula probably came the colloquial -uses—(1) "I do not care for...," "I have no interest in..." (with the -Acc.); (2) "I have nothing against...," "you have my consent to..." -(with the Acc. and Inf. or _quominus_). - -[5] id. - - - - -XV. Law and Justice - - -1. Law in General - - -_ius dicere_—to administer justice (said of the praetor). - -_ius reddere_ (Liv. 3. 33)—to administer justice (said of the praetor). - -_ius suum persequi_—to assert one's right. - -_ius suum adipisci_ (Liv. 1. 32. 10)—to obtain justice. - -_ius suum tenere, obtinere_—to maintain one's right. - -_de iure suo decedere_ or _cedere_—to waive one's right. - -_(ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo_—to go to law with a person. - -_summo iure agere cum aliquo_ (cf. _summum ius, summa iniuria_)—to -proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain -the law in one's favour. - -_in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem_—to summon some one before the -court. - -_diem dicere alicui_—to summon some one to appear on a given day; to -accuse a person. - -_in iudicium venire, in iudicio adesse_—to appear in court. - -_iudicia administrare_—to have charge of the administration of justice. - -_iudicium exercere_ (_vid._ sect. V. 7, note _The first..._)—to -administer justice; to judge (used of criminal cases before the -praetor). - -_iudicio praeesse_—to be president of a court. - -_conventus agere_ (B. G. 1. 54)—to convene the assizes (used of a -provincial governor). - -_quaestiones perpetuae_ (Brut. 27. 106)—the standing commissions of -inquiry. - -_aliquem in integrum_ (_vid._ sect. V. 4, note _The proper..._) -_restituere_—to reinstate a person in his right. - -(1) _respondere_[1] (_de iure_ or _ius_)—to give a legal opinion, -decision on points of law. - -(2) _cavere (in iure)_ (Off. 2. 65)—to point out what precautions, -what formal steps must be taken to insure immunity. - -(3) _agere_—to be energetic in the conduct of the case; to plead -before the judge. - -_aequum iudicem se alicui praebere_—to judge some one equitably. - -_ex aequo et bono_ (Caecin. 23. 65)—justly and equitably. - -_iudex incorruptus_—an impartial judge. - -_ratio iudiciorum_—judicial organisation. - -_aequa iuris descriptio_ (Off. 2. 4. 15)—a sound judicial system. - -_aequo iure vivere cum aliquo_—to live with some one on an equal -footing. - -_iustitium indicere, edicere_ (Phil. 5. 12)—to proclaim that the -courts are closed, a cessation of legal business. - -_iustitium remittere_—to re-open the courts. - -_ius ad artem redigere_—to reduce law to a system. - -_ius nullum_—absence of justice. - -_ius ac fas omne delere_—to trample all law under foot. - -_omnia iura pervertere_—to trample all law under foot. - -_contra ius fasque_—against all law, human and divine. - -_optimo iure_—with full right. - -_ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum_, also _immunitas_[2] c. -Gen.—prerogative, privilege. - - -[1] In full _consulenti respondere_. From this consultation lawyers -got the title _iuris_ or _iure consulti_. In these three points, -_respondere, cavere, agere_, consisted the practical duty of a jurist. -Cicero, however (De Or. 1. 48), adds _scribere_ = to draw up legal -instruments such as wills, contracts, etc. - -[2] _privilegium_ in this sense is post-classical. In classical prose -it denotes a law passed for or against an individual (_privus_), e.g. -_privilegium ferre, irrogare de aliquo_ (Cic.) - - - - -2. Inquiry—Testimony—Torture - - -_aliquid, causam cognoscere_—to hold an inquiry into a matter. - -_quaerere aliquid_ or _de aliqua re_—to hold an inquiry into a matter. - -_quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re_ or _in aliquem_—to -examine a person, a matter. - -_quaestioni praeesse_—to preside over an inquiry. - -_quaesītor_—the examining judge. - -_incognita causa_ (cf. sect. XV. 3, _indicta causa_)—without any -examination. - -_in tabulas publicas referre aliquid_—to enter a thing in the public -records. - -_deprehendere aliquem (in aliqua re)_—to catch a person, find him out. - -_deprehendere aliquem in manifesto scelere_—to take a person in the act. - -_testis gravis_—an important witness. - -_testis locuples_—a witness worthy of all credit. - -_testis incorruptus atque integer_—an impartial witness. - -_aliquem testem alicuius rei (in aliquid) citare_—to cite a person to -give evidence on a matter. - -_aliquem testem adhibere_—to use some one's evidence. - -_aliquo teste uti_—to use some one's evidence. - -_aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre_—to produce as a witness. - -_aliquem testem producere_—to produce as a witness. - -_testem prodire (in aliquem)_—to appear as witness against a person. - -_testimonium dicere pro aliquo_—to give evidence on some one's behalf. - -_pro testimonio dicere_—to state as evidence. - -_testibus teneri, convictum esse_—to be convicted by some one's -evidence. - -_alicui admovere tormenta_—to have a person tortured. - -_quaerere tormentis de aliquo_—to have a person tortured. - -_de servis quaerere (in dominum)_—to examine slaves by torture. - -_cruciatūs tormentorum_—the pains of torture. - -_aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo -colloqui possit_ (Mil. 22. 60)—to isolate a witness. - - - - -3. Process—Defence - - -_causa privata_—a civil case. - -_causa publica_ (Brut. 48. 178)—a criminal case. - -_causam alicuius agere (apud iudicem)_—to conduct a person's case -(said of an agent, solicitor). - -_causam dicere, orare_ (Brut. 12. 47)—to address the court (of the -advocate). - -_causam dicere_—to defend oneself before the judge (of the accused). - -_causam dicere pro aliquo_—to defend a person. - -_causam alicuius defendere_—to conduct some one's defence in a case. - -_causam optimam habere_ (Lig. 4. 10)—to have a good case. - -_causam inferiorem dicendo reddere superiorem_ (λόγον κρείττω ποιειν) -(Brut. 8. 30)—to gain a weak case by clever pleading. - -_patronus_[1] _(causae)_ (De Or. 2. 69)—counsel; advocate. - -_causam suscipere_—to undertake a case. - -_ad causam aggredi_ or _accedere_—to undertake a case. - -_indicta causa_ (opp. _cognita causa_)—without going to law. - -_litem alicui intendere_—to go to law with, sue a person. - -_adhuc sub iudice lis est_ (Hor. A. P. 77)—the case is still undecided. - -_lites componere_ (Verg. Ecl. 3. 108)—to arrange a dispute (by -arbitration). - -_causam_ or _litem obtinere_—to win a case. - -_causā_ or _iudicio vincere_—to win a case. - -_causam_ or _litem amittere, perdere_—to lose one's case. - -_causā_ or _lite cadere_ (owing to some informality)—to lose one's case. - -_calumniae litium_ (Mil. 27. 74)—chicanery (specially of wrongfully -accusing an innocent man). - - -[1] They were not called _advocati_ till under the Empire. In Augustan -Latin _advocatus_ = _amicus qui adest alicui (in iudicio)_, i.e. a man -who supported his friend by his presence and influence. - - - - -4. Accusation—Verdict—Decision - - -_accusatio_ (Cael. 3. 6)—a criminal accusation. - -_actio, petitio_—a private, civil prosecution. - -_nomen alicuius deferre (apud praetorem)_ (Verr. 2. 38. 94)—to accuse, -denounce a person. - -_referre in reos aliquem_—to put some one on the list of the accused. - -_eximere de reis aliquem_—to strike a person's name off the list of -the accused. - -_aliquis reus fit_ (Fam. 13. 54)—some one is accused. - -_iudices reicere_ (Verr. 3. 11. 28)—to challenge, reject jurymen. - -_crimina diluere, dissolvere_—to refute charges. - -_accusare aliquem rei capitalis (rerum capitalium)_—to charge some one -with a capital offence. - -_caput alicuius agitur_ (_vid._ sect. V. 8)—a person's life is in -jeopardy. - -_accusare aliquem peculatus, pecuniae publicae_—to accuse some one of -malversation, embezzlement of public money. - -_accusare aliquem falsarum tabularum_[1]—to accuse a person of forging -the archives. - -_postulare aliquem repetundarum_[2] or _de repetundis_—to accuse a -person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted). - -_accusare aliquem perduellionis_—to charge a person with treason -(hostile conduct against the state generally). - -_accusare aliquem maiestatis_—to accuse a person of high treason (more -specific than the preceding). - -_accusare aliquem ambitus, de ambitu_—to accuse some one of illegal -canvassing. - -_accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis_—to accuse a person of -violence, poisoning. - -_accusare aliquem inter sicarios_ (Rosc. Am. 32. 90)—to accuse a -person of assassination. - -_sententiae iudicum_—the finding of the jury. - -_sententiam ferre, dicere_ (Off. 3. 16. 66)—to give sentence (of the -judge, cf. sect. VI. 4, note _Not..._). - -_iudicare causam (de aliqua re)_—to decide on the conduct of the case. - -_iudicium rescindere_—to rescind a decision. - -_res iudicatas rescindere_ (Cic. Sull. 22. 63)—to rescind a decision. - -_lege Plautia damnari_ (Sall. Cat. 31. 4)—to be condemned under the -Lex Plautia. - - -[1] Cf. _tabulas publicas corrumpere_ (Rosc. Am. 128); _commutare_, to -falsify public records. - -[2] Extortion generally can be rendered by _violenta exactio -pecuniarum_, or some verbal periphrasis (e.g. _per vim capere -pecunias_, etc.) - - - - -5. Guilt - - -_in culpa esse_—to be at fault; to blame; culpable. - -_culpa alicuius rei est in aliquo_—some one is to blame in a matter; -it is some one's fault. - -_mea culpa est_—it is my fault. - -_culpa carere, vacare_—to be free from blame. - -_extra culpam esse_—to be free from blame. - -_abesse a culpa_—to be free from blame. - -_prope abesse a culpa_—to be almost culpable. - -_affinem esse culpae_—to be almost culpable. - -_culpam in aliquem conferre, transferre, conicere_—to put the blame on -another. - -_culpam alicui attribuere, assignare_—to attribute the fault to some -one. - -_aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere_ (Verr. 5. 50)—to -reproach, blame a person for... - -_culpam committere, contrahere_—to commit some blameworthy action. - -_facinus, culpam in se admittere_—to commit some blameworthy action. - -_non committere, ut..._—to take care not to... - -_culpam alicuius rei sustinere_—to bear the blame of a thing. - -_culpam a se amovere_[1]—to exonerate oneself from blame. - -_veniam dare alicui_—to pardon a person. - - -[1] Note _purgare aliquid_, to justify oneself in a matter; _se alicui -purgare de aliqua re_ (Fam. 12. 25); _alicui purgatum esse_ (B. G. 1. -28). - - - - -6. Punishment—Acquittal - - -_poena afficere aliquem_ (Off. 2. 5. 18)—to punish some one. - -_animadvertere in aliquem_—to punish some one. - -_punire aliquem_—to punish some one. - -_ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)_—to punish some one. - -_poenas alicuius persequi_—to exact a penalty from some one. - -_poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one. - -_poenas expetere ab aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one. - -_supplicium sumere de aliquo_—to exact a penalty from some one. - -_hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut..._—to ordain as punishment -that... - -_graviter consulere in aliquem_ (Liv. 8. 13)—to deal severely with a -person. - -_poenas (graves) dare alicui_—to be (heavily) punished by some one. - -_poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)_—to be punished by some one (on -account of a thing). - -_poenas dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere_—to suffer punishment. - -_poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre_—to suffer punishment. - -_poenam luere (alicuius rei)_ (Sull. 27. 76)—to be punished for a -thing, expiate it. - -_luere_[1] _aliquid aliqua re_ (De Sen. 20)—to atone for something by... - -_poenam subire_—to submit to a punishment. - -_pecunia multare aliquem_—to condemn some one to a fine. - -_multam irrogare alicui_ (Cic. Dom. 17. 45)—to impose a fine (used of -the prosecutor or the _tribunus plebis_ proposing a fine to be -ratified by the people). - -_decem milibus aeris damnari_—to be fined 10,000 asses. - -_in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem_—to put some one in irons, chains. - -_in vincula, in catenas conicere aliquem_—to put some one in irons, -chains. - -_in carcerem conicere aliquem_—to throw some one into prison. - -_capitis_ or _capite damnare aliquem_—to condemn some one to death. - -_capitis absolvere aliquem_—to repeal a death-sentence passed on a -person. - -_supplicium alicui decernere, in aliquem constituere_—to decree the -penalty of death. - -_Solo capite sanxit, si quis..._ (Att. 10. 1)—Solon made it a capital -offence to... - -_morte multare aliquem_ (Catil. 1. 11. 28)—to punish any one with death. - -_supplicium sumere de aliquo_—to execute the death-sentence on a person. - -_supplicio (capitis) affici_—to suffer capital punishment. - -_ad palum deligare_ (Liv. 2. 5)—to bind to the stake. - -_virgis caedere_—to beat with rods. - -_securi percutere, ferire aliquem_—to execute a person, cut off his -head. - -_in crucem agere, tollere aliquem_—to crucify. - -_cruci suffigere aliquem_—to crucify. - -_impune fecisse, tulisse aliquid_—to go unpunished. - -_impunitum aliquem dimittere_—to let a person go scot-free. - -_mortem_[2] _deprecari_ (B. G. 7. 40. 6)—to beg for life. - - -[1] To express the passive use _expiari_, e.g. _scelus supplicio -expiatum_. - -[2] One can also say _vitam, salutem deprecari_, as _deprecari_ means -(1) to obtain by supplication, (2) to avert by supplication. - - - - -XVI. War - - -1. Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General - - -_aetas militaris_—military age. - -_qui arma ferre possunt_ or _iuventus_—men of military age. - -_qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt_ or _aetate ad bellum -inutiles_—men exempt from service owing to age. - -_exercitum conficere_ (Imp. Pomp. 21. 61)—to raise an army. - -_milites (exercitum) scribere, conscribere_—to levy troops. - -_dilectum habere_—to hold a levy. - -_imperare milites civitatibus_—to compel communities to provide troops. - -_nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri_—to enlist oneself. - -_ad nomen non respondere_ (Liv. 7. 4)—to fail to answer one's name. - -_militiam_ (only in the sing.) _capessere_—to take service in the army. - -_militiam detrectare, subterfugere_—to try to avoid military service. - -_excusare morbum, valetudinem_—to plead ill-health as an excuse for -absence. - -_militiae vacationem habere_—to be excused military duty. - -_equo, pedibus merere_ (Liv. 27. 11)—to serve in the cavalry, infantry. - -_sacramentum (o) dicere_ (_vid._ sect. XI. 2, note -_sacramentum..._)—to take the military oath. - -_milites sacramento rogare, adigere_—to make soldiers take the -military oath. - -_evocare undique copias_—to call up troops from all sides. - -_evocati, voluntarii_ (B. G. 5. 56)—the volunteers. - -_omnes ad arma convocare_—to issue a general call to arms. - -_efficere duas legiones_—to form two legions. - -_complere legiones_ (B. C. 1. 25)—to fill up the numbers of the legions. - -_supplementum cogere, scribere, legere_—to levy recruits to fill up -the strength. - -_auxilia_[1] _arcessere_—to summon auxiliary troops. - -_copias (arma) cum aliquo iungere_ or _se cum aliquo iungere_—to join -forces with some one. - -_conducere, contrahere copias_—to concentrate troops. - -_cogere omnes copias in unum locum_—to concentrate all the troops at -one point. - -_parare exercitum, copias_—to equip an army, troops. - -_alere exercitum_ (Off. 1. 8. 25)—to support an army. - -_recensere, lustrare, recognoscere exercitum_ (Liv. 42. 31)—to review -an army. - -_dimittere exercitum_—to disband an army. - -_commeatum militibus dare_ (opp. _petere_)—to give furlough, leave of -absence to soldiers. - -_magnae copiae_ (not _multae_)—a large force, many troops. - -_exiguae copiae_ (Fam. 3. 3. 2)—a small force. - -_ingens, maximus exercitus_ (not _numerosus_)—a numerous army. - -_robora peditum_—the flower of the infantry. - -_milites levis armaturae_—light infantry. - -_vetus miles, veteranus miles_—veterans; experienced troops. - -_qui magnum in castris usum habent_—veterans; experienced troops. - -_expeditus_ (opp. _impeditus_) _miles_—a soldier lightly armed, ready -for battle. - -_exercitatus in armis_—practised in arms. - -_milites tumultuarii_[2] (opp. _exercitus iustus_) (Liv. 35. -2)—soldiers collected in haste; irregulars. - -_tirones_—recruits. - - -[1] _auxilia_ = auxiliary troops raised in the provinces, usually -light cavalry. In Caesar's army the cavalry consisted of Gaulish, -Spanish, and German auxiliaries. A thousand of these were attached to -each legion and were usually commanded by a Roman officer. - -[2] _tumultus_ is used of a sudden rising, rebellion, to repress which -all able-bodied men were called to arms. Such risings were -particularly common in Gaul, but cf. _tumultus servilis_ (B. G. 1. -10)—; _tumultus Istricus_ (Liv. 41. 6. 1). - - - - -2. Pay—Service—Commissariat - - -_stipendium_[1] _dare, numerare, persolvere militibus_—to pay the -troops. - -_stipendia facere, merere_—to serve. - -_emeritis stipendiis_ (Sall. Iug. 84. 2)—after having completed one's -service. - -_militia functum, perfunctum esse_—to retire from service. - -_rude donatum esse_[2] (Phil. 2. 29)—to retire from service. - -_milites mercennarii_ or _exercitus conducticius_—mercenary troops. - -_rem frumentariam comparare, providere_—to look after the commissariat. - -_rei frumentariae prospicere_ (B. G. 1. 23)—to look after the -commissariat. - -_frumentum providere exercitui_—to provide corn-supplies for the troops. - -_frumenti vim maximam comparare_—to procure a very large supply of corn. - -_intercludere commeatum_—to cut off the supplies, intercept them. - -_intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu_—to cut off all supplies of -the enemy. - - -[1] _stipendium_ first established in 406 B.C.; it was paid at the end -of the campaign, hence _stipendia_ often = campaigns, years of service. - -[2] Used originally of gladiators, who on their retirement received a -staff or wooden sword (_rudis_), hence they were called _rudiarii_. -Cf. Ov. Tr. 4. 8. 24 _me quoque donari iam rude tempus erat_. - - - - -3. Command—Discipline - - -_praeficere aliquem exercitui_—to place some one at the head of an -army, give him the command. - -_praeficere aliquem bello gerendo_—to charge some one with the conduct -of a war. - -_praeesse exercitui_—to be at the head of an army. - -_magnum usum in re militari habere_ (Sest. 5. 12)—to possess great -experience in military matters. - -_rei militaris rudem esse_—to have had no experience in war. - -_vir fortissimus_—a hero. - -_magnas res gerere_—to perform heroic exploits. - -_res fortiter feliciterque gesta_—a success; a glorious feat of arms. - -_res bene gesta_—a success; a glorious feat of arms. - -_res gestae_[1]—exploits in war; brilliant actions. - -_summa belli, imperii_ (B. G. 2. 4. 7)—the command-in-chief. - -_cum imperio esse_—to hold a high command. - -_imperii summam tenere_ (Rep. 2. 28)—to be commander-in-chief. - -_imperii summae praeesse_—to be commander-in-chief. - -_imperii summam deferre alicui_ or _ad aliquem, tradere alicui_—to -appoint some one commander-in-chief. - -_imperium transfertur ad aliquem_ (not _transit_)—the command is -transferred, passes to some one. - -_imperium alicui abrogare_ (Off.3. 10)—to depose a person from his -command. - -_modestia_[2] (opp. _immodestia_)—discipline (insubordination). - -_dicto audientem esse alicui_—to obey a person's orders. - -_milites disciplina coercere_—to keep good discipline amongst one's men. - -_milites coercere et in officio continere_ (B. C. 1. 67. 4)—to keep -good discipline amongst one's men. - - -[1] Thus _magnae, memorabiles, praestantissimae res gestae_, and also -_meae, tuae, suae_, etc. The phrase _rem gerere_ can be used either of -the combat (_proelium_) or the whole war (_bellum_), cf. B. G. 5. 44. -11; Off. 3. 108. - -[2] _modestia_, the character of the man who observes a mean (_qui -servat modum_), is used morally of self-restraint, moderation -(σωφροσύνη). In politics it means loyalty; in the army, discipline. - - - - -4. Weapons - - -_arma capere, sumere_—to take up one's arms. - -_arma expedire_ (Tusc. 2. 16. 37)—to make ready for battle. - -_galeam induere_—to put on one's helmet. - -_armis (castris) exuere aliquem_—to disarm a person. - -_arma ponere_ (not _deponere_)—to pile arms (cf. sect. XII. 3, note -_vestem deponere..._). - -_ab armis discedere_ (Phil. 11. 33)—to lay down arms. - -_in armis esse_—to be under arms. - -_cum telo esse_—to be armed. - -_extorquere arma e manibus_—to wrest weapons from some one's hands. - -_res ad arma venit_—matters have reached the fighting-stage. - -_tela iacere, conicere, mittere_—to discharge missiles. - -_extra teli iactum, coniectum esse_—to be out of range. - -_ad teli coniectum venire_ (Liv. 2. 31)—to come within javelin-range. - -_se obicere telis_—to expose oneself to missiles. - -_eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti_—to use javelins at a distance, -swords at close quarters. - -_gladium educere (e vagīna)_—to draw one's sword (from the scabbard). - -_gladium in vaginam recondere_—to sheath one's sword. - -_gladium stringere, destringere_—to draw one's sword. - -_gladium alicui in pectus infigere_—to plunge one's sword in some -one's breast. - -_gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere_ (Liv. 2. 46)—to transfix, -pierce a man's breast with one's sword. - -_sicam, cultrum in corde alicuius defigere_[1] (Liv. 1. 58)—to plunge -a dagger, knife in some one's heart. - -_decurrere (in armis)_—to manœuvre. - -_vi et armis_—by force of arms. - - -[1] _defigere_ is also used metaphorically, e.g. _defigere omnes -curas, cogitationes in rei publicae salute_ (Phil. 14. 5. 13). - - - - -5. War - - -_bellum parare_—to make preparations for war. - -_apparatus_ (rare in plur.) _belli_—preparations for war; war-material. - -_bellum indīcere, denuntiare_—to make formal declaration of war. - -_res repetere (ab aliquo)_ (Off. 1. 11. 36)—to demand satisfaction, -restitution. - -_res reddere (alicui)_ (cf. sect. V. 11)—to make restitution. - -_bellum iustum (pium)_—a regular, formal war. - -_bellum intestinum, domesticum_ (opp. _bellum externum_)—a civil war. - -_bellum facere, movere, excitare_—to cause a war. - -_bellum conflare_ (Fam. 5. 2. 8)—to kindle a war. - -_bellum moliri_—to meditate war. - -_bellum incipere, belli initium facere_ (B. G. 7. 1. 5)—to commence -hostilities. - -_bello se interponere_ (Liv. 35. 48)—to interfere in a war. - -_bello implicari_—to be involved in a war. - -_bellum cum aliquo inire_—to begin a war with some one. - -_bellum impendet, imminet, instat_—a war is imminent. - -_bellum oritur, exardescit_—war breaks out. - -_omnia bello flagrant_ or _ardent_ (Fam. 4. 1. 2)—everywhere the torch -of war is flaming. - -_bellum gerere cum aliquo_—to make war on a person. - -_bellum coniungere_ (Imp. Pomp. 9. 26)—to wage war in conjunction with -some one. - -_bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere_—to protract, prolong a war. - -_omni studio in (ad) bellum incumbere_—to carry on a war energetically. - -_bellum inferre alicui_ (Att. 9. 1. 3)—to invade. - -_bellum_ or _arma ultro inferre_—to be the aggressor in a war; to act -on the offensive. - -_bellum (inlatum) defendere_—to act on the defensive. - -_proficisci ad bellum, in expeditionem_ (Sall. Iug. 103)—to go to war, -commence a campaign. - -_mittere ad bellum_—to send to the war. - -_bellum administrare_—to have the control of the war. - -_bello persequi aliquem, lacessere_—to harass with war. - -_belli finem facere, bellum finire_—to put an end to war. - -_bellum conficere, perficere_—to terminate a war (by force of arms and -defeat of one's opponents). - -_bellum componere_ (Fam. 10. 33)—to terminate a war (by a treaty, etc.) - -_bellum transferre alio, in..._—to transfer the seat of war elsewhere. - -_belli sedes_ (Liv. 4. 31)—the seat of war, theatre of operations. - -_rationem belli gerendi mutare_ (Liv. 32. 31)—to change one's tactics. - - - - -6. The Army on the March - - -_agmen medium_ (Liv. 10. 41)—the centre of the marching column. - -_agmen primum_—the vanguard. - -_agmen novissimum (extremum)_—the rearguard. - -_agmen claudere, cogere_—to bring up the rear. - -_signa_[1] _ferre, tollere_—to begin the march, break up the camp. - -_castra movere_—to begin the march, break up the camp. - -_agmen agere_—to set the army in motion. - -_procedere cum exercitu_—to advance with the army. - -_magnis itineribus_ (Sall. Iug. 37)—by forced marches. - -_quam maximis itineribus (potest)_—by the longest possible forced -marches. - -_citatum agmen rapere_—to lead the army with forced marches. - -_raptim agmen ducere_—to lead the army with forced marches. - -_citato gradu incedere_ (cf. sect. II. 5)—to advance rapidly. - -_loca, regiones, loci naturam explorare_—to reconnoitre the ground. - -_iter facere_—to march. - -_iter conficere_ (B. C. 1. 70)—to traverse a route. - -_iter maturare, accelerare_—to quicken the pace of marching. - -_iter continuare_ (B. C. 3. 11)—to march without interruption. - -_iter non intermittere_—not to interrupt the march. - -_iter flectere, convertere, avertere_—to deviate, change the direction. - -_signa convertere_ (B. G. 1. 25)—to deviate, change the direction. - -_averso itinere contendere in..._—to change one's route and march -towards... - -_iter tentare per vim_ (cf. sect. II. 3)—to force a way, a passage. - -_agmen, exercitum demittere in..._—to march down on to... - -_exercitum admovere, adducere ad..._—to advance on... - -_signa sequi_ (opp. _a signis discedere, signa relinquere_)—to follow -the standards. - -_ordines servare_ (B. G. 4. 26)—to keep the ranks. - -_confertis, solutis ordinibus_—with close ranks; with ranks in disorder. - -_raris ordinibus_—in open order. - -_ordines turbare, perrumpere_—to break the ranks. - -_agmine quadrato incedere, ire_—to march with closed ranks, in order -of battle. - -_agmine duplici, triplici_—in two, three columns. - -_novissimos premere_—to press the rearguard. - -_novissimos turbare_—to throw the rearguard into confusion. - -_novissimos carpere_—to harass the rear. - -_novissimis praesidio esse_—to protect the troops in the rear. - -_opprimere hostes (imprudentes, incautos, inopinantes)_—to surprise -and defeat the enemy. - -_subsistere, consistere_—to halt. - -_gradum sistere_—to halt. - -_capere, occupare locum_—to occupy a position (with troops). - -_occupare loca superiora_—to occupy the high ground. - -_praeoccupare locum_ (Liv. 35. 27)—to occupy a place beforehand. - -_tenere montem_ (B. G. 1. 22)—to hold a mountain. - -_consistere in monte_—to take up one's position on a mountain. - -_considere sub monte (sub montis radicibus)_—to occupy the foot of a -hill. - -_praesidiis firmare urbem_—to garrison a town. - -_praesidium collocare in urbe_—to garrison a town. - -_praesidia, custodias disponere_—to station posts, pickets, at -intervals. - -_vigilias crebras ponere_ (Sall. Iug. 45. 2)—to place a close line of -sentry-posts. - - -[1] _signa_ = standards of a maniple, cohort, or legion. Since Marius' -time the _signum_ of a legion was an eagle, those of the maniples -different animals, wolf, horse, etc. In the camp the standards were -fixed in the ground, in action they were carried in the front rank, -hence several phrases—_signa convellere, tollere, efferre_, to break -up camp; _signa proferre, promovere_, to advance in battle-order; -_signa inferre_, to attack; _signa conferre_, to come to close -quarters; _signa statuere_, to halt; _signa convertere_, to change -one's route; _signa referre_, to retire; _signa relinquere_, to -desert, etc. - - - - -7. The Camp - - -_castra stativa_ (Sall. Iug. 44)—a permanent camp. - -_castra hiberna, aestiva_—winter-quarters, summer-quarters. - -_castra ponere, locare_—to encamp. - -_idoneo, aequo, suo_ (opp. _iniquo_) _loco_—in a favourable position. - -_castra metari_ (B. C. 3. 13)—to mark out a camp. - -_milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere_—to take the -troops to their winter-quarters. - -_castra munire_—to make a fortified, entrenched camp. - -_castra munire vallo (aggere)_—to fortify the camp with a rampart. - -_fossam ducere_—to make a ditch, a fosse. - -_vallum iacere, exstruere, facere_—to raise a rampart, earthwork. - -_castra praesidiis firmare_—to strengthen the camp by outposts. - -_praesidio castris milites relinquere_—to leave troops to guard the -camp. - -_castra coniungere, iungere_ (B. C. 1. 63)—to make a camp in common. - -_castra nudare_ (B. G. 7. 70)—to leave the camp undefended. - -_cohors, quae in statione est_—the cohort on guard-duty. - -_vigilias agere in castris_ (Verr. 4. 43)—to mount guard in the camp. - -_custodias agere in vallo_—to keep watch on the rampart. - -_stationes agere pro portis_—to be on duty before the gates. - -_circumvenire vigilias_ (Sall. Iug. 45. 2)—to make the round of the -sentries. - -_tesseram dare_ (Liv. 28. 14)—to give the watchword, countersign. - -_copias castris continere_—to keep the troops in camp. - -_se (quietum) tenere castris_—to remain inactive in camp. - -_excursionem in hostium agros facere_—to make an inroad into hostile -territory. - -_praedatum ire_—to go in search of plunder, booty. - -_ferre atque agere_[1] _praedam_—to carry off booty. - -_capere equos_—to capture horses. - -_lignatum, aquatum ire_—to go to fetch wood, water. - -_pabulatum, frumentatum ire_—to forage. - -_pabulatione premi_ (B. C. 1. 78)—to suffer from want of forage. - -_omnia ferro ignique, ferro atque igni_ or _ferro flammaque -vastare_—to ravage with fire and sword. - -_classicum_ or _tuba canit ad praetorium_—the bugle, trumpet sounds -before the general's tent. - -_vasa conclamare_ (B. C. 3. 37)—to give the signal for breaking up the -camp, collecting baggage. - -_vasa colligere_ (Liv. 21. 47)—to pack the baggage (for marching). - -_signa convellere_ (_vid._ sect. XVI. 6, note _signa..._)—to pluck up -the standards out of the ground (to begin the march). - -_consilium habere, convocare_—to hold a council of war. - -_rem ad consilium deferre_—to refer a matter to a council of war. - - -[1] _ferre_ of things inanimate, _agere_ of cattle. Cf. φέρειν καὶ -ἄγειν. - - - - -8. A Siege - - -_oppidum natura loci munitum_ (B. G. 1. 38)—a town with a strong -natural position. - -_oppidum manu (opere) munitum_—a town artificially fortified. - -_oppidum obsidere_—to besiege a city. - -_oppidum obsidione claudere_—to besiege a city. - -_oppidum in obsidione tenere_—to keep a town in a state of siege. - -_oppidum fame domare_—to starve a town into surrender. - -_oppidum oppugnare_—to storm a town. - -_oppidum cingere vallo et fossa_—to surround a town with a rampart and -fosse. - -_opera facere_—to raise siege-works. - -_vineas agere_ (B. G. 3. 21)—to advance pent-houses, mantlets. - -_turres instituere, exstruere_—to raise towers. - -_testudine facta moenia subire_ (B. G. 2. 6)—to advance to the walls -protected by a covering of shields. - -_scalas admovere_ (B. C. 3. 63)—to apply scaling-ladders. - -_positis scalis muros ascendere_—to scale the walls by means of ladders. - -_aries murum attingit, percutit_—the battering-ram strikes the wall. - -_iter ruina patefactum_—a breach. - -_patentia ruinis_ (_vid._ XII. 1, note _ruina..._)—a breach. - -_cuniculos agere_ (B. G. 3. 21)—to make mines, subterraneous passages. - -_oppidum tormentis verberare_—to rain missiles on a town, bombard it. - -_tela ingerere, conicere_—to discharge showers of missiles. - -_murum nudare defensoribus_—to drive the defenders from the walls. - -_eruptionem facere ex oppido_—to make a sally, sortie from the town. - -_crebras ex oppido excursiones facere_ (B. G. 2. 30)—to make a sally, -sortie from the town. - -_ignem inferre operibus_ (B. C. 2. 14)—to set fire to the siege-works. - -_subsidium alicui summittere_—to send relief to some one. - -_munitiones perrumpere_—to break through the lines (and relieve a town). - -_urbis obsidionem liberare_—to raise a siege (used of the army of -relief). - -_oppidum obsidione liberare_—to raise a siege (used of the army of -relief). - -_obsidionem quattuor menses sustinere_—to hold out for four months. - -_oppugnationem, obsidionem relinquere_—to give up an assault, a siege. - -_portas obstruere_ (B. G. 5. 50)—to barricade the gates. - -_portas refringere_—to break down the gates. - -_claustra portarum revellere_—to break down the gates. - -_in oppidum irrumpere_—to break into the town. - -_in oppidum irruptionem facere_—to break into the town. - -_oppidum capere, expugnare_—to take, storm a town. - -_oppidum recipere_—to retake a town. - -_oppidum incendere_—to fire a town. - -_oppidum diripere_—to plunder a town. - -_oppidum evertere, excīdere_—to completely destroy a town. - -_oppidum solo aequare_—to raze a town to the ground. - -_deditione facta_ (Sall. Iug. 26)—after capitulation. - -_arma tradere_—to surrender weapons. - -_salutem petere a victore_—to beg for mercy from the conqueror. - -_se suaque omnia dedere victori_—to give up one's person and all one's -possessions to the conqueror. - -_se suaque omnia permittere victoris potestati_—to give up one's -person and all one's possessions to the conqueror. - -_se permittere in fidem atque in potestatem alicuius_ (B. G. 2. 3)—to -surrender oneself to the discretion of some one. - -_in fidem recipere aliquem_ (Fam. 13. 16)—to deal mercifully with some -one. - -_libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt_ (B. G. 3. 16. 4)—the free -men are sold as slaves. - -_cum uxoribus et liberis_—with wife and child. - -_aliquem (incolumem) conservare_—to grant a man his life. - - - - -9. Before the Fight - - -_potestatem, copiam pugnandi hostibus facere_—to offer battle to the -enemy. - -_potestatem sui facere (alicui)_ (cf. sect. XII. 9, note -_audientia..._)—to accept battle. - -_proelio (ad pugnam) hostes lacessere, provocare_—to provoke the enemy -to battle. - -_pugnam detrectare_ (Liv. 3. 60)—to decline battle. - -_supersedere proelio_—to refrain from fighting. - -_hostem e manibus non dimittere_—to not let the enemy escape. - -_locum ad pugnam idoneum deligere_—to choose suitable ground for an -engagement. - -_diem pugnae constituere_ (B. G. 3. 24)—to fix a day for the engagement. - -_signum proelii (committendi) exposcere_ (B. G. 7. 19)—to demand -loudly the signal to engage. - -_signum proelii dare_—to give the signal to engage. - -_vexillum proponere_ (Liv. 22. 3)—to fix the ensign on the general's -tent (as a signal to commence the engagement). - -_ad arma concurrere_—to rush to arms. - -_exercitum educere_ or _producere in aciem_—to lead the army to the -fight. - -_ad vim et arma descendere_ (_vid._ sect. V. 9, note -_Similarly..._)—to have recourse to force of arms. - -_in certamen descendere_—to engage in the fight. - -_in aciem descendere_ (Liv. 8. 8)—to enter the field of battle. - -_aciem (copias, exercitum) instruere_ or _in acie constituere_—to draw -up forces in battle-order. - -_aciem triplicem instruere_ (B. G. 1. 24)—to draw up the army in three -lines. - -_aciem explicare_ or _dilatare_—to extend the line of battle, deploy -the battalions. - -_media acies_—the centre. - -_subsidia collocare_—to station reserve troops. - -_equites ad latera disponere_ (B. G. 6. 8)—to place the cavalry on the -wings. - -_contionari apud milites_ (B. C. 1. 7)—to harangue the soldiers. - -_contionem habere apud milites_—to harangue the soldiers. - -_ad virtutem excitare, cohortari_ (or simply _adhortari, -cohortari_)—to incite to valour. - -_animos militum confirmare_ (B. G. 5. 49)—to encourage, embolden the -soldiery. - - - - -10. The Fight - - - - -(a) The Fight in General - - -_proelium committere_—(1) to begin the battle, (2) to give battle. - -_proelium inire_ (Liv. 2. 14)—to engage. - -_proelium facere_—to give battle. - -_proelio equestri contendere_—to give battle with a cavalry-division. - -_proelium equestre facere_—to give battle with a cavalry-division. - -_proelium facere secundum_—to fight successfully. - -_proeliis secundis uti_—to fight successfully. - -_rem (bene, male) gerere_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 2, note _rem -gerere..._)—to win, lose a fight (of the commander). - -_proelium intermittere_—to interrupt the battle. - -_proelium dirimere_ (B. C. 1. 40)—to break off the fight. - -_proelium restituere_—to renew the battle with success. - -_proelium renovare, redintegrare_—to begin the fight again. - -_proelium deserere_—to give up the fight. - -_proelio, armis decertare_ (B. G. 1. 50)—to fight a decisive battle. - -_acie (armis, ferro) decernere_—to fight a pitched battle. - -_in acie dimicare_—to fight a pitched battle. - -_proelio interesse_—to take part in the engagement. - -_ex equo pugnare_—to fight on horseback. - -_certamen singulare_—single combat. - -_povocare aliquem ad certamen singulare_—to challenge some one to -single combat. - -_proelium cruentum, atrox_—a bloody battle. - -_proelium iustum_ (opp. _tumultuarium_)—a pitched battle. - - - - -(b) The Attack - - -_classicum canit_ (B. C. 3. 82)—the trumpet sounds for the attack. - -_gradum inferre in hostem_—to march on the enemy. - -_aggredi hostem_—to attack the enemy. - -_invadere, impetum_[1] _facere in hostem_—to attack the enemy. - -_signa inferre in hostem_—to attack the enemy. - -_impetum sustinere_ (B. G. 1. 26)—to resist the attack, onset. - -_impetum excipere_[2] (Liv. 6. 12)—to parry the attack. - -_in medios hostes se inicere_—to rush into the midst of the foe. - -_per medios hostes (mediam hostium aciem) perrumpere_—to break through -the enemy's centre. - -_manum (us) conserere cum hoste_—to come to close quarters. - -_signa conferre cum hoste_[3]—to come to close quarters. - -_proelio concurritur_ (Sall. Iug. 59)—the lines charge in battle one -on another. - -_adversis hostibus occurrere_—to attack the enemy in the front. - -_aversos hostes aggredi_—to attack the enemy in the rear. - -_hostes a tergo adoriri_—to attack the enemy in the rear. - -_iusto_ (opp. _tumultuario_) _proelio confligere cum hoste_ (Liv. 35. -4)—to fight a pitched, orderly battle with an enemy. - -_acies inclīnat_ or _inclīnatur_ (Liv. 7. 33)—the line of battle gives -way. - -_proelium anceps est_—the issue of the battle is undecided. - -_ancipiti Marte pugnatur_—the issue of the battle is undecided. - -_diu anceps stetit pugna_—the issue of the day was for a long time -uncertain. - -_res est in periculo, in summo discrimine_—the position is critical. - -_res ad triarios_[4] _redit_ (Liv. 8. 8)—the triarii must now fight -(proverbially = we are reduced to extremities). - - -[1] _impetus_ is not used in the dative sing. or in the plur.; these -cases are supplied by _incursio_. - -[2] Caesar's method of attack was usually this: the troops drawn up on -rising ground charged at the double (_concursus_); when within range -came _emissio telorum_ or _pilorum_. This was followed up by a -hand-to-hand _mêlée (impetus gladiorum)_. - -[3] _signa conferre cum aliquo_ also sometimes means to join forces. - -[4] The _triarii_ were the veterans who made up the third line behind -the _principes_ and _hastati_. If these first two lines were beaten or -in difficulties (_laborare_), the _triarii_, who were in a kneeling -posture (_dextro genu innixi_, Liv. 8. 9), stood up (_consurgebant_, -Liv. 8. 10) and continued the fight. Hence this proverb (_inde rem ad -triarios redisse cum laboratur proverbio increbuit_). For the -organisation of the legion in general _vid._ Liv. book 8. - - - - -(c) Close Quarters - - -_collatis signis (viribus) pugnare_—to fight hand-to-hand, at close -quarters. - -_tum pes cum pede collatus est_ (Liv. 28. 2)—a hand-to-hand engagement -ensued. - -_collato pede_ (Liv. 6. 12)—hand to hand. - -_gladio comminus_ (opp. _eminus_) _rem gerere_—to fight with swords at -close quarters. - -_omissis pilis gladiis rem gerere_—to throw down the javelins (_pila_) -and fight with the sword. - -_res ad gladios vēnit_—swords must now decide the day. - -_res gladiis geri coepta est_—swords must now decide the day. - -_strictis gladiis in hostem ferri_—to throw oneself on the enemy with -drawn sword. - -_res ad manus venit_—the fighting is now at close quarters. - -_laxatis_ (opp. _confertis_) _ordinibus pugnare_—to fight in open order. - -_ferarum_[1] _ritu pugnare_—to fight like lions. - -_manu fortis_—personally brave. - - -[1] The Latin language uses the general term (_fera_) where we use the -special (lion). Similarly _pecorum modo fugiunt_ (Liv. 40. 27), where -we translate "they flee like deer." - - - - -(d) Tactics—Reinforcements - - -_in latus hostium incurrere_—to fall upon the enemy's flank. - -_circumvenire hostem aversum_ or _a tergo_ (B. G. 2. 26)—to surround -the enemy from the rear. - -_multitudine hostium cingi_—to be surrounded by the superior force of -the enemy. - -_equitatu superiorem esse_—to have the advantage in cavalry. - -_parem_ (opp. _imparem_) _esse hosti_—to be a match for the enemy. - -_orbem_[1] _facere_ (Sall. Iug. 97. 5)—to form a square. - -_in orbem consistere_—to form a square. - -_cuneum facere_ (Liv. 22. 47)—to draw up troops in a wedge-formation. - -_phalangem facere_ (B. G. 1. 24)—to form a phalanx. - -_phalangem perfringere_—to break through the phalanx. - -_subsidia summittere_—to send up reserves. - -_integros defatigatis summittere_—to send fresh troops to take the -place of those wearied with fighting. - -_rari dispersique pugnare_ (B. C. 1. 44)—to fight in skirmishing order. - -_integri et recentes defatigatis succedunt_—fresh troops relieve the -tired men. - - -[1] _orbis_ properly a circle, but corresponding almost exactly in its -objects to our square-formation (_vid._ B. G. 4. 37, 5. 33; Sall. Iug. -97. 5). For a good account of Roman military formation see Kraner, -_Uebersicht des Kriegswesens bei Caesar_, in his edition of the -_Bellum Gallicum_. - - - - -(e) Successful Attack - - -_pellere hostem_—to repulse the enemy. - -_acies hostium impellitur_—the enemy's line is repulsed. - -_loco movere, depellere, deicere hostem_ (B. G. 7. 51)—to drive the -enemy from his position. - -_summovere_ or _reicere hostium equites_—to repel the attack of the -enemy's cavalry. - -_repellere, propulsare hostem_—to repulse an attack. - -_undique premi, urgeri_ (B. G. 2. 26)—to be pressed on all sides. - -_prosternere, profligare hostem_—to rout the enemy. - - - - -(f) Retreat—Flight—Pursuit - - -_signa receptui canunt_—the retreat is sounded. - -_receptui canitur_ (B. G. 7. 47)—the retreat is sounded. - -_pedem referre_—to retire (without turning one's back on the enemy). - -_equitatus tutum receptum dat_—the cavalry covers the retreat. - -_se recipere_ (B. G. 7. 20)—to withdraw one's forces. - -_loco excedere_—to abandon one's position. - -_in fugam dare, conicere hostem_—to put the enemy to flight. - -_fugare hostem_—to put the enemy to flight. - -_fundere hostium copias_—to rout the enemy's forces. - -_caedere et fundere hostem_—to utterly rout the enemy. - -_fundere et fugare hostem_—to utterly rout the enemy. - -_prae se agere hostem_—to drive the enemy before one. - -_fugam facere_ (Sall. Iug. 53)—(1) to put to flight, (2) to take to -flight. - -_terga vertere_ or _dare_—to flee, run away. - -_terga dare hosti_—to run away from the enemy. - -_fugae se mandare_ (B. G. 2. 24)—to take to flight. - -_fugam capessere, capere_—to take to flight. - -_se dare in fugam, fugae_—to take to flight. - -_se conicere, se conferre in fugam_—to take to flight. - -_fuga salutem petere_—to seek safety in flight. - -_fuga effusa, praeceps_ (Liv. 30. 5)—headlong flight. - -_pecorum modo fugere_ (Liv. 40. 27)—to flee like deer, sheep. - -_arma abicere_—to throw away one's arms. - -_praecipitem se fugae mandare_—to flee headlong. - -_ex (in) fuga dissipati_ or _dispersi_ (B. G. 2. 24)—soldiers routed -and dispersed. - -_hostes insequi, prosequi_—to pursue the enemy. - -_hostes (fusos) persequi_—to follow up and harass the enemy when in -flight. - -_hostes assequi, consequi_—to overtake the enemy. - -_fugientibus instare_—to press the fugitives. - -_tergis hostium inhaerere_—to be on the heels of the enemy. - -_fugam hostium reprimere_ (B. G. 3. 14)—to bring the flying enemy to a -stand. - -_excipere aliquem fugientem_—to cut off some one's flight. - -_magna caedes hostium fugientium facta est_—there was great slaughter -of fugitives. - -_capere aliquem vivum_—to take a person alive. - -_effugere, elābi e manibus hostium_—to escape from the hands of the -enemy. - -_dimittere e manibus hostes_—to let the enemy escape. - -_eripere aliquem e manibus hostium_—to rescue some one from the hands -of the enemy. - -_se fuga recipere_ (B. G. 1. 11)—to save oneself by flight. - - - - -(g) Defeat—Massacre—Wounds—Losses - - -_proelio vinci, superari, inferiorem, victum discedere_—to be defeated -in fight, lose the battle. - -_cladem hostibus afferre, inferre_—to inflict a defeat on the enemy. - -_cladem accipere_—to suffer a defeat. - -_ingentem caedem edere_ (Liv. 5. 13)—to cause great slaughter, carnage. - -_stragem edere, facere_—to massacre. - -_omnia strata sunt ferro_—all have perished by the sword. - -_hostes, exercitum delere, concīdere_—to annihilate, cut up the enemy, -an army. - -_hostes ad internecionem caedere, delere_ (Liv. 9. 26)—to absolutely -annihilate the enemy. - -_hostium copias occidione occīdere_ (Liv. 2. 51)—to absolutely -annihilate the enemy. - -_vulnus infligere alicui_—to wound a person (also used metaphorically). - -_mortiferam plagam alicui infligere_—to inflict a mortal wound on some -one. - -_vulnus (grave, mortiferum) accipere, excipere_—to be (seriously, -mortally) wounded. - -_multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus_ (B. G. 1. 50)—after many -had been wounded on both sides. - -_vulneribus confectus_—weakened by wounds. - -_vulnera (cicatrices) adversa_ (opp. _aversa_)—wounds (scars) on the -breast. - -_vulnera adverso corpore accepta_—wounds (scars) on the breast. - -_refricare_[1] _vulnus, cicatricem obductam_—to open an old wound. - -_ex vulnere mori_ (Fam. 10. 33)—to die of wounds. - -_magno cum detrimento_—with great loss. - -_nostri circiter centum ceciderunt_—about a hundred of our men fell. - -_ad unum omnes_[2] _perierunt_—they perished to a man. - - -[1] _refricare_ is also used metaphorically in the sense of renewing, -recalling, e.g. _dolorem_ (De Or. 2. 48); _memoriam_ (Phil. 3. 7. 18); -_desiderium_ (Fam. 5. 17. 4). - -[2] The phrase _ad unum omnes_, to a man, without exception, occurs De -Am. 23. 86; Fam. 12. 14; Liv. 2. 55; and without _omnes_, Fam. 10. 16; -B. C. 3. 14. - - - - -11. Victory—Triumph - - -_exercitus victor_—the victorious army. - -_superiorem_ (opp. _inferiorem_), _victorem (proelio, pugna) -discedere_—to come off victorious. - -_victoriam adipisci, parere_—to gain a victory, win a battle. - -_victoriam ferre, referre_—to gain a victory, win a battle. - -_proelio vincere_—to gain a victory, win a battle. - -_victoriam reportare ab hoste_—to gain a victory over the enemy. - -_victoriam praecipere (animo)_ (Liv. 10. 26)—to consider oneself -already victor. - -_victoriam exploratam dimittere_—to let a sure victory slip through -one's hands. - -_sicut parta iam atque explorata victoria_—as if the victory were -already won. - -_victoriam conclamare_ (B. G. 5. 37)—to raise a shout of victory. - -_victoriam_ or _de victoria gratulari alicui_—to congratulate a person -on his victory. - -_victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit_ (Liv. 23. 30)—the -victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very dearly bought. - -_triumphare de aliquo (ex bellis)_—to triumph over some one. - -_triumphum_[1] _agere de_ or _ex aliquo_ or c. Gen. (_victoriae, -pugnae_)—to triumph over some one. - -_per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere_—to lead some one in -triumph. - -_triumphum senatus Africano decernit_ (Fin. 4. 9. 22)—the senate -decrees to Africanus the honours of a triumph. - - -[1] E.g. _triumphum agere Boiorum_ (Liv.); _Pharsaliae pugnae_ (Cic.); -_de Liguribus_ (Liv.); _ex Aequis_ (Liv.) For other phrases cf. -_triumphum postulare, imperare; triumphum tertium deportare; triumphum -consulis celebrare_. - - - - -12. Truce—Peace—Treaties—Alliance - - -_indutias facere_ (Phil. 8. 7)—to make a truce. - -_indutias violare_—to break a truce. - -_ius gentium violare_—to violate the law of nations. - -_agere cum aliquo de pace_—to treat with some one about peace. - -_pacem conciliare_ (Fam. 10. 27)—to bring about a peace. - -_pacem facere cum aliquo_—to make peace with some one. - -_pacem dirimere, frangere_—to break the peace. - -_his condicionibus_—on these terms. - -_pacis condiciones ferre_ (not _proponere_)—to propose terms of peace. - -_pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui_ (Liv. 29. 12)—to dictate the -terms of peace to some one. - -_pacis condiciones accipere, subire_ (opp. _repudiare, respuere_)—to -accept the terms of the peace. - -_pax convenit in eam condicionem, ut..._—peace is concluded on -condition that... - -_summa pax_—deep peace. - -_captivos permutare, commutare_—to exchange prisoners. - -_captivos redimere_ (Off. 2. 18)—to ransom prisoners. - -_captivos sine pretio reddere_—to restore prisoners without ransom. - -_obsides dare_—to give hostages. - -_obsides civitatibus imperare_—to compel communities to provide -hostages. - -_pactionem facere cum aliquo_ (Sall. Iug. 40)—to conclude a treaty -with some one. - -_ex pacto, ex foedere_—according to treaty. - -_foedus facere (cum aliquo), icere, ferire_—to conclude a treaty, an -alliance. - -_foedus frangere, rumpere, violare_—to violate a treaty, terms of -alliance. - -_socium aliquem asciscere_ (B. G. 1. 5)—to make some one one's ally. - -_in amicitia populi Romani esse_ (Liv. 22. 37)—to be on friendly terms -with the Roman people. - -_a senatu amicus_[1] _appellatus est_ (B. G. 1. 3)—he received from -the senate the title of friend. - - -[1] _amicus_, the friend of the Roman people, distinct from _socius_, -an ally; a _socius_ was always _amicus_, but not necessarily _vice -versa_. The title _amicus populi Romani_ was granted by the senate to -foreign princes in recognition of some signal service. - - - - -13. Conquest—Submission - - -_terra potiri_—to conquer a country. - -_terram suae dicionis facere_—to reduce a country to subjection to -oneself. - -_populum in potestatem suam redigere_ (B. G. 2. 34)—to reduce a -country to subjection to oneself. - -_populum in deditionem venire cogere_—to reduce a country to -subjection to oneself. - -_populum in deditionem accipere_—to accept the submission of a people. - -_populum perdomare, subigere_—to subjugate a nation. - -_populum, terram suo imperio, suae potestati subicere_ (not _sibi_ by -itself)—to make oneself master of a people, country. - -_se imperio alicuius subicere_ (not _alicui_)—to make one's submission -to some one. - -_in deditionem venire_ (without _alicui_)—to make one's submission to -some one. - -_in alicuius potestatem se permittere_—to make one's submission to -some one. - -_sub imperio et dicione alicuius esse_—to be subject to some one, -under some one's dominion. - -_subiectum esse, obnoxium esse imperio_ or _dicioni alicuius_ (not -simply _alicui_)—to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion. - -_in potestate, in dicione alicuius esse_—to be subject to some one, -under some one's dominion. - -_qui imperio subiecti sunt_—subjects. - -_aliquem ad officium_ (cf. sect. X. 7, note _officium..._) _reducere_ -(Nep. Dat. 2. 3)—to reduce a people to their former obedience. - -_aliquem in officio continere_—to keep some one in subjection. - -_in officio manere, permanere_—to remain in subjection. - -_Asiam in provinciae formam (in provinciam) redigere_ (B. G. 1. 45)—to -make Asia into a Roman province. - -_Asia populi Romani facta est_—Asia was made subject to Rome. - -_gentem ad internecionem redigere_ or _adducere_ (B. G. 2. 28)—to -completely annihilate a nation. - - - - -XVII. Shipping - - -1. Naval Affairs in General - - -_navis actuaria_—a cutter. - -_navis longa_—a man-of-war. - -_navis oneraria_—a transport or cargo-boat. - -_navis mercatoria_—a merchantman. - -_oppidum maritimum_—a seaport town. - -_navibus plurimum posse_—to have a powerful navy. - -_rebus maritimis multum valere_—to have a powerful navy. - -_navem, classem aedificare, facere, efficere, instituere_—to build a -ship, a fleet. - -_navem (classem) armare, ornare, instruere_—to equip a boat, a fleet. - -_navem deducere_ (_vid._ sect. XII. 1, note _Notice too..._)—to launch -a boat. - -_navem subducere (in aridum)_—to haul up a boat. - -_navem reficere_—to repair a boat. - -_navem conscendere, ascendere_—to embark. - -_exercitum in naves imponere_ (Liv. 22. 19)—to embark an army. - -_milites in terram, in terra exponere_—to disembark troops. - -_classiarii_[1] (B. C. 3. 100)—marines. - -_nautae, remiges_—sailors, rowers. - -_vectores_ (Phil. 7. 9. 27)—passengers. - -_naves annotinae_—ships of last year. - - -[1] Also _classici milites, classica legio_ (Liv. 21. 41; 22. 19). The -marines were recruited from the lowest classes (_capite censi_) and -from the _liberti_. The rowers were slaves; the ordinary sailors were -_socii navales_. - - - - -2. Voyage—Shipwreck—Landing - - -_solvere_ (B. G. 4. 28)—to weigh anchor, sail. - -_navem (naves) solvere_—to weigh anchor, sail. - -_ancoram (ancoras) tollere_—to weigh anchor, sail. - -_naves ex portu solvunt_—the ships sail from the harbour. - -_malacia et tranquillitas_ (B. G. 3. 15)—a dead calm. - -_vela in altum dare_ (Liv. 25. 27)—to put to sea. - -_ventum (tempestatem) nancti idoneum ex portu exeunt_—the ships sail -out on a fair wind. - -_vela facere, pandere_—to set the sails. - -_vela dare_—to set the sails. - -_vela contrahere_ (also metaph.)—to furl the sails. - -_oram legere_ (Liv. 21. 51)—to hug the coast. - -_superare insulam, promunturium_—to double an island, cape. - -_ventis reflantibus_ (Tusc. 1. 49)—with the wind against one. - -_cursum dirigere aliquo_—to set one's course for a place. - -_cursum tenere_ (opp. _commutare_ and _deferri_)—to hold on one's -course. - -_cursum conficere_ (Att. 5. 12. 1)—to finish one's voyage. - -_gubernaculum tractare_—to steer. - -_clavum tenere_—to steer. - -_navem remis agere_ or _propellere_—to row. - -_remis contendere_—to row hard. - -_navem remis concitare, incitare_—to row hard. - -_sustinere, inhibere remos_ (De Or. 1. 33)—to stop rowing; to easy. - -_navem retro inhibere_ (Att. 13. 21)—to back water. - -_naufragium facere_—to be shipwrecked. - -_navis ad scopulos alliditur_ (B. C. 3. 27)—the ship strikes on the -rocks. - -_vento se dare_—to run before the wind. - -_in litus eici_ (B. G. 5. 10)—to be stranded. - -_deferri, deici aliquo_—to be driven out of one's course; to drift. - -_tempestate abripi_—to be driven out of one's course; to drift. - -_procella (tempestas) aliquem ex alto ad ignotas terras (oras) -defert_—the storm drives some one on an unknown coast. - -_naufragium colligere_ (Sest. 6. 15)—to collect the wreckage. - -_appellere navem (ad terram, litus)_—to land (of people). - -_appelli (ad oram)_ (Att. 13. 21)—to land (of ships). - -_ancoras iacere_—to drop anchor. - -_ancoras tollere_—to weigh anchor. - -_naves ad ancoras deligare_ (B. G. 4. 29)—to make fast boats to anchors. - -_naves (classem) constituere (in alto)_—to make fast boats to anchors. - -_ad ancoram consistere_—to ride at anchor. - -_ad ancoras deligari_—to ride at anchor. - -_in ancoris esse, stare, consistere_—to ride at anchor. - -_exire ex, de navi_—to land, disembark. - -_exire, egredi in terram_—to land, disembark. - -_escensionem facere_ (of troops)—to land, disembark. - -_portu, terra prohiberi_ (B. C. 3. 15)—to be unable to land. - -_litora ac portus custodia clausos tenere_—to keep the coast and -harbours in a state of blockade. - -_deperire_—to founder, go down. - -_aestu incitato_—at high tide. - - - - -3. A Naval Battle - - -_navis praetoria_ (Liv. 21. 49)—the admiral's ship; the flagship. - -_pugnam navalem facere_[1]—to fight a battle at sea. - -_navem expedire_—to clear for action. - -_navem rostro percutere_—to charge, ram a boat. - -_navem expugnare_—to board and capture a boat. - -_navem, classem deprimere, mergere_—to sink a ship, a fleet. - -_classes concurrunt_ (Liv. 26. 39)—the fleets charge. - -_copulas, manus ferreas (in navem) inicere_—to throw grappling irons -on board; to board. - -_in navem (hostium) transcendere_—to throw grappling irons on board; -to board. - -_navem capere, intercipere, deprehendere_—to capture a boat. - -_vela armamentaque_—sails and rigging. - -_ex eo navium concursu magnum incommodum est acceptum_—much damage was -done by this collision. - -_navigia speculatoria_—reconnoitring-vessels. - - -[1] For a description of a sea-fight _vid._ B. G. iii. 13-16. - - - - -APPENDIX - - -_ut ait Cicero_ (always in this order)—as Cicero says. - -_ut Ciceronis verbis utar_—to use Cicero's expression; to say with -Cicero (not _ut cum Cicerone loquar_). - -_ut ita dicam_—so to speak (used to modify a figurative expression). - -_ut non (nihil) dicam de..._—not to mention... - -_ut plura non dicam_—to say nothing further on... - -_ne dicam_—not to say... (used in avoiding a stronger expression). - -_ne (quid) gravius dicam_—to say the least... - -_ut breviter dicam_—to put it briefly. - -_denique_—in short; to be brief. - -_ne multa, quid plura? sed quid opus est plura?_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut paucis (rem) absolvam_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut paucis (brevi, breviter) complectar_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut brevi comprehendam_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut brevi praecīdam_—in short; to be brief. - -_ut eorum, quae dixi, summam faciam_—to sum up... - -_ne longum sit_—not to be prolix. - -_ne longus, multus sim_—not to be prolix. - -_ne diutius vos demorer_—not to be prolix. - -_ne in re nota et pervulgata multus sim_—not to be diffuse on such a -well-known subject. - -_ut levissime dicam_ (opp. _ut gravissimo verbo utar_)—to use the -mildest expression. - -_ut planius dicam_—to express myself more plainly. - -_ut verius dicam_—to put it more exactly. - -_ut semel_ or _in perpetuum dicam_—to say once for all. - -_ut in eodem simili verser_—to use the same simile, illustration. - -_ut hoc utar_ or _afferam_—to use this example. - -_dicam quod sentio_—I will give you my true opinion. - -_tantum_ or _unum illud_ or _hoc dico_—I will only say this much... - -_non nego, non infitior_—I do not deny. - -_hoc dici potest de aliqua re_—this can be said of..., applies to... - -_hoc cadit in aliquid_—this can be said of..., applies to... - -_hoc transferri potest in aliquid_—this can be said of..., applies to... - -_dixi quasi praeteriens_ or _in transitu_—I said _en passant_, by the -way. - -_sexcenties, millies dixi_—I have said it a thousand times. - -_ut supra_ (opp. _infra_) _diximus, dictum est_—as I said above. - -_dici vix (non) potest_ or _vix potest dici_ (_vix_ like _non_ always -before _potest_)—I cannot find words for... - -_incredibile dictu est_—it sounds incredible. - -_supersedeo oratione_ (not _dicere_)—I avoid mentioning...; I prefer -not to touch upon... - -_omitto dicere_—I avoid mentioning...; I prefer not to touch upon... - -_haec habeo dicere_ or _habeo quae dicam_—this I have to say. - -_haec (fere) dixit_—he spoke (very much) as follows. - -_hanc in sententiam dixit_—the tenor of his speech was this... - -_mihi quaedam dicenda sunt de hac re_—I have a few words to say on this. - -_quod vere praedicare possum_—without wishing to boast, yet... - -_quod non arroganter dixerim_—which I can say without offence, -arrogance. - -_pace tua dixerim_ or _dicere liceat_—allow me to say. - -_bona (cum) venia tua dixerim_—allow me to say. - -_non est huius loci_ c. Inf.—this is not the place to... - -_non est hic locus, ut..._—this is not the place to... - -_sed de hoc alias pluribus_—more of this another time. - -_atque_ or _sed haec (quidem) hactenus_—so much for this subject...; -enough has been said on... - -_atque haec quidem de..._—so much for this subject...; enough has been -said on... - -_ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est_—so much for this subject...; -enough has been said on... - -_haec (quidem) ille_—this much he said. - -_haec Ciceronis fere_—this is very much what Cicero said. - -_atque etiam hoc animadvertendum est_—there is this also to notice. - -_ad reliqua pergamus, progrediamur_—to pass on. - -_hic (ille) locus obscurus est_—this passage is obscure. - -_hoc in medio relinquamus_—let us leave that undecided. - -_sed lābor longius_—but that takes us too far. - -_non id ad vivum reseco_ (Lael. 5. 8)—I do not take that too strictly. - -_nonnulla praedīcam_—I wish to say a few words in preface. - -_ut omittam_ c. Accus.—putting aside, except. - -_cum discessi, -eris, -eritis ab_—putting aside, except. - -_praeter_ c. Accus.—putting aside, except. - -_ut praetermittam_ c. Acc. c. Inf.—to except the fact that... - -_praeterquam quod_ or _nisi quod_—to except the fact that... - -_hoc in promptu est_—it is clear, evident. - -_hoc in aperto est_—it is clear, evident. - -_hoc est luce (sole ipso) clarius_—this is as clear as daylight. - -_hoc facile intellegi potest_—that is self-evident, goes without saying. - -_hoc per se intellegitur_—that is self-evident, goes without saying. - -_hoc sua sponte appāret_—that is self-evident, goes without saying. - -_ex quo intellegitur_ or _intellegi potest, debet_—from this it -appears, is apparent. - -_ex quo perspicuum est_—from this it appears, is apparent. - -_inde patet, appāret_—from this it appears, is apparent. - -_apparet et exstat_—it is quite manifest. - -_exstat atque eminet_—it is quite manifest. - -_si quaeris, si verum quaerimus_—to put it exactly. - -_id quod maximum, gravissimum est_—the main point. - -_quod caput est_—the main point. - -_quod maius est_—what is more important. - -_testis est, testatur, declarat_—this shows, proves... - -_documento, indicio est_ (without demonstr. pron. but _cui rei -documento, indicio est_)—this shows, proves... - -_sed hoc nihil (sane) ad rem_—but this is not to the point. - -_aliquid (τι) dicis_ (opp. _nihil dicis_)—there is something in what -you say; you are more or less right. - -_est istuc quidem aliquid_—there is something in what you say; you are -more or less right. - -_audio, fateor_—I admit it, say on. - -_ain tu?_—do you think so? are you in earnest? - -_nonne?_—is it not so? - -_quorsum haec (dicis)?_—what do you mean? - -_male_ (opp. _bene_) _narras (de)_—I am sorry to hear... - -_monstra dicis, narras_—it is incredible. - -_clarius loquere_—speak up, please. - -_mihi crede_ (not _crede mihi_)—believe me. - -_per me licet_—I have no objection. - -_rem acu tetigisti_—you have hit the nail on the head. - -_ita prorsus existimo_—that is exactly what I think. - -_ita res est_—it is so. - -_res ita (aliter) se habet_—the matter stands so (otherwise). - -_nec mirum, minime mirum (id quidem), quid mirum?_—no wonder. - -_neque id mirum est_ or _videri debet_—there is nothing strange in that. - -_et recte (iure, merito)_—quite rightly. - -_et recte (iure) quidem_—quite rightly. - -_recte, iure id quidem_—quite rightly. - -_neque immerito (iniuria)_—and rightly too. - -_neque id immerito (iniuria)_—and rightly too. - -_meo (tuo, suo) iure_—with perfect right. - -_iusto iure_—with perfect right. - -_iustissime, rectissime_—legitimately; with the fullest right. - -_optimo iure_ (cf. _summo iure_, sect. XV. 1).—legitimately; with the -fullest right. - -_macte virtute_ (_esto_ or _te esse iubeo_)—good luck to you. - -_sed manum de tabula!_—but enough! - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Latin Phrase-Book, by -Carl Meissner and Henry William Auden - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN PHRASE-BOOK *** - -***** This file should be named 50280-0.txt or 50280-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/2/8/50280/ - -Produced by Carolus Raeticus - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Meissner and H.W. Auden -</title> -<style type="text/css"> -body { - font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; - font-size: medium; - padding: 10px; - width: 800px; -} -h1, h2, h3, h4 { - text-align: center; -} -p, ul {font-size: 0.8em;} -li {font-size: 0.8em;} -a:link { - color: black; -} -a:visited { - color: black; -} -.fnanchor { /* define look of footnote anchor in body text */ - vertical-align: super; font-size: 9px; - text-decoration: none; /* no underline, blue color is enuff */ - letter-spacing: 0; /* don't space-out in spaced-out headings */ -} -.footnotes { /* division defining a block of footnotes */ - border: solid #808080 1px; /* changed from dashed black */ - position:relative; /* make footnotes block a container for labels */ - width: 100%; /* make it such for IE6 as well (grrrrr) */ - margin-top:3em; /* move down from preceding stanza */ - margin-bottom:6em; /* push following heading down */ -} -.footnotes h3 { /* reduce the visual impact of the FOOTNOTES: line */ - font-size:smaller; font-weight:normal; - text-align: left; margin-top:0.25em; margin-left: 0.25em; -} -.footnote p { /* no first-line indent in a notes block */ - text-indent: 0; -} -.footnote { /* division definining box around any one note */ - font-size: 0.9em; /* smaller font is traditional */ - margin-right: 1em; /* modest fixed margin on right of box */ - margin-left: 3.5em; /* space in which labels reside, see next */ -} -.footnote .label { /* position labels within left margin of footnotes block */ - position: absolute; left:0; /* line up on the left */ - width: 2.75em; /* but make them wide enough for " [825]"*/ - text-align: right; /* and align right about 1em from note text */ -} -span.ref { - /* Currently no formatting. Implemented to mark text-references. */ -} -span.greek { - /* Currently no formatting. Implemented to mark Greek text. */ -} -ol.nlist { - list-style-type: decimal; -} -ol.lllist { - list-style-type: lower-latin; -} -em { - font-family: monospace; - font-style: normal; - font-size: 1.2em; -} - -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Latin Phrase-Book, by -Carl Meissner and Henry William Auden - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Latin Phrase-Book - -Author: Carl Meissner - Henry William Auden - -Release Date: October 22, 2015 [EBook #50280] - -Language: Latin - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN PHRASE-BOOK *** - - - - -Produced by Carolus Raeticus - - - - - -</pre> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h1>LATIN PHRASE-BOOK</h1> -<h4>BY</h4> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h2>C. MEISSNER</h2> -<h4>TRANSLATED FROM THE SIXTH GERMAN EDITION</h4> -<h4>WITH THE ADDITION OF</h4> -<h4>SUPPLEMENTARY PHRASES AND REFERENCES</h4> -<h4>BY</h4> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h2>H. W. AUDEN, M.A.</h2> -<h4>ASSISTANT MASTER AT FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH; LATE SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND BELL UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR</h4> -<h4>LONDON</h4> -<h4>MACMILLAN AND CO.</h4> -<h4>AND NEW YORK</h4> -<h4>1894</h4> -<h4>All rights reserved</h4> -<p><br /></p> -<hr /> -<p><br /></p> -<h2>PREFACE</h2> -<p>Although, ideally speaking, a phrase-book should always be compiled by the pupil himself from his own individual observation, yet in these days, when an extended curriculum tends to curtail considerably the amount of Latin read, it seems to me that anything which may help boys to some knowledge of Latinity in a short time is not wholly useless. Hence this translation. The use of such books as <i>Meissner's Phraseologie</i> involves no new and untried principles, witness the excellent results obtained in Germany, where the book has passed through six editions. It has also been translated into French (the translation is now in its third edition) and Italian.</p> -<p>My best thanks are due to Professor Meissner for his courtesy in allowing me to make this translation, also to Professor Pascal of Reims, to whose admirable translation I am much indebted.</p> -<p>H. W. AUDEN.</p> -<p>FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH,</p> -<p>1894</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> -<p>I. <a href="#Index_I">The World and Nature—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_I_1">The World—Creation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_I_2">The Earth and its Surface</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_I_3">Water—Rivers—Sea</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_I_4">Fire</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_I_5">Air—Sky—Climate—Heavenly Bodies</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_I_6">Natural Phenomena</a></li> -</ol> -<p>II. <a href="#Index_II">Space and Time—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_II_1">Points of the Compass—Situation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_2">Boundary—Territory—Distance</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_3">Road—Travel</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_4">Coming—Going</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_5">Riding—Driving</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_6">Walking—Footsteps—Direction</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_7">Movement in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_8">Time in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_9">Year—Seasons</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_II_10">Day—Divisions of the Day</a></li> -</ol> -<p>III. <a href="#Index_III">Parts of the Human Body</a></p> -<p>IV. <a href="#Index_IV">Properties of the Human Body—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_1">Feelings—Sensations—Powers</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_2">Birth—Life</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_3">Time of Life</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_4">Hunger—Thirst</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_5">Laughter—Tears</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_6">Health—Sickness</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_7">Sleep—Dreams</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_8">Death</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IV_9">Burial</a></li> -</ol> -<p>V. <a href="#Index_V">Human Life; its various Relations and Conditions—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_V_1">Circumstance—Situation—Difficulty</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_2">Commencement—End—Result</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_3">Cause—Motive—Origin</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_4">Regard—Importance—Influence—Power—Inclination</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_5">Opportunity—Possibilty—Occasion—Chance</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_6">Success—Good Fortune</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_7">Misfortune—Fate—Ruin</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_8">Danger—Risk—Safety</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_9">Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_10">Riches—Want—Poverty</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_11">Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_12">Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_13">Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_14">Merit—Value—Reward</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_15">Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_16">Friendship—Enmity—Reconciliation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_17">Authority—Dignity</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_18">Praise—Approval—Blame—Reproach</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_19">Rumour—Gossip—News—Mention</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_20">Fame—Reputation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_21">Honour—Disgrace—Ignominy</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_22">Effort—Industry—Labour—Exertion</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_23">Business—Leisure—Inactivity—Idleness</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_V_24">Pleasure—Recreation</a></li> -</ol> -<p>VI. <a href="#Index_VI">The Mind; its Functions—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_1">Genius—Talent—Intelligence</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_2">Imagination—Thought</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_3">Conceptions—Ideals—Perfection</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_4">Opinion—Prejudice—Conjecture</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_5">Truth—Error</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_6">Choice—Doubt—Scruple</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_7">Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_8">Plan—Advice—Deliberation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_9">Resolve—Design—Intention</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_10">Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_11">Remembrance—Forgetfulness</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VI_12">Theory—Practice—Experience</a></li> -</ol> -<p>VII. <a href="#Index_VII">The Arts and Sciences—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_1">Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_2">Learning—Erudition</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_3">Culture—Civilisation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_4">Education—Instruction—School—Profession</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_5">Example—Pattern—Precedent</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_6">Philosophy</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_7">The Parts of Philosophy</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_8">System—Method—Principles</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_9">Species—Definition—Classification—Connection</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_10">Proof—Refutation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_11">Conclusion—Hypothesis—Inference</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_12">Debate—Controversy</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_13">Agreement—Contradiction</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_14">Particular Sciences (History—Mythology—Chronology—Geography—Mathematics—Natural Science—Astronomy)</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_15">Art in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_16">Poetry—Music—Painting—Sculpture</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VII_17">The Drama</a></li> -</ol> -<p>VIII. <a href="#Index_VIII">Speech and Writing—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_1">Speech in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_2">Style—Expression</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_3">Delivery—Voice</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_4">Subject-Matter—Argument</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_5">Question—Answer</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_6">Humour—Earnest</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_7">Language—Use of Language—Translation—Grammar</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_8">Sentence—Period—Words—Proverbs—Syllables</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_9">Writing—Writers—Books</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_VIII_10">Letters</a></li> -</ol> -<p>IX. <a href="#Index_IX">The Emotions—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_1">Disposition—Emotion in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_2">Joy—Pain</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_3">Vexation—Care—Equanimity—Contentment—Affliction</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_4">Fear—Terror—Anxiety</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_5">Courage—Discouragement—Pusillanimity—Pride—Arrogance—Insolence</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_6">Presence of Mind—Composure—Despair</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_7">Hope—Expectation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_8">Pity—Pardon—Want of Feeling—Cruelty</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_9">Love—Longing—Admiration—Enthusiasm</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_10">Belief—Confidence—Loyalty—Protection—Promise—Veracity (<i>fides, fiducia</i>)</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_11">Suspicion—Presentiment</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_12">Hatred—Jealousy—Envy</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_IX_13">Discontent—Anger—Revenge—Fury</a></li> -</ol> -<p>X. <a href="#Index_X">Virtues and Vices—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_X_1">Virtue—Morality</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_2">Vice—Crime</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_3">Desire—Passion—Self-Control</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_4">Wrong—Insult—Outrage—Offence</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_5">Violence—Ambuscade—Threats</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_6">Appearance—Deceit—Falsehood—Derision</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_7">Duty—Inclinations</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_8">Reason—Conscience—Remorse</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_9">Measure—Standard—Limit—Moderation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_X_10">Morals—Immorality—Principles—Character</a></li> -</ol> -<p>XI. <a href="#Index_XI">Religion—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_XI_1">God—Worship</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XI_2">Religion—Religous Scruple—Oath</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XI_3">Belief—Unbelief—Superstition</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XI_4">Prayers—Wishes—Vows</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XI_5">Sacrifice—Festival</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XI_6">Oracle—Prodigies—Auspices—Presage</a></li> -</ol> -<p>XII. <a href="#Index_XII">Domestic Life—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_1">The House and its different Parts</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_2">Domestic Matters—Property</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_3">Habitation—Clothing</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_4">Food—Drink</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_5">Subsistence in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_6">Expenditure—Luxury—Prodigality</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_7">Hospitality</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_8">Sociability—Intercourse—Isolation</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_9">Conversation—Audience—Conference</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_10">Greeting—Farewell</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_11">Betrothal—Marriage—Divorce</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_12">Will—Inheritance</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XII_13">Custom—Usage</a></li> -</ol> -<p>XIII. <a href="#Index_XIII">Commerce and Agriculture—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_XIII_1">Commerce in General—Purchase—Price</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIII_2">Money—Interest—Loans</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIII_3">Money-Matters—Accounts—Audit</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIII_4">Rate of Interest</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIII_5">Profit—Credit—Debt</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIII_6">Building</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIII_7">Agriculture—Management of Stock</a></li> -</ol> -<p>XIV. <a href="#Index_XIV">The State—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_1">Constitution—Administration—Government</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_2">Civil Rights—Rank</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_3">Dignity—Position—Honours—Pre-eminence</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_4">Public Meetings—Suffrage</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_5">Laws—Bills</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_6">Popular Favour—Influence—Unpopularity</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_7">Party-Spirit—Neutrality—Politics—Aristocracy—Democracy</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_8">Demagogy—Revolution—Rebellion—Anarchy</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_9">Proscription—Confiscation—Banishment—Amnesty</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_10">Power—Monarchy—Royalty</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_11">Slavery—Freedom</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_12">Revenue—Colonies—Provinces</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_13">Magistracies—</a> -<ol class="lllist"> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_13a">Candidature—Election</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_13b">Particular Magistracies</a></li> -</ol> -</li> -<li><a href="#Index_XIV_14">The Senate</a></li> -</ol> -<p>XV. <a href="#Index_XV">Law and Justice—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_XV_1">Law in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XV_2">Inquiry—Testimony—Torture</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XV_3">Process—Defence</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XV_4">Accusation—Verdict—Decision</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XV_5">Guilt</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XV_6">Punishment—Acquittal</a></li> -</ol> -<p>XVI. <a href="#Index_XVI">War—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_1">Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_2">Pay—Service—Commissariat</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_3">Command—Discipline</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_4">Weapons</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_5">War</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_6">The Army on the March</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_7">The Camp</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_8">A Siege</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_9">Before the Fight</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_10">The Fight—</a> -<ol class="lllist"> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_10a">The Fight in General</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_10b">The Attack</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_10c">Close Quarters</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_10d">Tactics—Reinforcements</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_10e">Successful Attack</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_10f">Retreat—Flight—Pursuit</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_10g">Defeat—Massacre—Wounds—Losses</a></li> -</ol> -</li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_11">Victory—Triumph</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_12">Truce—Peace—Treaties—Alliance</a></li> -<li><a href="#Index_XVI_13">Conquest Submission</a></li> -</ol> -<p>XVII. <a href="#Index_XVII">Shipping—</a></p> -<ol class="nlist"> -<li>1. <a href="#Index_XVII_1">Naval Affairs in General</a></li> -<li>2. <a href="#Index_XVII_2">Voyage—Shipwreck—Landing</a></li> -<li>3. <a href="#Index_XVII_3">A Naval Battle</a></li> -</ol> -<p><a href="#Index_A">Appendix</a></p> -<p><br /></p> -<hr /> -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_I">I. The World and Nature</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_I_1">1. The World—Creation</h3> -<p><i>rerum</i> or <i>mundi universitas</i>—the universe.</p> -<p><i>rerum natura</i> or simply <i>natura</i>—creation; nature.</p> -<p><i>haec omnia, quae videmus</i>—the visible world.</p> -<p><i>totius mundi convenientia et consensus</i>—the perfect harmony of the universe.</p> -<p><i>deus mundum aedificavit, fabricatus est, effecit</i> (not <i>creavit</i>)<a id="FNanchor-I_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—God made the world.</p> -<p><i>deus est mundi procreator</i> (not <i>creator</i>), <i>aedificator, fabricator, opifex rerum</i>—God is the Creator of the world.</p> -<p><i>elementa; initia</i> or <i>principia rerum</i>—the elements.</p> -<p><i>elementa et tamquam semina rerum</i>—the elements and first beginnings.</p> -<p><i>nutus et pondus</i> or simply <i>nutus</i> (<i><span class="greek">ῥοπή</span></i>)—gravity.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-I_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Creare</i> is usually employed in the sense of producing, originating, causing, e.g. <i>similitudo creat errorem; periculum alicui creare</i>. It has, however, occasionally the meaning to create, e.g. <span class="ref">De Fin.</span> <i>rerum quas creat natura.</i></p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_I_2">2. The Earth and its Surface</h3> -<p><i>orbis terrae, terrarum</i><a id="FNanchor-I_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—the earth; the globe</p> -<p><i>(terra) continens</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 8. 2</span>)—the continent.</p> -<p><i>terra (regio) mediterranea</i>—an inland region; the interior.</p> -<p><i>interior Asia; interiora Asiae</i>—the interior of Asia.</p> -<p><i>sinus urbis</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Cat. 52. 35</span>)—the heart of the city.</p> -<p><i>in ipsam</i> or <i>intimam Graeciam penetrare</i>—to penetrate into the heart of Greece.</p> -<p><i>terra effert</i> (more rarely <i>fert</i>,<a id="FNanchor-I_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> but not <i>profert</i>) <i>fruges</i>—the earth brings forth fruit, crops.</p> -<p><i>terra fundit fruges</i>—the earth brings forth fruit abundantly.</p> -<p><i>animata (animalia) inanimaque</i> (not <i>inanimata</i>)—animate and inanimate nature.</p> -<p><i>ea, quae terra gignit</i>—the vegetable kingdom.</p> -<p><i>ea, quae e terra gignuntur</i>—the vegetable kingdom.</p> -<p><i>ea, quae a terra stirpibus continentur</i>—the vegetable kingdom.</p> -<p><i>ea quorum stirpes terra continentur</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 10. 26</span>)—the vegetable kingdom.</p> -<p><i>arbores stirpesque, herbae stirpesque</i> (<span class="ref">De Fin. 5. 11. 33</span>)—the vegetable kingdom.</p> -<p><i>radices agere</i> (<span class="ref">De Off. 2. 12. 73</span>)—to take root.</p> -<p><i>gemmas agere</i>—to bud, blossom.</p> -<p><i>gemmae proveniunt</i>—the trees are budding.</p> -<p><i>arbores frondescunt</i>—the trees are coming into leaf.</p> -<p><i>rami late diffunduntur</i>—the twigs are shooting out, spreading.</p> -<p><i>montes vestiti silvis</i>—wooded hills.</p> -<p><i>summus mons</i>—the top of a mountain.</p> -<p><i>culmina Alpium</i>—the summits of the Alps.</p> -<p><i>sub radicibus montis, in infimo monte, sub monte</i>—at the foot of the mountain.</p> -<p><i>superare Alpes, Pyrenaeum, Apenninum</i><a id="FNanchor-I_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_2_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>(both always in the sing.)—to cross the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines.</p> -<p><i>altissimis montibus undique contineri</i>—to be shut in on all sides by very high mountains.</p> -<p><i>prospectus est ad aliquid</i>—one has a view over...; one is able to see as far as...</p> -<p><i>collis leniter ab infimo acclivis</i> (opp. <i>leniter a summo declivis</i>)—a gentle ascent.</p> -<p><i>ad extremum tumulum</i>—on the edge of the hill.</p> -<p><i>loca edita, superiora</i>—heights, high ground.</p> -<p><i>loca aspera et montuosa</i> (<span class="ref">Planc. 9. 22</span>)—rough and hilly ground.</p> -<p><i>loca plana</i> or simply <i>plana</i>—level country; plains.</p> -<p><i>saxa praerupta</i>—steep rocks.</p> -<p><i>loca inculta</i>—uncultivated districts.</p> -<p><i>loca deserta</i> (opp. <i>frequentia</i>)—deserts.</p> -<p><i>loca amoena, amoenitas locorum</i>—pleasant districts; charming surroundings.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p> -<a id="Footnote-I_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> To the Romans <i>orbis terrarum</i> (more rarely <i>orbis terrae</i>) meant all those countries which made up the Roman Empire.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-I_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>ferre</i> is also used metaphorically, to produce, e.g. <i>haec aetas perfectum oratorem tulit</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 12. 45</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-I_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_2_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> But <i>Pyrenaei montes, saltus</i> occur (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 1. 7</span>; <span class="ref">B.C. 1. 37. 1</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_I_3">3. Water—Rivers—Sea</h3> -<p><i>summa aqua</i>—the surface of the water.</p> -<p><i>ex aqua exstare</i>—to stand out of the water.</p> -<p><i>aqua est umbilīco tenus</i>—the water reaches to the waist.</p> -<p><i>aqua pectus aequat, superat</i>—the water is up to, is above, the chest.</p> -<p><i>(se) ex aqua emergere</i><a id="FNanchor-I_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to come to the surface.</p> -<p><i>aquam ex flumine derivare</i>—to draw off water from a river.</p> -<p><i>aquam ducere per hortum</i>—to bring a stream of water through the garden.</p> -<p><i>aquae ductus</i> (plur. <i>aquarum ductus</i>)<a id="FNanchor-I_3_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_3_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—a conduit; an aqueduct.</p> -<p><i>agros irrigare</i>—to irrigate fields.</p> -<p><i>aqua viva, profluens</i> (opp. <i>stagnum</i>)—running water.</p> -<p><i>aqua iugis, perennis</i>—a perpetual spring.</p> -<p><i>frigidā, calidā lavari</i> (<span class="ref">Plin. Ep. 3. 5. 11</span>)—to take a cold, warm, bath.</p> -<p><i>aquae, aquarum inops</i>—ill-watered.</p> -<p><i>fluctuare</i> or <i>fluctuari</i>—driven by the waves.</p> -<p><i>fluctibus iactari</i>—tossed hither and thither by the waves.</p> -<p><i>fluctibus (undis) obrui</i>,<a id="FNanchor-I_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a><i>submergi</i>—to be engulfed.</p> -<p><i>gurgitibus hauriri</i>—to be drowned in the eddies.</p> -<p><i>flumen citatum fertur</i>—the rivers flows with a rapid current.</p> -<p><i>flumen imbribus auctum</i>—a river swollen by the rain.</p> -<p><i>flumen super ripas effunditur</i>—the river is over its banks, is in flood.</p> -<p><i>flumen extra ripas diffluit</i>—the river is over its banks, is in flood.</p> -<p><i>flumen agros inundat</i><a id="FNanchor-I_3_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_3_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>—the river floods the fields.</p> -<p><i>flumen vado transire</i>—to wade across, to ford a river.</p> -<p><i>flumine secundo</i>—with the stream; downstream.</p> -<p><i>flumine adverso</i>—against the stream; upstream.</p> -<p><i>Rhenus oritur</i> or <i>profluit ex Alpibus</i>—the Rhine rises in the Alps.</p> -<p><i>accessus et recessus aestuum</i>—ebb and flow (of tide).</p> -<p><i>decessus aestus</i>—the ebb.</p> -<p><i>aestus maritimi mutuo accedentes et recedentes</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 53. 132</span>)—the alternation of tides.</p> -<p><i>aestus ex alto se incitat</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3.12</span>)—the tide is coming in.</p> -<p><i>aestu rursus minuente</i>—when the tide begins to go down.</p> -<p><i>mare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur</i>—there is a storm at sea.</p> -<p><i>mare medium</i> or <i>internum</i><a id="FNanchor-I_3_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_3_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>—the Mediterranean Sea.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-I_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Also used metaphorically, e.g. <i>(se) emergere ex malis</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Att. 11. 1</span>) to recover from misfortune. So <i>emergere e fluctibus servitutis</i> (<span class="ref">Harusp. Resp. 23. 48</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-I_3_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_3_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>aquae ductio</i> = the action, process of drawing off the water; <i>canalis</i> = the water-pipe, channel, conduit.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-I_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> So metaphorically, <i>aere alieno obrutum esse</i>, to be over head and ears in debt; <i>nomen alicuius obruere perpetua oblivione</i>, to drown a person's name in oblivion.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-I_3_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_3_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Inundation = <i>eluvio</i>, not <i>inundatio</i> which is post-classical.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-I_3_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_3_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The Romans called it <i>mare nostrum</i> (<span class="ref">B.G. 5.1</span>). Similarly <i>mare Oceanus</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 7</span>), the Atlantic; <i>mare superum</i>, the Adriatic (<span class="ref">Att. 8. 16. 1</span>); <i>mare inferum</i>, the Etruscan Sea (<span class="ref">Att. 8. 3. 5</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_I_4">4. Fire</h3> -<p><i>ignem facere, accendere</i>—to light, make a fire.</p> -<p><i>ignem tectis inferre, subicere</i>—to set fire to houses.</p> -<p><i>ignem concipere, comprehendere</i>—to take fire.</p> -<p><i>ignem excitare</i> (<span class="ref">pro Mur. 25. 51</span>)—to make up, stir up a fire.</p> -<p><i>ignem alere</i>—to keep up a fire.</p> -<p><i>accendere, incendere aedificia</i>—to set buildings on fire.</p> -<p><i>inflammare urbem</i>—to set fire to a city.</p> -<p><i>flammis corripi</i>—to be devoured by the flames.</p> -<p><i>incendio flagrare</i>, or simply <i>conflagrare, ardere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 30. 7</span>)—to be on fire, in flames.</p> -<p><i>incendio deleri, absūmi</i>—to be burned to ashes.</p> -<p><i>igni cremari, necari</i>—to perish in the flames.</p> -<p><i>ignem conclamare</i>—to raise an alarm of fire.</p> -<p><i>ventus ignem distulit</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 43</span>)—the wind spread the conflagration.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_I_5">5. Air—Sky—Climate—Heavenly Bodies</h3> -<p><i>aer terrae circumiectus</i> or <i>circumfusus</i>—the atmosphere.</p> -<p><i>aer qui est terrae proximus</i>—the atmosphere.</p> -<p><i>suspicere</i><a id="FNanchor-I_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><i>(in) caelum</i>—to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky.</p> -<p><i>oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum</i>—to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky.</p> -<p><i>sub divo</i>—in the open air.</p> -<p><i>orbis finiens</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 2. 44. 92</span>)—the horizon.</p> -<p><i>caelum</i> or <i>natura caeli</i>—climate.</p> -<p><i>caelum salūbre, salubritas caeli</i> (opp. <i>grave, gravitas</i>)—healthy climate.</p> -<p><i>caeli temperatio</i>—temperate climate.</p> -<p><i>aer calore et frigore temperatus</i>—temperate climate.</p> -<p><i>caeli asperitas</i>—rough climate.</p> -<p><i>caeli varietas</i>—variable climate.</p> -<p><i>caelestia</i>—(1) the heavenly bodies, (2) celestial phenomena.</p> -<p><i>sol oritur, occidit</i>—the sun rises, sets.</p> -<p><i>ortus, occasus solis</i>—sunrise; sunset.</p> -<p><i>sol</i><a id="FNanchor-I_4_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_4_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>(<i>luna</i>) <i>deficit, obscuratur</i>—the sun, moon, is eclipsed.</p> -<p><i>solis defectio</i>—an eclipse of the sun.</p> -<p><i>luna crescit; decrescit, senescit</i>—the moon waxes, wanes.</p> -<p><i>motus stellarum constantes et rati</i>—the regular courses of the stars.</p> -<p><i>cursum conficere in caelo</i>—to run its course in the sky.</p> -<p><i>caelum astris distinctum et ornatum</i>—the star-lit sky; the firmament.</p> -<p><i>nox sideribus illustris</i>—a star-light night.</p> -<p><i>stellae errantes, vagae</i>—the planets.</p> -<p><i>stellae inerrantes</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 21. 54</span>)—the fixed stars.</p> -<p><i>sidera certis locis infixa</i>—the fixed stars.</p> -<p><i>orbis lacteus</i>—the milky way.</p> -<p><i>orbis signifer</i>—the zodiac.</p> -<p><i>vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli</i>—the pole.</p> -<p><i>orbis, pars (terrae), cingulus</i>—a zone.</p> -<p><i>orbis medius</i>—the temperate zone.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-I_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>suspicere</i> is also used figuratively, to look up to, esteem, honour, e.g. <i>viros, honores</i>. Similarly <i>despicere</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-I_4_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_4_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> For an account of an eclipse <i>vid.</i> <span class="ref">Liv. 44. 37</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_I_6">6. Natural Phenomena</h3> -<p><i>vocis imago</i>, or simply <i>imago</i><a id="FNanchor-I_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—an echo.</p> -<p><i>saxa voci respondent</i> or <i>resonant</i>—the rocks re-echo.</p> -<p><i>ventus remittit</i> (opp. <i>increbrescit</i>)—the wind is falling.</p> -<p><i>ventus cadit, cessat</i>—the wind dies down, ceases.</p> -<p><i>ventis secundis, adversis uti</i>—to have favourable, contrary, winds.</p> -<p><i>ventus se vertit in Africum</i>—the wind is turning to the south-west.</p> -<p><i>tempestas cooritur</i>—a storm is rising.</p> -<p><i>imber tenet</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 23. 44. 6</span>)—the rain continues.</p> -<p><i>imbres repente effusi</i>—a sudden shower.</p> -<p><i>tempestatem idoneam, bonam nancisci</i>—to meet with good weather.</p> -<p><i>calor se frangit</i> (opp. <i>increscit</i>)—the heat is abating.</p> -<p><i>sol ardet, urit</i>—the sun burns, scorches.</p> -<p><i>ardore solis torreri</i>—to be dried up by the sun's heat.</p> -<p><i>tanta vis frigoris insecuta est, ut</i>—the frost set in so severely that...</p> -<p><i>frigore (gelu) rigere, torpere</i>—to be numb with cold.</p> -<p><i>frigore confici</i>—to freeze to death.</p> -<p><i>aestus et frigoris patientem esse</i>—to be able to bear heat and cold.</p> -<p><i>tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonitribusque</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 1. 16</span>)—a storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder.</p> -<p><i>caelum tonitru contremit</i>—the heavens are shaken by the thunder.</p> -<p><i>fulmina</i><a id="FNanchor-I_6_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-I_6_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>micant</i>—the lightning flashes.</p> -<p><i>fulmen locum tetigit</i>—the lightning has struck somewhere.</p> -<p><i>fulmine tangi, ici</i>—to be struck by lightning.</p> -<p><i>de caelo tangi, percuti</i>—to be struck by lightning.</p> -<p><i>fulmine ictus</i>—struck by lightning.</p> -<p><i>eruptiones ignium Aetnaeorum</i>—an eruption of Etna.</p> -<p><i>Vesuvius evomit</i> (more strongly <i>eructat</i>) <i>ignes</i>—Vesuvius is discharging flame.</p> -<p><i>venti ab ortu solis flant</i>—the east winds are blowing.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-I_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_6_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] Also metaphorically, e.g. <i>gloria virtuti resonat tamquam imago</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 3. 3</span>), glory is as it were the echo of virtue.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-I_6_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-I_6_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] Used sometimes figuratively, e.g. <i>fulmen verborum, fulmina eloquentiae, fulmina fortunae</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 2. 27</span>), <i>fulmina imperii</i> (<span class="ref">Balb. 15. 34</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_II">II. Space and Time</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_1">1. Points of the Compass—Situation</h3> -<p><i>spectare in (vergere ad) orientem (solem), occidentem</i><a id="FNanchor-II_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<i>solem</i>), <i>ad meridiem, in septentriones</i>—to lie to the east, west, south, north.</p> -<p><i>spectare inter occasum solis et septentriones</i>—to be situate to the north-west.</p> -<p><i>Germania quae</i> or <i>Germaniae ea pars quae, ad orientem, occidentem vergit</i>—eastern, western Germany.</p> -<p><i>est a septentrionibus collis</i>—a hill lies to the north.</p> -<p><i>situs loci</i>—the situation of a place.</p> -<p><i>natura loci</i>—the natural position of a place.</p> -<p><i>opportunitas loci</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 14</span>)—the advantageous situation of a place.</p> -<p><i>opportuno loco situm</i> or <i>positum esse</i>—to be favourably situated.</p> -<p><i>urbs situ ad aspectum praeclara est</i>—the city is very beautifully situated.</p> -<p><i>oppidum mari adiacet</i>—the town lies near the sea.</p> -<p><i>villa tangit viam</i>—the country-house stands near the road.</p> -<p><i>oppidum colli impositum est</i>—the town stands on rising ground.</p> -<p><i>oppidum monti subiectum est</i>—the town lies at the foot of a mountain.</p> -<p><i>promunturium in mare procurrit</i>—a promontory juts out into the sea.</p> -<p><i>paeninsula in mare excurrit, procurrit</i>—a peninsula projects into the sea.</p> -<p><i>promunturium superare</i>—to double a cape.</p> -<p><i>urbs in sinu sita est</i>—the city is situate on a bay.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-II_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> "The east" and "the west" = <i>orientis, occidentis (solis) terrae, partes, regiones, gentes</i>. The adjectives <i>orientalis, occidentalis</i> are not used in good Latin. The north, i.e. northern countries, is represented by <i>terrae septentrionibus subiectae</i>; the south by <i>terra australis</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_2">2. Boundary—Territory—Distance</h3> -<p><i>tangere, attingere terram</i>—to be contiguous, adjacent to a country.</p> -<p><i>finitimum</i><a id="FNanchor-II_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>esse terrae</i>—to be contiguous, adjacent to a country.</p> -<p><i>continentem esse terrae</i> or <i>cum terra</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 15. 2. 2</span>)—to have the same boundaries; to be coterminous.</p> -<p><i>Gallia Rhodano continetur</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 4., note <i>contineri aliqua re...</i>)—Gaul is bounded by the Rhone.<a id="FNanchor-II_2_TR1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_2_TR1" class="fnanchor">[TR1]</a></p> -<p><i>Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit</i>—the Rhone.<a id="FNanchor-II_2_TR2"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_2_TR2" class="fnanchor">[TR2]</a> is the frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani.</p> -<p><i>fines (imperii) propagare, extendere, (longius) proferre</i>—to enlarge the boundaries of a kingdom.</p> -<p><i>(ex) finibus excedere</i>—to evacuate territory.</p> -<p><i>in Sequanis</i>—in the country of the Sequani.</p> -<p><i>in Sequanos proficisci</i>—to invade the territory of the Sequani.</p> -<p><i>porrigi ad septentriones</i>—to stretch northwards.</p> -<p><i>haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum</i>—the territory of this race extends as far as the Rhine.</p> -<p><i>in latitudinem, in longitudinem patere</i>—to extend in breadth, in length.</p> -<p><i>late patere</i><a id="FNanchor-II_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (also metaphorically <i>vid.</i> sect. VIII. 8)—to have a wide extent.</p> -<p><i>imperium orbis terrarum terminis definitur</i>—the empire reaches to the ends of the world.</p> -<p><i>longe, procul abesse ab urbe</i>—to be far from town.</p> -<p><i>prope (propius, proxime) abesse</i>—to be not far away.</p> -<p><i>paribus intervallis distare</i>—to be equidistant.</p> -<p><i>tantundem viae est</i>—the road is the same length.</p> -<p><i>longo spatio, intervallo interiecto</i>—at a great distance.</p> -<p><i>intervallo locorum et temporum disiunctum esse</i>—to be separated by an immense interval of space and time.</p> -<p><i>a mille passibus</i>—a mile away.</p> -<p><i>e longinquo</i>—from a distance.</p> -<p><i>loca longinqua</i>—distant places.</p> -<p><i>ultimae terrae</i>—the most distant countries, the world's end.</p> -<p><i>extremae terrae partes</i>—the most distant countries, the world's end.</p> -<p><i>longinquae nationes</i>—distant nations.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>vicinum esse</i>, to be neighbouring; used of houses, gardens, etc.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>patere</i> denotes extension in its widest sense; <i>pertinere</i>, extension from one point to another, e.g. <i>ars et late patet et ad multos pertinet</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 55. 235</span>); <i>ex eo oppido pars ad Helvetios pertinet</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 6. 3</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_2_TR1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_2_TR1"><span class="label">[TR1]</span></a> Transcriber's Note: the English original says "Gaul is bounded by the Rhine" which is wrong as can be seen both from the Latin expression and the original German edition.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_2_TR2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_2_TR2"><span class="label">[TR2]</span></a> Transcriber's Note: In the original book Auden translates <i>Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit</i> wrongly as "the Rhine is the frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani." The French and German versions correctly translate <i>Rhodanus</i> as "le Rhône" and "Rhone".</p> - - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_3">3. Road—Travel</h3> -<p><i>viam sternere (silice, saxo)</i>—to pave a road.</p> -<p><i>substruere viam glarea</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 41. 27</span>)—to make a gravel path.</p> -<p><i>via strata</i>—a street, a made road.</p> -<p><i>via trita</i><a id="FNanchor-II_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—a well-trodden, much-frequented way.</p> -<p><i>viam munire</i><a id="FNanchor-II_3_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_3_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to make a road.</p> -<p><i>viam patefacere, aperire</i>—to open a route.</p> -<p><i>ferro viam facere (per confertos hostes)</i>—to cut one's way (through the enemies' ranks).</p> -<p><i>viam intercludere</i>—to obstruct a road; to close a route.</p> -<p><i>iter obstruere</i>—to obstruct a road; to close a route.</p> -<p><i>via fert, ducit aliquo</i>—a road leads somewhere.</p> -<p><i>in viam se dare</i>—to set out on a journey.</p> -<p><i>viae se committere</i>—to set out on a journey.</p> -<p><i>viam ingredi, inire</i> (also metaphorically)—to enter upon a route; to take a road.</p> -<p><i>rectā (viā)</i>—straight on.</p> -<p><i>de via declinare, deflectere</i> (also metaphorically)—to turn aside from the right way; to deviate.</p> -<p><i>(de via) decedere alicui</i>—make way for any one.</p> -<p><i>Appia via proficisci</i>—to set out by the Appian road.</p> -<p><i>erranti viam monstrare</i>—to direct a person who has lost his way.</p> -<p><i>errores Ulixis</i>—the wanderings of Ulysses.</p> -<p><i>viam persequi</i> (also metaphorically)—to continue one's journey, pursue one's course.</p> -<p><i>longam viam conficere</i>—to accomplish a long journey.</p> -<p><i>fessus de via</i>—weary with travelling; way-worn.</p> -<p><i>Hercules</i><a id="FNanchor-II_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>in trivio, in bivio, in compitis</i>—Hercules at the cross-roads, between virtue and vice.</p> -<p><i>iter facere</i>—(1) to take a journey, (2) to make, lay down a road (rare).</p> -<p><i>una iter facere</i>—to travel together.</p> -<p><i>iter ingredi (pedibus, equo, terra)</i>—to begin a journey (on foot, on horseback, by land).</p> -<p><i>iter aliquo dirigere, intendere</i>—to journey towards a place.</p> -<p><i>tendere aliquo</i>—to journey towards a place.</p> -<p><i>longum itineris spatium emetiri</i>—to finish a very long journey.</p> -<p><i>ex itinere redire</i><a id="FNanchor-II_3_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_3_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>—to return from a journey.</p> -<p><i>in itinere</i><a id="FNanchor-II_3_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_3_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>—on a journey; by the way.</p> -<p><i>iter terrestre, pedestre</i>—travel by land, on foot.</p> -<p><i>itinera diurna nocturnaque</i>—travelling day and night.</p> -<p><i>iter unius diei</i> or simply <i>diei</i>—a day's journey.</p> -<p><i>iter impeditum</i>—an impassable road.</p> -<p><i>disiunctissimas ultimas terras peragrare</i> (not <i>permigrare</i>)—to travel through the most remote countries.</p> -<p><i>peregrinatio</i>—a foreign journey.</p> -<p><i>peregrinari, peregre esse</i>—to be travelling abroad.</p> -<p><i>peregre proficisci</i>—to go abroad.</p> -<p><i>aliquem proficiscentem prosequi</i>—to accompany any one when starting; to see a person off.</p> -<p><i>aliquem proficiscentem votis ominibusque prosequi</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 11, note <i>Prosequi...</i>)—to wish any one a prosperous journey.</p> -<p><i>rus excurrere</i>—to make a pleasure-trip into the country.</p> -<p><i>ruri vivere, rusticari</i>—to live in the country.</p> -<p><i>vita rustica</i>—country life (the life of resident farmers, etc.)</p> -<p><i>rusticatio, vita rusticana</i>—country life (of casual, temporary visitors).</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-II_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>tritus</i> is also used figuratively, e.g. <i>proverbium (sermone) tritum</i> (<span class="ref">De Off. 1. 10. 33</span>), <i>vocabulum latino sermone non tritum</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 1. 7. 27</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_3_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_3_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Cf. in metaphorical sense, <i>viam ad honores alicui munire</i> (<span class="ref">Mur. 10. 23</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>vid.</i> on this subject <span class="ref">De Off. 1. 32. 118; Fam. 5. 12. 3</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_3_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_3_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>reverti</i> means properly to turn back and retrace one's steps, after giving up one's intention of remaining longer in a place, or continuing one's journey, cf. <span class="ref">Div. 1. 15. 27</span>, <i>itaque revertit ex itinere, cum iam progressus esset multorum dierum viam</i>. Similarly <i>reditus</i> = return, <i>reversio</i> generally = turning back. Cicero only uses <i>revenire</i> in conjunction with <i>domum</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_3_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_3_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>ex itinere</i> implies that the march was interrupted, thus there is a difference between <i>in itinere aliquem aggredi</i> and <i>ex itinere</i>, etc. In the same way distinguish <i>in fuga</i> and <i>ex fuga</i>, e.g. <i>ex fuga evadere, ex fuga dissipati</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_4">4. Coming—Going</h3> -<p><i>pedibus ire</i>—to go on foot.</p> -<p><i>discedere a, de, ex loco aliquo</i>—to leave a place.</p> -<p><i>egredi loco</i>;<a id="FNanchor-II_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>excedere ex loco</i>—to leave a place.</p> -<p><i>decedere loco, de, ex loco</i><a id="FNanchor-II_4_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_4_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to quit a place for ever.</p> -<p><i>ingredi, intrare urbem, introire in urbem</i>—to enter a city.</p> -<p><i>portā ingredi, exire</i>—to go in at, go out of a gate.</p> -<p><i>extra portam egredi</i>—to go outside the gate.</p> -<p><i>commeare ad aliquem</i>—to go in and out of any one's house; to visit frequently.</p> -<p><i>Romam venire, pervenire</i>—to come to Rome.</p> -<p><i>adventus Romam, in urbem</i>—arrival in Rome, in town.</p> -<p><i>in unum locum convenire, confluere</i>—to collect together at one spot.</p> -<p><i>Romam concurrere</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 15. 39</span>)—to stream towards Rome.</p> -<p><i>obviam ire alicui</i>—to meet any one.</p> -<p><i>obviam venire alicui</i>—to go to meet some one.</p> -<p><i>obvium</i> or <i>obviam esse, obviam fieri</i>—to meet some one by chance.</p> -<p><i>incidere in aliquem</i>—to meet, come across a person; to meet casually.</p> -<p><i>offendere, nancisci aliquem</i>—to meet, come across a person; to meet casually.</p> -<p><i>obviam alicui aliquem mittere</i>—to send to meet a person.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-II_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>relinquere</i>, e.g. <i>domum</i>, properly means to give up, renounce the possession or enjoyment of a place.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_4_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_4_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Cf. especially <i>decedere (ex, de) provincia</i>, used regularly of a magistrate leaving his province on expiry of his term of office. Similarly, where life is compared to a province, <i>decedere (de) vita</i>, or merely <i>decedere</i> = to quit this life, die (cf. <span class="ref">De Sen. 20. 73</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_5">5. Riding—Driving</h3> -<p><i>curru vehi, in rheda</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 21. 55</span>)—to drive.</p> -<p><i>equo vehi</i>—to ride.</p> -<p><i>sternere equum</i>—to saddle a horse.</p> -<p><i>conscendere equum</i>—to mount.</p> -<p><i>ascendere in equum</i>—to mount.</p> -<p><i>descendere ex equo</i>—to dismount.</p> -<p><i>in equo sedere; equo insidēre</i>—to be on horseback.</p> -<p><i>(in) equo haerere</i>—to sit a horse well; to have a good seat.</p> -<p><i>calcaria subdere equo</i>—to put spurs to a horse.</p> -<p><i>calcaribus equum concitare</i>—to put spurs to a horse.</p> -<p><i>equo citato</i> or <i>admisso</i>—at full gallop.</p> -<p><i>freno remisso; effusis habenis</i>—with loose reins.</p> -<p><i>equum in aliquem concitare</i>—ride against any one at full speed; charge a person.</p> -<p><i>habenas adducere</i>—to tighten the reins.</p> -<p><i>habenas permittere</i>—to slacken the reins.</p> -<p><i>admittere, permittere equum</i>—to give a horse the reins.</p> -<p><i>frenos</i><a id="FNanchor-II_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>dare equo</i>—to give a horse the reins.</p> -<p><i>agitare equum</i>—to make a horse prance.</p> -<p><i>moderari equum</i>—to manage a horse.</p> -<p><i>equi consternantur</i>—the horses are panic-stricken, run away.</p> -<p><i>equos incitatos sustinere</i>—to bring horses to the halt when at full gallop.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-II_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cf. <i>frenos, calcaria alicui adhibere</i>, used metaphorically.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_6">6. Walking—Footsteps—Direction</h3> -<p><i>gradum facere</i>—to take a step.</p> -<p><i>gradum addere</i> (sc. <i>gradui</i>) (<span class="ref">Liv. 26. 9</span>)—to increase one's pace.</p> -<p><i>suspenso gradu</i>—on tiptoe.</p> -<p><i>gradum sensim referre</i>—to retreat step by step.</p> -<p><i>vestigia alicuius sequi, persequi</i> or <i>vestigiis aliquem sequi, persequi</i>—to follow in any one's steps.</p> -<p><i>vestigiis alicuius insistere, ingredi</i> (also metaph.)—to follow in any one's steps.</p> -<p><i>loco</i> or <i>vestigio se non movere</i>—not to stir from one's place.</p> -<p><i>recta (regione, via); in directum</i>—in a straight line.</p> -<p><i>in obliquum</i>—in an oblique direction; sideways.</p> -<p><i>obliquo monte decurrere</i>—to run obliquely down the hill.</p> -<p><i>in contrarium; in contrarias partes</i>—in an opposite direction.</p> -<p><i>in transversum, e transverso</i>—across; transversely.</p> -<p><i>quoquo versus; in omnes partes</i>—in all directions.</p> -<p><i>in diversas partes</i> or simply <i>diversi abeunt, discedunt</i>—they disperse in different directions.</p> -<p><i>huc (et) illuc</i>—hither and thither.</p> -<p><i>ultro citroque</i>—on this side and on that; to and fro.</p> -<p><i>longe lateque, passim</i> (e.g. <i>fluere</i>)—far and wide; on all sides; everywhere.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_7">7. Movement in General</h3> -<p><i>se conferre in aliquem locum</i>—to go to a place.</p> -<p><i>petere locum</i>—to go to a place</p> -<p><i>quo tendis?</i>—where are you going?</p> -<p><i>sublimem</i> or <i>sublime</i> (not <i>in sublime</i> or <i>sublimiter</i>) <i>ferri, abire</i>—to fly aloft; to be carried into the sky.</p> -<p><i>praecipitem ire; in praeceps deferri</i>—to fall down headlong.</p> -<p><i>in profundum deici</i>—to fall down into the abyss.</p> -<p><i>se deicere de muro</i>—to throw oneself from the ramparts.</p> -<p><i>deicere aliquem de saxo Tarpeio</i>—to throw some one down the Tarpeian rock.</p> -<p><i>Nilus praecipitat</i><a id="FNanchor-II_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>ex altissimis montibus</i>—the Nile rushes down from very high mountains.</p> -<p><i>se proripere ex domo</i>—to rush out of the house.</p> -<p><i>humi procumbere</i>—to fall on the ground.</p> -<p><i>humi prosternere aliquem</i>—to throw any one to the ground.</p> -<p><i>in terram cadere, decidere</i>—to fall to the earth.</p> -<p><i>in terram demergi</i>—to sink into the earth.</p> -<p><i>appropinquare urbi</i>, rarely <i>ad urbem</i>—to draw near to a city.</p> -<p><i>propius accedere ad urbem</i> or <i>urbem</i>—to advance nearer to the city.</p> -<p><i>longius progredi, procedere</i>—to march further forward.</p> -<p><i>Romam versus proficisci</i>—to advance in the direction of Rome.</p> -<p><i>ad Romam proficisci</i>—to set out for Rome.</p> -<p><i>properat, maturat proficisci</i>—he starts in all haste, precipitately.</p> -<p><i>consequi, assequi aliquem</i>—to catch some one up.</p> -<p><i>praecurrere aliquem (celeritate)</i>—to overtake and pass some one.</p> -<p><i>post se relinquere aliquem</i>—to overtake and pass some one.</p> -<p><i>multitudo circumfunditur alicui</i>—a crowd throngs around some one.</p> -<p><i>per totum corpus diffundi</i>—to spread over the whole body.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-II_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>praecipitare</i> is also transitive, e.g. <i>praecipitare aliquem</i>, to hurl a person down; <i>ruere</i> always intransitive except in poetry.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_8">8. Time in General</h3> -<p><i>tempus praeterit, transit</i>—time passes.</p> -<p><i>tempus habere alicui rei</i>—to have time for a thing.</p> -<p><i>tempus mihi deest ad aliquid faciendum</i>—I have no time to do something.</p> -<p><i>tempus consumere in aliqua re</i>—to pass one's time in doing something.</p> -<p><i>tempus terere, conterere (in) aliqua re</i>—to waste time on something.</p> -<p><i>tempus conferre ad aliquid</i>—to employ one's time in...</p> -<p><i>tempus tribuere alicui rei</i>—to devote time to anything.</p> -<p><i>tempus non amittere, perdere</i>—to lose no time.</p> -<p><i>nullum tempus intermittere, quin</i> (also <i>ab opere</i>, or <i>ad opus</i>)—to devote every spare moment to...; to work without intermission at a thing.</p> -<p><i>tempus ducere</i>—to spend time.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in aliud tempus, in posterum differre</i>—to put off till another time; to postpone.</p> -<p><i>nihil mihi longius est</i> or <i>videtur quam dum</i> or <i>quam ut</i>—I cannot wait till...</p> -<p><i>nihil mihi longius est quam</i> (c. Inf.)—nothing is more tiresome to me than...</p> -<p><i>tempus (spatium) deliberandi</i> or <i>ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere</i>—to require, give, take time for deliberation.</p> -<p><i>paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare</i>—to give some one a few days for reflection.</p> -<p><i>tempori servire,</i><a id="FNanchor-II_8_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_8_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>cedere</i>—to accommodate oneself to circumstances.</p> -<p><i>ex quo tempore</i> or simply <i>ex quo</i>—since the time that, since (at the beginning of a sentence).</p> -<p><i>eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum</i>—at the same moment that, precisely when.</p> -<p><i>incidunt tempora, cum</i>—occasions arise for...</p> -<p><i>tempus (ita) fert</i> (not <i>secum</i>)—circumstances demand.</p> -<p><i>tempus maximum est, ut</i>—it is high time that...</p> -<p><i>haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, memoria</i>—the present day.</p> -<p><i>his temporibus, nostra (hac) aetate, nostra memoria, his</i> (not <i>nostris</i>) <i>diebus</i>—in our time; in our days.</p> -<p><i>nostra aetas multas victorias vidit</i>—our generation has seen many victories.</p> -<p><i>memoria patrum nostrorum</i>—in our fathers' time.</p> -<p><i>aetate (temporibus) Periclis</i>—in the time of Pericles.</p> -<p><i>antiquis</i><a id="FNanchor-II_8_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_8_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>temporibus</i>—in old days, in the olden time.</p> -<p><i>libera re publica</i>—in the time of the Republic.</p> -<p><i>tempora Caesariana</i>—the imperial epoch.</p> -<p><i>media quae vocatur aetas</i>—the middle ages.</p> -<p><i>Pericles summus vir illius aetatis</i>—Pericles, the greatest man of his day.</p> -<p><i>Pericles, quo nemo tum fuit clarior</i>—Pericles, the greatest man of his day.</p> -<p><i>Pericles, vir omnium, qui tum fuerunt, clarissimus</i>—Pericles, the greatest man of his day.</p> -<p><i>vir ut temporibus illis doctus</i>—a man of considerable learning for those times.</p> -<p><i>tempore progrediente</i>—in process of time.</p> -<p><i>primo quoque tempore</i>—at the first opportunity.</p> -<p><i>hoc tempore</i>—at this moment.</p> -<p><i>puncto temporis</i>—in an instant.</p> -<p><i>momento</i><a id="FNanchor-II_8_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_8_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>temporis</i>—at the important moment.</p> -<p><i>in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis</i>—just at the critical moment.</p> -<p><i>temporis causa</i>—on the spur of the moment.</p> -<p><i>ad tempus</i><a id="FNanchor-II_8_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_8_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>adesse</i>—to be there at a given time.</p> -<p><i>ad exiguum tempus</i>—for a short time.</p> -<p><i>brevis</i> or <i>exigui temporis</i>—for a short time.</p> -<p><i>satis longo intervallo</i>—after a fairly long interval.</p> -<p><i>spatio temporis intermisso</i>—after some time.</p> -<p><i>in praesentia, in praesens (tempus)</i>—at present; for the moment.</p> -<p><i>in posterum; in futurum</i>—for the future.</p> -<p><i>in perpetuum</i>—for ever.</p> -<p><i>semel atque iterum; iterum ac saepius; identidem; etiam atque etiam</i>—more than once; repeatedly.</p> -<p><i>futura providere</i> (not <i>praevidere</i>)—to foresee the future.</p> -<p><i>futura</i> or <i>casus futuros (multo ante) prospicere</i>—to foresee the far distant future.</p> -<p><i>futura non cogitare, curare</i>—to take no thought for the future.</p> -<p><i>saeculi</i><a id="FNanchor-II_8_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_8_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> <i>consuetudo</i> or <i>ratio atque inclinatio temporis (temporum)</i>—the spirit of the times, the fashion.</p> -<p><i>his moribus</i>—according to the present custom, fashion.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-II_8_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_8_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The verb <i>servire</i> helps to form several phrases, e.g. <i>servire valetudini</i>, to be a valetudinarian; <i>iracundiae</i>, to be unable to restrain one's anger; <i>brevitati</i>, to be concise; <i>communi utilitati</i>, to be devoted to the public good, etc.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_8_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_8_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>antiquitas</i> = the state of affairs in times gone by, not a division of time; so <i>antiquitatis studia</i>, archaeology; <i>veteres</i> or <i>antiqui poetae, populi</i>, the poets, people of antiquity; <i>antiqua monumenta</i>, the relics of antiquity. <i>antiquitates</i> plur. is used for the institutions, usages of times gone by.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_8_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_8_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>momentum</i> (i.e. <i>movimentum</i>) is properly that which sets in motion, which gives a decisive impulse to things, cf. <span class="ref">Luc. iv. 819</span>, <i>momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum</i>. Livy and later writers employ the word in the sense of a moment of time.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_8_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_8_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>ad tempus</i> also means (1) according to the circumstances of the case, e.g. <i>ad tempus consilium capere</i>, (2) for a short time, temporarily.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-II_8_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_8_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The <i>spirit</i> of a thing is usually rendered by such words as <i>natura, proprietas, ratio atque voluntas</i>, e.g. the spirit, genius of a language, <i>natura</i> or <i>proprietas sermonis</i>; the spirit of the laws, <i>voluntas et sententia legum</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_9">9. Year—Seasons</h3> -<p><i>praeterito anno</i> (not <i>praeterlapso</i>)—in the past year.</p> -<p><i>superiore, priore anno</i>—last year.</p> -<p><i>proximo anno</i>—(1) last year; (2) next year.</p> -<p><i>insequenti(e) anno</i> (not <i>sequente</i>)—in the following year.</p> -<p><i>anno</i><a id="FNanchor-II_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>peracto, circumacto, interiecto, intermisso</i>—after a year has elapsed.</p> -<p><i>anno vertente</i>—in the course of the year.</p> -<p><i>initio anni, ineunte anno</i>—at the beginning of the year.</p> -<p><i>exeunte, extremo anno</i>—at the end of the year.</p> -<p><i>singulis annis, diebus</i>—year by year; day by day.</p> -<p><i>quinto quoque anno</i>—every fifth year.</p> -<p><i>ad annum</i>—a year from now.</p> -<p><i>amplius sunt (quam) viginti anni</i> or <i>viginti annis</i>—it is more than twenty years ago.</p> -<p><i>viginti anni et amplius, aut plus</i>—twenty years and more.</p> -<p><i>abhinc (ante) viginti annos</i> or <i>viginti his annis</i>—twenty years ago.</p> -<p><i>quinque anni sunt</i> or <i>sextus annus est, cum te non vidi</i>—I have not seen you for five years.</p> -<p><i>quinque annos</i> or <i>sextum (iam) annum abest</i>—he has been absent five years.</p> -<p><i>anno ab urbe condita quinto</i>—in the fifth year from the founding of the city.</p> -<p><i>commutationes temporum quadripartitae</i>—the succession of the four seasons.</p> -<p><i>verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore</i>—in spring, summer, autumn, winter time.</p> -<p><i>ineunte, primo vere</i>—at the beginning of spring.</p> -<p><i>ver appetit</i>—spring is approaching.</p> -<p><i>suavitas verni temporis</i>—the charms of spring.</p> -<p><i>summa aestate, hieme</i>—in the height of summer, depth of winter.</p> -<p><i>hiems subest</i>—winter is at hand.</p> -<p><i>hiemem tolerare</i>—to bear the winter.</p> -<p><i>anni descriptio</i>—the division of the year (into months, etc.)</p> -<p><i>annus (mensis, dies) intercalaris</i>—the intercalary year (month, day).</p> -<p><i>fasti</i>—the calender (list of fasts and festivals).</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-II_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_9_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Unless <i>one</i> is emphasised <i>unus</i> is left out with the following words: <i>annus, mensis, dies, hora</i>, and <i>verbum</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_II_10">10. Day—Divisions of the Day</h3> -<p><i>ante lucem</i>—before daybreak.</p> -<p><i>prima luce</i>—at daybreak.</p> -<p><i>luce (luci)</i>—in full daylight.</p> -<p><i>ubi illuxit, luxit, diluxit</i>—when it was day.</p> -<p><i>lucet</i>—it is daylight.</p> -<p><i>diluculo</i>—in the morning twilight.</p> -<p><i>advesperascit</i>—evening is drawing on.</p> -<p><i>die, caelo vesperascente</i>—when it is growing dusk; towards evening.</p> -<p><i>multus dies</i> or <i>multa lux est</i>—the day is already far advanced.</p> -<p><i>ad multam noctem</i>—till late at night.</p> -<p><i>de nocte, de die</i>—while it is still night, day.</p> -<p><i>multa de nocte</i>—late at night.</p> -<p><i>intempesta, concubia nocte</i>—in the dead of night; at midnight.</p> -<p><i>silentio noctis</i>—in the silence of the night.</p> -<p><i>vicissitudines dierum noctiumque</i>—the succession of day and night.</p> -<p><i>noctes diesque, noctes et dies, et dies et noctes, dies noctesque, diem noctemque</i>—night and day.</p> -<p><i>tempus matutīnum, meridianum, vespertinum, nocturnum</i>—morning, noon, evening, night.</p> -<p><i>tempora matutina</i>—the morning hours.</p> -<p><i>in dies (singulos)</i>—from day to day.</p> -<p><i>in diem vivere</i>—to live from day to day.</p> -<p><i>alternis diebus</i>—every other day.</p> -<p><i>quattuor dies continui</i>—four successive days.</p> -<p><i>unus et alter dies</i>—one or two days.</p> -<p><i>dies unus, alter, plures intercesserant</i>—one, two, several days had passed, intervened.</p> -<p><i>diem proferre</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 13. 14</span>)—to adjourn, delay.</p> -<p><i>biduo serius</i><a id="FNanchor-II_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-II_10_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—two days late.</p> -<p><i>horā citius</i>—an hour too soon.</p> -<p><i>postridie qui fuit dies Non. Sept. (Nonarum Septembrium)</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 4. 1. 5</span>)—on the day after, which was September 5th.</p> -<p><i>hodie qui est dies Non. Sept.; cras qui dies futurus est Non. Sept.</i>—to-day the 5th of September; tomorrow September the 5th.</p> -<p><i>dies hesternus, hodiernus, crastinus</i>—yesterday, to-day, tomorrow.</p> -<p><i>diem dicere colloquio</i>—to appoint a date for an interview.</p> -<p><i>ad diem constitutam</i>—at the appointed time.</p> -<p><i>diem videre, cum...</i>—to live to see the day when...</p> -<p><i>dies dolorem mitigabit</i>—time will assuage his grief.</p> -<p><i>quota hora est?</i>—what time is it?</p> -<p><i>tertia hora est</i>—it is the third hour (= 9 A.M.)</p> -<p><i>ad horam compositam</i>—at the time agreed on.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-II_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-II_10_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] Used absolutely "too late" = <i>sero</i>; if "too late for," "later than," always <i>serius (quam)</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_III">III. Parts of the Human Body</h2> -<p><i>omnibus artubus contremiscere</i>—to tremble in every limb.</p> -<p><i>aures claudere, patefacere</i> (e.g. <i>veritati, assentatoribus</i>)—to turn a deaf ear to, to open one's ears to...</p> -<p><i>aures praebere alicui</i>—to listen to a person.</p> -<p><i>aures alicuius obtundere</i> or simply <i>obtundere (aliquem)</i>—to din a thing into a person's ears.</p> -<p><i>in aurem alicui dicere (insusurrare) aliquid</i>—to whisper something in a person's ears.</p> -<p><i>ad aures alicuius</i> (not <i>alicui</i>) <i>pervenire, accidere</i>—to come to some one's ears.</p> -<p><i>aures erigere</i>—to prick up one's ears.</p> -<p><i>oratio in aures influit</i>—his words find an easy hearing, are listened to with pleasure.</p> -<p><i>aures elegantes, teretes, tritae</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 9. 27</span>)—a fine, practised ear.</p> -<p><i>neque auribus neque oculis satis consto</i>—I am losing my eyesight and getting deaf.</p> -<p><i>caput aperire</i> (opp. <i>operire</i>)—to uncover one's head.</p> -<p><i>capite aperto</i> (opp. <i>operto</i>)—bare-headed.</p> -<p><i>capite obvoluto</i>—with head covered.</p> -<p><i>caput demittere</i>—to bow one's head.</p> -<p><i>caput praecīdere</i>—to cut off a man's head.</p> -<p><i>caput</i><a id="FNanchor-III_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-III_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>parieti impingere</i>—to strike one's head against the wall.</p> -<p><i>cervices</i> (in Cic. only in plur.) <i>frangere alicui</i> or <i>alicuius</i>—to break a person's neck.</p> -<p><i>gladius cervicibus impendet</i>—a sword hangs over his neck.</p> -<p><i>hostis</i><a id="FNanchor-III_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-III_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>in cervicibus alicuius est</i>—the foe is at our heels, is upon us.</p> -<p><i>promittere crinem, barbam</i>—to grow one's hair, beard long.</p> -<p><i>passis crinibus</i>—with dishevelled hair.</p> -<p><i>capilli horrent</i>—his hair stands on end.</p> -<p><i>capilli compti, compositi</i> (opp. <i>horridi</i>)—well-ordered, well-brushed hair.</p> -<p><i>extremis digitis aliquid attingere</i>—to touch with the fingertips.</p> -<p><i>frontem contrahere</i> (opp. <i>explicare</i>)—to frown.</p> -<p><i>frontem ferire, percutere</i>—to beat one's brow.</p> -<p><i>in fronte alicuius inscriptum est</i>—one can see it in his face.</p> -<p><i>ab alicuius latere non discedere</i>—to be always at a person's side.</p> -<p><i>a latere regis esse</i>—to belong to the king's bodyguard.</p> -<p><i>manum (dextram) alicui porrigere</i>—to give one's hand to some one.</p> -<p><i>manum non vertere alicuius rei causa</i><a id="FNanchor-III_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-III_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—to make not the slightest effort; not to stir a finger.</p> -<p><i>manus inicere, inferre, afferre alicui</i>—to lay violent hands on a person.</p> -<p><i>manus tollere</i>—to raise one's hands in astonishment.</p> -<p><i>manus dare</i>—to own oneself conquered, surrender.</p> -<p><i>manu ducere aliquem</i>—to lead some one by the hand.</p> -<p><i>manu</i> or <i>in manu tenere aliquid</i>—to hold something in one's hand.</p> -<p><i>in manibus habere aliquid</i> (also metaphorically)—to have something in one's hands, on hand.</p> -<p><i>de manu in manus</i> or <i>per manus tradere aliquid</i>—to pass a thing from hand to hand.</p> -<p><i>ex</i> or <i>de manibus alicui</i> or <i>alicuius extorquere aliquid</i>—to wrest from a person's hand.</p> -<p><i>e manibus dimittere</i>—to let go from one's hands.</p> -<p><i>in alicuius manus venire, pervenire</i>—to come into some one's hands.</p> -<p><i>in alicuius manus incidere</i>—to fall unexpectedly into some one's hands.</p> -<p><i>in manus(m) sumere aliquid</i>—to take something into one's hands.</p> -<p><i>in manibus</i><a id="FNanchor-III_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-III_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>aliquem gestare</i>—to carry in one's arms.</p> -<p><i>e (de) manibus effugere</i>,<a id="FNanchor-III_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-III_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> <i>elābi</i>—to slip, escape from the hands.</p> -<p><i>inter manus auferre aliquem</i>—to carry some one away in one's arms.</p> -<p><i>compressis manibus sedere</i> (proverb.) (<span class="ref">Liv. 7. 13</span>)—to sit with folded arms; to be inactive.</p> -<p><i>mordicus tenere aliquid</i>—to hold fast in the teeth (also metaphorically, obstinately).</p> -<p><i>oculos conicere in aliquem</i>—to turn one's gaze on; to regard.</p> -<p><i>oculos circumferre</i>—to look in every direction.</p> -<p><i>in omnes partes aciem (oculorum) intendere</i>—to gaze intently all around.</p> -<p><i>omnium oculos (et ora) ad se convertere</i>—to draw every one's eyes upon one.</p> -<p><i>omnium animos</i> or <i>mentes in se convertere</i>—to attract universal attention.</p> -<p><i>conspici, conspicuum esse aliqua re</i>—to make oneself conspicuous.</p> -<p><i>oculos</i> (<i>aures, animum</i><a id="FNanchor-III_6"></a><a href="#Footnote-III_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>) <i>advertere ad aliquid</i>—to turn one's eyes (ears, attention) towards an object.</p> -<p><i>oculi in vultu alicuius habitant</i>—his eyes are always fixed on some one's face.</p> -<p><i>oculos figere in terra</i> and <i>in terram</i>—to keep one's eyes on the ground.</p> -<p><i>oculos pascere aliqua re</i> (also simply <i>pasci aliqua re</i>)—to feast one's eyes with the sight of...</p> -<p><i>oculos deicere, removere ab aliqua re</i>—to turn one's gaze away from an object.</p> -<p><i>oculos operire (morienti)</i><a id="FNanchor-III_7"></a><a href="#Footnote-III_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>—to close the eyes of a dying person.</p> -<p><i>oculorum aciem alicui praestringere</i> (also simply <i>praestringere</i>)—to dazzle a person.</p> -<p><i>oculos, lumina amittere</i>—to lose one's sight.</p> -<p><i>oculis privare aliquem</i>—to deprive a person of his eyes.</p> -<p><i>luminibus orbare aliquem</i>—to deprive a person of his eyes.</p> -<p><i>oculis captum esse</i><a id="FNanchor-III_8"></a><a href="#Footnote-III_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> (<i>vid.</i> sect. IV. 6., note <i>auribus, oculis...</i>)—to be blind.</p> -<p><i>ante oculos aliquid versatur</i>—something presents itself to my vision.</p> -<p><i>oculis, ante oculos (animo) proponere aliquid</i>—to picture a thing to oneself; to imagine.</p> -<p><i>ante oculos vestros</i> (not <i>vobis</i>) <i>res gestas proponite</i>—picture to yourselves the circumstances.</p> -<p><i>cernere et videre aliquid</i>—to see clearly, distinctly.</p> -<p><i>oculis mentis videre aliquid</i>—to see with the mind's eye.</p> -<p><i>in oculis aliquem ferre</i>—to cherish as the apple of one's eye.</p> -<p><i>aliquis est mihi in oculis</i>—to cherish as the apple of one's eye.</p> -<p><i>abire ex oculis, e conspectu alicuius</i>—to go out of sight, disappear.</p> -<p><i>venire in conspectum alicuius</i>—to come in sight.</p> -<p><i>se in conspectum dare alicui</i>—to show oneself to some one.</p> -<p><i>fugere alicuius conspectum, aspectum</i>—to keep out of a person's sight.</p> -<p><i>in conspectu omnium</i> or <i>omnibus inspectantibus</i>—before every one, in the sight of the world.</p> -<p><i>omnia uno aspectu, conspectu intueri</i>—to take in everything at a glance.</p> -<p><i>non apparere</i>—to have disappeared.</p> -<p><i>pedibus obterere, conculcare</i>—to trample under foot.</p> -<p><i>ad pedes alicuius accidere</i>—to fall at some one's feet.</p> -<p><i>ad pedes alicuius se proicere, se abicere, procumbere, se prosternere</i>—to throw oneself at some one's feet.</p> -<p><i>ad pedes alicuius iacēre, stratum esse (stratum iacēre)</i>—to prostrate oneself before a person.</p> -<p><i>quod ante pedes est</i> or <i>positum est, non videre</i>—to fail to see what lies before one.</p> -<p><i>sanguine manare, redundare</i>—to drip blood; to be deluged with blood.</p> -<p><i>vultum fingere</i>—to dissemble, disguise one's feelings.</p> -<p><i>vultus ficti simulatique</i>—a feigned expression.</p> -<p><i>vultum componere ad severitatem</i>—to put on a stern air.</p> -<p><i>vultum non mutare</i>—to keep one's countenance, remain impassive.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-III_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-III_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] <i>caput</i> has several metaphorical meanings, e.g. <i>capita coniurationis</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 9. 26</span>), the leaders of the conspiracy; <i>caput Graeciae</i>, the capital of Greece; <i>caput cenae</i>, the chief dish; <i>capita legis</i>, the headings, clauses of a law; <i>id quod caput est</i>, the main point; <i>de capite deducere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 6. 15</span>), to subtract from the capital; <i>capitis periculum</i>, mortal peril; <i>capitis deminutio</i> (<i>maxima, media, minima</i>) (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 60</span>), deprivation of civil rights. <i>caput</i> is often combined with <i>fons</i> = source, origin, e.g. <i>ille fons et caput Socrates</i> (<span class="ref">Cic. De. Or. 1. 42</span>); <i>in aegritudine est fons miseriarum et caput</i> (Cic.) By metonymy <i>caput</i> is used with <i>liberum</i> (and <i>noxium</i>) (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 32. 79</span>) with the meaning of a free (guilty) person, individual.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-III_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-III_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] Cf. <i>velut in cervicibus habere hostem</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 44. 39</span>); <i>bellum ingens in cervicibus est</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 33. 6</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-III_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-III_3"><span class="label">[3</span></a>] Cf. <i>ne digitum quidem porrigere alicuius rei causa</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-III_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-III_4"><span class="label">[4</span></a>] Notice too <i>liberos de parentum complexu avellere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 1. 3. 7</span>), to snatch children from their parents' "arms" (not <i>brachium</i>), so <i>in alicuius complexu mori</i>; <i>in alicuius complexu haerere</i>. <i>medium aliquem amplecti</i>, to take to one's arms, embrace; <i>libentissimo animo accipere</i>, to welcome with open arms.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-III_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-III_5"><span class="label">[5</span></a>] Distinguish <i>effugere aliquid</i>, to escape the touch of, e.g. <i>invidiam, mortem</i>; and <i>effugere ex aliqua re</i>, to escape from a position one is already in, e.g. <i>e carcere, e caede, e praelio</i>. Notice <i>fugit me</i>, it escapes my notice.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-III_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor-III_6"><span class="label">[6</span></a>] <i>animum advertere aliquid</i> = <i>animadvertere aliquid</i> = to notice a thing; <i>animadvertere in aliquem</i> = to punish a person.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-III_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor-III_7"><span class="label">[7</span></a>] To shut one's eyes to a thing, <i>conivere in aliqua re</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-III_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor-III_8"><span class="label">[8</span></a>] Cf. <i>caecatus, occaecatus cupiditate, stultitia</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_IV">IV. Properties of the Human Body</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_1">1. Feelings—Sensations—Powers</h3> -<p><i>sensus sani, integri, incorrupti</i>—sound, unimpaired senses.</p> -<p><i>sensibus praeditum esse</i>—to be endowed with sense.</p> -<p><i>sensu audiendi carere</i>—not to possess the sense of hearing.</p> -<p><i>sub sensum</i> or <i>sub oculos, sub aspectum cadere</i>—to come within the sphere of the senses.</p> -<p><i>sensibus</i> or <i>sub sensus subiectum esse</i>—to come within the sphere of the senses.</p> -<p><i>sensibus percipi</i>—to be perceptible to the senses.</p> -<p><i>res sensibus</i> or <i>oculis subiectae</i> (<span class="ref">De Fin. 5. 12. 36</span>)—the world of sense, the visible world.</p> -<p><i>res quas oculis cernimus</i>—the world of sense, the visible world.</p> -<p><i>res externae</i>—the world of sense, the visible world.</p> -<p><i>sensus movere</i> (more strongly <i>pellere</i>)—to make an impression on the senses.</p> -<p><i>aliquid sensus suaviter afficit</i>—a thing makes a pleasant impression on the senses.</p> -<p><i>aliquid sensus iucunditate perfundit</i>—a thing makes a pleasant impression on the senses.</p> -<p><i>pulsu externo, adventicio agitari</i>—to be affected by some external impulse, by external impressions.</p> -<p><i>sevocare mentem a sensibus</i> (<span class="ref">De Nat. D. 3. 8. 21</span>)—to free one's mind from the influences of the senses.</p> -<p><i>aliquid a sensibus meis abhorret</i>—something offends my instincts, goes against the grain.</p> -<p><i>vires corporis</i> or merely <i>vires</i>—bodily strength.</p> -<p><i>vires colligere</i>—to gain strength.</p> -<p><i>vires aliquem deficiunt</i>—to lose strength.</p> -<p><i>dum vires suppetunt</i>—as long as one's strength holds out.</p> -<p><i>bonis esse viribus</i>—to be robust, vigorous.</p> -<p><i>pro viribus</i> or <i>pro mea parte</i>—as well as I can; to the best of my ability.</p> -<p><i>pro virili parte</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (cf. sect. V. 22.)—as well as I can; to the best of my ability.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IV_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>pro virili parte</i> is distinct from the other expressions, as implying more assurance and confidence on the part of the speaker.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_2">2. Birth—Life</h3> -<p><i>in lucem edi</i>—to see the light, come into the world.</p> -<p><i>ei, propter quos hanc lucem aspeximus</i>—those to whom we owe our being.</p> -<p><i>tollere</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> or <i>suscipere liberos</i>—to accept as one's own child; to make oneself responsible for its nurture and education.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in liberorum loco habere</i>—to treat as one's own child.</p> -<p><i>sexus</i> (not <i>genus</i>) <i>virilis, muliebris</i>—the male, female sex.</p> -<p><i>patre, (e) matre natus</i>—son of such and such a father, mother.</p> -<p><i>Cato Uticensis ortus erat a Catone Censorio</i>—Cato of Utica was a direct descendant of Cato the Censor.</p> -<p><i>originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere</i>—to trace one's descent from some one.</p> -<p><i>Romae natus, (a) Roma oriundus</i>—a native of Rome.</p> -<p><i>cuias es</i>—what country do you come from?</p> -<p><i>natione, genere Anglus</i>—an Englishman by birth.</p> -<p><i>ortus ab Anglis</i> or <i>oriundus ex Anglis</i>—a native of England.</p> -<p><i>urbs patria</i> or simply <i>patria</i>—native place.</p> -<p><i>animam, spiritum ducere</i>—to breathe, live.</p> -<p><i>aera spiritu ducere</i>—to breathe the air.</p> -<p><i>animam continere</i>—to hold one's breath.</p> -<p><i>cursu exanimari</i> (<span class="ref">B.G. 2. 23. 1</span>)—to run till one is out of breath.</p> -<p><i>spiritum intercludere alicui</i>—to suffocate a person.</p> -<p><i>in vita esse</i>—to be alive.</p> -<p><i>vita</i> or <i>hac luce frui</i>—to enjoy the privilege of living; to be alive.</p> -<p><i>vitam beatam (miseram) degere</i>—to live a happy (unhappy) life.</p> -<p><i>vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere</i>—to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning).</p> -<p><i>dum vita suppetit; dum (quoad) vivo</i>—as long as I live.</p> -<p><i>si vita mihi suppeditat</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—if I live till then.</p> -<p><i>si vita suppetit</i>—if I live till then.</p> -<p><i>quod reliquum est vitae</i>—the rest of one's life.</p> -<p><i>vitae cursum</i> or <i>curriculum</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_2_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>conficere</i>—to finish one's career.</p> -<p><i>Homerus fuit</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_2_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_2_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>multis annis ante Romam conditam</i>—Homer lived many years before the foundation of Rome.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IV_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> It was the custom for a Roman father to lift up his new-born child, which was laid on the ground at his feet; hence the expression <i>tollere, suscipere</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IV_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>suppeditare</i> (1) transitive, to supply sufficiently; (2) intrans. to be present in sufficient quantities = <i>suppetere</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IV_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_2_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>vitae (vivendi) cursus</i> or <i>curriculum</i> = life, career—considering its duration, length. Life = biography is not <i>curriculum vitae</i>, but simply <i>vita, vitae descriptio</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IV_2_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_2_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> To live, speaking chronologically, is <i>esse</i>; <i>vivere</i> denotes to be alive, pass one's life, e.g. <i>laute, in otio</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_3">3. Time of Life</h3> -<p>(The terms for the different ages of man are <i>infans, puer, adulescens, iuvenis, senior, senex, grandis natu</i>.)</p> -<p><i>ea aetate, id aetatis esse</i>—to be of such and such an age.</p> -<p><i>a puero (is), a parvo (is), a parvulo (is)</i>—from youth up.</p> -<p><i>a teneris unguiculis</i> (<span class="greek">ἐξ ἁπαλων ὀνύχων</span>) (<span class="ref">Fam. 1. 6. 2</span>)—from one's cradle, from one's earliest childhood.</p> -<p><i>ab ineunte (prima) aetate</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 21. 97</span>)—from one's entry into civil life.</p> -<p><i>ex pueris excedere</i>—to leave one's boyhood behind one, become a man.</p> -<p><i>flos aetatis</i>—the prime of youthful vigour.</p> -<p><i>aetate florere, vigere</i>—to be in the prime of life.</p> -<p><i>integra aetate esse</i>—to be in the prime of life.</p> -<p><i>adulescentia deferbuit</i>—the fires of youth have cooled.</p> -<p><i>aetate progrediente</i>—with advancing years.</p> -<p><i>aetate ingravescente</i>—with the weight, weakness of declining years.</p> -<p><i>aetas constans, media, firmata, corroborata</i> (not <i>virilis</i>)—manhood.</p> -<p><i>grandior factus</i>—having reached man's estate.</p> -<p><i>corroborata, firmata aetate</i>—having reached man's estate.</p> -<p><i>sui iuris factum esse</i>—to have become independent, be no longer a minor.</p> -<p><i>aetate provectum esse</i> (not <i>aetate provecta</i>)—to be advanced in years.</p> -<p><i>longius aetate provectum esse</i>—to be more advanced in years.</p> -<p><i>grandis natu</i>—aged.</p> -<p><i>aetate affecta esse</i>—to be infirm through old age.</p> -<p><i>vires consenescunt</i>—to become old and feeble.</p> -<p><i>senectute, senio confectum esse</i>—to be worn out by old age.</p> -<p><i>exacta aetate mori</i>—to die at a good old age.</p> -<p><i>ad summam senectutem pervenire</i>—to live to a very great age.</p> -<p><i>senectus nobis obrēpit</i>—old age creeps on us insensibly.</p> -<p><i>admodum adulescens, senex</i>—still quote a young (old) man.</p> -<p><i>extrema aetas</i>—the last stage of life, one's last days.</p> -<p><i>extremum tempus aetatis</i>—the last stage of life, one's last days.</p> -<p><i>vita occidens</i>—the evening of life.</p> -<p><i>aequalem esse alicuius</i>—to be a contemporary of a person.</p> -<p><i>maior (natu)</i>—the elder</p> -<p><i>aetate alicui antecedere, anteire</i>—to be older than.</p> -<p><i>quot annos natus es?</i>—how old are you?</p> -<p><i>qua aetate es?</i>—how old are you?</p> -<p><i>tredecim annos natus sum</i>—I am thirteen years old.</p> -<p><i>tertium decimum annum ago</i>—I am in my thirteenth year.</p> -<p><i>puer decem annorum</i>—a boy ten years old.</p> -<p><i>decimum aetatis annum ingredi</i>—to be entering on one's tenth year.</p> -<p><i>decem annos vixisse</i>—to be ten years old.</p> -<p><i>decimum annum excessisse, egressum esse</i>—to be more than ten years old, to have entered on one's eleventh year.</p> -<p><i>minorem esse viginti annis</i>—to be not yet twenty.</p> -<p><i>tum habebam decem annos</i>—I was ten years old at the time.</p> -<p><i>centum annos complere</i>—to reach one's hundredth year, to live to be a hundred.</p> -<p><i>vitam ad annum centesimum perducere</i>—to reach one's hundredth year, to live to be a hundred.</p> -<p><i>accessio paucorum annorum</i>—the addition of a few years.</p> -<p><i>tertiam iam aetatem videre</i>—to be middle-aged (<i>i.e.</i> between thirty and forty).</p> -<p><i>in aetatem alicuius, in annum incidere</i>—to happen during a person's life, year of office.</p> -<p><i>omnium suorum</i> or <i>omnibus suis superstitem esse</i>—to outlive, survive all one's kin.</p> -<p><i>homines qui nunc sunt</i> (opp. <i>qui tunc fuerunt</i>)—our contemporaries; men of our time.</p> -<p><i>homines huius aetatis, nostrae memoriae</i>—our contemporaries; men of our time.</p> -<p><i>posteri</i>—posterity.</p> -<p><i>scriptores aetate posteriores</i> or <i>inferiores</i>—later writers.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_4">4. Hunger—Thirst</h3> -<p><i>esurire</i>—to be hungry.</p> -<p><i>fame laborare, premi</i>—to be tormented by hunger, to be starving.</p> -<p><i>famem tolerare, sustentare</i>—to endure the pangs of hunger.</p> -<p><i>inediā mori</i> or <i>vitam finire</i>—to starve oneself to death.</p> -<p><i>fame confici, perire, interire</i>—to die of starvation.</p> -<p><i>fame necari</i>—to be starved to death (as punishment).</p> -<p><i>famem, sitim explere</i>—to allay one's hunger, thirst.</p> -<p><i>famem sitimque depellere cibo et potione</i>—to allay one's hunger, thirst.</p> -<p><i>siti cruciari, premi</i>—to suffer agonies of thirst.</p> -<p><i>sitim colligere</i>—to become thirsty.</p> -<p><i>sitim haustu gelidae aquae sedare</i>—to slake one's thirst by a draught of cold water.</p> -<p><i>famis et sitis</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>patientem esse</i>—to be able to endure hunger and thirst.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IV_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>sitis</i> is also used metaphorically—e.g. <i>libertatis sitis</i> (<span class="ref">Rep. 1. 43. 66</span>), so <i>sitire</i>—e.g. <i>honores</i> (<span class="ref">De Fin. 4. 5. 3</span>), <i>libertatem</i> (<span class="ref">Rep. 1. 43. 66</span>), <i>sanguinem</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 7. 20</span>). The participle <i>sitiens</i> takes the Gen.—e.g. <i>sitiens virtutis</i> (<span class="ref">Planc. 5. 13</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_5">5. Laughter—Tears</h3> -<p><i>risum edere, tollere</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to begin to laugh.</p> -<p><i>cachinnum tollere, edere</i>—to burst into a roar of laughter.</p> -<p><i>risum movere, concitare</i>—to raise a laugh.</p> -<p><i>risum elicere</i> (more strongly <i>excutere</i>) <i>alicui</i>—to make a person laugh.</p> -<p><i>risum captare</i>—to try and raise a laugh.</p> -<p><i>risum tenere vix posse</i>—to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter.</p> -<p><i>risum aegre continere posse</i>—to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in risum vertere</i>—to make a thing ridiculous, turn it into a joke.</p> -<p><i>lacrimas, vim lacrimarum effundere, profundere</i>—to burst into a flood of tears.</p> -<p><i>in lacrimas effundi</i> or <i>lacrimis perfundi</i>—to be bathed in tears.</p> -<p><i>lacrimis obortis</i>—with tears in one's eyes.</p> -<p><i>multis cum lacrimis</i>—with many tears.</p> -<p><i>magno cum fletu</i>—with many tears.</p> -<p><i>lacrimas tenere non posse</i>—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.</p> -<p><i>fletum cohibere non posse</i>—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.</p> -<p><i>vix mihi tempero quin lacrimem</i>—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.</p> -<p><i>vix me contineo quin lacrimem</i>—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.</p> -<p><i>lacrimas</i> or <i>fletum alicui movere</i>—to move to tears.</p> -<p><i>prae lacrimis loqui non posse</i>—to be unable to speak for emotion.</p> -<p><i>gaudio lacrimare</i>—to weep for joy.</p> -<p><i>hinc illae lacrimae</i> (proverb.) (<span class="ref">Ter. And. 1. 1. 99</span>; <span class="ref">Cael. 25. 61</span>)—hence these tears; there's the rub.</p> -<p><i>lacrimula</i> (<span class="ref">Planc. 31. 76</span>)—crocodiles' tears.</p> -<p><i>lacrimae simulatae</i>—crocodiles' tears.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IV_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>in risum erumpere</i>, which only occurs in late Latin. However, <i>risus, vox, fletus erumpit</i> is classical, similarly <i>indignatio</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 4. 50</span>), <i>furor, cupiditates</i> (<span class="ref">Cael. 12. 28</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_6">6. Health—Sickness</h3> -<p><i>bona (firma, prospera) valetudine</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>esse</i> or <i>uti</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 8., note <i>uti...</i>)—to enjoy good health.</p> -<p><i>valetudini consulere, operam dare</i>—to take care of one's health.</p> -<p><i>firma corporis constitutio</i> or <i>affectio</i>—a good constitution.</p> -<p><i>infirma, aegra valetudine esse</i> or <i>uti</i>—to be ill, weakly.</p> -<p><i>in morbum incidit</i>—he fell ill.</p> -<p><i>aegrotare coepit</i>—he fell ill.</p> -<p><i>morbo tentari</i> or <i>corripi</i>—to be attacked by disease.</p> -<p><i>morbo afflīgi</i>—to be laid on a bed of sickness.</p> -<p><i>lecto teneri</i>—to be confined to one's bed.</p> -<p><i>vehementer, graviter aeogratare, iacēre</i>—to be seriously ill.</p> -<p><i>gravi morbo affectum esse, conflictari, vexari</i>—to be seriously ill.</p> -<p><i>leviter aegrotare, minus valere</i>—to be indisposed.</p> -<p><i>aestu et febri iactari</i>—to have a severe attack of fever.</p> -<p><i>omnibus membris captum esse</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_6_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_6_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to be affected by disease in every limb; to be paralysed.</p> -<p><i>ex pedibus laborare, pedibus aegrum esse</i>—to have the gout.</p> -<p><i>pestilentia</i> (not <i>pestis</i>) <i>in urbem (populum) invadit</i>—the plague breaks out in the city.</p> -<p><i>animus relinquit aliquem</i>—a man loses his senses, becomes unconscious.</p> -<p><i>morbus ingravescit</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_6_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_6_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—the disease gets worse.</p> -<p><i>morbo absūmi</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 5. 6</span>)—to be carried off by a disease.</p> -<p><i>assidēre aegroto</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 25. 26</span>)—to watch by a sick man's bedside.</p> -<p><i>aegrotum curare</i>—to treat as a patient (used of a doctor).</p> -<p><i>curationes</i>—method of treatment.</p> -<p><i>aegrotum sanare</i> (not <i>curare</i>)—to cure a patient.</p> -<p><i>ex morbo convalescere</i> (not <i>reconvalescere</i>)—to recover from a disease.</p> -<p><i>e gravi morbo recreari</i> or <i>se colligere</i>—to recruit oneself after a severe illness.</p> -<p><i>melius ei factum est</i>—he feels better.</p> -<p><i>valetudinem (morbum) excusare</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_6_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_6_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> (<span class="ref">Liv. 6. 22. 7</span>)—to excuse oneself on the score of health.</p> -<p><i>valetudinis excusatione uti</i>—to excuse oneself on the score of health.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IV_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_6_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>valetudo</i> is a neutral term = state of health. <i>sanitas</i> = soundness of mind, reason—e.g. <i>ad sanitatem reverti</i>, to recover one's reason.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IV_6_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_6_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Note <i>auribus, oculis, captum esse</i>, to be deaf, blind; <i>mente captum esse</i>, to be mad.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IV_6_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_6_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The comparative and superlative of <i>aeger</i> and <i>aegrotus</i> are not used in this connection, they are replaced by such phrases as <i>vehementer, graviter aegrotare, morbus ingravescit</i>, etc.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IV_6_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_6_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> But <i>se excusare alicui</i> or <i>apud aliquem</i> (<i>de</i> or <i>in aliqua re</i>) = to excuse oneself to some one about a thing.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_7">7. Sleep—Dreams</h3> -<p><i>cubitum ire</i>—to go to bed.</p> -<p><i>somno</i> or <i>quieti se tradere</i>—to lay oneself down to sleep</p> -<p><i>somnum capere non posse</i>—to be unable to sleep.</p> -<p><i>curae somnum mihi adimunt, dormire me non sinunt</i>—I cannot sleep for anxiety.</p> -<p><i>somnum oculis meis non vidi</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 7. 30</span>)—I haven't had a wink of sleep.</p> -<p><i>arte, graviter dormire (ex lassitudine)</i>—to sleep soundly (from fatigue).</p> -<p><i>artus somnus aliquem complectitur</i> (<span class="ref">Rep. 6. 10</span>)—to fall fast asleep.</p> -<p><i>somno captum, oppressum esse</i>—to be overcome by sleep.</p> -<p><i>sopītum esse</i>—to be sound asleep.</p> -<p><i>in lucem dormire</i>—to sleep on into the morning.</p> -<p><i>somno solvi</i>—to awake.</p> -<p><i>(e) somno excitare, dormientem excitare</i>—to rouse, wake some one.</p> -<p><i>e lecto</i> or <i>e cubīli surgere</i>—to rise from one's bed, get up.</p> -<p><i>per somnum, in somnis</i>—in a dream.</p> -<p><i>per quietem, in quiete</i>—in a dream.</p> -<p><i>in somnis videre aliquid</i> or <i>speciem</i>—to see something in a dream.</p> -<p><i>in somnis visus (mihi) sum videre</i>—I dreamed I saw...</p> -<p><i>species mihi dormienti oblata est</i>—I saw a vision in my dreams.</p> -<p><i>somnium verum evādit</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 2. 53. 108</span>)—my dream is coming true.</p> -<p><i>somnium interpretari</i>—to explain a dream.</p> -<p><i>somniorum interpres, coniector</i>—an interpreter of dreams.</p> -<p><i>somniare de aliquo</i>—to dream of a person.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_8">8. Death</h3> -<p><i>(de) vita decedere</i> or merely <i>decedere</i>—to depart this life.</p> -<p><i>(ex) vita excedere, ex vita abire</i>—to depart this life.</p> -<p><i>de vita exire, de (ex) vita migrare</i>—to depart this life.</p> -<p><i>mortem (diem supremum) obire</i>—to depart this life.</p> -<p><i>supremo vitae die</i>—on one's last day.</p> -<p><i>animam edere</i> or <i>efflare</i>—to give up the ghost.</p> -<p><i>extremum vitae spiritum edere</i>—to give up the ghost.</p> -<p><i>animam agere</i>—to be at one's last gasp.</p> -<p><i>mors immatura</i> or <i>praematura</i>—an untimely death.</p> -<p><i>mature decedere</i>—to die young.</p> -<p><i>subita morte exstingui</i>—to be cut off by sudden death.</p> -<p><i>necessaria</i> (opp. <i>voluntaria</i>) <i>morte mori</i>—to die a natural death.</p> -<p><i>morbo perire, absūmi, consūmi</i>—to die a natural death.</p> -<p><i>debitum naturae reddere</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_8_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_8_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Nep. Reg. 1</span>)—to die a natural death.</p> -<p><i>mortem sibi consciscere</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_8_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_8_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to commit suicide.</p> -<p><i>se vita privare</i>—to take one's own life.</p> -<p><i>manus, vim sibi afferre</i>—to lay hands on oneself.</p> -<p><i>vitae finem facere</i>—to put an end to one's life.</p> -<p><i>talem vitae exitum</i> (not <i>finem</i>) <i>habuit</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Eum. 13</span>)—such was the end of... (used of a violent death).</p> -<p><i>mortem oppetere</i>—to meet death (by violence).</p> -<p><i>mortem occumbere pro patria</i>—to die for one's country.</p> -<p><i>sanguinem suum pro patria effundere</i> or <i>profundere</i>—to shed one's blood for one's fatherland.</p> -<p><i>vitam profundere pro patria</i>—to sacrifice oneself for one's country.</p> -<p><i>se morti offerre pro salute patriae</i>—to sacrifice oneself for one's country.</p> -<p><i>dare venenum in pane</i>—to give a person poison in bread.</p> -<p><i>venenum sumere, bibere</i>—to take poison.</p> -<p><i>veneno sibi mortem consciscere</i>—to poison oneself.</p> -<p><i>poculum mortis (mortiferum) exhaurire</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 11. 31</span>)—to drain the cup of poison.</p> -<p><i>potestas vitae necisque</i>—power over life and death.</p> -<p><i>plagam extremam</i> or <i>mortiferam infligere</i>—to inflict a death-blow.</p> -<p><i>e</i> or <i>de medio tollere</i>—to remove a person.</p> -<p><i>perii! actum est de me!</i> (<span class="ref">Ter. Ad. 3. 2. 26</span>)—I'm undone! it's all up with me!</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IV_8_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_8_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>sua morte defungi</i> or <i>mori</i> is late Latin, cf. <span class="ref">Inscr. Orell. 3453</span>, <i>debitum naturae persolvit</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IV_8_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_8_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>se interficere, se occidere, se necare</i> are rare. During the classic period, when suicide was not common, <i>ipse</i> is often added—e.g. <i>Crassum se ipsum interemisse</i> (<span class="ref">Cic. Scaur. 2. 16</span>), <i>Lucretia se ipsa interemit</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 2. 20. 66</span>); but later, when suicide had become frequent, <i>se interemit; nonnulli semet interemerunt</i> (<span class="ref">Suet. Iul. 89</span>), etc., occur commonly.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IV_9">9. Burial</h3> -<p><i>funere efferri</i> or simply <i>efferri</i> (<i>publice; publico, suo sumptu</i>)—to be interred (at the expense of the state, at one's own cost).</p> -<p><i>sepultura aliquem afficere</i>—to bury a person.</p> -<p><i>iusta facere, solvere alicui</i>—to perform the last rites for a person.</p> -<p><i>supremo officio in aliquem fungi</i>—to perform the last rites for a person.</p> -<p><i>funus alicui facere, ducere</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 9. 28</span>)—to carry out the funeral obsequies.</p> -<p><i>funus alicuius exsequi</i>—to attend a person's funeral.</p> -<p><i>exsequias alicuius funeris prosequi</i>—to attend a person's funeral.</p> -<p><i>supremis officiis aliquem prosequi</i> (<i>vid</i> sect. VI. 11., note <i>Prosequi...</i>)—to perform the last offices of affection.</p> -<p><i>mortuum in sepulcro condere</i>—to entomb a dead body.</p> -<p><i>aliquem mortuum</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>cremare</i> (<span class="ref">Sen. 23. 84</span>)—to burn a corpse.</p> -<p><i>pompa funebris</i>—a funeral procession.</p> -<p><i>funus</i> or <i>exsequias celebrare</i>—to celebrate the obsequies.</p> -<p><i>ludos funebres alicui dare</i>—to give funeral games in honour of a person.</p> -<p><i>oratio funebris</i><a id="FNanchor-IV_9_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-IV_9_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—a funeral oration.</p> -<p><i>sepulturae honore carere</i>—to be deprived of the rites of burial.</p> -<p><i>iustis exsequiarum carere</i>—to be deprived of the rites of burial.</p> -<p><i>elogium in sepulcro incisum</i>—the epitaph.</p> -<p><i>sepulcro</i> (Dat.) or <i>in sepulcro hoc inscriptum est</i>—this is the inscription on his tomb...</p> -<p><i>hic situs est...</i>—here lies...</p> -<p><i>aliquem in rogum imponere</i>—to place on the funeral-pyre.</p> -<p><i>proiici inhumatum (in publicum)</i>—to be cast out unburied.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IV_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_9_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] "Corpse" usually = <i>corpus mortui</i> or simply <i>corpus</i>. <i>cadaver</i> is a corpse which has begun to decompose.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IV_9_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IV_9_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] For eulogy, panegyric, use <i>laudatio funebris</i> or simply <i>laudatio</i>, cf. <span class="ref">Mil. 13. 33</span>; <span class="ref">Liv. 5. 50</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_V">V. Human Life; its various Relations and Conditions</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_1">1. Circumstance—Situation—Difficulty</h3> -<p><i>res humanae</i> or simply <i>res</i>—human life.</p> -<p><i>haec est rerum humanarum condicio</i>—that is the way of the world; such is life.</p> -<p><i>sic vita hominum est</i>—that is the way of the world; such is life.</p> -<p><i>ita (ea lege, ea condicione) nati sumus</i>—this is our natural tendency, our destiny; nature compels us.</p> -<p><i>res externas</i> or <i>humanas despicere</i>—to despise earthly things.</p> -<p><i>res humanas infra se positas arbitrari</i>—to feel superior to the affairs of life.</p> -<p><i>meliore (deteriore) condicione esse, uti</i>—to find one's circumstances altered for the better (the worse).</p> -<p><i>condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis</i>—the position of the lower classes.</p> -<p><i>res meae meliore loco, in meliore causa sunt</i>—my position is considerably improved; my prospects are brighter.</p> -<p><i>meliorem in statum redigor</i>—my position is considerably improved; my prospects are brighter.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in antiquum statum, in pristinum restituere</i>—to restore a man to his former position.</p> -<p><i>in tanta rerum (temporum) iniquitate</i>—under such unfavourable circumstances.</p> -<p><i>res dubiae, perditae, afflictae</i>—a critical position; a hopeless state of affairs.</p> -<p><i>in angustias adducere aliquem</i>—to place some one in an embarrassing position.</p> -<p><i>in angustiis, difficultatibus, esse</i> or <i>versari</i>—to be in a dilemma; in difficulties.</p> -<p><i>angustiis premi, difficultatibus affici</i>—to be in a dilemma; in difficulties.</p> -<p><i>agitur praeclare, bene cum aliquo</i>—so-and-so is in a very satisfactory position; prospers.</p> -<p><i>res ita est, ita (sic) se habet</i>—the facts are these; the matter stands thus.</p> -<p><i>eadem (longe alia) est huius rei ratio</i>—the case is exactly similar (entirely different).</p> -<p><i>hoc longe aliter, secus est</i>—this is quite another matter.</p> -<p><i>res (ita) fert</i>—circumstances make this necessary; the exigencies of the case are these.</p> -<p><i>pro re (nata), pro tempore</i>—according to circumstances.</p> -<p><i>pro tempore et pro re</i>—according to circumstances.</p> -<p><i>res eo</i> or <i>in eum locum deducta est, ut...</i>—the matter has gone so far that...; the state of affairs is such that...</p> -<p><i>quo loco res tuae sunt?</i>—how are you getting on?</p> -<p><i>eadem est causa mea</i> or <i>in eadem causa sum</i>—my circumstances have not altered.</p> -<p><i>si quid (humanitus) mihi accidat</i> or <i>acciderit</i>—if anything should happen to me; if I die.</p> -<p><i>quae cum ita sint</i>—under such circumstances.</p> -<p><i>utcumque res ceciderit</i>—whatever happens; in any case.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_2">2. Commencement—End—Result</h3> -<p><i>initium capere; incipere ab aliqua re</i>—to begin with a thing.</p> -<p><i>initium facere, ducere, sumere (alicuius rei)</i>—to commence a thing.</p> -<p><i>ab exiguis initiis proficisci</i>—to start from small beginnings.</p> -<p><i>parare</i> with Inf.—to prepare to do a thing.</p> -<p><i>aggredi ad aliquid faciendum</i>—to prepare to do a thing.</p> -<p><i>incunabula</i><a id="FNanchor-V_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>doctrinae</i>—the origin, first beginnings of learning.</p> -<p><i>finem facere alicuius rei</i>—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.</p> -<p><i>finem imponere, afferre, constituere alicui rei</i>—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.</p> -<p><i>ad finem aliquid adducere</i>—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.</p> -<p><i>ad exitum aliquid perducere</i>—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.</p> -<p><i>finem habere</i>—to come to an end.</p> -<p><i>aliquid (bene, prospere) succedit</i> or <i>procedit</i> (opp. <i>parum procedere, non succedere</i>)—the matter progresses favourably, succeeds.</p> -<p><i>eventum, exitum (felicem) habere</i>—to turn out (well); to result (satisfactorily).</p> -<p><i>quorsum haec res cadet</i> or <i>evadet?</i>—what will be the issue, end, consequence of the matter?</p> -<p><i>ad irritum redigere aliquid</i>—to frustrate, nullify.</p> -<p><i>res aliter cecidit ac putaveram</i>—the result has surprised me; I was not prepared for this development.</p> -<p><i>quid illo fiet?</i>—what will become of him?</p> -<p><i>quid huic homini</i> (also <i>hoc homine</i>) <i>faciam?</i>—what am I to do with this fellow?</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>incunabula</i> literally swaddling-clothes. <i>cunabula</i>, cradle, is not used in this metaphorical sense except in post-Augustan Latin.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_3">3. Cause—Motive—Origin</h3> -<p><i>causam afferre</i>—to quote as a reason; give as excuse.</p> -<p><i>iustis de</i><a id="FNanchor-V_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>causis</i>—for valid reasons.</p> -<p><i>magnae (graves) necessariae causae</i>—cogent, decisive reasons.</p> -<p><i>non sine causa</i>—on good grounds; reasonably.</p> -<p><i>quid causae fuit cur...?</i>—how came it that...?</p> -<p><i>causa posita est in aliqua re</i>—the motive, cause, is to be found in...</p> -<p><i>causa repetenda est ab aliqua re</i> (not <i>quaerenda</i>)—the motive, cause, is to be found in...</p> -<p><i>multae causae me impulerunt ad aliquid</i> or <i>ut...</i>—I was induced by several considerations to...</p> -<p><i>causam interponere</i> or <i>interserere</i>—to interpose, put forward an argument, a reason.</p> -<p><i>praetendere, praetexere aliquid</i>—to make something an excuse, pretext.</p> -<p><i>causam idoneam nancisci</i>—to find a suitable pretext.</p> -<p><i>per causam</i> (with Gen.)—under the pretext, pretence of...</p> -<p><i>causae rerum et consecutiones</i>—cause and effect.</p> -<p><i>causae extrinsecus allatae</i> (opp. <i>in ipsa re positae</i>)—extraneous causes.</p> -<p><i>rerum causae aliae ex aliis nexae</i>—concatenation, interdependence of causes.</p> -<p><i>ex parvis saepe magnarum rerum momenta pendent</i>—important results are often produced by trivial causes.</p> -<p><i>ex aliqua re nasci, manare</i>—to originate in, arise from.</p> -<p><i>ab aliqua re proficisci</i>—to originate in, arise from.</p> -<p><i>ex aliqua re redundare</i> (<i>in</i> or <i>ad aliquid</i>)—to accrue in great abundance.</p> -<p><i>utilitas efflorescit ex aliqua re</i>—untold advantages arise from a thing.</p> -<p><i>e fontibus haurire</i> (opp. <i>rivulos consectari</i> or <i>fontes non videre</i>)—to draw from the fountain-head.</p> -<p><i>haec ex eodem fonte fluunt, manant</i>—these things have the same origin.</p> -<p><i>fons et caput</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. III., note <i>caput...</i>)—source, origin.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Notice the order; so regularly <i>ea</i> and <i>qua de causa</i>; but <i>ob eam causam</i> not <i>eam ob causam</i>. For the meaning of <i>iustus</i> cf. xvi. 5 <i>bellum iustum</i> and xvi. 10a <i>praelium iustum</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_4">4. Regard—Importance—Influence—Power—Inclination</h3> -<p><i>rationem habere alicuius rei</i>—to have regard for; take into consideration.</p> -<p><i>respicere</i><a id="FNanchor-V_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>aliquid</i>—to have regard for; take into consideration.</p> -<p><i>quo in genere</i>—from this point of view; similarly.</p> -<p><i>multis rebus</i> or <i>locis</i>—in many respects; in many points.</p> -<p><i>in utraque re</i>—in both cases; whichever way you look at it.</p> -<p><i>ceteris rebus</i> (not <i>cetera</i>)—as regards the rest; otherwise.</p> -<p><i>omni ex parte; in omni genere; omnibus rebus</i>—from every point of view; looked at in every light.</p> -<p><i>aliqua ex parte</i>—to a certain extent.</p> -<p><i>aliquatenus</i>—to a certain extent.</p> -<p><i>magni (nullius) momenti esse</i>—to be of great (no) importance.</p> -<p><i>momentum afferre ad aliquid</i>—to determine the issue of; to turn the scale.</p> -<p><i>pertinere ad aliquid</i>—to be essentially important to a thing.</p> -<p><i>hoc nihil ad sapientem pertinet</i>—a wise man is in no way affected by this.</p> -<p><i>hoc in sapientem non cadit</i>—it is incompatible with the nature of a wise man; the wise are superior to such things.</p> -<p><i>multum valere ad aliquid</i>—to contribute much towards...; to affect considerably; to be instrumental in...</p> -<p><i>multum afferre ad aliquid</i>—to contribute much towards...; to affect considerably; to be instrumental in...</p> -<p><i>magnam vim habere ad aliquid</i>—to have considerable influence on a question.</p> -<p><i>positum, situm esse in aliqua re</i>—to depend upon a thing.</p> -<p><i>contineri aliqua re</i><a id="FNanchor-V_4_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_4_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to depend upon a thing.</p> -<p><i>consistere in aliqua re</i>—to depend upon a thing.</p> -<p><i>pendēre ex aliqua re</i>—to depend upon a thing.</p> -<p><i>in te omnia sunt</i>—everything depends on you.</p> -<p><i>in ea re omnia vertuntur</i>—all depends on this; this is the decisive point.</p> -<p><i>constare ex aliqua re</i>—to be composed of; to consist of.</p> -<p><i>cernitur (in) aliqua re</i> (not <i>ex aliqua re</i>)—it is evident from...</p> -<p><i>in manu, in potestate alicuius situm, positum esse</i>—to be in a person's power.</p> -<p><i>penes aliquem esse</i>—to be in a person's power.</p> -<p><i>res integra</i><a id="FNanchor-V_4_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_4_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>est</i>—the matter is still undecided; it is an open question.</p> -<p><i>res mihi integra est</i>—I have not yet committed myself.</p> -<p><i>mihi non est integrum, ut...</i>—it is no longer in my power.</p> -<p><i>integrum (causam integram) sibi reservare</i>—to leave the question open; to refuse to commit oneself.</p> -<p><i>penes te arbitrium huius rei est</i>—the decision of the question rests with you.</p> -<p><i>arbitrio alicuius omnia permittere</i>—to put the matter entirely in some one's hands.</p> -<p><i>omnium rerum arbitrium alicui permittere</i>—to put the matter entirely in some one's hands.</p> -<p><i>arbitratu, arbitrio tuo</i>—just as you wish.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> But <i>respicere ad aliquid (aliquem)</i> = to look round at an object.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_4_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_4_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>contineri aliqua re</i> also means (1) to be bounded by..., e.g. <i>oceano</i>; (2) to be limited, restricted to, e.g. <i>moenibus</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_4_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_4_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The proper meaning of <i>integer</i> (<i>in-TAG, tango</i>) is untouched, unsullied.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_5">5. Opportunity—Possibility—Occasion—Chance</h3> -<p><i>occasio datur, offertur</i>—a favourable<a id="FNanchor-V_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> opportunity presents itself.</p> -<p><i>occasione data, oblata</i>—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs.</p> -<p><i>per occasionem</i>—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs.</p> -<p><i>quotienscunque occasio oblata est; omnibus locis</i>—on every occasion; at every opportunity.</p> -<p><i>occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei</i> or <i>ad aliquid faciendum</i>—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.</p> -<p><i>facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei</i> or <i>ut possit...</i>—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.</p> -<p><i>potestatem,</i><a id="FNanchor-V_5_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_5_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>copiam alicui dare, facere</i> with Gen. gerund.—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.</p> -<p><i>occasionem nancisci</i>—to get, meet with, a favourable opportunity.</p> -<p><i>occasione uti</i>—to make use of, avail oneself of an opportunity.</p> -<p><i>occasionem praetermittere, amittere</i> (through carelessness), <i>omittere</i> (deliberately), <i>dimittere</i> (through indifference)—to lose, let slip an opportunity.</p> -<p><i>occasioni deesse</i><a id="FNanchor-V_5_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_5_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—to neglect an opportunity.</p> -<p><i>occasionem arripere</i>—to seize an opportunity.</p> -<p><i>facultatem, potestatem alicui eripere, adimere</i>—to deprive a man of the chance of doing a thing.</p> -<p><i>nulla est facultas alicuius rei</i>—no opportunity of carrying out an object presents itself.</p> -<p><i>locum dare suspicioni</i>—to give ground for suspicion.</p> -<p><i>ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis</i>—to give occasion for blame; to challenge criticism.</p> -<p><i>ansam habere reprehensionis</i>—to contain, afford matter for criticism.</p> -<p><i>adduci aliqua re</i> (<i>ad aliquid</i> or <i>ut...</i>)—to be induced by a consideration.</p> -<p><i>nescio quo casu</i> (with Indic.)—by some chance or other.</p> -<p><i>temere et fortuito; forte (et) temere</i>—quite accidentally, fortuitously.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>occasio opportuna, bona, pulchra</i>, the notion "favourable" being contained in the word itself. We find, however, <i>occasio praeclara, ampla, tanta</i>, not unfrequently.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_5_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_5_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Notice <i>potestatem alicui pugnandi facere</i>, to offer battle, and <i>potestatem sui facere alicui</i>, (1) to give opportunity of battle, and also (2) to grant an audience to (cf. <i>sui conveniendi potestatem facere</i>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_5_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_5_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> In the same way <i>deesse officio</i>, to leave one's duties undone; <i>d. muneri</i>, to neglect the claims of one's vocation; <i>d. rei publicae</i>, to be careless of state interests, to be unpatriotic; <i>d. sibi</i>, not to do one's best.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_6">6. Success—Good Fortune</h3> -<p><i>fortuna secunda uti</i>—to be fortunate, lucky.</p> -<p><i>fortunae favore</i> or <i>prospero flatu fortunae uti</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 8., note <i>uti...</i>)—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in Fortune's smiles.</p> -<p><i>fortunam fautricem nancisci</i>—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in Fortune's smiles.</p> -<p><i>fortuna caecos homines efficit, animos occaecat</i>—Fortune makes men shortsighted, infatuates them.</p> -<p><i>fortunam tentare, experiri</i>—to try one's luck.</p> -<p><i>fortunam periclitari (periculum facere)</i>—to run a risk; to tempt Providence.</p> -<p><i>fortunae se committere</i>—to trust to luck.</p> -<p><i>fortunam in manibus habere</i>—to have success in one's grasp.</p> -<p><i>fortunam ex manibus dimittere</i>—to let success slip through one's fingers.</p> -<p><i>fortuna commutatur, se inclinat</i>—luck is changing, waning.</p> -<p><i>ludibrium fortunae</i>—the plaything of Fortune.</p> -<p><i>is, quem fortuna complexa est</i>—Fortune's favourite.</p> -<p><i>a fortuna desertum, derelictum esse</i>—to be abandoned by good luck.</p> -<p><i>fortuna aliquem effert</i>—Fortune exalts a man, makes him conspicuous.</p> -<p><i>rebus secundis efferri</i>—to be puffed up by success; to be made arrogant by prosperity.</p> -<p><i>ad felicitatem (magnus) cumulus accedit ex aliqua re</i>—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...</p> -<p><i>aliquid felicitatis cumulum affert</i>—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...</p> -<p><i>aliquid felicitatem magno cumulo auget</i>—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...</p> -<p><i>in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem fluentibus</i>—when life runs smoothly.</p> -<p><i>beata vita, beate vivere, beatum esse</i><a id="FNanchor-V_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—happiness, bliss.</p> -<p><i>ad bene beateque vivendum</i>—for a life of perfect happiness.</p> -<p><i>peropportune accidit, quod</i>—it is most fortunate that...</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_6_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>beatitas</i> and <i>beatitudo</i> are used by Cicero in one passage only (<span class="ref">De Nat. Deorum, 1. 34. 95</span>), but merely as a linguistic experiment.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_7">7. Misfortune—Fate—Ruin</h3> -<p><i>fortuna adversa</i>—misfortune, adversity.</p> -<p><i>res adversae, afflictae, perditae</i>—misfortune, adversity.</p> -<p><i>in calamitatem incidere</i>—to be overtaken by calamity.</p> -<p><i>calamitatem accipere, subire</i>—to suffer mishap.</p> -<p><i>nihil calamitatis (in vita) videre</i>—to live a life free from all misfortune.</p> -<p><i>calamitatem haurire</i>—to drain the cup of sorrow.<a id="FNanchor-V_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> -<p><i>omnes labores exanclare</i>—to drain the cup of sorrow.</p> -<p><i>calamitatem, pestem inferre alicui</i>—to bring mishap, ruin on a person.</p> -<p><i>calamitatibus affligi</i>—to be the victim of misfortune.</p> -<p><i>calamitatibus obrui</i>—to be overwhelmed with misfortune.</p> -<p><i>calamitatibus defungi</i>—to come to the end of one's troubles.</p> -<p><i>calamitate doctus</i>—schooled by adversity.</p> -<p><i>conflictari (cum) adversa fortuna</i>—to struggle with adversity.</p> -<p><i>in malis iacere</i>—to be broken down by misfortune.</p> -<p><i>malis urgeri</i>—to be hard pressed by misfortune.</p> -<p><i>fortunae vicissitudines</i>—the vicissitudes of fortune.</p> -<p><i>ancipites et varii casus</i>—the changes and chances of this life.</p> -<p><i>sub varios incertosque casus subiectum esse</i>—to have to submit to the uncertainties of fortune; to be subject to Fortune's caprice.</p> -<p><i>multis casibus iactari</i>—to experience the ups and downs of life.</p> -<p><i>ad omnes casus subsidia comparare</i>—to be prepared for all that may come.</p> -<p><i>varia fortuna uti</i>—to experience the vicissitudes of fortune; to have a chequered career.</p> -<p><i>multis iniquitatibus exerceri</i><a id="FNanchor-V_7_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_7_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to be severely tried by misfortune.</p> -<p><i>fortunae telis propositum esse</i>—to be exposed to the assaults of fate.</p> -<p><i>fortunae obiectum esse</i>—to be abandoned to fate.</p> -<p><i>ad iniurias fortunae expositum esse</i>—to be a victim of the malice of Fortune.</p> -<p><i>fortunae cedere</i>—to acquiesce in one's fate.</p> -<p><i>aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare</i>—to bring a man to ruin; to destroy.</p> -<p><i>praecipitem agi, ire</i>—to be ruined, undone.</p> -<p><i>ad exitium vocari</i>—to be ruined, undone.</p> -<p><i>ad interitum ruere</i>—to be ruined, undone.</p> -<p><i>in perniciem incurrere</i>—to be ruined, undone.</p> -<p><i>pestem alicui (in aliquem) machinari</i>—to compass, devise a man's overthrow, ruin.</p> -<p><i>perniciem (exitium) alicui afferre, moliri, parare</i>—to compass, devise a man's overthrow, ruin.</p> -<p><i>ab exitio, ab interitu aliquem vindicare</i>—to rescue from destruction.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In Latin metaphor the verb only, as a rule, is sufficient to express the metaphorical meaning—e.g. <i>amicitiam iungere cum aliquo</i>, to be bound by the bands of affection to any one; <i>religionem labefactare</i>, to undermine the very foundations of belief; <i>bellum exstinguere</i>, to extinguish the torch of war; <i>cuncta bello ardent</i>, the fires of war are raging all around; <i>libido consedit</i>, the storm of passion has ceased; <i>animum pellere</i>, to strike the heart-strings; <i>vetustas monumenta exederat</i>, the tooth of time had eaten away the monuments.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_7_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_7_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The first meaning of <i>exercere</i> is to keep in motion, give no rest to. Then, metaphorically, to keep busy, to harass—e.g. <i>fortuna aliquem vehementer exercet</i>. Lastly, <i>exercere</i> is used to express the main activity in any branch of industry, thus, <i>exercere agros</i>, to farm; <i>metalla</i>, to carry on a mining industry; <i>navem</i>, to fit out ships, be a shipowner; <i>vectigalia</i>, to levy, collect taxes, used specially of the <i>publicani</i>; <i>qui exercet iudicium</i>, the presiding judge (<i>praetor</i>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_8">8. Danger—Risk—Safety</h3> -<p><i>in periculo esse</i> or <i>versari</i>—to be in danger.</p> -<p><i>res in summo discrimine versatur</i>—the position is very critical.</p> -<p><i>in vitae discrimine versari</i>—to be in peril of one's life.</p> -<p><i>in pericula incidere, incurrere</i>—to find oneself in a hazardous position.</p> -<p><i>pericula alicui impendent, imminent</i>—dangers threaten a man.</p> -<p><i>pericula in</i> or <i>ad aliquem redundant</i>—many dangers hem a person in; one meets new risks at every turn.</p> -<p><i>pericula subire, adire, suscipere</i>—to incur danger, risk.</p> -<p><i>periculis se offerre</i>—to expose oneself to peril.</p> -<p><i>salutem, vitam suam in discrimen offerre</i> (not <i>exponere</i>)—to risk one's life.</p> -<p><i>aliquem, aliquid in periculum (discrimen) adducere, vocare</i><a id="FNanchor-V_8_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_8_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to endanger, imperil a person or thing.</p> -<p><i>alicui periculum creare, conflare</i>—to endanger, imperil a person or thing.</p> -<p><i>in periculum capitis, in discrimen vitae se inferre</i>—to recklessly hazard one's life.</p> -<p><i>salus, caput, vita alicuius agitur, periclitatur, in discrimine est</i> or <i>versatur</i>—a man's life is at stake, is in very great danger.</p> -<p><i>in ipso periculi discrimine</i>—at the critical moment.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ex periculo eripere, servare</i>—to rescue from peril.</p> -<p><i>nullum periculum recusare pro</i>—to avoid no risk in order to...</p> -<p><i>periculis perfungi</i>—to surmount dangers.</p> -<p><i>periculum facere alicuius rei</i>—to make trial of; to risk.</p> -<p><i>periculum hostis facere</i>—to try one's strength with the enemy; to try issue of battle.</p> -<p><i>res ad extremum casum perducta est</i>—affairs are desperate; we are reduced to extremeties.</p> -<p><i>ad extrema perventum est</i>—affairs are desperate; we are reduced to extremeties.</p> -<p><i>in tuto esse</i>—to be in a position of safety.</p> -<p><i>in tuto collocare aliquid</i>—to ensure the safety of a thing.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_8_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_8_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>vocare</i> helps to form several phrases—e.g. <i>in invidiam, in suspicionem, in dubium, ad exitium, in periculum vocare</i>. It is used in the passive to express periphrastically the passive of verbs which have only an active voice—e.g. <i>in invidiam vocari</i>, to become unpopular, be hated, <i>invideor</i> not being used. Cf. <i>in invidiam venire</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_9">9. Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation</h3> -<p><i>auxilium, opem, salutem ferre alicui</i>—to bring aid to; to rescue.</p> -<p><i>auxilio alicui venire</i>—to come to assist any one.</p> -<p><i>alicuius opem implorare</i>—to implore a person's help.</p> -<p><i>confugere ad aliquem</i> or <i>ad opem, ad fidem alicuius</i>—to fly to some one for refuge.</p> -<p><i>ad extremum auxilium descendere</i><a id="FNanchor-V_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to be reduced to one's last resource.</p> -<p><i>auxilium praesens</i><a id="FNanchor-V_9_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_9_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—prompt assistance.</p> -<p><i>adesse alicui</i> or <i>alicuius rebus</i> (opp. <i>deesse</i>)—to assist, stand by a person.</p> -<p><i>salutem alicui afferre</i>—to deliver, rescue a person.</p> -<p><i>saluti suae consulere, prospicere</i>—to take measures for one's safety; to look after one's own interests.</p> -<p><i>suis rebus</i> or <i>sibi consulere</i>—to take measures for one's safety; to look after one's own interests.</p> -<p><i>salutem expedire</i>—to effect a person's deliverance.</p> -<p><i>solacium praebere</i>—to comfort.</p> -<p><i>nihil habere consolationis</i>—to afford no consolation.</p> -<p><i>hoc solacio frui, uti</i>—to solace oneself with the thought...</p> -<p><i>consolari aliquem de aliqua re</i>—to comfort a man in a matter; to condole with him.</p> -<p><i>consolari dolorem alicuius</i>—to soothe grief.</p> -<p><i>consolari aliquem in miseriis</i>—to comfort in misfortune.</p> -<p><i>hoc (illo) solacio me consōlor</i>—I console myself with...</p> -<p><i>haec (illa) res me consolatur</i>—I console myself with...</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_9_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Similarly <i>descendere</i> is frequently used of consenting unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. vi. 9 ad fin. and xvi. 9.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_9_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_9_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Notice too <i>poena praesens</i>, instant punishment; <i>pecunia praesens</i>, ready money; <i>medicina praesens</i>, efficacious remedy; <i>deus praesens</i>, a propitious deity; <i>in rem praesentem venire</i>, to go to the very spot to make a closer examination.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_10">10. Riches—Want—Poverty</h3> -<p><i>divitiis, copiis abundare</i>—to be rich, wealthy.</p> -<p><i>magnas opes habere</i>—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.</p> -<p><i>opibus maxime florere</i>—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.</p> -<p><i>omnibus opibus circumfluere</i>—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.</p> -<p><i>fortunis maximis ornatum esse</i>—to be in the enjoyment of a large fortune.</p> -<p><i>in omnium rerum abundantia vivere</i>—to live in great affluence.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ex paupere divitem facere</i>—to raise a man from poverty to wealth.</p> -<p><i>inopia alicuius rei laborare, premi</i>—to suffer from want of a thing.</p> -<p><i>ad egestatem, ad inopiam (summam omnium rerum) redigi</i>—to be reduced to (abject) poverty.</p> -<p><i>vitam inopem sustentare, tolerare</i>—to earn a precarious livelihood.</p> -<p><i>in egestate esse, versari</i>—to live in poverty, destitution.</p> -<p><i>vitam in egestate degere</i>—to live in poverty, destitution.</p> -<p><i>in summa egestate</i> or <i>mendicitate esse</i>—to be entirely destitute; to be a beggar.</p> -<p><i>stipem colligere</i>—to beg alms.</p> -<p><i>stipem (pecuniam) conferre</i>—to contribute alms.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_11">11. Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage</h3> -<p><i>usui</i> or <i>ex usu esse</i>—to be of use.</p> -<p><i>utilitatem afferre, praebere</i>—to be serviceable.</p> -<p><i>multum (nihil) ad communem utilitatem afferre</i>—to considerably (in no way) further the common good.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in usum suum conferre</i>—to employ in the furtherance of one's interests.</p> -<p><i>omnia ad suam utilitatem referre</i>—to consider one's own advantage in everything.</p> -<p><i>rationibus alicuius prospicere</i> or <i>consulere</i> (opp. <i>officere, obstare, adversari</i>)—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.</p> -<p><i>commodis alicuius servire</i>—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.</p> -<p><i>commoda alicuius tueri</i>—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.</p> -<p><i>meae rationes ita tulerunt</i>—my interests demanded it.</p> -<p><i>fructum (uberrimum) capere, percipere, consequi ex aliqua re</i><a id="FNanchor-V_11_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_11_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to derive (great) profit , advantage from a thing.</p> -<p><i>fructus ex hac re redundant in</i> or <i>ad me</i>—(great) advantage accrues to me from this.</p> -<p><i>aliquid ad meum fructum redundat</i>—I am benefited by a thing.</p> -<p><i>quid attinet?</i> with Infin.—what is the use of?</p> -<p><i>cui bono?</i>—who gets the advantage from this? who is the interested party?</p> -<p><i>damnum</i> (opp. <i>lucrum</i>) <i>facere</i>—to suffer loss, harm, damage.<a id="FNanchor-V_11_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_11_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> -<p><i>damno affici</i>—to suffer loss, harm, damage.</p> -<p><i>detrimentum capere, accipere, facere</i>—to suffer loss, harm, damage.</p> -<p><i>iacturam</i><a id="FNanchor-V_11_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_11_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>alicuius rei facere</i>—to throw away, sacrifice.</p> -<p><i>damnum inferre, afferre alicui</i>—to do harm to, injure any one.</p> -<p><i>damnum ferre</i>—to know how to endure calamity.</p> -<p><i>incommodo afficere aliquem</i>—to inconvenience, injure a person.</p> -<p><i>incommodis mederi</i>—to relieve a difficulty.</p> -<p><i>damnum</i> or <i>detrimentum sarcire</i> (not <i>reparare</i>)—to make good, repair a loss or injury.</p> -<p><i>damnum compensare cum aliqua re</i>—to balance a loss by anything.</p> -<p><i>res repetere</i>—to demand restitution, satisfaction.</p> -<p><i>res restituere</i>—to give restitution, satisfaction.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_11_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_11_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Also <i>fructum alicuius rei capere, percipere, ferre, consequi ex aliqua re</i>—e.g. <i>virtutis fructus ex re publica (magnos, laetos, uberes) capere</i> = to be handsomely rewarded by the state for one's high character.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_11_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_11_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Notice too <i>calamitatem, cladem, incommodum accipere</i>, to suffer mishap, reverse, inconvenience; <i>naufragium facere</i>, to be shipwrecked.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_11_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_11_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>damnum</i> (opp. <i>lucrum</i>) = loss, especially of worldly possessions; <i>detrimentum</i> (opp. <i>emolumentum</i>) = harm inflicted by others; <i>fraus</i> = deceitful injury; <i>iactura</i> (properly "throwing overboard") = the intentional sacrifice of something valuable in order either to avert injury or to gain some greater advantage. "Harmful" = <i>inutilis, qui nocet</i>, etc., not <i>noxius</i>, which is only used absolutely—e.g. <i>homo noxius</i>, the offender, evildoer.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_12">12. Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour</h3> -<p><i>benevolo animo esse in aliquem</i>—to be well-disposed towards...</p> -<p><i>benevolentiam habere erga aliquem</i>—to be well-disposed towards...</p> -<p><i>benevolentiam, favorem, voluntatem alicuius sibi conciliare</i> or <i>colligere (ex aliqua re)</i>—to find favour with some one; to get into their good graces.</p> -<p><i>benevolentiam alicui praestare, in aliquem conferre</i>—to show kindness to...</p> -<p><i>benevolentia aliquem complecti</i> or <i>prosequi</i>—to show kindness to...</p> -<p><i>gratiosum esse alicui</i> or <i>apud aliquem</i>—to be popular with; to stand well with a person.</p> -<p><i>in gratia esse apud aliquem</i>—to be popular with; to stand well with a person.</p> -<p><i>multum valere gratia apud aliquem</i>—to be highly favoured by; to be influential with...</p> -<p><i>florere gratia alicuius</i>—to be highly favoured by; to be influential with...</p> -<p><i>gratiam inire ab aliquo</i>or <i>apud aliquem</i>—to gain a person's esteem, friendship.</p> -<p><i>in gratiam alicuius venire</i>—to gain a person's esteem, friendship.</p> -<p><i>gratiam alicuius sibi quaerere, sequi</i>, more strongly <i>aucupari</i>—to court a person's favour; to ingratiate oneself with...</p> -<p><i>studere, favere alicui</i>—to look favourably upon; to support.</p> -<p><i>studiosum esse alicuius</i>—to look favourably upon; to support.</p> -<p><i>propenso animo, studio esse</i> or <i>propensa voluntate esse in aliquem</i> (opp. <i>averso animo esse ab aliquo</i>)—to look favourably upon; to support.</p> -<p><i>alicui morem gerere, obsequi</i>—to comply with a person's wishes; to humour.</p> -<p><i>alicuius causa</i><a id="FNanchor-V_12_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_12_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>velle</i> or <i>cupere</i>—to be favourably disposed towards.</p> -<p><i>gratum (gratissimum) alicui facere</i>—to do any one a (great) favour.</p> -<p><i>se conformare, se accommodare ad alicuius voluntatem</i>—to accomodate oneself to another's wishes.</p> -<p><i>alicuius voluntati morem gerere</i>—to accomodate oneself to another's wishes.</p> -<p><i>se convertere, converti ad alicuius nutum</i><a id="FNanchor-V_12_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_12_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to take one's directions from another; to obey him in everything.</p> -<p><i>totum se fingere et accommodare ad alicuius arbitrium et nutum</i>—to be at the beck and call of another; to be his creature.</p> -<p><i>voluntatem</i>or <i>animum alicuius a se abalienare, aliquem a se abalienare</i> or <i>alienare</i>—to become estranged, alienated from some one.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_12_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_12_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Probably originally <i>omnia alicuius causa velle</i> = to wish everything (favourable) in some one's behalf.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_12_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_12_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> But <i>se convertere ad aliquem</i> = either (1) to approach with hostile intention, or (2) to turn to some one for sympathy or assistance.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_13">13. Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense</h3> -<p><i>beneficium alicui dare, tribuere</i>—to do any one a service or kindness.</p> -<p><i>beneficio aliquem afficere, ornare</i>—to do any one a service or kindness.</p> -<p><i>beneficia in aliquem conferre</i>—to heap benefits upon...</p> -<p><i>beneficiis aliquem obstringere, obligare, devincire</i>—to lay any one under an obligation by kind treatment.</p> -<p><i>beneficium remunerari</i> or <i>reddere (cumulate)</i>—to (richly) recompense a kindness or service.</p> -<p><i>gratus</i> (opp. <i>ingratus</i>) <i>animus</i><a id="FNanchor-V_13_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_13_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—gratitude.</p> -<p><i>gratiam alicui debere</i>—to owe gratitude to; to be under an obligation to a person.</p> -<p><i>gratiam alicui habere</i>—to feel gratitude (in one's heart).</p> -<p><i>gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re</i>—to show gratitude (in one's acts).</p> -<p><i>gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re</i>—to thank a person (in words).</p> -<p><i>grates agere (dis immortalibus)</i>—to give thanks to heaven.</p> -<p><i>gratiam mereri</i>—to merit thanks; to do a thankworthy action.</p> -<p><i>par pari referre</i>—to return like for like.</p> -<p><i>paria paribus respondere</i>—to return like for like.</p> -<p><i>bonam (praeclaram) gratiam referre</i>—to reward amply; to give manifold recompense for.</p> -<p><i>benefacta maleficiis pensare</i>—to return evil for good.</p> -<p><i>maleficia benefactis remunerari</i>—to return good for evil.</p> -<p><i>pro maleficiis beneficia reddere</i>—to return good for evil.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_13_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_13_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>animus</i> is used similarly in several periphrases to express abstract qualities—e.g. <i>animus inexorabilis</i> = inflexibility, severity; <i>animus implacabilis</i> = implacability; <i>animus (fides) venalis</i> = venality. Cf. <i>simplices mores, simplex natura, ratio, genus</i> = simplicity (<i>simplicitas</i> is post-Augustan and usually = frankness, candour). <i>immemor ingenium</i> = forgetfulness (<i>oblivio</i> in this sense is not classical).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_14">14. Merit—Value—Reward</h3> -<p><i>bene, praeclare (melius, optime) mereri</i><a id="FNanchor-V_14_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_14_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>de aliquo</i>—to deserve well at some one's hands; to do a service to...</p> -<p><i>male mereri de aliquo</i>—to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly.</p> -<p><i>meritum alicuius in</i> or <i>erga aliquem</i>—what a man merits at another's hands.</p> -<p><i>nullo meo merito</i>—I had not deserved it.</p> -<p><i>ex, pro merito</i>—according to a man's deserts.</p> -<p><i>multum (aliquid) alicui rei tribuere</i>—to consider of importance; to set much (some) store by a thing.</p> -<p><i>multum alicui tribuere</i>—to value, esteem a person.</p> -<p><i>praemiis (amplissimis, maximis) aliquem afficere</i><a id="FNanchor-V_14_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_14_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to remunerate (handsomely).</p> -<p><i>meritum praemium alicui persolvere</i>—to reward a man according to his deserts.</p> -<p><i>praemium exponere</i> or <i>proponere</i>—(to encourage) by offering a reward.</p> -<p><i>praemium ponere</i>—to offer a prize (for the winner).</p> -<p><i>palmam deferre, dare alicui</i>—to award the prize to...</p> -<p><i>palmam ferre, auferre</i>—to win the prize.</p> -<p><i>pacta merces alicuius rei</i>—the stipulated reward for anything.</p> -<p><i>mercede conductum esse</i>—to be hired, suborned.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_14_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_14_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>mereri</i> is a middle verb, and consequently always has an adverb with it.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_14_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_14_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Notice the numerous phrases of which <i>afficere</i> is a part—e.g. <i>afficere aliquem admiratione, beneficio, exilio, honore, iniuria, laude, poena, supplicio</i>. Especially important is its passive use—e.g. <i>affici admiratione</i>, to admire; <i>gaudio, voluptate</i>, to rejoice, be pleased; <i>dolore</i>, to be pained, vexed; <i>poena</i>, to suffer punishment.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_15">15. Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders</h3> -<p><i>orare et obsecrare aliquem</i>—to entreat earnestly; to make urgent requests.</p> -<p><i>magno opere, vehementer, etiam atque etiam rogare aliquem</i>—to entreat earnestly; to make urgent requests.</p> -<p><i>precibus aliquem fatigare</i>—to importune with petitions.</p> -<p><i>supplicibus verbis orare</i>—to crave humbly; to supplicate.</p> -<p><i>precibus obsequi</i>—to grant a request.</p> -<p><i>alicui petenti satisfacere, non deesse</i>—to accede to a man's petitions.</p> -<p><i>magnis (infimis) precibus moveri</i>—to be influenced by, to yield to urgent (abject) entreaty.</p> -<p><i>negare</i>, more strongly <i>denegare alicui aliquid</i>—to refuse, reject a request.</p> -<p><i>petenti alicui negare aliquid</i>—to refuse, reject a request.</p> -<p><i>repudiare, aspernari preces alicuius</i>—to refuse, reject a request.</p> -<p><i>nihil tibi a me postulanti recusabo</i>—I will refuse you nothing.</p> -<p><i>aliquid ab aliquo impetrare</i>—to gain one's point with any one.</p> -<p><i>optata mihi contingunt</i>—my wishes are being fulfilled.</p> -<p><i>voluntati alicuius satisfacere, obsequi</i>—to satisfy a person's wishes.</p> -<p><i>ex sententia</i>—as one would wish; to one's mind.</p> -<p><i>aliquid optimis ominibus prosequi</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 11., note <i>Prosequi...</i>)—to wish prosperity to an undertaking.</p> -<p><i>bene id tibi vertat!</i>—I wish you all success in the matter.</p> -<p><i>mandatum, negotium alicui dare</i>—to entrust a matter to a person; to commission.</p> -<p><i>negotium ad aliquem deferre</i>—to entrust a matter to a person; to commission.</p> -<p><i>mandatum exsequi, persequi, conficere</i>—to execute a commission.</p> -<p><i>iussa</i> (usually only in plur.), <i>imperata facere</i>—to carry out orders</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_16">16. Friendship—Enmity—Reconciliation (cf. xii. 8)</h3> -<p><i>amicitiam cum aliquo jungere, facere, inire, contrahere</i>—to form a friendship with any one.</p> -<p><i>amicitiam colere</i>—to keep up, foster a connection.</p> -<p><i>uti aliquo amico</i>—to be friendly with any one.</p> -<p><i>est</i> or <i>intercedit mihi cum aliquo amicitia</i>—I am on good terms with a person.</p> -<p><i>sunt</i> or <i>intercedunt mihi cum aliquo inimicitiae</i><a id="FNanchor-V_16_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_16_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—I am on bad terms with a person.</p> -<p><i>uti aliquo familiariter</i>—to be on very intimate terms with...</p> -<p><i>artissimo amicitiae vinculo</i> or <i>summa familiaritate cum aliquo coniunctum esse</i>—to be bound by the closest ties of friendship.</p> -<p><i>vetustate amicitiae coniunctum esse</i>—to be very old friends.</p> -<p><i>amicitiam alicuius appetere</i>—to court a person's friendship.</p> -<p><i>in amicitiam alicuius recipi</i>—to gain some one's friendship; to become intimate with.</p> -<p><i>ad alicuius amicitiam se conferre, se applicare</i>—to gain some one's friendship; to become intimate with.</p> -<p><i>aliquem (tertium) ad (in) amicitiam ascribere</i>—to admit another into the circle of one's intimates.</p> -<p><i>amicitiam renuntiare</i>—to renounce, give up a friendship.</p> -<p><i>amicitiam dissuere, dissolvere, praecīdere</i>—to renounce, give up a friendship.</p> -<p><i>amicissimus meus</i> or <i>mihi</i>—my best friend.</p> -<p><i>homo intimus, familiarissimus mihi</i>—my most intimate acquaintance.</p> -<p><i>inimicitias gerere, habere, exercere cum aliquo</i>—to be at enmity with a man.</p> -<p><i>inimicitias cum aliquo suscipere</i>—to make a person one's enemy.</p> -<p><i>inimicitias deponere</i>—to lay aside one's differences.</p> -<p><i>aequi iniqui</i>—friend and foe.</p> -<p><i>placare aliquem alicui</i> or <i>in aliquem</i>—to reconcile two people; to be a mediator.</p> -<p><i>reconciliare alicuius animum</i> or simply <i>aliquem alicui</i>—to reconcile two people; to be a mediator.</p> -<p><i>in gratiam aliquem cum aliquo reducere</i>—to reconcile two people; to be a mediator.</p> -<p><i>in gratiam cum aliquo redire</i>—to be reconciled; to make up a quarrel.</p> -<p><i>sibi aliquem, alicuius animum reconciliare</i> or <i>reconciliari alicui</i>—to be reconciled; to make up a quarrel.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_16_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_16_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The singular <i>inimicitia</i> is only used to express the abstract idea "enmity".</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_17">17. Authority—Dignity (cf. xiv. 3)</h3> -<p><i>magna auctoritate esse</i>—to possess great authority; to be an influential person.</p> -<p><i>auctoritate valere</i> or <i>florere</i>—to possess great authority; to be an influential person.</p> -<p><i>magna auctoritas est in aliquo</i>—to possess great authority; to be an influential person.</p> -<p><i>multum auctoritate valere, posse apud aliquem</i>—to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight.</p> -<p><i>magna auctoritas alicuius est apud aliquem</i>—to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight.</p> -<p><i>alicuius auctoritas multum valet apud aliquem</i>—to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight.</p> -<p><i>auctoritatem</i> or <i>dignitatem sibi conciliare, parare</i>—to gain dignity; to make oneself a person of consequence.</p> -<p><i>ad summam auctoritatem pervenire</i>—to attain to the highest eminence.</p> -<p><i>auctoritatem alicuius amplificare</i> (opp. <i>imminuere, minuere</i>)—to increase a person's dignity.</p> -<p><i>auctoritati, dignitati alicuius illudere</i>—to insult a person's dignity.</p> -<p><i>dignitas est summa in aliquo</i>—to be in a dignified position.</p> -<p><i>summa dignitate praeditum esse</i>—to be in a dignified position.</p> -<p><i>aliquid alienum (a) dignitate sua</i> or merely <i>a se ducere</i>—to consider a thing beneath one's dignity.</p> -<p><i>aliquid infra se ducere</i> or <i>infra se positum arbitrari</i>—to consider a thing beneath one's dignity.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_18">18. Praise—Approval—Blame—Reproach</h3> -<p><i>laudem tribuere, impertire alicui</i>—to praise, extol, commend a person.</p> -<p><i>laude afficere aliquem</i>—to praise, extol, commend a person.</p> -<p><i>(maximis, summis) laudibus efferre aliquem</i> or <i>aliquid</i>—to praise, extol, commend a person.</p> -<p><i>eximia laude ornare aliquem</i>—to praise, extol, commend a person.</p> -<p><i>omni laude cumulare aliquem</i>—to overwhelm with eulogy.</p> -<p><i>laudibus aliquem (aliquid) in caelum ferre, efferre, tollere</i>—to extol, laud to the skies.</p> -<p><i>alicuius laudes praedicare</i>—to spread a person's praises.</p> -<p><i>aliquem beatum praedicare</i>—to consider happy.</p> -<p><i>omnium undique laudem colligere</i>—to win golden opinions from every one.</p> -<p><i>maximam ab omnibus laudem adipisci</i>—to win golden opinions from every one.</p> -<p><i>aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare</i>—to consider a thing creditable to a man.</p> -<p><i>aliquem coram, in os</i> or <i>praesentem laudare</i>—to praise a man to his face.</p> -<p><i>recte, bene fecisti quod...</i>—you were right in...; you did right to...</p> -<p><i>res mihi probatur</i>—a thing meets with my approval.</p> -<p><i>res a me probatur</i>—I express my approval of a thing.</p> -<p><i>hoc in te reprehendo</i> (not <i>ob eam rem</i>)—I blame this in you; I censure you for this.</p> -<p><i>vituperationem subire</i>—to suffer reproof; to be criticised, blamed.</p> -<p><i>in vituperationem, reprehensionem cadere, incidere, venire</i>—to suffer reproof; to be criticised, blamed.</p> -<p><i>exprobrare alicui aliquid</i>—to reproach a person with...</p> -<p><i>aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere</i>—to reproach a person with...</p> -<p><i>conqueri, expostulare cum aliquo de aliqua re</i>—to expostulate with a person about a thing.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_19">19. Rumour—Gossip—News—Mention</h3> -<p><i>rumor, fama, sermo est</i> or <i>manat</i>—report says; people say.</p> -<p><i>rumor, fama viget</i>—a rumour is prevalent.</p> -<p><i>fama serpit (per urbem)</i>—a report is spreading imperceptibly.</p> -<p><i>rumor increbrescit</i>—a report, an impression is gaining ground.</p> -<p><i>rumorem spargere</i>—to spread a rumour.</p> -<p><i>famam dissipare</i>—to spread a rumour.</p> -<p><i>dubii rumores afferuntur ad nos</i>—vague rumours reach us.</p> -<p><i>auditione et fama accepisse aliquid</i>—to know from hearsay.</p> -<p><i>fando aliquid audivisse</i>—to know from hearsay.</p> -<p><i>ex eo audivi, cum diceret</i>—I heard him say...</p> -<p><i>vulgo dicitur, pervulgatum est</i>—every one says.</p> -<p><i>in ore omnium</i> or <i>omnibus</i> (<i>hominum</i> or <i>hominibus</i>, but only <i>mihi, tibi</i>, etc.) <i>esse</i>—to be in every one's mouth.</p> -<p><i>per omnium ora ferri</i>—to be in every one's mouth.</p> -<p><i>in ore habere aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 6. 18. 5</span>)—to harp on a thing, be always talking of it.</p> -<p><i>efferre</i> or <i>edere aliquid in vulgus</i>—to divulge, make public.</p> -<p><i>foras efferri, palam fieri, percrebrescere, divulgari, in medium proferri, exire, emanare</i>—to become known, become a topic of common conversation (used of things).</p> -<p><i>in sermonem hominum venire</i>—to be a subject for gossip.</p> -<p><i>in ora vulgi abire</i>—to be a subject for gossip.</p> -<p><i>fabulam fieri</i>—to be the talk of the town, a scandal.</p> -<p><i>nuntio allato</i> or <i>accepto</i>—on receiving the news.</p> -<p><i>Romam nuntiatum est, allatum est</i>—news reached Rome.</p> -<p><i>certiorem facere aliquem</i> (<i>alicuius rei</i> or <i>de aliqua re</i>)—to inform a person.</p> -<p><i>mentionem facere alicuius rei</i> or <i>de aliqua re</i><a id="FNanchor-V_19_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_19_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to mention a thing.</p> -<p><i>mentionem inicere de aliqua re</i> or Acc. c. Inf.—to mention a thing incidentally, casually.</p> -<p><i>in mentionem alicuius rei incidere</i>—to mention a thing incidentally, casually.</p> -<p><i>mentio alicuius rei incidit</i>—to mention a thing incidentally, casually.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_19_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_19_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>commemorare</i>, the fundamental meaning of which is "to make a person mindful of...," and implies an emphatic reference to a definite point.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_20">20. Fame—Reputation</h3> -<p><i>gloriam, famam sibi comparare</i>—to gain distinction.</p> -<p><i>gloriam (immortalem) consequi, adipisci</i>—to win (undying) fame.</p> -<p><i>gloriae, laudi esse</i>—to confer distinction on a person; to redound to his credit.</p> -<p><i>laudem afferre</i>—to confer distinction on a person; to redound to his credit.</p> -<p><i>gloria, laude florere</i>—to be very famous, illustrious.</p> -<p><i>summa gloria florere</i>—to have reached the highest pinnacle of eminence.</p> -<p><i>clarum fieri, nobilitari, illustrari</i> (not the post-classical <i>clarescere</i> or <i>inclarescere</i>—to become famous, distinguish oneself.</p> -<p><i>gloriam colligere, in summam gloriam venire</i>—to become famous, distinguish oneself.</p> -<p><i>aliquem immortali gloria afficere</i>—to confer undying fame on, immortalise some one.</p> -<p><i>aliquem sempiternae gloriae commendare</i>—to confer undying fame on, immortalise some one.</p> -<p><i>immortalitatem consequi, adipisci, sibi parere</i>—to attain eternal renown.</p> -<p><i>gloria duci</i>—to be guided by ambition.</p> -<p><i>laudis studio trahi</i>—to be guided by ambition.</p> -<p><i>laudem, gloriam quaerere</i>—to be guided by ambition.</p> -<p><i>stimulis gloriae concitari</i>—to be spurred on by ambition.</p> -<p><i>gloriae, laudis cupiditate incensum esse, flagrare</i>—to be consumed by the fires of ambition.</p> -<p><i>de gloria, fama alicuius detrahere</i>—to detract from a person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person.</p> -<p><i>alicuius gloriae</i> or simply <i>alicui obtrectare</i>—to detract from a person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person.</p> -<p><i>alicuius famam, laudem imminuere</i>—to detract from a person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person.</p> -<p><i>obscurare alicuius gloriam, laudem, famam</i><a id="FNanchor-V_20_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_20_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (not <i>obscurare aliquem</i>)—to render obscure, eclipse a person.</p> -<p><i>famae servire, consulere</i>—to have regard for one's good name.</p> -<p><i>famam ante collectam tueri, conservare</i>—to live up to one's reputation.</p> -<p><i>bene, male audire (ab aliquo)</i>—to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of.</p> -<p><i>bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo</i>—to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of.</p> -<p><i>famam crudelitatis subire</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 4. 6. 12</span>)—to gain the reputation of cruelty.</p> -<p><i>infamiam alicui inferre, aspergere</i>—to damage a person's character, bring him into bad odour.</p> -<p><i>infamem facere aliquem</i>—to damage a person's character, bring him into bad odour.</p> -<p><i>magnam sui famam relinquere</i>—to leave a great reputation behind one.</p> -<p><i>opinionem virtutis habere</i>—to have the reputation of virtue.</p> -<p><i>existimatio</i><a id="FNanchor-V_20_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_20_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>hominum, omnium</i>—the common opinion, the general idea.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_20_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_20_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In the same way, to improve a man, <i>alicuius mores corrigere</i> (not <i>aliquem c.</i>); to understand some one, <i>alicuius orationem</i> or <i>quid dicat intellegere</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_20_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_20_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>existimatio</i> has two uses: (1) active—opinion held by others, criticism; (2) passive—reputation, character, usually in a good sense, consequently = good reputation without the addition of <i>bona, integra</i>, etc.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_21">21. Honour—Disgrace—Ignominy</h3> -<p><i>esse in honore apud aliquem</i>—to be honoured, esteemed by some one.</p> -<p><i>honorem alicui habere, tribuere</i>—to honour, show respect for, a person.</p> -<p><i>aliquem honore afficere, augere, ornare, prosequi</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 11., note <i>Prosequi...</i>)—to honour, show respect for, a person.</p> -<p><i>aliquem cupiditate honorum inflammare</i> (or <i>aliquem ad cupiditatem honorum inflammare</i>)—to kindle ambition in some one's mind.</p> -<p><i>honores concupiscere</i> (opp. <i>aspernari</i>)—to aspire to dignity, high honours.</p> -<p><i>honoris causa aliquem nominare</i> or <i>appellare</i>—to speak of some one respectfully.</p> -<p><i>statuam alicui ponere, constituere</i>—to set up a statue in some one's honour.</p> -<p><i>aliquem colere et observare</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 2. 19</span>)—to pay respect to, be courteous to a person.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ignominia afficere, notare</i>—to inflict an indignity upon, insult a person.</p> -<p><i>alicui ignominiam inurere</i>—to inflict an indignity upon, insult a person.</p> -<p><i>infamiam concipere, subire, sibi conflare</i>—to incur ignominy.</p> -<p><i>vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere</i>—to sully one's fair fame.</p> -<p><i>notam turpitudinis alicui</i> or <i>vitae alicuius inurere</i>—to injure a man's character, tarnish his honour.</p> -<p><i>ignominiam non ferre</i>—to chafe under an indignity, repudiate it.</p> -<p><i>maculam (conceptam) delere, eluere</i>—to blot out a reproach.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_22">22. Effort—Industry—Labour—Exertion</h3> -<p><i>studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut...</i>—to take great pains in order to...</p> -<p><i>egregiam operam</i> (<i>multum, plus</i> etc. <i>operae</i>) <i>dare alicui rei</i>—to expend great labour on a thing.</p> -<p><i>operam alicui rei tribuere, in aliquid conferre</i>—to expend great labour on a thing.</p> -<p><i>operam (laborem, curam) in</i> or <i>ad aliquid impendere</i>—to expend great labour on a thing.</p> -<p><i>multum operae ac laboris consumere in aliqua re</i>—to exert oneself very energetically in a matter.</p> -<p><i>studium, industriam</i> (not <i>diligentiam</i>) <i>collocare, ponere in aliqua re</i>—to apply oneself zealously, diligently to a thing.</p> -<p><i>incumbere in (ad) aliquid</i>—to be energetic about, throw one's heart into a thing.</p> -<p><i>opus</i><a id="FNanchor-V_22_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_22_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>facere</i> (<span class="ref">De Senect. 7. 24</span>)—to do work (especially agricultural).</p> -<p><i>opus aggredi</i>—to take a task in hand, engage upon it.</p> -<p><i>ad opus faciendum accedere</i>—to take a task in hand, engage upon it.</p> -<p><i>res est multi laboris et sudoris</i>—the matter involves much labour and fatigue.</p> -<p><i>desudare et elaborare in aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">De Senect. 11. 38</span>)—to exert oneself very considerably in a matter.</p> -<p><i>labori, operae non parcere</i>—to spare no pains.</p> -<p><i>laborem non intermittere</i>—to work without intermission.</p> -<p><i>nullum tempus a labore intermittere</i>—not to leave off work for an instant.</p> -<p><i>lucubrare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 1. 57</span>)—to work by night, burn the midnight oil.</p> -<p><i>inanem laborem suscipere</i>—to lose one's labour.</p> -<p><i>operam (et oleum) perdere</i> or <i>frustra consumere</i>—to lose one's labour.</p> -<p><i>rem actam</i> or simply <i>actum agere</i> (proverb.)—to have all one's trouble for nothing.</p> -<p><i>labore supersedēre (itineris)</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 4. 2. 4</span>)—to spare oneself the trouble of the voyage.</p> -<p><i>patiens laboris</i>—capable of exertion.</p> -<p><i>fugiens laboris</i>—lazy.</p> -<p><i>operae pretium est</i> (c. Inf.)—it is worth while.</p> -<p><i>acti labores iucundi</i> (proverb.)—rest after toil is sweet.</p> -<p><i>contentionem adhibere</i>—to exert oneself.</p> -<p><i>omnes nervos</i><a id="FNanchor-V_22_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_22_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>in aliqua re contendere</i>—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.</p> -<p><i>omnibus viribus</i>or <i>nervis contendere, ut</i>—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.</p> -<p><i>omni ope atque opera</i> or <i>omni virium contentione eniti, ut</i>—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.</p> -<p><i>contendere et laborare, ut</i>—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.</p> -<p><i>pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut</i>—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_22_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_22_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>opus</i> always means the concrete work on which one is engaged; <i>labor</i> is the trouble, fatigue, resulting from effort; <i>opera</i> is the voluntary effort, the trouble spent on an object. Thus <i>laborare</i> = not simply to work, but to work energetically, with exertion and consequent fatigue; <i>operari</i>, to be busy with a thing. Terence thus distinguishes <i>opus</i> and <i>opera</i>: <i>quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae</i>. Cf. <span class="ref">Verg. Aen. 1. 455</span> <i>operumque laborem miratur</i> = the trouble with such huge works must have cost.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_22_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_22_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>nervi</i> properly = sinews, muscles, not nerves the existence of which was unknown to the ancients. Metaphorically <i>nervi</i> denotes not only strength in general but also specially—(1) vital power, elasticity, e.g. <i>omnes nervos virtutis elidere</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 2. 11. 27</span>), <i>incīdere</i>, to paralyse the strength of virtue; (2) motive power, mainspring, essence, of a thing, e.g. <i>vectigalia nervi rei publicae sunt</i> (<span class="ref">Imp. Pomp. 7. 17</span>), <i>nervi belli pecunia</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 5. 2. 15</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_23">23. Business—Leisure—Inactivity—Idleness</h3> -<p><i>negotium suscipere</i>—to undertake an affair.</p> -<p><i>negotium obire, exsequi</i>—to execute, manage a business, undertaking.</p> -<p><i>negotium conficere, expedire, transigere</i>—to arrange, settle a matter.</p> -<p><i>negotia agere, gerere</i>—to be occupied with business, busy.</p> -<p><i>multis negotiis implicatum, districtum, distentum, obrutum esse</i>—to be involved in many undertakings; to be much occupied, embarrassed, overwhelmed by business-claims.</p> -<p><i>negotiis vacare</i>—to be free from business.</p> -<p><i>occupatum esse in aliqua re</i>—to be engaged upon a matter.</p> -<p><i>intentum esse alicui rei</i>—to be engaged upon a matter.</p> -<p><i>negotium alicui facessere</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 3. 10. 1</span>)—to give a person trouble, inconvenience him.</p> -<p><i>magnum negotium est</i> c. Inf.—it is a great undertaking to...</p> -<p><i>nullo negotio</i>—without any trouble.</p> -<p><i>otiosum esse</i>—to be at leisure.</p> -<p><i>in otio esse</i> or <i>vivere</i>—to be at leisure.</p> -<p><i>otium habere</i>—to be at leisure.</p> -<p><i>otio frui</i>—to be at leisure.</p> -<p><i>otio abundare</i>—to have abundance of leisure.</p> -<p><i>otium sequi, amplexari</i>—to be a lover of ease, leisure.</p> -<p><i>otiosum tempus consumere in aliqua re</i>—to spend one's leisure hours on an object.</p> -<p><i>otio abūti</i><a id="FNanchor-V_23_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_23_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> or <i>otium ad suum usum transferre</i>—to use up, make full use of one's spare time.</p> -<p><i>(in) otio languere et hebescere</i>—to grow slack with inactivity, stagnate.</p> -<p><i>otio diffluere</i>—to grow slack with inactivity, stagnate.</p> -<p><i>desidiae et languori se dedere</i>—to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy.</p> -<p><i>ignaviae</i><a id="FNanchor-V_23_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-V_23_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>et socordiae se dare</i>—to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy.</p> -<p><i>per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agere</i>—to pass one's life in luxury and idleness.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-V_23_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_23_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>abuti</i> properly = to consume, make full use of. From this is developed the rarer meaning to use in excess, abuse = <i>perverse, intemperanter, immoderate uti</i>. Abuse, misuse = <i>pravus usus, vitium male utentium, insolens mos</i>. <i>abusus</i> is only found in the Jurists, and <i>abusio</i> is a technical term of rhetoric = <i><span class="greek">κατάχρησις</span></i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-V_23_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-V_23_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The original meaning of <i>ignavia</i> (<i>in-gnavus</i>, cf. <i>navus, navare</i>) is not cowardice but laziness.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_V_24">24. Pleasure—Recreation</h3> -<p><i>voluptatem ex aliqua re capere</i> or <i>percipere</i>—to derive pleasure from a thing.</p> -<p><i>voluptate perfundi</i>—to revel in pleasure, be blissfully happy.</p> -<p><i>voluptatibus frui</i>—to take one's fill of enjoyment.</p> -<p><i>voluptates haurire</i>—to take one's fill of enjoyment.</p> -<p><i>se totum voluptatibus dedere, tradere</i>—to devote oneself absolutely to the pursuit of pleasure.</p> -<p><i>homo voluptarius</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 2. 7. 18</span>)—a devotee of pleasure; a self-indulgent man.</p> -<p><i>voluptatis illecebris deleniri</i>—to be led astray, corrupted by the allurements of pleasure.</p> -<p><i>voluptatis blanditiis corrumpi</i>—to be led astray, corrupted by the allurements of pleasure.</p> -<p><i>in voluptates se mergere</i>—to plunge into a life of pleasure.</p> -<p><i>animum a voluptate sevocare</i>—to hold aloof from all amusement.</p> -<p><i>voluptates (corporis)</i>—sensual pleasure.</p> -<p><i>voluptatis</i> or <i>animi causa</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 12</span>)—for one's own diversion; to satisfy a whim.</p> -<p><i>deliciis diffluere</i>—to wanton in the pleasures of sense.</p> -<p><i>animum relaxare, reficere, recreare</i> or simply <i>se reficere, se recreare, refici, recreari (ex aliqua re)</i>—to recruit oneself, seek relaxation.</p> -<p><i>animum</i> or simply <i>se remittere</i>—to indulge oneself.</p> -<p><i>animo</i> or simply <i>sibi indulgere</i>—to indulge oneself.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_VI">VI. The Mind; its Functions</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_1">1. Genius—Talent—Intelligence</h3> -<p><i>magno animo esse</i>—to be magnanimous, broad-minded.</p> -<p><i>animum attendere ad aliquid</i>—to turn one's attention to a thing.</p> -<p><i>diligenter attendere (aliquid)</i>—to attend carefully.</p> -<p><i>alias res</i> or <i>aliud agere</i>—to be inattentive.</p> -<p><i>animo adesse</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—(1) to be attentive; (2) to keep one's presence of mind.</p> -<p><i>vir magno ingenio, ingeniosus</i>—a man of ability.</p> -<p><i>vir magno ingenio praeditus</i>—a man of ability.</p> -<p><i>ingenio valere</i>—to be talented, gifted.</p> -<p><i>ingenio abundare</i>—to be very talented.</p> -<p><i>natura et ingenium</i>—natural gifts.</p> -<p><i>ingenium acuere</i>—to sharpen the wits.</p> -<p><i>ingenii acumen</i>—penetration; sagacity.</p> -<p><i>ingenii tarditas</i> (opp. <i>celeritas</i>)—dulness of intellect.</p> -<p><i>ingenii infirmitas</i> or <i>imbecillitas</i>—weakmindedness.</p> -<p><i>mentis compotem esse</i>—to be of sane mind.</p> -<p><i>mente captum esse, mente alienata esse</i>—to be out of one's mind.</p> -<p><i>sanae mentis esse</i>—to be of sound mind.</p> -<p><i>mentis quasi luminibus officere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XIII. 6) or <i>animo caliginem offundere</i>—to obscure the mental vision.</p> -<p><i>intellegentia</i> or <i>mente multum valere</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to possess great ability.</p> -<p><i>ad intellegentiam communem</i> or <i>popularem accommodare aliquid</i>—to accommodate something to the standard of the popular intelligence.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For the second meaning cf. Cicero, <i>ades animo et omitte timorem, Scipio</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>captus</i>, in the meaning ability, capacity, only occurs in the phrase <i>ut captus est servorum</i>; while <i>capacitas</i> merely means capacity, content, e.g. <i>vasorum</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_2">2. Imagination—Thought</h3> -<p><i>animo, cogitatione aliquid fingere</i> (or simply <i>fingere</i>, but without <i>sibi</i>), <i>informare</i>—to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive.</p> -<p><i>animo concipere aliquid</i>—to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive.</p> -<p><i>animo, cogitatione aliquid praecipere</i> (<span class="ref">Off 1. 23. 81</span>)—to form a conception of a thing beforehand.</p> -<p><i>cogitatione sibi aliquid depingere</i>—to picture to oneself.</p> -<p><i>ingenium, cogitatio</i>—imagination.</p> -<p><i>ingenii vis</i> or <i>celeritas</i>—vivid, lively imagination.</p> -<p><i>rerum imagines</i>—creatures of the imagination.</p> -<p><i>res cogitatione fictae</i> or <i>depictae</i>—creatures of the imagination.</p> -<p><i>opinionum commenta, ineptiae, monstra, portenta</i>—extravagant fictions of fancy.</p> -<p><i>animo, mente, cogitatione aliquid comprehendere, complecti</i>—to grasp a thing mentally.</p> -<p><i>in eam cogitationem incidere</i>—to happen to think of...</p> -<p><i>haec cogitatio subit animum</i>—an idea strikes me.</p> -<p><i>illud succurrit mihi</i>—an idea strikes me.</p> -<p><i>mihi in mentem venit alicuius rei</i>—something comes into my mind.</p> -<p><i>aliquid animo meo obversatur</i> (cf. sect. III, s. v. <i>oculi</i>)—a vague notion presents itself to my mind.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ad eam cogitationem adducere ut</i>—to induce a person to think that...</p> -<p><i>alicuius animum ab aliqua re abducere</i>—to draw away some one's attention from a thing.</p> -<p><i>cogitationem, animum in aliquid intendere</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 4. 46</span>)—to direct one's attention...</p> -<p><i>omnes cogitationes ad aliquid conferre</i>—to give all one's attention to a thing.</p> -<p><i>mentem in aliqua re defigere</i>—to fix all one's thoughts on an object.</p> -<p><i>in cogitatione defixum esse</i>—to be deep in thought.</p> -<p><i>cogitationes in res humiles abicere</i> (<span class="ref">De Amic. 9. 32</span>) (Opp. <i>alte spectare, ad altiora tendere, altum, magnificum, divinum suspicere</i>)—to study the commonplace.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_3">3. Conceptions—Ideals—Perfection</h3> -<p><i>notiones animo (menti) insitae, innatae</i>—innate ideas.</p> -<p><i>intellegentiae adumbratae</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> or <i>incohatae</i> (<span class="ref">De Leg. 1. 22. 59</span>)—vague, undeveloped ideas.</p> -<p><i>notionem</i> or <i>rationem alicuius rei in animo informare</i> or <i>animo concipere</i>—to form a conception, notion of a thing.</p> -<p><i>absolutus et perfectus</i>—absolutely perfect.</p> -<p><i>omnibus numeris absolutus</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 13</span>)—perfect in every detail.</p> -<p><i>ad summum perducere</i>—to bring to the highest perfection.</p> -<p><i>perficere et absolvere</i>—to bring to the highest perfection.</p> -<p><i>ad perfectionem, (ad summum) pervenire</i>—to attain perfection.</p> -<p><i>absolutio et perfectio</i> (not <i>summa perfectio</i>)—ideal perfection.</p> -<p><i>cogitatione, non re</i>—ideally, not really.</p> -<p><i>undique expleta et perfecta forma</i>—an ideal.</p> -<p><i>species optima</i> or <i>eximia, specimen</i>, also simply <i>species, forma</i>—an ideal.</p> -<p><i>comprehensam quandam animo speciem (alicuius rei) habere</i>—to have formed an ideal notion of a thing.</p> -<p><i>singularem quandam perfectionis imaginem animo concipere</i>—to conceive an ideal.</p> -<p><i>imaginem perfecti oratoris adumbrare</i>—to sketch the ideal of an orator.</p> -<p><i>civitas optima, perfecta Platonis</i>—Plato's ideal republic.</p> -<p><i>illa civitas Platonis commenticia</i>—Plato's ideal republic.</p> -<p><i>illa civitas, quam Plato finxit</i>—Plato's ideal republic.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>adumbrare</i> is a technical term of painting = to make a sketch, outline of an object; then metaphorically, to merely hint at a thing. Its opposite is <i>exprimere</i>, technical term of sculpture, =figuratively, to represent exactly, clearly. It never has the simple meaning "to express."</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_4">4. Opinion—Prejudice—Conjecture</h3> -<p><i>in sententia manere, permanere, perseverare, perstare</i>—to abide by, persist in one's opinion.</p> -<p><i>illud, hoc teneo</i>—I abide by this opinion.</p> -<p><i>a sententia sua discedere</i>—to give up one's opinion.</p> -<p><i>de sententia sua decedere</i>—to give up one's opinion.</p> -<p><i>(de) sententia desistere</i>—to give up one's opinion.</p> -<p><i>de sententia deici, depelli, deterreri</i>—to be forced to change one's mind.</p> -<p><i>de sententia aliquem deducere, movere</i>—to make a man change his opinion.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ad suam sententiam perducere</i> or <i>in suam sententiam adducere</i>—to win a man over to one's own way of thinking.</p> -<p><i>ad alicuius sententiam accedere, sententiam alicuius sequi</i>—to adopt some one's opinion.</p> -<p><i>idem sentire</i> (opp. <i>dissentire ab aliquo</i>)—to hold the same views.</p> -<p><i>sententiam suam aperire</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to freely express one's opinions.</p> -<p><i>sententiam fronte celare, tegere</i>—not to betray one's feelings by one's looks.</p> -<p><i>dic quid sentias</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_4_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_4_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—give me your opinion.</p> -<p><i>in hac sum sententia, ut...putem</i>—I think that...</p> -<p><i>plura in eam sententiam disputare</i>—to discuss a subject more fully on the same lines.</p> -<p><i>ut mea fert opinio</i>—according to my opinion.</p> -<p><i>ut mihi quidem videtur</i>—according to my opinion.</p> -<p><i>mea (quidem) sententia</i>—according to my opinion.</p> -<p><i>quot homines, tot sententiae</i>—many men, many minds.</p> -<p><i>opiniones falsas animo imbibere</i>—to be imbibing false opinions.</p> -<p><i>opinionibus falsis imbui</i>—to be imbibing false opinions.</p> -<p><i>opinionis error</i>—erroneous opinion.</p> -<p><i>opinio praeiudicata</i>, also simply <i>opinio</i> (not <i>praeiudicium</i> = a preliminary decision)—prejudice.</p> -<p><i>opinio confirmata, inveterata</i>—a rooted opinion.</p> -<p><i>opinionum pravitate infici</i>—to be filled with absurd prejudices.</p> -<p><i>opinionum commenta</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 2. 5</span>)—chimeras.</p> -<p><i>monstra</i> or <i>portenta</i>—marvellous ideas; prodigies.</p> -<p><i>coniectura assequi, consequi, aliquid coniectura colligere</i>—to conjecture.</p> -<p><i>quantum ego coniectura assequor, auguror</i>—as far as I can guess.</p> -<p><i>coniecturam alicuius rei facere</i> or <i>capere ex aliqua re</i>—to infer by comparison, judge one thing by another.</p> -<p><i>de se (ex se de aliis) coniecturam facere</i>—to judge others by oneself.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in coniectura positum est</i>—it is a matter of conjecture, supposition.</p> -<p><i>aliquid coniectura nititur, continetur</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 1. 14. 24</span>)—it is a matter of conjecture, supposition.</p> -<p><i>probabilia coniectura sequi</i>—to try to conjecture probabilities.</p> -<p><i>aliquid mihi nec opinanti, insperanti accidit</i>—a thing has happened contrary to my expectation.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>se aperire</i> = to betray oneself; cf. <i>se indicare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 12</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_4_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_4_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Not <i>sententiam dicere</i>, which is used of senators giving their vote; cf. <i>suffragium ferre</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_5">5. Truth—Error</h3> -<p><i>verum dicere, profiteri</i>—to speak the truth, admit the truth.</p> -<p><i>omnia ad veritatem</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>dicere</i>—to be truthful in all one's statements.</p> -<p><i>veritatis amans, diligens, studiosus</i>—truthful; veracious.</p> -<p><i>a vero aversum esse</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 3. 1. 29</span>)—to be averse to truth.</p> -<p><i>a veritate deflectere, desciscere</i>—to swerve from the truth.</p> -<p><i>veri videndi, investigandi cupiditas</i>—love of truth.</p> -<p><i>veri inquisitio atque investigatio</i>—zealous pursuit of truth.</p> -<p><i>a vero abduci</i>—to be led away from the truth.</p> -<p><i>proxime ad verum accedere</i>—to be very near the truth.</p> -<p><i>a vero non abhorrere</i>—to be probable.</p> -<p><i>veri simile esse</i>—to be probable.</p> -<p><i>haec speciosiora quam veriora sunt</i>—this is more plausible than true.</p> -<p><i>vera et falsa (a falsis) diiudicare</i>—to distinguish true and false.</p> -<p><i>vera cum falsis confundere</i>—to confuse true with false.</p> -<p><i>veritas</i>—veracity.</p> -<p><i>re (vera), reapse</i> (opp. <i>specie</i>)—in truth; really.</p> -<p><i>in errore versari</i>—to be mistaken.</p> -<p><i>magno errore teneri</i>—to be in gross error, seriously misled.</p> -<p><i>in magno errore versari</i>—to be in gross error, seriously misled.</p> -<p><i>vehementer errare</i>—to be in gross error, seriously misled.</p> -<p><i>erroribus implicari</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 4. 27. 58</span>)—to fall into error.</p> -<p><i>per errorem labi</i>, or simply <i>labi</i>—to take a false step.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in errorem inducere, rapere</i>—to lead a person into error.</p> -<p><i>errorem animo imbibere</i>—to get a mistaken notion into the mind.</p> -<p><i>errorem cum lacte nutricis sugere</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 3. 1. 2</span>)—to imbibe error from one's mother's breasts.</p> -<p><i>error longe lateque diffusus</i>—a wide-spread error.</p> -<p><i>errorem tollere</i>—to banish an error, do away with a false impression.</p> -<p><i>errorem amputare et circumcīdere</i>—to banish an error, do away with a false impression.</p> -<p><i>errorem stirpitus extrahere</i>—to totally eradicate false principles.</p> -<p><i>errorem deponere, corrigere</i>—to amend, correct one's mistake.</p> -<p><i>alicui errorem demere, eripere, extorquere</i>—to undeceive a person.</p> -<p><i>nisi fallor</i>—if I am not mistaken.</p> -<p><i>nisi (animus) me fallit</i>—if I am not mistaken.</p> -<p><i>nisi omnia me fallunt</i>—unless I'm greatly mistaken.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>verum</i> = the truth, concrete; <i>veritas</i> = truth in the abstract.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_6">6. Choice—Doubt—Scruple</h3> -<p><i>optionem alicui dare</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 2. 7. 19</span>)—to give a person his choice.</p> -<p><i>optionem alicui dare, utrum...an</i>—to offer a person the alternative of... or...</p> -<p><i>in dubium vocare</i>—to throw doubt upon a thing.</p> -<p><i>in dubio ponere</i>—to throw doubt upon a thing.</p> -<p><i>in dubium venire</i>—to become doubtful.</p> -<p><i>quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. Agr. 1. 4. 11</span>)—a thing which is rather (very) dubious.</p> -<p><i>dubitatio mihi affertur, inicitur</i>—a doubt arises in my mind.</p> -<p><i>dubitationem alicui tollere</i>—to relieve a person of his doubts.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in medio, in dubio relinquere</i> (<span class="ref">Cael. 20. 48</span>)—to leave a thing undecided.</p> -<p><i>aliquid dubium, incertum relinquere</i>—to leave a thing undecided.</p> -<p><i>sine dubio</i> (not <i>sine ullo dubio</i>)—without doubt, beyond all doubt.</p> -<p><i>sine ulla dubitatione</i>—without any hesitation; without the least scruple.</p> -<p><i>scrupulum ex animo alicuius evellere</i> (<span class="ref">Rosc. Am. 2. 6</span>)—to relieve a man of his scruple.</p> -<p><i>unus mihi restat scrupulus</i> (<span class="ref">Ter. Andr. 5. 4. 37</span>) (cf. too <i>religio</i>, sect. XI. 2)—one thing still makes me hesitate.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_7">7. Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion</h3> -<p><i>certo (certe) scio</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Arch. 12. 32</span>)—I know for a fact.</p> -<p><i>probe scio, non ignoro</i>—I know very well.</p> -<p><i>non sum ignarus, nescius</i> (not <i>non sum inscius</i>)—I know very well.</p> -<p><i>me non fugit, praeterit</i>—I am not unaware.</p> -<p><i>quantum scio</i>—as far as I know.</p> -<p><i>quod sciam</i>—as far as I know.</p> -<p><i>hoc</i> (not <i>tantum</i>) <i>certum est</i>—this much is certain.</p> -<p><i>aliquid compertum habere</i>—to know a thing for certain.</p> -<p><i>illud pro certo affirmare licet</i>—this much I can vouch for.</p> -<p><i>mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo</i>—I am quite certain on the point.</p> -<p><i>inter omnes constat</i>—it is a recognised fact.</p> -<p><i>mihi persuasum est</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_7_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_7_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—I am persuaded, convinced.</p> -<p><i>mihi persuasi</i>—I am persuaded, convinced.</p> -<p><i>sic habeto</i>—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.</p> -<p><i>persuade tibi</i>—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.</p> -<p><i>velim tibi ita persuadeas</i>—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.</p> -<p><i>sic volo te tibi persuadere</i>—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.</p> -<p><i>addūcor, ut credam</i>—I am gradually convinced that...</p> -<p><i>non possum adduci, ut (credam)</i>—I cannot make myself believe that...</p> -<p><i>ex animi mei sententia</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XI. 2)—according to my strong conviction.</p> -<p><i>suo iudicio uti</i>—to act in accordance with one's convictions.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> With <i>certe scio</i>, which is the form Cicero usually employs, the certitude lies in our knowledge, <i>certum est me scire</i>; with <i>certo scire</i> the certitude lies in the object of our knowledge. <i>certo</i> rarely occurs except with <i>scio</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_7_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_7_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Caesar occasionally uses <i>persuasum sibi habere</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_8">8. Plan—Advice—Deliberation</h3> -<p><i>consilium capere, inire</i> (<i>de aliqua re</i>, with Gen. gerund., with Inf., more rarely <i>ut</i>)—to form a plan, make a resolution.</p> -<p><i>consilio desistere</i>—to give up a project, an intention.</p> -<p><i>consilium abicere</i> or <i>deponere</i>—to let a plan fall through.</p> -<p><i>a consilio deterreri aliqua re</i>—to be deterred from one's intention by something.</p> -<p><i>mediocribus consiliis uti</i>—to adopt half-measures.</p> -<p><i>consilium, sententiam mutare</i>—to alter one's views, intentions.</p> -<p><i>suo consilio uti</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_8_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_8_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to go one's own way, proceed independently.</p> -<p><i>magna moliri</i>—to be busy with ambitious projects.</p> -<p><i>consilia cum aliquo communicare</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_8_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_8_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—(1) to communicate one's plans to some one; (2) to make common cause with a person. Similarly <i>c. causam, rationem</i>.</p> -<p><i>consilia inter se communicare</i>—to take common counsel.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in</i> or <i>ad consilium adhibere</i>—to consult a person, take his advice.</p> -<p><i>consilium habere (de aliqua re)</i>—to deliberate together (of a number of people).</p> -<p><i>consultare</i> or <i>deliberare (de aliqua re)</i>—to deliberate, consider (of individuals).</p> -<p><i>consiliis arcanis interesse</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 35. 18</span>)—to be present at secret consultations.</p> -<p><i>consilium dare alicui</i>—to give a person advice.</p> -<p><i>auctorem esse alicui, ut</i>—to give a person advice.</p> -<p><i>aliquem consilio (et re) iuvare</i>—to give a person the advantage of one's advice (and actual support).</p> -<p><i>consilii mei copiam facio tibi</i>—I put myself at your disposal as regards advice.</p> -<p><i>consilium petere ab aliquo</i>—to apply to a person for advice.</p> -<p><i>consilii inopem esse</i>—to be perplexed.</p> -<p><i>omnia consilia frigent</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 25</span>)—advice is useless in this case; the situation is very embarrassing.</p> -<p><i>nullo consilio, nulla ratione, temere</i>—without reflection; inconsiderately; rashly.</p> -<p><i>secum (cum animo) reputare aliquid</i>—to think over, consider a thing.</p> -<p><i>considerare in, cum animo, secum aliquid</i>—to think over, consider a thing.</p> -<p><i>agitare (in) mente</i> or <i>(in) animo aliquid</i>—to think over, consider a thing.</p> -<p><i>aliquid cadit in deliberationem</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 3. 9</span>)—a subject becomes matter for reflection.</p> -<p><i>re diligenter considerata, perpensa</i>—after mature deliberation.</p> -<p><i>omnibus rebus circumspectis</i>—after mature deliberation.</p> -<p><i>inita subductaque ratione</i>—after mature deliberation.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_8_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_8_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>uti</i> is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practising, proving, etc., e.g. <i>uti ventis secundis, adversis</i>; <i>praesenti animo uti</i>, to show presence of mind; <i>perpetua felicitate</i>, to enjoy...; <i>prudentia, severitate, crudelitate</i>, to show...; <i>bona valetudine, prospero fortunae flatu</i>, to enjoy...; cf. sect. V. 6.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_8_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_8_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>communicare (aliquid cum aliquo)</i> means properly to share a thing with some one. From this are developed the two senses—1. to give some one something, e.g. <i>consilia, laudem, gloriam alicuius rei</i>; 2. to receive a share of a thing, e.g. <i>pericula, paupertatem</i>. "To communicate," <i>i.e.</i> to announce, inform, is represented by <i>dicere, tradere, narrare, exponere, certiorem facere</i>, etc.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_9">9. Resolve—Design—Intention</h3> -<p><i>in animo habeo</i> or <i>mihi est in animo</i> c. Inf.—I am resolved; it is my intention.</p> -<p><i>certum (mihi) est</i>—I am determined.</p> -<p><i>certum deliberatumque est</i>—I am firmly resolved.</p> -<p><i>stat mihi sententia</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 21. 30.</span>)—I am firmly resolved.</p> -<p><i>incertus sum, quid consilii capiam</i>—I am undecided...</p> -<p><i>mihi non constat</i> (with indirect question)—I have not made up my mind.</p> -<p><i>propositum est mihi</i> c. Inf.—I intend, propose to...</p> -<p><i>propositum, consilium tenere</i> (opp. <i>a proposito deterreri</i>)—to abide by one's resolution.</p> -<p><i>propositum</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>assequi, peragere</i>—to carry out one's plan.</p> -<p><i>magna sibi proponere</i> or <i>magna spectare</i>—to have a high object in view; to be ambitious.</p> -<p><i>in incepto</i> or <i>conatu perstare</i>—to persevere in one's resolve.</p> -<p><i>in proposito susceptoque consilio permanere</i>—to persevere in one's resolve.</p> -<p><i>incepto</i> or <i>conatu desistere</i>—to give up one's project.</p> -<p><i>parare aliquid</i>—to take measures for...</p> -<p><i>animum inducere</i> c. Inf. (not <i>in animum inducere</i>)—to persuade oneself to...</p> -<p><i>a me impetrare non possum, ut</i>—I cannot bring myself to...</p> -<p><i>descendere ad aliquid, ad omnia</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 9, note <i>Similarly descendere...</i>)—to consent to..., lend oneself to...</p> -<p><i>descendere ad extrema consilia</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 10. 33. 4</span>)—to have recourse to extreme measures.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_9_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In classical prose <i>propositum</i> is still semi-adjectival and has not yet acquired all the functions of a substantive; consequently it cannot be joined to a genitive, an adjective, or a pronoun. Cf. the treatment of <i>factum, dictum</i>, etc., in Augustan Latin.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_10">10. Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay</h3> -<p><i>consilium est</i> c. Inf. or <i>ut</i>—my intention is...</p> -<p><i>id sequor, ut</i>—my intention is...</p> -<p><i>spectare aliquid</i> or <i>ad aliquid</i>—to have an object in view.</p> -<p><i>res eo spectat, ut</i>—the matter tends towards..., has this object.<a id="FNanchor-VI_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_10_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> -<p><i>res spectat ad vim (arma)</i>—there seems a prospect of armed violence; things look like violence.</p> -<p><i>id quod voluit consecutus est</i>—he attained his object.</p> -<p><i>ad id quod voluit pervenit</i>—he attained his object.</p> -<p><i>quid tibi vis?</i>—what do you mean to do?</p> -<p><i>quid hoc sibi vult?</i>—what is the meaning of this?</p> -<p><i>quid hoc rei est?</i>—what is the meaning of this?</p> -<p><i>eo consilio, ea mente, ut</i>—with the intention of...</p> -<p><i>de industria, dedita opera</i> (opp. <i>imprudens</i>)—designedly; intentionally.</p> -<p><i>ad id ipsum</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_10_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_10_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—with this very object.</p> -<p><i>infecta re</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 9. 32</span>)—to no purpose; ineffectually.</p> -<p><i>moram alicui rei afferre, inferre, facere</i>—to retard, delay a thing.</p> -<p><i>in mora alicui esse</i>—to detain a person.</p> -<p><i>nullam moram interponere, quin</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 10. 1. 1</span>)—to make all possible haste to...</p> -<p><i>sine mora</i> or <i>nulla mora interposita</i>—without delay.</p> -<p><i>diem ex die ducere, differre</i>—to put off from one day to another.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_10_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Note <i>Athenae a Persis petutuntur</i>, the object of the Persian invasion is Athens (<span class="ref">Nep. Them. 2. 6</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_10_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_10_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The aim, tendency of a writing or a poem is <i>consilium, quo liber scriptus est, quo carmen compositum est</i>, or <i>quod quis in libro scribendo secutus est</i>, not <i>consilium libri</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_11">11. Remembrance—Forgetfulness</h3> -<p><i>memoriā tenere aliquid</i>—to remember a thing perfectly.</p> -<p><i>memoriam alicuius rei tenere</i>—to remember a thing perfectly.</p> -<p><i>recenti memoria tenere aliquid</i>—to have a vivid recollection of a thing.</p> -<p><i>memoriā (multum) valere</i> (opp. <i>memoriā vacillare</i>)—to have a good memory.</p> -<p><i>memorem esse</i> (opp. <i>obliviosum esse</i>)—to have a good memory.</p> -<p><i>memoria tanta fuit, ut</i>—he had such an extraordinary memory that...</p> -<p><i>memoriā labi</i>—to make a slip of the memory.</p> -<p><i>memoriae mandare aliquid</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_11_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_11_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to impress on the memory.</p> -<p><i>ex memoria</i> (opp. <i>de scripto</i>)—from memory; by heart.</p> -<p><i>memoriter</i>—(1) with good memory; (2) from personal recollection.</p> -<p><i>memoria custodire</i>—to keep in mind.</p> -<p><i>memoriam alicuius rei renovare, revocare (redintegrare)</i>—to recall a thing to one's recollection.</p> -<p><i>memoriam alicuius rei repetere</i>—to recall to mind a thing or person.</p> -<p><i>in memoriam alicuius redire</i>—to recall to mind a thing or person.</p> -<p><i>in memoriam alicuius redigere, reducere aliquid</i> (not <i>revocare</i>)—to recall a thing to a person's mind.</p> -<p><i>memoria et recordatio</i>—vivid recollection.</p> -<p><i>grata memoria aliquem prosequi</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_11_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_11_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to show a thankful appreciation of a person's kindness.</p> -<p><i>nomen alicuius grato animo prosequi</i>—to think of a person with a grateful sense of his goodness.</p> -<p><i>memoriam alicuius rei repraesentare</i> (opp. <i>memoriam alicuius rei deponere, abicere</i>)—to picture to oneself again.</p> -<p><i>memoriam alicuius rei conservare, retinere</i>—to retain the recollection of a thing.</p> -<p><i>memoriam alicuius pie inviolateque servare</i>—to show an affectionate regard for a person's memory.</p> -<p><i>gratam (gratissimam) alicuius memoriam retinere</i>—to retain a (most) pleasant impression of a person.</p> -<p><i>numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet</i>—the memory of this will never fade from my mind.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in memoria nostra penitus insidet</i>—a thing has been vividly impressed on our<a id="FNanchor-VI_11_TR1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_11_TR1" class="fnanchor">[TR1]</a> memory.</p> -<p><i>memoriam eius nulla umquam delebit (obscurabit) oblivio</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 2. 1</span>)—nothing will ever make me forgetful of him.</p> -<p><i>semper memoria eius in (omnium) mentibus haerebit</i>—nothing will ever make me forgetful of him.</p> -<p><i>nomen suum posteritati aliqua re commendare, propagare, prodere</i>—to win renown amongst posterity by some act.</p> -<p><i>memoriam nominis sui immortalitati tradere, mandare, commendare</i>—to immortalise one's name.</p> -<p><i>post hominum memoriam</i>—within the memory of man.</p> -<p><i>post homines natos</i>—within the memory of man.</p> -<p><i>memoriae causa, ad</i> (not <i>in</i>) <i>memoriam</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_11_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_11_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> (<span class="ref">Brut. 16. 62</span>)—in memory of...</p> -<p><i>oblivio alicuius rei me capit</i>—I forget something.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in oblivionem alicuius rei adducere</i> (pass. <i>in oblivionem venire</i>)—to make a person forget a thing.</p> -<p><i>aliquid excidit e memoria, effluit, excidit ex animo</i>—a thing escapes, vanishes from the memory.</p> -<p><i>memoria alicuius rei excidit, abiit, abolevit</i>—the recollection of a thing has been entirely lost.</p> -<p><i>obliterari</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_11_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_11_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> (<span class="ref">Liv. 26. 41</span>)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.</p> -<p><i>memoria alicuius rei obscuratur, obliteratur, evanescit</i>—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.</p> -<p><i>oblivioni esse, dari</i>—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.</p> -<p><i>in oblivionem adduci</i>—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.</p> -<p><i>oblivione obrui, deleri, exstingui</i>—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.</p> -<p><i>in oblivione iacēre</i> (of persons)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.</p> -<p><i>aliquid ab oblivione vindicare</i>—to rescue from oblivion.</p> -<p><i>mementote</i> with Acc. c. Inf.—do not forget.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_11_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_11_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Distinguish this expression from <i>ediscere</i> which = to learn by heart; also from <i>memoriae prodere, tradere</i> = to hand down as tradition (<i>vid.</i> sect. VII. 14).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_11_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_11_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Prosequi</i> used figuratively, with an ablative, occurs in several phrases—e.g. <i>prosequi aliquem honore; verbis honorificis; beneficiis, officiis, studiis suis; ominibus, votis, lacrimis</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_11_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_11_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> One can also say <i>monumenti causa</i>—e.g. <i>aliquid alicui momenti causa relinquere</i>. Cf. such turnings as <i>alicuius memoriam aliqua re prosequi, celebrare, renovare</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_11_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_11_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> This and the following expressions are useful to express the passive of <i>oblivisci</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_11_TR1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_11_TR1"><span class="label">[TR1]</span></a> Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has "my", which is wrong, however, because the Latin phrase uses <i>nostra</i>. The French edition uses "notre mémoire".</p> - - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VI_12">12. Theory—Practice—Experience</h3> -<p><i>ratione, doctrina</i> (opp. <i>usu</i>) <i>aliquid cognitum habere</i>—to have a theoretical knowledge of a thing.</p> -<p><i>ad artem, ad rationem revocare aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 11. 44</span>)—to reduce a thing to its theoretical principles; to apply theory to a thing.</p> -<p><i>doctrinam ad usum adiungere</i>—to combine theory with practice.</p> -<p><i>in rebus atque in usu versatum esse</i>—to have had practical experience.</p> -<p><i>usu</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_12_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_12_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>praeditum esse</i>—to possess experience.</p> -<p><i>magnum usum in aliqua re habere</i>—to have had great experience in a thing.</p> -<p><i>multarum rerum usus</i>—varied, manifold experience.</p> -<p><i>usu rerum (vitae, vitae communis) edocti sumus</i>—we know from experience.</p> -<p><i>experti scimus, didicimus</i>—we know from experience.</p> -<p><i>usu cognitum habemus</i>—we know from experience.</p> -<p><i>res ipsa, usus rerum (cotidie) docet</i>—everyday experience tells us this.</p> -<p><i>(rerum) imperitum esse</i>—to have had no experience of the world.</p> -<p><i>multa acerba expertus est</i><a id="FNanchor-VI_12_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VI_12_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—he has had many painful experiences.</p> -<p><i>usus me docuit</i>—experience has taught me.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VI_12_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_12_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] Not <i>experientia</i>, which in classical prose means attempt, proof.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VI_12_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VI_12_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] <i>experiri</i> is only used of personal experience.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_VII">VII. The Arts and Sciences</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_1">1. Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature</h3> -<p><i>optima studia, bonae, optimae, liberales, ingenuae artes, disciplinae</i>—the sciences; the fine arts.</p> -<p><i>litterarum</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>studium</i> or <i>tractatio</i> (not <i>occupatio</i>)—the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits.</p> -<p><i>homines litterarum studiosi</i>—learned, scientific, literary men.</p> -<p><i>homines docti</i>—learned, scientific, literary men.</p> -<p><i>artium studia</i> or <i>artes vigent</i> (not <i>florent</i>)—learning, scientific knowledge is flourishing.</p> -<p><i>litterae iacent, neglectae iacent</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb.</p> -<p><i>litteras colere</i>—to be engaged in the pursuit of letters.</p> -<p><i>litteras amplecti</i>—to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters.</p> -<p><i>litteras adamasse</i> (only in perf. and plup.)—to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters.</p> -<p><i>in studio litterarum versari</i>—to be engaged in literary pursuits.</p> -<p><i>in aliquo litterarum genere versari</i>—to be engaged in any branch of study.</p> -<p><i>summo studio in litteris versari</i>—to be an ardent student of...</p> -<p><i>se totum litteris tradere, dedere</i>—to devote oneself entirely to literature.</p> -<p><i>se totum in litteras</i> or <i>se litteris abdere</i>—to be quite engrossed in literary studies.</p> -<p><i>in litteris elaborare</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 8. 26</span>)—to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work.</p> -<p><i>in litteris acquiescere</i> or <i>conquiescere</i>—to find recreation in study.</p> -<p><i>aetatem in litteris ducere, agere</i>—to devote one's life to science, study.</p> -<p><i>omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere</i>—to devote all one's leisure moments to study.</p> -<p><i>omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre</i>—to employ all one's energies on literary work.</p> -<p><i>optimarum artium studio incensum esse</i>—to be interested in, have a taste for culture.</p> -<p><i>litterarum studio trahi</i>—to feel an attraction for study.</p> -<p><i>trahi, ferri ad litteras</i>—to feel an attraction for study.</p> -<p><i>litterarum studia remittere</i>—to relax one's studies.</p> -<p><i>intermissa studia revocare</i>—to resume one's studies.</p> -<p><i>primis (ut dicitur)</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_1_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> or <i>primoribus labris gustare</i> or <i>attingere litteras</i>—to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences.</p> -<p><i>litterae</i>—literature.</p> -<p><i>litterae ac monumenta</i> or simply <i>monumenta</i>—written records; documents.</p> -<p><i>litterae latinae</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_1_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>—Roman literature.</p> -<p><i>clarissima litterarum lumina</i>—shining lights in the literary world.</p> -<p><i>graecis litteris studere</i>—to study Greek literature.</p> -<p><i>multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari</i>—to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>littera</i> in sing. = letter of the alphabet, e.g. <i>litteram nullam ad me misit</i>. In plur. = 1. letters of the alphabet, characters (cf. viii. 9); 2. a letter (<i>epistola</i>); 3. writings, books, e.g. <i>graecae de philosophia litterae</i>; 4. literature, <i>graecas litteras discere</i>; 5. literary pursuits; 6. science; 7. culture, erudition, learning, <i>erant in eo plurimae litterae, neque eae vulgares, sed interiores quaedam et reconditae</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>iacēre</i> metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and abandoned, but of persons (cf. <i>frigere</i>) who have lost all their political influence.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_1_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Cf. <span class="ref">Pro Caelio 12, 28</span> <i>extremis ut dicitur digitis attingere</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_1_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>latinus</i> is only used of language and literature, <i>Romanus</i> of nationality.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_2">2. Learning—Erudition</h3> -<p><i>vir</i> or <i>homo doctus, litteratus</i>—a man of learning; a scholar; a savant.</p> -<p><i>vir doctissimus</i>—a great scholar.</p> -<p><i>vir perfecte planeque eruditus</i>—a man of profound erudition.</p> -<p><i>vir omni doctrina eruditus</i>—a man perfect in all branches of learning.</p> -<p><i>multi viri docti</i>, or <i>multi et ii docti</i> (not <i>multi docti</i>)—many learned men; many scholars.</p> -<p><i>omnes docti, quivis doctus, doctissimus quisque</i>—all learned men.</p> -<p><i>nemo doctus</i>—no man of learning.</p> -<p><i>nemo mediocriter doctus</i>—no one with any pretence to education.</p> -<p><i>latinis litteris</i> or <i>latine doctus</i>—acquainted with the Latin language.</p> -<p><i>bene</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>latine doctus</i> or <i>sciens</i>—a good Latin scholar.</p> -<p><i>doctrina abundare</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 16. 59</span>)—to be a man of great learning.</p> -<p><i>a doctrina mediocriter instructum esse</i>—to have received only a moderate education.</p> -<p><i>doctrina exquisita, subtilis, elegans</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—sound knowledge; scholarship.</p> -<p><i>doctrina recondita</i>—profound erudition.</p> -<p><i>studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 2. 8</span>)—abstruse studies.</p> -<p><i>magnam doctrinae speciem prae se ferre</i>—to pass as a man of great learning.</p> -<p><i>vita umbratilis</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VII. 4)—the contemplative life of a student.</p> -<p><i>litterarum scientiam</i> (only in sing.) <i>habere</i>—to possess literary knowledge.</p> -<p><i>scientiam alicuius rei consequi</i>—to acquire knowledge of a subject.</p> -<p><i>scientia comprehendere aliquid</i>—to acquire knowledge of a subject.</p> -<p><i>penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 23. 108</span>)—to have a thorough grasp of a subject.</p> -<p><i>scientia augere aliquem</i>—to enrich a person's knowledge.</p> -<p><i>multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse</i>—to be well-informed, erudite.</p> -<p><i>multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse</i> (opp. <i>litterarum</i> or <i>eruditionis expertem esse</i> or <i>\[rerum\] rudem esse</i>)—to be well-informed, erudite.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For the use of adverbs to modify adjectives and other adverbs <i>vid.</i> <span class="ref">Nägelsbach Lat. Stil. p. 278</span>; cf. <i>bene multi, bene mane, bene penitus</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 70. 169</span>), <i>impie ingratus</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 2. 6</span>) etc. Such combinations are especially frequent in Tacitus, Velleius, Seneca, and Quintilian. For <i>latine</i> by itself cf. <span class="ref">Cic. Opt. Gen. 4</span> <i>latine, id est pure et emendate, loqui</i>. If the style is to be criticised, adverbs can be added—e.g. <i>bene, perbene, pessime, eleganter</i>, etc., cf. vii. 7.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Not <i>solida</i>, which means properly entire, massive—e.g. <i>marmor solidum, crateres auro solidi</i>, then metaph. e.g.—<i>solida laus, utilitas</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_3">3. Culture—Civilisation</h3> -<p><i>animum, ingenium excolere</i> (not <i>colere</i>)—to cultivate the mind.</p> -<p><i>animi, ingenii cultus</i> (not <i>cultura</i>)—mental culture.</p> -<p><i>optimis studiis</i> or <i>artibus, optimarum artium studiis eruditum esse</i>—to have received a liberal education.</p> -<p><i>litteras scire</i>—to have received a liberal education.</p> -<p><i>litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae</i>—profound scientific education.</p> -<p><i>sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 4. 12</span>)—for a Roman he is decidedly well educated.</p> -<p><i>litteris leviter imbutum</i> or <i>tinctum esse</i>—to have received a superficial education.</p> -<p><i>omni vita atque victu excultum atque expolitum esse</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 25. 95</span>)—to have attained to a high degree of culture.</p> -<p><i>omnis cultus et humanitatis expertem esse</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to be quite uncivilised.</p> -<p><i>ab omni cultu et humanitate longe abesse</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 1. 3</span>)—to be quite uncivilised.</p> -<p><i>homines, gentem a fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque deducere</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 8. 33</span>)—to civilise men, a nation.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>incultum esse</i>, which refers only to external appearance.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_4">4. Education—Instruction—School—Profession</h3> -<p><i>liberaliter, ingenue, bene educari</i>—to receive a liberal education.</p> -<p><i>severa disciplina contineri</i>—to be brought up under strict discipline.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ad humanitatem informare</i> or <i>instituere</i>—to teach a person refinement.</p> -<p><i>mores alicuius corrigere</i>—to improve a person.</p> -<p><i>in viam reducere aliquem</i>—to bring a person back to the right way.</p> -<p><i>in viam redire</i>—to return to the right way.</p> -<p><i>litteras discere ab aliquo</i>—to be educated by some one.</p> -<p><i>institui</i> or <i>erudiri ab aliquo</i>—to receive instruction from some one.</p> -<p><i>disciplina alicuius uti, magistro aliquo uti</i>—to receive instruction from some one.</p> -<p><i>e disciplina alicuius profectum esse</i>—to be brought up in some one's school.</p> -<p><i>puerum alicui erudiendum</i> or <i>in disciplinam tradere</i>—to entrust a child to the tuition of...</p> -<p><i>operam dare</i> or simply <i>se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem</i>—to become a pupil, disciple of some one.</p> -<p><i>multum esse cum aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 16. 21</span>)—to enjoy close intercourse with... (of master and pupil).</p> -<p><i>ludus (discendi</i> or <i>litterarum</i>)—an elementary school.</p> -<p><i>schola</i>—a school for higher education.</p> -<p><i>scholam frequentare</i>—to go to a school.</p> -<p><i>disciplina (institutio) puerilis</i> (not <i>liberorum</i>)—the teaching of children.</p> -<p><i>pueros elementa (prima) docere</i>—to teach children the rudiments.</p> -<p><i>primis litterarum elementis imbui</i>—to receive the first elements of a liberal education.</p> -<p><i>doctrinae, quibus aetas puerilis impertiri solet</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Att. 1. 2</span>)—the usual subjects taught to boys.</p> -<p><i>artes, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet</i>—the usual subjects taught to boys.</p> -<p><i>erudire aliquem artibus, litteris</i> (but <i>erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari</i>)—to teach some one letters.</p> -<p><i>natum, factum esse ad aliquid (faciendum)</i>—to be born for a thing, endowed by nature for it.</p> -<p><i>adversante et repugnante natura</i> or <i>invitā Minervā (ut aiunt) aliquid facere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 31. 110</span>)—to do a thing which is not one's vocation, which goes against the grain.</p> -<p><i>crassa</i> or <i>pingui Minerva</i> (proverb.)—with no intelligence or skill.</p> -<p><i>calcaria alicui adhibere, admovere; stimulos alicui admovere</i>—to spur, urge a person on.</p> -<p><i>frenos adhibere alicui</i>—to restrain some one.</p> -<p><i>bona indole</i> (always in sing.) <i>praeditum esse</i>—to be gifted, talented (not <i>praeditum esse</i> by itself).</p> -<p><i>ingenio valere</i>—to be gifted, talented.</p> -<p><i>summo ingenio praeditum esse</i>—to possess rich mental endowments.</p> -<p><i>in aliqua re progressus facere, proficere, progredi</i>—to make progress in a subject.</p> -<p><i>aliquid efficere, consequi in aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 33. 152</span>)—to obtain a result in something.</p> -<p><i>adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit</i> or <i>alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt</i>—he is a young man of great promise.</p> -<p><i>adulescens bonae (egregiae) spei</i>—a promising youth.</p> -<p><i>magna est exspectatio ingenii tui</i>—we expect a great deal from a man of your calibre.</p> -<p><i>desudare in scholae umbra</i> or <i>umbraculis</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to exert oneself in the schools.</p> -<p><i>genus vitae (vivendi)</i> or <i>aetatis degendae deligere</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_4_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_4_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to choose a career, profession.</p> -<p><i>viam vitae ingredi</i> (<span class="ref">Flacc. 42. 105</span>)—to enter upon a career.</p> -<p><i>philosophiam, medicinam profiteri</i>—to be a philosopher, physician by profession.</p> -<p><i>se philosophum, medicum (esse) profiteri</i>—to be a philosopher, physician by profession.</p> -<p><i>qui ista profitentur</i>—men of that profession.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cf. <i>umbra, umbracula (-orum)</i>, and <i>umbratilis</i> (<i>vid.</i> vii. 2, <i>vita umbratilis</i>), used of the retired life of a savant as opposed to <i>sol, lux fori</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_4_TR1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_4_TR1" class="fnanchor">[TR1]</a> or <i>forensis</i>. Cf. <span class="ref">De Legg. 3. 6. 14</span> <i>Phalereus ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit.</i></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_4_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_4_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The <i>locus classicus</i> on the choice of a profession is <span class="ref">De Officiis 1. 32. 115-122</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_4_TR1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_4_TR1"><span class="label">[TR1]</span></a> Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has <i>sol, lux ori</i>. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using <i>sol, lux fori</i>.</p> - - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_5">5. Example—Pattern—Precedent</h3> -<p><i>exemplum clarum, praeclarum</i>—a good,<a id="FNanchor-VII_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> brilliant example; a striking example.</p> -<p><i>exemplum luculentum</i>—a good, brilliant example; a striking example.</p> -<p><i>exemplum illustre</i>—a good, brilliant example; a striking example.</p> -<p><i>exemplum magnum, grande</i>—a weighty example, precedent.</p> -<p><i>exemplum afferre</i>—to quote an example.</p> -<p><i>exemplo uti</i>—to quote an example.</p> -<p><i>aliquem (aliquid) exempli causa</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_5_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_5_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>ponere, proferre, nominare, commemorare</i>—to cite a person or a thing as an example.</p> -<p><i>aliquid exemplis probare, comprobare, confirmare</i>—to quote precedents for a thing.</p> -<p><i>aliquid exemplis ostendere</i>—to demonstrate by instances.</p> -<p><i>exempla petere, repetere a rerum gestarum memoria</i> or <i>historiarum (annalium, rerum gestarum) monumentis</i>—to borrow instances from history.</p> -<p><i>exempla a rerum Romanarum (Graecarum) memoria petita</i>—examples taken from Roman (Greek) history.</p> -<p><i>multa exempla in unum (locum) colligere</i>—to collect, accumulate instances.</p> -<p><i>ex infinita exemplorum copia unum (pauca) sumere, decerpere (eligere)</i>—to choose one from a large number of instances.</p> -<p><i>a Socrate exemplum virtutis petere, repetere</i>—to quote Socrates as a model of virtue.</p> -<p><i>similitudines afferre</i>—to cite parallel cases.</p> -<p><i>auctore aliquo uti ad aliquid</i>—to have as authority for a thing.</p> -<p><i>auctorem aliquem habere alicuius rei</i>—to have as authority for a thing.</p> -<p><i>auctoritatem alicuius sequi</i>—to be guided by another's example.</p> -<p><i>auctoritas et exemplum</i> (<span class="ref">Balb. 13. 31</span>)—standard and pattern.</p> -<p><i>sibi exemplum alicuius proponere ad imitandum</i> or simply <i>sibi aliquem ad imitandum proponere</i>—to set up some one as one's ideal, model.</p> -<p><i>sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquo</i> or <i>exemplum capere de aliquo</i>—to take a lesson from some one's example.</p> -<p><i>ad exemplum alicuius se conformare</i>—to shape one's conduct after another's model.</p> -<p><i>exemplum edere, prodere</i>—to set an example.</p> -<p><i>exemplo esse</i>—to set an example.</p> -<p><i>exemplum in aliquo</i> or <i>in aliquem statuere</i>—to inflict an exemplary punishment on some one.</p> -<p><i>exemplum (severitatis) edere in aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">Q. Fr. 1. 2. 2. 5</span>)—to inflict an exemplary punishment on some one.</p> -<p><i>bene (male) praecipere alicui</i>—to inculcate good (bad) principles.</p> -<p><i>praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re</i>—to give advice, directions, about a matter.</p> -<p><i>ad praecipiendi rationem delābi</i> (<span class="ref">Q. Fr. 1. 1. 6. 18</span>)—to adopt a didactic tone.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in animo haeret, penitus insedit</i> or <i>infixum est</i>—a thing is deeply impressed on the mind.</p> -<p><i>aliquid animo mentique penitus mandare</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 1. 11. 27</span>)—to impress a thing on one's memory, mind.</p> -<p><i>demittere aliquid in pectus</i> or <i>in pectus animumque suum</i>—to take a thing to heart.</p> -<p><i>hoc verbum alte descendit in pectus alicuius</i>—what he said made a deep impression on...</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>bonum exemplum</i>, which means an example morally good for us to follow.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_5_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_5_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> "For example" must not be translated by <i>exempli causa</i>, which is only used in complete sentences with such verbs as <i>ponere, afferre, proferre, nominare</i>. <i>verbi causa (gratia)</i> = "for instance," "we will say," usually refers to a single expression, e.g. <i>quid dicis igitur? miserum fuisse verbi causa M. Crassum?</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 4. 12</span>). Often examples are introduced by such words as <i>ut, velut, in his</i>, etc., e.g. <i>bestiae quae gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 48. 124</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_6">6. Philosophy</h3> -<p><i>se conferre ad philosophiam, ad philosophiae</i> or <i>sapientiae studium</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 4. 3. 4</span>)—to devote oneself to philosophy.</p> -<p><i>animum appellere</i> or <i>se applicare ad philosophiam</i>—to apply oneself to the study of philosophy.</p> -<p><i>philosophiae (sapientiae) studio teneri</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 1. 2. 4</span>)—to be enamoured of philosophy.</p> -<p><i>in portum philosophiae confugere</i>—to take refuge in philosophy.</p> -<p><i>in sinum philosophiae compelli</i>—to be driven into the arms of philosophy.</p> -<p><i>philosophia (neglecta) iacet</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VII. 1, note <i>iacēre...</i>)—philosophy is neglected, at low ebb.</p> -<p><i>philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 1. 1. 3</span>)—to write expositions of philosophy in Latin.</p> -<p><i>Ciceronis de philosophia libri</i>—Cicero's philosophical writings.</p> -<p><i>decreta, inventa philosophorum</i>—the tenets, dogmas of philosophers.</p> -<p><i>quae in philosophia tractantur</i>—philosophical subjects.</p> -<p><i>praecepta philosophorum (penitus) percepta habere</i>—to be well acquainted with the views of philosophers.</p> -<p><i>illae sententiae evanuerunt</i>—those views are out of date.</p> -<p><i>illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 5. 8. 23</span>)—those ideas have long ago been given up.</p> -<p><i>schola, disciplina, familia; secta</i>—a sect, school of thought.</p> -<p><i>sectam alicuius sequi</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 31. 120</span>)—to be a follower, disciple of some one.</p> -<p><i>disciplinam alicuius profiteri</i>—to be a follower, disciple of some one.</p> -<p><i>qui sunt a Platone</i> or <i>a Platonis disciplina; qui profecti sunt a Platone; Platonici</i>—disciples of Plato, Platonists.</p> -<p><i>Solo, unus de septem (illis)</i>—Solon, one of the seven sages.</p> -<p><i>Pythagorae doctrina longe lateque fluxit</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 4. 1. 2</span>)—Pythagoras' principles were widely propagated.</p> -<p><i>scholas habere, explicare</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 2. 1. 1</span>)—to give lectures.</p> -<p><i>scholis interesse</i>—to attend lectures.</p> -<p><i>tradere (aliquid de aliqua re)</i>—to teach</p> -<p><i>audire Platonem, auditorem esse Platonis</i>—to attend Plato's lectures.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_7">7. The Parts of Philosophy</h3> -<p><i>physica</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<i>-orum</i>) (<span class="ref">Or. 34. 119</span>); <i>philosophia naturalis</i>—physics; natural philosophy.</p> -<p><i>dialectica</i> (<i>-ae</i> or <i>-orum</i>) (pure Latin <i>disserendi ratio et scientia</i>)—logic, dialectic.</p> -<p><i>disserendi praecepta tradere</i>—to teach logic.</p> -<p><i>disserendi elegantia</i>—logical minuteness, precision.</p> -<p><i>disserendi subtilitas</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 1. 68</span>)—dialectical nicety.</p> -<p><i>disserendi spinae</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 4. 28. 79</span>)—subtleties of logic; dilemmas.</p> -<p><i>disserendi peritus et artifex</i>—an accomplished dialectician.</p> -<p><i>homo in dialecticis versatissimus</i>—an accomplished dialectician.</p> -<p><i>disserendi artem nullam habere</i>—to know nothing of logic.</p> -<p><i>dialecticis ne imbutum</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_7_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_7_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>quidem esse</i>—to be ignorant of even the elements of logic.</p> -<p><i>ratione, eleganter</i> (opp. <i>nulla ratione, ineleganter, confuse</i>) <i>disponere aliquid</i>—to arrange on strictly logical principles.</p> -<p><i>philosophia, quae est de vita et moribus</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 1. 5. 19</span>)—moral science; ethics.</p> -<p><i>philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur</i>—moral science; ethics.</p> -<p><i>philosophia, quae in rerum contemplatione versatur</i>, or <i>quae artis praeceptis continetur</i>—theoretical, speculative philosophy.</p> -<p><i>philosophia,</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_7_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_7_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>quae in actione versatur</i>—practical philosophy.</p> -<p><i>omnes philosophiae loci</i>—the whole domain of philosophy.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cf. <span class="ref">Acad. 1. 5. 19</span> <i>philosophandi ratio triplex; una de vita et moribus, altera de natura et rebus occultis, tertia de disserendo</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_7_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_7_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>imbuere</i> is properly to give the first touch to, tinge, bathe, e.g. <i>gladii sanguine imbuti</i>. Metaph. it = (1) to fill with, e.g. <i>religione, pietate, superstitione, crudelitate</i>; (2) to teach, initiate, e.g. <i>animum honestis artibus</i>, and is used especially of a superficial knowledge.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_7_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_7_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Cf. <span class="ref">Sen. Ep. 25. 10</span> <i>philosophia activa</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_8">8. System—Method—Principles</h3> -<p><i>ratio; disciplina, ratio et disciplina; ars</i>—system.</p> -<p><i>ad artem redigere aliquid</i>—to systematise.</p> -<p><i>ad rationem, ad artem et praecepta revocare aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 41</span>)—to systematise.</p> -<p><i>arte conclusum esse</i>—to have been reduced to a system.</p> -<p><i>ratio et doctrina</i>—systematic, methodical knowledge.</p> -<p><i>artificio et via tradere aliquid</i>—to give a scientific explanation of a thing.</p> -<p><i>artificiose redigere aliquid</i>—to treat with scientific exactness; to classify.</p> -<p><i>ad rationis praecepta accommodare aliquid</i>—to treat with scientific exactness; to classify.</p> -<p><i>totam rationem evertere</i> (pass. <i>iacet tota ratio</i>)—to upset the whole system.</p> -<p><i>ratione et via, via et ratione progredi, disputare</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 33. 116</span>)—to proceed, carry on a discussion logically.</p> -<p><i>novam rationem ingredi</i>—to enter on a new method.</p> -<p><i>a certa ratione proficisci</i>—to be based on a sound principle.</p> -<p><i>a falsis principiis proficisci</i>—to start from false premises.</p> -<p><i>ad philosophorum</i> or <i>philosophandi rationes revocare aliquid</i>—to deal with a subject on scientific principles.</p> -<p><i>perpetuitas et constantia</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 10. 31</span>)—logical consistency.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_9">9. Species—Definition—Classification—Connection</h3> -<p><i>partes</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>generibus subiectae sunt</i>—the species is subordinate the genus.</p> -<p><i>genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 33. 117</span>)—to analyse a general division into its specific parts.</p> -<p><i>genere, non numero</i> or <i>magnitudine differre</i>—to differ qualitatively not quantitatively.</p> -<p><i>spinae partiendi et definiendi</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 8. 22</span>)—minute, captious subdivisions and definitions.</p> -<p><i>rem (res) definire</i>—to define a thing.</p> -<p><i>a definitione proficisci</i>—to start from a definition.</p> -<p><i>involutae rei notitiam definiendo aperire</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 33. 116</span>)—to make an obscure notion clear by means of definition.</p> -<p><i>sub metum subiectum esse</i>—to be comprised under the term "fear."</p> -<p><i>constituere, quid et quale sit, de quo disputetur</i>—to determine the nature and constitution of the subject under discussion.</p> -<p><i>in ordinem redigere aliquid</i>—to systematise, classify a thing.</p> -<p><i>conexum et aptum esse inter se</i>—to be closely connected with each other.</p> -<p><i>cohaerere, coniunctum esse cum aliqua re</i>—to be closely connected with a thing.</p> -<p><i>arte (artissime) coniunctum esse</i>—to be very intimately related.</p> -<p><i>apte (aptissime) cohaerere</i>—to be very intimately related.</p> -<p><i>continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alia ex alia nexa et omnes inter se aptae colligataeque sint</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 1. 4. 9</span>)—systematic succession, concatenation.</p> -<p><i>diffusum, dissipatum esse</i>—to have no coherence, connection.</p> -<p><i>confusum, perturbatum esse</i>—to be confused.</p> -<p><i>rem dissolutam conglutinare, coagmentare</i>—to reunite disconnected elements.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_9_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cf. <span class="ref">Cic. De Or. 1. 42</span> for the definition. <i><em>genus</em> autem id est, quod sui similes communione quadam, specie autem differentes, duas aut plures complectitur partes. <em>partes</em> autem sunt, quae generibus eis ex quibus manant subiciuntur; omniaque quae sunt vel generum vel partium nomina, definitionibus, quam vim habeant, est exprimendum. est enim <em>definitio</em> rerum earum, quae sunt eius rei propriae, quam definire volumus, brevis et circumscripta quaedam explicatio.</i></p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_10">10. Proof—Refutation</h3> -<p><i>argumentum</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_10_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>firmum, magnum</i>—a strong, striking proof.</p> -<p><i>argumentum afferre</i>—to bring forward a proof.</p> -<p><i>argumentum immortalitatis afferre</i> (not <i>pro</i>)—to quote an argument in favour of immortality.</p> -<p><i>argumentum afferre, quo animos immortales esse demonstratur</i>—to bring forward a proof of the immortality of the soul.</p> -<p><i>argumento huic rei est, quod</i>—a proof of this is that...</p> -<p><i>aliquid planum facere</i> (<span class="ref">Ad Herenn. 2. 5</span>)—to demonstrate, make a thing clear.</p> -<p><i>aliquid alicui probare</i> (or c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to prove one's point to a person's satisfaction.</p> -<p><i>argumentis confirmare, comprobare, evincere aliquid</i> (or c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to prove a thing indisputably.</p> -<p><i>argumentum ducere, sumere ex aliqua re</i> or <i>petere ab aliqua re</i>—to derive an argument from a thing.</p> -<p><i>argumentum premere</i> (not <i>urgere</i>)—to persist in an argument, press a point.</p> -<p><i>loci (<span class="greek">τόποι</span>) argumentorum</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 162</span>)—the points on which proofs are based; the grounds of proof.</p> -<p><i>argumenta refellere, confutare</i>—to refute arguments.</p> -<p><i>rationem</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_10_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_10_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>afferre</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 3. 85. 195</span>)—to bring forward an argument (based on common-sense).</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_10_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>argumentum</i> = a proof resting on facts; <i>ratio</i> = an argument drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_10_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_10_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>argumentum</i> = a proof resting on facts; <i>ratio</i> = an argument drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_11">11. Conclusion—Hypothesis—Inference</h3> -<p><i>concludere, colligere, efficere, cogere ex aliqua re</i>—to draw a conclusion from a thing.</p> -<p><i>acute, subtiliter concludere</i>—to draw a subtle inference.</p> -<p><i>ratio</i> or <i>rationis conclusio efficit</i>—the conclusion proves that...</p> -<p><i>ratiocinatio, ratio</i>—the syllogism; reasoning.</p> -<p><i>prima</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_11_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_11_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<i>superiora</i>); <i>consequentia</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 4. 19. 54</span>)—premises; consequences.</p> -<p><i>conclusiuncula fallax</i> or <i>captio</i>—a fallacious argument; sophism.</p> -<p><i>positum est a nobis primum</i> (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—we start by presupposing that...</p> -<p><i>hoc posito</i>—on this supposition, hypothesis.</p> -<p><i>hoc probato consequens est</i>—it follows from what we have shown.</p> -<p><i>sequitur</i> (not <i>ex quo seq.</i>) <i>ut</i>—it follows from this that...</p> -<p><i>ex quo, unde, hinc efficitur ut</i>—it follows from this that...</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_11_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_11_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In a syllogism the technical term for the major premise is <i>propositio</i> or <i>propositio major</i>; for the minor, <i>propositio minor</i>; for the conclusion, <i>conclusio</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_12">12. Debate—Controversy</h3> -<p><i>disputatio, quaestio</i>—systematic, scientific discussion.</p> -<p><i>disputare</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_12_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_12_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<i>de aliqua re, ad aliquid</i>)—to discuss, investigate a subject scientifically.</p> -<p><i>subtiliter disputare</i>—to thoroughly discuss.</p> -<p><i>in utramque partem, in contrarias partes disputare</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 34</span>)—to discuss both sides of a question.</p> -<p><i>in nullam partem disputare</i>—to say nothing either for or against an argument.</p> -<p><i>non repugno</i>—I have nothing to say against it.</p> -<p><i>pertinacem</i> (opp. <i>clementem</i>) <i>esse in disputando</i>—to be dogmatic; positive.</p> -<p><i>opponere alicui aliquid</i>—to object, to adduce in contradiction.</p> -<p><i>dare, concedere aliquid</i>—to grant, admit a thing.</p> -<p><i>sumere</i> (opp. <i>reicere</i>) <i>aliquid</i>—to assume a thing.</p> -<p><i>tenere aliquid; stare in aliqua re</i>—to insist on a point.</p> -<p><i>obtinere aliquid</i>—to maintain one's assertion, prove oneself right.</p> -<p><i>in controversia (contentione) esse, versari</i>—to be at variance with.</p> -<p><i>in controversiam cadere</i>—to be at variance with.</p> -<p><i>in controversiam vocare, adducere aliquid</i>—to make a thing the subject of controversy.</p> -<p><i>in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 72. 291</span>)—to be contested, become the subject of debate.</p> -<p><i>in controversia relinquere aliquid</i>—to leave a point undecided.</p> -<p><i>controversiam (contentionem) habere cum aliquo</i>—to maintain a controversy with some one.</p> -<p><i>in contentione ponitur, utrum...an</i>—it is a debated point whether... or...</p> -<p><i>id, de quo agitur</i> or <i>id quod cadit in controversiam</i>—the point at issue.</p> -<p><i>controversiam sedare, dirimere, componere, tollere</i>—to put an end to, settle a dispute.</p> -<p><i>controversiam diiudicare</i>—to decide a debated question.</p> -<p><i>transigere aliquid cum aliquo</i>—to come to an understanding with a person.</p> -<p><i>res mihi tecum est</i>—I have a point to discuss with you.</p> -<p><i>sine (ulla) controversia</i>—indisputably; incontestably.</p> -<p><i>hoc est a (pro) me</i>—this goes to prove what I say.</p> -<p><i>res ipsa docet</i>—the very facts of the case show this.</p> -<p><i>res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur</i>—the matter speaks for itself.</p> -<p><i>res confecta est</i>—the question is settled, finished.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_12_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_12_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>disputare</i> = to discuss, considering the arguments <i>pro</i> and <i>con</i>, used of a number of people with different opinions. <i>disserere de aliqua re</i> = to discourse on a matter for the benefit of those present; but in both cases the substantive is <i>disputatio</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_13">13. Agreement—Contradiction</h3> -<p><i>consentire, idem sentire cum aliquo</i>—to agree with a person.</p> -<p><i>dissentire, dissidere ab</i> or <i>cum aliquo</i>—to disagree with a person.</p> -<p><i>omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt</i>—all agree on this point.</p> -<p><i>una et consentiens vox est</i>—all are unanimous.</p> -<p><i>una voce; uno ore</i>—unanimously.</p> -<p><i>uno, communi, summo</i> or <i>omnium consensu</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 15. 35</span>)—unanimously.</p> -<p><i>re concinere, verbis discrepare</i>—to agree in fact but not in word.</p> -<p><i>hoc convēnit inter nos</i>—we have agreed on this point.</p> -<p><i>hoc mihi tecum convēnit</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 6. 1. 14</span>)—I agree with you there.</p> -<p><i>quī convenit?</i>—how is this consistent? how are we to reconcile this...?</p> -<p><i>summa est virorum doctissimorum consensio</i> (opp. <i>dissensio</i>)—the learned men are most unanimous in...</p> -<p><i>constantia</i> (opp. <i>inconstantia</i>) (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 11. 32</span>)—consistency.</p> -<p><i>inter se pugnare</i> or <i>repugnare</i>—to be mutually contradictory.</p> -<p><i>secum pugnare</i> (without <i>sibi</i>); <i>sibi repugnare</i> (of things)—to contradict oneself, be inconsistent.</p> -<p><i>a se dissidere</i> or <i>sibi non constare</i> (of persons)—to contradict oneself, be inconsistent.</p> -<p><i>pugnantia loqui</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 7. 13</span>)—to make contradictory, inconsistent statements.</p> -<p><i>dicere contra aliquem</i> or <i>aliquid</i> (not <i>contradicere alicui</i>)—to contradict some one.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_14">14. Particular Sciences (History—Mythology—Chronology—Geography—Mathematics—Natural Science—Astronomy)</h3> -<p><i>res Romanae</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_14_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_14_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—Roman history (<i>i.e.</i> the events in it).</p> -<p><i>res gestae Romanorum</i>—Roman history (<i>i.e.</i> the events in it).</p> -<p><i>historia</i>—history (as a science).</p> -<p><i>historia Romana</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_14_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_14_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> or <i>rerum Romanarum historia</i>—Roman history (<i>i.e.</i> the exposition, representation of it by writers).</p> -<p><i>memoria rerum Romanarum</i>—Roman history (as tradition).</p> -<p><i>historiam (-as) scribere</i>—to write a history.</p> -<p><i>res populi Romani perscribere</i>—to write a history of Rome.</p> -<p><i>rerum scriptor</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_14_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_14_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—an historian.</p> -<p><i>rerum auctor</i> (as authority)—an historian.</p> -<p><i>evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta</i>—to study historical records, read history.</p> -<p><i>memoriae traditum est, memoriae (memoria) proditum est</i> (without <i>nobis</i>)—tradition, history tells us.</p> -<p><i>tradunt, dicunt, ferunt</i>—they say; it is commonly said.</p> -<p><i>accepimus</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_14_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_14_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>—we know; we have been told.</p> -<p><i>historiae prodiderunt</i> (without <i>nobis</i>)—history has handed down to us.</p> -<p><i>apud rerum scriptores scriptum videmus, scriptum est</i>—we read in history.</p> -<p><i>duplex est memoria de aliqua re</i>—a twofold tradition prevails on this subject.</p> -<p><i>rerum veterum memoria</i>—ancient history.</p> -<p><i>memoria vetus</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 34. 120</span>)—ancient history.</p> -<p><i>veterum annales</i>—ancient history.</p> -<p><i>veterum annalium monumenta</i>—ancient history.</p> -<p><i>antiquitatis memoria</i>—ancient history.</p> -<p><i>recentioris aetatis memoria</i>—modern history.</p> -<p><i>memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum)</i>—the history of our own times; contemporary history.</p> -<p><i>nostra memoria</i> (<span class="ref">Cael. 18. 43</span>)—the history of our own times; contemporary history.</p> -<p><i>omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum</i> or <i>omnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria</i>—universal history.</p> -<p><i>memoriam annalium</i> or <i>temporum replicare</i>—to consult history.</p> -<p><i>aetas heroica</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_14_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_14_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 3. 7</span>)—the mythical period, the heroic age.</p> -<p><i>tempora heroica</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 3. 21. 54</span>)—the mythical period, the heroic age.</p> -<p><i>fabulae, historia fabularis</i>—mythology.</p> -<p><i>repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab heroicis temporibus</i>—to go back to the remote ages.</p> -<p><i>ut a fabulis ad facta veniamus</i>—to pass from myth to history.</p> -<p><i>historicorum fide contestata memoria</i>—historic times.</p> -<p><i>historiae, rerum fides</i>—historic truth.</p> -<p><i>narrare aliquid ad fidem historiae</i>—to give a veracious and historic account of a thing.</p> -<p><i>res historiae fide comprobata</i>—an acknowledged historical fact.</p> -<p><i>incorrupta rerum fides</i>—genuine historical truth.</p> -<p><i>ad historiam (scribendam) se conferre</i> or <i>se applicare</i>—to devote oneself to writing history.</p> -<p><i>homo in historia diligens</i>—a conscientious historian.</p> -<p><i>memoriam rerum gestarum (rerum Romanarum) tenere</i>—to be well versed in Roman history.</p> -<p><i>domestica (externa) nosse</i>—to be acquainted with the history of one's own land.</p> -<p><i>temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo</i>—chronology.</p> -<p><i>temporum ordinem servare</i>—to observe the chronological order of events.</p> -<p><i>servare et notare tempora</i>—to observe the chronological order of events.</p> -<p><i>res temporum ordine servato narrare</i>—to narrate events in the order of their occurrence.</p> -<p><i>temporibus errare</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 9. 23</span>)—to make a chronological mistake.</p> -<p><i>ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare</i>—to calculate the date of an event.</p> -<p><i>diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus</i>—to be exact in calculating dates.</p> -<p><i>terrarum</i> or <i>regionum descriptio (geographia)</i>—geography.</p> -<p><i>Africae situm paucis exponere</i>—to give a brief exposition of the geography of Africa.</p> -<p><i>regionum terrestrium aut maritimarum scientia</i>—geographical knowledge.</p> -<p><i>mathematica (-ae)</i> or <i>geometria (-ae)</i>, <i>geometrica (-orum)</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 24. 57</span>)—mathematics.</p> -<p><i>mathematicorum ratione concludere aliquid</i>—to draw a mathematical conclusion.</p> -<p><i>formas</i> (not <i>figuras</i>) <i>geometricas describere</i>—to draw geometrical figures.</p> -<p><i>se conferre ad naturae investigationem</i>—to devote oneself to the study of a natural science.</p> -<p><i>astrologia</i> (pure Latin <i>sidera, caelestia</i>)—astronomy.</p> -<p><i>spectator siderum, rerum caelestium</i> or <i>astrologus</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_14_6"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_14_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>—an astronomer.</p> -<p><i>arithmetica</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_14_7"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_14_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> (<i>-orum</i>)—arithmetic.</p> -<p><i>numeri (-orum)</i>—arithmetic.</p> -<p><i>bis bina quot sint non didicisse</i>—to be absolutely ignorant of arithmetic.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_14_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_14_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> But <i>res Romana</i> = the Roman power, Rome.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_14_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_14_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>historia</i> has several different senses. (1) The narration, exposition of the facts (<i>res gestae, res</i>), cf. <i>rerum exemplum</i>, historic precedent; <i>res facta</i>, historic fact. (2) Historical composition, e.g. <i>historiam scribere, historia graeca</i> = either a history written in Greek or a history of Greece (<i>rerum graecarum historia</i>); <i>historia latina</i>, history written in Latin; <i>historia romana</i> or <i>rerum romanarum historia</i> = a history of Rome. (3) A place famous in history, e.g. <i>quacunque ingredimur, in aliqua historia pedem ponimus</i>. In the plural <i>historiae</i> means specially histories, anecdotes (<i>narratiunculae</i>), memoirs, e.g. <i>Taciti historiae</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_14_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_14_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>historicus</i> means an erudite student of history, one engaged on historical research. As an adjective its use in Cicero is limited, being only used when opposed to <i>oratorius</i>, e.g. <i>genus historicum</i>, historic style (<span class="ref">Brut. 83. 286</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_14_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_14_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>scimus, cognovimus</i> (= we know by experience) are not used of historical knowledge.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_14_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_14_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>heroicus</i> only of time. <i>herous</i> = epic, e.g. <i>versus herous</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 49. 191</span>) = a dactylic hexameter; <i>pes herous</i> a dactyl; "epic" of other things is usually <i>epicus</i>, e.g. <i>carmen epicum</i>; <i>poetae epici</i>, or <i>epici</i> alone. For "heroic" of an action, cf. <i>praeclarum atque divinum factum; factum illustre et gloriosum</i>, etc.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_14_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_14_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> It is only in later Latin after <i>astrologus</i> had acquired the meaning of astrologer, magician, that <i>astronomus</i> came to be used (= astronomer).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_14_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_14_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> In Cicero always neut. plur., e.g. <i>in arithmeticis satis versatus</i>; later writers use the fem. sing. The pure Latin word is <i>numeri</i>, cf. <span class="ref">De Fin. 1. 21. 72</span> <i>an ille se, ut Plato, in musicis, geometria, numeris, astris contereret?</i> So <span class="ref">De Fin. 5. 29. 87</span> <i>cur Plato Aegyptum peragravit, ut a sacerdotibus barbaris numeros et caelestia acciperet?</i> Cf. <span class="ref">Nägelsb. Lat. Stil. p. 46</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_15">15. Art in General</h3> -<p><i>artis opus; opus arte factum</i> or <i>perfectum</i>—a work of art.</p> -<p><i>opus summo artificio<a id="FNanchor-VII_15_TR1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_15_TR1" class="fnanchor">[TR1]</a> factum</i>—a master-piece of classical work.</p> -<p><i>opus omnibus numeris absolutum</i>—a master-piece of classical work.</p> -<p><i>artem exercere</i>—to follow an artistic profession, practise an art.</p> -<p><i>artem tradere, docere</i>—to teach an art.</p> -<p><i>artem profiteri</i>—to profess an art.</p> -<p><i>artium (liberalium) studium</i>, or simply <i>studium</i>—a taste for the fine arts.</p> -<p><i>artis praecepta</i>, or also simply <i>ars</i>—the rules of art; aesthetics.</p> -<p><i>(artis, artium) intellegens, peritus</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_15_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_15_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (opp. <i>idiota</i>, a layman)—a connoisseur; a specialist.</p> -<p><i>existimator (doctus, intellegens, acerrimus)</i>—a (competent, intelligent, subtle) critic.</p> -<p><i>in existimantium arbitrium venire</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 24. 92</span>)—to come before the tribunal of the critics.</p> -<p><i>iudicium facere</i>—to criticise.</p> -<p><i>sensum, iudicium habere</i>—to be a man of taste.</p> -<p><i>elegantia in illo est</i>—he possesses sound judgment in matters of taste.</p> -<p><i>iudicium subtile, elegans, exquisitum, intellegens</i>—good taste; delicate perception.</p> -<p><i>iudicium acuere</i>—to cultivate one's powers of criticism.</p> -<p><i>abhorrere ab artibus</i> (opp. <i>delectari artibus</i>)—to have no taste for the fine arts.</p> -<p><i>veritatem</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_15_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_15_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>imitari</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 1. 13. 23</span>)—(1) to make a lifelike natural representation of a thing (used of the artist); (2) to be lifelike (of a work of art).</p> -<p><i>in omni re vincit imitationem veritas</i>—in everything nature defies imitation.</p> -<p><i>aliquid ad verum exprimere</i>—to make a copy true to nature.</p> -<p><i>morum ac vitae imitatio</i>—a lifelike picture of everyday life.</p> -<p><i>aliquid e vita ductum est</i>—a thing is taken from life.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_15_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_15_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>idiota</i> = properly uninitiated, not the same as <i>rudis, indoctus, imperitus</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_15_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_15_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>veritas</i> means not merely truth (opp. <i>mendacium</i>), but also reality (opp. <i>opinio, imitatio</i>). Thus we often find the combination <i>res et veritas ipsa</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 5. 13</span>), <i>natura rerum et ipsa veritas</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_15_TR1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_15_TR1"><span class="label">[TR1]</span></a> Transcriber's Note: the original text has <i>opus summo artifico factum</i>. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using <i>opus summo artificio factum.</i></p> - - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_16">16. Poetry—Music—Painting—Sculpture</h3> -<p><i>poema condere, facere, componere</i>—to write poetry.</p> -<p><i>versus facere, scribere</i>—to write poetry.</p> -<p><i>carmina , versus fundere</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 50</span>)—to write poetry with facility.</p> -<p><i>carmen epicum</i>—epic poetry.</p> -<p><i>poeta epicus</i>—an epic, heroic poet.</p> -<p><i>poesis scaenica</i>—dramatic poetry.</p> -<p><i>poeta scaenicus</i>—a dramatic poet.</p> -<p><i>scriptor tragoediarum, comoediarum</i>, also (<i>poeta</i>) <i>tragicus, comicus</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_16_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_16_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—a writer of tragedy, comedy.</p> -<p><i>scriptor fabularum</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_16_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_16_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—a writer of fables.</p> -<p><i>divino quodam instinctu concitari, ferri</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 1. 31. 66</span>)—to feel inspired.</p> -<p><i>divino quodam spiritu inflatus</i> or <i>tactus</i>—inspired.</p> -<p><i>carmen, versum agere</i>—to recite a poem, line with appropriate action.</p> -<p><i>carmen recitare</i>—to read a piece of verse with expression.</p> -<p><i>carmen pronuntiare</i>—to recite a piece of verse (without gestures).</p> -<p><i>carmen inconditum</i>—a rough poem; an extempore effusion.</p> -<p><i>se conferre ad poesis studium</i>—to devote oneself to poetry.</p> -<p><i>poetica laude florere</i>—to be distinguished as a poet.</p> -<p><i>poesis genus ad Romanos transferre</i>—to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poesy.</p> -<p><i>alicuius laudes versibus persequi</i>—to sing the praises of some one (not <i>canere aliquem</i>)</p> -<p><i>alicuius laudes (virtutes) canere</i>—to sing the praises of some one (not <i>canere aliquem</i>)</p> -<p><i>alicuius res gestas versibus ornare, celebrare</i>—to celebrate some one's exploits in song.</p> -<p><i>ut ait Homerus</i>—as Homer sings (not <i>canit</i>).</p> -<p><i>numerus poetice vinctus</i>—poetical rhythm.</p> -<p><i>artem musicam</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_16_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_16_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>discere, tractare</i>—to learn, study music.</p> -<p><i>nervorum et tibiarum cantus</i>—instrumental music.</p> -<p><i>vocum et fidium (nervorum) cantus</i>—vocal and instrumental music.</p> -<p><i>docere aliquem fidibus</i>—to teach some one to play a stringed instrument.</p> -<p><i>fidibus discere</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 8. 26</span>)—to learn to play a stringed instrument.</p> -<p><i>fidibus canere</i>—to play on the lyre.</p> -<p><i>pellere nervos in fidibus</i>—to strike the strings of the lyre.</p> -<p><i>tibias inflare</i>—to play the flute.</p> -<p><i>tibiis</i> or <i>tibiā canere</i>—to play the flute.</p> -<p><i>ad tibiam</i> or <i>ad tibicinem canere</i>—to sing to a flute accompaniment.</p> -<p><i>(homo) symphoniacus</i>—a singer, member of a choir.</p> -<p><i>symphōnīa canit</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 3. 44. 105</span>)—the orchestra is playing.</p> -<p><i>acroāma</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_16_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_16_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>—a professional performer.</p> -<p><i>modi</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 42. 187</span>)—the melody.</p> -<p><i>modos facere</i>—to compose, put to music.</p> -<p><i>numerus, numeri</i>—the tune; rhythm.</p> -<p><i>numerose cadere</i>—to have a rhythmical cadence.</p> -<p><i>ars pingendi, pictura</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 16. 69</span>)—the art of painting.</p> -<p><i>ars fingendi</i>—the art of sculpture.</p> -<p><i>signa et tabulae (pictae)</i>—statues and pictures.</p> -<p><i>simulacrum e marmore facere</i>—to make a marble statue.</p> -<p><i>statuas</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_16_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_16_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> <i>inscribere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 69. 167</span>)—to put an inscription on statues.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_16_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_16_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>tragicus, comicus</i> as adjectives = occurring in tragedy, comedy—e.g. <i>Orestes tragicus; senes comici</i>. Comic in the ordinary sense = <i>ridiculus</i>, c.f. <i>homo ridiculus</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_16_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_16_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Not <i>fabulator</i>, which = a gossip, teller of anecdotes.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_16_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_16_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>musica (-orum)</i> is also used for music, cf. <i>in musicis se conterere</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_16_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_16_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>acroama</i> = originally anything performed to give pleasure, then a performer. The Greeks applied the term to music; the Romans used it of any professional performer who entertained guests while at table.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_16_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_16_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>statua</i> is not used of statues of the gods, but <i>signum, simulacrum</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VII_17">17. The Drama</h3> -<p><i>ars ludicra</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 20. 84</span>)—the dramatic art.</p> -<p><i>fabula, ludus scaenicus</i>—the piece; the play.</p> -<p><i>argumentum</i>—the plot of the piece.</p> -<p><i>actio</i>—the treatment of the piece.</p> -<p><i>actus</i>—an act.</p> -<p><i>fabulam docere</i> (<span class="greek">διδάσκειν</span>) (of the writer) (opp. <i>fabulam discere</i>—to study a piece, of the actor)—to get a piece played, rehearse it.</p> -<p><i>fabulam agere</i>—to act a play (said of the actors).</p> -<p><i>fabulam edere</i>—to bring out a play, put it on the stage (used of the man who finds the money).</p> -<p><i>fabulam dare</i>—to produce a play (of the writer).</p> -<p><i>in scaenam producere aliquem</i>—to introduce a character on the stage.</p> -<p><i>in scaenam prodire</i>—to come upon the stage.</p> -<p><i>in scaenam redire</i>—to reappear on the stage.</p> -<p><i>de scaena decedere</i>—to retire from the stage.</p> -<p><i>in scaenam aliquid inducere</i>—to bring a thing upon the stage.</p> -<p><i>familia, grex, caterva histrionum</i>—a theatrical company.</p> -<p><i>dominus gregis</i>—the manager.</p> -<p><i>theatrum</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_17_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_17_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—the playhouse.</p> -<p><i>theatra reclamant</i>—the spectators protest.</p> -<p><i>populum facilem, aequum habere</i>—to have an appreciative audience.</p> -<p><i>plaudere</i> (not <i>applaudere</i>)—to applaud, clap a person.</p> -<p><i>plausum dare (alicui)</i>—to applaud, clap a person.</p> -<p><i>clamores (coronae) facere, excitare</i>—to elicit loud applause.</p> -<p><i>saepius revocatur</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 7. 2. 9</span>)—he is encored several times.</p> -<p><i>fabulam exigere</i> (<span class="ref">Ter. Andr. Pol.</span>)—to hiss a play.</p> -<p><i>fabula cadit</i>—a piece is a failure, falls flat.</p> -<p><i>histrionem exsibilare, explodere, eicere, exigere</i>—to hiss an actor off the stage.</p> -<p><i>histrioni acclamare</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_17_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_17_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to interrupt an actor by hooting him.</p> -<p><i>partes agere alicuius</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_17_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_17_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—to play the part of some one.</p> -<p><i>agere servum, lenonem</i>—to act the rôle of a slave, pander.</p> -<p><i>actor primarum (secundarum, tertiarum) partium</i>—the actor who plays the leading part.</p> -<p><i>tragoedia</i> or <i>fabula Antigona</i> (not <i>Antigona trag.</i> or <i>fab.</i>)—the Antigone.</p> -<p><i>in Sophoclis</i> (not <i>Sophoclea</i>) <i>Aiace</i> or <i>apud Sophoclem in Aiace</i>—in Sophocles' Ajax.</p> -<p><i>caterva, chorus</i>—the Chorus in Tragedy.</p> -<p><i>carmen chori, canticum</i>—a choric ode in a tragedy.</p> -<p><i>loci melici</i>—the lyric portions of a tragedy.</p> -<p><i>diverbium</i>—stage dialogue.</p> -<p><i>canticum</i>—a choric ode.</p> -<p><i>ludi circenses, scaenici</i>—performances in the circus; theatrical perfomances.</p> -<p><i>ludos apparare</i>—to institute games.</p> -<p><i>ludos facere, edere (Iovi)</i>—to give public games in honour of Jupiter.</p> -<p><i>ludos instaurare</i>—to revive public games.</p> -<p><i>munus gladiatorium edere, dare</i> (or simply <i>munus edere, dare</i>)—to give a gladiatorial show.</p> -<p><i>gladiatores dare</i>—to give a gladiatorial show.</p> -<p><i>familia</i><a id="FNanchor-VII_17_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VII_17_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>gladiatoria</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 64. 134</span>)—a band, troupe of gladiators under the management of a <i>lanista</i>.</p> -<p><i>ludus gladiatorius</i>—a school for gladiators.</p> -<p><i>gladiatoribus</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 2. 19. 3</span>)—at the gladiatorial games.</p> -<p><i>celebritas ludorum</i>—crowded games.</p> -<p><i>magnificentia ludorum</i>—sumptuous public games.</p> -<p><i>ludi apparatissimi</i>—sumptuous public games.</p> -<p><i>ludi Olympia</i> (not <i>ludi Olympici</i>), <i>Pythia</i>—the Olympian, Pythian games.</p> -<p><i>Olympia vincere</i> (<span class="greek">Ολύμπια νικαν</span>)—to win a prize at the Olympian games.</p> -<p><i>ludi gymnici</i>—gymnastic contests.</p> -<p><i>certamina gymnica</i>—gymnastic contests.</p> -<p><i>stadium currere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 10. 42</span>)—to run a foot-race.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VII_17_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_17_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] <i>theatrum</i> = (1) the playhouse, theatre; (2) the audience, house. It is used metaphorically for the sphere of activity, theatre, scene, e.g. <i>theatrum magnum habet ista provincia</i> (Cic.); <i>nullum theatrum virtuti conscientia majus</i> (ibid.)</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_17_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_17_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] Livy is the first writer who uses <i>acclamare</i> in a good sense.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_17_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_17_3"><span class="label">[3</span></a>] Also used metaphorically of the part played in life, e.g. <i>partes suscipere, sustinere, dare, tribuere, defendere, tueri</i>. Similarly <i>persona</i> (properly mask) is used in several phrases, e.g. <i>personam alicuius agere, ferre, tenere</i>; <i>personam suscipere</i> or <i>induere</i>; <i>personam tueri</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 8. 10</span>); <i>personam alicui imponere</i> (<span class="ref">Sull. 3. 8</span>). <i>persona</i> thus got the meaning of personality, individuality, character, and lastly in a concrete sense a personage of distinction. N.B.—It never represents our "person," cf. many persons were present, <i>multi (homines) aderant</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VII_17_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VII_17_4"><span class="label">[4</span></a>] Hence <i>familiam ducere</i>, metaphorically to be at the head of a movement, to play the leading part, e.g. <i>in iure civili</i> (Cic.) For other phrases drawn from the wrestling-school <i>vid.</i> ix. 6.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_VIII">VIII. Speech and Writing</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_1">1. Speech in General</h3> -<p><i>ars dicendi</i>—the art of speaking; oratory.</p> -<p><i>ad dicendum se conferre</i>—to devote oneself to oratory.</p> -<p><i>dicendi</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>praecepta tradere</i>—to teach rhetoric.</p> -<p><i>rhetor, dicendi magister</i>—a teacher of rhetoric.</p> -<p><i>facultas dicendi</i>—oratorical talent.</p> -<p><i>natum, factum esse ad dicendum</i>—to be a born orator.</p> -<p><i>facilem et expeditum esse ad dicendum</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 48. 180</span>)—to be a ready, fluent speaker.</p> -<p><i>rudem, tironem ac rudem</i> (opp. <i>exercitatum</i>) <i>esse in dicendo</i>—to be an inexperienced speaker.</p> -<p><i>disertum esse</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 21. 94</span>)—to be fluent.</p> -<p><i>eloquentem esse</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 21. 94</span>)—to be a capable, finished speaker.</p> -<p><i>eloquentia valere</i>—to be very eloquent.</p> -<p><i>dicendi arte florere</i>—to be very eloquent.</p> -<p><i>eloquentiae laude florere</i>—to be a distinguished orator.</p> -<p><i>vis dicendi</i>—oratorical power.</p> -<p><i>multum dicendo valere, posse</i>—to have great weight as a speaker.</p> -<p><i>eloquentiae principatum tenere</i>—to be considered the foremost orator.</p> -<p><i>primum</i> or <i>principem inter oratores locum obtinere</i>—to be considered the foremost orator.</p> -<p><i>oratorum principem esse</i>—to be considered the foremost orator.</p> -<p><i>orationem conficere</i>—to compose a speech.</p> -<p><i>orationem commentari</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 16. 26</span>)—to prepare, get up a speech.</p> -<p><i>oratio meditata</i> (<span class="ref">Plin. 26. 3. 7</span>)—a prepared speech.</p> -<p><i>subito, ex tempore</i> (opp. <i>ex praeparato</i>) <i>dicere</i>—to speak extempore.</p> -<p><i>oratio subita</i>—an extempore speech.</p> -<p><i>oratio perpetua</i>—a continuous discourse.</p> -<p><i>oratio accurata</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>et polita</i>—a carefully prepared speech.</p> -<p><i>oratio composita</i>—an elaborate speech.</p> -<p><i>contentio</i> (opp. <i>sermo</i>) (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 48</span>)—pathetic address; emotional language.</p> -<p><i>copiose dicere</i>—to speak very fluently.</p> -<p><i>ornate dicere</i>—to speak well, elegantly.</p> -<p><i>libere dicere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 72. 176</span>)—to speak frankly, independently.</p> -<p><i>plane, aperte dicere</i>—to speak openly, straightforwardly.</p> -<p><i>perspicue, diserte dicere</i>—to speak in clear, expressive language.</p> -<p><i>missis ambagibus dicere</i>—to speak without circumlocution.</p> -<p><i>accommodate ad persuadendum dicere</i>—to be a persuasive speaker.</p> -<p><i>aggredi ad dicendum</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_1_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—to come forward to make a speech; to address the house.</p> -<p><i>verba facere apud</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_1_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>populum, in contione</i>—to address a meeting of the people.</p> -<p><i>in contionem (in rostra) escendere</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_1_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_1_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> (only of Romans)—to mount the rostra.</p> -<p><i>orationem habere</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 33. 94</span>)—to make a speech.</p> -<p><i>initium dicendi facere</i>—to begin to speak.</p> -<p><i>finem dicendi facere</i>—to cease speaking.</p> -<p><i>perorare</i>—(1) to make one's peroration; (2) to deliver the closing speech (in a case where several speeches have been made).</p> -<p><i>animos audientium permovere, inflammare</i>—to make an impression on one's audience.</p> -<p><i>animos tenere</i>—to rivet the attention of...</p> -<p><i>audientiam sibi (orationi) facere</i>—to obtain a hearing.</p> -<p><i>solutum et expeditum esse ad dicendum</i>—to be never at a loss for something to say.</p> -<p><i>lingua promptum esse</i>—to have a ready tongue.</p> -<p><i>celeritas in respondendo</i>—readiness in debate, in repartee.</p> -<p><i>bonis lateribus</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_1_6"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_1_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> <i>esse</i>—to have good lungs.</p> -<p><i>linguae solutio</i>—volubility.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Note the way in which the Latin language prefers a concrete expression in the plural to represent our abstract "rhetoric," cf. <i>musica (-orum), astra, numeri, soni</i> = music, astronomy, arithmetic, acoustics (<i>vid.</i> vii. 14).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>accuratus</i> is only used of things, never of persons.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_1_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>surgere ad dicendum</i> is only used of some one who has been till now seated (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 78. 316</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_1_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>apud</i> is used of appearing before an official assembly, e.g. <i>apud populum, apud senatum, apud iudices</i>. <i>coram</i> is used of an informal casual meeting.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_1_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_1_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>escendere</i> is more common than <i>ascendere</i>, cf. <i>in contionem escendere</i> (<span class="ref">Cic. Att. 4. 2. 3</span>; <span class="ref">Liv. 2. 7. 7</span>, etc. etc.) Similarly <i>in rostra escendere</i> (Cic. Liv.), <i>in tribunal escendere</i> (Liv.) Later <i>suggestum, rostra escendere</i> (<span class="ref">Tac. Ann. 15. 59; ibid. 13. 5.</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_1_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_1_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>latus</i> is never used in the singular in good Latin with the meaning "lungs,", "breath," "vigour," cf. Cic. <i>iam me dies, vox, latera deficient si...</i> In a somewhat similar way <i>lacerti</i> is used of oratorical vigour, e.g. <i>ipse hastas...oratoris lacertis viribusque torquebit</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 57. 242</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_2">2. Style—Expression</h3> -<p><i>genus dicendi (scribendi); oratio</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—style.</p> -<p><i>genus dicendi grave</i> or <i>grande, medium, tenue</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (cf. <span class="ref">Or. 5. 20; 6. 21</span>)—elevated, moderate, plain style.</p> -<p><i>fusum orationis genus</i>—a running style.</p> -<p><i>inconditum dicendi genus</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 69. 242</span>)—a rough, unpolished style.</p> -<p><i>inflatum orationis genus</i>—a bombastic style.</p> -<p><i>oratio altius exaggerata</i>—a bombastic style.</p> -<p><i>elatio atque altitudo orationis</i>—the exalted strain of the speech.</p> -<p><i>exsurgere altius</i> or <i>incitatius ferri</i>—to take a higher tone (especially of poets and orators).</p> -<p><i>magnifice loqui, dicere</i>—(1) to speak vehemently, passionately; (2) to speak pompously, boastfully.</p> -<p><i>magniloquentia, granditas verborum</i>—pathos; passion.</p> -<p><i>tragoediae</i>—tragic pathos.</p> -<p><i>expedita et facile currens oratio</i>—an easy, fluent style.</p> -<p><i>oratio aequabiliter fluens</i>—an easy, fluent style.</p> -<p><i>flumen</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_2_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>orationis</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 15. 62</span>)—flow of oratory.</p> -<p><i>siccitas, sanitas orationis</i>—the plain style.</p> -<p><i>verborum tenuitias, oratio subtilis</i>—the plain style.</p> -<p><i>oratio exilis, ieiuna, arida, exsanguis</i>—the dry, lifeless style.</p> -<p><i>ornatus orationis, verborum</i>—well-chosen language, grace of style.</p> -<p><i>elegantia orationis</i>—tasteful description.</p> -<p><i>oratio pura, pura et emendata</i>—pure, correct language.</p> -<p><i>integritas, sinceritas orationis</i> (not <i>puritas</i>)—purity of style.</p> -<p><i>oratio inquinata</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_2_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_2_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> (<span class="ref">De Opt. Gen. Or. 3. 7</span>)—incorrect language.</p> -<p><i>orationes Catonis antiquitatem redolent</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 21. 82</span>)—Cato's speeches sound archaic.</p> -<p><i>ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent</i>—there is a flavour of Atticism about his discourse.</p> -<p><i>oratio soluta</i> (not <i>prosa</i>) or simply <i>oratio</i>—prose.</p> -<p><i>oratio numerose cadit</i>—his style has a well-balanced cadence.</p> -<p><i>numeris orationem astringere, vincire</i>—to make a speech rhythmical.</p> -<p><i>lumina, flores dicendi</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 25. 96</span>)—flowers of rhetoric; embellishments of style.</p> -<p><i>sententias (verbis) explicare, aperire</i>—to explain one's sentiments.</p> -<p><i>sententiae reconditae ex exquisitae</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 97. 274</span>)—profound sentiments.</p> -<p><i>ubertas</i> (not <i>divitiae</i>) <i>et copia orationis</i>—a full and copious style of speech.</p> -<p><i>crebritas</i> or <i>copia</i> (opp. <i>inopia</i>) <i>sententiarum</i> or simply <i>copia</i>—richness of ideas.</p> -<p><i>sententiis abundans</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_2_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_2_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> or <i>creber</i> (opp. <i>sententiis inanis</i>)—rich in ideas.</p> -<p><i>adumbrare aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 14. 43</span>)—to roughly sketch a thing.</p> -<p><i>exprimere aliquid verbis</i> or <i>oratione</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 3, note <i>adumbrare...</i>)—to express clearly, make a lifelike representation of a thing.</p> -<p><i>exponere aliquid</i> or <i>de aliqua re</i>—to give an account of a thing (either orally or in writing).</p> -<p><i>sententiae inter se nexae</i>—the connection.</p> -<p><i>perpetuitas verborum</i>—the connection.</p> -<p><i>contextus orationis</i> (not <i>nexus, conexus sententiarum</i>)—the connection.</p> -<p><i>ratio sententiarum</i>—the connection of thought.</p> -<p><i>ratio, qua sententiae inter se excipiunt.</i>—the connection of thought.</p> -<p><i>vitam alicuius exponere</i>—to give an account of a man's life.</p> -<p><i>vitam alicuius depingere</i>—to make a sketch of a man's life.</p> -<p><i>de ingenio moribusque alicuius exponere</i>—to make a character-sketch of a person.</p> -<p><i>summo colore aliquid illustrare</i>—to depict a thing in lively colours.</p> -<p><i>ante oculos ponere aliquid</i>—to bring a thing vividly before the eyes.</p> -<p><i>oculis</i> or <i>sub oculos, sub aspectum subicere aliquid</i>—to represent a thing vividly.</p> -<p><i>rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 53. 202</span>)—graphic depiction.</p> -<p><i>perlustrare, lustrare oculis aliquid</i>—to scrutinise, examine closely.</p> -<p><i>sic exponere aliquid, quasi agatur res (non quasi narretur)</i>—to represent a thing dramatically.</p> -<p><i>aliquem disputantem facere, inducere, fingere (est aliquid apud aliquem disputans)</i>—to introduce a person (into a dialogue) discoursing on...</p> -<p><i>in uno conspectu ponere aliquid</i>—to give a general idea of a thing.</p> -<p><i>sub unum aspectum subicere aliquid</i>—to give a general idea of a thing.</p> -<p><i>in brevi conspectu ponere aliquid</i>—to make a short survey of a thing.</p> -<p><i>uno conspectu videre aliquid</i>—to have a general idea of a thing.</p> -<p><i>breviter tangere, attingere aliquid</i>—to touch briefly on a thing.</p> -<p><i>strictim, leviter tangere, attingere, perstringere aliquid</i>—to make a cursory mention of a thing; to mention by the way (not <i>obiter</i> or <i>in transcursu</i>).</p> -<p><i>quasi praeteriens, in transitu attingere aliquid</i>—to make a cursory mention of a thing; to mention by the way (not <i>obiter</i> or <i>in transcursu</i>).</p> -<p><i>res summas attingere</i>—to dwell only on the main points.</p> -<p><i>summatim aliquid exponere</i>—to dwell only on the main points.</p> -<p><i>multa verba facere</i>—to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully.</p> -<p><i>multum, nimium esse (in aliqua re)</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 4. 17</span>)—to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully.</p> -<p><i>pluribus verbis, copiosius explicare, persequi</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_2_6"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_2_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> <i>aliquid</i>—to give a full, detailed account of a thing.</p> -<p><i>fusius, uberius, copiosius disputare, dicere de aliqua re</i>—to speak at great length on a subject, discuss very fully.</p> -<p><i>breviter, paucis explicare aliquid</i>—to explain a matter briefly, in a few words (not <i>paucis verbis</i>).</p> -<p><i>rem paucis absolvere</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 17. 2</span>)—to explain a matter briefly, in a few words (not <i>paucis verbis</i>).</p> -<p><i>rebus ipsis par est oratio</i>—the circumstances are described in language worthy of them.</p> -<p><i>rebus verba respondent</i>—the circumstances are described in language worthy of them.</p> -<p><i>copiam quam potui persecutus sum</i>—I have exhausted all my material.</p> -<p><i>verbis non omnia exsequi posse</i>—to be unable to say all one wants.</p> -<p><i>in medium proferre aliquid</i>—to bring a subject forward into discussion.</p> -<p><i>in medio ponere (proponere)</i>—to publish, make public.</p> -<p><i>silentio praeterire</i> (not <i>praetermittere</i>) <i>aliquid</i>—to pass over in silence.</p> -<p><i>significare aliquem</i> or <i>aliquid</i>—to allude to a person or thing (not <i>alludere</i>).</p> -<p><i>significatione appellare aliquem</i>—to allude to a person or thing (not <i>alludere</i>).</p> -<p><i>describere aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Cael. 20. 50</span>)—to allude to a person or thing (not <i>alludere</i>).</p> -<p><i>leviter significare aliquid</i>—to hint vaguely at a thing.</p> -<p><i>ordine narrare, quomodo res gesta sit</i>—to detail the whole history of an affair.</p> -<p><i>dicendo ornare aliquid</i>—to embellish a narrative.</p> -<p><i>rhetorice, tragice ornare aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 11. 43</span>)—to add rhetorical, dramatic embellishments to a subject.</p> -<p><i>digressus, digressio, egressio</i>—a digression, episode.</p> -<p><i>quod ornandi causa additum est</i>—a digression, episode.</p> -<p><i>includere in orationem aliquid</i>—to interpolate, insert something.</p> -<p><i>inserere orationi aliquid</i>—to interpolate, insert something.</p> -<p><i>interponere aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">De Am. 1. 3</span>)—to interpolate, insert something.</p> -<p><i>dicendo augere, amplificare aliquid</i> (opp. <i>dicendo extenuare aliquid</i>)—to lend lustre to a subject by one's description.</p> -<p><i>in maius ferre, in maius extollere aliquid</i>—to exaggerate a thing.</p> -<p><i>in maius accipere aliquid</i>—to overestimate a thing.</p> -<p><i>digredi (a proposito)</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 77. 311</span>)—to digress, deviate.</p> -<p><i>studio alicuius rei provectus sum</i>—my zeal for a thing has led me too far.</p> -<p><i>longe, alte (longius, altius) repetere</i> (either absolute or <i>ab aliqua re</i>)—to go a long way back (in narrative).</p> -<p><i>oratio longius repetita</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 24. 91</span>)—a rather recondite speech.</p> -<p><i>accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus</i>—to adopt the language of everyday life.</p> -<p><i>ad vulgarem sensum</i> or <i>ad communem opinionem orationem accommodare</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 10. 35</span>)—to express oneself in popular language.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>stilus</i>, which means the writing instrument, the stylus, hence the expression <i>stilum vertere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 3. 41</span>), to erase what has been written. Metaphorically it denotes—(1) the action of writing, e.g. <i>stilus optimus est et praestantissimus dicendi effector et magister</i>; (2) the manner of writing, mode of composition, e.g. <i>unus enim sonus est totius orationis et idem stilus</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Speeches belong according to their subject-matter to <i>genus deliberativum</i> (<span class="greek">συμβουλευτικόν</span>), <i>genus iudicale</i> (<span class="greek">δικανικόν</span>), or <i>genus demonstrativum</i> (<span class="greek">ἐπιδεικτικόν</span>), cf. <span class="ref">Cic. de Inv. 1. 5. 7</span>; <span class="ref">Arist. Rhet. bk. iii</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_2_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> On the other hand, <i>oratio fluit</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 49. 190</span>) = the language has no rhythm.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_2_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_2_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Not <i>impura</i>, which means unchaste, obscene.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_2_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_2_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Not <i>dives</i> which Cicero uses only absolutely and almost always of persons, cf. however <i>animus hominis dives</i> (<span class="ref">Parad. 6. 44</span>), <i>divitior mihi et affluentior videtur esse vera amicitia</i> (<span class="ref">De Am. 16. 58</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_2_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_2_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>persequi</i> is often used in the meaning to expound, treat of either orally or in writing, e.g. <i>alicuius vitam, alicuius laudes versibus, res Hannibalis</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_3">3. Delivery—Voice</h3> -<p><i>actio</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 38</span>)—delivery.</p> -<p><i>pronuntiatio</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> c. Gen.—artistic delivery; declamation.</p> -<p><i>actio paulum claudicat</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_3_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_3_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—the delivery is rather halting, poor.</p> -<p><i>haerere, haesitare</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 2. 6. 13</span>)—to stop short, hesitate.</p> -<p><i>perturbari, permoveri</i>—to be nervous, embarrassed.</p> -<p><i>de scripto orationem</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>habere, dicere</i> (opp. <i>sine scripto, ex memoria</i>)—to read a speech.</p> -<p><i>interpellare aliquem (dicentem)</i>—to interrupt.</p> -<p><i>vox magna, clara</i> (<span class="ref">Sulla 10. 30</span>)—a strong, loud voice.</p> -<p><i>vox gravis, acuta, parva, mediocris</i>—a deep, high, thin, moderate voice.</p> -<p><i>vox canōra</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 63. 234</span>)—a melodious, ringing voice.</p> -<p><i>vox lenis, suppressa, summissa</i>—a gentle, subdued voice.</p> -<p><i>vocem mittere</i> (<i>sonitum reddere</i> of things)—to speak, utter a sound.</p> -<p><i>vocem summittere</i>—to lower one's voice.</p> -<p><i>contentio, remissio vocis</i>—raising, lowering the voice.</p> -<p><i>vocem intercludere</i> (<span class="ref">Just. 11. 8. 4</span>)—to prevent some one from speaking.</p> -<p><i>nulla vox est ab eo audita</i>—no sound passed his lips.</p> -<p><i>magna voce clamare</i>—to shout at the top of one's voice.</p> -<p><i>clamorem tollere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 28</span>)—to raise a shout, a cry.</p> -<p><i>gestum</i> (always in the sing.) <i>agere</i>—to gesticulate.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>declamatio</i> which = an oratorical exercise. Distinguish <i>pronuntiare</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 59. 251</span>), to declaim a thing according to the rules of rhetoric; and <i>declamare</i> = to go through rhetorical exercises as a practice in speaking.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_3_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_3_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>claudicare</i> often metaph. of things which are unequal, weak, e.g. <i>amicitia claudicat</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 1. 69</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> But to read a speech <i>orationem legere</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 51. 191</span>); to read with expression, <i>recitare</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 10.2. 5</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_4">4. Subject-Matter—Argument</h3> -<p><i>non habeo argumentum scribendi</i>—I have nothing to write about.</p> -<p><i>deest mihi argumentum ad scribendum</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 9. 7. 7</span>)—I have nothing to write about.</p> -<p><i>non habeo, non est quod scribam</i>—I have nothing to write about.</p> -<p><i>res</i> (opp. <i>verba</i>) <i>mihi suppetit</i>—I have abundance to say.</p> -<p><i>materia mihi crescit</i>—my subject grows as I write.</p> -<p><i>res componere ac digerere</i>—to arrange and divide the subject-matter.</p> -<p><i>dispositio rerum</i> (<span class="ref">De Inv. 1. 7. 9</span>)—the arrangement of the subject-matter.</p> -<p><i>materia rerum et copia uberrima</i>—abundance of material.</p> -<p><i>infinita et immensa materia</i>—abundance of material.</p> -<p><i>materiem ad ornatum praebere</i>—to afford matter for elaboration, embellishment.</p> -<p><i>id quod (mihi) propositum est</i>—a theme, subject proposed for discussion.</p> -<p><i>res proposita</i>—a theme, subject proposed for discussion.</p> -<p><i>id quod quaerimus (quaeritur)</i>—a theme, subject proposed for discussion.</p> -<p><i>institutum</i> or <i>id quod institui</i>—a theme, subject proposed for discussion.</p> -<p><i>a proposito aberrare, declinare, deflectere, digredi, egredi</i>—to digress from the point at issue.</p> -<p><i>ad propositum reverti, redire</i>—to come back to the point.</p> -<p><i>ad rem redire</i>—to come back to the point.</p> -<p><i>sed redeat, unde aberravit oratio</i>—but to return from the digression we have been making.</p> -<p><i>sed ad id, unde digressi sumus, revertamur</i>—but to return from the digression we have been making.</p> -<p><i>verum ut ad id, unde digressa est oratio, revertamur</i>—but to return from the digression we have been making.</p> -<p><i>mihi propositum est</i> c. Inf. (or <i>mihi proposui, ut</i>)—the task I have put before myself is...</p> -<p><i>ponere</i>—to propose, set a theme.</p> -<p><i>ponere alicui, de quo disputet</i>—to set some one a theme for discussion.</p> -<p><i>ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 2. 1. 1</span>)—to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_5">5. Question—Answer</h3> -<p><i>quaestionem ponere, proponere</i>—to propose a subject of debate, put a question.</p> -<p><i>quaestionem poscere</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 2. 1. 1</span>)—to get a question submitted to one.</p> -<p><i>hoc loco exsistit quaestio, quaeritur</i>—at this point the question arises.</p> -<p><i>nunc id quaeritur, agitur</i>—the question now is...</p> -<p><i>res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur</i>—the question at issue.</p> -<p><i>magna quaestio est</i> (followed by an indirect question)—it is a difficult point, disputed question.</p> -<p><i>quaerendum esse mihi visum est</i>—the question has forced itself on my mind.</p> -<p><i>quaestionem solvere</i>—to decide, determine a question.</p> -<p><i>quaestio ad exitum venit</i>—the question has been settled.</p> -<p><i>ad interrogata respondere</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to answer questions.</p> -<p><i>bene interrogare</i>—to cross-examine cleverly, put leading questions.</p> -<p><i>percontanti non deesse</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 21. 97</span>)—to answer every question.</p> -<p><i>responsum ab aliquo ferre, auferre</i>—to extract an answer from some one.</p> -<p><i>respondere in hanc sententiam</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_5_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_5_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to answer to this effect.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Note to answer (a thing) <i>respondere ad aliquid</i> or <i>alicui rei</i>; to answer (a person) always <i>alicui</i>. So <i>dicere alicui</i> to speak to a person, but <i>scribere ad aliquem</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_5_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_5_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>responsum dare</i> only of answers given by oracles or lawyers.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_6">6. Humour—Earnest</h3> -<p><i>ioco uti</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 29. 103</span>)—to make a joke.</p> -<p><i>haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi</i>—I said it in jest.</p> -<p><i>animo prompto esse ad iocandum</i>—to be humorously inclined.</p> -<p><i>extra iocum, remoto ioco</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 7. 11. 3</span>)—joking apart.</p> -<p><i>facete dicere</i>—to be witty.</p> -<p><i>facetiis uti, facetum esse</i>—to make witty remarks.</p> -<p><i>facete et commode dicere</i> —to indulge in apt witticisms.</p> -<p><i>breviter et commode dictum</i>—a short, pointed witticism.</p> -<p><i>facete dictum</i>—a witticism, bon mot.</p> -<p><i>arcessitum dictum</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 63. 256</span>)—a far-fetched joke.</p> -<p><i>dicta dicere in aliquem</i>—to make jokes on a person.</p> -<p><i>aspergere sales orationi</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 26. 87</span>)—to intersperse one's speech with humorous remarks.</p> -<p><i>aliquid ad ridiculum convertere</i>—to make a joke of a thing.</p> -<p><i>(homo) ridiculus</i> (<span class="ref">Plaut. Stich. 1. 3. 21</span>)—a wit; a joker.</p> -<p><i>lepos in iocando</i>—humour.</p> -<p><i>iucunde esse</i> (<span class="ref">Deiot. 7. 19</span>)—to be in a good temper.</p> -<p><i>se dare iucunditati</i>—to let oneself be jovial.</p> -<p><i>sibi displicere</i> (opp. <i>sibi placere</i>)—to be in a bad temper.</p> -<p><i>ioca et seria agere</i>—to be now jesting, now in earnest.</p> -<p><i>serio dicere</i> (<span class="ref">Plaut. Bacch. 1. 1. 42</span>)—to say in earnest...</p> -<p><i>severitatem adhibere</i>—to show that one is serious.</p> -<p><i>ineptum esse</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 4. 17</span>)—to be silly, without tact.</p> -<p><i>nimium diligentem esse</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to be pedantic.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_6_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Such words as "pedantry," "pedant" can be expressed very variously in Latin, cf. <span class="ref">N. D. 3. 31. 71</span> <i>posse <em>acerbos</em> e Zenonis schola exire</i>; <span class="ref">Pro Mur. 9. 19</span> <i>multorum <em>difficultatem</em> exsorbuit</i>; <span class="ref">Brut. 38. 143</span> <i>erat in Crasso latine loquendi sine <em>molestia</em> diligens elegantia</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_7">7. Language—Use of Language—Translation—Grammar</h3> -<p><i>lingua graeca latinā locupletior (copiosior, uberior) est</i>—the Greek language is a richer one than the Latin.</p> -<p><i>commercium linguae</i>—intercourse of speech.</p> -<p><i>volubilitas, solutio linguae</i>—volubility.</p> -<p><i>vitium orationis, sermonis</i> or simply <i>vitium</i>—a mistake, solecism.</p> -<p><i>saepe (crebro, multa) peccavit, erravit, lapsus est</i>—he has made several mistakes.</p> -<p><i>eiusdem linguae societate coniunctum esse cum aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 59. 223</span>)—to be united by having a common language.</p> -<p><i>orationis expertem esse</i>—to be unable to express one's ideas.</p> -<p><i>sermo patrius</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 1. 2. 4</span>)—native tongue; vernacular.</p> -<p><i>consuetudo sermonis, loquendi</i>—to usage of language.</p> -<p><i>cotidiani sermonis usus</i>—the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech.</p> -<p><i>communis sermonis consuetudo</i>—the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech.</p> -<p><i>sermo familiaris et cotidianus</i>—the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech.</p> -<p><i>aliquid a consuetudine sermonis latini abhorret, alienum est</i>—the expression is not in accordance with Latin usage.</p> -<p><i>consuetudo vitiosa et corrupta</i> (opp. <i>pura et incorrupta</i>) <i>sermonis</i>—incorrect usage.</p> -<p><i>incorrupta latini sermonis integritas</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Brut. 35. 132</span>)—pure, correct Latin.</p> -<p><i>sermo latinus</i> (opp. <i>sermo parum latinus</i>) (cf. sect. VII. 2., note <i>For the use of adverbs...</i>)—good Latin.</p> -<p><i>latine loqui</i> (Brut. 45. 166)—(1) to speak Latin, (2) to speak good Latin (also <i>bene latine</i>), (3) to express oneself clearly.</p> -<p><i>graece</i> or <i>graeca lingua loqui</i>—to speak the Greek language.</p> -<p><i>latinam linguam scire</i> or <i>didicisse</i>—to know Latin.</p> -<p><i>latine scire</i>—to know Latin.</p> -<p><i>latine commentari</i>—to write treatises in Latin.</p> -<p><i>aliquid e graeco in latinum (sermonem) convertere, vertere, transferre</i>—to translate from Greek into Latin.</p> -<p><i>Platonem vertere, convertere</i>—to translate Plato.</p> -<p><i>ab</i> or <i>de</i> (not <i>ex</i>) <i>Platone vertere, convertere, transferre</i>—to translate from Plato.</p> -<p><i>ex Platonis Phaedone haec in latinum conversa sunt</i>—what follows has been translated into Latin from Plato's Phaedo.</p> -<p><i>aliquid (graeca) latine reddere</i> or <i>sermone latino interpretari</i>—to render something into Latin.</p> -<p><i>ad verbum transferre, exprimere</i>—to translate literally, word for word (not <i>verbo tenus</i>).</p> -<p><i>verbum e verbo exprimere</i>—to translate literally, word for word (not <i>verbo tenus</i>).</p> -<p><i>verbum pro verbo reddere</i>—to translate literally, word for word (not <i>verbo tenus</i>).</p> -<p><i>totidem verbis transferre</i>—to translate literally, word for word (not <i>verbo tenus</i>).</p> -<p><i>his fere verbis, hoc fere modo convertere, transferre</i>—to translate freely.</p> -<p><i>liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus</i>—the work when translated; translation (concrete).</p> -<p><i>interpretatio, translatio</i> (not <i>versio</i> or <i>conversio</i>)—the process of translation.</p> -<p><i>interpres</i>—the translator.</p> -<p><i>leges dicendi</i>—the rules of speech, grammar.</p> -<p><i>praecepta</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_7_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_7_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>grammaticorum</i>—the rules of speech, grammar.</p> -<p><i>grammaticus</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_7_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_7_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 3. 10</span>)—a linguist, philologian.</p> -<p><i>emendate scribere</i>—to write correctly, in faultless style.</p> -<p><i>latine scribere</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_7_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_7_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> (<span class="ref">Opt. Gen. Or. 2. 4</span>)—to write good Latin.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cf. <span class="ref">Cic. ad Herenn. 4. 12. 17</span> <i>latinitas est quae sermonem purum conservat ab omni vitio remotum</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_7_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_7_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Not <i>regula</i>, which means a level, standard, e.g. <i>regula ad quam iudicia rerum diriguntur</i> (Cic.)</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_7_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_7_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The adverb <i>grammatice</i> is used with <i>loqui, scribere</i> = to speak, write correctly; <i>grammatista</i> and also <i>litterator</i> are used of elementary teachers.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_7_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_7_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Cf. <i>latine docere philosophiam</i>, to teach philosophy in Latin; <span class="ref">Fin. 3. 12. 40</span> <i>latine scire</i>, to know Latin. (cf. <span class="greek">ἑλληνιστὶ ξυνιέναι</span> <span class="ref">Xen. Anab. 7. 6. 8</span>). Also <i>latine didicisse, latine oblivisci</i> (<span class="ref">Caec. 22. 62</span>), in which Dräger supposes an ellipse of <i>loqui</i> or <i>dicere</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_8">8. Sentence—Period—Words—Proverbs—Syllables</h3> -<p><i>enuntiatio, enuntiatum, sententia</i>—the sentence, proposition.</p> -<p><i>compositio, structura verborum</i>—the structure of the sentence.</p> -<p><i>ambitus, circuitus, comprehensio, continuatio (verborum, orationis)</i>, also simply <i>periodus</i>—the period.</p> -<p><i>constructio, structura verborum, forma dicendi</i>—the construction.</p> -<p><i>adiungi, addi coniunctivo</i> (<span class="ref">Marc. Cap. 3. 83</span>)—to be used with the conjunctive mood.</p> -<p><i>copia, ubertas verborum</i>—profusion of words.</p> -<p><i>verbis abundantem esse, abundare</i>—to be rich in words.</p> -<p><i>inopia verborum</i>—poverty of expression.</p> -<p><i>lectissimis verbis uti</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 3. 37</span>)—to employ carefully chosen expressions.</p> -<p><i>prisca, obsoleta</i> (opp. <i>usitata</i>), <i>ambigua verba</i>—obsolete, ambiguous expressions.</p> -<p><i>locutio</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 74. 258</span>)—a phrase.</p> -<p><i>verbo, nomine; re, re quidem vera</i>—nominally; really.</p> -<p><i>si verba spectas</i>—literally.</p> -<p><i>verbis alicuius</i>, e.g. <i>salutare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 9. 36</span>)—in some one's name; on some one's behalf (not <i>nomine alicuius</i>).</p> -<p><i>haec verba sunt</i> (<span class="ref">Ter. Phorm. 3. 2. 32</span>)—these are mere empty phrases.</p> -<p><i>inanis verborum sonitus</i>—mere words; empty sound.</p> -<p><i>inanium verborum flumen</i>—senseless rant.</p> -<p><i>flosculi, rhetorum pompa</i>—fine, rhetorical phrases.</p> -<p><i>voces iacere</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 11</span>)—to let fall an expression.</p> -<p><i>nullum (omnino) verbum facere</i>—to not say a word.</p> -<p><i>ne verbum</i> (without <i>unum</i>) <i>quidem de aliquo facere</i>—to say not a syllable about a person.</p> -<p><i>verba facere (de aliqua re, apud aliquem)</i>—to speak on a subject.</p> -<p><i>verbum ex aliquo elicere</i>—to extract a word from some one.</p> -<p><i>verbis concertare</i> or <i>altercari cum aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 19. 6</span>)—to hold an altercation with a man.</p> -<p><i>verborum concertatio</i>—an altercation, debate.</p> -<p><i>pauca dicere</i> (<i>pauca verba dicere</i> only of the orator)—to say only a few words.</p> -<p><i>omnia verba huc redeunt</i>—all this means to say.</p> -<p><i>nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit</i> (or simply <i>ei</i>)—no word escaped him.</p> -<p><i>verbo parum valere</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 3. 5. 11</span>)—to unable to find a suitable expression.</p> -<p><i>verbum prorsus nullum intellegere</i>—not to understand a single word.</p> -<p><i>huic rei deest apud nos vocabulum</i>—we have no expression for that.</p> -<p><i>inducere novum verbum in latinam linguam</i>—to introduce a new word into the Latin language.</p> -<p><i>verba parere, fingere, facere</i>—to invent, form words.</p> -<p><i>nominum interpretatio</i>—etymology (not <i>etymologia</i>).</p> -<p><i>vocabulum,</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_8_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_8_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>verbum, nomen ducere ab, ex...</i>—to form, derive a word from... (used of the man who first creates the word).</p> -<p><i>verbum ductum esse a...putare</i>—to derive a word from... (used of an etymologist).</p> -<p><i>originem verbi repetere a...</i>—to derive a word from... (used of an etymologist).</p> -<p><i>nomina enodare</i> or <i>verborum origines quaerere, indagare</i>—to give the etymological explanation of words.</p> -<p><i>nomen amicitiae</i> (or simply <i>amicitia</i>) <i>dicitur ab amando</i>—the word <i>amicitia</i> comes from <i>amare</i>.</p> -<p><i>in aliqua re dici</i>—to be used in speaking <i>of</i> a thing.</p> -<p><i>quid significat, sonat haec vox?</i>—what is the meaning, the original sense of this word?</p> -<p><i>quae est vis huius verbi?</i>—what is the meaning, the original sense of this word?</p> -<p><i>quae notio</i> or <i>sententia subiecta est huic voci?</i>—what is the meaning, the original sense of this word?</p> -<p><i>vis et notio verbi, vocabuli</i>—the fundamental meaning of a word.</p> -<p><i>vox, nomen carendi</i> or simply <i>carere hoc significat</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 36. 88</span>)—the word <i>carere</i> means...</p> -<p><i>quem intellegimus sapientem?</i>—what do we understand by "a wise man"?</p> -<p><i>quae intellegitur virtus</i>—what do we mean by "virtue"?</p> -<p><i>quid est virtus?</i>—what do we mean by "virtue"?</p> -<p><i>idem valere, significare, declarare</i>—to have the same meaning.</p> -<p><i>vocabula idem fere declarantia</i>—synonyms.</p> -<p><i>vocabulum latius patet</i>—the word has a more extended signification.</p> -<p><i>vocabulum angustius valet</i>—the word has a narrow meaning.</p> -<p><i>iracundiam sic (ita) definiunt, ut ulciscendi libidinem esse dicant</i> or <i>ut u. libido sit</i> or <i>iracundiam sic definiunt, ulc. libidinem</i>—anger is defined as a passionate desire for revenge.</p> -<p><i>in bonam (malam) partem accipere aliquid</i>—to take a thing in good (bad) part.</p> -<p><i>aemulatio dupliciter dicitur, ut et in laude et in vitio hoc nomen sit</i>—the word <i>aemulatio</i> is employed with two meanings, in a good and a bad sense.</p> -<p><i>verba ac litteras</i> or <i>scriptum (legis) sequi</i> (opp. <i>sententia</i> the spirit)—to hold by the letter (of the law).</p> -<p><i>hoc vocabulum generis neutri</i> (not <i>neutrius</i>) <i>est</i>)—this word is neuter.</p> -<p><i>ordo verborum</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 63. 214</span>)—the order of words.</p> -<p><i>vocabulum proprium</i>—the proper term; a word used strictly.</p> -<p><i>verbum translatum</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 27. 92</span>)—a figurative expression; a word used metaphorically.</p> -<p><i>translatio</i>—a metaphor.</p> -<p><i>verba composita</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_8_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_8_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—well-arranged words.</p> -<p><i>verborum immutatio</i>—a trope; metonymy.</p> -<p><i>continua translatio</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 27. 94</span>)—an allegory; continuous metaphor.</p> -<p><i>simili uti</i>—to employ a comparison, simile.</p> -<p><i>dissimulatio</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 30. 108</span>)—irony.</p> -<p><i>vetus (verbum) est</i> (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—it was said long ago that...</p> -<p><i>ut est in proverbio</i>—as the proverb says.</p> -<p><i>ut</i> or <i>quod</i> or <i>quomodo aiunt, ut</i> or <i>quemadmodum dicitur</i>—as the proverb says.</p> -<p><i>in proverbii consuetudinem</i> or simply <i>in proverbium venire</i>—to pass into a proverb.</p> -<p><i>proverbii locum obtinere</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 4. 16. 36</span>)—to be used as a proverb.</p> -<p><i>hoc est Graecis hominibus in proverbio</i>—this is a proverb among the Greeks.</p> -<p><i>bene illo Graecorum proverbio praecipitur</i>—that Greek proverb contains an excellent lesson.</p> -<p><i>vetamur vetere proverbio</i>—an old proverb tells us not to...</p> -<p><i>proverbium vetustate</i> or <i>sermone tritum</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. II. 3, note <i>tritus...</i>)—an old proverb which every one knows.</p> -<p><i>syllabam, litteram producere</i> (opp. <i>corripere</i>) (<span class="ref">Quintil. 9. 4. 89</span>)—to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter.</p> -<p><i>haec vox longa syllaba terminatur, in longam syllabam cadit, exit</i>—this word ends in a long syllable.</p> -<p><i>oriri a longa</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 55. 236</span>)—to begin with a long syllable.</p> -<p><i>syllabarum auceps</i>—a verbal, petty critic; a caviller.</p> -<p><i>verborum aucupium</i> or <i>captatio</i>—minute, pedantic carping at words.</p> -<p><i>litteras exprimere</i> (opp. <i>obscurare</i>)—to pronounce the syllables distinctly.</p> -<p><i>ad litteram, litterate</i>—to the letter; literally.</p> -<p><i>litterarum</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_8_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_8_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>ordo</i>—the alphabet.</p> -<p><i>litterae, elementa</i>—the alphabet.</p> -<p><i>ad litteram</i> or <i>litterarum ordine digerere</i>—to arrange in alphabetical order.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_8_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_8_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>verbum derivare</i> means to form new words from words which exist already, e.g. by adding a syllable, <i>Atrides</i> from <i>Atreus</i>. For word-building, cf. <span class="ref">Cic. De Or. 3. 37 and 38</span>; <span class="ref">Hor. A. P. 46</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_8_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_8_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Compound words = <i>verba copulata, iuncta</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 48. 159</span>), <i>coniuncta</i>, cf. <span class="ref">Cic. De Or. 3. 38. 154</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_8_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_8_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Cf. <i>quarta elementorum littera</i>, the fourth letter of the alphabet (<span class="ref">Suet. Iul. 56</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_9">9. Writing—Writers—Books</h3> -<p><i>litteris mandare</i> or <i>consignare aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 2. 1. 2</span>)—to put down in writing.</p> -<p><i>litteris persequi</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VIII. 2, note <i>persequi...</i>) <i>aliquid</i>—to treat in writing.</p> -<p><i>scriptor</i> (not <i>auctor</i> = guarantor)—the writer, author.</p> -<p><i>scribere</i>—to take to writing, become an author.</p> -<p><i>ad scribendum</i> or <i>ad scribendi studium se conferre</i>—to become a writer, embrace a literary career.</p> -<p><i>animum ad scribendum appellere, applicare</i>—to become a writer, embrace a literary career.</p> -<p><i>librum scribere, conscribere</i>—to write a book.</p> -<p><i>librum conficere, componere</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 1. 2</span>)—to compose, compile a book.</p> -<p><i>librum edere</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 1. 3. 6</span>)—to publish a book.</p> -<p><i>librum evolvere, volvere</i>—to open a book.</p> -<p><i>volumen explicare</i>—to open a book.</p> -<p><i>librum mittere ad aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 1. 3. 8</span>)—to dedicate a book to some one.</p> -<p><i>index, inscriptio</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>libri</i>—the title of a book.</p> -<p><i>liber inscribitur</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_9_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_9_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>Laelius</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 9. 30</span>)—the book is entitled "Laelius".</p> -<p><i>Cicero dicit in Laelio (suo)</i> or <i>in eo</i> (not <i>suo</i>) <i>libro, qui inscribitur Laelius</i>—Cicero says in his "Laelius."</p> -<p><i>est liber de...</i>—there exists a book on...</p> -<p><i>exstat liber</i> (notice the order of the words)—the book is still extant.</p> -<p><i>liber intercidit, periit</i>—the book has been lost.</p> -<p><i>liber deperditus</i>—a book which has been entirely lost sight of.</p> -<p><i>liber perditus</i>—a lost book of which fragments (<i>relliquiae</i>, not <i>fragmenta</i>) remain.</p> -<p><i>liber qui fertur alicuius</i>—a book which is attributed to some one.</p> -<p><i>nescio quis</i>—an anonymous writer.</p> -<p><i>liber refertur ad nescio quem auctorem</i>—the book is attributed to an unknown writer.</p> -<p><i>hic liber est de amicitia</i> (not <i>agit</i>) or <i>hoc libro agitur de am.</i>—the book treats of friendship.</p> -<p><i>libro continetur aliquid</i>—the book contains something... (not <i>continet aliquid</i>).</p> -<p><i>libro scriptor complexus est aliquid</i>—the book contains something... (not <i>continet aliquid</i>).</p> -<p><i>in extremo libro</i> (<span class="ref">Q. Fr. 2. 7. 1</span>)—at the end of the book.</p> -<p><i>liber mihi est in manibus</i>—to be engaged on a book.</p> -<p><i>librum in manibus habere</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 1. 1. 2</span>)—to be engaged on a book.</p> -<p><i>liber, oratio in manibus est</i>—the book, speech can easily be obtained.</p> -<p><i>librum in manus sumere</i>—to take up a book in one's hands.</p> -<p><i>librum de manibus ponere</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_9_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_9_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—to lay down a book (<i>vid.</i> sect. XII. 3, note <i>vestem deponere...</i>).</p> -<p><i>perpolire, limare diligenter librum, opus</i>—to polish, finish a work with the greatest care.</p> -<p><i>extrema manus accēdit operi</i> (active <i>extremam manum imponere operi</i>)—to put the finishing touch to a work.</p> -<p><i>liber accurate, diligenter scriptus</i>—a carefully written book.</p> -<p><i>aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere</i> (not <i>excerpere librum</i>)—to make extracts from Cicero's writings.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in commentarios suos referre</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 3. 22. 54</span>)—to enter a thing in one's note-book.</p> -<p><i>librum annotare, interpolare, distinguere</i>—to furnish a book with notes, additional extracts, marks of punctuation.</p> -<p><i>se abdere in bibliothecam suam</i>—to bury oneself in one's library.</p> -<p><i>Platonem legere, lectitare</i>—to read Plato.</p> -<p><i>locum Platonis afferre, proferre</i> (not <i>citare</i>)—to quote a passage of Plato.</p> -<p><i>scriptor hoc loco dicit</i>—our (not <i>noster</i>) author tells us at this point.</p> -<p><i>Cicero loco quodam haec dicit</i>—Cicero says this somewhere.</p> -<p><i>Platonem legere et cognoscere</i>—to study Plato.</p> -<p><i>legendo percurrere aliquid</i>—to read cursorily.</p> -<p><i>apud Platonem scriptum videmus,</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_9_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_9_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>scriptum est</i> or simply <i>est</i>—we read in Plato.</p> -<p><i>in Platonis Phaedone scriptum est</i>—in Plato's "Phaedo" we read.</p> -<p><i>verba, oratio, exemplum scriptoris</i>—the text of the author (not <i>textus</i>).</p> -<p><i>legentes, ii qui legunt</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_9_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_9_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>—the reader.</p> -<p><i>languorem, molestiam legentium animis afferre</i>—to weary, bore the reader.</p> -<p><i>liber plenus delectationis</i>—a very charming book.</p> -<p><i>alicuius mens in scriptis spirat</i>—a man's soul breathes through his writings.</p> -<p><i>mendum (scripturae)</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 6. 7. 1</span>)—a clerical error, copyist's mistake.</p> -<p><i>mendose scriptum</i>—full of orthographical errors.</p> -<p><i>labi in scribendo</i>—to make a mistake in writing.</p> -<p><i>mendosum esse</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 4. 77</span>)—(1) to make frequent mistakes in writing; (2) to be full of mistakes (speaking of a passage).</p> -<p><i>inducere verbum</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 13. 19. 43</span>)—to strike out, delete a word.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_9_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>titulus</i> which means—(1) an inscription on a tomb, monument; (2) public notice, e.g. an advertisement of a sale, <i>sub titulum misit lares</i> (Ov.); (3) metaph. title, honour, e.g. <i>consulatus, coniugis</i>. It is only in very late writers that it = a title of a book.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_9_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_9_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The perfect <i>inscriptus est</i> is only used when the writer himself is speaking of his book, e.g. <i>de senectute disputavi eo libro, qui Cato maior inscriptus est</i>, "...which I have entitled <i>Cato maior</i>."</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_9_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_9_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Distinguish the two verbs <i>ponere</i> = to set down for a moment temporarily, and <i>deponere</i> to lay aside, abandon altogether. Cf. <i>vincere</i> and <i>devincere</i>, <i>perdere</i> and <i>deperdere</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_9_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_9_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>legere</i> in this connection only in the perfect.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-VIII_9_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_9_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Not <i>lector</i>, which means a professional reader, cf. <span class="ref">De Or. 2. 55. 223</span>. Similarly "audience" = <i>ii qui audiunt</i> or <i>audientes</i> (usually in oblique cases). Words in <i>-tor</i> and <i>-trix</i> always denote those who do something habitually or for some permanent object. Thus of functionaries—<i>censor, dictator, quaestor</i>; of artisans—<i>fictor</i> sculptor, <i>institor</i> retail dealer, <i>mercator</i> wholesale merchant, <i>structor</i> mason; of people who are always showing some distinguishing quality or defect—<i>calumniator, ratiocinator</i>; of those who have performed a feat so remarkable as to confer on them a durable characteristic—<i>creator urbis</i> (Romulus), <i>servator Graeciae</i> (Themistocles), <i>Cimbrorum victor</i> (Marius), etc.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_VIII_10">10. Letters</h3> -<p><i>epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem</i>—to write a letter to some one.</p> -<p><i>epistula ad Atticum data, scripta, missa</i> or <i>quae ad A. scripta est</i>—a letter to Atticus.</p> -<p><i>epistulam dare alicui ad aliquem</i>—to charge some one with a letter for some one else.</p> -<p><i>epistulam reddere alicui</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 21. 4</span>)—to deliver a letter to some one (used of the messenger).</p> -<p><i>epistularum commercium</i>—correspondence.</p> -<p><i>litterae missae et allatae</i>—correspondence.</p> -<p><i>colloqui cum aliquo per litteras</i>—to correspond with some one.</p> -<p><i>litteras inter se dare et accipere</i>—to be in correspondence with...</p> -<p><i>litteras perferre aliquo</i>—to take a letter somewhere.</p> -<p><i>epistulam signare, obsignare</i>—to seal, fasten a letter.</p> -<p><i>epistulam solvere, aperire, resignare</i> (of Romans also <i>linum incīdere</i>)—to open a letter.</p> -<p><i>epistulam intercipere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 1. 13. 2</span>)—to intercept a letter.</p> -<p><i>epistulam deprehendere</i>—to take forcible possession of a letter.</p> -<p><i>litteras recitare</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 8. 9. 2</span>)—to read a letter aloud (in public).</p> -<p><i>litterae hoc exemplo</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 9. 6. 3</span>)—a letter, the tenor of which is...</p> -<p><i>litterae in hanc sententiam</i> or <i>his verbis scriptae sunt</i>—the terms, contents of the letter are as follows.</p> -<p><i>Kalendis Ianuariis Romā (dabam)</i>—Rome, January 1st.</p> -<p><i>dies</i> (fem. in this sense)—the date.</p> -<p><i>pater optime</i><a id="FNanchor-VIII_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-VIII_10_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> or <i>carissime, mi pater</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XII. 10)—my dear father.</p> -<p><i>litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob.</i>—to deliver a letter dated September 21st.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-VIII_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-VIII_10_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] Neither <i>amatus</i> nor <i>dilectus</i> can be used in this connection.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_IX">IX. The Emotions</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_1">1. Disposition—Emotion in General</h3> -<p><i>animi affectio</i> or <i>habitus</i> (<span class="ref">De Inv. 2. 5</span>)—humour; disposition.</p> -<p><i>ita</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>animo affectum esse</i>—to be so disposed.</p> -<p><i>animos tentare</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 63. 176</span>)—to try to divine a person's disposition.</p> -<p><i>animum alicuius</i> or simply <i>aliquem flectere</i>—to make a person change his intention.</p> -<p><i>animi motus, commotio, permotio</i>—the emotions, feelings.</p> -<p><i>aliqua re moveri, commoveri</i>—to be moved by a thing.</p> -<p><i>alicuius animum commovere</i>—to touch a person's heart, move him.</p> -<p><i>alicuius animum pellere</i>—to make an impression on a person's mind.</p> -<p><i>motus excitare in animo</i> (opp. <i>sedare, exstinguere</i>)—to excite emotion.</p> -<p><i>commotum</i> or <i>concitatum esse</i>—to be moved, agitated.</p> -<p><i>commotum perturbatumque esse</i>—to be greatly agitated.</p> -<p><i>alicuius mentem turbare, conturbare, perturbare</i>—to upset a person.</p> -<p><i>quid tibi animi est?</i>—what sort of humour are you in?</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IX_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> But not <i>magno, laeto,</i> etc., <i>animo affici</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_2">2. Joy—Pain</h3> -<p><i>afficere aliquem gaudio, laetitia</i>—to give pleasure to some one.</p> -<p><i>afferre alicui laetitiam</i>—to give pleasure to some one.</p> -<p><i>laetitiam capere</i> or <i>percipere ex aliqua re</i>—to take pleasure in a thing.</p> -<p><i>delectari aliqua re</i>—to take pleasure in a thing.</p> -<p><i>in sinu gaudere</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 3. 21. 51</span>)—to rejoice in secret.</p> -<p><i>gaudio perfundi</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to be filled with delight.</p> -<p><i>cumulum gaudii alicui afferre</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 6) (<span class="ref">Fam. 16. 21. 1</span>)—to add the crowning point to a person's joy.</p> -<p><i>gaudio, laetitia exsultare</i>—to utter cries of joy.</p> -<p><i>laetitia gestire</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 4. 6. 13</span>)—to be transported with joy.</p> -<p><i>effusa</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>laetitia</i>—a transport of joy.</p> -<p><i>laetitia gestiens</i>—a transport of joy.</p> -<p><i>gaudio, laetitia efferri</i>—to be beside oneself with joy.</p> -<p><i>animum alicuius ad laetitiam excitare</i>—to put a man in a pleasurable frame of mind.</p> -<p><i>nimio gaudio paene desipere</i>—to almost lose one's reason from excess of joy.</p> -<p><i>doleo aliquid, aliqua re, de</i> and <i>ex aliqua re</i>—I am pained, vexed, sorry.</p> -<p><i>aegre, graviter, moleste fero aliquid</i> (or with Acc. c. Inf. or <i>quod</i>)—I am pained, vexed, sorry.</p> -<p><i>tuam vicem</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_2_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>doleo</i>—I am sorry for you.</p> -<p><i>dolore affici</i>—to feel pain.</p> -<p><i>dolorem capere (percipere) ex aliqua re</i>—to be vexed about a thing.</p> -<p><i>doloribus premi, angi, ardere, cruciari, distineri et divelli</i>—to feel acute pain.</p> -<p><i>dolorem alicui facere, afferre, commovere</i>—to cause a person pain.</p> -<p><i>acerbum dolorem alicui inurere</i>—to cause any one very acute pain.</p> -<p><i>acer morsus doloris est</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 2. 22. 53</span>)—the pain is very severe.</p> -<p><i>dolorem in lacrimas effundere</i>—to find relief in tears.</p> -<p><i>dolori indulgere</i>—to give way to grief.</p> -<p><i>dolor infixus animo haeret</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 26</span>)—grief has struck deep into his soul.</p> -<p><i>dolore confici, tabescere</i>—to be wasted with grief; to die of grief.</p> -<p><i>dolores remittunt, relaxant</i>—the pain grows less.</p> -<p><i>dolori resistere</i>—to struggle against grief.</p> -<p><i>callum obducere</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_2_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_2_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>dolori</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 2. 15. 36</span>)—to render insensible to pain.</p> -<p><i>animus meus ad dolorem obduruit</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 2. 16. 1</span>)—I have become callous to all pain.</p> -<p><i>dolorem abicere, deponere, depellere</i>—to banish grief.</p> -<p><i>dolorem alicui eripere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 9. 6. 4</span>)—to free a person from his pain.</p> -<p><i>cum magno meo dolore</i>—to my sorrow.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IX_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>gaudio compleri</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 5. 14. 69</span>) is rare in Cicero; <i>gaudio impleri</i> does not occur. Speaking generally, <i>complere, implere, replere</i>, should not be used of emotions.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IX_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Cf. <i>effusa fuga</i>, headlong flight; <i>effusi sumptus</i>, lavish expenditure (<span class="ref">Rosc. Am. 24. 68</span>); <i>cursus effusus</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 9. 41. 17</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IX_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_2_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>vicem</i> with a genitive or a possessive pronoun has the meaning "on account of," "with regard to," especially with verbs expressing the emotions, e.g. <i>doleo, timeo, irascor</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IX_2_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_2_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Note too <i>consuetudo callum obduxit stomacho meo</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 9. 2. 3</span>), habit has made me callous. <i>callum</i> properly is the thic nerveless skin which covers the bodies of animals.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_3">3. Vexation—Care—Equanimity—Contentment—Affliction</h3> -<p><i>in aegritudine, sollicitudine esse</i>—to be vexed, mortified, anxious.</p> -<p><i>aegritudine, sollicitudine affici</i>—to be vexed, mortified, anxious.</p> -<p><i>sollicitum esse</i>—to be vexed, mortified, anxious.</p> -<p><i>nihil omnino curare</i>—not to trouble oneself about a thing.</p> -<p><i>non laborare de aliqua re</i>—not to trouble oneself about a thing.</p> -<p><i>aliquid me sollicitat, me sollicitum habet, mihi sollicitudini est, mihi sollicitudinem affert</i>—something harasses me, makes me anxious.</p> -<p><i>aegritudo exest animum planeque conficit</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 3. 13. 27</span>)—anxiety gnaws at the heart and incapacitates it.</p> -<p><i>aegritudine, curis confici</i>—to be wasting away with grief.</p> -<p><i>aegritudine afflictum, debilitatum esse, iacēre</i>—to be bowed down, prostrated by grief.</p> -<p><i>aegritudinem alicuius elevare</i>—to comfort another in his trouble.</p> -<p><i>aliquem aegritudine levare</i>—to comfort another in his trouble.</p> -<p><i>quieto, tranquillo, securo animo esse</i>—to enjoy peace of mind.</p> -<p><i>rebus suis, sorte sua contentum esse</i>—to be contented.</p> -<p><i>satis habeo, satis mihi est</i> c. Inf.—I am content to...</p> -<p><i>paucis, parvo contentum esse</i>—to be satisfied with a little.</p> -<p><i>fortunae meae me paenitet</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—I am discontented with my lot.</p> -<p><i>non me paenitet, quantum profecerim</i>—I am not dissatisfied with my progress.</p> -<p><i>in luctu esse</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 14. 32</span>)—to suffer affliction.</p> -<p><i>in sordibus luctuque iacēre</i>—to be in great trouble, affliction.</p> -<p><i>mors alicuius luctum mihi attulit</i>—some one's death has plunged me in grief.</p> -<p><i>in maximos luctus incidere</i>—to be overwhelmed by a great affliction.</p> -<p><i>magnum luctum haurire</i> (without <i>ex-</i>)—to undergo severe trouble, trials.</p> -<p><i>luctum percipere ex aliqua re</i>—to feel sorrow about a thing.</p> -<p><i>omnem luctum plane abstergere</i>—to banish all sad thoughts.</p> -<p><i>luctum deponere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 14. 13. 34</span>)—to lay aside one's grief.</p> -<p><i>vel maximos luctus vetustate tollit diuturnitas</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 5. 16. 5</span>)—time assuages the most violent grief.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IX_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The evidence of inscriptions and the best MSS. seems to point to the derivation of <i>paenitet</i>, not from <i>poena</i> (cf. <i>punire, impunis</i>), but from the root contained in <i>penes, penetrare, penitus</i>; its original meaning would thus be, "to be touched, affected within, at heart" (Bréal).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_4">4. Fear—Terror—Anxiety</h3> -<p><i>timorem, terrorem alicui inicere</i>, more strongly <i>incutere</i>—to inspire fear, terror.</p> -<p><i>timor aliquem occupat</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 39</span>)—fear comes upon some one.</p> -<p><i>in timore esse, versari</i>—to be in fear.</p> -<p><i>in timorem venire, pervenire</i>—to become frightened.</p> -<p><i>metus aliquem exanimat</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 24. 65</span>)—a man is paralysed with fear.</p> -<p><i>exalbescere metu</i>—to grow pale with fear.</p> -<p><i>metu fractum et debilitatum, perculsum esse</i>—to be completely prostrated by fear.</p> -<p><i>abicere, omittere timorem</i>—to banish one's fears.</p> -<p><i>a metu respirare</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 70. 200</span>)—to recover from one's fright.</p> -<p><i>ex metu se recreare, se colligere</i>—to recover from one's fright.</p> -<p><i>respirandi spatium dare</i>—to give time for recovery.</p> -<p><i>terror incidit alicui</i>—terror, panic seizes some one.</p> -<p><i>terror invadit in aliquem</i> (rarely <i>alicui</i>, after Livy <i>aliquem</i>)—terror, panic seizes some one.</p> -<p><i>in terrorem conicere aliquem</i>—to overwhelm some one with terror.</p> -<p><i>(animo) angi</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 27</span>)—to be very uneasy; to fret.</p> -<p><i>cura sollicitat angitque aliquem</i>—anxiety troubles and torments one.</p> -<p><i>angoribus premi</i>—to be tormented with anxiety.</p> -<p><i>angoribus confici</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 15. 37</span>)—to be worn out, almost dead with anxiety.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_5">5. Courage—Discouragement—Pusillanimity—Pride—Arrogance—Insolence</h3> -<p><i>bono animo esse</i>—to be brave, courageous.</p> -<p><i>bonum animum habere</i>—to be brave, courageous.</p> -<p><i>animus alicui accedit, crescit</i>—to take courage.</p> -<p><i>animum capere, colligere</i>—to take courage.</p> -<p><i>animum recipere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 50</span>)—to take courage again.</p> -<p><i>animo forti esse</i>—to be brave by nature.</p> -<p><i>fortem te praebe</i>—be brave!</p> -<p><i>alacri et erecto animo esse</i>—to show a brisk and cheerful spirit.</p> -<p><i>animum facere, addere alicui</i>—to succeed in encouraging a person.</p> -<p><i>animum alicuius confirmare</i>—to strengthen, confirm a person's courage.</p> -<p><i>animum alicui augere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 70</span>)—to increase a person's courage.</p> -<p><i>animum alicuius redintegrare</i>—to re-inspire courage.</p> -<p><i>animus frangitur, affligitur, percellitur, debilitatur</i>—their spirits are broken.</p> -<p><i>animos militum accendere</i>—to fire with courage.</p> -<p><i>animi cadunt</i>—their courage is ebbing.</p> -<p><i>animo cadere, deficere</i>—to lose courage; to despair.</p> -<p><i>animum demittere</i>—to lose courage; to despair.</p> -<p><i>erigere alicuius animum</i> or <i>aliquem</i>—to encourage a person.</p> -<p><i>excitare animum iacentem et afflictum</i> (opp. <i>frangere animum</i>)—to inspire the spiritless and prostrate with new vigour.</p> -<p><i>animo esse humili, demisso</i> (more strongly <i>animo esse fracto, perculso et abiecto</i>) (<span class="ref">Att. 3. 2</span>)—to be cast down, discouraged, in despair.</p> -<p><i>inflatum, elatum esse aliqua re</i>—to be proud, arrogant by reason of something.</p> -<p><i>insolentia, superbia inflatum esse</i>—to be puffed up with pride.</p> -<p><i>magnos spiritus sibi sumere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 33</span>)—to be haughty.</p> -<p><i>spiritus alicuius reprimere</i>—to lower a person's pride.</p> -<p><i>insolentius se efferre</i>—to behave arrogantly.</p> -<p><i>elatius se gerere</i>—to give oneself airs.</p> -<p><i>sibi sumere aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">Planc. 1. 3</span>)—to take upon oneself.</p> -<p><i>contumacius se gerere</i>—to display a proud obstinacy.</p> -<p><i>libera contumacia Socratis</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 29. 71</span>)—the frank but defiant demeanour of Socrates (before his judges).</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_6">6. Presence of Mind—Composure—Despair</h3> -<p><i>praesenti animo uti</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 8, note <i>uti...</i>)—to possess presence of mind.</p> -<p><i>aequo (aequissimo) animo ferre aliquid</i>—to endure a thing with (the greatest) sang-froid.</p> -<p><i>humane, modice, moderate, sapienter, constanter ferre aliquid</i>—to bear a thing with resignation, composure.</p> -<p><i>(animo) paratum esse ad aliquid</i>—to be resigned to a thing.</p> -<p><i>omnia perpeti paratum esse</i>—to be ready to endure anything.</p> -<p><i>ad omnes casus se comparare</i>—to prepare oneself for all contingencies.</p> -<p><i>animum alicuius de statu, de gradu demovere</i> (more strongly <i>depellere, deturbare</i>)—to disconcert a person.</p> -<p><i>de statu suo</i> or <i>mentis deici</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 16. 15</span>)—to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted.</p> -<p><i>de gradu deici, ut dicitur</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted.</p> -<p><i>perturbari (animo)</i>—to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted.</p> -<p><i>sui (mentis) compotem non esse</i>—to lose one's head, be beside oneself.</p> -<p><i>non esse apud se</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_6_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_6_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (<span class="ref">Plaut. Mil. 4. 8. 26</span>)—to lose one's head, be beside oneself.</p> -<p><i>mente vix constare</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 4. 17. 39</span>)—to compose oneself with difficulty.</p> -<p><i>animo adesse</i> (<span class="ref">Sull. 11. 33</span>)—to be quite unconcerned.</p> -<p><i>ad se redire</i>—to regain one's self-possession.</p> -<p><i>constantiam servare</i>—to be calm, self-possessed.</p> -<p><i>mente consistere</i>—to be calm, self-possessed.</p> -<p><i>desperare</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_6_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_6_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>suis rebus</i>—to despair of one's position.</p> -<p><i>ad (summam) desperationem pervenire, adduci</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 2. 42</span>)—to be plunged into the depths of despair.</p> -<p><i>desperatio rerum (omnium)</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 2. 11. 25</span>)—absolute despair; a hopeless situation.</p> -<p><i>quid (de) me fiet?</i> (<span class="ref">Ter. Heaut. 4. 3. 37</span>)—what will become of me?</p> -<p><i>actum est de me</i>—it's all over with me; I'm a lost man.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IX_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_6_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> These expressions are metaphors from the fencing-school. <i>gradus</i> is the position taken up by a combatant, so <i>gradu depelli, deici</i> = to be driven out of one's ground.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IX_6_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_6_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Used especially in the comic poets.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IX_6_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_6_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>desperare</i> is used, generally with <i>de</i>, more rarely with the accusative, in the meaning "to no longer count upon a thing," e.g. <i>reditum, pacem</i>; or with the dative, especially with <i>sibi, suis rebus, saluti, fortunae suae</i>. Note the use of <i>desperatus</i>, "abandoned," "given up," "despaired of," e.g. <i>desperati morbi</i> (Cic.), <i>aegrota ac paene desperata res publica</i> (Cic.)</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_7">7. Hope—Expectation</h3> -<p><i>spem habere</i>—to cherish a hope.</p> -<p><i>spe duci, niti, teneri</i>—to cherish a hope.</p> -<p><i>magna me spes tenet</i> (with Acc. c. Inf.) (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 41. 97</span>)—I have great hopes that...</p> -<p><i>sperare videor</i>—I flatter myself with the hope...</p> -<p><i>bene, optime (meliora) sperare de aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Milt. 1. 1</span>)—to hope well of a person.</p> -<p><i>in spem venire, ingredi, adduci</i>—to conceive a hope.</p> -<p><i>spem concipere animo</i>—to conceive a hope.</p> -<p><i>spem redintegrare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 25</span>)—to revive a hope.</p> -<p><i>spem alicui facere, afferre, inicere</i>—to inspire any one with hope.</p> -<p><i>ad spem aliquem excitare, erigere</i>—to awaken new hope in some one.</p> -<p><i>in maximam spem aliquem adducere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 2. 22. 3</span>)—to inspire some one with the most brilliant hopes.</p> -<p><i>in meliorem spem, cogitationem aliquem inducere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 15. 53</span>)—to induce some one to take a brighter view of things.</p> -<p><i>spem proponere alicui</i>—to lead some one to expect...</p> -<p><i>spes affulget</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 27. 28</span>)—a ray of hope shines on us.</p> -<p><i>spem falsam alicui ostendere</i>—to rouse a vain, groundless hope in some one's mind.</p> -<p><i>spem alicui adimere, tollere, auferre, eripere</i>—to deprive a person of hope.</p> -<p><i>spem praecīdere, incidere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 15</span>)—to cut off all hope.</p> -<p><i>spem perdere</i>—to lose hope.</p> -<p><i>spe deici, depelli, deturbari</i>—to lose hope.</p> -<p><i>spes ad irritum cadit, ad irritum redigitur</i>—expectation is overthrown.</p> -<p><i>spem abicere, deponere</i>—to give up hoping.</p> -<p><i>inani, falsa spe duci, induci</i>—to be misled by a vain hope.</p> -<p><i>spes me frustratur</i>—hope has played me false.</p> -<p><i>spes extenuatur et evanescit</i>—hope is vanishing by degrees.</p> -<p><i>spem alicuius fallere</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 4. 11. 23</span>)—to deceive a person's hope.</p> -<p><i>spem alicui</i> or <i>alicuius minuere</i>—to weaken, diminish a person's hope.</p> -<p><i>spem alicuius confirmare</i>—to strengthen a person in his hopes.</p> -<p><i>spem alere</i>—to entertain a hope.</p> -<p><i>spem habere in aliquo</i>—to set one's hope on some one.</p> -<p><i>spem suam ponere, collocare in aliquo</i>—to set one's hope on some one.</p> -<p><i>inter spem metumque suspensum animi esse</i>—to hover between hope and fear.</p> -<p><i>praeter spem, exspectationem</i>—contrary to expectation.</p> -<p><i>exspectationem</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>sui facere, commovere</i>—to cause oneself to be expected.</p> -<p><i>exspectationem explere</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 47. 205</span>)—to fulfil expectation.</p> -<p><i>exspectationi satisfacere, respondere</i>—to respond to expectations.</p> -<p><i>exspectatione alicuius rei pendēre (animi)</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 66</span>)—to be in suspense, waiting for a thing.</p> -<p><i>exspectatione torqueri, cruciari</i>—to suffer torments of expectation, delay.</p> -<p><i>suspenso animo exspectare aliquid</i>—to be waiting in suspense for...</p> -<p><i>aliquem in summam exspectationem adducere</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 17. 39</span>)—to rouse a person's expectation, curiosity to the highest pitch.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IX_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <span class="ref">Att. 1. 4. 5</span> <i>crebras exspectationes tui commoves</i>—i.e. you are leading us to expect your arrival.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_8">8. Pity—Pardon—Want of Feeling—Cruelty</h3> -<p><i>misericordiam alicui commovere</i>—to excite some one's pity.</p> -<p><i>misericordiam alicuius concitare</i>—to excite some one's pity.</p> -<p><i>ad misericordiam aliquem allicere, adducere, inducere</i>—to arouse feelings of compassion in some one.</p> -<p><i>misericordia moveri, capi</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 47</span>)—to be touched with pity.</p> -<p><i>misericordiam implorare</i>—to implore a person's sympathy, pity.</p> -<p><i>indulgere vitiis alicuius</i>—to be indulgent to a person's faults.</p> -<p><i>alicui veniam dare (alicuius rei)</i>—to pardon some one.</p> -<p><i>omnem humanitatem exuisse, abiecisse</i> (<span class="ref">Lig. 5. 14</span>)—to be quite insensible to all feelings of humanity.</p> -<p><i>omnem humanitatis sensum amisisse</i>—to be quite insensible of all feelings to humanity.</p> -<p><i>omnis humanitatis expertem esse</i>—to be absolutely wanting in sympathy.</p> -<p><i>omnem humanitatem ex animo exstirpare</i> (<span class="ref">Amic. 13. 48</span>)—to stifle, repress all humane sentiments in one's mind.</p> -<p><i>nullam partem sensus habere</i>—to possess not the least spark of feeling.</p> -<p><i>crudelitate uti</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 8, note <i>uti...</i>)—to behave with cruelty.</p> -<p><i>crudelitatem exercere in aliquo</i>—to exercise one's cruelty on some one.</p> -<p><i>crudelitatem adhibere in aliquem</i>—to exercise one's cruelty on some one.</p> -<p><i>animadvertere in aliquem</i>—to inflict punishment on a person.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_9">9. Love—Longing—Admiration—Enthusiasm</h3> -<p><i>carum habere aliquem</i>—to feel affection for a person.</p> -<p><i>in amore habere aliquem</i>—to feel affection for a person.</p> -<p><i>amore prosequi, amplecti aliquem</i>—to feel affection for a person.</p> -<p><i>carum esse alicui</i>—to be dear to some one.</p> -<p><i>carum atque iucundum esse alicui</i>—to be dear to some one.</p> -<p><i>adamasse aliquem</i> (only in Perf. and Plup.) (<span class="ref">Nep. Dion 2. 3</span>)—to become devoted to some one.</p> -<p><i>aliquem toto pectore,</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>ut dicitur, amare</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. 18. 49</span>)—to love some one very dearly, with all one's heart.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ex animo</i> or <i>ex animi sententia amare</i> (<span class="ref">Q. Fr. 1. 1. 5</span>)—to love deeply.</p> -<p><i>amore captum, incensum, inflammatum esse, ardere</i>—to be fired with love.</p> -<p><i>amorem ex animo eicere</i>—to banish love from one's mind.</p> -<p><i>mel ac deliciae alicuius</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 8. 8. 1</span>)—somebody's darling.</p> -<p><i>amores et deliciae alicuius</i>—somebody's darling.</p> -<p><i>in amore et deliciis esse alicui</i> (active <i>in deliciis habere aliquem</i>)—to be some one's favourite.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in sinu gestare (aliquis est in sinu alicuius)</i> (<span class="ref">Ter. Ad. 4. 5. 75</span>)—to love and make a bosom friend of a person.</p> -<p><i>aliquis, aliquid mihi curae</i> or <i>cordi</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_9_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_9_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>est</i>—somebody, something is never absent from my thoughts.</p> -<p><i>curae habere aliquid</i>—to have laid something to heart; to take an interest in a thing.</p> -<p><i>nihil antiquius</i> or <i>prius habeo quam ut</i> (<i>nihil mihi antiquius</i> or <i>potius est, quam ut</i>)—there is nothing I am more interested in than...</p> -<p><i>desiderio alicuius rei teneri, affici</i> (more strongly <i>flagrare, incensum esse</i>)—to long for a thing, yearn for it.</p> -<p><i>desiderio exardescere</i>—to be consumed with longing.</p> -<p><i>admirationi esse</i>—to be admired.</p> -<p><i>admiratione affici</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_9_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_9_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—to be admired.</p> -<p><i>admirationem habere</i> (<span class="ref">Quintil. 8. 2. 6</span>)—to be admired.</p> -<p><i>magna est admiratio alicuius</i>—some one is the object of much admiration.</p> -<p><i>admirationem alicui movere</i>—to fill a person with astonishment.</p> -<p><i>admiratione incensum esse</i>—to be fired with admiration.</p> -<p><i>admirabilia</i> (= <span class="greek">παράδοξα</span>)—paradoxes; surprising things.</p> -<p><i>studio ardere alicuius</i> or <i>alicuius rei</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 1. 1</span>)—to have enthusiasm for a person or thing.</p> -<p><i>studio alicuius rei aliquem incendere</i>—to make some one enthusiastic for a thing.</p> -<p><i>ardor, inflammatio animi, incitatio mentis, mentis vis incitatior</i>—enthusiasm.</p> -<p><i>ardorem animi restinguere</i>—to damp, chill enthusiasm.</p> -<p><i>ardor animi resēdit, consedit</i>—his enthusiasm has abated, cooled down.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IX_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_9_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>pectus</i> metaphorically only occurs in isolated phrases, e.g. <i>toto pectore, cogitare, tremere</i>. Its commonest substitute is <i>animus</i>. Similarly <i>cor</i> metaphorically is only used in the phrase <i>cordi est</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IX_9_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_9_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>pectus</i> metaphorically only occurs in isolated phrases, e.g. <i>toto pectore, cogitare, tremere</i>. Its commonest substitute is <i>animus</i>. Similarly <i>cor</i> metaphorically is only used in the phrase <i>cordi est</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-IX_9_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_9_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>admiratione affici</i> also means "to be filled with admiration."</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_10">10. Belief—Confidence—Loyalty—Protection—Promise—Veracity (<i>fides, fiducia</i>)</h3> -<p><i>fidem</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_10_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>habere alicui</i>—to believe a person.</p> -<p><i>fidem alicuius rei facere alicui</i>—to make some one believe a thing.</p> -<p><i>fidem tribuere, adiungere alicui rei</i>—to believe in, trust in a thing.</p> -<p><i>fidem abrogare, derogare alicui</i>—to rob a person of his credit.</p> -<p><i>fidem alicuius imminuere, infirmare</i> (opp. <i>confirmare</i>)—to weaken, destroy a man's credit.</p> -<p><i>fiduciam in aliquo ponere, collocare</i>—to put confidence in some one.</p> -<p><i>confidere alicui</i> (but <i>aliqua re</i>)—to put confidence in some one.</p> -<p><i>fiduciam (alicuius rei) habere</i>—to have great confidence in a thing.</p> -<p><i>fiducia sui</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 25. 37</span>)—self-confidence.</p> -<p><i>committere aliquid alicui</i> or <i>alicuius fidei</i>—to entrust a thing to a person's good faith.</p> -<p><i>totum se committere, tradere alicui</i>—to put oneself entirely in some one's hands.</p> -<p><i>fidem colere, servare</i>—to preserve one's loyalty.</p> -<p><i>fidem praestare alicui</i>—to keep faith with a person, keep one's word.</p> -<p><i>in fide manere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 4. 5</span>)—to remain loyal.</p> -<p><i>fidem laedere, violare, frangere</i>—to break one's word.</p> -<p><i>fidem alicuius labefactare</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 60. 194</span>)—to make a person waver in his loyalty.</p> -<p><i>de fide deducere</i> or <i>a fide abducere aliquem</i>—to undermine a person's loyalty.</p> -<p><i>fide data et accepta</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 81. 1</span>)—having exchanged pledges, promises.</p> -<p><i>se conferre, se tradere, se permittere in alicuius fidem</i>—to put oneself under some one's protection.</p> -<p><i>confugere ad aliquem, ad fidem alicuius</i>—to flee for refuge to some one.</p> -<p><i>in fidem recipere aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 15. 1</span>)—to take a person under one's protection.</p> -<p><i>fidem alicuius obsecrare, implorare</i>—to implore some one's protection.</p> -<p><i>fidem addere alicui rei</i>—to confirm, ratify, sanction something.</p> -<p><i>fidem publicam dare, interponere</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 32. 1</span>)—to guarantee the protection of the state; to promise a safe-conduct.</p> -<p><i>fidem dare alicui</i> (opp. <i>accipere</i>) (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to give one's word that...</p> -<p><i>fidem servare</i> (opp. <i>fallere</i>)—to keep one's word (not <i>tenere</i>).</p> -<p><i>fidem persolvere</i>—to fulfil a promise.</p> -<p><i>fidem (promissum) praestare</i>—to fulfil a promise.</p> -<p><i>fidem interponere</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 32. 5</span>)—to pledge one's word to...</p> -<p><i>fidem prodere</i>—to break one's word.</p> -<p><i>fidem frangere</i>—to break one's word.</p> -<p><i>promisso stare</i>—to abide by one's undertaking.</p> -<p><i>fide obstrictum teneri</i> (<span class="ref">Pis. 13. 29</span>)—to be bound by one's word; to be on one's honour.</p> -<p><i>fidem facere, afferre alicui rei</i> (opp. <i>demere, de-, abrogare fidem</i>)—to make a thing credible.</p> -<p><i>aliquid fidem habet</i> (<i>vid.</i> also <i>fides</i> under sect. VII., History)—a thing finds credence, is credible.</p> -<p><i>sponsionem facere, sponsorem esse pro aliquo</i>—to be security for some one.</p> -<p><i>praestare aliquem, aliquid, de aliqua re</i> or Acc. c. Inf.—to be answerable for a person, a thing.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IX_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_10_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>fides</i> has six principal meanings. A. subjectively—(1) in an active sense, belief, confidence, which some one holds; (2) passive, veracity, credit which one enjoys; (3) neutral, good faith, sincerity, loyalty, conscientiousness, and especially of the protection which one expects by appealing to a man's loyalty. B. (4) active, ratification, sanction; (5) passive, the thing promised, surety, guarantee; (6) neutral, authenticity, certitude, truth of a thing. Cf. <span class="ref">Haacke, Lat Stil. 40-41</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_11">11. Suspicion—Presentiment</h3> -<p><i>suspicionem movere, excitare, inicere, dare alicui</i>—to rouse a person's suspicions.</p> -<p><i>suspicionem habere de aliquo</i>—to suspect a person.</p> -<p><i>suspicionem alicuius rei habere</i>—to be suspected of a thing.</p> -<p><i>suspicio (alicuius rei) cadit in aliquem, pertinet ad aliquem</i>—a suspicion falls on some one.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in suspicionem adducere (alicui), aliquem suspectum reddere</i>—to make a person suspected.</p> -<p><i>in suspicionem vocari, cadere</i>—to become the object of suspicion.</p> -<p><i>in suspicionem alicui venire</i>—to be suspected by some one.</p> -<p><i>suspicionem a se removere, depellere, propulsare</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 3. 60. 140</span>)—to clear oneself of a suspicion.</p> -<p><i>suspicionem ex animo delere</i>—to banish all feeling of prejudice from the mind.</p> -<p><i>suspicio insidet in animo ejus</i>—he is in a suspicious mood.</p> -<p><i>suspicio ei penitus inhaeret</i>—he is in a suspicious mood.</p> -<p><i>suspicio tenuissima, minima</i>—the faintest suspicion.</p> -<p><i>a suspicione alicuius rei abhorrere</i>—to have no presentiment of a thing.</p> -<p><i>animus praesāgit malum</i>—my mind forebodes misfortune.</p> -<p><i>animo praesagio malum</i>—my mind forebodes misfortune.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_12">12. Hatred—Jealousy—Envy</h3> -<p><i>invisum esse alicui</i>—to be hated by some one.</p> -<p><i>odio, invidiae esse alicui</i>—to be hated by some one.</p> -<p><i>in invidia esse alicui</i>—to be hated by some one.</p> -<p><i>in odio esse apud aliquem</i>—to be hated by some one.</p> -<p><i>invidia flagrare, premi</i>—to be detested.</p> -<p><i>in odium, in invidiam venire alicui</i>—to incur a person's hatred.</p> -<p><i>invidiam colligere (aliqua re)</i>—to incur a person's hatred.</p> -<p><i>alicuius odium subire, suscipere, in se convertere, sibi conflare</i>—to incur a person's hatred.</p> -<p><i>in alicuius odium incurrere</i>—to incur a person's hatred.</p> -<p><i>in invidiam, odium (alicuius) vocare aliquem</i>—to make a person odious, unpopular.</p> -<p><i>in invidiam adducere aliquem</i>—to make a person odious, unpopular.</p> -<p><i>invidiam alicui conflare</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 1. 9. 23</span>)—to make a person odious, unpopular.</p> -<p><i>invidiam, odium ex-, concitare alicui, in aliquem</i>—to make a person odious, unpopular.</p> -<p><i>capitali odio dissidere ab aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">De Am. 1. 2</span>)—to be separated by a deadly hatred.</p> -<p><i>odium explere aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 4. 32</span>)—to glut one's hatred.</p> -<p><i>odium implacabile suscipere in aliquem</i>—to conceive an implacable hatred against a man.</p> -<p><i>odio</i> or <i>invidia alicuius ardere</i>—to be consumed with hatred.</p> -<p><i>odium inveteratum habere in aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Vat. 3. 6</span>)—to cherish an inveterate animosity against some one.</p> -<p><i>odio inflammatum, accensum esse</i>—to be fired with a passionate hatred.</p> -<p><i>odium alicuius inflammare</i>—to kindle hatred in a person's heart; to fill some one with hatred (not <i>implere</i>, <i>vid.</i> sect. IX. 2, note <i>gaudio...</i>).</p> -<p><i>odium restinguere, exstinguere</i>—to stifle, drown one's hatred.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_IX_13">13. Discontent—Anger—Revenge—Fury</h3> -<p><i>aegre, graviter, moleste, indigne ferre aliquid</i>—to be discontented, vexed at a thing; to chafe.</p> -<p><i>indignitas, atrocitas rei</i> (<span class="ref">Mur. 25. 51</span>)—the revolting nature of an action.</p> -<p><i>o facinus indignum!</i> (<span class="ref">Ter. Andr. 1. 1. 118</span>)—monstrous!</p> -<p><i>ira incensum esse</i>—to be fired with rage.</p> -<p><i>iracundia inflammatum esse</i>—to be fired with rage.</p> -<p><i>ira ardere</i> (<span class="ref">Flacc. 35. 88</span>)—to be fired with rage.</p> -<p><i>iracundia exardescere, effervescere</i>—to be transported with passion.</p> -<p><i>iracundia efferri</i>—to be carried away by one's anger.</p> -<p><i>ira defervescit</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 4. 36. 78</span>)—his anger cools.</p> -<p><i>virus acerbitatis suae effundere in aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">De Amic. 23. 87</span>)—to vent one's anger, spite on some one.</p> -<p><i>iram in aliquem effundere</i>—to vent one's anger, spite on some one.</p> -<p><i>iram, bilem evomere in aliquem</i>—to vent one's anger, spite on some one.</p> -<p><i>irae indulgere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 23. 3</span>)—to give free play to one's anger.</p> -<p><i>praecipitem in iram esse</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 23. 7</span>)—to be short-tempered; to be prone to anger.</p> -<p><i>animum explere</i>—to cool one's anger.</p> -<p><i>iracundiam continere, cohibere, reprimere</i>—to restrain, master one's passion.</p> -<p><i>iram restinguere, sedare</i>—to calm one's anger.</p> -<p><i>animum alicuius ab iracundia revocare</i>—to prevent some one from growing angry, appease his anger.</p> -<p><i>stomachum, bilem alicui movere</i>—to excite a person's wrath.</p> -<p><i>ulcisci aliquem,</i><a id="FNanchor-IX_13_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-IX_13_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>poenas expetere ab aliquo</i>—to revenge oneself on some one.</p> -<p><i>ulcisci aliquid, poenas alicuius rei expetere</i>—to revenge oneself for a thing.</p> -<p><i>ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo</i> or <i>pro aliqua re</i>—to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf.</p> -<p><i>poenas alicuius</i> or <i>alicuius rei repetere ab aliquo</i>—to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf.</p> -<p><i>iniurias persequi</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 3. 9</span>)—to avenge an insult.</p> -<p><i>impellere aliquem in furorem</i>—to make some one furious.</p> -<p><i>furore inflammari, incendi</i>—to become furious.</p> -<p><i>furore incensus, abreptus, impulsus</i>—in a transport of rage.</p> -<p><i>indignatio aliquem incedit</i>—to be filled with indignation.</p> -<p><i>indignationes</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 25. 1. 9</span>)—signs of irritation, of discontent.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-IX_13_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-IX_13_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] <i>ulcisci aliquem</i> also means to avenge some one; to exact satisfaction on his behalf.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_X">X. Virtues and Vices</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_X_1">1. Virtue—Morality</h3> -<p><i>vita honesta (turpis)</i>—a virtuous (immoral) life.</p> -<p><i>honesta expetere; turpia fugere</i>—to follow virtue; to flee from vice.</p> -<p><i>virtute praeditum, ornatum esse</i> (opp. <i>vitiis obrutum esse</i>)—to be virtuous.</p> -<p><i>viam virtutis ingredi</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 32. 118</span>)—to walk in the ways of virtue.</p> -<p><i>omnia consilia et facta ad virtutem referre</i><a id="FNanchor-X_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Phil. 10. 10. 20</span>)—to make virtue the standard in every thought and act.</p> -<p><i>virtutem sequi, virtutis studiosum esse</i>—to strive to attain virtue.</p> -<p><i>virtutis perfectae perfecto munere fungi</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 45. 109</span>)—to live a perfect life.</p> -<p><i>virtutem pristinam retinere</i>—to live as scrupulously moral a life as ever.</p> -<p><i>nihil ex pristina virtute remittere</i>—to live as scrupulously moral a life as ever.</p> -<p><i>summum bonum</i><a id="FNanchor-X_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>in virtute ponere</i>—to consider virtue the highest good.</p> -<p><i>virtus hoc habet, ut...</i>—this is a characteristic of virtue, it...</p> -<p><i>a virtute discedere</i> or <i>deficere</i>—to deviate from the path of virtue.</p> -<p><i>honestatem deserere</i>—to deviate from the path of virtue.</p> -<p><i>a maiorum virtute desciscere, degenerare, deflectere</i>—to deteriorate.</p> -<p><i>a parentibus degenerare</i>—to degenerate (from one's ancestors).</p> -<p><i>corrumpi, depravari</i>—to be demoralised, corrupted.</p> -<p><i>excitare aliquem ad virtutem</i>—to rouse in some one an enthusiasm for virtue.</p> -<p><i>bonitas</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 5. 29. 65</span>)—kindheartedness.</p> -<p><i>naturae bonitas</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 32. 118</span>)—innate goodness, kindness.</p> -<p><i>naturae bona</i>—natural advantages.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-X_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For "thoughts and deeds," cf. <span class="ref">Or. 3. 43. 182</span> <i>mores instituta et facta</i>; <span class="ref">Prov. Cons. 8. 20</span> <i>consilia et facta</i>; <span class="ref">Fin. 2. 14. 5</span> <i>studia et facta</i>; <span class="ref">Verr. 5. 14. 35</span> <i>mentes hominum et cogitationes</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Note too <i>finis bonorum et malorum</i> = the highest good and the greatest evil.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_X_2">2. Vice—Crime</h3> -<p><i>omni vitio carere</i>—to be free from faults.</p> -<p><i>vitia erumpunt (in aliquem)</i> (<span class="ref">De Amic. 21. 76</span>)—his vices betray themselves.</p> -<p><i>animum vitiis dedere</i>—to abandon oneself to vice.</p> -<p><i>vitiis, sceleribus contaminari</i> or <i>se contaminare</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 8. 37</span>)—to be tainted with vice.</p> -<p><i>vitiis, sceleribus inquinatum, contaminatum, obrutum esse</i>—to be vicious, criminal.</p> -<p><i>vitia exstirpare et funditus tollere</i>—to eradicate vice.</p> -<p><i>vita omnibus flagitiis,</i><a id="FNanchor-X_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>vitiis dedita</i>—a life defiled by every crime.</p> -<p><i>vita omnibus flagitiis inquinata</i>—a life defiled by every crime.</p> -<p><i>natura proclivem esse ad vitia</i>—to have a natural propensity to vice.</p> -<p><i>scelera moliri</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 7. 11</span>)—to meditate crime.</p> -<p><i>scelus facere, committere</i>—to commit crime.</p> -<p><i>facinus facere, committere</i>—to do a criminal deed.</p> -<p><i>scelere se devincire, se obstringere, astringi</i>—to commit a crime and so make oneself liable to the consequences of it.</p> -<p><i>scelus (in se) concipere, suscipere</i>—to commit a crime and so make oneself liable to the consequences of it.</p> -<p><i>scelus edere in aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 26. 58</span>)—to commit a crime against some one.</p> -<p><i>scelus scelere cumulare</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 1. 6. 14</span>)—to heap crime on crime.</p> -<p><i>scelus</i><a id="FNanchor-X_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>supplicio expiare</i>—to expiate a crime by punishment.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>flagitium</i> is a crime against oneself, e.g. drunkenness. <i>scelus</i> is a sin against society at large, e.g. theft, murder. <i>nefas</i> a sin against God, e.g. sacrilege, parricide. <i>facinus</i> any unusual action, then generally a crime, outrage.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>flagitium</i> is a crime against oneself, e.g. drunkenness. <i>scelus</i> is a sin against society at large, e.g. theft, murder. <i>nefas</i> a sin against God, e.g. sacrilege, parricide. <i>facinus</i> any unusual action, then generally a crime, outrage.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_X_3">3. Desire—Passion—Self-Control</h3> -<p><i>cupiditate alicuius rei accensum, inflammatum esse</i>—to be fired with desire of a thing.</p> -<p><i>cupiditate alicuius rei ardere, flagrare</i>—to have an ardent longing for a thing.</p> -<p><i>cupiditatem alicuius accendere</i>—to rouse a person's interest, cupidity.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ad cupiditatem incitare</i>—to rouse a person's interest, cupidity.</p> -<p><i>aliquem cupiditate inflammare</i>—to rouse a person's interest, cupidity.</p> -<p><i>cupiditatibus occaecari</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 1. 10. 33</span>)—to be blinded by passions.</p> -<p><i>libidine ferri</i>—to be carried away by one's passions.</p> -<p><i>se (totum) libidinibus dedere</i>—to abandon oneself (entirely) to debauchery.</p> -<p><i>cupiditatibus servire, pārēre</i>—to be the slave of one's desires.</p> -<p><i>praecipitem ferri aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 5. 46. 121</span>)—to be carried away by something.</p> -<p><i>homo impotens sui</i>—a man of no self-control, self-indulgent.</p> -<p><i>homo effrenatus, intemperans</i>—a man of no self-control, self-indulgent.</p> -<p><i>sibi imperare</i> or <i>continere et coercere se ipsum</i>—to have self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations.</p> -<p><i>animum regere, coercere, cohibere</i>—to have self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations.</p> -<p><i>animum vincere</i> (<span class="ref">Marcell. 3. 8</span>)—to have self-control; to restrain oneself, master one's inclinations.</p> -<p><i>imperare cupiditatibus</i>—to overcome one's passions.</p> -<p><i>coercere, cohibere, continere, domitas habere cupiditates</i>—to overcome one's passions.</p> -<p><i>refrenare cupiditates, libidines</i>—to bridle one's desires.</p> -<p><i>effrenatae cupiditates</i>—unrestrained, unbridled lust.</p> -<p><i>indomitae animi cupiditates</i>—unrestrained, unbridled lust.</p> -<p><i>cupiditates explere, satiare</i>—to satisfy one's desires.</p> -<p><i>libidinem alicuius excitare</i>—to arouse some one's lust.</p> -<p><i>libido dominatur</i> (<span class="ref">Or. 65. 219</span>)—the passions win the day.</p> -<p><i>libido consēdit</i>—the storm of passion has abated.</p> -<p><i>cupiditates deferbuerunt</i> (<span class="ref">Cael. 18. 43</span>)—the passions have cooled down.</p> -<p><i>animi perturbationes exstirpare</i>—to eradicate passion from the mind.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_X_4">4. Wrong—Insult—Outrage—Offence</h3> -<p><i>iniuriam inferre, facere alicui</i>—to wrong a person.</p> -<p><i>iniuria afficere aliquem</i>—to wrong a person.</p> -<p><i>iniuria lacessere aliquem</i>—to provoke a person by a gratuitous insult.</p> -<p><i>iniuria abstinere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 17. 72</span>)—to refrain from doing a wrong, an injustice.</p> -<p><i>iniuriam accipere</i>—to be the victim of an injustice.</p> -<p><i>iniuriam ferre, pati</i>—to suffer wrong.</p> -<p><i>iniurias defendere, repellere, propulsare</i>—to repel an injury.</p> -<p><i>iniurias neglegere</i>—to leave a wrong unpunished, to ignore it.</p> -<p><i>ab iniuria aliquem defendere</i>—to protect any one from wrong.</p> -<p><i>satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis</i>—to give some one satisfaction for an injury.</p> -<p><i>contumelia aliquem afficere</i>—to insult some one.</p> -<p><i>voces (verba) contumeliosae</i>—insulting expressions.</p> -<p><i>verborum contumeliae</i>—insulting expressions.</p> -<p><i>contumeliosis vocibus prosequi aliquem</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 11, note <i>Prosequi...</i>)—to use insulting expressions to any one.</p> -<p><i>maledictis aliquem onerare, lacerare</i>—to heap abuse on some one.</p> -<p><i>offendere aliquem, alicuius animum</i>—to hurt some one's feelings.</p> -<p><i>offendere apud aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 23. 63</span>)—to hurt some one's feelings.</p> -<p><i>in offensionem alicuius incurrere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 1. 12. 35</span>)—to hurt some one's feelings.</p> -<p><i>offendi aliqua re (animus offenditur)</i>—to feel hurt by something.</p> -<p><i>offendere in aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 36. 99</span>)—to have something to say against a person, to object to him.</p> -<p><i>offendere</i><a id="FNanchor-X_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>in aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 36. 98</span>)—to take a false step in a thing; to commit an indiscretion.</p> -<p><i>offensionem habere</i>—to give offense to, to shock a person (used of things, <i>vid.</i> sect. V. 18).</p> -<p><i>res habet aliquid offensionis</i>—there is something repulsive about the thing.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Notice too <i>offendere caput</i> (<span class="ref">Quintil. 6. 3. 67</span>), <i>pedem</i> (<span class="ref">B. Hisp. 23</span>), to strike one's head, foot against anything; <i>offendere aliquem imparatum</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 2. 3</span>), to find some one unprepared, cf. <span class="greek">καταλαμßάνειν</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_X_5">5. Violence—Ambuscade—Threats</h3> -<p><i>vim adhibere, facere alicui</i>—to use violence against some one.</p> -<p><i>vim inferre alicui</i>—to do violence to a person.</p> -<p><i>vim et manus afferre alicui</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 1. 8. 21</span>)—to kill with violence.</p> -<p><i>vim vi depellere</i>—to meet force by force.</p> -<p><i>vi vim illatam defendere</i>—to meet force by force.</p> -<p><i>insidias collocare, locare</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 10. 27</span>)—to set an ambuscade.</p> -<p><i>insidias alicui parare, facere, struere, instruere, tendere</i>—to waylay a person.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in insidiis locare, collocare, ponere</i>—to place some one in ambush.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in insidias elicere, inducere</i>—to draw some one into an ambush.</p> -<p><i>subsidere in insidiis</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 19. 49</span>)—to place oneself in ambush.</p> -<p><i>minitari (minari) alicui mortem, crucem et tormenta, bellum</i>—to threaten some one with death, crucifixion, torture, war.</p> -<p><i>minitari alicui igni ferroque</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 13. 9. 21</span>)—to threaten with fire and sword.</p> -<p><i>denuntiare</i><a id="FNanchor-X_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>bellum, caedem</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 20. 46</span>)—to threaten war, carnage.</p> -<p><i>minas iacere, iactare</i>—to use threats.</p> -<p><i>minis uti</i>—to use threats.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> "Threaten" in the sense of to be at hand, to be imminent, is rendered by some such word as <i>imminere, impendere, instare</i>, e.g. <i>bellum imminet</i>. For the meaning to seem likely, to promise, cf. <i>coniuratio rem publicam perversura videtur</i>, the conspiracy threatens to overthrow the state.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_X_6">6. Appearance—Deceit—Falsehood—Derision</h3> -<p><i>speciem alicuius rei habere</i>—to have the appearance of something.</p> -<p><i>speciem alicuius rei praebere</i>—to give the impression of...; have the outward aspect of...</p> -<p><i>speciem prae se ferre</i><a id="FNanchor-X_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to give the impression of...; have the outward aspect of...</p> -<p><i>in speciem</i>—apparently; to look at.</p> -<p><i>specie</i> (<span class="ref">De Amic. 13. 47</span>)—apparently; to look at.</p> -<p><i>per speciem (alicuius rei)</i>—apparently; to look at.</p> -<p><i>per simulationem, simulatione alicuius rei</i>—under pretext, pretence of...</p> -<p><i>simulare morbum</i>—to pretend to be ill.</p> -<p><i>dissimulare</i><a id="FNanchor-X_6_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_6_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>morbum</i>—to pretend not to be ill.</p> -<p><i>aliquis simulat aegrum</i> or <i>se esse aegrum</i>—some one feigns illness.</p> -<p><i>aliter sentire ac loqui (aliud sentire, aliud loqui)</i>—to think one thing, say another; to conceal one's opinions.</p> -<p><i>per dolum</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 4. 13</span>)—by craft.</p> -<p><i>dolis et fallaciis</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Cat. 11. 2</span>)—by the aid of fraud and lies.</p> -<p><i>sine fuco ac fallaciis</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 1. 1. 1</span>)—without any disguise, frankly.</p> -<p><i>verba dare alicui</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 15. 16</span>)—to deceive a person, throw dust in his eyes.</p> -<p><i>mendacium dicere</i>—to tell lies.</p> -<p><i>falsa (pro veris) dicere</i>—to tell lies.</p> -<p><i>ludere, irridere, deridere aliquem</i>—to make sport of, rally a person.</p> -<p><i>illudere alicui</i> or <i>in aliquem</i> (more rarely <i>aliquem</i>)—to make sport of, rally a person.</p> -<p><i>ludibrio esse alicui</i>—to serve as some one's butt.</p> -<p><i>in ludibrium verti</i> (<span class="ref">Tac. Ann. 12. 26</span>)—to become an object of ridicule; to be laughed at.</p> -<p><i>omnibus artibus aliquem ludificari, eludere</i>—to fool a person thoroughly.</p> -<p><i>per ludibrium</i>—in sport, mockery.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-X_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_6_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>prae se ferre</i> followed by Acc. and Inf. = to manifest, display, e.g. <i>Romanum esse semper prae me tuli</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_6_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_6_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>simulo</i> = I pretend to be what I am not, cf. <span class="greek">ἀλαζών</span>, a braggart; <i>dissimulo</i> = I pretend not to be what I am, cf. <span class="greek">εἴρων</span>, a mock-modest person. <i>Quae non sunt simulo, quae sunt ea dissimulantur</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_X_7">7. Duty—Inclination</h3> -<p><i>officium suum facere, servare, colere, tueri, exsequi, praestare</i>—to do one's duty.</p> -<p><i>officio suo satisfacere</i> (<span class="ref">Div. in Caec. 14. 47</span>)—to do one's duty.</p> -<p><i>officio suo fungi</i>—to do one's duty.</p> -<p><i>omnes officii partes exsequi</i>—to fulfil one's duty in every detail.</p> -<p><i>nullam officii partem deserere</i>—to fulfil one's duty in every detail.</p> -<p><i>diligentem esse in retinendis officiis</i>—to be exact, punctual in the performance of one's duty.</p> -<p><i>officium suum deserere, neglegere</i>—to neglect one's duty.</p> -<p><i>ab officio discedere</i>—to neglect one's duty.</p> -<p><i>de, ab officio decedere</i>—to neglect one's duty.</p> -<p><i>officio suo deesse</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 7. 3</span>)—to neglect one's duty.</p> -<p><i>ad officium redire</i>—to return to one's duties.</p> -<p><i>in officio manere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 1. 3</span>)—to remain faithful to one's duty.</p> -<p><i>contra officium est</i> c. Inf.—it is a breach of duty to...</p> -<p><i>ab officio abduci, avocari</i>—to let oneself be perverted from one's duty.</p> -<p><i>salvo</i><a id="FNanchor-X_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>officio</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 1. 4</span>)—without violating, neglecting one's duty.</p> -<p><i>multa et magna inter nos officia</i><a id="FNanchor-X_7_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_7_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>intercedunt</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 13. 65</span>)—we are united by many mutual obligations.</p> -<p><i>in aliquem officia conferre</i>—to be courteous, obliging to some one.</p> -<p><i>aliquem officiis suis complecti, prosequi</i>—to be courteous, obliging to some one.</p> -<p><i>officiosum esse in aliquem</i>—to be courteous, obliging to some one.</p> -<p><i>litterae officii</i> or <i>humanitatis plenae</i>—a most courteous letter.</p> -<p><i>studere alicui rei, studiosum esse alicuius rei</i>—to have an inclination for a thing.</p> -<p><i>studio alicuius rei teneri</i>—to have an inclination for a thing.</p> -<p><i>propensum, proclivem esse ad aliquid</i> (opp. <i>alienum, aversum esse, abhorrere ab aliqua re</i>)—to have an inclination for a thing.</p> -<p><i>studiis suis obsequi</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 1. 3</span>)—to follow one's inclinations.</p> -<p><i>sibi</i> or <i>ingenio suo indulgere</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Chabr. 3</span>)—to indulge one's caprice.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-X_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Notice <i>salvis legibus</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 1. 4</span>), without breaking the law; <i>salva fide</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 4. 44</span>), without breaking one's word.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_7_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_7_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>officium</i> is used of anything which one feels bound to do, either on moral grounds or from a desire to please others (especially those in authority). Thus the word denotes not merely duty, sense of duty, faithful performance of duty, submissiveness (cf. sect. xvi. 13), but also courteous, obliging behaviour, complaisance, mark of respect. Objectively it has the meaning of an office, service, command, e.g. <i>officium maritimum</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_X_8">8. Reason—Conscience—Remorse</h3> -<p><i>rationis participem</i> (opp. <i>expertem</i>) <i>esse</i>—to be endowed with reason.</p> -<p><i>ratione praeditum esse, uti</i>—to be endowed with reason.</p> -<p><i>prudenter, considerate, consilio agere</i> (opp. <i>temere, nullo consilio, nulla ratione</i>)—to act reasonably, judiciously.</p> -<p><i>sapere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 14. 48</span>)—to be a man of sense, judgment.</p> -<p><i>resipiscere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 4. 5. 2</span>)—to recover one's reason, be reasonable again.</p> -<p><i>ad sanitatem reverti, redire</i>—to recover one's reason, be reasonable again.</p> -<p><i>ad bonam frugem se recipere</i>—to recover one's reason, be reasonable again.</p> -<p><i>ad sanitatem adducere, revocare aliquem</i>—to bring some one back to his senses.</p> -<p><i>satin (= satisne) sanus es?</i>—are you in your right mind?</p> -<p><i>rationi repugnare</i>—to be contrary to all reason.</p> -<p><i>conscientia recta, recte facti (factorum), virtutis, bene actae vitae, rectae voluntatis</i>—a good conscience.</p> -<p><i>mens bene sibi conscia</i>—a good conscience.</p> -<p><i>conscientia mala</i> or <i>peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti</i>—a guilty conscience.</p> -<p><i>animus male sibi conscius</i>—a guilty conscience.</p> -<p><i>nullius culpae sibi conscium esse</i>—to be conscious of no ill deed.</p> -<p><i>conscientia morderi</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 4. 20. 45</span>)—to be conscience-stricken.</p> -<p><i>conscientiae maleficiorum stimulant aliquem</i>—his guilty conscience gives him no rest.</p> -<p><i>conscientia mala angi, excruciari</i>—to be tormented by remorse.</p> -<p><i>(mens scelerum furiis agitatur</i>)—to be tormented by remorse.</p> -<p><i>conscientia recte factorum erigi</i>—to congratulate oneself on one's clear conscience.</p> -<p><i>Furiae agitant et vexant aliquem</i>—the Furies harass and torment some one.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_X_9">9. Measure—Standard—Limit—Moderation</h3> -<p><i>modum tenere, retinere</i><a id="FNanchor-X_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><i>, servare, adhibere</i>—to observe moderation, be moderate.</p> -<p><i>omnia modice agere</i>—to be moderate in all things, commit no excess.</p> -<p><i>modum facere, statuere, constituere alicui rei</i> or <i>alicuius rei</i>—to set a limit to a thing.</p> -<p><i>modum transire</i>—to pass the limit.</p> -<p><i>extra modum prodire</i>—to pass the limit.</p> -<p><i>ultra modum</i><a id="FNanchor-X_9_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_9_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>progredi</i>—to pass the limit.</p> -<p><i>metiri, ponderare, aestimare, iudicare aliquid (ex) aliqua re</i>—to measure something by the standard of something else; to make something one's criterion.</p> -<p><i>dirigere</i> or <i>referre aliquid ad aliquam rem</i>—to measure something by the standard of something else; to make something one's criterion.</p> -<p><i>fines certos terminosque constituere</i>—to impose fixed limitations.</p> -<p><i>terminis circumscribere aliquid</i>—to set bounds to a thing, limit it.</p> -<p><i>moderatum, continentem esse</i>—to behave with moderation.</p> -<p><i>moderatum se praebere</i>—to behave with moderation.</p> -<p><i>temperantia uti</i>—to behave with moderation.</p> -<p><i>moderationem, modum adhibere in aliqua re</i>—to show moderation in a matter.</p> -<p><i>moderari aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">Flacc. 5. 12</span>)—to show moderation in a matter.</p> -<p><i>modice ac sapienter</i>—with moderation and judgment.</p> -<p><i>sine modo; nullo modo adhibito</i>—with no moderation.</p> -<p><i>extra, praeter modum</i>—beyond all measure.</p> -<p><i>mediocritatem tenere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 25. 89</span>)—to observe the golden mean.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_9_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In the original book is <i>retineri</i>. I transcribed this as <i>retinere</i>, following the Latin text of the French edition (<i>Phraséologie Latine</i>, translatation by Charles Pascal, 5th ed., 1942, Librairie C. Klincksieck, p. 212). </p> -<p><a id="Footnote-X_9_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_9_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Only Livy and subsequent writers use <i>modum excedere</i>, and in the same way <i>supra modum</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_X_10">10. Morals—Immorality—Principles—Character</h3> -<p><i>homo bene (male) moratus</i>—a moral (immoral) man.</p> -<p><i>homo perditus</i>—a depraved, abandoned character.</p> -<p><i>praecepta de moribus</i> or <i>de virtute</i>—moral precepts.</p> -<p><i>morum praecepta tradere alicui</i>—to give moral advice, rules of conduct.</p> -<p><i>de virtute praecipere alicui</i>—to give moral advice, rules of conduct.</p> -<p><i>mores corrupti</i> or <i>perditi</i>—moral corruption (not <i>corruptela morum</i>).</p> -<p><i>tam perditis</i> or <i>corruptis moribus</i>—amongst such moral depravity.</p> -<p><i>mores in dies magis labuntur</i> (also with <i>ad</i>, e.g. <i>ad mollitiem</i>)—immorality is daily gaining ground.</p> -<p><i>severus morum castigator</i>—a stern critic of morals.</p> -<p><i>aliquid abhorret a meis moribus</i> (opp. <i>insitum \[atque innatum\] est animo</i> or <i>in animo alicuius</i>)—something is contrary to my moral sense, goes against my principles.</p> -<p><i>consilia et facta</i> (cf. sect. X. 1, note <i>For "thoughts and deeds"...</i>)—thought and deed.</p> -<p><i>institutum tenere</i>—to remain true to one's principles.</p> -<p><i>ratione; animi quodam iudicio</i>—on principle.</p> -<p><i>vitae ratio bene ac sapienter instituta</i>—a sound and sensible system of conduct.</p> -<p><i>meae vitae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae</i> (<span class="ref">Imp. Pomp. 1. 1.</span>)—the principles which I have followed since I came to man's estate.</p> -<p><i>certas rationes in agendo</i><a id="FNanchor-X_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-X_10_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>sequi</i>—to follow fixed principles of conduct.</p> -<p><i>omnia temere agere, nullo iudicio uti</i>—to have no principles.</p> -<p><i>caeco impetu ferri</i>—to have no principles.</p> -<p><i>natura et mores; vita moresque; indoles animi ingeniique</i>; or simply <i>ingenium, indoles, natura, mores</i>—character.</p> -<p><i>vir constans, gravis</i> (opp. <i>homo inconstans, levis</i>)—a man of character, with a strong personality.</p> -<p><i>sibi constare, constantem esse</i>—to be consistent.</p> -<p><i>animo mobili esse</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 5. 2. 10</span>)—to be inconsistent, changeable.</p> -<p><i>aliquid est proprium alicuius</i>—something is a characteristic of a man.</p> -<p><i>mobilitas et levitas animi</i>—inconsistency; changeability.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-X_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-X_10_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] Do not translate "to act, behave, conduct oneself" by <i>agere</i> without an object or an accompanying adverb, e.g. <i>bene, recte agere</i>; however, with the gerundive the adverb may be omitted, e.g <i>agendum est, tempus agendi, celeritas in agendo</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_XI">XI. Religion</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XI_1">1. God—Worship</h3> -<p><i>numen (deorum) divinum</i>—the sovereign power of the gods.</p> -<p><i>dei propitii</i> (opp. <i>irati</i>)—the favour of heaven.</p> -<p><i>superi; inferi</i>—the gods of the upper, lower world.</p> -<p><i>inferi</i> (<i>Orcus</i> and <i>Tartarus</i> only poetical)—the world below.</p> -<p><i>ad inferos descendere</i>—to descend to the world below.</p> -<p><i>apud inferos esse</i>—to be in the lower world.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ab inferis</i> or <i>a mortuis evocare, excitare</i> (passive <i>ab inferis exsistere</i>)—to summon some one from the dead.</p> -<p><i>deos sancte, pie venerari</i>—to be an earnest worshipper of the gods.</p> -<p><i>deum rite (summa religione) colere</i>—to honour the gods with all due ceremonial (very devoutly).</p> -<p><i>cultus dei, deorum</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 3. 8</span>)—worship of the gods; divine service.</p> -<p><i>sacra, res divinae, religiones, caerimoniae</i>—ritual; ceremonial.</p> -<p><i>rebus divinis interesse</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 6. 13</span>)—to take part in divine service (of the priest).</p> -<p><i>sacris adesse</i>—to be present at divine service (of the people).</p> -<p><i>sacris initiari</i> (<span class="ref">Quintil. 12. 10. 14</span>)—to be initiated into the mysteries of a cult.</p> -<p><i>templa deorum adire</i>—to make a pilgrimage to the shrines of the gods.</p> -<p><i>numerum deorum obtinere</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 3. 20</span>)—to be regarded as a god.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in deorum numerum referre, reponere</i>—to deify a person.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in deorum numero referre</i>—to consider as a god.</p> -<p><i>aliquem divino honere colere</i>—to pay divine honours to some one.</p> -<p><i>alicui divinos honores tribuere, habere</i>—to pay divine honours to some one.</p> -<p><i>propius ad deos accedere</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 22. 59</span>)—to approach the gods.</p> -<p><i>supera et caelestia; humana et citerioria</i>—heavenly things; earthly things.</p> -<p><i>divinitus</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 46. 202</span>)—by divine inspiration (often = marvellously, excellently).</p> -<p><i>divinitus accidit</i>—it happened miraculously.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XI_2">2. Religion—Religious Scruple—Oath</h3> -<p><i>imbuere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VII. 7, note <i>imbuere...</i>) <i>pectora religione</i><a id="FNanchor-XI_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XI_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to inspire with religious feeling, with the fear of God.</p> -<p><i>audientium animos religione perfundere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 10. 388</span>)—to fill the souls of one's audience with devotion.</p> -<p><i>religionem ex animis extrahere</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 1. 43. 121</span>)—to banish devout sentiment from the minds of others.</p> -<p><i>omnem religionem tollere, delere</i>—to annihilate all religious feeling.</p> -<p><i>religionem labefactare</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 7, note <i>In Latin metaphor...</i>)—to shake the foundations of religion.</p> -<p><i>religione obstrictos habere multitudinis animos</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 6. 1. 10</span>)—to have power over the people by trading on their religious scruples.</p> -<p><i>religionem alicui afferre, inicere, incutere</i>—to inspire some one with religious scruples.</p> -<p><i>aliquid religioni habere</i> or <i>in religionem vertere</i>—to make a thing a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing.</p> -<p><i>aliquid in religionem alicui venit</i>—to make a thing a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing.</p> -<p><i>nulla religio</i>—absence of scruples, unconscientiousness.</p> -<p><i>religionem externam suscipere</i>—to embrace a strange religion.</p> -<p><i>novas religiones instituere</i>—to introduce a new religion, a new cult.</p> -<p><i>bellum pro religionibus susceptum</i>—a religious war.</p> -<p><i>violatas caerimonias inexpiabili religione sancire</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 12. 27</span>)—to invoke an irrevocable curse on the profanation of sacred rites.</p> -<p><i>iusiurandum dare alicui</i><a id="FNanchor-XI_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XI_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—to swear an oath to a person.</p> -<p><i>ex animi mei sententia iuro</i>—I swear on my conscience.</p> -<p><i>iureiurando aliquem astringere</i>—to bind some one by an oath.</p> -<p><i>iureiurando aliquem adigere</i>—to make some one take an oath.</p> -<p><i>iureiurando ac fide se obstringere, ut</i>—to promise an oath to...</p> -<p><i>iureiurando teneri</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 27. 100</span>)—to be bound by oath.</p> -<p><i>iusiurandum (religionem) servare, conservare</i>—to keep one's oath.</p> -<p><i>periurium facere; peierare</i>—to commit perjury, perjure oneself.</p> -<p><i>iusiurandum violare</i>—to break one's oath.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XI_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XI_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>religio</i> (original meaning probably that which binds down, cf. <i>religo, leges, lictor</i>, etc.) denotes, subjectively, religious feeling, devotion, fear of God, religious scruple, conscientiousness. Objectively it means the object of religious fear, a sacred thing or place, also that which is contrary to the gods' will, a crime, sin, curse; lastly in an active sense a religious obligation, an oath.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XI_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XI_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>sacramentum dicere alicui</i> and <i>apud aliquem</i> = to take in some one's presence an oath to the standard, a military oath.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XI_3">3. Belief—Unbelief—Superstition</h3> -<p><i>opinio dei</i>—belief in god.</p> -<p><i>deum esse credimus</i>—we believe in the existence of a God.</p> -<p><i>deos esse negare</i>—to deny the existence of the gods.</p> -<p><i>insitas (innatas) dei cognitiones habere</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 1. 17. 44</span>)—to have innate ideas of the Godhead; to believe in the Deity by intuition.</p> -<p><i>omnibus innatum est et in animo quasi insculptum esse deum</i>—belief in God is part of every one's nature.</p> -<p><i>natura in omnium animis notionem dei impressit</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 1. 16. 43</span>)—Nature has implanted in all men the idea of a God.</p> -<p><i>impietas</i>—unbelief.</p> -<p><i>qui deum esse negat</i>—an atheist.</p> -<p><i>superstitio mentes occupavit</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 4. 51. 113</span>)—superstition has taken possession of their souls.</p> -<p><i>superstitione imbutum esse</i>—to be tinged with superstition.</p> -<p><i>superstitione teneri, constrictum esse, obligatum esse</i>—to be the slave of superstition.</p> -<p><i>superstitionem funditus tollere</i>—to absolutely annihilate superstition.</p> -<p><i>superstitionem radicitus</i> or <i>penitus evellere</i>—to destroy superstition root and branch.</p> -<p><i>formidines</i>—superstitious fears; phantoms.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XI_4">4. Prayers—Wishes—Vows</h3> -<p><i>precari aliquid a deo</i>—to pray to God.</p> -<p><i>precari deum, deos</i>—to pray to God.</p> -<p><i>supplicare deo</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 63. 1</span>)—to pray to God.</p> -<p><i>adhibere deo preces</i>—to pray to God.</p> -<p><i>praeire verba (carmen)</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 31. 17</span>)—to read prayers for the congregation to repeat.</p> -<p><i>(supinas) manus</i><a id="FNanchor-XI_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XI_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>ad caelum tendere</i>—to raise the hands to heaven (attitude of prayer).</p> -<p><i>favete ore, linguis</i> = <span class="greek">εὐφημειτε</span>—maintain a devout silence (properly, utter no ill-omened word).</p> -<p><i>preces facere</i>—to pray.</p> -<p><i>grates, laudes agere dis immortalibus</i>—to thank, glorify the immortal gods.</p> -<p><i>testari deos</i> (<span class="ref">Sull. 31. 86</span>)—to call the gods to witness.</p> -<p><i>contestari deos hominesque</i>—to call gods and men to witness.</p> -<p><i>dis bene iuvantibus</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 7. 20. 2</span>)—with the help of the gods.</p> -<p><i>quod deus bene vertat!</i><a id="FNanchor-XI_4_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XI_4_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—and may God grant success!</p> -<p><i>quod di immortales omen avertant!</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 44. 11</span>)—and may heaven avert the omen! heaven preserve us from this!</p> -<p><i>quod abominor! (procul absit!)</i>—God forbid!</p> -<p><i>di prohibeant, di meliora!</i>—heaven forfend!</p> -<p><i>quod bonum, faustum, felix, fortunatumque sit!</i><a id="FNanchor-XI_4_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XI_4_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> (<span class="ref">Div. 1. 45. 102</span>)—may heaven's blessing rest on it.</p> -<p><i>precari alicui bene (male)</i> or <i>omnia bona (mala), salutem</i>—to bless (curse) a person.</p> -<p><i>vota facere, nuncupare, suscipere, concipere</i>—to make a vow.</p> -<p><i>vota solvere, persolvere, reddere</i>—to accomplish, pay a vow.</p> -<p><i>voti damnari, compotem fieri</i>—to have to pay a vow; to obtain one's wish.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XI_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XI_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>supinus</i> = <span class="greek">ὕπτιος</span>, bent backwards; <i>supinae manus</i>, with the palms turned up. The opposite of <i>supinus</i> is <i>pronus</i>, e.g. <i>puerum imponere equo pronum in ventrem, postea sedentem</i> (Varr.); <i>pecora quae natura prona finxit</i> (Sall.)</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XI_4_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XI_4_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Note that these clauses with <i>quod</i> are parenthetical.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XI_4_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XI_4_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Sometimes abbreviated q. b. f. f. f. s.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XI_5">5. Sacrifice—Festival</h3> -<p><i>sacra, sacrificium facere (<span class="greek">ἱερὰ ῥέζειν</span>), sacrificare</i>—to sacrifice.</p> -<p><i>rem divinam facere (dis)</i>—to sacrifice.</p> -<p><i>ture et odoribus incensis</i>—with incense and perfumes.</p> -<p><i>rebus divinis (rite) perpetratis</i>—after having performed the sacrifice (with due ritual).</p> -<p><i>sacrificium statum (solemne)</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 47. 113</span>)—a periodically recurring (annual) sacrifice.</p> -<p><i>sacra polluere et violare</i>—to profane sacred rites.</p> -<p><i>victimas</i> (oxen), <i>hostias</i> (smaller animals, especially sheep) <i>immolare, securi ferire, caedere, mactare</i>—to slaughter victims.</p> -<p><i>deos placare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 6. 15</span>)—to appease the anger of the gods.</p> -<p><i>manes expiare</i> (<span class="ref">Pis. 7. 16</span>)—to appease the manes, make sacrifice for departed souls.</p> -<p><i>pro victimis homines immolare</i>—to sacrifice human victims.</p> -<p><i>parentare</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. 2. 21. 54</span>)—to make a sacrifice on the tomb of one's ancestors.</p> -<p><i>libare</i>—to offer libations.</p> -<p><i>diem festum agere</i> (of an individual)—to keep, celebrate a festival.</p> -<p><i>diem festum celebrare</i> (of a larger number)—to keep, celebrate a festival.</p> -<p><i>supplicationem indicere ad omnia pulvinaria</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 27. 4</span>)—to proclaim a public thanksgiving at all the street-shrines of the gods.</p> -<p><i>supplicationem quindecim dierum decernere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 14. 14. 37</span>)—to decree a public thanksgiving for fifteen days.</p> -<p><i>supplicationem habere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 1. 15</span>)—to celebrate a festival of thanksgiving.</p> -<p><i>lectisternium facere, habere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 1. 18</span>)—to hold a lectisternium.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XI_6">6. Oracle—Prodigies—Auspices—Presage</h3> -<p><i>oraculum consulere</i>—to consult an oracle.</p> -<p><i>oraculum petere (ab aliquo)</i>—to ask for an oracular response.</p> -<p><i>mittere Delphos consultum</i>—to send and consult the oracle at Delphi.</p> -<p><i>oraculum dare, edere</i>—to give an oracular response.</p> -<p><i>responsum dare</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VIII. 5, note <i>Note to answer...</i>), <i>respondere</i>—to give an oracular response.</p> -<p><i>oraculum Pythium (Pythicum)</i>—an oracle given by the Delphian Apollo (Apollo Pythius).</p> -<p><i>vox Pythia (Pythica)</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 1. 56</span>)—an oracle given by the Delphian Apollo (Apollo Pythius).</p> -<p><i>prodigia procurare</i><a id="FNanchor-XI_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XI_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 1</span>)—to avert by expiatory sacrifices the effect of ominous portents.</p> -<p><i>libros Sibyllinos adire, consulere, inspicere</i>—to consult the Sibylline books.</p> -<p><i>augurium agere,</i><a id="FNanchor-XI_6_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XI_6_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>auspicari</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 4. 11</span>)—to take the auspices, observe the flight of birds.</p> -<p><i>de caelo servare</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 4. 3. 3</span>)—to observe the sky (<i>i.e.</i> the flight of birds, lightning, thunder, etc.)</p> -<p><i>aves (alites, oscines)</i><a id="FNanchor-XI_6_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XI_6_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>addīcunt alicui</i> (opp. <i>abdicunt aliquid</i>)—the omens are favourable to some one.</p> -<p><i>augures obnuntiant (consuli)</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 33. 83</span>)—the augurs announce an unfavourable sign.</p> -<p><i>auspicato (rem gerere, urbem condere)</i>—after having duly taken the auspices.</p> -<p><i>omen accipere</i> (opp. <i>improbare</i>)—to accept as a happy omen.</p> -<p><i>accipere, vertere aliquid in omen</i>—to interpret something as an omen.</p> -<p><i>faustis ominibus</i>—with favourable omens.</p> -<p><i>omen infaustum, triste</i>—an evil omen; presage of ill.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XI_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XI_6_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] <i>procurare</i>, a technical term of religious ceremonial = to avert by expiation; to take the necessary measures, observe the proper ceremony for appeasing the anger of the gods.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XI_6_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XI_6_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] Not <i>auspicia habere</i>, which means to have the right to take the auspices. As this right was usually combined with the right to command, we find such phrases as <i>ponere auspicia</i>, to give up a command; <i>imperio auspicioque alicuius, auspiciis alicuius</i>, under some one's command.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XI_6_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XI_6_3"><span class="label">[3</span></a>] In the science of augury, <i>alites</i> denoted birds which gave omens by their flight; <i>oscines</i> those which gave them by their cries.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_XII">XII. Domestic Life</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_1">1. The House and its different Parts</h3> -<p><i>domus necessariis rebus instructa</i>—a comfortably-furnished house.</p> -<p><i>domus ruina</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>impendet</i>—the house threatens to fall in (<i>vid.</i> sect. X. 5, note <i>"Threaten"...</i>).</p> -<p><i>domus collapsura, corruitura (esse) videtur</i>—the house threatens to fall in (<i>vid.</i> sect. X. 5, note <i>"Threaten"...</i>).</p> -<p><i>domus subita ruina collapsa est</i>—the house suddenly fell in ruins.</p> -<p><i>domum demoliri</i> (<span class="ref">Top. 4. 22</span>)—to demolish, raze a house.</p> -<p><i>domus non omnes capit</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (<span class="greek">χωρειν</span>)—the house is not large enough for all.</p> -<p><i>domum frequentare</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Cat. 14. 7</span>)—to be a regular visitor at a house.</p> -<p><i>domus rimas agit</i>—the house walls are beginning to crack.</p> -<p><i>apud eum sic fui tamquam domi meae</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 13. 69</span>)—I felt quite at home in his house.</p> -<p><i>apud aliquem esse</i>—to be at some one's house.</p> -<p><i>tectum subire</i>—to enter the house.</p> -<p><i>tecto, (in) domum suam aliquem recipere</i> (opp. <i>prohibere aliquem tecto, domo</i>)—to welcome to one's house (opp. to shut one's door against some one).</p> -<p><i>domo pedem non efferre</i>—to never set foot out of doors.</p> -<p><i>pedem limine efferre</i>—to cross the threshold.</p> -<p><i>foras exire</i> (<span class="ref">Plaut. Amph. 1. 2. 35</span>)—to go out of the house.</p> -<p><i>foras mittere aliquem</i>—to turn some one out of the house.</p> -<p><i>in publico</i>—in the streets.</p> -<p><i>in publicum prodire</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 1. 31</span>)—to show oneself in the streets, in public.</p> -<p><i>publico carere, se abstinere</i>—to never appear in public.</p> -<p><i>domi se tenere</i>—to never appear in public.</p> -<p><i>deducere</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_1_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>aliquem de domo</i>—to escort a person from his house.</p> -<p><i>pro aris</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_1_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare</i>—to fight for hearth and home.</p> -<p><i>domi</i> (opp. <i>foris</i>)—at home; in one's native country.</p> -<p><i>ostium, fores pulsare</i>—to knock at the door.</p> -<p><i>ostium, fores aperire, claudere</i>—to open, shut the door.</p> -<p><i>fores obserare</i>—to bolt the door.</p> -<p><i>ianuam effringere, revellere</i>—to burst open the door.</p> -<p><i>valvas (portam) obstruere</i>—to barricade a door (a city-gate).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>ruina</i> = fall, overthrow (metaphor. e.g. <i>ruina rei publicae, ruinae fortunarum</i>, <span class="ref">Catil. 1. 6. 14</span>). In plur. it is used of the ruins, débris resulting from an overthrow, e.g. <i>urbs strata ruinis</i>, a town in ruins; <i>fumantes ruinae urbis</i>. For "ruins" in the sense of remains of old buildings use <i>parietinae</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Also metaph. e.g. <i>Macedonia te no capit</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_1_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Notice too <i>deducere coloniam</i>; <i>deducere naves</i>, to launch ships, opposed to <i>subducere</i> = to beach a boat; <i>deducere adulescentes ad virum clarissimum</i> (<span class="ref">De Am. 1. 1</span>); <i>deducere de sententia aliquem</i>; <i>rem in eum locum deducere, ut...</i>; <i>de capite deducere</i> (opp. <i>addere</i>) <i>quod pernumeratum est</i> = to subtract from the capital the amount paid; <i>deducere aliquem</i>, to escort a person from his province to Rome.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_1_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> At Rome there were altars not only in the temples but also in the streets and in private houses. In a house there were usually two—one in the court, the altar of the <i>Penates</i>; another in the <i>atrium</i> on a small hearth (<i>focus</i>), this was the altar of the <i>Lares</i>. Hence <i>arae focique</i> = the altars and hearths of the <i>Lares</i> and <i>Penates</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_2">2. Domestic Matters—Property</h3> -<p><i>rem domesticam, familiarem administrare, regere, curare</i>—to keep house.</p> -<p><i>rem</i> or <i>opes habere, bona possidere, in bonis esse</i>—to possess means, to be well off.</p> -<p><i>opibus, divitiis, bonis, facultatibus abundare</i>—to be very rich.</p> -<p><i>rem bene (male) gerere</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XVI. 10a)—to manage one's affairs, household, property well or ill.</p> -<p><i>rem familiarem tueri</i>—to manage one's affairs, household, property well or ill.</p> -<p><i>rem familiarem neglegere</i>—to neglect, mismanage one's household matters.</p> -<p><i>diligentem, frugi esse</i>—to be economical.</p> -<p><i>diligens paterfamilias</i>—a careful master of the house.</p> -<p><i>frugi</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (opp. <i>nequam</i>) <i>servus</i>—a good, useful slave.</p> -<p><i>severum imperium in suis exercere, tenere</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 11. 37</span>)—to be a strict disciplinarian in one's household.</p> -<p><i>in possessionem alicuius rei venire</i>—to come into the possession of something.</p> -<p><i>in possessionem alicuius rei invadere</i>—to take forcible possession of a thing.</p> -<p><i>expellere aliquem domo, possessionibus pellere</i>—to turn a person out of his house, his property.</p> -<p><i>demovere, deicere aliquem de possessione</i>—to dispossess a person.</p> -<p><i>exturbare aliquem omnibus fortunis, e possessionibus</i>—to drive a person out of house and home.</p> -<p><i>evertere aliquem bonis, fortunis patriis</i>—to drive a person out of house and home.</p> -<p><i>possessione alicuius rei cedere alicui</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 27. 75</span>)—to give up a thing to some one else.</p> -<p><i>res, quae moveri possunt; res moventes</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_2_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> (<span class="ref">Liv. 5. 25. 6</span>)—movable, personal property.</p> -<p><i>fundi</i>—property in land; real property.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XII_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>rem gerere</i>= generally to manage one's affairs. Then specially—(1) to do business (of commercial men); (2) to administer one's estate; (3) to hold a command (of a general in the field). <i>res gerere</i> plur. = to carry out, accomplish undertakings, used specially of political activity.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>frugi</i> is an old case-form (either locative or dative) from an obsolete nominative <i>frux</i>. Cf. <i>bonae frugi esse</i>, to be useful; <i>ad bonam frugem se recipere</i>, to come to one's senses (<span class="ref">Cael. 12. 28</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_2_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>res moventes</i>; <i>movere</i> is apparently sometimes used intransitively, e.g. <i>terra movet</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 35. 40; 40. 59</span>), but here <i>moventes</i> is probably the participle of the middle <i>moveri</i> (cf. <i>res quae <em>moveri</em> possunt</i>). For parallel examples of a middle verb with a participle present or a gerundive cf. <span class="ref">Fin. 2. 10. 31</span> <i>utra voluptate stante an movente?</i> <span class="ref">Suet. Claud. 28</span> <i>lecticam per urbem vehendi ius</i>; <span class="ref">Or. 2. 71. 287</span> <i>ceteris in campo exercentibus</i>, etc.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_3">3. Habitation—Clothing</h3> -<p><i>habitare</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>in domo alicuius, apud aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Acad. 2. 36. 115</span>)—to live in some one's house.</p> -<p><i>domicilium (sedem ac domicilium) habere in aliquo loco</i>—to dwell in a certain place.</p> -<p><i>sedem collocare alicubi</i> (<span class="ref">Rep. 2. 19. 34</span>)—to take up one's abode in a place, settle down somewhere.</p> -<p><i>sedem ac domicilium (fortunas suas) constituere alicubi</i>—to take up one's abode in a place, settle down somewhere.</p> -<p><i>considere alicubi</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 14. 1</span>)—to take up one's abode in a place, settle down somewhere.</p> -<p><i>multitudinem in agris collocare</i>—to settle a large number of people in a country.</p> -<p><i>domo emigrare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 31</span>)—to emigrate.</p> -<p><i>domo profugus</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 1. 1</span>)—homeless.</p> -<p><i>induere vestem</i> (without <i>sibi</i>)—to dress oneself.</p> -<p><i>vestem mutare</i> (opp. <i>ad vestitum suum redire</i>) (<span class="ref">Planc. 12. 29</span>)—to go into mourning.</p> -<p><i>vestimenta (et calceos) mutare</i>—to change one's clothes (and shoes).</p> -<p><i>vestitus obsoletus, tritus</i>—cast-off clothing.</p> -<p><i>vestis stragula</i> or simply <i>vestis</i>—drapery.</p> -<p><i>togatus,</i> <a id="FNanchor-XII_3_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_3_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>palliatus</i>—with a toga, cloak on.</p> -<p><i>pannis obsitus</i>—in rags</p> -<p><i>paludatus, sagatus</i>—in a military cloak (<i>paludamentum</i>, of a general; <i>sagum</i>, of soldiers).</p> -<p><i>togam virilem (puram) sumere</i>—to assume the <i>toga virilis</i>.</p> -<p><i>vestem ponere</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>(exuere)</i>—to undress.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>habitare locum</i> is not used, <i>locus habitatur</i> is. On the other hand, we find <i>incolere Asiam</i>, etc., or with preps. <i>cis, trans, inter, prope, circum—incolere</i> being used intransitively, e.g. <span class="ref">B. G. 1. 1. 4</span> <i>Germani qui trans Rhenum incolunt</i>. <i>incolere</i> is used of a number of people, <i>habitare</i> of individuals.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_3_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_3_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>togatus</i> = a Roman citizen as opposed to—(1) a foreigner, (2) a soldier, (3) <i>tunicatus</i>, which is used of the lower classes who actually had no <i>toga</i> but simply <i>tunica</i>, cf. <span class="ref">Hor. Ep. 1. 7. 65</span> <i>tunicatus popellus</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>vestem deponere</i> = to give up wearing a garment, never use it again. Notice too <i>ponere arma</i>, to put down one's weapons; <i>ponere librum (de manibus)</i>, to lay aside a book (not <i>deponere</i>, which would mean to lay aside for good. Cf. viii. 9).</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XII_4">4. Food—Drink</h3> -<p><i>cibum sumere, capere</i>—to take food.</p> -<p><i>cibum concoquere, conficere</i>—to digest food.</p> -<p><i>multi cibi esse, edacem esse</i>—to be a great eater.</p> -<p><i>cibum apponere, ponere alicui</i>—to set food before a person.</p> -<p><i>corpus curare (cibo, vino, somno)</i>—to refresh oneself, minister to one's bodily wants.</p> -<p><i>ventri deditum esse</i>—to be the slave of one's appetite.</p> -<p><i>cibo se abstinere</i>—to abstain from all nourishment.</p> -<p><i>ieiunium servare</i>—to fast.</p> -<p><i>tantum cibi et potionis adhibere quantum satis est</i>—to take only enough food to support life.</p> -<p><i>cibus delicatus</i>—delicacies.</p> -<p><i>panis cibarius</i>—ordinary bread.</p> -<p><i>vino deditum esse, indulgere</i>—to be given to drink.</p> -<p><i>potare</i>—to drink to excess; to be a drunkard.</p> -<p><i>alicui bibere dare</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to give some one to drink.</p> -<p><i>alicui bibere ministrare</i>—to serve some one with drink.</p> -<p><i>propīno tibi hoc (poculum, salutem)</i>—I drink your health.</p> -<p><i>bene tibi</i> or <i>te!</i>—your health!</p> -<p><i>inter pocula</i>—whilst drinking; at table.</p> -<p><i>exhaurire poculum</i>—to empty a cup at a draught.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XII_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> These forms <i>dare bibere</i>, etc., are not Graecisms but old usages which have survived in conversational language. For the infinitive (the dative of the verbal noun) used in this way compare <span class="ref">Verg. Aen. 1. 527</span> <i>non nos aut ferro Libycos populare penates venimus</i>; <span class="ref">Plaut. Bacc. iv. 3. 18</span> <i>parasitus modo venerat aurum petere.</i></p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_5">5. Subsistence in General</h3> -<p><i>victus cotidianus</i>—daily bread.</p> -<p><i>victus tenuis</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 2. 28. 90</span>)—meagre diet.</p> -<p><i>res ad vitam necessariae</i>—the necessaries of life.</p> -<p><i>quae ad victum pertinent</i>—the necessaries of life.</p> -<p><i>res ad victum cultumque necessariae</i>—things indispensable to a life of comfort.</p> -<p><i>vitae commoditas iucunditasque</i>—comfort</p> -<p><i>omnes ad vitam copias suppeditare alicui</i>—to provide some one with a livelihood.</p> -<p><i>quae suppeditant ad victum</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 4. 12</span>)—a livelihood.</p> -<p><i>copiae cotidianis sumptibus suppetunt</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. IV. 2, note <i>suppeditare...</i>)—his means suffice to defray daily expenses.</p> -<p><i>victum aliqua re quaerere</i>—to earn a livelihood by something.</p> -<p><i>vivere carne, piscibus, rapto</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 7. 25</span>)—to live on meat, fish, by plunder.</p> -<p><i>de suo</i> (opp. <i>alieno</i>) <i>vivere</i>—to live on one's means.</p> -<p><i>vitam (inopem) tolerare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 77</span>)—to endure a life of privation.</p> -<p><i>non habeo, qui (unde) vivam</i>—I have no means, no livelihood.</p> -<p><i>laute vivere</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Nep. Chab. 3. 2</span>)—to live well.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XII_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Not <i>bene vivere</i>, which is used of leading a moral life.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_6">6. Expenditure—Luxury—Prodigality</h3> -<p><i>sumptum facere, insumere in aliquid</i>—to spend money on an object.</p> -<p><i>sumptus effusi</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. IX. 2, note <i>Cf. effusa fuga...</i>) or <i>profusi</i>—prodigal expenditure.</p> -<p><i>sumptui parcere</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 16. 4</span>)—to incur few expenses.</p> -<p><i>sumptibus modum statuere</i>—to limit one's expenditure.</p> -<p><i>sumptum minuere</i>—to retrench.</p> -<p><i>sumptus perpetui</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 12. 42</span>)—current expenses.</p> -<p><i>sumptus liberales</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 12. 42</span>)—munificence.</p> -<p><i>delicate ac molliter vivere</i>—to live a luxurious and effeminate life.</p> -<p><i>luxuria diffluere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 30. 106</span>)—to be abandoned to a life of excess.</p> -<p><i>omnium rerum copia diffluere</i>—to be abandoned to a life of excess.</p> -<p><i>in luxuriam effundi</i>—to plunge into excesses, a career of excess.</p> -<p><i>effundere, profundere pecuniam, patrimonium</i>—to squander one's money, one's patrimony.</p> -<p><i>dissipare rem familiarem (suam)</i>—to squander all one's property.</p> -<p><i>lacerare bona sua</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 3. 70. 164</span>)—to squander all one's property.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_7">7. Hospitality</h3> -<p><i>convivium instruere, apparare, ornare (magnifice, splendide)</i>—to prepare, give a feast, dinner.</p> -<p><i>mensas exquisitissimis epulis instruere</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 21. 62</span>)—to load the tables with the most exquisite viands.</p> -<p><i>mensae exstructae</i>—a table bountifully spread.</p> -<p><i>caput cenae</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 2. 8. 25</span>)—the main dish.</p> -<p><i>secunda mensa</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 14. 6. 2</span>)—the dessert.</p> -<p><i>ab ovo usque ad mala</i> (proverb.)<a id="FNanchor-XII_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—from beginning to end.</p> -<p><i>aliquem vocare, invitare ad cenam</i>—to invite some one to dinner.</p> -<p><i>promittere (ad cenam)</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 14. 58</span>)—to accept an invitiation to dinner.</p> -<p><i>inter cenam, inter epulas</i>—during dinner; at table.</p> -<p><i>promittere ad aliquem</i>—to promise to dine with a person.</p> -<p><i>condicere alicui (ad cenam)</i>—to invite oneself to some one's house for dinner.</p> -<p><i>adhibere aliquem cenae</i> or <i>ad cenam, convivio</i> or <i>in convivium</i>—to welcome some one to one's table.</p> -<p><i>cenam alicui apponere</i>—to set a repast before a person.</p> -<p><i>convivia tempestiva</i> (<span class="ref">Arch. 6. 13</span>)—a repast which begins in good time.</p> -<p><i>accipere aliquem (bene, copiose, laute, eleganter, regio apparatu, apparatis epulis)</i>—to entertain, regale a person.</p> -<p><i>deverti ad aliquem (ad \[in\] villam)</i>—to go to a man's house as his guest.</p> -<p><i>deversari apud aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 6. 1. 25</span>)—to stop with a person, be his guest for a short time when travelling.</p> -<p><i>mihi cum illo hospitium est, intercedit</i>—my relations with him are most hospitable.</p> -<p><i>hospitio alicuius uti</i>—to enjoy a person's hospitality.</p> -<p><i>hospitium cum aliquo facere, (con-)iungere</i>—to become a friend and guest of a person.</p> -<p><i>hospitio aliquem accipere</i> or <i>excipere (domum ad se)</i>—to welcome a man as a guest in one's house.</p> -<p><i>hospitium renuntiare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 25. 18</span>)—to sever (previous) hospitable relations.</p> -<p><i>domus patet, aperta est mihi</i>—I am always welcome at his house.</p> -<p><i>invitare aliquem tecto ac domo</i> or <i>domum suam</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 14. 5</span>)—to invite some one to one's house.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XII_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Lit. "from the egg to the apples," i.e. throughout the dinner; cf. <i>integram famem ad ovum affero</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 9. 20. 1</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_8">8. Sociability—Intercourse—Isolation</h3> -<p><i>vitae societas</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_8_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_8_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—social life.</p> -<p><i>facilitas, faciles mores</i> (<span class="ref">De Am. 3. 11</span>)—a sociable, affable disposition.</p> -<p><i>societatem inire, facere cum aliquo</i>—to associate with some one.</p> -<p><i>dissipatos homines in (ad) societatem vitae convocare</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 25. 62</span>)—to unite isolated individuals into a society.</p> -<p><i>socium se adiungere alicui</i>—to attach oneself to a person's society.</p> -<p><i>aliquem socium admittere</i>—to admit a person into one's society.</p> -<p><i>assiduum esse cum aliquo</i>—to be always in some one's company.</p> -<p><i>uti aliquo (familiariter)</i>—to be on intimate terms with some one.</p> -<p><i>alicuius familiaritate uti</i>—to be on intimate terms with some one.</p> -<p><i>usu, familiaritate, consuetudine coniunctum esse cum aliquo</i>—to be on friendly terms with a person.</p> -<p><i>est mihi consuetudo</i>, or <i>usus cum aliquo</i>—to be on friendly terms with a person.</p> -<p><i>vivere cum aliquo</i>—to be on friendly terms with a person.</p> -<p><i>vetus usus inter nos intercedit</i>—we have known each other well for several years.</p> -<p><i>devincire aliquem consuetudine</i>—to attach a person to oneself.</p> -<p><i>se dare in consuetudinem alicuius</i>—to devote oneself to a person's society.</p> -<p><i>se insinuare in consuetudinem alicuius</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 4. 13. 6</span>)—to insinuate oneself into a person's society.</p> -<p><i>summa necessitudine aliquem contingere</i>—to stand in very intimate relations to some one.</p> -<p><i>in simultate cum aliquo sum</i>—relations are strained between us.</p> -<p><i>hominum coetus, congressus fugere</i>—to shun society.</p> -<p><i>in solitudine vivere</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 3. 20. 65</span>)—to live in solitude.</p> -<p><i>secum vivere</i>—to live to oneself.</p> -<p><i>vitam solitariam agere</i>—to live a lonely life.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XII_8_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_8_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The adj. <i>socialis</i> in the sense of "sociable" only occurs in late Latin, e.g. <i>homo sociale animal</i> (Sen.)</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_9">9. Conversation—Audience—Conference</h3> -<p><i>sermonem conferre</i>,<a id="FNanchor-XII_9_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_9_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>instituere, ordiri cum aliquo</i>—to enter into conversation with some one.</p> -<p><i>se dare in sermonem cum aliquo</i>—to enter into conversation with some one.</p> -<p><i>sermonem inferre de aliqua re</i>—to turn the conversation on to a certain subject.</p> -<p><i>in eum sermonem</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_9_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_9_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore</i>—to talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation.</p> -<p><i>sermo incidit de aliqua re</i>—the conversation turned on...</p> -<p><i>in sermonem ingredi</i>—to begin a conversation.</p> -<p><i>sermo ortus est ab aliqua re</i>—the conversation began with...</p> -<p><i>sermonem alio transferre</i>—to turn the conversation to another topic.</p> -<p><i>medium sermonem abrumpere</i> (<span class="ref">Verg. Aen. 4. 388</span>)—to break off in the middle of the conversation.</p> -<p><i>sermonem producere in multam noctem</i> (<span class="ref">Rep. 6. 10. 10</span>)—to prolong a conversation far into the night.</p> -<p><i>sermonem habere cum aliquo de aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">De Am. 1. 3</span>)—to converse, talk with a person on a subject.</p> -<p><i>hinc sermo ductus est</i>—the conversation began in this way.</p> -<p><i>sermo inductus a tali exordio</i>—the conversation began in this way.</p> -<p><i>multus sermo</i>—a long conversation.</p> -<p><i>narratio, fabula</i>—a narrative, tale, story.</p> -<p><i>narratiuncula, fabella</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 5. 15</span>)—an anecdote.</p> -<p><i>haec fabula docet</i>—this fable teaches us (without <i>nos</i>).</p> -<p><i>convenire aliquem</i>—to meet a person (accidentally or intentionally) and talk with him.</p> -<p><i>congredi cum aliquo</i>—to meet a person by arrangement, interview him.</p> -<p><i>sui potestatem facere, praebere alicui</i>—to give audience to some one.</p> -<p><i>colloquendi copiam facere, dare</i>—to give audience to some one.</p> -<p><i>conveniendi aditum</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_9_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_9_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>dare alicui</i>—to give audience to some one.</p> -<p><i>aditum conveniendi</i> or <i>colloquium</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_9_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_9_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>petere</i>—to ask a hearing, audience, interview.</p> -<p><i>(ad colloquium) admitti</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 57</span>)—to obtain an audience of some one.</p> -<p><i>in congressum alicuius venire</i>—to obtain an audience of some one.</p> -<p><i>velle aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Plaut. Capt. 5. 2. 24</span>)—to wish to speak to some one.</p> -<p><i>paucis te volo</i>—a word with you.</p> -<p><i>tribus verbis te volo</i>—a word with you.</p> -<p><i>sermo cotidianus</i>, or simply <i>sermo</i>—conversational language.</p> -<p><i>coram loqui (cum aliquo)</i>—to speak personally to...</p> -<p><i>commercium loquendi et audiendi</i>—interchange of ideas; conversation.</p> -<p><i>capita conferre</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 45</span>)—to put our heads together.</p> -<p><i>remotis arbitris</i> or <i>secreto</i>—in private; tête-à-tête.</p> -<p><i>intra parietes</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 8. 32</span>)—within four walls.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_9_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_9_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>sermonem conserere</i> in late Latin.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_9_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_9_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Distinguish from such phrases as <i>incidere in sermonem (hominum)</i>, to become common talk.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_9_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_9_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>audientia</i> is not used in this connection, but only in such phrases as <i>audientiam facere alicui</i> or <i>orationi alicuius</i>, to listen to a person.<a id="FNanchor-XII_9_TR1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_9_TR1" class="fnanchor">[TR1]</a></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_9_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_9_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>colloquium</i> as opposed to <i>sermo</i> means an interview specially arranged, usually for transaction of some business.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_9_TR1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_9_TR1"><span class="label">[TR1]</span></a> Transcriber's Note: the original text has indeed "to listen to a person". The French edition gives "prêter l'oreille, écouter quelqu'un". Both seem to be wrong because the original German footnote says: "Es ist nicht hierfür <i>audientia</i> zu gebrauchen, welches Wort nur in der Redensart <i>audientiam facere alicui</i> oder <i>orationi alicuius</i> einem 'Gehör verschaffen', vorkommt." Compare also Lewis & Short, "A Latin Dictionary", entry "audientia".</p> - - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_10">10. Greeting—Farewell</h3> -<p><i>salutem alicui dicere, impertire, nuntiare</i>—to greet a person.</p> -<p><i>aliquem salvere iubere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 4. 14</span>)—to greet a person.</p> -<p><i>quid agis?</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_10_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—how are you?</p> -<p><i>quid agitur? quid fit?</i>—what is going on? how are you getting on?</p> -<p><i>Cicero Attico</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_10_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_10_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>S.D.P. (salutem dicit plurimam)</i>—Cicero sends cordial greetings to Atticus.</p> -<p><i>tibi plurimam salutem</i>—my best wishes for your welfare.</p> -<p><i>nuntia fratri tuo salutem verbis meis</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 7. 14</span>)—remember me to your brother.</p> -<p><i>adscribere alicui salutem</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 20. 9</span>)—to add to one's letter good wishes to some one.</p> -<p><i>salute data (accepta) redditaque</i>—after mutual greeting.</p> -<p><i>inter se consalutare</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 3. 13</span>)—to exchange greetings.</p> -<p><i>dextram alicui porrigere, dare</i>—to give one's right hand to some one.</p> -<p><i>dextram iungere cum aliquo, dextras inter se iungere</i>—to shake hands with a person.</p> -<p><i>te valere</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_10_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_10_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>iubeo</i>—I bid you good-bye, take my leave.</p> -<p><i>vale</i> or <i>cura ut valeas</i>—good-bye; farewell.</p> -<p><i>bene ambula et redambula</i>—a safe journey to you.</p> -<p><i>gratulari alicui aliquid</i> or <i>de aliqua re</i>—to congratulate a person on something.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_10_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>quid agis?</i> is also used as an expression of surprise, "what are you thinking of?"</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_10_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_10_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> This and the following phrase only epistolary.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_10_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_10_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>valedicere alicui</i> is poetical.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_11">11. Betrothal—Marriage—Divorce</h3> -<p><i>filiam alicui despondere</i>—to betroth one's daughter to some one.</p> -<p><i>sibi (aliquam) despondere</i> (of the man)—to betroth oneself, get engaged.</p> -<p><i>nuptias conciliare</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Att. 5. 3</span>)—to arrange a marriage.</p> -<p><i>nuptias parare</i>—to make preparations for a marriage.</p> -<p><i>condicio (uxoria)</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 38. 99</span>)—a match.</p> -<p><i>ducere uxorem</i>—to marry (of the man).</p> -<p><i>ducere aliquam in matrimonium</i>—to marry (of the man).</p> -<p><i>nubere alicui</i>—to marry (of the woman).</p> -<p><i>nuptam esse cum aliquo</i> or <i>alicui</i>—to be married to some one.</p> -<p><i>uxorem habere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 3. 33. 76</span>)—to be a married man.</p> -<p><i>dotem filiae dare</i>—to give a dowry to one's daughter.</p> -<p><i>filiam alicui in matrimonio</i> or <i>in matrimonium collocare</i> or simply <i>filiam alicui collocare</i>—to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one.</p> -<p><i>filiam alicui in matrimonium dare</i>—to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one.</p> -<p><i>filiam alicui nuptum dare</i>—to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one.</p> -<p><i>nuntium remittere alicui</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 40</span>)—to separate, be divorced (used of man or woman).</p> -<p><i>repudium dicere</i> or <i>scribere alicui</i>—to separate, be divorced (used of man or woman).</p> -<p><i>divortium facere cum uxore</i>—to separate from, divorce (of the man).</p> -<p><i>aliquam suas res sibi habere</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_11_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_11_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>iubere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 28. 69</span>)—to separate from, divorce (of the man).</p> -<p><i>repudium</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_11_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_11_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>remittere viro</i> (<span class="ref">Dig. 24. 3</span>)—to separate (of the woman).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_11_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_11_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The formula of divorce used by the man was <i>tuas res tibi habeto</i>, cf. <span class="ref">Plaut. Trin. 266</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_11_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_11_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Cicero uses <i>divortium</i> not <i>repudium</i>. <i>divortium</i> (<i>dis, vertere</i>) is a separation by mutual consent, <i>divortium est, quod in diversas partes eunt, qui discedunt</i> (<span class="ref">Paul. Dig. L. 16. 1. 161</span>). In <i>repudium</i> one party takes the initiative, usually the husband. The formula commonly used was <i>tua condicione non utar</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_12">12. Will—Inheritance</h3> -<p><i>testamentum facere, conscribere</i>—to make a will.</p> -<p><i>testamentum obsignare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 39</span>)—to sign a will.</p> -<p><i>testamentum resignare</i>—to open a will.</p> -<p><i>testamentum rescindere</i>—to declare a will to be null and void.</p> -<p><i>testamentum subicere, supponere</i>—to produce a false will.</p> -<p><i>testamentum irritum facere, rumpere</i>—to annul, revoke a will.</p> -<p><i>testamento aliquid cavere</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 2. 31</span>)—to prescribe in one's will.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam alicui legare</i>—to leave money to a person in one's will.</p> -<p><i>aliquem heredem testamento scribere, facere</i>—to appoint some one as heir in one's will.</p> -<p><i>alicuius mortui voluntas (suprema)</i>—the last wishes of a deceased person.</p> -<p><i>heredem esse alicui</i>—to be some one's heir.</p> -<p><i>hereditate aliquid accipere</i>—to inherit something.</p> -<p><i>exheres paternorum bonorum</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 38. 175</span>)—disinherited.</p> -<p><i>exheredari a patre</i>—to be disinherited.</p> -<p><i>hereditate aliquid relictum est ab aliquo</i>—something has been left as a legacy by some one.</p> -<p><i>hereditas ad me</i> or <i>mihi venit ab aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 1. 10</span>)—I have received a legacy from a person.</p> -<p><i>hereditatem adire, cernere</i>—to take possession of an inheritance.</p> -<p><i>heres ex asse, ex dodrante</i>—sole heir; heir to three-quarters of the estate.</p> -<p><i>heres ex besse</i>—heir to two-thirds of the property.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XII_13">13. Custom—Usage</h3> -<p><i>assuefactus</i><a id="FNanchor-XII_13_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_13_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> or <i>assuetus aliqua re</i>—accustomed to a thing.</p> -<p><i>in consuetudinem</i> or <i>morem venire</i>—to become customary, the fashion.</p> -<p><i>in nostros mores inducere aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 28</span>)—to introduce a thing into our customs; to familiarise us with a thing.</p> -<p><i>consuetudinem suam tenere, retinere,<a id="FNanchor-XII_13_TR1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XII_13_TR1" class="fnanchor">[TR1]</a> servare</i>—to keep up a usage.</p> -<p><i>consuetudo inveterascit</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 41. 5</span>)—a custom is taking root, growing up.</p> -<p><i>res obsolescit</i>—a thing is going out of use, becoming obsolete.</p> -<p><i>a vetere consuetudine discedere</i>—to give up old customs.</p> -<p><i>a pristina consuetudine deflectere</i>—to give up old customs.</p> -<p><i>in pristinam consuetudinem revocare aliquid</i>—to return to ancient usage.</p> -<p><i>aliquid est meae consuetudinis</i>—it is my custom.</p> -<p><i>aliquid cadit in meam consuetudinem</i>—it is my custom.</p> -<p><i>mos (moris) est, ut</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 21. 84</span>)—it is customary to...</p> -<p><i>more, usu receptum est</i>—it is traditional usage.</p> -<p><i>ut fit, ita ut fit, ut fere fit</i>—as usually happens.</p> -<p><i>ut solet, ut fieri solet</i>—as usually happens.</p> -<p><i>ita fert consuetudo</i>—so custom, fashion prescribes.</p> -<p><i>ex consuetudine mea</i> (opp. <i>praeter consuetudinem</i>)—according to my custom.</p> -<p><i>more institutoque maiorum</i> (<span class="ref">Mur. 1. 1</span>)—according to the custom and tradition of my fathers.</p> -<p><i>ex instituto</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 6. 10. 6</span>)—according to traditional usage.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_13_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_13_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Note <i>assuescere</i>, to accustom oneself to .... and <i>assuefacere aliquem</i>, to accustom some one else to...</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XII_13_TR1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XII_13_TR1"><span class="label">[TR1]</span></a> Transcriber's Note: The original text has <i>retineri</i>. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using <i>retinere</i>.</p> - - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_XIII">XIII. Commerce and Agriculture</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIII_1">1. Commerce in General—Purchase—Price</h3> -<p><i>negotiatores</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 69. 168</span>)—business-men.</p> -<p><i>homines negotii</i> (always in sing.) <i>gerentes</i>—business-men.</p> -<p><i>negotii bene gerentes</i> (<span class="ref">Quint. 19. 62</span>)—good men of business.</p> -<p><i>negotium obire</i> or <i>exsequi</i>—to be engaged upon a transaction, carry it out.</p> -<p><i>negotium (rem) conficere, absolvere</i>—to settle, finish a transaction.</p> -<p><i>mercaturam facere</i>—to be engaged in commerce, wholesale business.</p> -<p><i>negotia habere (in Sicilia)</i>—to have commercial interests in Sicily.</p> -<p><i>contrahere rem</i> or <i>negotium cum aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 14. 41</span>)—to have business relations with some one.</p> -<p><i>transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquo</i> or <i>inter se</i>—to transact, settle a matter with some one.</p> -<p><i>nihil cum aliquo contrahere</i>—to do no business with a man.</p> -<p><i>quaestum facere</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 15. 14</span>)—to make money.</p> -<p><i>quaestui aliquid habere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 3. 13</span>)—to make a profit out of something.</p> -<p><i>res, quae importantur et exportantur</i>—imports and exports.</p> -<p><i>exponere, proponere merces (venales)</i>—to set out goods for sale.</p> -<p><i>parvo, vili pretio</i> or <i>bene emere</i>—to buy cheaply.</p> -<p><i>magno</i> or <i>male emere</i>—to buy dearly.</p> -<p><i>aliquid magno, parvo stat, constat</i>—a thing costs much, little.</p> -<p><i>aliquid nihilo</i> or <i>gratis constat</i>—a thing costs nothing.</p> -<p><i>pretium alicui rei statuere, constituere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 13. 22</span>)—to fix a price for a thing.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The usual term for men of business are <i>negotiator, mercator, caupo, institor</i>. The first two are used of merchants, wholesale dealers, <i>negotiator</i> especially when talking of the transactions (<i>negotia</i>) of business, <i>mercator</i> with reference to the profits (<i>merces</i>). <i>caupo</i> is a retail dealer, tradesman, shopkeeper; <i>institor</i>, a pedlar, commercial traveller.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIII_2">2. Money—Interest—Loans</h3> -<p><i>pecunia magna</i>,<a id="FNanchor-XIII_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>grandis (multum pecuniae)</i>—much money.</p> -<p><i>pecunia exigua</i> or <i>tenuis</i>—little money.</p> -<p><i>pecunia praesens</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 9, note <i>Notice too...</i>) or <i>numerata</i>—cash; ready money.</p> -<p><i>aes (argentum) signatum</i>—coined money; bullion.</p> -<p><i>argentum (factum)</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 5. 25. 63</span>)—silver plate.</p> -<p><i>nummi adulterini</i>—bad money; base coin.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam erogare (in classem)</i>—to spend money.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam insumere in aliquid</i> or <i>consumere in aliqua re</i>—to devote money to a purpose.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam numerare alicui</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 16. 16</span>)—to pay cash.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam solvere</i>—to pay money.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam alicui debere</i>—to owe some one money.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam alicui credere (sine fenore, usuris)</i>—to lend some one money (without interest).</p> -<p><i>pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo</i>—to lend, borrow money at interest.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam fenore occupare</i> (<span class="ref">Flacc. 21. 54</span>)—to put out money at interest.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam collocare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>in aliqua re</i>—to put money in an undertaking.</p> -<p><i>pecunia iacet otiosa</i>—the money is bringing in no interest, lies idle.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam mutuari</i> or <i>sumere mutuam ab aliquo</i>—to borrow money from some one.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam alicui mutuam dare</i>—to lend money to some one.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam creditam solvere</i>—to repay a loan.</p> -<p><i>non solvendo</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_2_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_2_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>esse</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 2. 4</span>)—to be bankrupt.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam exigere (acerbe)</i>—to demand payment.</p> -<p><i>magnas pecunias ex aliqua re</i> (e.g. <i>ex metallis</i>) <i>facere</i>—to have a large income from a thing (e.g. from mines).</p> -<p><i>nummus iactatur</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 20. 80</span>)—the bank-rate varies.</p> -<p><i>versuram facere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 21. 12</span>)—to transfer a debt.</p> -<p><i>nummulis acceptis</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 1. 16. 6</span>)—for a trifle, a beggarly pittance.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In plur. <i>magnae, multae pecuniae</i> = large sums of money.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Sometimes absolutely, e.g. <span class="ref">Cic. Off. 2. 25. 90</span> <i>pecuniam collocare</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_2_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_2_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>solvendo</i> is a predicative dative. For the development of such uses cf. <i>nulli rei erimus postea</i> (<span class="ref">Plaut. Stich. 718</span>); <span class="ref">Ovid Met. 15. 403</span> <i>dedit huic aetas vires onerique ferendo est</i>; <span class="ref">Liv. 4. 35</span> <i>experiunda res est sitne aliqui plebeius ferendo magno honori</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIII_3">3. Money-Matters—Accounts—Audit</h3> -<p><i>res nummaria</i> or <i>pecuniaria</i>—finance; money-matters.</p> -<p><i>ratio pecuniarum</i>—finance; money-matters.</p> -<p><i>argentariam facere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 5. 59. 155</span>)—to be a banker.</p> -<p><i>argentariam dissolvere</i> (<span class="ref">Caecin. 4. 11</span>)—to close one's bank, give up banking.</p> -<p><i>codex</i> or <i>tabulae ratio accepti et expensi</i>—account-book; ledger.</p> -<p><i>nomina facere</i> or <i>in tabulas referre</i>—to book a debt.</p> -<p><i>pecunia in nominibus</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>est</i>—money is outstanding, unpaid.</p> -<p><i>pecuniam in nominibus habeo</i>—I have money owing me.</p> -<p><i>alicui expensum ferre aliquid</i>—to put a thing down to a man's account.</p> -<p><i>alicui acceptum referre aliquid</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_3_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_3_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 70. 170</span>)—to put down to a man's credit.</p> -<p><i>rationem alicuius rei inire, subducere</i>—to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.</p> -<p><i>ad calculos vocare aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">Amic. 16. 58</span>)—to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing.</p> -<p><i>inita subductaque ratione aliquid facere</i>—to do something after careful calculation.</p> -<p><i>rationes putare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>cum aliquo</i>—to balance accounts with some one.</p> -<p><i>ratio alicuius rei constat (convenit, par est)</i>—the accounts balance.</p> -<p><i>ratio acceptorum et datorum (accepti et expensi)</i> (<span class="ref">Amic. 16. 58</span>)—the account of receipts and expenditure.</p> -<p><i>rationem diligenter conficere</i>—to keep the accounts (day-book) carefully.</p> -<p><i>summam facere alicuius rei</i>—to compute the total of anything.</p> -<p><i>de capite deducere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XII. 1, note <i>Notice too...</i>) <i>aliquid</i>—to subtract something from the capital.</p> -<p><i>rationem alicuius rei reddere</i>—to render count of a matter; to pass it for audit.</p> -<p><i>rationem alicuius rei reposcere aliquem</i> or <i>ab aliquo</i>—to demand an account, an audit of a matter.</p> -<p><i>rationem ab aliquo reptere de aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 37. 104</span>)—to demand an account, an audit of a matter.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>nomina</i> are properly the sums entered in the ledger as due from a person. Hence <i>nomen solvere, dissolvere</i>, to pay a debt.; <i>nomen expedire, exsolvere</i>, to get rid of a debt; <i>bonum nomen</i>, a safe investment (<span class="ref">Cic. Fam. 5. 6. 2</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_3_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_3_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Also used metaphorically to "owe a thing to another's instrumentality," e.g. <i>quod vivo tibi acceptum refero</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The original meaning of <i>putare</i> is to prune (cf. <i>purus, amputare</i>), cleanse by cutting off, then make clear, calculate, reckon. By a transference it became used of calculation, i.e. thinking, believing. Compare the history of the French <i>raisonner</i> and the Italian <i>ragioneria</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIII_4">4. Rate of Interest</h3> -<p><i>centesimae</i> (sc. <i>usurae</i>) (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 21. 11</span>)—interest at 1 per cent per month, 12 per cent per annum.</p> -<p><i>binis centesimis fenerari</i>—to lend at 24 per cent.<a id="FNanchor-XIII_4_TR1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_4_TR1" class="fnanchor">[TR1]</a></p> -<p><i>ternae centesimae</i>—36 per cent per annum.</p> -<p><i>quaternas centesimas postulare</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 21. 11</span>)—to demand 48 per cent.</p> -<p><i>semisses</i>—6 per cent (i.e. if for 100 denarii, asses, one pays half a denarius, half an as per month).</p> -<p><i>semissibus magna copia est</i>—money is plentiful at 6 per cent.</p> -<p><i>usurae semissium</i> (<span class="ref">Colum.</span>)—6 per cent.</p> -<p><i>usurae semisses</i> (<span class="ref">Jurists</span>)—6 per cent.</p> -<p><i>quadrantes usurae</i>—3 per cent (a quarter of centesima).</p> -<p><i>trientes</i> or <i>trientariae usurae</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 4. 15</span>)—4 per cent.</p> -<p><i>quincunx</i> (<span class="ref">Pers. 5. 149</span>)—5 per cent.</p> -<p><i>quincunces usurae</i>—5 per cent.</p> -<p><i>fenus ex triente Id. Quint. factum erat bessibus</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 4. 15. 7</span>)—the rate of interest has gone up from 4 per cent to 8 per cent.</p> -<p><i>perpetuum fenus</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 21. 13</span>)—simple interests.</p> -<p><i>fenus renovatum</i>—compound interest.</p> -<p><i>anatocismus</i> (<span class="greek">ἀνατοκισμός</span>) (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 21. 11</span>)—compound interest.</p> -<p><i>fenus iniquissimum, grande, grave</i>—exorbitant rate of interest.</p> -<p><i>usura menstrua</i>—monthly interest.</p> -<p><i>centesimis cum anatocismo contentum esse</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 21. 12</span>)—to be content with 12 per cent at compound interest.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_4_TR1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_4_TR1"><span class="label">[TR1]</span></a> Transcriber's Note: The Latin expression means <i>at 2 percent per month</i> which amounts to 24 percent per year (Cp. French edition).</p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XIII_5">5. Profit—Credit—Debt</h3> -<p><i>lucrum facere</i> (opp. <i>damnum facere</i>) <i>ex aliqua re</i>—to make profit out of a thing.</p> -<p><i>in lucro ponere aliquid</i> (<span class="ref">Flacc. 17. 40</span>)—to consider a thing as profit.</p> -<p><i>debitor</i>, or <i>is qui debet</i>—the debtor.</p> -<p><i>creditor</i>, or <i>is cui debeo</i>—the creditor.</p> -<p><i>fides et ratio pecuniarum</i>—credit and financial position.</p> -<p><i>fides</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. IX. 10, note <i>fides has six...</i>) <i>concidit</i>—credit is going down.</p> -<p><i>fidem derogare alicui</i>—to rob a person of his credit.</p> -<p><i>fides aliquem deficere coepit</i>—a man's credit begins to go down.</p> -<p><i>fides (de foro) sublata est</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. Agr. 2. 3. 8</span>)—credit has disappeared.</p> -<p><i>fides tota Italia est angusta</i>—credit is low throughout Italy.</p> -<p><i>fidem moliri</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 6. 11. 8</span>)—to shake credit.</p> -<p><i>laborare de pecunia</i>—to have pecuniary difficulties.</p> -<p><i>in summa difficultate nummaria versari</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 28. 69</span>)—to be in severe pecuniary straits.</p> -<p><i>in maximas angustias (pecuniae) adduci</i>—to be reduced to extreme financial embarrassment.</p> -<p><i>aes alienum</i> (always in sing.) <i>facere, contrahere</i>—to incur debts.</p> -<p><i>grande, magnum</i> (opp. <i>exiguum</i>) <i>aes alienum conflare</i>—to incur debts on a large scale.</p> -<p><i>incidere in aes alienum</i>—to get into debt.</p> -<p><i>aes alienum habere</i>—to be in debt.</p> -<p><i>in aere alieno esse</i>—to be in debt.</p> -<p><i>in suis nummis versari</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 4. 6. 11</span>)—to have no debts.</p> -<p><i>aere alieno obrutum, demersum esse</i>—to be deeply in debt.</p> -<p><i>aere alieno oppressum esse</i>—to have pressing debts.</p> -<p><i>aes alienum dissolvere, exsolvere</i>—to pay one's debts.</p> -<p><i>nomina</i> (cf. sect. XIII. 3) <i>solvere, dissolvere, exsolvere</i>—to pay one's debts.</p> -<p><i>nomina exigere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 3. 10. 28</span>)—to demand payment of, recover debts.</p> -<p><i>ex aere alieno exire</i>—to get out of debt.</p> -<p><i>aere alieno liberari</i>—to get out of debt.</p> -<p><i>versurā solvere, dissolvere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 15. 2</span>)—to pay one's old debts by making new.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIII_6">6. Building</h3> -<p><i>opus locare</i>—to contract for the building of something.</p> -<p><i>opus redimere, conducere</i>—to undertake the contract for a work.</p> -<p><i>domum aedificandam locare, conducere</i>—to give, undertake a contract for building a house.</p> -<p><i>aedificatorem esse</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Att. 13. 1</span>)—to be fond of building.</p> -<p><i>exstruere aedificium, monumentum</i>—to erect a building, a monument.</p> -<p><i>fundamenta iacere, agere</i>—to lay the foundations.</p> -<p><i>turrim excitare, erigere, facere</i>—to build a tower.</p> -<p><i>oppidum constituere, condere</i>—to build, found a city.</p> -<p><i>pontem facere in flumine</i>—to build a bridge over a river.</p> -<p><i>inicere pontem</i>—to build a bridge over a river.</p> -<p><i>flumen ponte iungere</i>—to build a bridge over a river.</p> -<p><i>pons est in flumine</i>—there is a bridge over the river.</p> -<p><i>pontem dissolvere, rescindere, interscindere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 9. 4</span>)—to break down a bridge.</p> -<p><i>luminibus alicuius obstruere, officere</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to obstruct a person's view, shut out his light by building.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XIII_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_6_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Also used metaphorically to overshadow, eclipse a person, cf. vi. 1.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIII_7">7. Agriculture—Management of Stock</h3> -<p><i>agrum colere</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. Agr. 2. 25. 67</span>)—to till the ground.</p> -<p><i>agros fertiles deserere</i>—to leave fertile ground untilled.</p> -<p><i>agriculturae studere</i> (opp. <i>agriculturam deserere</i>)—to have a taste for agriculture.</p> -<p><i>opus rusticum</i>—tillage; cultivation.</p> -<p><i>in agris esse, habitare</i>—to live in the country.</p> -<p><i>serere; semen spargere</i>—to sow.</p> -<p><i>sementem facere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 3. 1</span>)—to look after the sowing.</p> -<p><i>ut sementem feceris, ita metes</i> (proverb.) (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 65</span>)—as you sow, so will you reap.</p> -<p><i>laetae segetes</i>—the laughing cornfields.</p> -<p><i>laetissimi flores</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 4. 48. 107</span>)—a glorious expanse of flowers.</p> -<p><i>odores, qui efflantur e floribus</i>—the perfume exhaled by flowers.</p> -<p><i>messis in herbis est</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 25. 15</span>)—the crop is in the blade.</p> -<p><i>adhuc tua messis in herba est</i> (proverb.)—your crop is still green, <i>i.e.</i> you are still far from your ambition.</p> -<p><i>frumenta in agris matura non sunt</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 16. 2</span>)—the corn is not yet ripe.</p> -<p><i>messem facere</i>—to reap.</p> -<p><i>fructus demetere</i> or <i>percipere</i>—to reap.</p> -<p><i>fructus condere</i> (<span class="ref">N. D. 2. 62. 156</span>)—to harvest crops.</p> -<p><i>messis opīma</i> (opp. <i>ingrata</i>)—a good harvest.</p> -<p><i>arbores serere</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 7. 24</span>)—to plant trees.</p> -<p><i>arbores caedere</i>—to fell trees.</p> -<p><i>inopia</i> (opp. <i>copia</i>) <i>rei frumentariae</i>—want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.</p> -<p><i>difficultas annonae</i> (<span class="ref">Imp. Pomp. 15. 44</span>)—want of corn; scarcity in the corn-market.</p> -<p><i>annona ingravescit, crescit</i>—the price of corn is going up.</p> -<p><i>annona laxatur, levatur, vilior fit</i>—the price of corn is going down.</p> -<p><i>caritas annonae</i> (opp. <i>vilitas</i>), also simply <i>annona</i>—dearth of corn; high prices.</p> -<p><i>ad denarios</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>L in singulos modios annona pervenerat</i>—corn had gone up to 50 denarii the bushel.</p> -<p><i>annona cara est</i>—corn is dear.</p> -<p><i>hac annona</i> (<span class="ref">Plaut. Trin. 2. 4. 83</span>)—when corn is as dear as it is.</p> -<p><i>rem pecuariam facere, exercere</i> (cf. <span class="ref">Varr R. R. 2. 1</span>)—to rear stock.</p> -<p><i>pastum agere</i>—to drive to pasture.</p> -<p><i>pastum ire</i>—to go to pasture.</p> -<p><i>pascere gregem</i>—to feed a flock (of goats).</p> -<p><i>greges pascuntur</i><a id="FNanchor-XIII_7_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIII_7_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (<span class="ref">Verg. G. 3. 162</span>)—the herds are grazing.</p> -<p><i>alere equos, canes</i>—to keep horses, dogs.</p> -<p><i>animalia quae nobiscum degunt</i> (<span class="ref">Plin. 8. 40</span>)—domestic animals.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_7_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] <i>denarius</i> = about 9-1/2 d., <i>vid.</i> <span class="ref">Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 149</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIII_7_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIII_7_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] <i>pascere</i> and <i>pasci</i> are also used metaphorically, <i>vid.</i> iii. s. v. <i>oculi</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_XIV">XIV. The State</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_1">1. Constitution—Administration—Government</h3> -<p><i>forma rei publicae</i>—the constitution.</p> -<p><i>descriptio civitatis</i>—the constitution.</p> -<p><i>instituta et leges</i>—the constitution.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam constituere</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to give the state a constitution.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam legibus et institutis temperare</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 1. 2</span>)—to give the state a constitution.</p> -<p><i>civitati leges, iudicia, iura describere</i>—to give the state a constitution.</p> -<p><i>suis legibus utitur</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 45. 3</span>)—(a state) has its own laws, is autonomous.</p> -<p><i>nullam habere rem publicam</i>—to have no constitution, be in anarchy.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam in pristinum statum restituere</i>—to restore the ancient constitution.</p> -<p><i>optima re publica</i>—at the time of a most satisfactory government.</p> -<p><i>libera res publica, liber populus</i>—the Republic.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam gerere, administrare, regere, tractare, gubernare</i>—to govern, administer the state.</p> -<p><i>rei publicae praeesse</i>—to have the management of the state.</p> -<p><i>ad gubernacula</i> (metaph. only in plur.) <i>rei publicae sedere</i>—to hold the reins of government.</p> -<p><i>clavum rei publicae tenere</i>—to hold the reins of government.</p> -<p><i>gubernacula rei publicae tractare</i>—to hold the reins of government.</p> -<p><i>principem civitatis esse</i>—to be the chief man in the state.</p> -<p><i>principem in re publica locum obtinere</i>—to hold the first position in the state.</p> -<p><i>negotia publica</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 20. 69</span>)—public affairs.</p> -<p><i>vita occupata</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VII. 2)—the busy life of a statesman.</p> -<p><i>accedere, se conferre ad rem publicam</i>—to devote oneself to politics, a political career.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam capessere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 21. 71</span>)—to devote oneself to politics, a political career.</p> -<p><i>in re publica</i> or <i>in rebus publicis versari</i>—to take part in politics.</p> -<p><i>rei publicae deesse</i> (opp. <i>adesse</i>)—to take no part in politics.</p> -<p><i>a negotiis publicis se removere</i>—to retire from public life.</p> -<p><i>a re publica recedere</i>—to retire from public life.</p> -<p><i>in otium se referre</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 99</span>)—to retire into private life.</p> -<p><i>vita privata</i> (<span class="ref">Senect. 7. 22</span>)—private life.</p> -<p><i>publico carere, forum ac lucem fugere</i>—to shun publicity.</p> -<p><i>forensi luce carere</i>—to shun publicity.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam tueri, stabilire</i>—to defend, strengthen the state.</p> -<p><i>res publica stat</i> (opp. <i>iacet</i>)—the state is secure.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam augere, amplificare</i>—to aggrandise, extend the power of the state.</p> -<p><i>saluti rei publicae non deesse</i>—to further the common weal.</p> -<p><i>rei publicae</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>causa</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 47. 101</span>)—for political reasons.</p> -<p><i>e re publica</i> (opp. <i>contra rem p.</i>)—for the advantage of the state; in the interests of the state.</p> -<p><i>summa res publica</i> (or <i>summa rei publicae</i>)—the welfare of the state.</p> -<p><i>commoda publica</i> or <i>rei publicae rationes</i>—the interests of the state.</p> -<p><i>rei publicae rationibus</i> or simply <i>rei publicae consulere</i>—to further the public interests.</p> -<p><i>ad rei publicae rationes aliquid referre</i>—to consider a thing from a political point of view.</p> -<p><i>in rem publicam omni cogitatione curaque incumbere</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 10. 1. 2</span>)—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.</p> -<p><i>omnes curas et cogitationes in rem publicam conferre</i>—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.</p> -<p><i>omnes curas in rei publicae salute defigere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 14. 5. 13</span>)—to devote one's every thought to the state's welfare.</p> -<p><i>totum et animo et corpore in salutem rei publicae se conferre</i>—to devote oneself body and soul to the good of the state.</p> -<p><i>bene, optime sentire de re publica</i>—to have the good of the state at heart.</p> -<p><i>omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire</i>—to have the good of the state at heart.</p> -<p><i>rector civitatis</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 48. 211</span>)—the head of the state.</p> -<p><i>viri rerum civilium, rei publicae gerendae periti</i> or <i>viri in re publica prudentes</i>—statesmen.</p> -<p><i>auctores consilii publici</i>—statesmen.</p> -<p><i>principes rem publicam administrantes</i> or simply <i>principes</i>—statesmen.</p> -<p><i>prudentia (civilis)</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 19. 85</span>)—statesmanship; political wisdom.</p> -<p><i>homo in re publica exercitatus</i>—an experienced politician.</p> -<p><i>res civiles</i>—political questions.</p> -<p><i>plus in re publica videre</i>—to possess great political insight.</p> -<p><i>longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae</i> (<span class="ref">De Amic. 12. 40</span>)—to foresee political events long before.</p> -<p><i>alicuius in re publica</i> or <i>capessendae rei publicae consilia eo spectant, ut...</i>—a man's policy is aiming at, directed towards...</p> -<p><i>rei publicae muneribus orbatus</i>—banished from public life.</p> -<p><i>gerendis negotiis orbatus</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 5. 20. 57</span>)—banished from public life.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cf. <i>tres viri rei publicae constituendae</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> There being no adjective in Latin for "political," we have to make use of periphrasis with such words as <i>res publica, civilis, popularis</i>, etc.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_2">2. Civil Rights—Rank</h3> -<p><i>civitate donare aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Balb. 3. 7</span>)—to make a man a citizen.</p> -<p><i>in civitatem recipere, ascribere, asciscere aliquem</i>—to enroll as a citizen, burgess.</p> -<p><i>civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire</i>—to present a person with the freedom of the city.</p> -<p><i>civitatem mutare</i> (<span class="ref">Balb. 11. 27</span>)—to naturalise oneself as a citizen of another country.</p> -<p><i>generis antiquitate florere</i>—to be of noble family.</p> -<p><i>nobilitati favere</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 9. 21</span>)—to be a friend of the aristocracy.</p> -<p><i>nobilitatis fautorem, studiosum esse</i>—to be a friend of the aristocracy.</p> -<p><i>homo novus</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—a parvenu (a man no member of whose family has held curule office).</p> -<p><i>ordo senatorius (amplissimus)</i>—the senatorial order.</p> -<p><i>ordo equester (splendidissimus)</i>—the equestrian order; the knights.</p> -<p><i>summo loco natus</i>—of high rank.</p> -<p><i>nobili, honesto, illustri loco</i> or <i>genere natus</i>—of illustrious family.</p> -<p><i>humili, obscuro loco natus</i>—of humble, obscure origin.</p> -<p><i>humilibus (obscuris) parentibus natus</i>—of humble, obscure origin.</p> -<p><i>infimo loco natus</i>—from the lowest classes.</p> -<p><i>equestri loco natus</i> or <i>ortus</i>—a knight by birth.</p> -<p><i>summi (et) infimi</i> (<span class="ref">Rep. 1. 34. 53</span>)—high and low.</p> -<p><i>homines omnis generis</i>—people of every rank.</p> -<p><i>homines omnium ordinum et aetatum</i>—people of every rank and age.</p> -<p><i>homo plebeius, de plebe</i>—one of the people.</p> -<p><i>traduci ad plebem</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 1. 18. 4</span>)—to get oneself admitted as a plebeian.</p> -<p><i>transitio ad plebem</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 16. 62</span>)—to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order.</p> -<p><i>traductio ad plebem</i>—to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order.</p> -<p><i>unus de</i> or <i>e multis</i>—one of the crowd; a mere individual.</p> -<p><i>faex populi, plebis, civitatis</i>—the dregs of the people.</p> -<p><i>infima fortuna</i> or <i>condicio servorum</i>—a degraded, servile condition.</p> -<p><i>unus e togatorum numero</i>—an ordinary, average Roman citizen.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XIV_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> A <i>novus homo</i> by taking office becomes for his descendants <i>princeps nobilitatis</i> (<span class="ref">Cic. Brut. 14</span>) or <i>auctor generis</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. Agr. 2. 35</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_3">3. Dignity—Position—Honours—Pre-Eminence—(cf. v. 17)</h3> -<p><i>dignitatem suam tueri, defendere, retinere, obtinere</i>—to guard, maintain one's dignity.</p> -<p><i>dignitati suae servire, consulere</i>—to be careful of one's dignity.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ad summam dignitatem perducere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 39</span>)—to elevate to the highest dignity.</p> -<p><i>principem (primum), secundum locum dignitatis obtinere</i>—to occupy the first, second position in the state.</p> -<p><i>in altissimo dignitatis gradu collocatum, locatum, positum esse</i>—to occupy a very high position in the state.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ex altissimo dignitatis gradu praecipitare</i> (<span class="ref">Dom. 37. 98</span>)—to depose, bring down a person from his elevated position.</p> -<p><i>aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere</i>—to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6).</p> -<p><i>aliquem gradu movere, depellere</i> or <i>de gradu (statu) deicere</i>—to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6).</p> -<p><i>dignitatis gradum ascendere</i>—to attain a position of dignity.</p> -<p><i>ad honores ascendere</i>—to rise, mount to the honours of office.</p> -<p><i>amplissimos honorum gradus assequi, adipisci</i>—to reach the highest grade of office.</p> -<p><i>ad summos honores pervenire</i> (cf. also sect. V. 17)—to attain to the highest offices.</p> -<p><i>vir defunctus honoribus</i>—a man who has held every office (up to the consulship).</p> -<p><i>principatum tenere, obtinere</i>—to occupy the leading position.</p> -<p><i>de principatu deiectus</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 63</span>)—deposed from one's high position.</p> -<p><i>contendere cum aliquo de principatu</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Arist. 1</span>)—to contend with some one for the pre-eminence.</p> -<p><i>primas</i> (e.g. <i>sapientiae</i>) <i>alicui deferre, tribuere, concedere</i>—to give the palm, the first place (for wisdom) to some one.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XIV_4">4. Public Meetings—Suffrage</h3> -<p><i>convocare populi concilium</i> and <i>populum ad concilium</i>—to summon an assembly of the people.</p> -<p><i>contionem advocare</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 33. 3</span>)—to summon an assembly of the people.</p> -<p><i>agere cum populo</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Leg. 3. 4. 10</span>)—to submit a formal proposition to the people.</p> -<p><i>concilium indicere, habere, dimittere</i>—to fix the day for, to hold, to dismiss a meeting.</p> -<p><i>comitia habere</i>—to hold a meeting of the people.</p> -<p><i>comitia magistratibus creandis</i>—meetings for the election of officers.</p> -<p><i>comitiis</i> (Abl.) <i>convenire</i>—to meet for elections.</p> -<p><i>comitiis consulem creari</i>—to be chosen consul at the elections.</p> -<p><i>suffragium ferre</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VI. 4, note <i>Not sententiam...</i>)—to vote (in the popular assembly).</p> -<p><i>multitudinis suffragiis rem permittere</i>—to leave a matter to be decided by popular vote.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XIV_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Aulus Gellius (<span class="ref">13. 16. 3</span>) explains the difference between <i>cum populo agere</i> and <i>contionem habere</i>; the former = <i>rogare quid populum quod suffragiis suis aut iubeat aut vetet</i>. Cf. <span class="ref">Liv. 22. 10. 2</span> <i>velitis iubeatisne haec sic fieri?</i> also <span class="ref">21. 17. 4</span>. <i>habere contionem (conventio = countio = contio)</i> is equivalent to <i>verba facere ad populum sine ulla rogatione</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_5">5. Laws—Bills</h3> -<p><i>legem, rogationem</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>promulgare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 33. 46</span>)—to bring a bill before the notice of the people.</p> -<p><i>legem ferre</i> or simply <i>ferre ad populum, ut...</i>—to propose a law in the popular assembly.</p> -<p><i>legem suadere</i> (opp. <i>dissuadere</i>)—to support a bill (before the people).</p> -<p><i>pro lege dicere</i>—to support a bill (before the people).</p> -<p><i>legem rogare</i> or <i>rogare populum</i> (cf. sect. XVI. 4, note <i>Aulus Gellius...</i>)—to formally propose a law to the people.</p> -<p><i>legem perferre</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 33. 46</span>)—to carry a law (said of the magistrate).</p> -<p><i>lex perfertur</i>—a law is adopted.</p> -<p><i>legem antiquare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_5_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_5_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (opp. <i>accipere, iubere</i>)—to reject a bill.</p> -<p><i>legem sciscere</i> (<span class="ref">Planc. 14. 35</span>)—to vote for a law.</p> -<p><i>legem iubere</i>—to ratify a law (used of the people).</p> -<p><i>legem sancire</i>—to let a bill become law (of the people and senate).</p> -<p><i>Solo lege sanxit, ut</i> or <i>ne</i>—Solo ordained by law that...</p> -<p><i>Solonis legibus sanctum erat, ut</i> or <i>ne</i>—the laws of Solon ordained that...</p> -<p><i>legem abrogare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_5_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_5_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> (<span class="ref">Att. 3. 23. 2</span>)—to replace an old law by a new.</p> -<p><i>legem tollere</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. 2. 12. 31</span>)—to abolish a law.</p> -<p><i>legi intercedere</i>—to protest against a law (used of the veto, <i>intercessio</i>, of plebeian tribunes).</p> -<p><i>legem proponere in publicum</i>—to bring a law before the notice of the people.</p> -<p><i>edictum proponere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 2. 21. 4</span>)—to publish, post up an edict.</p> -<p><i>legem in aes incīdere</i>—to engrave a law upon a brazen tablet.</p> -<p><i>lex rata est</i> (opp. <i>irrita</i>)—a law is valid.</p> -<p><i>legem ratam esse iubere</i>—to declare a law valid.</p> -<p><i>a lege discedere</i>—to transgress a law.</p> -<p><i>salvis legibus</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. X. 7, note <i>Notice...</i>)—without breaking the law.</p> -<p><i>lex</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_5_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_5_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime)</i>—the law orders, forbids (expressly, distinctly).</p> -<p><i>in lege scriptum est</i>, or simply <i>est</i>—the law says...</p> -<p><i>sententia</i> or <i>voluntas legis</i>—the spirit of the law.</p> -<p><i>leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere</i> (not <i>dare</i>)—to make laws (of a legislator).</p> -<p><i>legum scriptor, conditor, inventor</i>—a legislator.</p> -<p><i>qui leges scribit</i> (not <i>legum lator</i>)<a id="FNanchor-XIV_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>—a legislator.</p> -<p><i>in legem iurare</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 16. 37</span>)—to swear obedience to a law.</p> -<p><i>lege teneri</i>—to be bound by a law.</p> -<p><i>legibus solvere</i>—to free from legal obligations.</p> -<p><i>ea lege, ut</i>—on condition of...</p> -<p><i>aliquid contra legem est</i>—a thing is illegal.</p> -<p><i>acta rescindere, dissolvere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 13. 3. 5</span>)—to declare a magistrate's decisions null and void.</p> -<p><i>in album referre</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 12. 52</span>)—to record in the official tablets (<i>Annales maximi</i>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> A <i>rogatio</i> had to be posted up in some public place for <i>trinum nundinum (tempus)</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 5. 3. 8</span>), i.e. for seventeen days, <i>nundinae (novem, dies)</i> being a holiday, fair, held every ninth day.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_5_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_5_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> On the voting-tablets (<i>tabellae</i>) used in the <i>comitia</i> was written either A (<i>antiquo</i>) to reject the bill, V * R (<i>uti rogas</i>) to pass it; in judicial questions A (<i>absolvo</i>), C (<i>condemno</i>), N * L (<i>non liquet</i>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_5_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_5_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>legi</i> or <i>de lege derogare</i> = to reject a clause in it; <i>legem abrogare</i>, to nullify a law by passing another which contradicts it; <i>multam, poenam inrogare alicui</i>, to inflict a fine on some one with the approval of the people; <i>pecuniam erogare (ex aerario in classem)</i>, to draw money from the treasury and distribute it according to the wishes of the people.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_5_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_5_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>lex</i> is often personified in this way.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>legis lator</i> = the man who proposes a law.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_6">6. Popular Favour—Influence—Unpopularity</h3> -<p><i>aura favoris popularis</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 26</span>)—popular favour; popularity.</p> -<p><i>populi favor, gratia popularis</i>—popular favour; popularity.</p> -<p><i>aura popularis</i> (<span class="ref">Harusp. 18. 43</span>)—popular favour; popularity.</p> -<p><i>auram popularem captare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 33</span>)—to court popularity.</p> -<p><i>gratiam populi quaerere</i>—to court popularity.</p> -<p><i>aurae popularis homo</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 42. 30</span>)—a popular man.</p> -<p><i>ventum popularem quendam (in aliqua re) quaerere</i>—to strive to gain popular favour by certain means.</p> -<p><i>gratiosum esse</i> (opp. <i>invisum esse</i>)—to be popular, influential.</p> -<p><i>opibus, gratia, auctoritate valere, florere</i>—to have great influence.</p> -<p><i>opes, gratiam, potentiam consequi</i>—to acquire influence.</p> -<p><i>gratiam inire apud aliquem, ab aliquo</i> (cf. sect. V. 12)—to gain some one's favour.</p> -<p><i>crescere ex aliquo</i>—to raise oneself by another's fall.</p> -<p><i>crescere ex invidia senatoria</i>—to profit by the unpopularity of the senate to gain influence oneself.</p> -<p><i>iacēre</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. VII. 1, note <i>iacēre...</i>)—to be politically annihilated.</p> -<p><i>existimatio populi, hominum</i>—public opinion.</p> -<p><i>multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere</i>—to be always considering what people think.</p> -<p><i>invidia</i>—unpopularity.</p> -<p><i>offensio populi, popularis</i>—unpopularity.</p> -<p><i>offensa populi voluntas</i>—unpopularity.</p> -<p><i>invidia dictatoria</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 26</span>)—the feeling against the dictator.</p> -<p><i>ex invidia alicuius auram popularem petere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 26</span>)—to use some one's unpopularity as a means of making oneself popular.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XIV_7">7. Party-Spirit—Neutrality—Politics—Aristocracy—Democracy</h3> -<p><i>partes</i> (usually of plebeians)—a party; faction.</p> -<p><i>factio</i> (of aristocrats)—a party; faction.</p> -<p><i>partium studium</i>, also simply <i>studia</i>—party-spirit.</p> -<p><i>partium studiosum esse</i>—to be a strong partisan.</p> -<p><i>certamen partium</i>—party-strife.</p> -<p><i>contentio partium</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 5. 12. 32</span>)—party-strife.</p> -<p><i>partium studiis divisum esse</i>—to be torn by faction.</p> -<p><i>consiliorum in re publica socius</i>—a political ally.</p> -<p><i>alicuius partes (causam)</i> or simply <i>aliquem sequi</i>—to embrace the cause of..., be a partisan of...</p> -<p><i>alicuius partibus studere</i>—to embrace the cause of..., be a partisan of...</p> -<p><i>ab (cum) aliquo stare</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 79. 273</span>)—to be on a person's side (not <i>ab alicuius partibus</i>).</p> -<p><i>alicuius studiosum esse</i>—to be a follower of some one.</p> -<p><i>cum aliquo facere</i> (<span class="ref">Sull. 13. 36</span>)—to take some one's side.</p> -<p><i>nullius</i> or <i>neutrius</i> (of two) <i>partis esse</i>—to be neutral.</p> -<p><i>in neutris partibus esse</i>—to be neutral.</p> -<p><i>neutram partem sequi</i>—to be neutral.</p> -<p><i>medium esse</i>—to be neutral.</p> -<p><i>medium se gerere</i>—to be neutral.</p> -<p><i>a partibus rei publicae animus liber</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Cat. 4. 2</span>)—an independent spirit.</p> -<p><i>idem de re publica sentire</i>—to have the same political opinions.</p> -<p><i>ab aliquo in re publica dissentire</i>—to hold different views in politics.</p> -<p><i>ex rei publicae dissensione</i>—owing to political dissension.</p> -<p><i>in duas partes discedere</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 13. 1</span>)—to divide into two factions.</p> -<p><i>studio ad rem publicam ferri</i>—to throw oneself heart and soul into politics.</p> -<p><i>se civilibus fluctibus committere</i>—to enter the whirlpool of political strife.</p> -<p><i>imperium singulare, unius dominatus, regium imperium</i>—monarchy.</p> -<p><i>optimatium dominatus</i>—aristocracy (as a form of government).</p> -<p><i>civitas, quae optimatium arbitrio regitur</i>—aristocracy (as a form of government).</p> -<p><i>boni cives, optimi, optimates</i>, also simply <i>boni</i> (opp. <i>improbi</i>); <i>illi, qui optimatium causam agunt</i>—the aristocracy (as a party in politics).</p> -<p><i>principes</i> or <i>primores</i>—the aristocracy (as a leading class in government).</p> -<p><i>nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt</i>—the aristocracy (as a social class).</p> -<p><i>paucorum dominatio</i> or <i>potentia</i>—oligarchy.</p> -<p><i>multitudinis dominatus</i> or <i>imperium</i>—government by the mob.</p> -<p><i>spiritus patricii</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 4. 42</span>)—patrician arrogance; pride of caste.</p> -<p><i>homines graves</i> (opp. <i>leves</i>)—men of sound opinions.</p> -<p><i>homo popularis</i>—a democrat.</p> -<p><i>homo vere popularis</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 4. 5. 9</span>)—a man who genuinely wishes the people's good.</p> -<p><i>homo florens in populari ratione</i>—a democratic leader.</p> -<p><i>imperium populi</i> or <i>populare, civitas</i> or <i>res publica popularis</i>—democracy.</p> -<p><i>causam popularem suscipere</i> or <i>defendere</i>—to take up the cause of the people, democratic principles.</p> -<p><i>populi causam agere</i>—to be a leading spirit of the popular cause.</p> -<p><i>patriae amantem (amantissimum) esse</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 9. 22</span>)—to be (very) patriotic.</p> -<p><i>mundanus, mundi civis et incola</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 37</span>)—a citizen of the world; cosmopolitan.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XIV_8">8. Demagogy—Revolution—Rebellion—Anarchy</h3> -<p><i>plebis dux, vulgi turbator, civis turbulentus, civis rerum novarum cupidus</i>—a demagogue, agitator.</p> -<p><i>iactatio, concitatio popularis</i>—popular agitation.</p> -<p><i>artes populares</i>—tricks of a demagogue.</p> -<p><i>populariter agere</i>—to play the demagogue.</p> -<p><i>conversio rei publicae</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 2. 2. 6</span>)—revolution.</p> -<p><i>homines seditiosi, turbulenti</i> or <i>novarum rerum cupidi</i>—revolutionists.</p> -<p><i>novis rebus studere</i>—to hold revolutionary opinions.</p> -<p><i>novarum rerum cupidum esse</i>—to hold revolutionary opinions.</p> -<p><i>novas res moliri</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 125</span>)—to plot a revolution.</p> -<p><i>contra rem publicam sentire</i>—to foster revolutionary projects.</p> -<p><i>contra rem publicam facere</i>—to be guilty of high treason.</p> -<p><i>a re publica deficere</i>—to betray the interests of the state.</p> -<p><i>plebem concitare, sollicitare</i>—to stir up the lower classes.</p> -<p><i>seditionem facere, concitare</i>—to cause a rebellion.</p> -<p><i>seditio erumpit</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_8_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_8_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—a rebellion breaks out.</p> -<p><i>coniurare (inter se) de</i> c. Gerund. or <i>ut...</i>—to form a conspiracy.</p> -<p><i>coniurationem facere</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 2. 4. 6</span>)—to form a conspiracy.</p> -<p><i>conspirare cum aliquo (contra aliquem)</i>—to conspire with some one.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam labefactare</i>—to shake the stability of the state.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam perturbare</i>—to throw the state into confusion.</p> -<p><i>statum rei publicae convellere</i>—to endanger the existence of the state.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam vexare</i>—to damage the state.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam funditus evertere</i>—to completely overthrow the government, the state.</p> -<p><i>omnes leges confundere</i>—to upset the whole constitution.</p> -<p><i>omnia turbare ac miscere</i>—to cause universal disorder.</p> -<p><i>perturbatio omnium rerum</i> (<span class="ref">Flacc. 37</span>)—general confusion; anarchy.</p> -<p><i>omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 6. 8</span>)—anarchy reigns supreme.</p> -<p><i>leges nullae</i>—lawlessness; anarchy.</p> -<p><i>iudicia nulla</i>—lawlessness; anarchy.</p> -<p><i>res fluit ad interregnum</i>—things seem tending towards an interregnum.</p> -<p><i>non nullus odor est dictaturae</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 4. 18</span>)—there are whispers of the appointment of a dictator.</p> -<p><i>tumultum sedare</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 18. 3</span>)—to quell an outbreak.</p> -<p><i>concitatam multitudinem reprimere</i>—to allay the excitement of the mob.</p> -<p><i>plebem continere</i>—to hold the people in one's power, in check.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XIV_8_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_8_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> But <i>bellum exardescit</i>, war breaks out.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_9">9. Proscription—Confiscation—Banishment—Amnesty</h3> -<p><i>proscribere aliquem</i> or <i>alicuius possessiones</i>—to proscribe a person, declare him an outlaw.</p> -<p><i>aqua et igni interdicere alicui</i>—to proscribe a person, declare him an outlaw.</p> -<p><i>in proscriptorum numerum referre aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Rosc. Am. 11. 32</span>)—to place a person's name on the list of the proscribed.</p> -<p><i>e proscriptorum numero eximere aliquem</i>—to erase a person's name from the list of the proscribed.</p> -<p><i>bona alicuius publicare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 54</span>)—to confiscate a person's property.</p> -<p><i>bona alicui restituere</i>—to restore to a person his confiscated property.</p> -<p><i>in exsilium eicere</i> or <i>expellere aliquem</i>—to banish a person, send him into exile.</p> -<p><i>ex urbe (civitate) expellere, pellere aliquem</i>—to banish a person, send him into exile.</p> -<p><i>de, e civitate aliquem eicere</i>—to banish a person, send him into exile.</p> -<p><i>exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 37. 101</span>)—to expel a person from the city, country.</p> -<p><i>e patria exire iubere aliquem</i>—to banish a man from his native land.</p> -<p><i>patria carere</i>—to be in exile.</p> -<p><i>interdicere alicui Italiā</i>—to banish a person from Italy.</p> -<p><i>aliquem exsilio afficere, multare</i>—to punish by banishment.</p> -<p><i>in exsilium ire, pergere, proficisci</i>—to go into exile.</p> -<p><i>exsulatum ire</i> or <i>abire</i>—to go into exile.</p> -<p><i>solum vertere, mutare</i> (<span class="ref">Caecin. 34. 100</span>)—to leave one's country (only used of exiles).</p> -<p><i>exsulare</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 2. 24. 52</span>)—to live in exile.</p> -<p><i>in exsilio esse, exsulem esse</i>—to live in exile.</p> -<p><i>aliquem (in patriam) restituere</i>—to recall from exile.</p> -<p><i>in patriam redire</i>—to return from exile.</p> -<p><i>ante actarum (praeteritarum) rerum oblivio</i> or simply <i>oblivio</i>—amnesty (<span class="greek">ἀμνηρτία</span>).</p> -<p><i>omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione sempiterna delere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 1. 1. 1</span>)—to proclaim a general amnesty.</p> -<p><i>postliminium</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 40. 181</span>)—a returning from exile to one's former privileges.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XIV_10">10. Power—Monarchy—Royalty</h3> -<p><i>imperium, rerum summam deferre alicui</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_10_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_10_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to confer supreme power on a person.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam alicui permittere</i>—to give some one unlimited power in state affairs.</p> -<p><i>imperium tenere (in aliquem)</i>—to have power over some one.</p> -<p><i>imperium obtinere</i>—to maintain power, authority.</p> -<p><i>principatu deici</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 63</span>)—to be deposed from one's leading position.</p> -<p><i>cum imperio esse</i> (cf. XVI. 3)—to have unlimited power; to be invested with <i>imperium</i>.</p> -<p><i>in imperio esse</i>—to hold a high office (such as conferred <i>imperium</i>, i.e. <i>consulatus, dictatura, praetura</i>).</p> -<p><i>imperium in annum prorogare</i>—to prolong the command for a year.</p> -<p><i>imperium deponere</i> (<span class="ref">Rep. 2. 12. 23</span>)—to lay down one's power.</p> -<p><i>imperium singulare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_10_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_10_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>—absolute power; autocracy.</p> -<p><i>dominari in aliquem</i>—to have unlimited power over a person.</p> -<p><i>imperium, regnum, tyrannidem</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_10_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_10_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>occupare</i>—to take upon oneself absolute power.</p> -<p><i>rerum potiri</i>—(1) to usurp supreme power, (2) to be in a position of power.</p> -<p><i>dominatio impotens</i>—despotic, tyrannous rule.</p> -<p><i>potestas immoderata, infinita</i>—despotic, tyrannous rule.</p> -<p><i>tyrannidem concupiscere</i>—to aspire to a despotism.</p> -<p><i>tyrannidem sibi parere aliqua re</i>—to establish oneself as despot, tyrant by some means.</p> -<p><i>regnum appetere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 4</span>)—to aspire to the sovereignty.</p> -<p><i>regnum adipisci</i>—to obtain the sovereignty, kingly office.</p> -<p><i>alicui regnum deferre, tradere</i>—to invest some one with royal power.</p> -<p><i>aliquem regem, tyrannum constituere</i>—to establish some one as king, tyrant.</p> -<p><i>regem restituere</i>—to restore a king to his throne (not <i>in solium</i>).</p> -<p><i>aliquem in regnum restituere</i>—to restore a king to his throne (not <i>in solium</i>).</p> -<p><i>aliquem regno spoliare</i> or <i>expellere</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 1. 22. 74</span>)—to depose a king.</p> -<p><i>regios spiritus sibi sumere</i>—to assume a despotic tone.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_10_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_10_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>deferre</i> in the sense "confer," "attribute," is also constructed with <i>ad</i>; when it means to bring news, give information it always takes <i>ad</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_10_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_10_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Cf. <i>certamen singulare</i>, a fight of one individual with another, a duel (cf. xvi. 10a). <i>singularis</i> also has the meaning "unique," "pre-eminent," e.g. <i>singularis virtus</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_10_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_10_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>tyrannus, tyrannis, tyrannicus</i> are rarely used in the Greek sense, irresponsible sovereign, etc., but usually mean despot, despotic, etc. The pure Latin equivalents are <i>rex, dominus, dominatio, imperium, regius</i>, or if there is emphasis on the cruelty of despots, <i>dominus saevus, crudelis et superba dominatio</i>, etc.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_11">11. Slavery—Freedom</h3> -<p><i>servitute premi</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 4. 1. 3</span>)—to languish in slavery.</p> -<p><i>liberum populum servitute afficere</i>—to enslave a free people.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in servitutem redigere</i>—to reduce to slavery.</p> -<p><i>alicui servitutem iniungere, imponere</i>—to lay the yoke of slavery on some one.</p> -<p><i>civitatem servitute oppressam tenere</i> (<span class="ref">Dom. 51. 131</span>)—to keep the citizens in servile subjection.</p> -<p><i>libertatem populo eripere</i>—to rob a people of its freedom.</p> -<p><i>populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati</i>—to grant a people its independence.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in servitutem abducere, abstrahere</i>—to carry off into slavery.</p> -<p><i>aliquem sub corona vendere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 16</span>)—to sell a prisoner of war as a slave.</p> -<p><i>iugum servitutis accipere</i>—to submit to the yoke of slavery.</p> -<p><i>libertas, libertatis studium</i>—independent spirit.</p> -<p><i>imperium oppugnare, percellere</i>—to attack, overthrow a tyranny.</p> -<p><i>ad libertatem conclamare</i>—to summon to liberty.</p> -<p><i>ad arma conclamare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 50</span>)—to call to arms.</p> -<p><i>vincula rumpere</i>—to burst one's chains.</p> -<p><i>iugum servitutis excutere</i>—to shake off the yoke of slavery.</p> -<p><i>iugum servile a cervicibus deicere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 1. 2. 6</span>)—to shake off the yoke of slavery.</p> -<p><i>servitutem exuere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 34. 7</span>)—to shake off the yoke of slavery.</p> -<p><i>iugum servile alicui demere</i>—to deliver some one from slavery.</p> -<p><i>ab aliquo servitutem</i> or <i>servitutis iugum depellere</i>—to deliver some one from slavery.</p> -<p><i>dominationem</i> or <i>dominatum refringere</i>—to destroy a despotism, tyranny.</p> -<p><i>regios spiritus reprimere</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Dion. 5. 5</span>)—to destroy a despotism, tyranny.</p> -<p><i>libertatem recuperare</i>—to recover liberty.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam in libertatem vindicare a</i> or <i>ex dominatione</i>—to deliver the state from a tyranny.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XIV_12">12. Revenue—Colonies—Provinces</h3> -<p><i>vectigalia redimere, conducere</i>—to farm the revenues.</p> -<p><i>vectigalia exercere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 7, note <i>The first...</i>)—to collect the taxes.</p> -<p><i>vectigalia exigere (acerbe)</i>—to exact the taxes (with severity).</p> -<p><i>pecuniam cogere a civitatibus</i>—to extort money from the communities.</p> -<p><i>vectigalia, tributa</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_12_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_12_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>pendere</i>—to pay taxes.</p> -<p><i>immunis (tributorum)</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 5. 21. 51</span>)—exempt from taxation.</p> -<p><i>immunitatem omnium rerum habere</i>—to enjoy absolute immunity.</p> -<p><i>vectigalia, tributa alicui imponere</i>—to impose tribute on some one.</p> -<p><i>tributorum multitudine premi</i>—to be crushed by numerous imposts.</p> -<p><i>ager publicus</i>—public land; state domain.</p> -<p><i>agros assignare</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. Agr. 1. 6. 17</span>)—to allot land.</p> -<p><i>pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redit</i>—the public income from the mines.</p> -<p><i>avertere pecuniam</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 1. 4</span>)—to embezzle money.</p> -<p><i>peculatum facere</i> (<span class="ref">Rab. Perd. 3. 8</span>)—to embezzle money.</p> -<p><i>rem publicam quaestui habere</i>—to enrich oneself at the expense of the state.</p> -<p><i>coloniam deducere in aliquem locum</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XII. 1, note <i>Notice too...</i>)—to found a colony somewhere.</p> -<p><i>colōnos mittere</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 1. 1. 3</span>)—to send out colonists.</p> -<p><i>coloniam constituere</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. Agr. 1. 5. 16</span>)—to found a colony.</p> -<p><i>provinciam</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_12_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_12_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>alicui decernere, mandare</i>—to entrust some one with an official duty, a province.</p> -<p><i>provincias sortiri</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 38. 35</span>)—to draw lots for the provinces.</p> -<p><i>alicui Syria (sorte) obvēnit, obtigit</i>—the province of Syria has fallen to some one's lot.</p> -<p><i>provincias inter se comparant</i>—(the magistrates) arrange among themselves the administration of the provinces, the offical spheres of duty.</p> -<p><i>in provinciam proficisci</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 38. 35</span>)—to set out for one's province.</p> -<p><i>provincias permutare</i>—to exchange provinces.</p> -<p><i>provinciam administrare, obtinere</i>—to manage, govern a province.</p> -<p><i>provinciam obire</i>—to visit, traverse a province.</p> -<p>(<i>de</i> or <i>ex</i>) <i>provincia decedere</i> or simply <i>decedere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. II. 4, note <i>Cf. especially...</i>)—to leave a province (at the termination of one's term of office).</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XIV_12_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_12_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>vectigalia</i> = indirect taxes, including, for example, <i>decumae</i>, the tenth, tithe of corn; <i>scriptura</i>, the duty on pasturage; <i>portorium</i>, harbour-toll. <i>tributum</i> = direct tax on incomes.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_12_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_12_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>provincia</i> originally means a sphere of activity, an employ, especially of magistrates; it then means the administration of a country outside Italy conquered in war, and lastly the country itself, a province. The senate each year determined on the countries to which magistrates were to be sent (<i>provincias nominare, decernere</i>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_13">13. Magistracies</h3> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_13a">(a) Candidature—Election</h3> -<p><i>petere magistratum, honores</i>—to seek office.</p> -<p><i>ambire</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_13a_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_13a_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>aliquem</i> (always with Acc. of person)—to solicit the vote or favour of some one.</p> -<p><i>nomen profiteri</i> or simply <i>profiteri</i>—to become a candidate.</p> -<p><i>manus prensare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_13a_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_13a_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 24. 112</span>)—to shake hands with voters in canvassing.</p> -<p><i>nomina appellat (nomenclator)</i>—the agent (<i>nomenclator</i>) mentions the names of constituents to the canvasser.</p> -<p><i>competītor</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 30. 113</span>)—a rival candidate.</p> -<p><i>multa (pauca) puncta in centuria (tribu) aliqua ferre</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_13a_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_13a_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—to obtain many (few) votes in a century or tribe.</p> -<p><i>centuriam, tribum ferre</i> (<span class="ref">Planc. 49</span>)—to gain the vote of a century or tribe.</p> -<p><i>omnes centurias ferre</i> or <i>omnium suffragiis, cunctis centuriis creari</i>—to be elected unanimously</p> -<p><i>repulsam ferre consulatus (a populo)</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 5. 19. 54</span>)—to fail in one's candidature for the consulship.</p> -<p><i>magistratus vitio creati</i>—magistrates elected irregularly (<i>i.e.</i> either when the auspices have been unfavourable or when some formality has been neglected).</p> -<p><i>sufficere aliquem in alicuius locum</i> or <i>alicui</i>—to elect a man to fill the place of another who has died whilst in office.</p> -<p><i>alicui</i> or <i>in alicuius locum succedere</i>—to succeed a person in an office.</p> -<p><i>alicui imperatori succedere</i>—to succeed some one as general.</p> -<p><i>suo (legitimo) anno creari</i> (opp. <i>ante annum</i>)—to be elected at the age required by law (<i>lex Villia annalis</i>).</p> -<p><i>continuare magistratum</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 37. 2</span>)—to continue one's office for another year.</p> -<p><i>continuare alicui magistratum</i>—to prolong some one's office for another year.</p> -<p><i>prorogare alicui imperium (in annum)</i>—to prolong a person's command.</p> -<p><i>magistratus et imperia</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 3. 1</span>)—civil and military offices.</p> -<p><i>inire magistratum</i>—to enter into office.</p> -<p><i>munus administrare, gerere</i>—to perform official duties.</p> -<p><i>munere fungi, muneri praeesse</i>—to perform official duties.</p> -<p><i>honores alicui mandare, deferre</i>—to invest a person with a position of dignity.</p> -<p><i>muneri aliquem praeficere, praeponere</i>—to appoint some one to an office.</p> -<p><i>munus explere, sustinere</i>—to fulfil the duties of one's position.</p> -<p><i>abdicare se magistratu</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 2. 35</span>)—to resign one's post (before the expiry of the term of office).</p> -<p><i>deponere</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_13a_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_13a_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>magistratum</i>—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).</p> -<p><i>abire magistratu</i>—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).</p> -<p><i>de potestate decedere</i>—to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office).</p> -<p><i>res ad interregnum venit</i> or <i>adducitur</i>—an interregnum ensues.</p> -<p><i>abrogare alicui munus</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 57</span>)—to remove a person from his office.</p> -<p><i>abrogare alicui imperium</i>—to deprive a person of his position as commandant.</p> -<p><i>viri clari et honorati</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 7. 22</span>)—men of rank and dignity.</p> -<p><i>honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 45</span>)—a man who has held many offices.</p> -<p><i>amplis honoribus usus</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 25. 4</span>)—a man who has held many offices.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_13a_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_13a_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Hence <i>ambitio</i>, legitimate canvassing; <i>ambitus</i>, illegal canvassing.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_13a_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_13a_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Under the head <i>ambitionis occupatio</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 1. 1</span>) are enumerated <i>salutare, rogare, supplicare, manus prensare, invitare ad prandium</i>, and sometimes <i>convivia tributim data</i>. For the whole subject <i>vid.</i> Q. Cicero's book <i>de petitione consulatus ad M. fratrem</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_13a_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_13a_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> In counting the votes polled, a dot or mark was put opposite a candidate's name as often as a tablet (<i>tabella</i>) with his name on it came up. Hence <i>punctum ferre</i>, to be successful, e.g. <span class="ref">Hor. A. P. 343</span> <i>omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_13a_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_13a_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> But <i>deponere</i> is also found in the sense of <i>abdicare</i>, e.g. <span class="ref">B. G. 7. 33. 4</span>; <span class="ref">N. D. 2. 11</span>; <span class="ref">Liv. 2. 28. 9</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_13b">(b) Particular Magistracies</h3> -<p><i>consulem creare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_13b_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_13b_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to elect a consul.</p> -<p><i>aliquem consulem declarare</i> (<span class="ref">Leg. Agr. 2. 2. 4</span>)—to declare a person consul-elect.</p> -<p><i>aliquem consulem renuntiare</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 64. 260</span>)—to offically proclaim (by the <i>praeco</i>, herald) a man elected consul; to return a man consul.</p> -<p><i>bis consul</i>—twice consul.</p> -<p><i>iterum, tertium consul</i>—consul for the second, third time.</p> -<p><i>sextum</i> (<span class="ref">Pis. 9. 20</span>), <i>septimum consul</i>—consul for the sixth, seventh time.</p> -<p><i>videant</i> or <i>dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_13b_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_13b_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (<span class="ref">Catil. 1. 2. 4</span>)—let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state.</p> -<p><i>in hoc praeclaro consulatu</i>—during this brilliant consulship.</p> -<p><i>aetas consularis</i>—the consular age (43 years).</p> -<p><i>pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci</i>—to go to Cilicia as pro-consul.</p> -<p><i>superiore consulatu</i>—in his former consulship.</p> -<p><i>dictatorem dicere (creare)</i>—to name a person dictator.</p> -<p><i>dictaturam gerere</i>—to be dictator.</p> -<p><i>dictator dicit (legit) magistrum equitum</i>—a dictator appoints a <i>magister equitum</i>.</p> -<p><i>potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 16. 5</span>)—he has power over life and death.</p> -<p><i>lictores summovent turbam</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 4. 50</span>)—the lictors clear the way.</p> -<p><i>fasces praeferre, summittere</i>—to walk before with the fasces; to lower the fasces.</p> -<p><i>censores censent populum</i>—the censors hold a census of the people.</p> -<p><i>censum habere, agere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 22</span>)—to hold the census.</p> -<p><i>censuram agere, gerere</i>—to perform the censors' duties.</p> -<p><i>locare aedes, vias faciendas</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 9. 7. 16</span>)—to receive tenders for the construction of temples, highroads.</p> -<p><i>locare opera publica</i>—to let out public works to contract.</p> -<p><i>redimere, conducere porticum aedificandam</i> (<span class="ref">Div. 2. 21. 47</span>)—to undertake a contract for building a portico.</p> -<p><i>nota, animadversio censoria</i>—the reprimand of a censor.</p> -<p><i>notare aliquem ignominia</i> (<span class="ref">Cluent. 43. 119</span>)—to brand a person with infamy.</p> -<p><i>censu prohibere, excludere</i>—to strike off the burgess-roll.</p> -<p><i>tribu movere aliquem</i>—to expel some one from his tribe.</p> -<p><i>e senatu eicere</i>—to expel from the senate.</p> -<p><i>senatu movere</i>—to expel from the senate.</p> -<p><i>lustrum condere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 1. 44. 2</span>)—to complete the censorship (by certain formal purificatory ceremonies = <i>lustro faciendo</i>).</p> -<p><i>tribuni plebis sacrosancti</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 19. 10</span>)—the plebeian tribunes, whose persons are inviolable.</p> -<p><i>appellare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_13b_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_13b_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> <i>tribunos plebis (in aliqua re a praetore)</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 55</span>)—to appeal to the plebeian tribunes against a praetor's decision.</p> -<p><i>provocare</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_13b_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_13b_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>ad populum</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 55</span>)—to appeal to the people.</p> -<p><i>intercessio tribunicia</i> (cf. sect. XIV. 5)—the tribunicial veto.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_13b_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_13b_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>creare</i> is used of any magistrate regularly elected. The <i>locus classicus</i> on this subject is <span class="ref">Cic. De Leg. 3. 3. 6-12</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_13b_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_13b_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> This formula conferred absolute power on the consuls. This was done only in cases of great emergency, and was somewhat similar to our "declaration of martial law."</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_13b_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_13b_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>appellare</i> as a legal technical term only occurs in classical Latin in the formula <i>te, vos appello</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_13b_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_13b_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>provocare</i> only with proper names, e.g. <i>ad Catonem provocare</i>. To appeal to some one's pity, etc. = <i>implorare alicuius misericordiam, fidem</i>, etc.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XIV_14">14. The Senate</h3> -<p><i>publicum consilium</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 7.7. 19</span>)—the council of the nation; the senate.</p> -<p><i>in senatum legere,</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_14_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_14_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>eligere</i>—to elect to the senate.</p> -<p><i>senatum vocare, convocare</i>—to call a meeting of the senate.</p> -<p><i>senatum cogere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 39</span>)—to assemble the senate.</p> -<p><i>edicere,</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_14_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_14_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>ut senatus frequens adsit</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 11. 6. 2</span>)—to issue a proclamation calling on the senators to assemble in full force.</p> -<p><i>senatum habere</i>—to hold a sitting of the senate.</p> -<p><i>ad senatum referre</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_14_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_14_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> (<span class="ref">Cic. Dom. 53. 136</span>)—to bring a question before the senate (of the presiding magistrate).</p> -<p><i>patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 28</span>)—to consult the senators on a matter.</p> -<p><i>sententiam rogare, interrogare</i>—to ask the opinion of...</p> -<p><i>sententiam dicere</i>—to give an opinion (also used of a judge, cf. sect. VI. 4).</p> -<p><i>senatus sententia inclīnat ad...</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 6. 16</span>)—the senate inclines to the opinion, decides for...</p> -<p><i>sententia vincit</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 4. 3</span>)—the majority were of the opinion...</p> -<p><i>maior pars</i>—the majority.</p> -<p><i>quid censes? quid tibi videtur?</i>—what is your opinion?</p> -<p><i>quid de ea re fieri placet?</i>—what is your opinion?</p> -<p><i>discessionem facere</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 34. 74</span>)—to take the vote (by division).</p> -<p><i>discedere (pedibus), ire in alicuius sententiam</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_14_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_14_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> (<span class="ref">Liv. 23. 10</span>)—to vote for some one's motion.</p> -<p><i>senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut</i>—the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that...</p> -<p><i>senatus consultum fit</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 2. 24. 3</span>)—a resolution of the senate (not opposed by a tribunicial veto) was made.</p> -<p><i>senatus auctoritas</i>—the opinion of the senate in general.</p> -<p><i>senatum alicui dare</i> (<span class="ref">Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2</span>)—to give a man audience before the senate.</p> -<p><i>a senatu res ad populum reicitur</i>—a matter is referred (for decision) from the senate to the people.</p> -<p><i>dicendi mora diem extrahere, eximere, tollere</i>—to pass the whole day in discussion.</p> -<p><i>dimittere senatum</i><a id="FNanchor-XIV_14_5"></a><a href="#Footnote-XIV_14_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>—to dismiss the senate.</p> -<p><i>nox senatum dirimit</i>—night breaks up the sitting.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_14_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_14_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] Distinct from <i>senatum legere</i> = to read over and revise the list of senators (used of the censors). The head of the list was called <i>princeps senatus</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_14_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_14_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] <i>edicere, edictum</i>, technical terms; <i>edicere</i> is used of the praetor deciding how a case is to be tried, cf. <span class="ref">Verr. 2. 1. 41</span>; <span class="ref">Flacc. 28. 67</span>. Then more generally of an order, declaration, proclamation. The senate was convened by the <i>praeco</i> or by means of a notice posted in some public place (<i>edictum</i>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_14_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_14_3"><span class="label">[3</span></a>] A meeting of the senate opened by a declaration of the agenda by the presiding magistrate, a consul, praetor, or tribune. This was called <i>referre ad senatum</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_14_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_14_4"><span class="label">[4</span></a>] After the <i>rogatio sententiarum</i> came the voting, usually by division (<i>per discessionem, pedibus ire in sententiam</i>), but in cases of doubt each member was asked his opinion (<i>per singulorum sententias exquisitas</i>). The presiding officer then dismissed the meeting with the words <i>nihil vos moramur, patres conscripti</i>, "I need not detain you any longer." From this formula probably came the colloquial uses—(1) "I do not care for...," "I have no interest in..." (with the Acc.); (2) "I have nothing against...," "you have my consent to..." (with the Acc. and Inf. or <i>quominus</i>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XIV_14_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XIV_14_5"><span class="label">[5</span></a>] id.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_XV">XV. Law and Justice</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XV_1">1. Law in General</h3> -<p><i>ius dicere</i>—to administer justice (said of the praetor).</p> -<p><i>ius reddere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 33</span>)—to administer justice (said of the praetor).</p> -<p><i>ius suum persequi</i>—to assert one's right.</p> -<p><i>ius suum adipisci</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 1. 32. 10</span>)—to obtain justice.</p> -<p><i>ius suum tenere, obtinere</i>—to maintain one's right.</p> -<p><i>de iure suo decedere</i> or <i>cedere</i>—to waive one's right.</p> -<p><i>(ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo</i>—to go to law with a person.</p> -<p><i>summo iure agere cum aliquo</i> (cf. <i>summum ius, summa iniuria</i>)—to proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain the law in one's favour.</p> -<p><i>in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem</i>—to summon some one before the court.</p> -<p><i>diem dicere alicui</i>—to summon some one to appear on a given day; to accuse a person.</p> -<p><i>in iudicium venire, in iudicio adesse</i>—to appear in court.</p> -<p><i>iudicia administrare</i>—to have charge of the administration of justice.</p> -<p><i>iudicium exercere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 7, note <i>The first...</i>)—to administer justice; to judge (used of criminal cases before the praetor).</p> -<p><i>iudicio praeesse</i>—to be president of a court.</p> -<p><i>conventus agere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 54</span>)—to convene the assizes (used of a provincial governor).</p> -<p><i>quaestiones perpetuae</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 27. 106</span>)—the standing commissions of inquiry.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in integrum</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 4, note <i>The proper...</i>) <i>restituere</i>—to reinstate a person in his right.</p> -<p>(1) <i>respondere</i><a id="FNanchor-XV_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XV_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<i>de iure</i> or <i>ius</i>)—to give a legal opinion, decision on points of law.</p> -<p>(2) <i>cavere (in iure)</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 65</span>)—to point out what precautions, what formal steps must be taken to insure immunity.</p> -<p>(3) <i>agere</i>—to be energetic in the conduct of the case; to plead before the judge.</p> -<p><i>aequum iudicem se alicui praebere</i>—to judge some one equitably.</p> -<p><i>ex aequo et bono</i> (<span class="ref">Caecin. 23. 65</span>)—justly and equitably.</p> -<p><i>iudex incorruptus</i>—an impartial judge.</p> -<p><i>ratio iudiciorum</i>—judicial organisation.</p> -<p><i>aequa iuris descriptio</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 4. 15</span>)—a sound judicial system.</p> -<p><i>aequo iure vivere cum aliquo</i>—to live with some one on an equal footing.</p> -<p><i>iustitium indicere, edicere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 5. 12</span>)—to proclaim that the courts are closed, a cessation of legal business.</p> -<p><i>iustitium remittere</i>—to re-open the courts.</p> -<p><i>ius ad artem redigere</i>—to reduce law to a system.</p> -<p><i>ius nullum</i>—absence of justice.</p> -<p><i>ius ac fas omne delere</i>—to trample all law under foot.</p> -<p><i>omnia iura pervertere</i>—to trample all law under foot.</p> -<p><i>contra ius fasque</i>—against all law, human and divine.</p> -<p><i>optimo iure</i>—with full right.</p> -<p><i>ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum</i>, also <i>immunitas</i><a id="FNanchor-XV_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XV_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> c. Gen.—prerogative, privilege.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XV_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XV_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In full <i>consulenti respondere</i>. From this consultation lawyers got the title <i>iuris</i> or <i>iure consulti</i>. In these three points, <i>respondere, cavere, agere</i>, consisted the practical duty of a jurist. Cicero, however (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 48</span>), adds <i>scribere</i> = to draw up legal instruments such as wills, contracts, etc.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XV_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XV_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>privilegium</i> in this sense is post-classical. In classical prose it denotes a law passed for or against an individual (<i>privus</i>), e.g. <i>privilegium ferre, irrogare de aliquo</i> (Cic.)</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XV_2">2. Inquiry—Testimony—Torture</h3> -<p><i>aliquid, causam cognoscere</i>—to hold an inquiry into a matter.</p> -<p><i>quaerere aliquid</i> or <i>de aliqua re</i>—to hold an inquiry into a matter.</p> -<p><i>quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re</i> or <i>in aliquem</i>—to examine a person, a matter.</p> -<p><i>quaestioni praeesse</i>—to preside over an inquiry.</p> -<p><i>quaesītor</i>—the examining judge.</p> -<p><i>incognita causa</i> (cf. sect. XV. 3, <i>indicta causa</i>)—without any examination.</p> -<p><i>in tabulas publicas referre aliquid</i>—to enter a thing in the public records.</p> -<p><i>deprehendere aliquem (in aliqua re)</i>—to catch a person, find him out.</p> -<p><i>deprehendere aliquem in manifesto scelere</i>—to take a person in the act.</p> -<p><i>testis gravis</i>—an important witness.</p> -<p><i>testis locuples</i>—a witness worthy of all credit.</p> -<p><i>testis incorruptus atque integer</i>—an impartial witness.</p> -<p><i>aliquem testem alicuius rei (in aliquid) citare</i>—to cite a person to give evidence on a matter.</p> -<p><i>aliquem testem adhibere</i>—to use some one's evidence.</p> -<p><i>aliquo teste uti</i>—to use some one's evidence.</p> -<p><i>aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre</i>—to produce as a witness.</p> -<p><i>aliquem testem producere</i>—to produce as a witness.</p> -<p><i>testem prodire (in aliquem)</i>—to appear as witness against a person.</p> -<p><i>testimonium dicere pro aliquo</i>—to give evidence on some one's behalf.</p> -<p><i>pro testimonio dicere</i>—to state as evidence.</p> -<p><i>testibus teneri, convictum esse</i>—to be convicted by some one's evidence.</p> -<p><i>alicui admovere tormenta</i>—to have a person tortured.</p> -<p><i>quaerere tormentis de aliquo</i>—to have a person tortured.</p> -<p><i>de servis quaerere (in dominum)</i>—to examine slaves by torture.</p> -<p><i>cruciatūs tormentorum</i>—the pains of torture.</p> -<p><i>aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo colloqui possit</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 22. 60</span>)—to isolate a witness.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XV_3">3. Process—Defence</h3> -<p><i>causa privata</i>—a civil case.</p> -<p><i>causa publica</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 48. 178</span>)—a criminal case.</p> -<p><i>causam alicuius agere (apud iudicem)</i>—to conduct a person's case (said of an agent, solicitor).</p> -<p><i>causam dicere, orare</i> (<span class="ref">Brut. 12. 47</span>)—to address the court (of the advocate).</p> -<p><i>causam dicere</i>—to defend oneself before the judge (of the accused).</p> -<p><i>causam dicere pro aliquo</i>—to defend a person.</p> -<p><i>causam alicuius defendere</i>—to conduct some one's defence in a case.</p> -<p><i>causam optimam habere</i> (<span class="ref">Lig. 4. 10</span>)—to have a good case.</p> -<p><i>causam inferiorem dicendo reddere superiorem</i> (<span class="greek">λόγον κρείττω ποιειν</span>) (<span class="ref">Brut. 8. 30</span>)—to gain a weak case by clever pleading.</p> -<p><i>patronus</i><a id="FNanchor-XV_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XV_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>(causae)</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 69</span>)—counsel; advocate.</p> -<p><i>causam suscipere</i>—to undertake a case.</p> -<p><i>ad causam aggredi</i> or <i>accedere</i>—to undertake a case.</p> -<p><i>indicta causa</i> (opp. <i>cognita causa</i>)—without going to law.</p> -<p><i>litem alicui intendere</i>—to go to law with, sue a person.</p> -<p><i>adhuc sub iudice lis est</i> (<span class="ref">Hor. A. P. 77</span>)—the case is still undecided.</p> -<p><i>lites componere</i> (<span class="ref">Verg. Ecl. 3. 108</span>)—to arrange a dispute (by arbitration).</p> -<p><i>causam</i> or <i>litem obtinere</i>—to win a case.</p> -<p><i>causā</i> or <i>iudicio vincere</i>—to win a case.</p> -<p><i>causam</i> or <i>litem amittere, perdere</i>—to lose one's case.</p> -<p><i>causā</i> or <i>lite cadere</i> (owing to some informality)—to lose one's case.</p> -<p><i>calumniae litium</i> (<span class="ref">Mil. 27. 74</span>)—chicanery (specially of wrongfully accusing an innocent man).</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XV_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XV_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> They were not called <i>advocati</i> till under the Empire. In Augustan Latin <i>advocatus</i> = <i>amicus qui adest alicui (in iudicio)</i>, i.e. a man who supported his friend by his presence and influence.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XV_4">4. Accusation—Verdict—Decision</h3> -<p><i>accusatio</i> (<span class="ref">Cael. 3. 6</span>)—a criminal accusation.</p> -<p><i>actio, petitio</i>—a private, civil prosecution.</p> -<p><i>nomen alicuius deferre (apud praetorem)</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 2. 38. 94</span>)—to accuse, denounce a person.</p> -<p><i>referre in reos aliquem</i>—to put some one on the list of the accused.</p> -<p><i>eximere de reis aliquem</i>—to strike a person's name off the list of the accused.</p> -<p><i>aliquis reus fit</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 13. 54</span>)—some one is accused.</p> -<p><i>iudices reicere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 3. 11. 28</span>)—to challenge, reject jurymen.</p> -<p><i>crimina diluere, dissolvere</i>—to refute charges.</p> -<p><i>accusare aliquem rei capitalis (rerum capitalium)</i>—to charge some one with a capital offence.</p> -<p><i>caput alicuius agitur</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 8)—a person's life is in jeopardy.</p> -<p><i>accusare aliquem peculatus, pecuniae publicae</i>—to accuse some one of malversation, embezzlement of public money.</p> -<p><i>accusare aliquem falsarum tabularum</i><a id="FNanchor-XV_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XV_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to accuse a person of forging the archives.</p> -<p><i>postulare aliquem repetundarum</i><a id="FNanchor-XV_4_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XV_4_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> or <i>de repetundis</i>—to accuse a person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted).</p> -<p><i>accusare aliquem perduellionis</i>—to charge a person with treason (hostile conduct against the state generally).</p> -<p><i>accusare aliquem maiestatis</i>—to accuse a person of high treason (more specific than the preceding).</p> -<p><i>accusare aliquem ambitus, de ambitu</i>—to accuse some one of illegal canvassing.</p> -<p><i>accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis</i>—to accuse a person of violence, poisoning.</p> -<p><i>accusare aliquem inter sicarios</i> (<span class="ref">Rosc. Am. 32. 90</span>)—to accuse a person of assassination.</p> -<p><i>sententiae iudicum</i>—the finding of the jury.</p> -<p><i>sententiam ferre, dicere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 3. 16. 66</span>)—to give sentence (of the judge, cf. sect. VI. 4, note <i>Not...</i>).</p> -<p><i>iudicare causam (de aliqua re)</i>—to decide on the conduct of the case.</p> -<p><i>iudicium rescindere</i>—to rescind a decision.</p> -<p><i>res iudicatas rescindere</i> (<span class="ref">Cic. Sull. 22. 63</span>)—to rescind a decision.</p> -<p><i>lege Plautia damnari</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Cat. 31. 4</span>)—to be condemned under the Lex Plautia.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XV_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XV_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Cf. <i>tabulas publicas corrumpere</i> (<span class="ref">Rosc. Am. 128</span>); <i>commutare</i>, to falsify public records.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XV_4_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XV_4_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Extortion generally can be rendered by <i>violenta exactio pecuniarum</i>, or some verbal periphrasis (e.g. <i>per vim capere pecunias</i>, etc.)</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XV_5">5. Guilt</h3> -<p><i>in culpa esse</i>—to be at fault; to blame; culpable.</p> -<p><i>culpa alicuius rei est in aliquo</i>—some one is to blame in a matter; it is some one's fault.</p> -<p><i>mea culpa est</i>—it is my fault.</p> -<p><i>culpa carere, vacare</i>—to be free from blame.</p> -<p><i>extra culpam esse</i>—to be free from blame.</p> -<p><i>abesse a culpa</i>—to be free from blame.</p> -<p><i>prope abesse a culpa</i>—to be almost culpable.</p> -<p><i>affinem esse culpae</i>—to be almost culpable.</p> -<p><i>culpam in aliquem conferre, transferre, conicere</i>—to put the blame on another.</p> -<p><i>culpam alicui attribuere, assignare</i>—to attribute the fault to some one.</p> -<p><i>aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 5. 50</span>)—to reproach, blame a person for...</p> -<p><i>culpam committere, contrahere</i>—to commit some blameworthy action.</p> -<p><i>facinus, culpam in se admittere</i>—to commit some blameworthy action.</p> -<p><i>non committere, ut...</i>—to take care not to...</p> -<p><i>culpam alicuius rei sustinere</i>—to bear the blame of a thing.</p> -<p><i>culpam a se amovere</i><a id="FNanchor-XV_5_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XV_5_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to exonerate oneself from blame.</p> -<p><i>veniam dare alicui</i>—to pardon a person.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XV_5_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XV_5_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Note <i>purgare aliquid</i>, to justify oneself in a matter; <i>se alicui purgare de aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 12. 25</span>); <i>alicui purgatum esse</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 28</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XV_6">6. Punishment—Acquittal</h3> -<p><i>poena afficere aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 5. 18</span>)—to punish some one.</p> -<p><i>animadvertere in aliquem</i>—to punish some one.</p> -<p><i>punire aliquem</i>—to punish some one.</p> -<p><i>ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)</i>—to punish some one.</p> -<p><i>poenas alicuius persequi</i>—to exact a penalty from some one.</p> -<p><i>poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo</i>—to exact a penalty from some one.</p> -<p><i>poenas expetere ab aliquo</i>—to exact a penalty from some one.</p> -<p><i>supplicium sumere de aliquo</i>—to exact a penalty from some one.</p> -<p><i>hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut...</i>—to ordain as punishment that...</p> -<p><i>graviter consulere in aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 8. 13</span>)—to deal severely with a person.</p> -<p><i>poenas (graves) dare alicui</i>—to be (heavily) punished by some one.</p> -<p><i>poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)</i>—to be punished by some one (on account of a thing).</p> -<p><i>poenas dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere</i>—to suffer punishment.</p> -<p><i>poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre</i>—to suffer punishment.</p> -<p><i>poenam luere (alicuius rei)</i> (<span class="ref">Sull. 27. 76</span>)—to be punished for a thing, expiate it.</p> -<p><i>luere</i><a id="FNanchor-XV_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XV_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>aliquid aliqua re</i> (<span class="ref">De Sen. 20</span>)—to atone for something by...</p> -<p><i>poenam subire</i>—to submit to a punishment.</p> -<p><i>pecunia multare aliquem</i>—to condemn some one to a fine.</p> -<p><i>multam irrogare alicui</i> (<span class="ref">Cic. Dom. 17. 45</span>)—to impose a fine (used of the prosecutor or the <i>tribunus plebis</i> proposing a fine to be ratified by the people).</p> -<p><i>decem milibus aeris damnari</i>—to be fined 10,000 asses.</p> -<p><i>in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem</i>—to put some one in irons, chains.</p> -<p><i>in vincula, in catenas conicere aliquem</i>—to put some one in irons, chains.</p> -<p><i>in carcerem conicere aliquem</i>—to throw some one into prison.</p> -<p><i>capitis</i> or <i>capite damnare aliquem</i>—to condemn some one to death.</p> -<p><i>capitis absolvere aliquem</i>—to repeal a death-sentence passed on a person.</p> -<p><i>supplicium alicui decernere, in aliquem constituere</i>—to decree the penalty of death.</p> -<p><i>Solo capite sanxit, si quis...</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 10. 1</span>)—Solon made it a capital offence to...</p> -<p><i>morte multare aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Catil. 1. 11. 28</span>)—to punish any one with death.</p> -<p><i>supplicium sumere de aliquo</i>—to execute the death-sentence on a person.</p> -<p><i>supplicio (capitis) affici</i>—to suffer capital punishment.</p> -<p><i>ad palum deligare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 5</span>)—to bind to the stake.</p> -<p><i>virgis caedere</i>—to beat with rods.</p> -<p><i>securi percutere, ferire aliquem</i>—to execute a person, cut off his head.</p> -<p><i>in crucem agere, tollere aliquem</i>—to crucify.</p> -<p><i>cruci suffigere aliquem</i>—to crucify.</p> -<p><i>impune fecisse, tulisse aliquid</i>—to go unpunished.</p> -<p><i>impunitum aliquem dimittere</i>—to let a person go scot-free.</p> -<p><i>mortem</i><a id="FNanchor-XV_6_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XV_6_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>deprecari</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 40. 6</span>)—to beg for life.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XV_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XV_6_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] To express the passive use <i>expiari</i>, e.g. <i>scelus supplicio expiatum</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XV_6_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XV_6_2"><span class="label">[2</span></a>] One can also say <i>vitam, salutem deprecari</i>, as <i>deprecari</i> means (1) to obtain by supplication, (2) to avert by supplication.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_XVI">XVI. War</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_1">1. Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General</h3> -<p><i>aetas militaris</i>—military age.</p> -<p><i>qui arma ferre possunt</i> or <i>iuventus</i>—men of military age.</p> -<p><i>qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt</i> or <i>aetate ad bellum inutiles</i>—men exempt from service owing to age.</p> -<p><i>exercitum conficere</i> (<span class="ref">Imp. Pomp. 21. 61</span>)—to raise an army.</p> -<p><i>milites (exercitum) scribere, conscribere</i>—to levy troops.</p> -<p><i>dilectum habere</i>—to hold a levy.</p> -<p><i>imperare milites civitatibus</i>—to compel communities to provide troops.</p> -<p><i>nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri</i>—to enlist oneself.</p> -<p><i>ad nomen non respondere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 7. 4</span>)—to fail to answer one's name.</p> -<p><i>militiam</i> (only in the sing.) <i>capessere</i>—to take service in the army.</p> -<p><i>militiam detrectare, subterfugere</i>—to try to avoid military service.</p> -<p><i>excusare morbum, valetudinem</i>—to plead ill-health as an excuse for absence.</p> -<p><i>militiae vacationem habere</i>—to be excused military duty.</p> -<p><i>equo, pedibus merere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 27. 11</span>)—to serve in the cavalry, infantry.</p> -<p><i>sacramentum (o) dicere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XI. 2, note <i>sacramentum...</i>)—to take the military oath.</p> -<p><i>milites sacramento rogare, adigere</i>—to make soldiers take the military oath.</p> -<p><i>evocare undique copias</i>—to call up troops from all sides.</p> -<p><i>evocati, voluntarii</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 56</span>)—the volunteers.</p> -<p><i>omnes ad arma convocare</i>—to issue a general call to arms.</p> -<p><i>efficere duas legiones</i>—to form two legions.</p> -<p><i>complere legiones</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 25</span>)—to fill up the numbers of the legions.</p> -<p><i>supplementum cogere, scribere, legere</i>—to levy recruits to fill up the strength.</p> -<p><i>auxilia</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>arcessere</i>—to summon auxiliary troops.</p> -<p><i>copias (arma) cum aliquo iungere</i> or <i>se cum aliquo iungere</i>—to join forces with some one.</p> -<p><i>conducere, contrahere copias</i>—to concentrate troops.</p> -<p><i>cogere omnes copias in unum locum</i>—to concentrate all the troops at one point.</p> -<p><i>parare exercitum, copias</i>—to equip an army, troops.</p> -<p><i>alere exercitum</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 8. 25</span>)—to support an army.</p> -<p><i>recensere, lustrare, recognoscere exercitum</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 42. 31</span>)—to review an army.</p> -<p><i>dimittere exercitum</i>—to disband an army.</p> -<p><i>commeatum militibus dare</i> (opp. <i>petere</i>)—to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers.</p> -<p><i>magnae copiae</i> (not <i>multae</i>)—a large force, many troops.</p> -<p><i>exiguae copiae</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 3. 3. 2</span>)—a small force.</p> -<p><i>ingens, maximus exercitus</i> (not <i>numerosus</i>)—a numerous army.</p> -<p><i>robora peditum</i>—the flower of the infantry.</p> -<p><i>milites levis armaturae</i>—light infantry.</p> -<p><i>vetus miles, veteranus miles</i>—veterans; experienced troops.</p> -<p><i>qui magnum in castris usum habent</i>—veterans; experienced troops.</p> -<p><i>expeditus</i> (opp. <i>impeditus</i>) <i>miles</i>—a soldier lightly armed, ready for battle.</p> -<p><i>exercitatus in armis</i>—practised in arms.</p> -<p><i>milites tumultuarii</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (opp. <i>exercitus iustus</i>) (<span class="ref">Liv. 35. 2</span>)—soldiers collected in haste; irregulars.</p> -<p><i>tirones</i>—recruits.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>auxilia</i> = auxiliary troops raised in the provinces, usually light cavalry. In Caesar's army the cavalry consisted of Gaulish, Spanish, and German auxiliaries. A thousand of these were attached to each legion and were usually commanded by a Roman officer.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_1_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>tumultus</i> is used of a sudden rising, rebellion, to repress which all able-bodied men were called to arms. Such risings were particularly common in Gaul, but cf. <i>tumultus servilis</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 10</span>)—; <i>tumultus Istricus</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 41. 6. 1</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_2">2. Pay—Service—Commissariat</h3> -<p><i>stipendium</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_2_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>dare, numerare, persolvere militibus</i>—to pay the troops.</p> -<p><i>stipendia facere, merere</i>—to serve.</p> -<p><i>emeritis stipendiis</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 84. 2</span>)—after having completed one's service.</p> -<p><i>militia functum, perfunctum esse</i>—to retire from service.</p> -<p><i>rude donatum esse</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (<span class="ref">Phil. 2. 29</span>)—to retire from service.</p> -<p><i>milites mercennarii</i> or <i>exercitus conducticius</i>—mercenary troops.</p> -<p><i>rem frumentariam comparare, providere</i>—to look after the commissariat.</p> -<p><i>rei frumentariae prospicere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 23</span>)—to look after the commissariat.</p> -<p><i>frumentum providere exercitui</i>—to provide corn-supplies for the troops.</p> -<p><i>frumenti vim maximam comparare</i>—to procure a very large supply of corn.</p> -<p><i>intercludere commeatum</i>—to cut off the supplies, intercept them.</p> -<p><i>intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu</i>—to cut off all supplies of the enemy.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_2_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_2_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>stipendium</i> first established in 406 B.C.; it was paid at the end of the campaign, hence <i>stipendia</i> often = campaigns, years of service.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Used originally of gladiators, who on their retirement received a staff or wooden sword (<i>rudis</i>), hence they were called <i>rudiarii</i>. Cf. <span class="ref">Ov. Tr. 4. 8. 24</span> <i>me quoque donari iam rude tempus erat</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_3">3. Command—Discipline</h3> -<p><i>praeficere aliquem exercitui</i>—to place some one at the head of an army, give him the command.</p> -<p><i>praeficere aliquem bello gerendo</i>—to charge some one with the conduct of a war.</p> -<p><i>praeesse exercitui</i>—to be at the head of an army.</p> -<p><i>magnum usum in re militari habere</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 5. 12</span>)—to possess great experience in military matters.</p> -<p><i>rei militaris rudem esse</i>—to have had no experience in war.</p> -<p><i>vir fortissimus</i>—a hero.</p> -<p><i>magnas res gerere</i>—to perform heroic exploits.</p> -<p><i>res fortiter feliciterque gesta</i>—a success; a glorious feat of arms.</p> -<p><i>res bene gesta</i>—a success; a glorious feat of arms.</p> -<p><i>res gestae</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—exploits in war; brilliant actions.</p> -<p><i>summa belli, imperii</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 4. 7</span>)—the command-in-chief.</p> -<p><i>cum imperio esse</i>—to hold a high command.</p> -<p><i>imperii summam tenere</i> (<span class="ref">Rep. 2. 28</span>)—to be commander-in-chief.</p> -<p><i>imperii summae praeesse</i>—to be commander-in-chief.</p> -<p><i>imperii summam deferre alicui</i> or <i>ad aliquem, tradere alicui</i>—to appoint some one commander-in-chief.</p> -<p><i>imperium transfertur ad aliquem</i> (not <i>transit</i>)—the command is transferred, passes to some one.</p> -<p><i>imperium alicui abrogare</i> (<span class="ref">Off.3. 10</span>)—to depose a person from his command.</p> -<p><i>modestia</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_3_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_3_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (opp. <i>immodestia</i>)—discipline (insubordination).</p> -<p><i>dicto audientem esse alicui</i>—to obey a person's orders.</p> -<p><i>milites disciplina coercere</i>—to keep good discipline amongst one's men.</p> -<p><i>milites coercere et in officio continere</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 67. 4</span>)—to keep good discipline amongst one's men.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_3_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Thus <i>magnae, memorabiles, praestantissimae res gestae</i>, and also <i>meae, tuae, suae</i>, etc. The phrase <i>rem gerere</i> can be used either of the combat (<i>proelium</i>) or the whole war (<i>bellum</i>), cf. <span class="ref">B. G. 5. 44. 11</span>; <span class="ref">Off. 3. 108</span>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_3_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_3_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>modestia</i>, the character of the man who observes a mean (<i>qui servat modum</i>), is used morally of self-restraint, moderation (<span class="greek">σωφροσύνη</span>). In politics it means loyalty; in the army, discipline.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_4">4. Weapons</h3> -<p><i>arma capere, sumere</i>—to take up one's arms.</p> -<p><i>arma expedire</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 2. 16. 37</span>)—to make ready for battle.</p> -<p><i>galeam induere</i>—to put on one's helmet.</p> -<p><i>armis (castris) exuere aliquem</i>—to disarm a person.</p> -<p><i>arma ponere</i> (not <i>deponere</i>)—to pile arms (cf. sect. XII. 3, note <i>vestem deponere...</i>).</p> -<p><i>ab armis discedere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 11. 33</span>)—to lay down arms.</p> -<p><i>in armis esse</i>—to be under arms.</p> -<p><i>cum telo esse</i>—to be armed.</p> -<p><i>extorquere arma e manibus</i>—to wrest weapons from some one's hands.</p> -<p><i>res ad arma venit</i>—matters have reached the fighting-stage.</p> -<p><i>tela iacere, conicere, mittere</i>—to discharge missiles.</p> -<p><i>extra teli iactum, coniectum esse</i>—to be out of range.</p> -<p><i>ad teli coniectum venire</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 31</span>)—to come within javelin-range.</p> -<p><i>se obicere telis</i>—to expose oneself to missiles.</p> -<p><i>eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti</i>—to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters.</p> -<p><i>gladium educere (e vagīna)</i>—to draw one's sword (from the scabbard).</p> -<p><i>gladium in vaginam recondere</i>—to sheath one's sword.</p> -<p><i>gladium stringere, destringere</i>—to draw one's sword.</p> -<p><i>gladium alicui in pectus infigere</i>—to plunge one's sword in some one's breast.</p> -<p><i>gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 46</span>)—to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword.</p> -<p><i>sicam, cultrum in corde alicuius defigere</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_4_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_4_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">Liv. 1. 58</span>)—to plunge a dagger, knife in some one's heart.</p> -<p><i>decurrere (in armis)</i>—to manœuvre.</p> -<p><i>vi et armis</i>—by force of arms.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_4_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_4_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>defigere</i> is also used metaphorically, e.g. <i>defigere omnes curas, cogitationes in rei publicae salute</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 14. 5. 13</span>).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_5">5. War</h3> -<p><i>bellum parare</i>—to make preparations for war.</p> -<p><i>apparatus</i> (rare in plur.) <i>belli</i>—preparations for war; war-material.</p> -<p><i>bellum indīcere, denuntiare</i>—to make formal declaration of war.</p> -<p><i>res repetere (ab aliquo)</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 1. 11. 36</span>)—to demand satisfaction, restitution.</p> -<p><i>res reddere (alicui)</i> (cf. sect. V. 11)—to make restitution.</p> -<p><i>bellum iustum (pium)</i>—a regular, formal war.</p> -<p><i>bellum intestinum, domesticum</i> (opp. <i>bellum externum</i>)—a civil war.</p> -<p><i>bellum facere, movere, excitare</i>—to cause a war.</p> -<p><i>bellum conflare</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 5. 2. 8</span>)—to kindle a war.</p> -<p><i>bellum moliri</i>—to meditate war.</p> -<p><i>bellum incipere, belli initium facere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 1. 5</span>)—to commence hostilities.</p> -<p><i>bello se interponere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 35. 48</span>)—to interfere in a war.</p> -<p><i>bello implicari</i>—to be involved in a war.</p> -<p><i>bellum cum aliquo inire</i>—to begin a war with some one.</p> -<p><i>bellum impendet, imminet, instat</i>—a war is imminent.</p> -<p><i>bellum oritur, exardescit</i>—war breaks out.</p> -<p><i>omnia bello flagrant</i> or <i>ardent</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 4. 1. 2</span>)—everywhere the torch of war is flaming.</p> -<p><i>bellum gerere cum aliquo</i>—to make war on a person.</p> -<p><i>bellum coniungere</i> (<span class="ref">Imp. Pomp. 9. 26</span>)—to wage war in conjunction with some one.</p> -<p><i>bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere</i>—to protract, prolong a war.</p> -<p><i>omni studio in (ad) bellum incumbere</i>—to carry on a war energetically.</p> -<p><i>bellum inferre alicui</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 9. 1. 3</span>)—to invade.</p> -<p><i>bellum</i> or <i>arma ultro inferre</i>—to be the aggressor in a war; to act on the offensive.</p> -<p><i>bellum (inlatum) defendere</i>—to act on the defensive.</p> -<p><i>proficisci ad bellum, in expeditionem</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 103</span>)—to go to war, commence a campaign.</p> -<p><i>mittere ad bellum</i>—to send to the war.</p> -<p><i>bellum administrare</i>—to have the control of the war.</p> -<p><i>bello persequi aliquem, lacessere</i>—to harass with war.</p> -<p><i>belli finem facere, bellum finire</i>—to put an end to war.</p> -<p><i>bellum conficere, perficere</i>—to terminate a war (by force of arms and defeat of one's opponents).</p> -<p><i>bellum componere</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 10. 33</span>)—to terminate a war (by a treaty, etc.)</p> -<p><i>bellum transferre alio, in...</i>—to transfer the seat of war elsewhere.</p> -<p><i>belli sedes</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 4. 31</span>)—the seat of war, theatre of operations.</p> -<p><i>rationem belli gerendi mutare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 32. 31</span>)—to change one's tactics.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XVI_6">6. The Army on the March</h3> -<p><i>agmen medium</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 10. 41</span>)—the centre of the marching column.</p> -<p><i>agmen primum</i>—the vanguard.</p> -<p><i>agmen novissimum (extremum)</i>—the rearguard.</p> -<p><i>agmen claudere, cogere</i>—to bring up the rear.</p> -<p><i>signa</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_6_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_6_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>ferre, tollere</i>—to begin the march, break up the camp.</p> -<p><i>castra movere</i>—to begin the march, break up the camp.</p> -<p><i>agmen agere</i>—to set the army in motion.</p> -<p><i>procedere cum exercitu</i>—to advance with the army.</p> -<p><i>magnis itineribus</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 37</span>)—by forced marches.</p> -<p><i>quam maximis itineribus (potest)</i>—by the longest possible forced marches.</p> -<p><i>citatum agmen rapere</i>—to lead the army with forced marches.</p> -<p><i>raptim agmen ducere</i>—to lead the army with forced marches.</p> -<p><i>citato gradu incedere</i> (cf. sect. II. 5)—to advance rapidly.</p> -<p><i>loca, regiones, loci naturam explorare</i>—to reconnoitre the ground.</p> -<p><i>iter facere</i>—to march.</p> -<p><i>iter conficere</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 70</span>)—to traverse a route.</p> -<p><i>iter maturare, accelerare</i>—to quicken the pace of marching.</p> -<p><i>iter continuare</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 11</span>)—to march without interruption.</p> -<p><i>iter non intermittere</i>—not to interrupt the march.</p> -<p><i>iter flectere, convertere, avertere</i>—to deviate, change the direction.</p> -<p><i>signa convertere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 25</span>)—to deviate, change the direction.</p> -<p><i>averso itinere contendere in...</i>—to change one's route and march towards...</p> -<p><i>iter tentare per vim</i> (cf. sect. II. 3)—to force a way, a passage.</p> -<p><i>agmen, exercitum demittere in...</i>—to march down on to...</p> -<p><i>exercitum admovere, adducere ad...</i>—to advance on...</p> -<p><i>signa sequi</i> (opp. <i>a signis discedere, signa relinquere</i>)—to follow the standards.</p> -<p><i>ordines servare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 4. 26</span>)—to keep the ranks.</p> -<p><i>confertis, solutis ordinibus</i>—with close ranks; with ranks in disorder.</p> -<p><i>raris ordinibus</i>—in open order.</p> -<p><i>ordines turbare, perrumpere</i>—to break the ranks.</p> -<p><i>agmine quadrato incedere, ire</i>—to march with closed ranks, in order of battle.</p> -<p><i>agmine duplici, triplici</i>—in two, three columns.</p> -<p><i>novissimos premere</i>—to press the rearguard.</p> -<p><i>novissimos turbare</i>—to throw the rearguard into confusion.</p> -<p><i>novissimos carpere</i>—to harass the rear.</p> -<p><i>novissimis praesidio esse</i>—to protect the troops in the rear.</p> -<p><i>opprimere hostes (imprudentes, incautos, inopinantes)</i>—to surprise and defeat the enemy.</p> -<p><i>subsistere, consistere</i>—to halt.</p> -<p><i>gradum sistere</i>—to halt.</p> -<p><i>capere, occupare locum</i>—to occupy a position (with troops).</p> -<p><i>occupare loca superiora</i>—to occupy the high ground.</p> -<p><i>praeoccupare locum</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 35. 27</span>)—to occupy a place beforehand.</p> -<p><i>tenere montem</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 22</span>)—to hold a mountain.</p> -<p><i>consistere in monte</i>—to take up one's position on a mountain.</p> -<p><i>considere sub monte (sub montis radicibus)</i>—to occupy the foot of a hill.</p> -<p><i>praesidiis firmare urbem</i>—to garrison a town.</p> -<p><i>praesidium collocare in urbe</i>—to garrison a town.</p> -<p><i>praesidia, custodias disponere</i>—to station posts, pickets, at intervals.</p> -<p><i>vigilias crebras ponere</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 45. 2</span>)—to place a close line of sentry-posts.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XVI_6_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_6_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>signa</i> = standards of a maniple, cohort, or legion. Since Marius' time the <i>signum</i> of a legion was an eagle, those of the maniples different animals, wolf, horse, etc. In the camp the standards were fixed in the ground, in action they were carried in the front rank, hence several phrases—<i>signa convellere, tollere, efferre</i>, to break up camp; <i>signa proferre, promovere</i>, to advance in battle-order; <i>signa inferre</i>, to attack; <i>signa conferre</i>, to come to close quarters; <i>signa statuere</i>, to halt; <i>signa convertere</i>, to change one's route; <i>signa referre</i>, to retire; <i>signa relinquere</i>, to desert, etc.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_7">7. The Camp</h3> -<p><i>castra stativa</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 44</span>)—a permanent camp.</p> -<p><i>castra hiberna, aestiva</i>—winter-quarters, summer-quarters.</p> -<p><i>castra ponere, locare</i>—to encamp.</p> -<p><i>idoneo, aequo, suo</i> (opp. <i>iniquo</i>) <i>loco</i>—in a favourable position.</p> -<p><i>castra metari</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 13</span>)—to mark out a camp.</p> -<p><i>milites in hibernis collocare, in hiberna deducere</i>—to take the troops to their winter-quarters.</p> -<p><i>castra munire</i>—to make a fortified, entrenched camp.</p> -<p><i>castra munire vallo (aggere)</i>—to fortify the camp with a rampart.</p> -<p><i>fossam ducere</i>—to make a ditch, a fosse.</p> -<p><i>vallum iacere, exstruere, facere</i>—to raise a rampart, earthwork.</p> -<p><i>castra praesidiis firmare</i>—to strengthen the camp by outposts.</p> -<p><i>praesidio castris milites relinquere</i>—to leave troops to guard the camp.</p> -<p><i>castra coniungere, iungere</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 63</span>)—to make a camp in common.</p> -<p><i>castra nudare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 70</span>)—to leave the camp undefended.</p> -<p><i>cohors, quae in statione est</i>—the cohort on guard-duty.</p> -<p><i>vigilias agere in castris</i> (<span class="ref">Verr. 4. 43</span>)—to mount guard in the camp.</p> -<p><i>custodias agere in vallo</i>—to keep watch on the rampart.</p> -<p><i>stationes agere pro portis</i>—to be on duty before the gates.</p> -<p><i>circumvenire vigilias</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 45. 2</span>)—to make the round of the sentries.</p> -<p><i>tesseram dare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 28. 14</span>)—to give the watchword, countersign.</p> -<p><i>copias castris continere</i>—to keep the troops in camp.</p> -<p><i>se (quietum) tenere castris</i>—to remain inactive in camp.</p> -<p><i>excursionem in hostium agros facere</i>—to make an inroad into hostile territory.</p> -<p><i>praedatum ire</i>—to go in search of plunder, booty.</p> -<p><i>ferre atque agere</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_7_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_7_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>praedam</i>—to carry off booty.</p> -<p><i>capere equos</i>—to capture horses.</p> -<p><i>lignatum, aquatum ire</i>—to go to fetch wood, water.</p> -<p><i>pabulatum, frumentatum ire</i>—to forage.</p> -<p><i>pabulatione premi</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 78</span>)—to suffer from want of forage.</p> -<p><i>omnia ferro ignique, ferro atque igni</i> or <i>ferro flammaque vastare</i>—to ravage with fire and sword.</p> -<p><i>classicum</i> or <i>tuba canit ad praetorium</i>—the bugle, trumpet sounds before the general's tent.</p> -<p><i>vasa conclamare</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 37</span>)—to give the signal for breaking up the camp, collecting baggage.</p> -<p><i>vasa colligere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 21. 47</span>)—to pack the baggage (for marching).</p> -<p><i>signa convellere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XVI. 6, note <i>signa...</i>)—to pluck up the standards out of the ground (to begin the march).</p> -<p><i>consilium habere, convocare</i>—to hold a council of war.</p> -<p><i>rem ad consilium deferre</i>—to refer a matter to a council of war.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XVI_7_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_7_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>ferre</i> of things inanimate, <i>agere</i> of cattle. Cf. <span class="greek">φέρειν καὶ ἄγειν</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_8">8. A Siege</h3> -<p><i>oppidum natura loci munitum</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 38</span>)—a town with a strong natural position.</p> -<p><i>oppidum manu (opere) munitum</i>—a town artificially fortified.</p> -<p><i>oppidum obsidere</i>—to besiege a city.</p> -<p><i>oppidum obsidione claudere</i>—to besiege a city.</p> -<p><i>oppidum in obsidione tenere</i>—to keep a town in a state of siege.</p> -<p><i>oppidum fame domare</i>—to starve a town into surrender.</p> -<p><i>oppidum oppugnare</i>—to storm a town.</p> -<p><i>oppidum cingere vallo et fossa</i>—to surround a town with a rampart and fosse.</p> -<p><i>opera facere</i>—to raise siege-works.</p> -<p><i>vineas agere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 21</span>)—to advance pent-houses, mantlets.</p> -<p><i>turres instituere, exstruere</i>—to raise towers.</p> -<p><i>testudine facta moenia subire</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 6</span>)—to advance to the walls protected by a covering of shields.</p> -<p><i>scalas admovere</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 63</span>)—to apply scaling-ladders.</p> -<p><i>positis scalis muros ascendere</i>—to scale the walls by means of ladders.</p> -<p><i>aries murum attingit, percutit</i>—the battering-ram strikes the wall.</p> -<p><i>iter ruina patefactum</i>—a breach.</p> -<p><i>patentia ruinis</i> (<i>vid.</i> XII. 1, note <i>ruina...</i>)—a breach.</p> -<p><i>cuniculos agere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 21</span>)—to make mines, subterraneous passages.</p> -<p><i>oppidum tormentis verberare</i>—to rain missiles on a town, bombard it.</p> -<p><i>tela ingerere, conicere</i>—to discharge showers of missiles.</p> -<p><i>murum nudare defensoribus</i>—to drive the defenders from the walls.</p> -<p><i>eruptionem facere ex oppido</i>—to make a sally, sortie from the town.</p> -<p><i>crebras ex oppido excursiones facere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 30</span>)—to make a sally, sortie from the town.</p> -<p><i>ignem inferre operibus</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 2. 14</span>)—to set fire to the siege-works.</p> -<p><i>subsidium alicui summittere</i>—to send relief to some one.</p> -<p><i>munitiones perrumpere</i>—to break through the lines (and relieve a town).</p> -<p><i>urbis obsidionem liberare</i>—to raise a siege (used of the army of relief).</p> -<p><i>oppidum obsidione liberare</i>—to raise a siege (used of the army of relief).</p> -<p><i>obsidionem quattuor menses sustinere</i>—to hold out for four months.</p> -<p><i>oppugnationem, obsidionem relinquere</i>—to give up an assault, a siege.</p> -<p><i>portas obstruere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 50</span>)—to barricade the gates.</p> -<p><i>portas refringere</i>—to break down the gates.</p> -<p><i>claustra portarum revellere</i>—to break down the gates.</p> -<p><i>in oppidum irrumpere</i>—to break into the town.</p> -<p><i>in oppidum irruptionem facere</i>—to break into the town.</p> -<p><i>oppidum capere, expugnare</i>—to take, storm a town.</p> -<p><i>oppidum recipere</i>—to retake a town.</p> -<p><i>oppidum incendere</i>—to fire a town.</p> -<p><i>oppidum diripere</i>—to plunder a town.</p> -<p><i>oppidum evertere, excīdere</i>—to completely destroy a town.</p> -<p><i>oppidum solo aequare</i>—to raze a town to the ground.</p> -<p><i>deditione facta</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 26</span>)—after capitulation.</p> -<p><i>arma tradere</i>—to surrender weapons.</p> -<p><i>salutem petere a victore</i>—to beg for mercy from the conqueror.</p> -<p><i>se suaque omnia dedere victori</i>—to give up one's person and all one's possessions to the conqueror.</p> -<p><i>se suaque omnia permittere victoris potestati</i>—to give up one's person and all one's possessions to the conqueror.</p> -<p><i>se permittere in fidem atque in potestatem alicuius</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 3</span>)—to surrender oneself to the discretion of some one.</p> -<p><i>in fidem recipere aliquem</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 13. 16</span>)—to deal mercifully with some one.</p> -<p><i>libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 16. 4</span>)—the free men are sold as slaves.</p> -<p><i>cum uxoribus et liberis</i>—with wife and child.</p> -<p><i>aliquem (incolumem) conservare</i>—to grant a man his life.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XVI_9">9. Before the Fight</h3> -<p><i>potestatem, copiam pugnandi hostibus facere</i>—to offer battle to the enemy.</p> -<p><i>potestatem sui facere (alicui)</i> (cf. sect. XII. 9, note <i>audientia...</i>)—to accept battle.</p> -<p><i>proelio (ad pugnam) hostes lacessere, provocare</i>—to provoke the enemy to battle.</p> -<p><i>pugnam detrectare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 3. 60</span>)—to decline battle.</p> -<p><i>supersedere proelio</i>—to refrain from fighting.</p> -<p><i>hostem e manibus non dimittere</i>—to not let the enemy escape.</p> -<p><i>locum ad pugnam idoneum deligere</i>—to choose suitable ground for an engagement.</p> -<p><i>diem pugnae constituere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 24</span>)—to fix a day for the engagement.</p> -<p><i>signum proelii (committendi) exposcere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 19</span>)—to demand loudly the signal to engage.</p> -<p><i>signum proelii dare</i>—to give the signal to engage.</p> -<p><i>vexillum proponere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 3</span>)—to fix the ensign on the general's tent (as a signal to commence the engagement).</p> -<p><i>ad arma concurrere</i>—to rush to arms.</p> -<p><i>exercitum educere</i> or <i>producere in aciem</i>—to lead the army to the fight.</p> -<p><i>ad vim et arma descendere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. V. 9, note <i>Similarly...</i>)—to have recourse to force of arms.</p> -<p><i>in certamen descendere</i>—to engage in the fight.</p> -<p><i>in aciem descendere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 8. 8</span>)—to enter the field of battle.</p> -<p><i>aciem (copias, exercitum) instruere</i> or <i>in acie constituere</i>—to draw up forces in battle-order.</p> -<p><i>aciem triplicem instruere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 24</span>)—to draw up the army in three lines.</p> -<p><i>aciem explicare</i> or <i>dilatare</i>—to extend the line of battle, deploy the battalions.</p> -<p><i>media acies</i>—the centre.</p> -<p><i>subsidia collocare</i>—to station reserve troops.</p> -<p><i>equites ad latera disponere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 6. 8</span>)—to place the cavalry on the wings.</p> -<p><i>contionari apud milites</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 7</span>)—to harangue the soldiers.</p> -<p><i>contionem habere apud milites</i>—to harangue the soldiers.</p> -<p><i>ad virtutem excitare, cohortari</i> (or simply <i>adhortari, cohortari</i>)—to incite to valour.</p> -<p><i>animos militum confirmare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 49</span>)—to encourage, embolden the soldiery.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XVI_10">10. The Fight</h3> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_10a">(a) The Fight in General</h3> -<p><i>proelium committere</i>—(1) to begin the battle, (2) to give battle.</p> -<p><i>proelium inire</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 14</span>)—to engage.</p> -<p><i>proelium facere</i>—to give battle.</p> -<p><i>proelio equestri contendere</i>—to give battle with a cavalry-division.</p> -<p><i>proelium equestre facere</i>—to give battle with a cavalry-division.</p> -<p><i>proelium facere secundum</i>—to fight successfully.</p> -<p><i>proeliis secundis uti</i>—to fight successfully.</p> -<p><i>rem (bene, male) gerere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XII. 2, note <i>rem gerere...</i>)—to win, lose a fight (of the commander).</p> -<p><i>proelium intermittere</i>—to interrupt the battle.</p> -<p><i>proelium dirimere</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 40</span>)—to break off the fight.</p> -<p><i>proelium restituere</i>—to renew the battle with success.</p> -<p><i>proelium renovare, redintegrare</i>—to begin the fight again.</p> -<p><i>proelium deserere</i>—to give up the fight.</p> -<p><i>proelio, armis decertare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 50</span>)—to fight a decisive battle.</p> -<p><i>acie (armis, ferro) decernere</i>—to fight a pitched battle.</p> -<p><i>in acie dimicare</i>—to fight a pitched battle.</p> -<p><i>proelio interesse</i>—to take part in the engagement.</p> -<p><i>ex equo pugnare</i>—to fight on horseback.</p> -<p><i>certamen singulare</i>—single combat.</p> -<p><i>povocare aliquem ad certamen singulare</i>—to challenge some one to single combat.</p> -<p><i>proelium cruentum, atrox</i>—a bloody battle.</p> -<p><i>proelium iustum</i> (opp. <i>tumultuarium</i>)—a pitched battle.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_10b">(b) The Attack</h3> -<p><i>classicum canit</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 82</span>)—the trumpet sounds for the attack.</p> -<p><i>gradum inferre in hostem</i>—to march on the enemy.</p> -<p><i>aggredi hostem</i>—to attack the enemy.</p> -<p><i>invadere, impetum</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_10b_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_10b_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>facere in hostem</i>—to attack the enemy.</p> -<p><i>signa inferre in hostem</i>—to attack the enemy.</p> -<p><i>impetum sustinere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 26</span>)—to resist the attack, onset.</p> -<p><i>impetum excipere</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_10b_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_10b_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> (<span class="ref">Liv. 6. 12</span>)—to parry the attack.</p> -<p><i>in medios hostes se inicere</i>—to rush into the midst of the foe.</p> -<p><i>per medios hostes (mediam hostium aciem) perrumpere</i>—to break through the enemy's centre.</p> -<p><i>manum (us) conserere cum hoste</i>—to come to close quarters.</p> -<p><i>signa conferre cum hoste</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_10b_3"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_10b_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>—to come to close quarters.</p> -<p><i>proelio concurritur</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 59</span>)—the lines charge in battle one on another.</p> -<p><i>adversis hostibus occurrere</i>—to attack the enemy in the front.</p> -<p><i>aversos hostes aggredi</i>—to attack the enemy in the rear.</p> -<p><i>hostes a tergo adoriri</i>—to attack the enemy in the rear.</p> -<p><i>iusto</i> (opp. <i>tumultuario</i>) <i>proelio confligere cum hoste</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 35. 4</span>)—to fight a pitched, orderly battle with an enemy.</p> -<p><i>acies inclīnat</i> or <i>inclīnatur</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 7. 33</span>)—the line of battle gives way.</p> -<p><i>proelium anceps est</i>—the issue of the battle is undecided.</p> -<p><i>ancipiti Marte pugnatur</i>—the issue of the battle is undecided.</p> -<p><i>diu anceps stetit pugna</i>—the issue of the day was for a long time uncertain.</p> -<p><i>res est in periculo, in summo discrimine</i>—the position is critical.</p> -<p><i>res ad triarios</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_10b_4"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_10b_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> <i>redit</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 8. 8</span>)—the triarii must now fight (proverbially = we are reduced to extremities).</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_10b_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_10b_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>impetus</i> is not used in the dative sing. or in the plur.; these cases are supplied by <i>incursio</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_10b_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_10b_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Caesar's method of attack was usually this: the troops drawn up on rising ground charged at the double (<i>concursus</i>); when within range came <i>emissio telorum</i> or <i>pilorum</i>. This was followed up by a hand-to-hand <i>mêlée (impetus gladiorum)</i>.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_10b_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_10b_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>signa conferre cum aliquo</i> also sometimes means to join forces.</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_10b_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_10b_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The <i>triarii</i> were the veterans who made up the third line behind the <i>principes</i> and <i>hastati</i>. If these first two lines were beaten or in difficulties (<i>laborare</i>), the <i>triarii</i>, who were in a kneeling posture (<i>dextro genu innixi</i>, <span class="ref">Liv. 8. 9</span>), stood up (<i>consurgebant</i>, <span class="ref">Liv. 8. 10</span>) and continued the fight. Hence this proverb (<i>inde rem ad triarios redisse cum laboratur proverbio increbuit</i>). For the organisation of the legion in general <i>vid.</i> <span class="ref">Liv. book 8</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_10c">(c) Close Quarters</h3> -<p><i>collatis signis (viribus) pugnare</i>—to fight hand-to-hand, at close quarters.</p> -<p><i>tum pes cum pede collatus est</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 28. 2</span>)—a hand-to-hand engagement ensued.</p> -<p><i>collato pede</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 6. 12</span>)—hand to hand.</p> -<p><i>gladio comminus</i> (opp. <i>eminus</i>) <i>rem gerere</i>—to fight with swords at close quarters.</p> -<p><i>omissis pilis gladiis rem gerere</i>—to throw down the javelins (<i>pila</i>) and fight with the sword.</p> -<p><i>res ad gladios vēnit</i>—swords must now decide the day.</p> -<p><i>res gladiis geri coepta est</i>—swords must now decide the day.</p> -<p><i>strictis gladiis in hostem ferri</i>—to throw oneself on the enemy with drawn sword.</p> -<p><i>res ad manus venit</i>—the fighting is now at close quarters.</p> -<p><i>laxatis</i> (opp. <i>confertis</i>) <i>ordinibus pugnare</i>—to fight in open order.</p> -<p><i>ferarum</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_10c_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_10c_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>ritu pugnare</i>—to fight like lions.</p> -<p><i>manu fortis</i>—personally brave.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_10c_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_10c_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The Latin language uses the general term (<i>fera</i>) where we use the special (lion). Similarly <i>pecorum modo fugiunt</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 40. 27</span>), where we translate "they flee like deer."</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_10d">(d) Tactics—Reinforcements</h3> -<p><i>in latus hostium incurrere</i>—to fall upon the enemy's flank.</p> -<p><i>circumvenire hostem aversum</i> or <i>a tergo</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 26</span>)—to surround the enemy from the rear.</p> -<p><i>multitudine hostium cingi</i>—to be surrounded by the superior force of the enemy.</p> -<p><i>equitatu superiorem esse</i>—to have the advantage in cavalry.</p> -<p><i>parem</i> (opp. <i>imparem</i>) <i>esse hosti</i>—to be a match for the enemy.</p> -<p><i>orbem</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_10d_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_10d_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>facere</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 97. 5</span>)—to form a square.</p> -<p><i>in orbem consistere</i>—to form a square.</p> -<p><i>cuneum facere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 47</span>)—to draw up troops in a wedge-formation.</p> -<p><i>phalangem facere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 24</span>)—to form a phalanx.</p> -<p><i>phalangem perfringere</i>—to break through the phalanx.</p> -<p><i>subsidia summittere</i>—to send up reserves.</p> -<p><i>integros defatigatis summittere</i>—to send fresh troops to take the place of those wearied with fighting.</p> -<p><i>rari dispersique pugnare</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 1. 44</span>)—to fight in skirmishing order.</p> -<p><i>integri et recentes defatigatis succedunt</i>—fresh troops relieve the tired men.</p> - -<p><br /></p><p><a id="Footnote-XVI_10d_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_10d_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>orbis</i> properly a circle, but corresponding almost exactly in its objects to our square-formation (<i>vid.</i> <span class="ref">B. G. 4. 37, 5. 33</span>; <span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 97. 5</span>). For a good account of Roman military formation see Kraner, <i>Uebersicht des Kriegswesens bei Caesar</i>, in his edition of the <i>Bellum Gallicum</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_10e">(e) Successful Attack</h3> -<p><i>pellere hostem</i>—to repulse the enemy.</p> -<p><i>acies hostium impellitur</i>—the enemy's line is repulsed.</p> -<p><i>loco movere, depellere, deicere hostem</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 51</span>)—to drive the enemy from his position.</p> -<p><i>summovere</i> or <i>reicere hostium equites</i>—to repel the attack of the enemy's cavalry.</p> -<p><i>repellere, propulsare hostem</i>—to repulse an attack.</p> -<p><i>undique premi, urgeri</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 26</span>)—to be pressed on all sides.</p> -<p><i>prosternere, profligare hostem</i>—to rout the enemy.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XVI_10f">(f) Retreat—Flight—Pursuit</h3> -<p><i>signa receptui canunt</i>—the retreat is sounded.</p> -<p><i>receptui canitur</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 47</span>)—the retreat is sounded.</p> -<p><i>pedem referre</i>—to retire (without turning one's back on the enemy).</p> -<p><i>equitatus tutum receptum dat</i>—the cavalry covers the retreat.</p> -<p><i>se recipere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 7. 20</span>)—to withdraw one's forces.</p> -<p><i>loco excedere</i>—to abandon one's position.</p> -<p><i>in fugam dare, conicere hostem</i>—to put the enemy to flight.</p> -<p><i>fugare hostem</i>—to put the enemy to flight.</p> -<p><i>fundere hostium copias</i>—to rout the enemy's forces.</p> -<p><i>caedere et fundere hostem</i>—to utterly rout the enemy.</p> -<p><i>fundere et fugare hostem</i>—to utterly rout the enemy.</p> -<p><i>prae se agere hostem</i>—to drive the enemy before one.</p> -<p><i>fugam facere</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 53</span>)—(1) to put to flight, (2) to take to flight.</p> -<p><i>terga vertere</i> or <i>dare</i>—to flee, run away.</p> -<p><i>terga dare hosti</i>—to run away from the enemy.</p> -<p><i>fugae se mandare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 24</span>)—to take to flight.</p> -<p><i>fugam capessere, capere</i>—to take to flight.</p> -<p><i>se dare in fugam, fugae</i>—to take to flight.</p> -<p><i>se conicere, se conferre in fugam</i>—to take to flight.</p> -<p><i>fuga salutem petere</i>—to seek safety in flight.</p> -<p><i>fuga effusa, praeceps</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 30. 5</span>)—headlong flight.</p> -<p><i>pecorum modo fugere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 40. 27</span>)—to flee like deer, sheep.</p> -<p><i>arma abicere</i>—to throw away one's arms.</p> -<p><i>praecipitem se fugae mandare</i>—to flee headlong.</p> -<p><i>ex (in) fuga dissipati</i> or <i>dispersi</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 24</span>)—soldiers routed and dispersed.</p> -<p><i>hostes insequi, prosequi</i>—to pursue the enemy.</p> -<p><i>hostes (fusos) persequi</i>—to follow up and harass the enemy when in flight.</p> -<p><i>hostes assequi, consequi</i>—to overtake the enemy.</p> -<p><i>fugientibus instare</i>—to press the fugitives.</p> -<p><i>tergis hostium inhaerere</i>—to be on the heels of the enemy.</p> -<p><i>fugam hostium reprimere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 14</span>)—to bring the flying enemy to a stand.</p> -<p><i>excipere aliquem fugientem</i>—to cut off some one's flight.</p> -<p><i>magna caedes hostium fugientium facta est</i>—there was great slaughter of fugitives.</p> -<p><i>capere aliquem vivum</i>—to take a person alive.</p> -<p><i>effugere, elābi e manibus hostium</i>—to escape from the hands of the enemy.</p> -<p><i>dimittere e manibus hostes</i>—to let the enemy escape.</p> -<p><i>eripere aliquem e manibus hostium</i>—to rescue some one from the hands of the enemy.</p> -<p><i>se fuga recipere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 11</span>)—to save oneself by flight.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XVI_10g">(g) Defeat—Massacre—Wounds—Losses</h3> -<p><i>proelio vinci, superari, inferiorem, victum discedere</i>—to be defeated in fight, lose the battle.</p> -<p><i>cladem hostibus afferre, inferre</i>—to inflict a defeat on the enemy.</p> -<p><i>cladem accipere</i>—to suffer a defeat.</p> -<p><i>ingentem caedem edere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 5. 13</span>)—to cause great slaughter, carnage.</p> -<p><i>stragem edere, facere</i>—to massacre.</p> -<p><i>omnia strata sunt ferro</i>—all have perished by the sword.</p> -<p><i>hostes, exercitum delere, concīdere</i>—to annihilate, cut up the enemy, an army.</p> -<p><i>hostes ad internecionem caedere, delere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 9. 26</span>)—to absolutely annihilate the enemy.</p> -<p><i>hostium copias occidione occīdere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 2. 51</span>)—to absolutely annihilate the enemy.</p> -<p><i>vulnus infligere alicui</i>—to wound a person (also used metaphorically).</p> -<p><i>mortiferam plagam alicui infligere</i>—to inflict a mortal wound on some one.</p> -<p><i>vulnus (grave, mortiferum) accipere, excipere</i>—to be (seriously, mortally) wounded.</p> -<p><i>multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 50</span>)—after many had been wounded on both sides.</p> -<p><i>vulneribus confectus</i>—weakened by wounds.</p> -<p><i>vulnera (cicatrices) adversa</i> (opp. <i>aversa</i>)—wounds (scars) on the breast.</p> -<p><i>vulnera adverso corpore accepta</i>—wounds (scars) on the breast.</p> -<p><i>refricare</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_10g_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_10g_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>vulnus, cicatricem obductam</i>—to open an old wound.</p> -<p><i>ex vulnere mori</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 10. 33</span>)—to die of wounds.</p> -<p><i>magno cum detrimento</i>—with great loss.</p> -<p><i>nostri circiter centum ceciderunt</i>—about a hundred of our men fell.</p> -<p><i>ad unum omnes</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_10g_2"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_10g_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> <i>perierunt</i>—they perished to a man.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_10g_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_10g_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>refricare</i> is also used metaphorically in the sense of renewing, recalling, e.g. <i>dolorem</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 2. 48</span>); <i>memoriam</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 3. 7. 18</span>); <i>desiderium</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 5. 17. 4</span>).</p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_10g_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_10g_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The phrase <i>ad unum omnes</i>, to a man, without exception, occurs <span class="ref">De Am. 23. 86</span>; <span class="ref">Fam. 12. 14</span>; <span class="ref">Liv. 2. 55</span>; and without <i>omnes</i>, <span class="ref">Fam. 10. 16</span>; <span class="ref">B. C. 3. 14</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_11">11. Victory—Triumph</h3> -<p><i>exercitus victor</i>—the victorious army.</p> -<p><i>superiorem</i> (opp. <i>inferiorem</i>), <i>victorem (proelio, pugna) discedere</i>—to come off victorious.</p> -<p><i>victoriam adipisci, parere</i>—to gain a victory, win a battle.</p> -<p><i>victoriam ferre, referre</i>—to gain a victory, win a battle.</p> -<p><i>proelio vincere</i>—to gain a victory, win a battle.</p> -<p><i>victoriam reportare ab hoste</i>—to gain a victory over the enemy.</p> -<p><i>victoriam praecipere (animo)</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 10. 26</span>)—to consider oneself already victor.</p> -<p><i>victoriam exploratam dimittere</i>—to let a sure victory slip through one's hands.</p> -<p><i>sicut parta iam atque explorata victoria</i>—as if the victory were already won.</p> -<p><i>victoriam conclamare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 37</span>)—to raise a shout of victory.</p> -<p><i>victoriam</i> or <i>de victoria gratulari alicui</i>—to congratulate a person on his victory.</p> -<p><i>victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 23. 30</span>)—the victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very dearly bought.</p> -<p><i>triumphare de aliquo (ex bellis)</i>—to triumph over some one.</p> -<p><i>triumphum</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_11_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_11_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>agere de</i> or <i>ex aliquo</i> or c. Gen. (<i>victoriae, pugnae</i>)—to triumph over some one.</p> -<p><i>per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere</i>—to lead some one in triumph.</p> -<p><i>triumphum senatus Africano decernit</i> (<span class="ref">Fin. 4. 9. 22</span>)—the senate decrees to Africanus the honours of a triumph.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_11_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_11_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> E.g. <i>triumphum agere Boiorum</i> (Liv.); <i>Pharsaliae pugnae</i> (Cic.); <i>de Liguribus</i> (Liv.); <i>ex Aequis</i> (Liv.) For other phrases cf. <i>triumphum postulare, imperare; triumphum tertium deportare; triumphum consulis celebrare</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_12">12. Truce—Peace—Treaties—Alliance</h3> -<p><i>indutias facere</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 8. 7</span>)—to make a truce.</p> -<p><i>indutias violare</i>—to break a truce.</p> -<p><i>ius gentium violare</i>—to violate the law of nations.</p> -<p><i>agere cum aliquo de pace</i>—to treat with some one about peace.</p> -<p><i>pacem conciliare</i> (<span class="ref">Fam. 10. 27</span>)—to bring about a peace.</p> -<p><i>pacem facere cum aliquo</i>—to make peace with some one.</p> -<p><i>pacem dirimere, frangere</i>—to break the peace.</p> -<p><i>his condicionibus</i>—on these terms.</p> -<p><i>pacis condiciones ferre</i> (not <i>proponere</i>)—to propose terms of peace.</p> -<p><i>pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 29. 12</span>)—to dictate the terms of peace to some one.</p> -<p><i>pacis condiciones accipere, subire</i> (opp. <i>repudiare, respuere</i>)—to accept the terms of the peace.</p> -<p><i>pax convenit in eam condicionem, ut...</i>—peace is concluded on condition that...</p> -<p><i>summa pax</i>—deep peace.</p> -<p><i>captivos permutare, commutare</i>—to exchange prisoners.</p> -<p><i>captivos redimere</i> (<span class="ref">Off. 2. 18</span>)—to ransom prisoners.</p> -<p><i>captivos sine pretio reddere</i>—to restore prisoners without ransom.</p> -<p><i>obsides dare</i>—to give hostages.</p> -<p><i>obsides civitatibus imperare</i>—to compel communities to provide hostages.</p> -<p><i>pactionem facere cum aliquo</i> (<span class="ref">Sall. Iug. 40</span>)—to conclude a treaty with some one.</p> -<p><i>ex pacto, ex foedere</i>—according to treaty.</p> -<p><i>foedus facere (cum aliquo), icere, ferire</i>—to conclude a treaty, an alliance.</p> -<p><i>foedus frangere, rumpere, violare</i>—to violate a treaty, terms of alliance.</p> -<p><i>socium aliquem asciscere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 5</span>)—to make some one one's ally.</p> -<p><i>in amicitia populi Romani esse</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 37</span>)—to be on friendly terms with the Roman people.</p> -<p><i>a senatu amicus</i><a id="FNanchor-XVI_12_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVI_12_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> <i>appellatus est</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 3</span>)—he received from the senate the title of friend.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVI_12_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVI_12_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>amicus</i>, the friend of the Roman people, distinct from <i>socius</i>, an ally; a <i>socius</i> was always <i>amicus</i>, but not necessarily <i>vice versa</i>. The title <i>amicus populi Romani</i> was granted by the senate to foreign princes in recognition of some signal service.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVI_13">13. Conquest—Submission</h3> -<p><i>terra potiri</i>—to conquer a country.</p> -<p><i>terram suae dicionis facere</i>—to reduce a country to subjection to oneself.</p> -<p><i>populum in potestatem suam redigere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 34</span>)—to reduce a country to subjection to oneself.</p> -<p><i>populum in deditionem venire cogere</i>—to reduce a country to subjection to oneself.</p> -<p><i>populum in deditionem accipere</i>—to accept the submission of a people.</p> -<p><i>populum perdomare, subigere</i>—to subjugate a nation.</p> -<p><i>populum, terram suo imperio, suae potestati subicere</i> (not <i>sibi</i> by itself)—to make oneself master of a people, country.</p> -<p><i>se imperio alicuius subicere</i> (not <i>alicui</i>)—to make one's submission to some one.</p> -<p><i>in deditionem venire</i> (without <i>alicui</i>)—to make one's submission to some one.</p> -<p><i>in alicuius potestatem se permittere</i>—to make one's submission to some one.</p> -<p><i>sub imperio et dicione alicuius esse</i>—to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion.</p> -<p><i>subiectum esse, obnoxium esse imperio</i> or <i>dicioni alicuius</i> (not simply <i>alicui</i>)—to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion.</p> -<p><i>in potestate, in dicione alicuius esse</i>—to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion.</p> -<p><i>qui imperio subiecti sunt</i>—subjects.</p> -<p><i>aliquem ad officium</i> (cf. sect. X. 7, note <i>officium...</i>) <i>reducere</i> (<span class="ref">Nep. Dat. 2. 3</span>)—to reduce a people to their former obedience.</p> -<p><i>aliquem in officio continere</i>—to keep some one in subjection.</p> -<p><i>in officio manere, permanere</i>—to remain in subjection.</p> -<p><i>Asiam in provinciae formam (in provinciam) redigere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 1. 45</span>)—to make Asia into a Roman province.</p> -<p><i>Asia populi Romani facta est</i>—Asia was made subject to Rome.</p> -<p><i>gentem ad internecionem redigere</i> or <i>adducere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 2. 28</span>)—to completely annihilate a nation.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h2 id="Index_XVII">XVII. Shipping</h2> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVII_1">1. Naval Affairs in General</h3> -<p><i>navis actuaria</i>—a cutter.</p> -<p><i>navis longa</i>—a man-of-war.</p> -<p><i>navis oneraria</i>—a transport or cargo-boat.</p> -<p><i>navis mercatoria</i>—a merchantman.</p> -<p><i>oppidum maritimum</i>—a seaport town.</p> -<p><i>navibus plurimum posse</i>—to have a powerful navy.</p> -<p><i>rebus maritimis multum valere</i>—to have a powerful navy.</p> -<p><i>navem, classem aedificare, facere, efficere, instituere</i>—to build a ship, a fleet.</p> -<p><i>navem (classem) armare, ornare, instruere</i>—to equip a boat, a fleet.</p> -<p><i>navem deducere</i> (<i>vid.</i> sect. XII. 1, note <i>Notice too...</i>)—to launch a boat.</p> -<p><i>navem subducere (in aridum)</i>—to haul up a boat.</p> -<p><i>navem reficere</i>—to repair a boat.</p> -<p><i>navem conscendere, ascendere</i>—to embark.</p> -<p><i>exercitum in naves imponere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 22. 19</span>)—to embark an army.</p> -<p><i>milites in terram, in terra exponere</i>—to disembark troops.</p> -<p><i>classiarii</i><a id="FNanchor-XVII_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVII_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 100</span>)—marines.</p> -<p><i>nautae, remiges</i>—sailors, rowers.</p> -<p><i>vectores</i> (<span class="ref">Phil. 7. 9. 27</span>)—passengers.</p> -<p><i>naves annotinae</i>—ships of last year.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVII_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVII_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Also <i>classici milites, classica legio</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 21. 41; 22. 19</span>). The marines were recruited from the lowest classes (<i>capite censi</i>) and from the <i>liberti</i>. The rowers were slaves; the ordinary sailors were <i>socii navales</i>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h3 id="Index_XVII_2">2. Voyage—Shipwreck—Landing</h3> -<p><i>solvere</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 4. 28</span>)—to weigh anchor, sail.</p> -<p><i>navem (naves) solvere</i>—to weigh anchor, sail.</p> -<p><i>ancoram (ancoras) tollere</i>—to weigh anchor, sail.</p> -<p><i>naves ex portu solvunt</i>—the ships sail from the harbour.</p> -<p><i>malacia et tranquillitas</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 3. 15</span>)—a dead calm.</p> -<p><i>vela in altum dare</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 25. 27</span>)—to put to sea.</p> -<p><i>ventum (tempestatem) nancti idoneum ex portu exeunt</i>—the ships sail out on a fair wind.</p> -<p><i>vela facere, pandere</i>—to set the sails.</p> -<p><i>vela dare</i>—to set the sails.</p> -<p><i>vela contrahere</i> (also metaph.)—to furl the sails.</p> -<p><i>oram legere</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 21. 51</span>)—to hug the coast.</p> -<p><i>superare insulam, promunturium</i>—to double an island, cape.</p> -<p><i>ventis reflantibus</i> (<span class="ref">Tusc. 1. 49</span>)—with the wind against one.</p> -<p><i>cursum dirigere aliquo</i>—to set one's course for a place.</p> -<p><i>cursum tenere</i> (opp. <i>commutare</i> and <i>deferri</i>)—to hold on one's course.</p> -<p><i>cursum conficere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 5. 12. 1</span>)—to finish one's voyage.</p> -<p><i>gubernaculum tractare</i>—to steer.</p> -<p><i>clavum tenere</i>—to steer.</p> -<p><i>navem remis agere</i> or <i>propellere</i>—to row.</p> -<p><i>remis contendere</i>—to row hard.</p> -<p><i>navem remis concitare, incitare</i>—to row hard.</p> -<p><i>sustinere, inhibere remos</i> (<span class="ref">De Or. 1. 33</span>)—to stop rowing; to easy.</p> -<p><i>navem retro inhibere</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 13. 21</span>)—to back water.</p> -<p><i>naufragium facere</i>—to be shipwrecked.</p> -<p><i>navis ad scopulos alliditur</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 27</span>)—the ship strikes on the rocks.</p> -<p><i>vento se dare</i>—to run before the wind.</p> -<p><i>in litus eici</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 5. 10</span>)—to be stranded.</p> -<p><i>deferri, deici aliquo</i>—to be driven out of one's course; to drift.</p> -<p><i>tempestate abripi</i>—to be driven out of one's course; to drift.</p> -<p><i>procella (tempestas) aliquem ex alto ad ignotas terras (oras) defert</i>—the storm drives some one on an unknown coast.</p> -<p><i>naufragium colligere</i> (<span class="ref">Sest. 6. 15</span>)—to collect the wreckage.</p> -<p><i>appellere navem (ad terram, litus)</i>—to land (of people).</p> -<p><i>appelli (ad oram)</i> (<span class="ref">Att. 13. 21</span>)—to land (of ships).</p> -<p><i>ancoras iacere</i>—to drop anchor.</p> -<p><i>ancoras tollere</i>—to weigh anchor.</p> -<p><i>naves ad ancoras deligare</i> (<span class="ref">B. G. 4. 29</span>)—to make fast boats to anchors.</p> -<p><i>naves (classem) constituere (in alto)</i>—to make fast boats to anchors.</p> -<p><i>ad ancoram consistere</i>—to ride at anchor.</p> -<p><i>ad ancoras deligari</i>—to ride at anchor.</p> -<p><i>in ancoris esse, stare, consistere</i>—to ride at anchor.</p> -<p><i>exire ex, de navi</i>—to land, disembark.</p> -<p><i>exire, egredi in terram</i>—to land, disembark.</p> -<p><i>escensionem facere</i> (of troops)—to land, disembark.</p> -<p><i>portu, terra prohiberi</i> (<span class="ref">B. C. 3. 15</span>)—to be unable to land.</p> -<p><i>litora ac portus custodia clausos tenere</i>—to keep the coast and harbours in a state of blockade.</p> -<p><i>deperire</i>—to founder, go down.</p> -<p><i>aestu incitato</i>—at high tide.</p> -<p><br /></p> -<p><br /></p> - -<h3 id="Index_XVII_3">3. A Naval Battle</h3> -<p><i>navis praetoria</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 21. 49</span>)—the admiral's ship; the flagship.</p> -<p><i>pugnam navalem facere</i><a id="FNanchor-XVII_3_1"></a><a href="#Footnote-XVII_3_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—to fight a battle at sea.</p> -<p><i>navem expedire</i>—to clear for action.</p> -<p><i>navem rostro percutere</i>—to charge, ram a boat.</p> -<p><i>navem expugnare</i>—to board and capture a boat.</p> -<p><i>navem, classem deprimere, mergere</i>—to sink a ship, a fleet.</p> -<p><i>classes concurrunt</i> (<span class="ref">Liv. 26. 39</span>)—the fleets charge.</p> -<p><i>copulas, manus ferreas (in navem) inicere</i>—to throw grappling irons on board; to board.</p> -<p><i>in navem (hostium) transcendere</i>—to throw grappling irons on board; to board.</p> -<p><i>navem capere, intercipere, deprehendere</i>—to capture a boat.</p> -<p><i>vela armamentaque</i>—sails and rigging.</p> -<p><i>ex eo navium concursu magnum incommodum est acceptum</i>—much damage was done by this collision.</p> -<p><i>navigia speculatoria</i>—reconnoitring-vessels.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<p><a id="Footnote-XVII_3_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor-XVII_3_1"><span class="label">[1</span></a>] For a description of a sea-fight <i>vid.</i> <span class="ref">B. G. iii. 13-16</span>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> -<h2 id="Index_A">APPENDIX</h2> -<p><i>ut ait Cicero</i> (always in this order)—as Cicero says.</p> -<p><i>ut Ciceronis verbis utar</i>—to use Cicero's expression; to say with Cicero (not <i>ut cum Cicerone loquar</i>).</p> -<p><i>ut ita dicam</i>—so to speak (used to modify a figurative expression).</p> -<p><i>ut non (nihil) dicam de...</i>—not to mention...</p> -<p><i>ut plura non dicam</i>—to say nothing further on...</p> -<p><i>ne dicam</i>—not to say... (used in avoiding a stronger expression).</p> -<p><i>ne (quid) gravius dicam</i>—to say the least...</p> -<p><i>ut breviter dicam</i>—to put it briefly.</p> -<p><i>denique</i>—in short; to be brief.</p> -<p><i>ne multa, quid plura? sed quid opus est plura?</i>—in short; to be brief.</p> -<p><i>ut paucis (rem) absolvam</i>—in short; to be brief.</p> -<p><i>ut paucis (brevi, breviter) complectar</i>—in short; to be brief.</p> -<p><i>ut brevi comprehendam</i>—in short; to be brief.</p> -<p><i>ut brevi praecīdam</i>—in short; to be brief.</p> -<p><i>ut eorum, quae dixi, summam faciam</i>—to sum up...</p> -<p><i>ne longum sit</i>—not to be prolix.</p> -<p><i>ne longus, multus sim</i>—not to be prolix.</p> -<p><i>ne diutius vos demorer</i>—not to be prolix.</p> -<p><i>ne in re nota et pervulgata multus sim</i>—not to be diffuse on such a well-known subject.</p> -<p><i>ut levissime dicam</i> (opp. <i>ut gravissimo verbo utar</i>)—to use the mildest expression.</p> -<p><i>ut planius dicam</i>—to express myself more plainly.</p> -<p><i>ut verius dicam</i>—to put it more exactly.</p> -<p><i>ut semel</i> or <i>in perpetuum dicam</i>—to say once for all.</p> -<p><i>ut in eodem simili verser</i>—to use the same simile, illustration.</p> -<p><i>ut hoc utar</i> or <i>afferam</i>—to use this example.</p> -<p><i>dicam quod sentio</i>—I will give you my true opinion.</p> -<p><i>tantum</i> or <i>unum illud</i> or <i>hoc dico</i>—I will only say this much...</p> -<p><i>non nego, non infitior</i>—I do not deny.</p> -<p><i>hoc dici potest de aliqua re</i>—this can be said of..., applies to...</p> -<p><i>hoc cadit in aliquid</i>—this can be said of..., applies to...</p> -<p><i>hoc transferri potest in aliquid</i>—this can be said of..., applies to...</p> -<p><i>dixi quasi praeteriens</i> or <i>in transitu</i>—I said <i>en passant</i>, by the way.</p> -<p><i>sexcenties, millies dixi</i>—I have said it a thousand times.</p> -<p><i>ut supra</i> (opp. <i>infra</i>) <i>diximus, dictum est</i>—as I said above.</p> -<p><i>dici vix (non) potest</i> or <i>vix potest dici</i> (<i>vix</i> like <i>non</i> always before <i>potest</i>)—I cannot find words for...</p> -<p><i>incredibile dictu est</i>—it sounds incredible.</p> -<p><i>supersedeo oratione</i> (not <i>dicere</i>)—I avoid mentioning...; I prefer not to touch upon...</p> -<p><i>omitto dicere</i>—I avoid mentioning...; I prefer not to touch upon...</p> -<p><i>haec habeo dicere</i> or <i>habeo quae dicam</i>—this I have to say.</p> -<p><i>haec (fere) dixit</i>—he spoke (very much) as follows.</p> -<p><i>hanc in sententiam dixit</i>—the tenor of his speech was this...</p> -<p><i>mihi quaedam dicenda sunt de hac re</i>—I have a few words to say on this.</p> -<p><i>quod vere praedicare possum</i>—without wishing to boast, yet...</p> -<p><i>quod non arroganter dixerim</i>—which I can say without offence, arrogance.</p> -<p><i>pace tua dixerim</i> or <i>dicere liceat</i>—allow me to say.</p> -<p><i>bona (cum) venia tua dixerim</i>—allow me to say.</p> -<p><i>non est huius loci</i> c. Inf.—this is not the place to...</p> -<p><i>non est hic locus, ut...</i>—this is not the place to...</p> -<p><i>sed de hoc alias pluribus</i>—more of this another time.</p> -<p><i>atque</i> or <i>sed haec (quidem) hactenus</i>—so much for this subject...; enough has been said on...</p> -<p><i>atque haec quidem de...</i>—so much for this subject...; enough has been said on...</p> -<p><i>ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est</i>—so much for this subject...; enough has been said on...</p> -<p><i>haec (quidem) ille</i>—this much he said.</p> -<p><i>haec Ciceronis fere</i>—this is very much what Cicero said.</p> -<p><i>atque etiam hoc animadvertendum est</i>—there is this also to notice.</p> -<p><i>ad reliqua pergamus, progrediamur</i>—to pass on.</p> -<p><i>hic (ille) locus obscurus est</i>—this passage is obscure.</p> -<p><i>hoc in medio relinquamus</i>—let us leave that undecided.</p> -<p><i>sed lābor longius</i>—but that takes us too far.</p> -<p><i>non id ad vivum reseco</i> (<span class="ref">Lael. 5. 8</span>)—I do not take that too strictly.</p> -<p><i>nonnulla praedīcam</i>—I wish to say a few words in preface.</p> -<p><i>ut omittam</i> c. Accus.—putting aside, except.</p> -<p><i>cum discessi, -eris, -eritis ab</i>—putting aside, except.</p> -<p><i>praeter</i> c. Accus.—putting aside, except.</p> -<p><i>ut praetermittam</i> c. Acc. c. Inf.—to except the fact that...</p> -<p><i>praeterquam quod</i> or <i>nisi quod</i>—to except the fact that...</p> -<p><i>hoc in promptu est</i>—it is clear, evident.</p> -<p><i>hoc in aperto est</i>—it is clear, evident.</p> -<p><i>hoc est luce (sole ipso) clarius</i>—this is as clear as daylight.</p> -<p><i>hoc facile intellegi potest</i>—that is self-evident, goes without saying.</p> -<p><i>hoc per se intellegitur</i>—that is self-evident, goes without saying.</p> -<p><i>hoc sua sponte appāret</i>—that is self-evident, goes without saying.</p> -<p><i>ex quo intellegitur</i> or <i>intellegi potest, debet</i>—from this it appears, is apparent.</p> -<p><i>ex quo perspicuum est</i>—from this it appears, is apparent.</p> -<p><i>inde patet, appāret</i>—from this it appears, is apparent.</p> -<p><i>apparet et exstat</i>—it is quite manifest.</p> -<p><i>exstat atque eminet</i>—it is quite manifest.</p> -<p><i>si quaeris, si verum quaerimus</i>—to put it exactly.</p> -<p><i>id quod maximum, gravissimum est</i>—the main point.</p> -<p><i>quod caput est</i>—the main point.</p> -<p><i>quod maius est</i>—what is more important.</p> -<p><i>testis est, testatur, declarat</i>—this shows, proves...</p> -<p><i>documento, indicio est</i> (without demonstr. pron. but <i>cui rei documento, indicio est</i>)—this shows, proves...</p> -<p><i>sed hoc nihil (sane) ad rem</i>—but this is not to the point.</p> -<p><i>aliquid (<span class="greek">τι</span>) dicis</i> (opp. <i>nihil dicis</i>)—there is something in what you say; you are more or less right.</p> -<p><i>est istuc quidem aliquid</i>—there is something in what you say; you are more or less right.</p> -<p><i>audio, fateor</i>—I admit it, say on.</p> -<p><i>ain tu?</i>—do you think so? are you in earnest?</p> -<p><i>nonne?</i>—is it not so?</p> -<p><i>quorsum haec (dicis)?</i>—what do you mean?</p> -<p><i>male</i> (opp. <i>bene</i>) <i>narras (de)</i>—I am sorry to hear...</p> -<p><i>monstra dicis, narras</i>—it is incredible.</p> -<p><i>clarius loquere</i>—speak up, please.</p> -<p><i>mihi crede</i> (not <i>crede mihi</i>)—believe me.</p> -<p><i>per me licet</i>—I have no objection.</p> -<p><i>rem acu tetigisti</i>—you have hit the nail on the head.</p> -<p><i>ita prorsus existimo</i>—that is exactly what I think.</p> -<p><i>ita res est</i>—it is so.</p> -<p><i>res ita (aliter) se habet</i>—the matter stands so (otherwise).</p> -<p><i>nec mirum, minime mirum (id quidem), quid mirum?</i>—no wonder.</p> -<p><i>neque id mirum est</i> or <i>videri debet</i>—there is nothing strange in that.</p> -<p><i>et recte (iure, merito)</i>—quite rightly.</p> -<p><i>et recte (iure) quidem</i>—quite rightly.</p> -<p><i>recte, iure id quidem</i>—quite rightly.</p> -<p><i>neque immerito (iniuria)</i>—and rightly too.</p> -<p><i>neque id immerito (iniuria)</i>—and rightly too.</p> -<p><i>meo (tuo, suo) iure</i>—with perfect right.</p> -<p><i>iusto iure</i>—with perfect right.</p> -<p><i>iustissime, rectissime</i>—legitimately; with the fullest right.</p> -<p><i>optimo iure</i> (cf. <i>summo iure</i>, sect. XV. 1).—legitimately; with the fullest right.</p> -<p><i>macte virtute</i> (<i>esto</i> or <i>te esse iubeo</i>)—good luck to you.</p> -<p><i>sed manum de tabula!</i>—but enough!</p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Latin Phrase-Book, by -Carl Meissner and Henry William Auden - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATIN PHRASE-BOOK *** - -***** This file should be named 50280-h.htm or 50280-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/2/8/50280/ - -Produced by Carolus Raeticus - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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