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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50ae987 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50200 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50200) diff --git a/old/50200-0.txt b/old/50200-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c0507f0..0000000 --- a/old/50200-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2263 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Brief Account of the Educational -Publishing Business in the United , by William Edmond Pulsifer - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: A Brief Account of the Educational Publishing Business in the United States - -Author: William Edmond Pulsifer - -Release Date: October 13, 2015 [EBook #50200] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PUBLISHING *** - - - - -Produced by Ethan Kent and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - -A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING BUSINESS IN THE UNITED -STATES - - -“The history of a nation,” one dictionary says, “is a systematic record -of past events; especially the record of events in which man has taken -part.” - -The history of the educational publishing business in America -is likewise a systematic record of past events in which man has -taken part. The events of this history include the beginning, the -development, and the wonderful improvement in books and book-making -since 1691, and the men and women who have taken part in these events -are authors and publishers. - -Starr King, the eloquent preacher and orator whose powerful arguments -in 1860 and ’61 aided mightily in saving California for the Union, was -once riding on a very slow train from Boston to New York with a friend, -who asked Mr. King if he were going to fill a New York pulpit on the -following day, which was Sunday. - -“No,” replied the great preacher, “I am not going to fill, but I am -going to rattle ’round in Henry Ward Beecher’s.” - -A comprehensive history of the American educational publishing business -has never been prepared, although a number of writers have produced -interesting and instructive books, booklets, periodical, magazine, -and newspaper articles covering in some detail such portions of this -history as engaged their attention. For instance, Dr. Meriwether -and Professor Johnson have rather thoroughly and with reasonably -satisfactory completeness given us an account of the schoolbooks of -colonial times and of the clumsy and slow process of manufacturing -and distributing them. They have described in considerable detail the -gruesome text matter of these early books, and their ugly and almost -ludicrous illustrations. - -Ford has given us a most interesting and historically valuable account -of the oldest American schoolbook, _The New England Primer_, prepared -and printed by Benjamin Harris of Boston, the second edition appearing -in 1691. This was printed 44 years _after_ Massachusetts had passed a -law requiring each town of fifty householders to “appoint one within -their town to teach all such children as shall resort to him to write -and read.” Others have written of the first Arithmetic, prepared by -Nicholas Pike of Newburyport, Mass., and printed in 1788; of the -first American Geography, written by the Reverend Jedidiah Morse -of Charlestown, Mass., and published at New Haven in 1784; of the -first pedagogical and educational book, written by Christopher Dock, -America’s pioneer writer on education, a second edition of which was -published by Christopher Sower of Philadelphia in 1770. Much has been -written concerning the world-famous Blue Back Speller, prepared by -Dr. Noah Webster and printed at Hartford in 1793; of Peter Parley’s -Geographies, the first of which was published in 1829. Dr. Henry H. -Vail, formerly connected with the American Book Company, has written a -most interesting history of the McGuffey Readers, of which the first -two books of the four-book series were copyrighted in 1836 and the -second two in 1837. - -Then there have been published such books as _The House of Harper_, -which gives the history of a business concern now more than a hundred -years old; a most charmingly written biography of Henry O. Houghton, -the founder of the house now known as the Houghton Mifflin Company; -a memorial volume giving in some detail the story of the life and -activities of Henry Ivison, of the old firm of Ivison, Blakeman, -Taylor & Company; a book giving a rather complete account of several -century-old business houses, including that of Christopher Sower & -Company of Philadelphia; a volume entitled _Fifty Years Among Authors, -Books and Publishers_, by J. C. Derby; _Memories of a Publisher_, by -Major George Haven Putnam; a book on the _Old Schools and School-books -of New England_, by George E. Littlefield, and a brochure published by -G. & C. Merriam Company that gives us some interesting glimpses into -the history of their business and of the men who have published and -distributed to the world the famous Webster dictionaries. - -There are also extant a great many valuable periodical, magazine and -newspaper articles which set forth in some detail accounts of the -founders of other nineteenth century publishing houses, which accounts, -together with what has appeared in book form, make a rather inchoate -but highly valuable mass of data that could and should be compiled and -published as soon as a scholarly man of historical habit can be found -to edit and prepare it for the press. - -Having a knowledge of the facts just stated, you will agree with me -when I say that a writer of a paper to be read in thirty or sixty -minutes on a subject so broad in its scope and so important as the one -assigned me, can’t do more than “rattle ’round” in its field, to quote -Starr King’s figure. If he should try to do more, he would be tempting -the Fates. - -Realizing, as you must, how unsatisfactory the isolated and unrelated -fragments of our history are, do you not feel, as do I, that this -Association should take early steps to find a thoroughly competent man -to prepare for the fraternity of educational publishers a complete -history of their business in America from the day when _The New England -Primer_ was printed in Boston to the present time? - -The attention of people is frequently called to the great march of -progress since colonial days in all that helps to make the world a -better place in which to live. It is truthfully said that both medicine -and surgery have been perfected to such a high degree that the length -of human life greatly has been increased; that sanitary science is -so well understood, and its principles so generally practiced, that -disease germs born in filth no longer exist in such abundance as in the -days when, because of the ignorance or indifference of the majority of -the population, food, air, and water carried these breeders of disease -to their unhappy victims. We are reminded of the electric light, the -telegraph, the wireless, the ocean cable, and the telephone; of the -leviathan of the ocean--the great and palatial steamship that crosses -the Atlantic in five days; of the aeroplane that has demonstrated -its ability to fly across seas, oceans, and wide expanses of land, -carrying passengers and mail at a speed almost inconceivable; of the -transcontinental lines of railroad that transport people in comfort -from ocean to ocean in six or seven days; of the splendid specimens of -art housed in our great museums; of the beautiful homes, the really -elegant school and college buildings, the great business structures -planned by architects as skilled as any the world has produced since -the days of the Greeks and the Moors; of the sewing machine, the -reaper, the steam plow, the powerful motor truck, and the automobile; -of the mighty steel bridges that span our wide rivers; and, in view of -all this, we are told by the historian and the philosopher that the -last century has been the Golden Age of the world, that all this has -brought man a little closer to God, and God a little closer to man. - -The twentieth century school or college textbook, and the means -employed in making it, evidence a progress in the art of book-making -and the character of the book made equally wonderful; for the modern -educational publication differs in content and format from the textbook -of the early days even more than the modern schoolhouse from the log -cabin used a century or two ago to shelter the unfortunate youngsters -who shivered and suffered therein while they were receiving such poor -instruction as ignorant masters and dames could give them. - -But there are a great number of people in this country, some of -whom find their way into State, County, City, and Township Boards -of Education, who cannot be made to believe that a textbook of this -day and generation is very much, if any, better than the textbook -of a century or even a half century ago. To their minds one book is -practically as good as another, no matter whether modern or old. This, -of course, is like saying that the ugly chromos that adorned (?) the -walls of the parlors of country and many city homes fifty years ago -were as useful and beautiful as works of art as the artistic, oils, -etchings, and water-colors that one may now see commonly in the city -and country homes of cultured people. - -The New York _Sun_ said editorially, May 16, 1915, “Advance in the -United States in its schools and improvement in the textbooks have been -as great as in any other phase of American life.” _The New England -Journal_ of June 24, 1909, said substantially the same thing in -slightly different language, but in addition this: “The modern sewer -system is no greater improvement over that of 1840 than the examples -and problems contained in modern arithmetics over those printed as of -that date.” - -In what respects does the modern schoolbook differ markedly -from its forebears of the eighteenth and the first half of the -nineteenth centuries? A careful examination and inspection of the -new in comparison with the old convinces one that the new differs -radically from the old in (1) content, including both text matter and -illustrations; (2) typography and printing; (3) binding; (4) maps; -(5) size; and altogether in its much greater attractiveness as an -educational instrument. - -Allow me to take a snapshot or two at some of the peculiar text matter -printed in the American schoolbooks of the eighteenth and nineteenth -centuries, in order that I may more clearly emphasize the contrast -between the new and the old. I pass over the text of _The New England -Primer_ with its - - In Adam’s fall - We sinned all. - - Zaccheus he - Did climb a tree, - Our Lord to see. - -and - - A dog will bite - A thief at night, - -reminding you only that the bulk of the book was composed of extracts -from the Bible, of hymns, and of moral teachings; that the backbone -of this book--misnamed a primer, for it was not a primer at all as -we now understand the term--was the Westminster Assembly’s Shorter -Catechism, which Cotton Mather called “a little watering-pot to shed -good lessons”; and lastly, that this primer was the only reader that -children had until they were able to read the Bible. As dreadful as -many of the doctrines taught in the Westminster Assembly’s Shorter -Catechism were, Cotton Mather urged writing masters to set sentences -from it to be copied by their pupils. - -Comparing itself with this earliest American schoolbook, the modern -primer might, in the language of Chaucer, say without being guilty of -immodesty: - - “O little booke, thou art so onconning, - How darst thou put thyself in prees for drede?” - -George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends, published in 1674 a -Primer in England. This was republished in Philadelphia in 1701, in -Boston in 1743, and in Newport in 1769. The book was not much used -except by Friends. - -The text matter of Jonathan Fisher’s _A Youth’s Primer_, printed -in 1817, followed closely the text of _The New England Primer_. It -contained a series of short stories in alphabetical order, each -followed by a religious, moral, or historical observation. The poor -youngsters who were forced to read, day after day, from the pages of -these early books, whose text matter was certainly lugubrious and -distressing, were constantly reminded of death, the grave, a wrathful -God, and a burning hell prepared for the wicked. - -The text matter of the early Arithmetics, while not as gruesome as that -of the Readers, was in many respects so peculiar as to be quite beyond -the understanding of the twentieth century teacher. Allow me to call -your attention to two or three of the puzzling things contained in “Old -Pike,” as his Arithmetic was commonly known. - - When tare and tret and doff are allowed: - - Deduct the tare and tret, and divide the suttle by 168, and the - quotient will be the cloff, which subtract from the suttle, and - the remainder will be the neat. - -These definitions will help you to understand the old terms: - - _Tare_ is an allowance, made to the buyer, for the weight of the - box, barrel, or bag which contains, the goods bought. - - _Tret_ is an allowance of 4 lbs. in every 104 lbs. for waste, - dust, etc. - - _Cloff_ is an allowance of 2 lbs. upon every 3 cwt. - - _Suttle_ is, when part of the allowance is deducted. - - _Neat_ weight is what remains after all allowances are made. - -The following rule is another of Pike’s puzzles. This tells how to find -the Gregorian Epact: - - Subtract 11 from the Julian Epact. If the subtraction cannot - be made, add 30 to the Julian Epact, then subtract, and the - remainder will be the Gregorian Epact. If nothing remains, the - Epact is 29. - -You doubtless remember that an epact is the excess of the solar year -over the twelve lunar months, or about eleven days. - -In Walsh’s _Mercantile Arithmetic_, published in 1807, there is an -example that certainly would not have pleased Neal Dow. This is the -problem: - - If 8 boarders drink a barrel of cider in 12 days, how long would - it last if 4 more came among them? - -I quote another problem that must surely have sent the distracted -teacher to her dictionary for first aid to the tormented: - - How much will 189 bazar maunds (a maund = 82.14 lbs.) 31 seer (a - seer = 2.06 lbs.) 8 chattacks (a chattack = 1/16 of a seer, or 2 - oz.) of sugar come to, at 6 rupees per maund? - -One arithmetic maker, Jacob Willetts, of Poughkeepsie, set many of his -problems in rhyme; for instance, - - When first the marriage knot was ty’d - Between my wife and me, - My age was to that of my bride, - As three times three to three. - But now when ten, and half ten years - We man and wife have been, - Her age to mine exactly bears, - As eight is to sixteen; - Now tell, I pray, from what I’ve said, - What were our ages when we wed? - - _Ans._--Thy age, when marry’d, must have been - Just forty-five; thy wife’s fifteen. - -Dillworth’s _Schoolmaster’s Assistant_, first published in London in -1774 and reprinted in Philadelphia in 1769, and considerably used in -the colonies, contains two examples which the author called “Pleasant -and Diverting Questions.” The first is as follows: - - A farmer with a fox, a goose and a bag of corn has to cross a - river in a boat so small that he can take only two of these three - burdens with him at a time. How can he so handle matters that - nothing will be destroyed, because he cannot leave the fox and - the goose together, nor can he leave the goose and the corn. - -The next was an example, the solution of which might possibly be of -practical help to distressed husbands: - - Three jealous husbands, each with a wife, meet on a river bank. - How are they to cross so that none of the wives is left in the - company of one or two men unless her husband is also present? - -As poor, from our point of view, as most of these old Arithmetics were, -George Washington cordially recommended Pike’s as “of great assistance -to children desiring to learn the art of figuring.” The pages in many -of these early books were printed like those in the Adams, a copy -of which I am able to show you, issued in 1814 at Keene, N. H. The -text matter, as you see, occupies but a small part of the page, the -rest being left to be filled with the solutions of problems that the -children had first worked out on smooth shingles, scraps of paper, -or slates, and then copied neatly on the pages where the solutions -belonged. All these printed books were, of course, a great improvement -over the Master’s notebook of an earlier time, from which rules and -problems were copied by the children, they not possessing a printed -text. - -Note.--(1) In the library of Mr. George Plimpton are more than 300 -different Arithmetics printed before 1601, the largest collection ever -brought together. - -Note.--(2) These old arithmeticians are responsible for what we know as -the one-sixth discount, for they advertised their books at, say, $10.00 -the dozen, the single copy $1.00. - -Note.--(3) They were the pioneers in collecting and printing before the -prefaces of their books, as Adams did before his preface, complimentary -testimonials of their books--a practice that the modern publisher would -hardly dare to follow. - -If the text matter of the early Readers was in many cases gruesome and -distressing in its effect upon the youthful mind, and the explanations, -rules, and problems in early Arithmetics were at times ludicrous and -extremely puzzling, it is also the fact that much of the text printed -in the first American Geographies was ridiculous because the writers -frequently indulged their imaginations at the expense of geographical -fact. Let me quote two or three examples showing how imagination played -havoc with the truth. Dwight’s _Question and Answer Geography_, printed -at Hartford in 1798, contains the following: - - Q. What are the customs and diversions of the Irish? - - A. There are a few customs existing in Ireland peculiar to this - country; these are their funeral howlings and presenting their - corpses in the streets to excite the charity of strangers, their - convivial meetings on Sunday, and dancing to bagpipes, which are - usually attended with quarreling. - -Even the scholarly Morse, the author of the first Geography printed in -the United States, indulges in some picturesque flights of imagination, -as when he writes that the great men of the Friendly Islands “are fond -of a singular kind of luxury, which is, to have women sit beside them -all night, and beat on different parts of their body until they go to -sleep; after which, they relax a little of their labour, unless they -appear likely to wake; in which case they redouble their exertions, -until they are again fast asleep.” A careful reading of Mariner’s -_Account of the Friendly Islands_, a book published by John Murray & -Sons in London in 1817, thirty-four years after Morse published his -first Geography, reveals no account of any such custom, and Mariner -lived in the Friendly Islands for a number of years. - -Adams declares in his Geography, published in 1814, that “the White -Mountains are the highest, not only in New Hampshire, but in the -United States.” Of course he was speaking of the United States of -1814,--territory consisting of the original thirteen states and -Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Louisiana, admitted at the time when -Adams wrote his book,--but he evidently didn’t know that Mt. Mitchell -in North Carolina, the highest peak east of the Mississippi, is more -than 400 feet higher than the mountain that bears Washington’s name. - -If the geographers drew upon their imaginations when describing the -physical features of the country, so also did the statesmen. That -great apostle of democracy, Thomas Jefferson, sent a communication to -Congress after the Louisiana Purchase, conveying what he considered -good information about the new possession. The most curious statement -in this strange document was about the mountain of salt. He informed -Congress that this mountain was said to be 180 miles long, 45 miles -wide, and all of white, glittering salt, with salt rivers flowing from -cavities at the base. In all probability Lewis and Clark disillusioned -Mr. Jefferson in 1806, when they returned from their trip to the -Pacific coast and gave accurate descriptions of the country they had -traversed. - -The first English Grammar written in America was prepared by Professor -Jones, a mathematical professor, as Dr. Chandler tells me, at William -and Mary College. This book was written about 1703 and was printed -in London. Only one copy of this grammar is now known, and that is -contained in a London collection. Another book was prepared by Caleb -Bingham, the first edition of which was printed in 1799. It was called -_The Young Lady’s Accidence_. This was the first English Grammar used -in the Boston schools. Its only predecessor used in this country was -Part II of Webster’s _Grammatical Institute_. - -Lindley Murray left his native country and settled in England in 1784. -The following year he wrote and published in England his _Grammar of -the English Language_. This Grammar was the standard textbook for fifty -years throughout England and America. - -The illustrations in the early schoolbooks were as bad or worse than -the text matter. They were not only entirely lacking in artistic -quality, but, worse than that, they frequently pictured horrible -things that the child during his school day had constantly under -his observation. What twentieth century publisher would dare to -use illustrations in Readers, Geographies, or any other textbooks, -picturing the burning of an unfortunate victim at the stake, a widow -burning on the funeral pyre of her husband, or the bloody details of an -Indian massacre? And yet these awful things are pictured in a Geography -not yet a hundred years old. - -Nearly all the books that appeared prior to 1840 were printed from -type, for neither the stereotype nor the electrotype plate was in use -before that time. Dr. Vail tells us that the early editions of the -McGuffey Readers, copyrighted, as I have said, in 1836 and 1837, were -so printed. The type impressions of the limited editions were clear and -distinct for the most part. Whether these impressions would have been -clear had as large and as many editions been printed from standing type -as we now print from plates, is of course a matter of conjecture. - -It is not necessary to remind you that publishers may to-day furnish a -duplicate set of plates to any concern on earth desiring to reproduce -one of their books, and that the book may be reprinted by the purchaser -without the bother and expense of resetting the type; but the printer -of the early days was not so fortunate, for if a concern in New York -wished to reprint and sell a book originally printed in Boston, he was -obliged to reset it, taking as copy the Boston production. - -You remember that stereotyping was not perfected by Stanhope until -1800, and that stereotype plates were not used in the manufacturing of -schoolbooks until a later date, but that they were commonly used before -electrotyping came into general use about 1860, though the Harpers -used electrotyping in 1840 to duplicate wood cuts; that wood engraving -was used in Europe in 1830, but much earlier in China; that copper -engraving was used as early as 1450; that steel engraving was invented -by Perkins, of Newburyport, Mass., in 1814; that the three-color -process plate was first made by Frederick Ives of Philadelphia in 1881, -but that the development of color work in schoolbooks has been within -the last forty years. - -You recall the fact that the Adams or flat press was largely used -until 1875; that the first flat-bed cylinder press used in America was -a Napier brought from England in 1825; that in 1860 William Bullock -began to experiment on a rotary self-feeding or web printing press, and -finally achieved success in 1865. The web rotary press, as we know, can -turn out about ten times as much work in a given time as the flat-bed -cylinder press. Considering the fact that many millions of textbooks -are now printed annually, requiring the service of high power rotary -presses to print their sheets in season for use, is it not indeed -fortunate for the educational world that human skill has perfected such -a really wonderful instrument as this great machine, so splendidly -equipped for the accomplishment of this gigantic task? - -The binding of books until a comparatively recent date was entirely -done by hand. The process was so slow that only a few books could be -bound in a day, even by the largest establishment. Folding machines -were not used by binders until 1875, rounding and backing machines -until about 1888, sewing machines and case-making machines until about -1890, gathering machines until about 1895, casing-in machines until -about 1900. It is well known to you that a modern bindery in which -up-to-date machinery is installed is able to produce per day from -20,000 to 60,000 three-hundred-page sewed books of octavo size. It -is therefore evident that there has been as wonderful an improvement -in the method of binding books in the last century as in the method -of printing them, and that the output of a modern bindery is now so -enormous that it would have made the heads of the early hand binders -dizzy just to think of it. - -_The New England Primer_ was, of course, bound by hand. Its covers were -of thin oak that cracked and splintered badly with use, in spite of -the coarse blue paper that was pasted over the wood. The back was of -leather. Neither back nor sides had any printing on them. Yet, despite -its ugly appearance, this book has had a sale of at least two million -copies since Harris first printed it in or before 1691. - -The binding of the old Blue Back Speller until 1829 consisted of back -of leather and sides of thin oaken boards pasted over with a dull blue -paper. “Blue paper of a somewhat brighter tint,” says Johnson, “was -used on the later editions, which gave rise to the name _Blue Back_.” -This book, as you know, has enjoyed a sale larger than that of any -other schoolbook ever made in this or any other country--a sale which -Mr. Appleton has recently told me has reached the stupendous figure of -sixty-four millions of copies. - -Adams’ Arithmetic, which I have shown you, you observe was covered with -leather pasted over a very thin pasteboard. It had no headbands, and -its sheets were stitched by hand. Leather binding on the larger books, -Dr. Vail tells us, persisted for a number of years after the beginning -of the nineteenth century. This gentleman informs us that the First -Reader of the original McGuffey series made a thin 18mo book of 72 -pages, having green paper covered sides. - -Peter Parley’s _Method of Telling About Geography_, published in -1829, was a thin, square little book with leather back and flexible -pasteboard sides. His _National Geography_, published in 1845, was the -earliest to take the large, flat quarto shape. This form enabled it to -include good-sized maps and do away with the necessity for a separate -atlas. - -Cover designs were not used until quite late in the nineteenth century, -and of course books whose covers bore no designs of any sort were far -less attractive than those bound to-day. - -In 1874, under the direction of Mr. James McNally, of Rand McNally -& Company, that concern began the publication of atlases, pocket -and large wall maps. In 1872, the Company had introduced the then -new relief line engraving process for making maps--a process which -revolutionized the methods of that day and cut the cost of production -by several hundred per cent. Maps that can now be bought for from 25 -cents to $1.00 each used to cost, under the old method of map making, -all the way from $5.00 to $10.00 apiece. The modern map, well and -thoroughly made, records faithfully every fact concerning the surface -of the earth now known to man, and there is very little about it that -scholarly geographers do not now know. In addition to the modern map’s -accuracy, it is as much more attractive than its forebears to the eye -as the beautiful color pictures now used in textbooks are seen to be -when compared with the muddy wood cuts that appeared in schoolbooks a -century or more ago. - -It is not necessary for me to speak in such a presence as this of -the contents of modern schoolbooks in order to point out how vastly -superior in every respect they are to the contents of books of the -earlier days. It would be a work of supererogation for me to comment at -length, for instance, upon the character of the literature now included -in reading books, or to note the scientific work that is now commonly -done in the preparation of one of the most difficult books to prepare, -namely, the primer, whose text matter and vocabulary are so splendidly -adapted to the capacity of the young child, and whose illustrations -picture his pets, his toys, his games, his playmates, and other things -with which he is thoroughly familiar. I asked a literary friend to pick -out a half dozen of the choicest selections of literature that he knew -in modern readers. He replied as follows: - -“Even a cursory survey of modern school readers soon reveals that no -period in the whole world’s literature has been neglected as a source -of selection. We have majestic passages from the Bible, Shakespeare, -Milton, Bacon, and Bunyan. The later centuries of English literature -afford the names of Sir Walter Scott, Wordsworth, Shelley, Browning, -Dickens, Thackeray, and on to Tennyson and Stevenson. The early -classic American period contributes freely from Longfellow, Lowell, -Emerson, Thoreau, and Irving, and our early patriots and philosophers -like Washington, Patrick Henry, Franklin, and Lincoln, live to-day -in the school readers. Even our modern authors have their place. -James Whitcomb Riley, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Joel -Chandler Harris, and a score of others are no strangers to the child -who has in his possession a school reader of the present day. If these -were not enough, we have occasional excursions into the Greek and Roman -myths, and for the little people touches of the fascinating German and -Scandinavian folklore. - -“Most wonderful of all, however, is the skill of the editors and -publishers of these modern readers in selecting from this world-wide -galaxy of authors just the particular poem, tale, or episode that the -childish mind can assimilate and digest, and thus be left not only with -an introduction to these famous authors, but better yet with a desire -to know more of them.” - -Recently it was my pleasure to examine the illustrations in a set of -modern school readers. I found in them a number of pictures beautifully -done in color, copied from some of the masterpieces of world-famous -artists, as, for instance, _The Age of Innocence_, by Reynolds, _The -Blue Boy_, Gainsborough, _The Melon Eaters_, Murillo, _Portrait of a -Man_, Franz Hals, _King David_, Rubens, _Mona Lisa_, Leonardo da Vinci, -_The Tapestry Weavers_, Velasquez, _The Architect_, Rembrandt, as well -as many others made from drawings cleverly done by artists of manifest -ability. The pictures in this series of readers were evidently selected -with as much care as the text, which contained selections of high -literary value. - -“If I were asked,” said James Russell Lowell, “what book is better than -a cheap book, I should answer that there is one book better than a -cheap book, and that is a book honestly come by.” - -Prior to the enactment of state copyright laws, the first of which was -passed by Connecticut in 1783 and the last of which were enacted by -Georgia and New York in 1786, and the passage of a national copyright -law by Congress in 1790, literary property had no protection whatever -against piracy. Printers could help themselves _ad lib._ to books of -all kinds turned out by other printers. Dr. Noah Webster, realizing the -danger to an author arising from such piracy, labored diligently for -many years to secure the enactment of a copyright law. He pleaded that -the Constitution of the United States authorized Congress to “promote -the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times -to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective -writings and discoveries.” - -Previous to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787, the nation -had no power to act, but on Madison’s motion Congress in May, 1783, -recommended the states to pass acts securing copyright for fourteen -years. Dr. Webster traveled from state to state, urging members of -legislatures to secure the passage of copyright laws in their states, -and some thirteen states did pass such laws prior to the national act; -but when Congress finally took action in the matter, Webster’s work -was done. It was to his great advantage and that of all authors who -have produced books subsequent to 1790 that a national law preventing -the stealing of literary property was passed. To Noah Webster and his -successful work in securing the enactment of a national copyright law, -the literary world owes a great debt. - -The international copyright bill passed Congress March 3, 1891, thanks -to the diligent and unceasing labors of Mr. W. W. Appleton, the present -President of the Copyright League, Major George Haven Putnam, its -Secretary, and Robert Underwood Johnson. - -It is my hope that this brief and most incomplete historical sketch -will convince us afresh of the truth of such almost axiomatic -statements as that made in the New York _Sun_ in 1915, namely, that -the advance in the United States in textbooks has been as great as in -any other phase of American life. Large credit is due both to authors -and to publishers for this really wonderful advancement, for both -have keenly realized the truth of Disraeli’s epigram which declared -that “the youth of a nation are the trustees of posterity,” and have -labored diligently to place in the hands of this youth books sound in -their pedagogy, accurate as to facts, inspiring in their influence, and -as attractive as possible in their appearance, to the end that these -trustees of posterity may be sent from the schools full armed to cope -successfully with ignorance, foolish and dangerous theories concerning -religious and political life, and all other evils that now or in the -future may menace our civilization. - -The immortal Milton declared that “a good book is the precious life -blood of a master spirit.” It has been and will continue to be the -happy privilege of the publisher to clothe the good book of the master -spirit in a style befitting its character, and to place it within -the reach of those who should have its message. That the educational -publisher is doing that work with much greater skill now than at any -time during the past two centuries is manifest; that he will, as time -grows apace, do it increasingly better, who can doubt? - - - - -A BRIEF HISTORY OF AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS - - -Allow me to close this paper by giving a brief record of the -organization of the houses now engaged in educational publishing, -mentioning the titles of some of the earlier textbooks produced. In -this brief record I have considered the history of these houses in -chronological sequence rather than in alphabetical order, beginning -with the earliest American house engaged in textbook publishing. - - -CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY.--Christopher Sower (Saür), the founder -of this house, issued in 1733 as his first venture in publishing, a -_schoolbook_ entitled _Ein A B C und Buchstabier Buch_. In 1747 he -published a German and English Grammar; in 1750, _The Golden A B C, -or the School of Knowledge in Rhymes_ (English translation of German -title); in 1771, _The New England Primer, Enlarged_. Although he began -publishing in German, he was soon printing in both German and English, -and he issued from six to twelve books a year until his death. His most -important educational publication was _Die Schul-Ordnung_, written -by Christopher Dock, a remarkable schoolmaster in Montgomery County, -Pennsylvania. This is known as the first American treatise on school -teaching. - -In 1758 Christopher Sower was succeeded by his son, Christopher -Sower, 2nd, and he by his son, Samuel. In 1799 another son, David, -Sr., took charge of the business. In 1842 Charles G., son of David, -Jr., succeeded his father. In 1888, 150 years after the founding, the -firm was incorporated as the Christopher Sower Company, with Charles -D. Sower as President. In 1910 the officers were: Albert M. Sower, -President; James L. Pennypacker, Vice President; Daniel B. Hassan, -Secretary and Treasurer. - - -LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY, INC.--This business began as a retail store -started by Ebenezer Battelle in Boston in 1784. Four years later the -concern issued its first book and became a publisher in the strict -sense of the word. From 1784 to 1913 there was a succession of partners -entering and leaving the organization, and in the early days the name -of the house was changed frequently, according to the changes in -partnership. The name of Little & Brown was adopted in 1830, when James -Brown and Charles C. Little owned the business. James Brown may more -truly be called the founder of the present house than any other one -man. In 1898 Little, Brown & Company absorbed the successful publishing -firm of Roberts Brothers of Boston, thereby securing a large -miscellaneous line, including the works of Louisa Alcott. In 1913 the -house was incorporated as Little, Brown & Company, Inc., without change -in the personnel of the organization. - -The present educational enterprise of this company was started in -May, 1904, and the first two schoolbooks of the present list were a -school edition of _The Man Without a Country_, and the series known -as the _Wide Awake Readers_. Little, Brown & Company are known as the -publishers of Bancroft’s _History of the United States_, also of Daniel -Webster’s works. - - -BENZIGER BROTHERS.--This firm was founded in 1792 in Einsiedeln, -Switzerland, by Joseph Charles Benziger. In 1883, he was succeeded by -his sons, Charles and Nicholas Benziger. - -In 1853, the New York house was founded. J. N. Adelrich Benziger, a -son of Charles, and Louis, a son of Nicholas, took charge of the New -York house. The American firm is now entirely independent of its parent -house in Switzerland. In 1860 a branch house was opened in Cincinnati, -Ohio. In 1880, Nicholas C. Benziger became a partner. His father, -Nicholas, was a partner in Einsiedeln, and was the son of Nicholas -mentioned above. In 1887, a branch house was opened in Chicago. In -1894, Louis G. Benziger, son of Louis, became a partner, retiring in -1914. In 1912 Xavier N. Benziger, and in 1919 Bernard A. Benziger, both -sons of Nicholas C., became partners. - -This firm has been publishing schoolbooks since 1860. From 1874 to 1877 -the _Gilmour Readers_ were published. _The Catholic National Readers_ -were brought out in the years 1889-1894. _The New Century Catholic -Readers_ were issued from 1903 to 1905. The house has also published -a _History of the United States_ in two volumes, an _Elementary -Geography_, _Advanced Geography_, and two series of Arithmetics. - -The present partners of the firm are Nicholas C. Benziger and his sons, -Xavier N. and Bernard A. Benziger. - - -BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO.--Mr. Young, the present President of this -organization, writes: - -“The records of the family tree of the Sanborn publications go back -into the eighteenth century. The predecessors of the present concern -appear to have been in the textbook business from the beginning, and -to have specialized in English grammars. The earliest trace we have -is of the publication of Staniford’s _Short but Comprehensive Grammar -Rendered Simple and Easy by Familiar Questions and Answers Adapted to -the Capacity of Youth_. This was printed by Mannering & Loring, of -Boston, January, 1797. Later came _The Elements of English Grammar_ by -Adoniram Judson in 1808. Following Mannering & Loring came the firm of -Loring & Edmunds. They were the publishers of Lindley Murray’s Grammar. -Following Loring & Edmunds came Robert S. Davis, then Robert S. Davis -& Company, then Leach, Shewell & Sanborn, and now Benj. H. Sanborn & -Company. - -“In addition to the Lindley Murray Grammar, one of the notable -achievements of the predecessors of Benj. H. Sanborn & Company was the -publication of the Greenleaf Arithmetics. The first contract for these -books goes back to 1832. Greenleaf, by the way, a Maine teacher, sold -the copyright of his first book for $10,000 in gold. This was more -money than Greenleaf had ever seen before in his life, and he at once -took the boat to Boston to deposit it.” - - -JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.--Charles Wiley established the business in -1807. John Wiley came into it as a clerk in 1820 and continued until -1890. He had associated with him at various times George Palmer Putnam, -Mr. Long, and Robert Halsted. The concern became John Wiley & Sons in -1865. Major William H. Wiley entered it in 1875, and W. O. Wiley in -1890. The house was incorporated in 1904. - -The first educational publication was a _History of the United States_, -which was issued by the founder of the house just after the War of -1812, and contained an account of that war. The first technical book -was published in 1819, entitled _A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri_, -by Henry R. Schoolcraft. - - -HARPER & BROTHERS.--This house was founded in 1817 by John Harper, -Wesley Harper, James Harper, and Fletcher Harper. Harper & Brothers -began to publish educational books in 1836, the title of their -first publication being Professor Anthon’s Classical Series. Some -of their most notable educational books are the Harper Geographies, -Harper’s United States Series of Readers, Harper’s Arithmetics, -Rolfe’s Shakespeare, Swinton’s Language Books, Green’s _Short History -of the English People_, Harper’s Greek and Latin texts. In 1890 or -thereabouts, the American Book Company bought the educational list of -Harper & Brothers. - -James Harper, the oldest brother of the original four Harpers, was -elected Mayor of New York City in 1844. He originated the idea of the -magazine, and Fletcher, who was an unusually fine business man, the -idea of _Harper’s Weekly_. - - -D. APPLETON & COMPANY.--Mr. Daniel Appleton, who was a dry goods -merchant in Boston, moved and established himself in business in New -York in 1825. He began the bookselling business at 16 Exchange Place -by the importation of editions of English books. The bookselling -business was soon carried on by Daniel Appleton’s eldest son, William -H. Appleton. The first book published in this country by Mr. Appleton -was a little volume entitled _Crumbs from the Master’s Table_, issued -in 1831. William H. Appleton became a partner with his father in 1838, -and the firm became D. Appleton & Company. In 1848, Daniel Appleton -retired, and William H. and his brother, John A. Appleton, became -partners in the business. Daniel Appleton died in 1849. His son, Daniel -Sidney Appleton, became a partner in 1849, and later George S. Appleton -and Samuel Francis Appleton, also sons of Daniel Appleton, became -partners. D. Appleton & Company was incorporated in 1897. Mr. W. W. -Appleton writes: - -“I cannot give the exact time when educational books were first issued, -but somewhat late in the 1830’s a number of such works were published, -some of them in foreign languages--French, Spanish, and German--and -in the 40’s several more were added. In the 1850’s the educational -list became much more important and included Cornell’s Series of -Geographies, Quackenbos’s standard textbooks, Perkins’ Arithmetics, -Mandeville’s Readers, and a great number of educational books in the -Spanish language. One of the most interesting publications was Noah -Webster’s _Elementary Spelling Book_, which was originally issued in -Hartford as the first part of _A Grammatical Institute of the English -Language_. D. Appleton & Company secured the publication of Webster’s -_Speller_ in 1855, and it sold nearly a million copies a year up to the -beginning of the Civil War.” - - -VAN ANTWERP, BRAGG & COMPANY.--The original firm of which this company -was the successor was Truman & Smith, organized about 1834 by William -B. Truman and Winthrop B. Smith. On June 2, 1834, this house published -an _Introduction to Ray’s Eclectic Arithmetic_. It was the firm’s first -schoolbook. Mr. Truman retiring, Mr. Smith carried on the business -of educational publishing in the second story over a small shop on -Main Street, Cincinnati. He was the sole proprietor of the McGuffey -Readers and his other publications from 1841 until about 1852. He then -admitted, as partners, Edward Sargent and Daniel Bartow Sargent, his -wife’s brothers, and the firm name became W. B. Smith & Co. - -Mr. Smith made an arrangement with Clark, Austin & Smith, of New -York, to become the Eastern publishers of the McGuffey Readers, and -a duplicate set of plates was sent to New York. From these plates, -editions of the Readers were manufactured, largely at Claremont, N. H., -bearing on the title page the imprint of Clark, Austin & Smith. The -Smith of this firm was Cornelius Smith, a brother of Winthrop B. Smith. - -Mr. W. B. Smith retiring, a new firm under the name of Sargent, Wilson -& Hinkle was organized April 20, 1863, with Edward Sargent, Obed J. -Wilson, and Anthony H. Hinkle as partners, and with W. B. Smith and -D. B. Sargent as special partners. In 1866, Mr. Lewis Van Antwerp was -admitted as a partner, and on April 20, 1868, the firm of Sargent, -Wilson & Hinkle was dissolved. Mr. Sargent retired, and the new firm, -Wilson, Hinkle & Co., bought all the assets. Mr. Caleb Bragg in 1871 -became a partner in Wilson, Hinkle & Co. On April 20, 1877, the firm -of Wilson, Hinkle & Co. was dissolved, and the business was purchased -by the new firm, Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., of which Lewis Van Antwerp, -Caleb S. Bragg, Henry H. Vail, Robert F. Leaman, A. Howard Hinkle, and -Henry T. Ambrose were the partners. - -Mr. Van Antwerp retired January 22, 1890, just previous to the sale -of the copyrights and plates owned by the firm to the American Book -Company. The four active partners in that firm, each of whom had been -in the schoolbook business some twenty-five years, entered the employ -of the American Book Company. Mr. Bragg and Mr. Hinkle remained in -charge of the Cincinnati business, Dr. Vail and Mr. Ambrose went to New -York, the former as Editor-in-chief, the latter at first as Treasurer, -but later he became the President of the Company. - -The most notable books published by these several firms, preceding -and including Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., were McGuffey’s Readers and -Speller, Ray’s Arithmetics, and Harvey’s Grammars. - - -G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY.--The business was started in 1831, but the -publication of Webster’s Dictionary was not undertaken until 1843. -The founders were the brothers, George and Charles Merriam, and the -original copartnership style was G. & C. Merriam. In 1856 Homer Merriam -joined the other brothers, with no change in the firm style. - -In 1882 the firm name was changed to G. & C. Merriam & Company, and -at that time Orlando M. Baker and H. Curtis Rowley were admitted to -partnership. In 1892 the copartnership was changed to a corporation, -styled G. & C. Merriam Company. George Merriam, one of the founders -of the company, died shortly before 1882, and about that time Charles -Merriam retired from the firm. Thereafter the active management of -the business devolved upon Mr. Baker and Mr. Rowley. Later Mr. K. N. -Washburn was made one of the Managers. Mr. Baker died in 1914, and at -the present time the active management of the business is in the hands -of Mr. Rowley, Mr. Baker’s two sons, A. G. Baker and H. W. Baker, and -Mr. Washburn. - -The original firm of G. & C. Merriam, shortly after becoming -established in 1831, began publishing educational books in a small way. -The first of these publications seem to have been a series of school -readers, _The Child’s Guide_, _Village Reader_, etc. For many years, -however, and probably almost from the time that they acquired the -rights in Webster’s Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam and their successors -have confined their publications to the Genuine Webster Dictionaries. - - -WILLIAM H. SADLIER.--The founder of the business was Denis Sadlier, who -organized a general Catholic publishing house in 1835. In 1841, James, -the brother of Denis, was admitted to partnership, the firm name being -D. & J. Sadlier & Co. Upon the death of the original partners, the firm -was continued by James F., the son of Denis Sadlier. - -In 1872, William H. Sadlier left the old firm and started a purely -textbook publishing house. His first books were the Excelsior -Geographies, followed shortly by the Excelsior Histories and Readers, -and then a general line of Catholic textbooks. William H. Sadlier died -in 1877 and the business was continued by his widow, Annie M. Sadlier, -who still lives and who may rightfully claim to be the original -business woman of New York. A law had to be passed in the Assembly -permitting her to do business under her husband’s name. Mrs. Sadlier -retired about ten years ago, and the business is now being conducted -by her son, Frank X. Sadlier, of the third generation. The surviving -textbooks of the original firm are now being published by the firm of -William H. Sadlier, which is the lineal successor of the original firm -of D. & J. Sadlier & Company. - - -G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS.--This firm was founded in 1837 by the late George -Palmer Putnam, who was born at Brunswick, Maine, in 1814 and died -in 1872. The London House was established in 1841. Some years after -the death of Mr. George Palmer Putnam, the firm was changed into a -corporation under the laws of the State of New York. Since 1880, the -President of the corporation has been Major George Haven Putnam, who -was born in London in 1844. - -Educational books, that is to say, books for the use of higher -grade students, have been included in the Putnam list, but common -school books have not been included. The first book coming under the -description of “educational” published by the house was _The Tabular -Views of Universal History_, compiled in 1832 by the late George Palmer -Putnam. - -The present firm consists of Major George Haven Putnam, Irving Putnam, -Sidney Haven Putnam, Edmund W. Putnam, and George Palmer Putnam, under -the firm name of G. P. Putnam’s Sons. - - -A. S. BARNES & COMPANY.--The business of this firm was begun by -Mr. A. S. Barnes about 1837 at Hartford, Conn., but soon moved to -Philadelphia, Pa., where the title of the firm was changed to A. S. -Barnes & Burr, Mr. Burr being a brother-in-law of Mr. Barnes. A few -years later the business was moved to 51 John Street, New York City. -The name of Burr disappeared from the firm early in its New York days, -and the title became A. S. Barnes & Company. After a few years at 51 -John Street, the business was moved to 111-113 William Street, where it -remained until 1890, when the textbook publications were purchased by -the American Book Company. During the period between the establishment -of the business in New York and 1890, Mr. Barnes took in as partners, -in the order named, his son Alfred C. Barnes, Henry W. Curtis, Charles -J. Barnes, a nephew, and Henry B. Barnes, Edwin M. Barnes, Richard S. -Barnes, and William D. Barnes, all sons of A. S. Barnes. At the time of -the sale of the business to the American Book Company, the partners -of the firm consisted of the five sons of A. S. Barnes, and Charles J. -Barnes of Chicago. - -In 1837, Mr. A. S. Barnes published a series of mathematical books -written by Professor Charles Davies. Other well-known publications -of the house were Monteith’s Geographies, Barnes’ Histories, Parker -and Watson’s Readers, Barnes’ Readers, Steele’s Science Series, and -Maxwell’s Grammars. - - -CHARLES E. MERRILL COMPANY.--Mr. Merrill writes: - -“It appears that the original house was founded by William G. Webster, -a son of Dr. Noah Webster, author of the Dictionary, and Lucius E. -Clark, a farmer’s son who was born at Washington, Conn., July 4, 1814. -They began business under the name of Webster & Clark in 1842. A few -years later Mr. Webster retired and Mr. Clark, associated with Jeremiah -B. Austin of Wallingford, Conn., continued the business under the name -of Clark & Austin. Soon afterward Cornelius Smith of W. B. Smith & Co. -of Cincinnati became a partner and the firm name was changed to Clark, -Austin & Smith. In 1859, Mr. Smith died and the firm was reorganized -under the name of Clark, Austin, Maynard & Company, Effingham Maynard -and Livingston Snedeker being admitted to partnership. - -“The Civil War, beginning two years later, brought disaster to -the firm. A large amount of money due from Southern customers was -uncollectable and after a desperate struggle to hold over, a compromise -with its creditors became necessary. After obtaining releases from -creditors, the business was resumed in 1863 by Clark & Maynard, whose -careful and efficient management enabled them in 1872 to pay in full, -principal and interest, all the debts from which the firm of Clark, -Austin, Maynard & Company had been released. Their most notable -contributions to textbook publishing were the Anderson Historical -Series and the Reed & Kellogg Grammars. - -“Mr. Clark retired from business at the close of 1888, and Mr. Maynard, -with Mr. Everett Yeaw of Lawrence, Mass., continued the business -under the firm name of Effingham Maynard & Company. In 1893, the firm -consolidated with that of Charles E. Merrill & Company, consisting of -Charles E. Merrill and Edwin C. Merrill, the resulting organization -being incorporated under the name of Maynard, Merrill & Company. Its -officers were Effingham Maynard, Charles E. Merrill, Everett Yeaw, and -Edwin C. Merrill. Mr. Maynard died in 1899. Mr. Charles E. Merrill -bought the Maynard interest from the two sons of Mr. Maynard, and the -name of the corporation was changed to Charles E. Merrill Company. -In 1910 Mr. Yeaw, now the head of Newson & Company, retired from the -organization, which was joined a few years later by Mr. Edwin W. -Fielder. The present officers are Charles E. Merrill, President, -Charles E. Merrill, Jr., Vice President, Halsey M. Collins, Secretary, -and Edwin W. Fielder, Treasurer. These officers, with Harold S. Brown, -are the directors.” - - -IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & COMPANY.--Mr. Henry Ivison, a bookseller -at Auburn, N. Y., came to New York City in 1846 and was admitted to -the firm of Mark H. Newman & Company. In 1852, a new partnership for -three years was founded under the firm name of Newman & Ivison, but -the senior partner died before the end of the first year, leaving the -business entirely in Mr. Ivison’s hands. Mr. Ivison later bought out -the entire interest of the concern and took in as a partner H. F. -Phinney of Cooperstown, N. Y., an experienced bookseller and son-in-law -of J. Fenimore Cooper. In 1866, Mr. Phinney’s health failed and Messrs. -Birdseye Blakeman, Augustus C. Taylor, and Mr. Ivison’s eldest son, -David B., were admitted to the firm, which was continued under the name -of Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman & Co. Subsequently, on the withdrawal of -Mr. Phinney, the firm name was changed to Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & -Co. Mr. Ivison retired from the firm in 1881. In 1890, the business of -this concern was purchased by the American Book Company. - -In Ivison & Company’s Almanac for the year 1847 are found advertisements -of Porter’s _Rhetorical Reader_, Newman’s _Rhetoric_ and _Elements of -Political Economy_, Day and Thomson’s Series of _Practical Arithmetic_, -Sanders’ School Readers, Wilson’s Histories of the United States, -Bradbury & Sanders’ _Young Choir_ or _School Singing Book_, Gray’s -_Elements of Chemistry_, and Hitchcock’s _Elementary Geology_. - - -CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS.--The business was founded in 1846 by Isaac D. -Baker and Charles Scribner, under the firm name of Baker & Scribner. -Later the organization became a partnership under the different names -of Charles Scribner & Company, and Scribner & Armstrong. Mr. Charles -Scribner died in 1871, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John Blair -Scribner. Mr. Armstrong retired in 1878 and the business was then -reorganized as a partnership under the firm name of Charles Scribner’s -Sons, with John Blair Scribner as the head, the other partners being -Charles Scribner and Arthur H. Scribner, sons of the founder. When -John Blair Scribner died in 1879, Charles Scribner became the head of -the business. In 1904, the corporation of Charles Scribner’s Sons was -formed with Charles Scribner, President, and Arthur H. Scribner, Vice -President, and that organization remains the same in 1921. - -Among the earliest educational publications of the house are a treatise -in physical geography entitled _The Earth and Man_, by A. Guyot, -translated by C. C. Felton and published in 1849; Felter’s Arithmetics, -1864; Guyot’s Wall Maps, 1865; Perry’s _Elements of Political Economy_, -1865; Guyot’s Geographies, 1866; Porter’s _Human Intellect_, 1868; -Cooley’s _Chemistry_, 1869; Cooley’s _Natural Philosophy_, 1871; -Cooley’s _Physics Experiments_, 1871; Hopkins’ _Outline Study of Man_, -1873. - - -J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.--This firm originally was Lippincott, Grambo -& Company, founded in 1850, and later became J. B. Lippincott Company. -The present Lippincott who is the head of the concern is the son of the -original founder, J. B. Lippincott. - -Some of the old-time schoolbooks published by J. B. Lippincott -Company were Comly’s _Speller_, Sanford’s _Arithmetic_, Cutter’s -_Anatomy_, Wilson’s _Readers_, and Webster’s _Speller_. In 1876, the -firm purchased from Brewer & Tileston of Boston the entire rights -in Worcester’s Dictionary. The House has published in this country -Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, Hume’s and Macaulay’s -Histories of England. It also projected _Lippincott’s Magazine_ in -1867, issuing the first number in January, 1868. Its first editor was -Lloyd Smith, the librarian of the Philadelphia library. - - -LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD COMPANY.--In 1850, Daniel Lothrop and his -brothers, John and Henry, formed a partnership known as D. Lothrop -& Company for the publishing of books in Dover, N. H. Their early -publications were mostly juvenile, and largely for use in Sunday School -libraries. A little more than ten years later, the business was removed -to Boston, and later incorporated as D. Lothrop Company. After the -death of Daniel Lothrop, the business was reorganized in 1891 as the -Lothrop Publishing Company, and so continued until 1904, when all its -assets were purchased by Lee & Shepard. - -The Lothrop house published a great many books of educational value, -like Gilman’s _Historical Readers_, in three volumes, and Miss Cyr’s -_Interstate Primer and First Reader_. Their most important educational -book was _Finger Plays_, by Emilie Poulsson, of which 110,000 copies -have been sold. - -The firm of Lee & Shepard was founded in Boston in 1861 by William -Lee, who had previously been a partner of Phillips Sampson & Company, -a Boston publishing house which went out of existence in the 50’s, and -Charles A. B. Shepard. Mr. Shepard died in 1889, and Mr. Lee continued -as sole partner until June, 1898, when he transferred his entire -business to E. Fleming & Company, book binders, who continued the -business by placing it in charge of Warren F. Gregory. - -Lee & Shepard were general publishers and, like D. Lothrop & Company, -had strong lines of juveniles which were much used in school libraries. -Of their distinctively educational books, the most successful were -King’s _Picturesque Geographical Readers_, in six volumes. - -In 1904, the owners of Lee & Shepard purchased the entire assets of -the Lothrop Publishing Company, and incorporated the combined houses -under the style Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company. Mr. Gregory, the -Manager of Lee & Shepard, was elected General Manager and has held that -position since. Among its most important works used educationally, in -addition to those mentioned above, are the _True Story Series_, the _U. -S. Service Series_, the translation of Froebel’s _Mother Play, with -Music_, and books for younger readers. - - -SHELDON & COMPANY.--Mr. Smith Sheldon of Albany, N. Y., organized -a firm which began business in New York City in 1853 at 115 Nassau -Street. He was soon joined by Mr. Birdseye Blakeman, who afterward -became a member of the firm of Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Company. In -1857 Isaac E. Sheldon, eldest son of Smith Sheldon, became a partner, -and subsequently Isaac Shailor entered the firm. Mr. Shailor was killed -a few years later in his barn by a stroke of lightning. This must have -been in the early 70’s, and about that time Mr. Sheldon’s younger sons, -Alexander E. Sheldon and William D. Sheldon, were made members of the -firm. - -Some time in the 60’s Mason and Hamlin, the organ people, sold to -the Sheldons their schoolbooks, such as the Stoddard Mathematics, -Haven’s and Wayland’s Philosophies, and other standard books. Sheldon -& Company had branched out into almost all classes of publication, -including novels, autobiographies, religious books, hymn books, -schoolbooks, etc., and in addition published what was known as the -_Galaxy Magazine_. In 1877, the house decided to make a specialty -of schoolbooks, and gave up its other lines of publication. Among -the school and college textbooks which they brought out were Olney’s -Mathematics, Avery’s Science Series, Hill’s Rhetorics, Logic and -Psychology, Shaw’s Literature, Sheldon’s Word Studies, Sheldon’s Modern -School Readers, and Patterson’s Grammars. - -In 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of Sheldon & Company, -with Isaac E. Sheldon as President and Joseph K. Butler as Secretary -and Treasurer. The following year they purchased the business of -Taintor Brothers. Later the house of E. H. Butler & Company was merged -with Sheldon & Company, there being included in E. H. Butler & Company -the firm of Cowperthwait & Company of Philadelphia, and a Pittsburgh -firm, the name of which I think was H. I. Gurley & Company. Isaac E. -Sheldon died about the first of July, 1898, and E. H. Butler was made -President, the firm becoming Butler, Sheldon & Company. On January 1, -1903, the business of Butler, Sheldon & Company was purchased by the -American Book Company and its books added to the list of that concern. - - -RAND McNALLY & COMPANY.--In 1859 Mr. William H. Rand was operating a -job printing business at 148 Lake Street, Chicago. About that time -his plant was consolidated with the job department of the Chicago -_Tribune_. In 1862, Mr. Andrew McNally, who had been in partnership -with Mr. John Collins in the printing and stationery business on North -Clark Street, sold his interest and purchased a partnership in the -_Tribune_ job office. He became superintendent of the business. In -1864, Rand and McNally bought out the _Tribune_ interest in the job -printing, and founded the copartnership of Rand McNally & Company. The -Company was incorporated in 1873. The present President of the concern -is Mr. H. B. Clow. - -Rand McNally & Company has been known as map makers, book publishers, -atlas makers, bank publishers, ticket manufacturers, creators of map -systems, and other specialties. It has published the Dodge Geographies, -the Mace Histories, and a number of other large selling educational -books. - - -HENRY HOLT & COMPANY.--In 1866, the copartnership of Frederick Leypoldt -and Henry Holt was formed under the style of Leypoldt & Holt. From -the start they were merely publisher and not retailers or printers. -In 1871, H. O. Williams was admitted to the firm; Mr. Leypoldt soon -withdrew, and the firm name was changed to Holt & Williams. Two years -later Mr. Williams retired and the business was continued as Henry Holt -& Company. Charles Holt, a brother of Henry Holt, was an active partner -from 1878 to 1903, when the house became a stock company with Henry -Holt as President, Roland Holt, Vice President, Edward N. Bristol, -Secretary, Joseph F. Vogelius, Treasurer. In 1919, Mr. Vogelius -resigned after more than fifty years’ connection with the house. - -The firm’s first educational venture occurred in 1867, when the foreign -language publications of S. R. Urbino and DeVries, Ibarra & Company of -Boston were taken over. These two lists included the Otto French and -German Grammars and some sixty French and German texts. Most of these -same texts still appear in Henry Holt & Company’s list, though not in -the form first issued. In 1869, the firm began what was practically -its first original enterprise in the educational field when it issued -Whitney’s German textbooks, starting with his _German Reader_, and -following shortly with his _Compendious German Grammar_. In 1879, -the _American Science Series_ was begun with Packard’s _Zoology_. -The announcements included James’ _Psychology_, Walker’s _Political -Economy_, and Martin’s _The Human Body_. In the same year the first of -Johnston’s books, _American Politics_, appeared. These books represent -the earlier development of Henry Holt & Company’s educational business. - - -GINN & COMPANY.--This house was founded in 1867 by Edwin Ginn. He -began business at No. 3 Beacon Street, Boston, and soon admitted as -a partner Mr. Aaron Lovell, afterward the head of the house known -as A. Lovell & Company of New York. Mr. Ginn’s next partner was Mr. -R. F. Leighton, the author of Leighton’s _Latin Lessons_, then Mr. -Frederick Ginn, Edwin Ginn’s brother. Later Mr. Daniel C. Heath and Mr. -George A. Plimpton were admitted to the firm, Mr. Heath in 1876 and -Mr. Plimpton in 1880. The firm was then known as Ginn & Heath. In 1885 -the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Heath retiring. The business was -continued by Edwin Ginn, George A. Plimpton, and Frederick Ginn under -the firm name of Ginn & Company. Since then there have been admitted -at different times as members of the firm, Thomas Ballard, Justin H. -Smith, Lewis Parkhurst, O. P. Conant, Ralph L. Hayes, Selim S. White, -Thomas W. Gilson, Fred. M. Ambrose, Austin H. Kenerson, Henry R. -Hilton, Richard S. Thomas, C. H. Thurber, T. B. Lawler, Dana W. Hall, -Selden C. Smith, O. J. Laylander, F. C. Hodgdon, E. A. DeWitt, L. B. -Robeson, Mark R. Jouett, Jr., J. W. Swartz, LeRoy J. Weed, Edward H. -Kenerson, Norman C. Miller, and H. B. Conway. Of this number there are -now eighteen surviving partners. - -Mr. Edwin Ginn died in 1914. Of the other partners who have been -admitted, Mr. Conant, Mr. Gilson, Mr. White, and Mr. Kenerson, Sr., -have crossed the Great Divide. Mr. Justin H. Smith retired from the -firm to enter the faculty of Dartmouth College. Mr. Ballard, Mr. Hayes -and Mr. Ambrose also retired. - -The first educational book that Mr. Ginn published was Craik’s _The -English of Shakespeare_. This was followed by Goodwin’s _Greek -Grammar_, the Allen & Greenough Latin Series, White’s _Greek Lessons_, -and a course of _Grade School Music Readers_ by Luther Whiting Mason. -This series was early introduced into the Boston schools and for some -time was the standard series of school music in America. - -The Boston offices of Ginn & Company have been at Tremont Place, Beacon -Street, in the old John Hancock house, and are now at 15 Ashburton -Place. - -The prototype of the Athenæum Press was started by Ginn & Company in -the early 80’s. The building which now houses this establishment is -located in Cambridge, and was erected in 1896. - - -ALLYN & BACON.--Mr. John Allyn began business in 1868. He imported -and published a line of books, chiefly Greek, but in 1886 he issued -Pennell’s Histories of Greece and Rome, Comstock’s _First Latin Book_, -and Kelsey’s _Caesar_. In 1888 Dr. George A. Bacon joined Mr. Allyn in -equal partnership. Dr. Bacon had been, before he entered business, the -principal of the Syracuse High School. Shortly after the partnership -was formed, the house purchased Walker’s _Physiology_ from A. Lovell -& Company, but the book had already been in existence for some time. -Both Mr. Allyn and Dr. Bacon are still living and carrying on their -business. - - -THE CENTURY COMPANY.--This company was organized July 21, 1870, by -Roswell Smith and Josiah G. Holland. It is a corporation. Mr. Smith -was the first president; he was succeeded by Frank Scott, he by W. W. -Ellsworth, and he by Dr. W. Morgan Shuster, who is at the present time -in office. - -Strictly educational publications were first brought out in 1904, -Fetter’s _Principles of Economics_ being the first volume to appear. -Failor’s _Plane and Solid Geometry_, Forman’s _Advanced Civics_, -Smith’s _Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry_, and Thorndike’s -_Elements of Composition and Rhetoric_ were published shortly afterward. - - -FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY.--The founder of Funk & Wagnalls Company was -Dr. Isaac Kauffman Funk, who established the business in 1876 with _The -Metropolitan Pulpit_, now _The Homiletic Review_. Some months later he -was joined by Adam W. Wagnalls, and the two entered into partnership, -forming the business of I. K. Funk & Company. These two men were joined -in 1879 by Mr. Robert J. Cuddihy. - -In 1891, Funk & Wagnalls Company was organized with Dr. Funk as -President, Adam W. Wagnalls, Vice President, Robert J. Cuddihy, -Treasurer and General Manager. William Neisel joined the staff of the -publishing house in 1883, and was appointed head of the Manufacturing -Department. In 1884, Dr. Funk founded _The Voice_ and in 1890, _The -Literary Digest_. Edward J. Wheeler joined the staff as editor of _The -Voice_ in 1884, and in 1895 became editor of _The Literary Digest_, -which position he held until 1905, when William Seaver Woods became -editor. - -The idea and plans of the Dictionary originated with Dr. Funk, whose -first managing editor was Dr. Daniel Seeley Gregory. The _Standard -Dictionary_ was projected in 1890 and completed in 1893. Dr. Funk was -editor-in-chief of all the publications of Funk & Wagnalls Company, and -in his work on the _Standard Dictionary_ was assisted by Dr. Rossiter -Johnson, John Denison Champlin, Dr. Francis A. March, Sr., and Dr. -Arthur E. Bostwick. The _New Standard Dictionary_ was projected in -1909, and was issued under the editor-in-chiefship of Dr. Funk, with -Calvin Thomas as consulting editor, and Frank H. Vizetelly as managing -editor, 1903-1913, editor of the same since 1914. The abridgments of -the _Standard Dictionary_ were produced under the general editorship of -Dr. Funk, by Dr. James Champlin Fernald, Frank H. Vizetelly, and others. - -The office of Secretary has been held, sometimes in addition to other -offices, by the following persons: Robert J. Cuddihy, 1891-1898; Henry -L. Raymond, 1898-1904; Robert Scott, 1904-1913; Wilfred J. Funk, -1913-1915; and William Neisel, 1915 to the present time. - -Following the death of Dr. Isaac K. Funk in 1912, Dr. Adam W. Wagnalls -was elected President of the Company; Benjamin Franklin Funk, Vice -President. On the death of Benjamin Franklin Funk in 1914, Wilfred J. -Funk became Vice President and William Neisel, Secretary. - -The editorial policy of Funk & Wagnalls Company is directed by the -Executive Committee, under the guidance of the General Manager, Robert -J. Cuddihy. The Manager of the Educational Department is Mr. Wilfred J. -Funk. - -Inclusive of the Dictionary and its abridgments, the first educational -books published by the Company were Fernald’s _English Synonyms, -Antonyms, and Prepositions_ and his _Connectives of English Speech_. - -Of the firm’s publications circulated most widely in the schools, _The -Literary Digest_ takes first rank. It maintains an educational service -among 15,000 teachers and circulates in more than 10,000 schools. - -In 1904, Francis Whiting Halsey became literary adviser of the Company -and editor of the book department of _The Literary Digest_. Under -his supervision were produced: _Great Epochs in American History_, -_Seeing Europe with Famous Authors_, and with the assistance of William -Jennings Bryan, _World’s Famous Orations_, and in conjunction with -Henry Cabot Lodge, _Best of the World’s Classics_. Mr. Halsey died, -November 24, 1919. - -The officers and the principal editors of the Company are: President, -Dr. Adam W. Wagnalls; Vice President, Wilfred J. Funk; Treasurer -and General Manager, Robert J. Cuddihy; Secretary, William Neisel; -_Homiletic Review_, Editors: George Gilmore, Robert Scott; _Literary -Digest_, Editor: William Seaver Woods; _Standard Dictionary_, Managing -Editor, Frank H. Vizetelly. - - -LYONS & CARNAHAN.--This firm was organized and began publishing -schoolbooks about 1878. In 1888, Mr. J. A. Lyons became associated -with Mr. O. M. Powers in the publication of commercial texts. The firm -name was Powers & Lyons. They continued to publish commercial books -until 1909, when J. A. Lyons purchased the interest of O. M. Powers -and continued to do business under the firm name of J. A. Lyons & Co. -In 1912, J. W. Carnahan purchased an interest in the business, and the -firm name was changed to Lyons & Carnahan. Mr. Lyons died in November, -1920, and Mr. Carnahan was elected President of the new corporation -which was organized under the same name of Lyons & Carnahan. - -Since 1912 the house has been engaged in the publication of both common -and high school books. - - -HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY.--This firm was established about 1880 by Mr. -H. O. Houghton and Mr. George H. Mifflin, with whom were associated Mr. -M. M. Hurd and Mr. L. H. Valentine. They took over, either at that time -or a little later, the business of various Boston publishers, namely, -Ticknor & Fields, Hurd & Houghton, Houghton, Osgood & Company; Fields, -Osgood and Company, James R. Osgood & Company, and Ticknor & Company. -Some of these firms were first merged together and then with Houghton -Mifflin Company, but practically all this took place before 1882. -Ticknor & Company, however, became united with the business a little -later. - -The Educational Department of Houghton Mifflin Company was established -in 1882 through the efforts of Horace E. Scudder and Henry N. Wheeler, -encouraged by Mr. Henry O. Houghton, Sr. There were then published -Colburn’s _Arithmetic_ and certain Latin books, but Mr. Scudder had -the idea that the great masterpieces of American literature, such as -_Evangeline_, _The Vision of Sir Launfal_, _Snow-Bound_ and other -similar great classics which had recently come into the control of -the firm, should be made available in cheap editions for school use. -He became the general editor of the Riverside Literature Series which -was then established, and which was pushed with vigor and energy by -Henry N. Wheeler. Early in the 90’s the Department developed with -the publication of Fiske’s _History of the United States_, Fiske’s -_Civil Government_, and various collections of literature such as -_Masterpieces of American Literature_. This necessitated further -expansion and an office was opened in Chicago under the management of -C. F. Newkirk, who was later succeeded by W. E. Bloomfield. - -In 1902 J. D. Phillips, who had previously been connected with the -Editorial Department of the house, was transferred to the Educational -Department to do both agency and editorial work, and the Webster-Cooley -Language Series was soon published. - -Mr. Scudder died in 1902 and Mr. Wheeler in 1905, and the Department -came under the management of Mr. Phillips and Mr. Davol. Franklin S. -Hoyt, formerly Assistant Superintendent of Schools in Indianapolis, was -invited in 1906 to join the firm and take charge of the editorial end -of the work. The organization then established has remained practically -unchanged until now. Henry B. Dewey, former Commissioner of Education -of the State of Washington, is now manager of the Boston office of this -Company. - - -B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY.--This concern is the successor of -B. F. Johnson & Company, which was organized some time in the 80’s -to develop a subscription book business founded by Benjamin Franklin -Johnson in 1876. The business grew to enormous proportions and at one -time the books published by this concern were to be found in almost -every house in the South. - -In 1895, the Company began to experiment in a small way with -schoolbooks, beginning with Lee’s _Advanced History_. Two years -later it published Johnson’s _Primer_, and this was soon followed -by Johnson’s _Readers_. The success of these experiments led to a -reorganization of the Company by Mr. Johnson in 1900, when the -subscription book business was dropped and the house began to devote -itself exclusively to schoolbooks. The first publications of the -reorganized company were _Graded Classics Readers_ and Colaw and -Ellwood’s Arithmetics in 1900, both of which series were remarkably -successful. - -In 1902, Mr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by James D. Crump, -who held the position until 1920, when he was succeeded by A. J. Gray, -Jr. The Company has recently been reorganized by Mr. Gray to meet -the demands of its extraordinary growth and to provide for further -development on an enlarged scale. - - -SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY.--This business was founded by Mr. Edgar O. -Silver, April 21, 1885. On September 21, 1886, the firm of Silver, -Rogers & Company was organized, M. Thacher Rogers being admitted to -partnership. This partnership was succeeded by the partnership of -Silver, Burdett & Company, April 16, 1888, consisting of Edgar O. -Silver, Elmer E. Silver, Henry C. Deane, and Frank W. Burdett, and -on May 2, 1892, the business of the partnership was assumed by the -corporation of the same name. Mr. Edgar O. Silver died in November, -1909. In 1910, Arthur Lord was elected Acting President, and in 1914 -Haviland Stevenson was made President of the Company. - -The date of the first publications of this house was 1885. Among its -earliest books were the _Normal Music Course_ and other music books -for schools, Farley and Gunnison’s Writing Books, Todd and Powell’s -Readers, Stowell’s Physiologies, and Larkin Dunton’s Geographical -Readers. For two or three years after its organization in 1885, the -house devoted itself almost entirely to the publication of music books -for the common and high schools. In 1890, the policy of the house was -changed and the list broadened to cover the other subjects in the -school curriculum. - -Silver, Burdett & Company purchased the business of Potter & Putnam -about 1903, and in 1904 that of the Morse Company, adding the lists of -these houses to their own. - - -D. C. HEATH & COMPANY.--This house was founded in 1886 by Daniel C. -Heath, whose first office was in Tremont Place, Boston. The name chosen -by Mr. Heath for his firm was D. C. Heath & Company, which name has -continued until this day. Mr. Heath’s first partner was Charles H. -Ames, who was admitted to the firm in 1888. His second was William E. -Pulsifer, who joined the Company in 1889. Dr. Winfield S. Smyth, who -had been Ginn & Company’s Chicago manager, was taken into the firm -of D. C. Heath & Company in 1893. In 1895, the partnership sold its -business to a corporation organized in that month, of which Mr. D. -C. Heath was made President, Dr. Winfield S. Smyth, Vice President, -William E. Pulsifer, Treasurer, and Charles H. Ames, Secretary. Mr. -Heath died in January, 1908, and Dr. Smyth in August, 1908. - -After Mr. Heath’s death his trustees, Herbert C. Foss and E. G. Cooley, -who for some time had been Superintendent of Schools in Chicago, -carried on the business for two years, when Mr. Heath’s stock was -purchased by William E. Pulsifer, Winfield S. Smyth, Jr., W. H. Ives, -James C. Simpson, Isaac Van Houten, Frank F. Hummel, and others who -bought a few shares of the common stock. In 1910 the corporation -elected as its officers, William E. Pulsifer, President, W. H. Ives, -Vice President, Winfield S. Smyth, Treasurer, and Charles H. Ames, -Secretary. Mr. Ives soon retired and in September, 1911, Mr. Ames -died. The present officers of the Company are William E. Pulsifer, -President, James C. Simpson, Vice President, Winfield S. Smyth, -Treasurer, and Frank F. Hummel, Secretary. Mr. S. Willard Clary was -the editor-in-chief of the Modern Language Department for twenty-seven -years, and Dr. Charles Henry Douglas has been the editor-in-chief of -the general list since 1895. - -When Mr. Heath retired from the firm of Ginn & Heath, he was paid for -his interest partly in cash and partly in books. Among the publications -which he received from the Ginn & Heath list were Remsen’s _Organic -Chemistry_, Shaler’s _First Book in Geology_, Ybarra’s _Practical -Method in Spanish_, Sheldon’s _Short German Grammar_, Hall’s _Methods -of Teaching History_, and Mitchell’s _Hebrew Lessons_. There were -altogether twenty-four bound books and several manuscripts, including -those prepared by Mary Sheldon. Mr. Heath’s first publications were -Sheldon’s _Studies in General History_, the Joynes-Meissner _German -Grammar_, and several French and German texts purchased from English -and Scotch publishers and republished by him. - -D. C. Heath & Company has acquired by purchase from Leach & Shewell and -added to its list the Wells Series of Mathematics for secondary schools -and colleges, a number of Latin texts and textbooks from the University -Publishing Company, Thomas’s _History of the United States_ from a -Friends’ Society known as The Text-Book Association of Philadelphia, -Bancroft’s _School Gymnastics_ from Kellogg & Company of New York, -Bowser’s Algebras, Geometries, and Trigonometries from Van Nostrand -& Company, and the American rights in what is now known as the Arden -Shakespeare from Blackie & Son, Limited, of Scotland. - - -LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY.--The American house of Longmans, Green -& Company was founded September 15, 1887, by Mr. C. J. Mills. Its -business is incorporated under New York State law. The London house -began business in 1724. The only change that has been made in the -personnel of the Company on this side of the Atlantic was the -admittance to the firm of Mr. Mill’s son, E. S. Mills. - -The publication of schoolbooks by the American house was begun in 1890. -The first of these books were _Epochs of American History_, a series -of three volumes edited by Professor A. B. Hart of Harvard. Woodrow -Wilson is the author of one of the volumes. This well-known series was -quickly followed by Longmans’ _English Classics_, Longmans’ _English -Grammar_, etc. - - -SCOTT, FORESMAN & COMPANY.--This house was founded in 1889 under the -firm name of Albert & Scott. The business was originated and carried -on for several years by Mr. E. H. Scott. In 1894, Mr. H. A. Foresman -purchased an interest in the concern and shortly afterward the -publishing business of George Sherwood & Company, with all its stock -and publishing rights, was taken over. At that time the corporation -name was changed to Scott, Foresman & Company. In 1896, W. C. Foresman -bought an interest in the business and became Treasurer of the Company. -The same year the publishing business of S. C. Griggs & Company was -purchased, and all rights and stock were transferred to Scott, Foresman -& Company. In 1908, R. C. McNamara became a stockholder and Secretary -of the Company. In 1912, Charles E. Keck became a stockholder and -manager of the Eastern office. - -Scott, Foresman & Company began publishing educational books in 1889, -the first being a beginner’s Latin book, _Bellum Helveticum_, and the -second, Lowe and Ewing’s _Caesar_. - - -AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.--On June 14, 1890, an announcement was made by -the American Book Company as follows: - -“American Book Company, Incorporated, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago. -Birdseye Blakeman, President; Alfred C. Barnes, Vice President; Harry -T. Ambrose, Treasurer; Gilman H. Tucker, Secretary. Directors: Caleb -S. Bragg, Chairman; William H. Appleton, William W. Appleton, Daniel -Appleton, Alfred C. Barnes, Charles J. Barnes, Henry B. Barnes, -Birdseye Blakeman, George R. Cathcart, A. H. Hinkle, David B. Ivison, -Henry H. Vail. - -“The American Book Company is a stock company incorporated under state -laws for the purpose of carrying on the manufacture and sale of books. -The American Book Company has purchased the schoolbook publications -hitherto issued by D. Appleton & Company, A. S. Barnes & Company, -Harper & Brothers, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Company of New York, and -Van Antwerp, Bragg & Company of Cincinnati. The company is organized in -the interest of economy in the production and sale of schoolbooks, etc.” - -Mr. Birdseye Blakeman served as President from April, 1890, until May, -1893. He was succeeded by David B. Ivison, who served as President -until 1896. Harry T. Ambrose was President of the Company from 1896 -until 1914, when L. M. Dillman was elected to that office. Mr. Blakeman -died October 9, 1894, and Mr. Ivison, April 6, 1903. - -General A. C. Barnes served as Vice President from 1890 until his -death in 1904, when he was succeeded by Dr. Henry H. Vail. He in turn -was succeeded by the present Vice President, A. Victor Barnes. - -Mr. Ambrose served as Treasurer of the Company until he was elected -President in 1896, when Charles P. Batt, the present Treasurer, -succeeded him. Gilman H. Tucker was Secretary of the Company at its -organization in 1890, and remained as such until his death, November -14, 1913. He was succeeded by John Arthur Greene, who died in 1917. The -present Secretary is W. L. Billmyer. - -Dr. Henry H. Vail was Chief of the Editorial Department at the -organization of the Company, and held that position until his -resignation in 1909, when he was succeeded by Russell Hinman. Mr. -Hinman died in 1912, when Mr. G. W. Benton was made Editor-in-Chief and -is still serving in that position. - -Since its organization, the American Book Company has taken over by -purchase the schoolbook properties of the following houses: Werner -School Book Company, Chicago; Standard School Book Company, St. Louis; -D. D. Merrill, St. Paul; Cowperthwait & Company, Philadelphia; Taintor -Brothers & Company, New York; E. H. Butler & Company, Philadelphia; -Western School Book Company, Chicago; Sheldon & Company, New York; -Williams & Rogers, Rochester; the elementary list of the University -Publishing Company, New York. - - -SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS.--This house was established in 1890, the -founders being Alonzo Schwartz, James J. Kirwin, and Denis C. Fauss. In -1893, Mr. Schwartz retired on account of ill health, and the business -continued under the direction of Mr. Kirwin and Mr. Fauss. - -In 1898, this firm purchased the business of the Catholic School Book -Company, taking over its entire list. That company, in turn, was the -successor of the Catholic Publication Society, established originally -by the Paulist Fathers in 59th Street, New York, with Mr. Lawrence -Kehoe as the manager. - -Among the earliest publications of the house were _The Young Catholic’s -Illustrated Readers_, Deharbe’s Catechism, Gazeau’s Histories, Edward’s -_Hygiene_, Hassard’s Histories, Farrell’s Spellers, and the _Columbus -Series of Readers_, by Dr. William T. Vlymen, which series had already -been contracted for and the first book published by the Catholic School -Book Company, when Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss purchased their list and -completed the series. - -The offices of this firm are located at 42 Barclay Street, New York, -with Mr. Kirwin and Mr. Fauss still in charge of the business. - - -THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY.--This organization is an outgrowth of -_Gregg Shorthand_, first published by John R. Gregg in Boston, October, -1893. In 1896 Mr. Gregg moved to Chicago, where he established a -school and continued to publish his system. In 1907, the publishing -business was incorporated as the Gregg Publishing Company, and is owned -by Mr. Gregg, with the exception of the few shares held by others -to comply with the legal requirements. In 1907 Mr. Gregg moved to -New York, where he established an Eastern office. The San Francisco -office was opened in 1912, the Boston office in 1919, and in 1920 an -office was established in London. At the present time the executive -officers are: John R. Gregg, President; Mrs. J. R. Gregg, First Vice -President; Rupert P. SoRelle, Second Vice President; W. F. Nenneman, -Secretary-Treasurer; Hubert A. Hagar, General Manager. - -Beginning with shorthand, an extensive line of publications in -that subject was developed, to which were added textbooks in other -commercial subjects. In addition to its two magazines, the list of -publications of the Gregg Publishing Company at the present time -comprises more than one hundred titles. - - -OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.--In January, 1896, an American branch of the -Oxford University Press opened offices at 91-93 Fifth Avenue, New York, -under the management of John Armstrong, with whom were associated W. -W. McIntosh, W. F. Olver, and C. C. Schepmoes. In 1897, the Branch -took over from The Macmillan Company the publications of The Clarendon -Press. In 1915, Mr. Armstrong died. He was succeeded by W. W. McIntosh, -the present Vice President and General Manager. Mr. W. F. Olver, the -first Treasurer of the Company, died in 1919 and was succeeded by Isaac -Brown. Mr. C. C. Schepmoes became Secretary at that time. - -The first schoolbook manufactured and published by the Oxford -University Press in this country was Schiller’s _Wilhelm Tell_, edited -by Sphoenfeld, which was issued in 1902. The concern publishes the -Oxford English, French, and German Series. In 1918, the Branch added a -Medical Department, which handles all the medical publications of Henry -Frowde and Hodder & Stoughton of London. - - -THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.--Mr. George P. Brett, the present President, -with the proprietors of Macmillan & Company, Ltd., London, the people -who had been interested in the agency of Macmillan & Company previously -operating in the United States, undertook the organization of the -corporation, The Macmillan Company, in this country in 1896. Mr. Brett -has been the President of the American corporation since that date. - -There have been several heads of the Educational Department. It was -organized first under the direction of Dr. F. L. Sevenoak, who gave a -part of his time to this work, the balance being devoted to teaching. -He was succeeded by James R. McDonald, who filled the position until -the fall of 1902, when he was succeeded by William H. Ives. In 1906 -Mr. Ives was succeeded by F. C. Tenney, who filled the position -until July, 1912. At that time A. H. Nelson became the head of the -Educational Department and held the position until July, 1920, when -Charles H. Seaver, who now occupies it, succeeded Mr. Nelson. - -School textbooks were published in America by Macmillan & Company -before the time when The Macmillan Company was formed as an American -corporation, the records showing the publication of Hall and Knight’s -_Elementary Algebra_ and _Algebra for Beginners_ in 1895, Tarr’s -_Elements of Physical Geography_ in 1895, and Channing’s _Student’s -History of the United States_ in April, 1896. Immediately following the -establishment of the American corporation, there was published Miller’s -_Trigonometry_ in 1896, and in 1897 the following books appeared: -Tarr’s _High School Geology_, Nichols’ _High School Physics_, Lewis’s -_Writing English_, Tarr’s _First Book in Physical Geography_, McLellan -and Ames’ _Arithmetic_, Hall and Knight’s _Algebra for Colleges and -Schools_, Davenport’s _Elementary Economics_, Murche’s _Science -Readers_. The McLellan and Ames _Arithmetic_ and the Murche _Science -Readers_ were the first textbooks published for elementary grades. The -Macmillan Company first undertook the work of publishing books for that -field in the fall of 1897. - - -W. H. WHEELER & COMPANY.--This Chicago concern was organized in 1897 -by Mr. W. H. Wheeler. In 1898 W. C. Fidler purchased an interest in -the Company. Some years later, E. E. Wheeler, son of W. H. Wheeler, -was admitted to the firm, as was also John H. Pugh. These four men are -still active in the business. - -The first books published by this house were Wheeler’s _Graded Studies -in English, First Lessons in Grammar and Composition_. These were -followed a little later by Wheeler’s _Graded Primer_. - - -NEWSON & COMPANY.--This concern was incorporated under the laws of -the State of New York, July, 1900. Mr. Henry D. Newson was its first -President. He was succeeded in that office by Mr. Everett Yeaw, the -present President, in April, 1912. Mr. Newson severed all relations -with the Company on January 1, 1920. - -Newson & Company immediately on its organization began the publication -of educational books, the first of which was Buehler’s _Modern English -Grammar_, the original of the present Revised Edition, published in -1914. - - -WORLD BOOK COMPANY.--The house was established in 1905 by Casper -W. Hodgson. “It was really founded,” Mr. Hodgson writes, “in the -Philippine Islands, a little farther west or east than any other -American house has started.” The first office was in Manila, but soon -another was established at Park Hill, Yonkers, N. Y. - -The first books issued were six Philippine publications. The World Book -Company now does a considerable business not only in the Philipine -Islands, but also in the United States and Latin America. O. S. Reimold -and M. A. Purcell have been connected with the business almost from its -beginning. M. J. Hazelton, who joined the Company in 1908, has been the -Philippine representative of the house. Professor John W. Ritchie has -given his full time to the organization since 1915. - -The titles of the first educational books published for use in American -schools are Ritchie’s _Human Physiology_, and Wohlfarth-Rogers’ _New -World Spellers_. - - -ROW, PETERSON & COMPANY.--This firm was organized in February, 1906. -R. K. Row was made President and Isaac Peterson, Secretary-Treasurer. -A few years later Charles D. Kennedy and J. R. Sparks purchased stock -in the Company and were made directors, Mr. Kennedy becoming Secretary. -In 1914, B. E. Richardson purchased stock and became Vice President. In -1919, Mr. Peterson died and Mr. Kennedy was made Secretary-Treasurer. - -The first books were published in the spring of 1906. These included -Robbins and Row’s _Studies in English_, Salisbury’s _The Theory of -Teaching_, Frazier’s _The National Speller_, Hatch and Haselwood’s -_Elementary Agriculture_, and Hurty’s _Life with Health_. - - -McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY.--This organization was started on July -1, 1909, with John A. Hill, President, and James H. McGraw, Vice -President. After Mr. Hill’s death in 1916, Mr. McGraw succeeded him as -President, which position he still holds. - -At the time of the formation of this Company in 1909, when the Book -Departments of the McGraw Publishing Company and the Hill Publishing -Company were consolidated, the combined lists totaled perhaps 200 -books. In ten years this list has grown to approximately 1000 titles. -Some of the most notable publications of the Educational Department -of the McGraw-Hill Book Company are Dr. Cady’s _Inorganic Chemistry_, -Dr. Norris’ _Principles of Organic Chemistry_, Dr. Moore’s _History -of Chemistry_, Dr. Mahin’s _Quantitative Analysis_, a series of -Electrical Engineering texts prepared under the general supervision -of Dr. H. E. Clifford of Harvard University, a series of books on -Scientific Management and Efficiency, under the general direction of -Dr. R. S. Butler, formerly of the University of Wisconsin, a series -of mathematical texts, including Slichter’s _Elementary Mathematical -Analysis_, Wolff’s _Calculus_, Allen’s _Projective Geometry_, and a -series of successful books for trade schools and apprentice classes, -under the general direction of F. E. Mathewson of the Dickinson High -School, Jersey City, N. J. - -The present officers of the McGraw-Hill Book Company are: James H. -McGraw, President; Martin M. Foss, Vice President and General Manager; -Arthur J. Baldwin, Vice President; Edward Caldwell, Treasurer; James S. -Thompson, Secretary. - - -THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY.--This house was established in 1838 by -Samuel Merrill. The business has continued in unbroken succession since -that time, under several different firm names, being first Merrill & -Company, then Merrill & Field, Merrill Hubbard Company, Merrill Meigs -& Company, The Bowen-Merrill Company, and in 1903 the firm name became -The Bobbs-Merrill Company. - -In 1909 a set of educational readers was added to the general line -of publications of this house. As publishers of law books, The -Bobbs-Merrill Company ranks among the leading houses of the country. - -The present officers of the corporation are: W. C. Bobbs, President; -John R. Carr, Vice President; D. L. Chambers, Secretary. - - -THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY.--The founder of this Philadelphia concern -was Mr. John C. Winston, who was its directing head until May 6, 1920, -when he died. - -The Company began work in the preparation of schoolbooks in 1913, but -the business end of the Educational Department was not inaugurated -until March, 1918. The first books published by this Company were the -Winston Series of Readers, the _Young American Readers_, the _Winston -Simplified Dictionary_, and two books on civics, _Our Community_ and -_Our Neighborhood_. - - -IROQUOIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.--This Company was incorporated -under the laws of the state of New York on July 15, 1915, with E. F. -Southworth as President and H. W. Duguid as Secretary. Mr. Southworth -was for many years connected with Ginn & Company. - -During the first year the Company brought out a list of twelve books. -This list increased until on February 1, 1921, it contained more than -fifty titles. - - -UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY.--This firm was incorporated in 1868 -under New York State law. Prominent among the promoters and original -stockholders of the Company were Horace Greeley, August Belmont, -W. H. Aspinwall, G. B. Hallgarten, W. R. Travers, Eugene Kelly, J. -B. Alexander, Richard L. Edwards, and many others of New York. In -Baltimore, Robert Garrett & Sons, brokers controlling the Baltimore and -Ohio Railroad, A. S. Able of the Baltimore _Sun_, C. H. Latrobe, at one -time Mayor of Baltimore, John Hopkins, W. T. Walters, owner of the once -famous Peach Blow Vase, were stockholders. Jefferson Davis and Joseph -E. Johnson subscribed for stock, and Dr. Howard Crosby, the famous -divine of New York, was an enthusiastic supporter. General John B. -Gordon was interested in the Company and was for many years a director -and Vice President of the concern. - -The educators agreed upon as authors of the new books were all -university men, and this fact gave its name to the Company. The list -of authors included Dr. Basil L. Gildersleeve of Johns Hopkins -University, Matthew F. Maury, author of _The Physical Geography of the -Sea_, Dr. George F. Holmes, Charles S. Venable of the University of -Virginia, and Professor William Hand Brown. Of the books published, -Maury’s Physical Geographies and Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar at once -took their places as standard authorities. - -Early in 1873, Ezra D. Barker was elected General Manager by the -directors. He supervised the revision of Holmes’ Readers and Spellers, -Maury’s Primary and Grammar School Geographies, and Venable’s -Arithmetic. - -In 1888, Mr. C. L. Patton cast his fortune with the Company and came -to New York as the Manager of the Agents’ Introduction Department. In -1892, Mr. Patton reorganized the Company, which took over the plates -and publishing rights of the J. B. Lippincott schoolbook list, also a -list of books published by F. F. Hansell & Brother of New Orleans. - -On the 31st of December, 1906, the directors of the Company decided -to go into voluntary liquidation. In this liquidation the grammar -school books were sold to the American Book Company, Gildersleeve’s -Latin Series to D. C. Heath & Company, Eadies’ Physiologies to Charles -Scribner’s Sons, and the Standard Literature Series and all remaining -publications to Newson & Company. - - -ATKINSON, MENTZER & COMPANY.--This firm was organized in 1898 under -the name of Hathaway & Atkinson. At the end of the year Mr. Hathaway -withdrew and the firm’s name became Atkinson & Mentzer. In 1899, the -firm published its first book, namely, the _Ivanhoe Historical Note -Book_. In 1904, Mr. Edwin Osgood Grover joined the organization and the -firm name was changed to Atkinson, Mentzer & Grover. The first book -published under this imprint was the _Art Literature Primer_. In 1911 -Mr. Grover severed his connection with the firm, which from that time -on has done business under the name of Atkinson, Mentzer & Company. - - * * * * * - -The writer regrets to state that he has not been able to get authentic -data for historical accounts of the old firms of Brewer & Tileston -and William Ware & Company of Boston, J. H. Butler & Company, E. H. -Butler & Company, and Cowperthwait Company of Philadelphia, or Taintor -Brothers of New York. There has not been included in this record -several of the younger houses like the Southern Publishing Company of -Texas and the University Publishing Company of Nebraska. It is also a -fact that there has been no attempt to secure the records of the old -printing houses, which were not publishers as we understand the meaning -of the term. - - - - -Transcriber’s Note: - -Variations in spelling and punctuation, and the use of italic (denoted -by underscores), have been retained as they appear in the original -publication except as follows: - - Page 11 - from Longfellow, Lowell Emerson, _changed to_ - from Longfellow, Lowell, Emerson, - - Page 20 - Sander’s School Readers _changed to_ - Sanders’ School Readers - - Page 26 - LYONS & CARNAHAN. This _changed to_ - LYONS & CARNAHAN.--This - - Page 31 - SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS. This _changed to_ - SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS.--This - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Brief Account of the Educational -Publishing Business in the United , by William Edmond Pulsifer - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PUBLISHING *** - -***** This file should be named 50200-0.txt or 50200-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/2/0/50200/ - -Produced by Ethan Kent and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: A Brief Account of the Educational Publishing Business in the United States - -Author: William Edmond Pulsifer - -Release Date: October 13, 2015 [EBook #50200] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PUBLISHING *** - - - - -Produced by Ethan Kent and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter width485"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="485" height="800" alt="Cover" /> -</div> - -<hr class="divider" /> -<h1>A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING BUSINESS IN THE UNITED -STATES</h1> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span> -“The history of a nation,” one dictionary says, “is a systematic record -of past events; especially the record of events in which man has taken -part.”</p> - -<p>The history of the educational publishing business in America -is likewise a systematic record of past events in which man has -taken part. The events of this history include the beginning, the -development, and the wonderful improvement in books and book-making -since 1691, and the men and women who have taken part in these events -are authors and publishers.</p> - -<p>Starr King, the eloquent preacher and orator whose powerful arguments -in 1860 and ’61 aided mightily in saving California for the Union, was -once riding on a very slow train from Boston to New York with a friend, -who asked Mr. King if he were going to fill a New York pulpit on the -following day, which was Sunday.</p> - -<p>“No,” replied the great preacher, “I am not going to fill, but I am -going to rattle ’round in Henry Ward Beecher’s.”</p> - -<p>A comprehensive history of the American educational publishing business -has never been prepared, although a number of writers have produced -interesting and instructive books, booklets, periodical, magazine, -and newspaper articles covering in some detail such portions of this -history as engaged their attention. For instance, Dr. Meriwether -and Professor Johnson have rather thoroughly and with reasonably -satisfactory completeness given us an account of the schoolbooks of -colonial times and of the clumsy and slow process of manufacturing -and distributing them. They have described in considerable detail the -gruesome text matter of these early books, and their ugly and almost -ludicrous illustrations.</p> - -<p>Ford has given us a most interesting and historically valuable account -of the oldest American schoolbook, <cite>The New England Primer</cite>, prepared -and printed by Benjamin Harris of Boston, the second edition appearing -in 1691. This was printed 44 years <em>after</em> Massachusetts had passed a -law requiring each town of fifty householders to “appoint one within -their town to teach all such children as shall resort to him to write -and read.” Others have written of the first Arithmetic, prepared by -Nicholas Pike of Newburyport, Mass., and printed in 1788; of the -first American Geography, written by the Reverend Jedidiah Morse -of Charlestown, Mass., and published at New Haven in 1784; of the -first pedagogical and educational book, written by Christopher Dock, -America’s pioneer writer on education, a second edition of which was -published by Christopher Sower of Philadelphia in 1770. Much has been -written concerning the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> world-famous Blue Back Speller, prepared by -Dr. Noah Webster and printed at Hartford in 1793; of Peter Parley’s -Geographies, the first of which was published in 1829. Dr. Henry H. -Vail, formerly connected with the American Book Company, has written a -most interesting history of the McGuffey Readers, of which the first -two books of the four-book series were copyrighted in 1836 and the -second two in 1837.</p> - -<p>Then there have been published such books as <cite>The House of Harper</cite>, -which gives the history of a business concern now more than a hundred -years old; a most charmingly written biography of Henry O. Houghton, -the founder of the house now known as the Houghton Mifflin Company; -a memorial volume giving in some detail the story of the life and -activities of Henry Ivison, of the old firm of Ivison, Blakeman, -Taylor & Company; a book giving a rather complete account of several -century-old business houses, including that of Christopher Sower & -Company of Philadelphia; a volume entitled <cite>Fifty Years Among Authors, -Books and Publishers</cite>, by J. C. Derby; <cite>Memories of a Publisher</cite>, by -Major George Haven Putnam; a book on the <cite>Old Schools and School-books -of New England</cite>, by George E. Littlefield, and a brochure published by -G. & C. Merriam Company that gives us some interesting glimpses into -the history of their business and of the men who have published and -distributed to the world the famous Webster dictionaries.</p> - -<p>There are also extant a great many valuable periodical, magazine and -newspaper articles which set forth in some detail accounts of the -founders of other nineteenth century publishing houses, which accounts, -together with what has appeared in book form, make a rather inchoate -but highly valuable mass of data that could and should be compiled and -published as soon as a scholarly man of historical habit can be found -to edit and prepare it for the press.</p> - -<p>Having a knowledge of the facts just stated, you will agree with me -when I say that a writer of a paper to be read in thirty or sixty -minutes on a subject so broad in its scope and so important as the one -assigned me, can’t do more than “rattle ’round” in its field, to quote -Starr King’s figure. If he should try to do more, he would be tempting -the Fates.</p> - -<p>Realizing, as you must, how unsatisfactory the isolated and unrelated -fragments of our history are, do you not feel, as do I, that this -Association should take early steps to find a thoroughly competent man -to prepare for the fraternity of educational publishers a complete -history of their business in America from the day when <cite>The New England -Primer</cite> was printed in Boston to the present time?</p> - -<p>The attention of people is frequently called to the great march of -progress since colonial days in all that helps to make the world a -better place in which to live. It is truthfully said that both medicine -and surgery have been perfected to such a high degree that the length -of human life greatly has been increased; that sanitary science is -so well understood,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span> and its principles so generally practiced, that -disease germs born in filth no longer exist in such abundance as in the -days when, because of the ignorance or indifference of the majority of -the population, food, air, and water carried these breeders of disease -to their unhappy victims. We are reminded of the electric light, the -telegraph, the wireless, the ocean cable, and the telephone; of the -leviathan of the ocean—the great and palatial steamship that crosses -the Atlantic in five days; of the aeroplane that has demonstrated -its ability to fly across seas, oceans, and wide expanses of land, -carrying passengers and mail at a speed almost inconceivable; of the -transcontinental lines of railroad that transport people in comfort -from ocean to ocean in six or seven days; of the splendid specimens of -art housed in our great museums; of the beautiful homes, the really -elegant school and college buildings, the great business structures -planned by architects as skilled as any the world has produced since -the days of the Greeks and the Moors; of the sewing machine, the -reaper, the steam plow, the powerful motor truck, and the automobile; -of the mighty steel bridges that span our wide rivers; and, in view of -all this, we are told by the historian and the philosopher that the -last century has been the Golden Age of the world, that all this has -brought man a little closer to God, and God a little closer to man.</p> - -<p>The twentieth century school or college textbook, and the means -employed in making it, evidence a progress in the art of book-making -and the character of the book made equally wonderful; for the modern -educational publication differs in content and format from the textbook -of the early days even more than the modern schoolhouse from the log -cabin used a century or two ago to shelter the unfortunate youngsters -who shivered and suffered therein while they were receiving such poor -instruction as ignorant masters and dames could give them.</p> - -<p>But there are a great number of people in this country, some of -whom find their way into State, County, City, and Township Boards -of Education, who cannot be made to believe that a textbook of this -day and generation is very much, if any, better than the textbook -of a century or even a half century ago. To their minds one book is -practically as good as another, no matter whether modern or old. This, -of course, is like saying that the ugly chromos that adorned (?) the -walls of the parlors of country and many city homes fifty years ago -were as useful and beautiful as works of art as the artistic, oils, -etchings, and water-colors that one may now see commonly in the city -and country homes of cultured people.</p> - -<p>The New York <cite>Sun</cite> said editorially, May 16, 1915, “Advance in the -United States in its schools and improvement in the textbooks have been -as great as in any other phase of American life.” <cite>The New England -Journal</cite> of June 24, 1909, said substantially the same thing in -slightly different language, but in addition this: “The modern sewer -system is no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span> greater improvement over that of 1840 than the examples -and problems contained in modern arithmetics over those printed as of -that date.”</p> - -<p>In what respects does the modern schoolbook differ markedly -from its forebears of the eighteenth and the first half of the -nineteenth centuries? A careful examination and inspection of the -new in comparison with the old convinces one that the new differs -radically from the old in (1) content, including both text matter and -illustrations; (2) typography and printing; (3) binding; (4) maps; -(5) size; and altogether in its much greater attractiveness as an -educational instrument.</p> - -<p>Allow me to take a snapshot or two at some of the peculiar text matter -printed in the American schoolbooks of the eighteenth and nineteenth -centuries, in order that I may more clearly emphasize the contrast -between the new and the old. I pass over the text of <cite>The New England -Primer</cite> with its</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse"> -<div class="line">In Adam’s fall</div> -<div class="line">We sinned all.</div> -</div></div></div> - - -<div class="poetry-container2"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse"> -<div class="line">Zaccheus he</div> -<div class="line">Did climb a tree,</div> -<div class="line">Our Lord to see.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noi nmt nmb">and</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse"> -<div class="line">A dog will bite</div> -<div class="line">A thief at night,</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="noi">reminding you only that the bulk of the book was composed of extracts -from the Bible, of hymns, and of moral teachings; that the backbone -of this book—misnamed a primer, for it was not a primer at all as -we now understand the term—was the Westminster Assembly’s Shorter -Catechism, which Cotton Mather called “a little watering-pot to shed -good lessons”; and lastly, that this primer was the only reader that -children had until they were able to read the Bible. As dreadful as -many of the doctrines taught in the Westminster Assembly’s Shorter -Catechism were, Cotton Mather urged writing masters to set sentences -from it to be copied by their pupils.</p> - -<p>Comparing itself with this earliest American schoolbook, the modern -primer might, in the language of Chaucer, say without being guilty of -immodesty:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse"> -<div class="line outdent">“O little booke, thou art so onconning,</div> -<div class="line">How darst thou put thyself in prees for drede?”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends, published in 1674 a -Primer in England. This was republished in Philadelphia in 1701, in -Boston in 1743, and in Newport in 1769. The book was not much used -except by Friends.</p> - -<p>The text matter of Jonathan Fisher’s <cite>A Youth’s Primer</cite>, printed -in 1817, followed closely the text of <cite>The New England Primer</cite>. It -contained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span> a series of short stories in alphabetical order, each -followed by a religious, moral, or historical observation. The poor -youngsters who were forced to read, day after day, from the pages of -these early books, whose text matter was certainly lugubrious and -distressing, were constantly reminded of death, the grave, a wrathful -God, and a burning hell prepared for the wicked.</p> - -<p>The text matter of the early Arithmetics, while not as gruesome as that -of the Readers, was in many respects so peculiar as to be quite beyond -the understanding of the twentieth century teacher. Allow me to call -your attention to two or three of the puzzling things contained in “Old -Pike,” as his Arithmetic was commonly known.</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>When tare and tret and doff are allowed:</p> - -<p>Deduct the tare and tret, and divide the suttle by 168, and the -quotient will be the cloff, which subtract from the suttle, and -the remainder will be the neat.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>These definitions will help you to understand the old terms:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p><em>Tare</em> is an allowance, made to the buyer, for the weight of the -box, barrel, or bag which contains, the goods bought.</p> - -<p><em>Tret</em> is an allowance of 4 lbs. in every 104 lbs. for waste, -dust, etc.</p> - -<p><em>Cloff</em> is an allowance of 2 lbs. upon every 3 cwt.</p> - -<p><em>Suttle</em> is, when part of the allowance is deducted.</p> - -<p><em>Neat</em> weight is what remains after all allowances are made.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>The following rule is another of Pike’s puzzles. This tells how to find -the Gregorian Epact:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>Subtract 11 from the Julian Epact. If the subtraction cannot -be made, add 30 to the Julian Epact, then subtract, and the -remainder will be the Gregorian Epact. If nothing remains, the -Epact is 29.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>You doubtless remember that an epact is the excess of the solar year -over the twelve lunar months, or about eleven days.</p> - -<p>In Walsh’s <cite>Mercantile Arithmetic</cite>, published in 1807, there is an -example that certainly would not have pleased Neal Dow. This is the -problem:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>If 8 boarders drink a barrel of cider in 12 days, how long would -it last if 4 more came among them?</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>I quote another problem that must surely have sent the distracted -teacher to her dictionary for first aid to the tormented:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>How much will 189 bazar maunds (a maund = 82.14 lbs.) 31 seer (a -seer = 2.06 lbs.) 8 chattacks (a chattack = 1/16 of a seer, or 2 -oz.) of sugar come to, at 6 rupees per maund?</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>One arithmetic maker, Jacob Willetts, of Poughkeepsie, set many of his -problems in rhyme; for instance,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse"> -<div class="line">When first the marriage knot was ty’d</div> -<div class="line indent">Between my wife and me,</div> -<div class="line">My age was to that of my bride,</div> -<div class="line indent">As three times three to three.</div> -<div class="line">But now when ten, and half ten years</div> -<div class="line indent">We man and wife have been,</div> -<div class="line">Her age to mine exactly bears,</div> -<div class="line indent">As eight is to sixteen;</div> -<div class="line">Now tell, I pray, from what I’ve said,</div> -<div class="line indent">What were our ages when we wed?</div> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<div class="line outdent2"><em>Ans.</em>—Thy age, when marry’d, must have been</div> -<div class="line">Just forty-five; thy wife’s fifteen.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Dillworth’s <cite>Schoolmaster’s Assistant</cite>, first published in London in -1774 and reprinted in Philadelphia in 1769, and considerably used in -the colonies, contains two examples which the author called “Pleasant -and Diverting Questions.” The first is as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>A farmer with a fox, a goose and a bag of corn has to cross a -river in a boat so small that he can take only two of these three -burdens with him at a time. How can he so handle matters that -nothing will be destroyed, because he cannot leave the fox and -the goose together, nor can he leave the goose and the corn.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>The next was an example, the solution of which might possibly be of -practical help to distressed husbands:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>Three jealous husbands, each with a wife, meet on a river bank. -How are they to cross so that none of the wives is left in the -company of one or two men unless her husband is also present?</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>As poor, from our point of view, as most of these old Arithmetics were, -George Washington cordially recommended Pike’s as “of great assistance -to children desiring to learn the art of figuring.” The pages in many -of these early books were printed like those in the Adams, a copy -of which I am able to show you, issued in 1814 at Keene, N. H. The -text matter, as you see, occupies but a small part of the page, the -rest being left to be filled with the solutions of problems that the -children had first worked out on smooth shingles, scraps of paper, -or slates, and then copied neatly on the pages where the solutions -belonged. All these printed books were, of course, a great improvement -over the Master’s notebook of an earlier time, from which rules and -problems were copied by the children, they not possessing a printed -text.</p> - -<p>Note.—(1) In the library of Mr. George Plimpton are more than 300 -different Arithmetics printed before 1601, the largest collection ever -brought together.</p> - -<p>Note.—(2) These old arithmeticians are responsible for what we know as -the one-sixth discount, for they advertised their books at, say, $10.00 -the dozen, the single copy $1.00.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span> -Note.—(3) They were the pioneers in collecting and printing before the -prefaces of their books, as Adams did before his preface, complimentary -testimonials of their books—a practice that the modern publisher would -hardly dare to follow.</p> - -<p>If the text matter of the early Readers was in many cases gruesome and -distressing in its effect upon the youthful mind, and the explanations, -rules, and problems in early Arithmetics were at times ludicrous and -extremely puzzling, it is also the fact that much of the text printed -in the first American Geographies was ridiculous because the writers -frequently indulged their imaginations at the expense of geographical -fact. Let me quote two or three examples showing how imagination played -havoc with the truth. Dwight’s <cite>Question and Answer Geography</cite>, printed -at Hartford in 1798, contains the following:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>Q. What are the customs and diversions of the Irish?</p> - -<p>A. There are a few customs existing in Ireland peculiar to this -country; these are their funeral howlings and presenting their -corpses in the streets to excite the charity of strangers, their -convivial meetings on Sunday, and dancing to bagpipes, which are -usually attended with quarreling.</p> -</blockquote> - -<p>Even the scholarly Morse, the author of the first Geography printed in -the United States, indulges in some picturesque flights of imagination, -as when he writes that the great men of the Friendly Islands “are fond -of a singular kind of luxury, which is, to have women sit beside them -all night, and beat on different parts of their body until they go to -sleep; after which, they relax a little of their labour, unless they -appear likely to wake; in which case they redouble their exertions, -until they are again fast asleep.” A careful reading of Mariner’s -<cite>Account of the Friendly Islands</cite>, a book published by John Murray & -Sons in London in 1817, thirty-four years after Morse published his -first Geography, reveals no account of any such custom, and Mariner -lived in the Friendly Islands for a number of years.</p> - -<p>Adams declares in his Geography, published in 1814, that “the White -Mountains are the highest, not only in New Hampshire, but in the -United States.” Of course he was speaking of the United States of -1814,—territory consisting of the original thirteen states and -Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Louisiana, admitted at the time when -Adams wrote his book,—but he evidently didn’t know that Mt. Mitchell -in North Carolina, the highest peak east of the Mississippi, is more -than 400 feet higher than the mountain that bears Washington’s name.</p> - -<p>If the geographers drew upon their imaginations when describing the -physical features of the country, so also did the statesmen. That -great apostle of democracy, Thomas Jefferson, sent a communication to -Congress after the Louisiana Purchase, conveying what he considered -good information about the new possession. The most curious statement -in this strange<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> document was about the mountain of salt. He informed -Congress that this mountain was said to be 180 miles long, 45 miles -wide, and all of white, glittering salt, with salt rivers flowing from -cavities at the base. In all probability Lewis and Clark disillusioned -Mr. Jefferson in 1806, when they returned from their trip to the -Pacific coast and gave accurate descriptions of the country they had -traversed.</p> - -<p>The first English Grammar written in America was prepared by Professor -Jones, a mathematical professor, as Dr. Chandler tells me, at William -and Mary College. This book was written about 1703 and was printed -in London. Only one copy of this grammar is now known, and that is -contained in a London collection. Another book was prepared by Caleb -Bingham, the first edition of which was printed in 1799. It was called -<cite>The Young Lady’s Accidence</cite>. This was the first English Grammar used -in the Boston schools. Its only predecessor used in this country was -Part II of Webster’s <cite>Grammatical Institute</cite>.</p> - -<p>Lindley Murray left his native country and settled in England in 1784. -The following year he wrote and published in England his <cite>Grammar of -the English Language</cite>. This Grammar was the standard textbook for fifty -years throughout England and America.</p> - -<p>The illustrations in the early schoolbooks were as bad or worse than -the text matter. They were not only entirely lacking in artistic -quality, but, worse than that, they frequently pictured horrible -things that the child during his school day had constantly under -his observation. What twentieth century publisher would dare to -use illustrations in Readers, Geographies, or any other textbooks, -picturing the burning of an unfortunate victim at the stake, a widow -burning on the funeral pyre of her husband, or the bloody details of an -Indian massacre? And yet these awful things are pictured in a Geography -not yet a hundred years old.</p> - -<p>Nearly all the books that appeared prior to 1840 were printed from -type, for neither the stereotype nor the electrotype plate was in use -before that time. Dr. Vail tells us that the early editions of the -McGuffey Readers, copyrighted, as I have said, in 1836 and 1837, were -so printed. The type impressions of the limited editions were clear and -distinct for the most part. Whether these impressions would have been -clear had as large and as many editions been printed from standing type -as we now print from plates, is of course a matter of conjecture.</p> - -<p>It is not necessary to remind you that publishers may to-day furnish a -duplicate set of plates to any concern on earth desiring to reproduce -one of their books, and that the book may be reprinted by the purchaser -without the bother and expense of resetting the type; but the printer -of the early days was not so fortunate, for if a concern in New York -wished to reprint and sell a book originally printed in Boston, he was -obliged to reset it, taking as copy the Boston production.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> -You remember that stereotyping was not perfected by Stanhope until -1800, and that stereotype plates were not used in the manufacturing of -schoolbooks until a later date, but that they were commonly used before -electrotyping came into general use about 1860, though the Harpers -used electrotyping in 1840 to duplicate wood cuts; that wood engraving -was used in Europe in 1830, but much earlier in China; that copper -engraving was used as early as 1450; that steel engraving was invented -by Perkins, of Newburyport, Mass., in 1814; that the three-color -process plate was first made by Frederick Ives of Philadelphia in 1881, -but that the development of color work in schoolbooks has been within -the last forty years.</p> - -<p>You recall the fact that the Adams or flat press was largely used -until 1875; that the first flat-bed cylinder press used in America was -a Napier brought from England in 1825; that in 1860 William Bullock -began to experiment on a rotary self-feeding or web printing press, and -finally achieved success in 1865. The web rotary press, as we know, can -turn out about ten times as much work in a given time as the flat-bed -cylinder press. Considering the fact that many millions of textbooks -are now printed annually, requiring the service of high power rotary -presses to print their sheets in season for use, is it not indeed -fortunate for the educational world that human skill has perfected such -a really wonderful instrument as this great machine, so splendidly -equipped for the accomplishment of this gigantic task?</p> - -<p>The binding of books until a comparatively recent date was entirely -done by hand. The process was so slow that only a few books could be -bound in a day, even by the largest establishment. Folding machines -were not used by binders until 1875, rounding and backing machines -until about 1888, sewing machines and case-making machines until about -1890, gathering machines until about 1895, casing-in machines until -about 1900. It is well known to you that a modern bindery in which -up-to-date machinery is installed is able to produce per day from -20,000 to 60,000 three-hundred-page sewed books of octavo size. It -is therefore evident that there has been as wonderful an improvement -in the method of binding books in the last century as in the method -of printing them, and that the output of a modern bindery is now so -enormous that it would have made the heads of the early hand binders -dizzy just to think of it.</p> - -<p><cite>The New England Primer</cite> was, of course, bound by hand. Its covers were -of thin oak that cracked and splintered badly with use, in spite of -the coarse blue paper that was pasted over the wood. The back was of -leather. Neither back nor sides had any printing on them. Yet, despite -its ugly appearance, this book has had a sale of at least two million -copies since Harris first printed it in or before 1691.</p> - -<p>The binding of the old Blue Back Speller until 1829 consisted of back -of leather and sides of thin oaken boards pasted over with a dull<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> blue -paper. “Blue paper of a somewhat brighter tint,” says Johnson, “was -used on the later editions, which gave rise to the name <cite>Blue Back</cite>.” -This book, as you know, has enjoyed a sale larger than that of any -other schoolbook ever made in this or any other country—a sale which -Mr. Appleton has recently told me has reached the stupendous figure of -sixty-four millions of copies.</p> - -<p>Adams’ Arithmetic, which I have shown you, you observe was covered with -leather pasted over a very thin pasteboard. It had no headbands, and -its sheets were stitched by hand. Leather binding on the larger books, -Dr. Vail tells us, persisted for a number of years after the beginning -of the nineteenth century. This gentleman informs us that the First -Reader of the original McGuffey series made a thin 18mo book of 72 -pages, having green paper covered sides.</p> - -<p>Peter Parley’s <cite>Method of Telling About Geography</cite>, published in -1829, was a thin, square little book with leather back and flexible -pasteboard sides. His <cite>National Geography</cite>, published in 1845, was the -earliest to take the large, flat quarto shape. This form enabled it to -include good-sized maps and do away with the necessity for a separate -atlas.</p> - -<p>Cover designs were not used until quite late in the nineteenth century, -and of course books whose covers bore no designs of any sort were far -less attractive than those bound to-day.</p> - -<p>In 1874, under the direction of Mr. James McNally, of Rand McNally -& Company, that concern began the publication of atlases, pocket -and large wall maps. In 1872, the Company had introduced the then -new relief line engraving process for making maps—a process which -revolutionized the methods of that day and cut the cost of production -by several hundred per cent. Maps that can now be bought for from 25 -cents to $1.00 each used to cost, under the old method of map making, -all the way from $5.00 to $10.00 apiece. The modern map, well and -thoroughly made, records faithfully every fact concerning the surface -of the earth now known to man, and there is very little about it that -scholarly geographers do not now know. In addition to the modern map’s -accuracy, it is as much more attractive than its forebears to the eye -as the beautiful color pictures now used in textbooks are seen to be -when compared with the muddy wood cuts that appeared in schoolbooks a -century or more ago.</p> - -<p>It is not necessary for me to speak in such a presence as this of -the contents of modern schoolbooks in order to point out how vastly -superior in every respect they are to the contents of books of the -earlier days. It would be a work of supererogation for me to comment at -length, for instance, upon the character of the literature now included -in reading books, or to note the scientific work that is now commonly -done in the preparation of one of the most difficult books to prepare, -namely, the primer, whose text matter and vocabulary are so splendidly -adapted to the capacity of the young child, and whose illustrations -picture his pets,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> his toys, his games, his playmates, and other things -with which he is thoroughly familiar. I asked a literary friend to pick -out a half dozen of the choicest selections of literature that he knew -in modern readers. He replied as follows:</p> - -<p>“Even a cursory survey of modern school readers soon reveals that no -period in the whole world’s literature has been neglected as a source -of selection. We have majestic passages from the Bible, Shakespeare, -Milton, Bacon, and Bunyan. The later centuries of English literature -afford the names of Sir Walter Scott, Wordsworth, Shelley, Browning, -Dickens, Thackeray, and on to Tennyson and Stevenson. The early classic -American period contributes freely from Longfellow, <a name="comma" id="comma"></a><ins title="Original omitted comma">Lowell,</ins> -Emerson, Thoreau, and Irving, and our early patriots and philosophers -like Washington, Patrick Henry, Franklin, and Lincoln, live to-day -in the school readers. Even our modern authors have their place. -James Whitcomb Riley, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Joel -Chandler Harris, and a score of others are no strangers to the child -who has in his possession a school reader of the present day. If these -were not enough, we have occasional excursions into the Greek and Roman -myths, and for the little people touches of the fascinating German and -Scandinavian folklore.</p> - -<p>“Most wonderful of all, however, is the skill of the editors and -publishers of these modern readers in selecting from this world-wide -galaxy of authors just the particular poem, tale, or episode that the -childish mind can assimilate and digest, and thus be left not only with -an introduction to these famous authors, but better yet with a desire -to know more of them.”</p> - -<p>Recently it was my pleasure to examine the illustrations in a set of -modern school readers. I found in them a number of pictures beautifully -done in color, copied from some of the masterpieces of world-famous -artists, as, for instance, <cite>The Age of Innocence</cite>, by Reynolds, <cite>The -Blue Boy</cite>, Gainsborough, <cite>The Melon Eaters</cite>, Murillo, <cite>Portrait of a -Man</cite>, Franz Hals, <cite>King David</cite>, Rubens, <cite>Mona Lisa</cite>, Leonardo da Vinci, -<cite>The Tapestry Weavers</cite>, Velasquez, <cite>The Architect</cite>, Rembrandt, as well -as many others made from drawings cleverly done by artists of manifest -ability. The pictures in this series of readers were evidently selected -with as much care as the text, which contained selections of high -literary value.</p> - -<p>“If I were asked,” said James Russell Lowell, “what book is better than -a cheap book, I should answer that there is one book better than a -cheap book, and that is a book honestly come by.”</p> - -<p>Prior to the enactment of state copyright laws, the first of which was -passed by Connecticut in 1783 and the last of which were enacted by -Georgia and New York in 1786, and the passage of a national copyright -law by Congress in 1790, literary property had no protection whatever -against piracy. Printers could help themselves <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">ad lib.</i> to books of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> -all kinds turned out by other printers. Dr. Noah Webster, realizing the -danger to an author arising from such piracy, labored diligently for -many years to secure the enactment of a copyright law. He pleaded that -the Constitution of the United States authorized Congress to “promote -the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times -to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective -writings and discoveries.”</p> - -<p>Previous to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787, the nation -had no power to act, but on Madison’s motion Congress in May, 1783, -recommended the states to pass acts securing copyright for fourteen -years. Dr. Webster traveled from state to state, urging members of -legislatures to secure the passage of copyright laws in their states, -and some thirteen states did pass such laws prior to the national act; -but when Congress finally took action in the matter, Webster’s work -was done. It was to his great advantage and that of all authors who -have produced books subsequent to 1790 that a national law preventing -the stealing of literary property was passed. To Noah Webster and his -successful work in securing the enactment of a national copyright law, -the literary world owes a great debt.</p> - -<p>The international copyright bill passed Congress March 3, 1891, thanks -to the diligent and unceasing labors of Mr. W. W. Appleton, the present -President of the Copyright League, Major George Haven Putnam, its -Secretary, and Robert Underwood Johnson.</p> - -<p>It is my hope that this brief and most incomplete historical sketch -will convince us afresh of the truth of such almost axiomatic -statements as that made in the New York <cite>Sun</cite> in 1915, namely, that -the advance in the United States in textbooks has been as great as in -any other phase of American life. Large credit is due both to authors -and to publishers for this really wonderful advancement, for both -have keenly realized the truth of Disraeli’s epigram which declared -that “the youth of a nation are the trustees of posterity,” and have -labored diligently to place in the hands of this youth books sound in -their pedagogy, accurate as to facts, inspiring in their influence, and -as attractive as possible in their appearance, to the end that these -trustees of posterity may be sent from the schools full armed to cope -successfully with ignorance, foolish and dangerous theories concerning -religious and political life, and all other evils that now or in the -future may menace our civilization.</p> - -<p>The immortal Milton declared that “a good book is the precious life -blood of a master spirit.” It has been and will continue to be the -happy privilege of the publisher to clothe the good book of the master -spirit in a style befitting its character, and to place it within -the reach of those who should have its message. That the educational -publisher is doing that work with much greater skill now than at any -time during the past two centuries is manifest; that he will, as time -grows apace, do it increasingly better, who can doubt?</p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> -</div> - -<h2>A BRIEF HISTORY OF AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS</h2> - - -<p>Allow me to close this paper by giving a brief record of the -organization of the houses now engaged in educational publishing, -mentioning the titles of some of the earlier textbooks produced. In -this brief record I have considered the history of these houses in -chronological sequence rather than in alphabetical order, beginning -with the earliest American house engaged in textbook publishing.</p> - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY.</h3><p>—Christopher Sower (Saür), the founder -of this house, issued in 1733 as his first venture in publishing, a -<em>schoolbook</em> entitled <cite>Ein A B C und Buchstabier Buch</cite>. In 1747 -he published a German and English Grammar; in 1750, <cite>The Golden A B C, -or the School of Knowledge in Rhymes</cite> (English translation of German -title); in 1771, <cite>The New England Primer, Enlarged</cite>. Although he began -publishing in German, he was soon printing in both German and English, -and he issued from six to twelve books a year until his death. His most -important educational publication was <cite>Die Schul-Ordnung</cite>, written -by Christopher Dock, a remarkable schoolmaster in Montgomery County, -Pennsylvania. This is known as the first American treatise on school -teaching.</p> -</div> - -<p>In 1758 Christopher Sower was succeeded by his son, Christopher -Sower, 2nd, and he by his son, Samuel. In 1799 another son, David, -Sr., took charge of the business. In 1842 Charles G., son of David, -Jr., succeeded his father. In 1888, 150 years after the founding, the -firm was incorporated as the Christopher Sower Company, with Charles -D. Sower as President. In 1910 the officers were: Albert M. Sower, -President; James L. Pennypacker, Vice President; Daniel B. Hassan, -Secretary and Treasurer.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY, INC.</h3><p>—This business began as a retail store -started by Ebenezer Battelle in Boston in 1784. Four years later the -concern issued its first book and became a publisher in the strict -sense of the word. From 1784 to 1913 there was a succession of partners -entering and leaving the organization, and in the early days the name -of the house was changed frequently, according to the changes in -partnership. The name of Little & Brown was adopted in 1830, when James -Brown and Charles C. Little owned the business. James Brown may more -truly be called the founder of the present house than any other one -man. In 1898 Little, Brown & Company absorbed the successful publishing -firm of Roberts Brothers of Boston, thereby securing a large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> -miscellaneous line, including the works of Louisa Alcott. In 1913 the -house was incorporated as Little, Brown & Company, Inc., without change -in the personnel of the organization.</p> -</div> -<p>The present educational enterprise of this company was started in -May, 1904, and the first two schoolbooks of the present list were a -school edition of <cite>The Man Without a Country</cite>, and the series known -as the <cite>Wide Awake Readers</cite>. Little, Brown & Company are known as the -publishers of Bancroft’s <cite>History of the United States</cite>, also of Daniel -Webster’s works.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>BENZIGER BROTHERS.</h3><p>—This firm was founded in 1792 in Einsiedeln, -Switzerland, by Joseph Charles Benziger. In 1883, he was succeeded by -his sons, Charles and Nicholas Benziger.</p> -</div> -<p>In 1853, the New York house was founded. J. N. Adelrich Benziger, a -son of Charles, and Louis, a son of Nicholas, took charge of the New -York house. The American firm is now entirely independent of its parent -house in Switzerland. In 1860 a branch house was opened in Cincinnati, -Ohio. In 1880, Nicholas C. Benziger became a partner. His father, -Nicholas, was a partner in Einsiedeln, and was the son of Nicholas -mentioned above. In 1887, a branch house was opened in Chicago. In -1894, Louis G. Benziger, son of Louis, became a partner, retiring in -1914. In 1912 Xavier N. Benziger, and in 1919 Bernard A. Benziger, both -sons of Nicholas C., became partners.</p> - -<p>This firm has been publishing schoolbooks since 1860. From 1874 to 1877 -the <cite>Gilmour Readers</cite> were published. <cite>The Catholic National Readers</cite> -were brought out in the years 1889–1894. <cite>The New Century Catholic -Readers</cite> were issued from 1903 to 1905. The house has also published -a <cite>History of the United States</cite> in two volumes, an <cite>Elementary -Geography</cite>, <cite>Advanced Geography</cite>, and two series of Arithmetics.</p> - -<p>The present partners of the firm are Nicholas C. Benziger and his sons, -Xavier N. and Bernard A. Benziger.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO.</h3><p>—Mr. Young, the present President of this -organization, writes:</p> -</div> -<p>“The records of the family tree of the Sanborn publications go back -into the eighteenth century. The predecessors of the present concern -appear to have been in the textbook business from the beginning, and -to have specialized in English grammars. The earliest trace we have -is of the publication of Staniford’s <cite>Short but Comprehensive Grammar -Rendered Simple and Easy by Familiar Questions and Answers Adapted to -the Capacity of Youth</cite>. This was printed by Mannering & Loring, of -Boston, January, 1797. Later came <cite>The Elements of English Grammar</cite> by -Adoniram Judson in 1808. Following Mannering & Loring came the firm of -Loring & Edmunds. They were the publishers of Lindley Murray’s Grammar. -Following Loring & Edmunds came Robert S. Davis,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> then Robert S. Davis -& Company, then Leach, Shewell & Sanborn, and now Benj. H. Sanborn & -Company.</p> - -<p>“In addition to the Lindley Murray Grammar, one of the notable -achievements of the predecessors of Benj. H. Sanborn & Company was the -publication of the Greenleaf Arithmetics. The first contract for these -books goes back to 1832. Greenleaf, by the way, a Maine teacher, sold -the copyright of his first book for $10,000 in gold. This was more -money than Greenleaf had ever seen before in his life, and he at once -took the boat to Boston to deposit it.”</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.</h3><p>—Charles Wiley established the business in -1807. John Wiley came into it as a clerk in 1820 and continued until -1890. He had associated with him at various times George Palmer Putnam, -Mr. Long, and Robert Halsted. The concern became John Wiley & Sons in -1865. Major William H. Wiley entered it in 1875, and W. O. Wiley in -1890. The house was incorporated in 1904.</p> -</div> -<p>The first educational publication was a <cite>History of the United States</cite>, -which was issued by the founder of the house just after the War of -1812, and contained an account of that war. The first technical book -was published in 1819, entitled <cite>A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri</cite>, -by Henry R. Schoolcraft.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>HARPER & BROTHERS.</h3><p>—This house was founded in 1817 by John Harper, -Wesley Harper, James Harper, and Fletcher Harper. Harper & Brothers -began to publish educational books in 1836, the title of their -first publication being Professor Anthon’s Classical Series. Some -of their most notable educational books are the Harper Geographies, -Harper’s United States Series of Readers, Harper’s Arithmetics, -Rolfe’s Shakespeare, Swinton’s Language Books, Green’s <cite>Short History -of the English People</cite>, Harper’s Greek and Latin texts. In 1890 or -thereabouts, the American Book Company bought the educational list of -Harper & Brothers.</p> -</div> -<p>James Harper, the oldest brother of the original four Harpers, was -elected Mayor of New York City in 1844. He originated the idea of the -magazine, and Fletcher, who was an unusually fine business man, the -idea of <cite>Harper’s Weekly</cite>.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>D. APPLETON & COMPANY.</h3><p>—Mr. Daniel Appleton, who was a dry goods -merchant in Boston, moved and established himself in business in New -York in 1825. He began the bookselling business at 16 Exchange Place -by the importation of editions of English books. The bookselling -business was soon carried on by Daniel Appleton’s eldest son, William -H. Appleton. The first book published in this country by Mr. Appleton -was a little volume entitled <cite>Crumbs from the Master’s Table</cite>, issued -in 1831. William H. Appleton became a partner with his father in 1838, -and the firm became D. Appleton & Company. In 1848, Daniel Appleton -retired,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> and William H. and his brother, John A. Appleton, became -partners in the business. Daniel Appleton died in 1849. His son, Daniel -Sidney Appleton, became a partner in 1849, and later George S. Appleton -and Samuel Francis Appleton, also sons of Daniel Appleton, became -partners. D. Appleton & Company was incorporated in 1897. Mr. W. W. -Appleton writes:</p> -</div> - -<p>“I cannot give the exact time when educational books were first issued, -but somewhat late in the 1830’s a number of such works were published, -some of them in foreign languages—French, Spanish, and German—and -in the 40’s several more were added. In the 1850’s the educational -list became much more important and included Cornell’s Series of -Geographies, Quackenbos’s standard textbooks, Perkins’ Arithmetics, -Mandeville’s Readers, and a great number of educational books in the -Spanish language. One of the most interesting publications was Noah -Webster’s <cite>Elementary Spelling Book</cite>, which was originally issued in -Hartford as the first part of <cite>A Grammatical Institute of the English -Language</cite>. D. Appleton & Company secured the publication of Webster’s -<cite>Speller</cite> in 1855, and it sold nearly a million copies a year up to the -beginning of the Civil War.”</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>VAN ANTWERP, BRAGG & COMPANY.</h3><p>—The original firm of which this company -was the successor was Truman & Smith, organized about 1834 by William -B. Truman and Winthrop B. Smith. On June 2, 1834, this house published -an <cite>Introduction to Ray’s Eclectic Arithmetic</cite>. It was the firm’s first -schoolbook. Mr. Truman retiring, Mr. Smith carried on the business -of educational publishing in the second story over a small shop on -Main Street, Cincinnati. He was the sole proprietor of the McGuffey -Readers and his other publications from 1841 until about 1852. He then -admitted, as partners, Edward Sargent and Daniel Bartow Sargent, his -wife’s brothers, and the firm name became W. B. Smith & Co.</p> -</div> -<p>Mr. Smith made an arrangement with Clark, Austin & Smith, of New -York, to become the Eastern publishers of the McGuffey Readers, and -a duplicate set of plates was sent to New York. From these plates, -editions of the Readers were manufactured, largely at Claremont, N. H., -bearing on the title page the imprint of Clark, Austin & Smith. The -Smith of this firm was Cornelius Smith, a brother of Winthrop B. Smith.</p> - -<p>Mr. W. B. Smith retiring, a new firm under the name of Sargent, Wilson -& Hinkle was organized April 20, 1863, with Edward Sargent, Obed J. -Wilson, and Anthony H. Hinkle as partners, and with W. B. Smith and -D. B. Sargent as special partners. In 1866, Mr. Lewis Van Antwerp was -admitted as a partner, and on April 20, 1868, the firm of Sargent, -Wilson & Hinkle was dissolved. Mr. Sargent retired, and the new firm, -Wilson, Hinkle & Co., bought all the assets. Mr. Caleb Bragg in 1871 -became a partner in Wilson, Hinkle & Co. On April 20, 1877,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> the firm -of Wilson, Hinkle & Co. was dissolved, and the business was purchased -by the new firm, Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., of which Lewis Van Antwerp, -Caleb S. Bragg, Henry H. Vail, Robert F. Leaman, A. Howard Hinkle, and -Henry T. Ambrose were the partners.</p> - -<p>Mr. Van Antwerp retired January 22, 1890, just previous to the sale -of the copyrights and plates owned by the firm to the American Book -Company. The four active partners in that firm, each of whom had been -in the schoolbook business some twenty-five years, entered the employ -of the American Book Company. Mr. Bragg and Mr. Hinkle remained in -charge of the Cincinnati business, Dr. Vail and Mr. Ambrose went to New -York, the former as Editor-in-chief, the latter at first as Treasurer, -but later he became the President of the Company.</p> - -<p>The most notable books published by these several firms, preceding -and including Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., were McGuffey’s Readers and -Speller, Ray’s Arithmetics, and Harvey’s Grammars.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY.</h3><p>—The business was started in 1831, but the -publication of Webster’s Dictionary was not undertaken until 1843. -The founders were the brothers, George and Charles Merriam, and the -original copartnership style was G. & C. Merriam. In 1856 Homer Merriam -joined the other brothers, with no change in the firm style.</p> -</div> -<p>In 1882 the firm name was changed to G. & C. Merriam & Company, and -at that time Orlando M. Baker and H. Curtis Rowley were admitted to -partnership. In 1892 the copartnership was changed to a corporation, -styled G. & C. Merriam Company. George Merriam, one of the founders -of the company, died shortly before 1882, and about that time Charles -Merriam retired from the firm. Thereafter the active management of -the business devolved upon Mr. Baker and Mr. Rowley. Later Mr. K. N. -Washburn was made one of the Managers. Mr. Baker died in 1914, and at -the present time the active management of the business is in the hands -of Mr. Rowley, Mr. Baker’s two sons, A. G. Baker and H. W. Baker, and -Mr. Washburn.</p> - -<p>The original firm of G. & C. Merriam, shortly after becoming -established in 1831, began publishing educational books in a small way. -The first of these publications seem to have been a series of school -readers, <cite>The Child’s Guide</cite>, <cite>Village Reader</cite>, etc. For many years, -however, and probably almost from the time that they acquired the -rights in Webster’s Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam and their successors -have confined their publications to the Genuine Webster Dictionaries.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>WILLIAM H. SADLIER.</h3><p>—The founder of the business was Denis Sadlier, who -organized a general Catholic publishing house in 1835. In 1841, James, -the brother of Denis, was admitted to partnership, the firm name being -D. & J. Sadlier & Co. Upon the death of the original partners, the firm -was continued by James F., the son of Denis Sadlier.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> -In 1872, William H. Sadlier left the old firm and started a purely -textbook publishing house. His first books were the Excelsior -Geographies, followed shortly by the Excelsior Histories and Readers, -and then a general line of Catholic textbooks. William H. Sadlier died -in 1877 and the business was continued by his widow, Annie M. Sadlier, -who still lives and who may rightfully claim to be the original -business woman of New York. A law had to be passed in the Assembly -permitting her to do business under her husband’s name. Mrs. Sadlier -retired about ten years ago, and the business is now being conducted -by her son, Frank X. Sadlier, of the third generation. The surviving -textbooks of the original firm are now being published by the firm of -William H. Sadlier, which is the lineal successor of the original firm -of D. & J. Sadlier & Company.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS.</h3><p>—This firm was founded in 1837 by the late George -Palmer Putnam, who was born at Brunswick, Maine, in 1814 and died -in 1872. The London House was established in 1841. Some years after -the death of Mr. George Palmer Putnam, the firm was changed into a -corporation under the laws of the State of New York. Since 1880, the -President of the corporation has been Major George Haven Putnam, who -was born in London in 1844.</p> -</div> -<p>Educational books, that is to say, books for the use of higher -grade students, have been included in the Putnam list, but common -school books have not been included. The first book coming under the -description of “educational” published by the house was <cite>The Tabular -Views of Universal History</cite>, compiled in 1832 by the late George Palmer -Putnam.</p> - -<p>The present firm consists of Major George Haven Putnam, Irving Putnam, -Sidney Haven Putnam, Edmund W. Putnam, and George Palmer Putnam, under -the firm name of G. P. Putnam’s Sons.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>A. S. BARNES & COMPANY.</h3><p>—The business of this firm was begun by -Mr. A. S. Barnes about 1837 at Hartford, Conn., but soon moved to -Philadelphia, Pa., where the title of the firm was changed to A. S. -Barnes & Burr, Mr. Burr being a brother-in-law of Mr. Barnes. A few -years later the business was moved to 51 John Street, New York City. -The name of Burr disappeared from the firm early in its New York days, -and the title became A. S. Barnes & Company. After a few years at 51 -John Street, the business was moved to 111–113 William Street, where it -remained until 1890, when the textbook publications were purchased by -the American Book Company. During the period between the establishment -of the business in New York and 1890, Mr. Barnes took in as partners, -in the order named, his son Alfred C. Barnes, Henry W. Curtis, Charles -J. Barnes, a nephew, and Henry B. Barnes, Edwin M. Barnes, Richard S. -Barnes, and William D. Barnes, all sons of A. S. Barnes. At the time of -the sale of the business to the American Book<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> Company, the partners -of the firm consisted of the five sons of A. S. Barnes, and Charles J. -Barnes of Chicago.</p> -</div> -<p>In 1837, Mr. A. S. Barnes published a series of mathematical books -written by Professor Charles Davies. Other well-known publications -of the house were Monteith’s Geographies, Barnes’ Histories, Parker -and Watson’s Readers, Barnes’ Readers, Steele’s Science Series, and -Maxwell’s Grammars.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>CHARLES E. MERRILL COMPANY.</h3><p>—Mr. Merrill writes:</p> -</div> -<p>“It appears that the original house was founded by William G. Webster, -a son of Dr. Noah Webster, author of the Dictionary, and Lucius E. -Clark, a farmer’s son who was born at Washington, Conn., July 4, 1814. -They began business under the name of Webster & Clark in 1842. A few -years later Mr. Webster retired and Mr. Clark, associated with Jeremiah -B. Austin of Wallingford, Conn., continued the business under the name -of Clark & Austin. Soon afterward Cornelius Smith of W. B. Smith & Co. -of Cincinnati became a partner and the firm name was changed to Clark, -Austin & Smith. In 1859, Mr. Smith died and the firm was reorganized -under the name of Clark, Austin, Maynard & Company, Effingham Maynard -and Livingston Snedeker being admitted to partnership.</p> - -<p>“The Civil War, beginning two years later, brought disaster to -the firm. A large amount of money due from Southern customers was -uncollectable and after a desperate struggle to hold over, a compromise -with its creditors became necessary. After obtaining releases from -creditors, the business was resumed in 1863 by Clark & Maynard, whose -careful and efficient management enabled them in 1872 to pay in full, -principal and interest, all the debts from which the firm of Clark, -Austin, Maynard & Company had been released. Their most notable -contributions to textbook publishing were the Anderson Historical -Series and the Reed & Kellogg Grammars.</p> - -<p>“Mr. Clark retired from business at the close of 1888, and Mr. Maynard, -with Mr. Everett Yeaw of Lawrence, Mass., continued the business -under the firm name of Effingham Maynard & Company. In 1893, the firm -consolidated with that of Charles E. Merrill & Company, consisting of -Charles E. Merrill and Edwin C. Merrill, the resulting organization -being incorporated under the name of Maynard, Merrill & Company. Its -officers were Effingham Maynard, Charles E. Merrill, Everett Yeaw, and -Edwin C. Merrill. Mr. Maynard died in 1899. Mr. Charles E. Merrill -bought the Maynard interest from the two sons of Mr. Maynard, and the -name of the corporation was changed to Charles E. Merrill Company. -In 1910 Mr. Yeaw, now the head of Newson & Company, retired from the -organization, which was joined a few years later by Mr. Edwin W. -Fielder. The present officers are Charles E. Merrill,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> President, -Charles E. Merrill, Jr., Vice President, Halsey M. Collins, Secretary, -and Edwin W. Fielder, Treasurer. These officers, with Harold S. Brown, -are the directors.”</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & COMPANY.</h3><p>—Mr. Henry Ivison, a bookseller -at Auburn, N. Y., came to New York City in 1846 and was admitted to -the firm of Mark H. Newman & Company. In 1852, a new partnership for -three years was founded under the firm name of Newman & Ivison, but -the senior partner died before the end of the first year, leaving the -business entirely in Mr. Ivison’s hands. Mr. Ivison later bought out -the entire interest of the concern and took in as a partner H. F. -Phinney of Cooperstown, N. Y., an experienced bookseller and son-in-law -of J. Fenimore Cooper. In 1866, Mr. Phinney’s health failed and Messrs. -Birdseye Blakeman, Augustus C. Taylor, and Mr. Ivison’s eldest son, -David B., were admitted to the firm, which was continued under the name -of Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman & Co. Subsequently, on the withdrawal of -Mr. Phinney, the firm name was changed to Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & -Co. Mr. Ivison retired from the firm in 1881. In 1890, the business of -this concern was purchased by the American Book Company.</p> -</div> -<p>In Ivison & Company’s Almanac for the year 1847 are found -advertisements of Porter’s <cite>Rhetorical Reader</cite>, Newman’s <cite>Rhetoric</cite> and -<cite>Elements of Political Economy</cite>, Day and Thomson’s Series of <cite>Practical -Arithmetic</cite>, <a name="sanders" id="sanders"></a><ins title="Original has ’s">Sanders’</ins> -School Readers, Wilson’s Histories of the United States, Bradbury & Sanders’ -<cite>Young Choir</cite> or <cite>School Singing Book</cite>, Gray’s <cite>Elements of -Chemistry</cite>, and Hitchcock’s <cite>Elementary Geology</cite>.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS.</h3><p>—The business was founded in 1846 by Isaac D. -Baker and Charles Scribner, under the firm name of Baker & Scribner. -Later the organization became a partnership under the different names -of Charles Scribner & Company, and Scribner & Armstrong. Mr. Charles -Scribner died in 1871, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John Blair -Scribner. Mr. Armstrong retired in 1878 and the business was then -reorganized as a partnership under the firm name of Charles Scribner’s -Sons, with John Blair Scribner as the head, the other partners being -Charles Scribner and Arthur H. Scribner, sons of the founder. When -John Blair Scribner died in 1879, Charles Scribner became the head of -the business. In 1904, the corporation of Charles Scribner’s Sons was -formed with Charles Scribner, President, and Arthur H. Scribner, Vice -President, and that organization remains the same in 1921.</p> -</div> -<p>Among the earliest educational publications of the house are a treatise -in physical geography entitled <cite>The Earth and Man</cite>, by A. Guyot, -translated by C. C. Felton and published in 1849; Felter’s Arithmetics, -1864; Guyot’s Wall Maps, 1865; Perry’s <cite>Elements of Political Economy</cite>, -1865; Guyot’s Geographies, 1866; Porter’s <cite>Human Intellect</cite>, 1868; -Cooley’s <cite>Chemistry</cite>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> 1869; Cooley’s <cite>Natural Philosophy</cite>, 1871; -Cooley’s <cite>Physics Experiments</cite>, 1871; Hopkins’ <cite>Outline Study of Man</cite>, -1873.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.</h3><p>—This firm originally was Lippincott, Grambo -& Company, founded in 1850, and later became J. B. Lippincott Company. -The present Lippincott who is the head of the concern is the son of the -original founder, J. B. Lippincott.</p> -</div> -<p>Some of the old-time schoolbooks published by J. B. Lippincott -Company were Comly’s <cite>Speller</cite>, Sanford’s <cite>Arithmetic</cite>, Cutter’s -<cite>Anatomy</cite>, Wilson’s <cite>Readers</cite>, and Webster’s <cite>Speller</cite>. In 1876, the -firm purchased from Brewer & Tileston of Boston the entire rights -in Worcester’s Dictionary. The House has published in this country -Gibbon’s <cite>Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</cite>, Hume’s and Macaulay’s -Histories of England. It also projected <cite>Lippincott’s Magazine</cite> in -1867, issuing the first number in January, 1868. Its first editor was -Lloyd Smith, the librarian of the Philadelphia library.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD COMPANY.</h3><p>—In 1850, Daniel Lothrop and his -brothers, John and Henry, formed a partnership known as D. Lothrop -& Company for the publishing of books in Dover, N. H. Their early -publications were mostly juvenile, and largely for use in Sunday School -libraries. A little more than ten years later, the business was removed -to Boston, and later incorporated as D. Lothrop Company. After the -death of Daniel Lothrop, the business was reorganized in 1891 as the -Lothrop Publishing Company, and so continued until 1904, when all its -assets were purchased by Lee & Shepard.</p> -</div> -<p>The Lothrop house published a great many books of educational value, -like Gilman’s <cite>Historical Readers</cite>, in three volumes, and Miss Cyr’s -<cite>Interstate Primer and First Reader</cite>. Their most important educational -book was <cite>Finger Plays</cite>, by Emilie Poulsson, of which 110,000 copies -have been sold.</p> - -<p>The firm of Lee & Shepard was founded in Boston in 1861 by William -Lee, who had previously been a partner of Phillips Sampson & Company, -a Boston publishing house which went out of existence in the 50’s, and -Charles A. B. Shepard. Mr. Shepard died in 1889, and Mr. Lee continued -as sole partner until June, 1898, when he transferred his entire -business to E. Fleming & Company, book binders, who continued the -business by placing it in charge of Warren F. Gregory.</p> - -<p>Lee & Shepard were general publishers and, like D. Lothrop & Company, -had strong lines of juveniles which were much used in school libraries. -Of their distinctively educational books, the most successful were -King’s <cite>Picturesque Geographical Readers</cite>, in six volumes.</p> - -<p>In 1904, the owners of Lee & Shepard purchased the entire assets of -the Lothrop Publishing Company, and incorporated the combined houses -under the style Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company. Mr. Gregory,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> the -Manager of Lee & Shepard, was elected General Manager and has held that -position since. Among its most important works used educationally, in -addition to those mentioned above, are the <cite>True Story Series</cite>, the <cite>U. -S. Service Series</cite>, the translation of Froebel’s <cite>Mother Play, with -Music</cite>, and books for younger readers.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>SHELDON & COMPANY.</h3><p>—Mr. Smith Sheldon of Albany, N. Y., organized -a firm which began business in New York City in 1853 at 115 Nassau -Street. He was soon joined by Mr. Birdseye Blakeman, who afterward -became a member of the firm of Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Company. In -1857 Isaac E. Sheldon, eldest son of Smith Sheldon, became a partner, -and subsequently Isaac Shailor entered the firm. Mr. Shailor was killed -a few years later in his barn by a stroke of lightning. This must have -been in the early 70’s, and about that time Mr. Sheldon’s younger sons, -Alexander E. Sheldon and William D. Sheldon, were made members of the -firm.</p> -</div> -<p>Some time in the 60’s Mason and Hamlin, the organ people, sold to -the Sheldons their schoolbooks, such as the Stoddard Mathematics, -Haven’s and Wayland’s Philosophies, and other standard books. Sheldon -& Company had branched out into almost all classes of publication, -including novels, autobiographies, religious books, hymn books, -schoolbooks, etc., and in addition published what was known as the -<cite>Galaxy Magazine</cite>. In 1877, the house decided to make a specialty -of schoolbooks, and gave up its other lines of publication. Among -the school and college textbooks which they brought out were Olney’s -Mathematics, Avery’s Science Series, Hill’s Rhetorics, Logic and -Psychology, Shaw’s Literature, Sheldon’s Word Studies, Sheldon’s Modern -School Readers, and Patterson’s Grammars.</p> - -<p>In 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of Sheldon & Company, -with Isaac E. Sheldon as President and Joseph K. Butler as Secretary -and Treasurer. The following year they purchased the business of -Taintor Brothers. Later the house of E. H. Butler & Company was merged -with Sheldon & Company, there being included in E. H. Butler & Company -the firm of Cowperthwait & Company of Philadelphia, and a Pittsburgh -firm, the name of which I think was H. I. Gurley & Company. Isaac E. -Sheldon died about the first of July, 1898, and E. H. Butler was made -President, the firm becoming Butler, Sheldon & Company. On January 1, -1903, the business of Butler, Sheldon & Company was purchased by the -American Book Company and its books added to the list of that concern.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>RAND McNALLY & COMPANY.</h3><p>—In 1859 Mr. William H. Rand was operating a -job printing business at 148 Lake Street, Chicago. About that time -his plant was consolidated with the job department of the Chicago -<cite>Tribune</cite>. In 1862, Mr. Andrew McNally, who had been in partnership<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> -with Mr. John Collins in the printing and stationery business on North -Clark Street, sold his interest and purchased a partnership in the -<cite>Tribune</cite> job office. He became superintendent of the business. In -1864, Rand and McNally bought out the <cite>Tribune</cite> interest in the job -printing, and founded the copartnership of Rand McNally & Company. The -Company was incorporated in 1873. The present President of the concern -is Mr. H. B. Clow.</p> -</div> -<p>Rand McNally & Company has been known as map makers, book publishers, -atlas makers, bank publishers, ticket manufacturers, creators of map -systems, and other specialties. It has published the Dodge Geographies, -the Mace Histories, and a number of other large selling educational -books.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>HENRY HOLT & COMPANY.</h3><p>—In 1866, the copartnership of Frederick Leypoldt -and Henry Holt was formed under the style of Leypoldt & Holt. From -the start they were merely publisher and not retailers or printers. -In 1871, H. O. Williams was admitted to the firm; Mr. Leypoldt soon -withdrew, and the firm name was changed to Holt & Williams. Two years -later Mr. Williams retired and the business was continued as Henry Holt -& Company. Charles Holt, a brother of Henry Holt, was an active partner -from 1878 to 1903, when the house became a stock company with Henry -Holt as President, Roland Holt, Vice President, Edward N. Bristol, -Secretary, Joseph F. Vogelius, Treasurer. In 1919, Mr. Vogelius -resigned after more than fifty years’ connection with the house.</p> -</div> -<p>The firm’s first educational venture occurred in 1867, when the foreign -language publications of S. R. Urbino and DeVries, Ibarra & Company of -Boston were taken over. These two lists included the Otto French and -German Grammars and some sixty French and German texts. Most of these -same texts still appear in Henry Holt & Company’s list, though not in -the form first issued. In 1869, the firm began what was practically -its first original enterprise in the educational field when it issued -Whitney’s German textbooks, starting with his <cite>German Reader</cite>, and -following shortly with his <cite>Compendious German Grammar</cite>. In 1879, -the <cite>American Science Series</cite> was begun with Packard’s <cite>Zoology</cite>. -The announcements included James’ <cite>Psychology</cite>, Walker’s <cite>Political -Economy</cite>, and Martin’s <cite>The Human Body</cite>. In the same year the first of -Johnston’s books, <cite>American Politics</cite>, appeared. These books represent -the earlier development of Henry Holt & Company’s educational business.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>GINN & COMPANY.</h3><p>—This house was founded in 1867 by Edwin Ginn. He -began business at No. 3 Beacon Street, Boston, and soon admitted as -a partner Mr. Aaron Lovell, afterward the head of the house known -as A. Lovell & Company of New York. Mr. Ginn’s next partner was Mr. -R. F. Leighton, the author of Leighton’s <cite>Latin Lessons</cite>, then Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> -Frederick Ginn, Edwin Ginn’s brother. Later Mr. Daniel C. Heath and Mr. -George A. Plimpton were admitted to the firm, Mr. Heath in 1876 and -Mr. Plimpton in 1880. The firm was then known as Ginn & Heath. In 1885 -the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Heath retiring. The business was -continued by Edwin Ginn, George A. Plimpton, and Frederick Ginn under -the firm name of Ginn & Company. Since then there have been admitted -at different times as members of the firm, Thomas Ballard, Justin H. -Smith, Lewis Parkhurst, O. P. Conant, Ralph L. Hayes, Selim S. White, -Thomas W. Gilson, Fred. M. Ambrose, Austin H. Kenerson, Henry R. -Hilton, Richard S. Thomas, C. H. Thurber, T. B. Lawler, Dana W. Hall, -Selden C. Smith, O. J. Laylander, F. C. Hodgdon, E. A. DeWitt, L. B. -Robeson, Mark R. Jouett, Jr., J. W. Swartz, LeRoy J. Weed, Edward H. -Kenerson, Norman C. Miller, and H. B. Conway. Of this number there are -now eighteen surviving partners.</p> -</div> -<p>Mr. Edwin Ginn died in 1914. Of the other partners who have been -admitted, Mr. Conant, Mr. Gilson, Mr. White, and Mr. Kenerson, Sr., -have crossed the Great Divide. Mr. Justin H. Smith retired from the -firm to enter the faculty of Dartmouth College. Mr. Ballard, Mr. Hayes -and Mr. Ambrose also retired.</p> - -<p>The first educational book that Mr. Ginn published was Craik’s <cite>The -English of Shakespeare</cite>. This was followed by Goodwin’s <cite>Greek -Grammar</cite>, the Allen & Greenough Latin Series, White’s <cite>Greek Lessons</cite>, -and a course of <cite>Grade School Music Readers</cite> by Luther Whiting Mason. -This series was early introduced into the Boston schools and for some -time was the standard series of school music in America.</p> - -<p>The Boston offices of Ginn & Company have been at Tremont Place, Beacon -Street, in the old John Hancock house, and are now at 15 Ashburton -Place.</p> - -<p>The prototype of the Athenæum Press was started by Ginn & Company in -the early 80’s. The building which now houses this establishment is -located in Cambridge, and was erected in 1896.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>ALLYN & BACON.</h3><p>—Mr. John Allyn began business in 1868. He imported -and published a line of books, chiefly Greek, but in 1886 he issued -Pennell’s Histories of Greece and Rome, Comstock’s <cite>First Latin Book</cite>, -and Kelsey’s <cite>Caesar</cite>. In 1888 Dr. George A. Bacon joined Mr. Allyn in -equal partnership. Dr. Bacon had been, before he entered business, the -principal of the Syracuse High School. Shortly after the partnership -was formed, the house purchased Walker’s <cite>Physiology</cite> from A. Lovell -& Company, but the book had already been in existence for some time. -Both Mr. Allyn and Dr. Bacon are still living and carrying on their -business.</p> -</div> - -<div class="heading"> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> -<h3>THE CENTURY COMPANY.</h3><p>—This company was organized July 21, 1870, by -Roswell Smith and Josiah G. Holland. It is a corporation. Mr. Smith -was the first president; he was succeeded by Frank Scott, he by W. W. -Ellsworth, and he by Dr. W. Morgan Shuster, who is at the present time -in office.</p> -</div> -<p>Strictly educational publications were first brought out in 1904, -Fetter’s <cite>Principles of Economics</cite> being the first volume to appear. -Failor’s <cite>Plane and Solid Geometry</cite>, Forman’s <cite>Advanced Civics</cite>, -Smith’s <cite>Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry</cite>, and Thorndike’s -<cite>Elements of Composition and Rhetoric</cite> were published shortly afterward.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY.</h3><p>—The founder of Funk & Wagnalls Company was -Dr. Isaac Kauffman Funk, who established the business in 1876 with <cite>The -Metropolitan Pulpit</cite>, now <cite>The Homiletic Review</cite>. Some months later he -was joined by Adam W. Wagnalls, and the two entered into partnership, -forming the business of I. K. Funk & Company. These two men were joined -in 1879 by Mr. Robert J. Cuddihy.</p> -</div> -<p>In 1891, Funk & Wagnalls Company was organized with Dr. Funk as -President, Adam W. Wagnalls, Vice President, Robert J. Cuddihy, -Treasurer and General Manager. William Neisel joined the staff of the -publishing house in 1883, and was appointed head of the Manufacturing -Department. In 1884, Dr. Funk founded <cite>The Voice</cite> and in 1890, <cite>The -Literary Digest</cite>. Edward J. Wheeler joined the staff as editor of <cite>The -Voice</cite> in 1884, and in 1895 became editor of <cite>The Literary Digest</cite>, -which position he held until 1905, when William Seaver Woods became -editor.</p> - -<p>The idea and plans of the Dictionary originated with Dr. Funk, whose -first managing editor was Dr. Daniel Seeley Gregory. The <cite>Standard -Dictionary</cite> was projected in 1890 and completed in 1893. Dr. Funk was -editor-in-chief of all the publications of Funk & Wagnalls Company, and -in his work on the <cite>Standard Dictionary</cite> was assisted by Dr. Rossiter -Johnson, John Denison Champlin, Dr. Francis A. March, Sr., and Dr. -Arthur E. Bostwick. The <cite>New Standard Dictionary</cite> was projected in -1909, and was issued under the editor-in-chiefship of Dr. Funk, with -Calvin Thomas as consulting editor, and Frank H. Vizetelly as managing -editor, 1903–1913, editor of the same since 1914. The abridgments of -the <cite>Standard Dictionary</cite> were produced under the general editorship of -Dr. Funk, by Dr. James Champlin Fernald, Frank H. Vizetelly, and others.</p> - -<p>The office of Secretary has been held, sometimes in addition to other -offices, by the following persons: Robert J. Cuddihy, 1891–1898; Henry -L. Raymond, 1898–1904; Robert Scott, 1904–1913; Wilfred J. Funk, -1913–1915; and William Neisel, 1915 to the present time.</p> - -<p>Following the death of Dr. Isaac K. Funk in 1912, Dr. Adam W. Wagnalls -was elected President of the Company; Benjamin Franklin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> Funk, Vice -President. On the death of Benjamin Franklin Funk in 1914, Wilfred J. -Funk became Vice President and William Neisel, Secretary.</p> - -<p>The editorial policy of Funk & Wagnalls Company is directed by the -Executive Committee, under the guidance of the General Manager, Robert -J. Cuddihy. The Manager of the Educational Department is Mr. Wilfred J. -Funk.</p> - -<p>Inclusive of the Dictionary and its abridgments, the first educational -books published by the Company were Fernald’s <cite>English Synonyms, -Antonyms, and Prepositions</cite> and his <cite>Connectives of English Speech</cite>.</p> - -<p>Of the firm’s publications circulated most widely in the schools, <cite>The -Literary Digest</cite> takes first rank. It maintains an educational service -among 15,000 teachers and circulates in more than 10,000 schools.</p> - -<p>In 1904, Francis Whiting Halsey became literary adviser of the Company -and editor of the book department of <cite>The Literary Digest</cite>. Under -his supervision were produced: <cite>Great Epochs in American History</cite>, -<cite>Seeing Europe with Famous Authors</cite>, and with the assistance of William -Jennings Bryan, <cite>World’s Famous Orations</cite>, and in conjunction with -Henry Cabot Lodge, <cite>Best of the World’s Classics</cite>. Mr. Halsey died, -November 24, 1919.</p> - -<p>The officers and the principal editors of the Company are: President, -Dr. Adam W. Wagnalls; Vice President, Wilfred J. Funk; Treasurer -and General Manager, Robert J. Cuddihy; Secretary, William Neisel; -<cite>Homiletic Review</cite>, Editors: George Gilmore, Robert Scott; <cite>Literary -Digest</cite>, Editor: William Seaver Woods; <cite>Standard Dictionary</cite>, Managing -Editor, Frank H. Vizetelly.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>LYONS & CARNAHAN.</h3><p><a name="emdash1" id="emdash1"></a><ins title="Original has no dash">—This</ins> -firm was organized and began publishing -schoolbooks about 1878. In 1888, Mr. J. A. Lyons became associated -with Mr. O. M. Powers in the publication of commercial texts. The firm -name was Powers & Lyons. They continued to publish commercial books -until 1909, when J. A. Lyons purchased the interest of O. M. Powers -and continued to do business under the firm name of J. A. Lyons & Co. -In 1912, J. W. Carnahan purchased an interest in the business, and the -firm name was changed to Lyons & Carnahan. Mr. Lyons died in November, -1920, and Mr. Carnahan was elected President of the new corporation -which was organized under the same name of Lyons & Carnahan.</p> -</div> -<p>Since 1912 the house has been engaged in the publication of both common -and high school books.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY.</h3><p>—This firm was established about 1880 by Mr. -H. O. Houghton and Mr. George H. Mifflin, with whom were associated Mr. -M. M. Hurd and Mr. L. H. Valentine. They took over, either at that time -or a little later, the business of various Boston publishers, namely, -Ticknor & Fields, Hurd & Houghton,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> Houghton, Osgood & Company; Fields, -Osgood and Company, James R. Osgood & Company, and Ticknor & Company. -Some of these firms were first merged together and then with Houghton -Mifflin Company, but practically all this took place before 1882. -Ticknor & Company, however, became united with the business a little -later.</p> -</div> - -<p>The Educational Department of Houghton Mifflin Company was established -in 1882 through the efforts of Horace E. Scudder and Henry N. Wheeler, -encouraged by Mr. Henry O. Houghton, Sr. There were then published -Colburn’s <cite>Arithmetic</cite> and certain Latin books, but Mr. Scudder had -the idea that the great masterpieces of American literature, such as -<cite>Evangeline</cite>, <cite>The Vision of Sir Launfal</cite>, <cite>Snow-Bound</cite> and other -similar great classics which had recently come into the control of -the firm, should be made available in cheap editions for school use. -He became the general editor of the Riverside Literature Series which -was then established, and which was pushed with vigor and energy by -Henry N. Wheeler. Early in the 90’s the Department developed with -the publication of Fiske’s <cite>History of the United States</cite>, Fiske’s -<cite>Civil Government</cite>, and various collections of literature such as -<cite>Masterpieces of American Literature</cite>. This necessitated further -expansion and an office was opened in Chicago under the management of -C. F. Newkirk, who was later succeeded by W. E. Bloomfield.</p> - -<p>In 1902 J. D. Phillips, who had previously been connected with the -Editorial Department of the house, was transferred to the Educational -Department to do both agency and editorial work, and the Webster-Cooley -Language Series was soon published.</p> - -<p>Mr. Scudder died in 1902 and Mr. Wheeler in 1905, and the Department -came under the management of Mr. Phillips and Mr. Davol. Franklin S. -Hoyt, formerly Assistant Superintendent of Schools in Indianapolis, was -invited in 1906 to join the firm and take charge of the editorial end -of the work. The organization then established has remained practically -unchanged until now. Henry B. Dewey, former Commissioner of Education -of the State of Washington, is now manager of the Boston office of this -Company.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY.</h3><p>—This concern is the successor of -B. F. Johnson & Company, which was organized some time in the 80’s -to develop a subscription book business founded by Benjamin Franklin -Johnson in 1876. The business grew to enormous proportions and at one -time the books published by this concern were to be found in almost -every house in the South.</p> -</div> -<p>In 1895, the Company began to experiment in a small way with -schoolbooks, beginning with Lee’s <cite>Advanced History</cite>. Two years -later it published Johnson’s <cite>Primer</cite>, and this was soon followed -by Johnson’s <cite>Readers</cite>. The success of these experiments led to a -reorganization of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> the Company by Mr. Johnson in 1900, when the -subscription book business was dropped and the house began to devote -itself exclusively to schoolbooks. The first publications of the -reorganized company were <cite>Graded Classics Readers</cite> and Colaw and -Ellwood’s Arithmetics in 1900, both of which series were remarkably -successful.</p> - -<p>In 1902, Mr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by James D. Crump, -who held the position until 1920, when he was succeeded by A. J. Gray, -Jr. The Company has recently been reorganized by Mr. Gray to meet -the demands of its extraordinary growth and to provide for further -development on an enlarged scale.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY.</h3><p>—This business was founded by Mr. Edgar O. -Silver, April 21, 1885. On September 21, 1886, the firm of Silver, -Rogers & Company was organized, M. Thacher Rogers being admitted to -partnership. This partnership was succeeded by the partnership of -Silver, Burdett & Company, April 16, 1888, consisting of Edgar O. -Silver, Elmer E. Silver, Henry C. Deane, and Frank W. Burdett, and -on May 2, 1892, the business of the partnership was assumed by the -corporation of the same name. Mr. Edgar O. Silver died in November, -1909. In 1910, Arthur Lord was elected Acting President, and in 1914 -Haviland Stevenson was made President of the Company.</p> -</div> -<p>The date of the first publications of this house was 1885. Among its -earliest books were the <cite>Normal Music Course</cite> and other music books -for schools, Farley and Gunnison’s Writing Books, Todd and Powell’s -Readers, Stowell’s Physiologies, and Larkin Dunton’s Geographical -Readers. For two or three years after its organization in 1885, the -house devoted itself almost entirely to the publication of music books -for the common and high schools. In 1890, the policy of the house was -changed and the list broadened to cover the other subjects in the -school curriculum.</p> - -<p>Silver, Burdett & Company purchased the business of Potter & Putnam -about 1903, and in 1904 that of the Morse Company, adding the lists of -these houses to their own.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>D. C. HEATH & COMPANY.</h3><p>—This house was founded in 1886 by Daniel C. -Heath, whose first office was in Tremont Place, Boston. The name chosen -by Mr. Heath for his firm was D. C. Heath & Company, which name has -continued until this day. Mr. Heath’s first partner was Charles H. -Ames, who was admitted to the firm in 1888. His second was William E. -Pulsifer, who joined the Company in 1889. Dr. Winfield S. Smyth, who -had been Ginn & Company’s Chicago manager, was taken into the firm -of D. C. Heath & Company in 1893. In 1895, the partnership sold its -business to a corporation organized in that month, of which Mr. D. -C. Heath was made President, Dr. Winfield S. Smyth, Vice President, -William E. Pulsifer, Treasurer, and Charles H. Ames, Secretary. Mr. -Heath died in January, 1908, and Dr. Smyth in August, 1908.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> -After Mr. Heath’s death his trustees, Herbert C. Foss and E. G. Cooley, -who for some time had been Superintendent of Schools in Chicago, -carried on the business for two years, when Mr. Heath’s stock was -purchased by William E. Pulsifer, Winfield S. Smyth, Jr., W. H. Ives, -James C. Simpson, Isaac Van Houten, Frank F. Hummel, and others who -bought a few shares of the common stock. In 1910 the corporation -elected as its officers, William E. Pulsifer, President, W. H. Ives, -Vice President, Winfield S. Smyth, Treasurer, and Charles H. Ames, -Secretary. Mr. Ives soon retired and in September, 1911, Mr. Ames -died. The present officers of the Company are William E. Pulsifer, -President, James C. Simpson, Vice President, Winfield S. Smyth, -Treasurer, and Frank F. Hummel, Secretary. Mr. S. Willard Clary was -the editor-in-chief of the Modern Language Department for twenty-seven -years, and Dr. Charles Henry Douglas has been the editor-in-chief of -the general list since 1895.</p> - -<p>When Mr. Heath retired from the firm of Ginn & Heath, he was paid for -his interest partly in cash and partly in books. Among the publications -which he received from the Ginn & Heath list were Remsen’s <cite>Organic -Chemistry</cite>, Shaler’s <cite>First Book in Geology</cite>, Ybarra’s <cite>Practical -Method in Spanish</cite>, Sheldon’s <cite>Short German Grammar</cite>, Hall’s <cite>Methods -of Teaching History</cite>, and Mitchell’s <cite>Hebrew Lessons</cite>. There were -altogether twenty-four bound books and several manuscripts, including -those prepared by Mary Sheldon. Mr. Heath’s first publications were -Sheldon’s <cite>Studies in General History</cite>, the Joynes-Meissner <cite>German -Grammar</cite>, and several French and German texts purchased from English -and Scotch publishers and republished by him.</p> - -<p>D. C. Heath & Company has acquired by purchase from Leach & Shewell and -added to its list the Wells Series of Mathematics for secondary schools -and colleges, a number of Latin texts and textbooks from the University -Publishing Company, Thomas’s <cite>History of the United States</cite> from a -Friends’ Society known as The Text-Book Association of Philadelphia, -Bancroft’s <cite>School Gymnastics</cite> from Kellogg & Company of New York, -Bowser’s Algebras, Geometries, and Trigonometries from Van Nostrand -& Company, and the American rights in what is now known as the Arden -Shakespeare from Blackie & Son, Limited, of Scotland.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY.</h3><p>—The American house of Longmans, Green -& Company was founded September 15, 1887, by Mr. C. J. Mills. Its -business is incorporated under New York State law. The London house -began business in 1724. The only change that has been made in the -personnel of the Company on this side of the Atlantic was the -admittance to the firm of Mr. Mill’s son, E. S. Mills.</p> -</div> -<p>The publication of schoolbooks by the American house was begun in 1890. -The first of these books were <cite>Epochs of American History</cite>, a series -of three volumes edited by Professor A. B. Hart of Harvard. Woodrow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> -Wilson is the author of one of the volumes. This well-known series was -quickly followed by Longmans’ <cite>English Classics</cite>, Longmans’ <cite>English -Grammar</cite>, etc.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>SCOTT, FORESMAN & COMPANY.</h3><p>—This house was founded in 1889 under the -firm name of Albert & Scott. The business was originated and carried -on for several years by Mr. E. H. Scott. In 1894, Mr. H. A. Foresman -purchased an interest in the concern and shortly afterward the -publishing business of George Sherwood & Company, with all its stock -and publishing rights, was taken over. At that time the corporation -name was changed to Scott, Foresman & Company. In 1896, W. C. Foresman -bought an interest in the business and became Treasurer of the Company. -The same year the publishing business of S. C. Griggs & Company was -purchased, and all rights and stock were transferred to Scott, Foresman -& Company. In 1908, R. C. McNamara became a stockholder and Secretary -of the Company. In 1912, Charles E. Keck became a stockholder and -manager of the Eastern office.</p> -</div> -<p>Scott, Foresman & Company began publishing educational books in 1889, -the first being a beginner’s Latin book, <cite>Bellum Helveticum</cite>, and the -second, Lowe and Ewing’s <cite>Caesar</cite>.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.</h3><p>—On June 14, 1890, an announcement was made by -the American Book Company as follows:</p> -</div> -<p>“American Book Company, Incorporated, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago. -Birdseye Blakeman, President; Alfred C. Barnes, Vice President; Harry -T. Ambrose, Treasurer; Gilman H. Tucker, Secretary. Directors: Caleb -S. Bragg, Chairman; William H. Appleton, William W. Appleton, Daniel -Appleton, Alfred C. Barnes, Charles J. Barnes, Henry B. Barnes, -Birdseye Blakeman, George R. Cathcart, A. H. Hinkle, David B. Ivison, -Henry H. Vail.</p> - -<p>“The American Book Company is a stock company incorporated under state -laws for the purpose of carrying on the manufacture and sale of books. -The American Book Company has purchased the schoolbook publications -hitherto issued by D. Appleton & Company, A. S. Barnes & Company, -Harper & Brothers, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Company of New York, and -Van Antwerp, Bragg & Company of Cincinnati. The company is organized in -the interest of economy in the production and sale of schoolbooks, etc.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Birdseye Blakeman served as President from April, 1890, until May, -1893. He was succeeded by David B. Ivison, who served as President -until 1896. Harry T. Ambrose was President of the Company from 1896 -until 1914, when L. M. Dillman was elected to that office. Mr. Blakeman -died October 9, 1894, and Mr. Ivison, April 6, 1903.</p> - -<p>General A. C. Barnes served as Vice President from 1890 until his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> -death in 1904, when he was succeeded by Dr. Henry H. Vail. He in turn -was succeeded by the present Vice President, A. Victor Barnes.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ambrose served as Treasurer of the Company until he was elected -President in 1896, when Charles P. Batt, the present Treasurer, -succeeded him. Gilman H. Tucker was Secretary of the Company at its -organization in 1890, and remained as such until his death, November -14, 1913. He was succeeded by John Arthur Greene, who died in 1917. The -present Secretary is W. L. Billmyer.</p> - -<p>Dr. Henry H. Vail was Chief of the Editorial Department at the -organization of the Company, and held that position until his -resignation in 1909, when he was succeeded by Russell Hinman. Mr. -Hinman died in 1912, when Mr. G. W. Benton was made Editor-in-Chief and -is still serving in that position.</p> - -<p>Since its organization, the American Book Company has taken over by -purchase the schoolbook properties of the following houses: Werner -School Book Company, Chicago; Standard School Book Company, St. Louis; -D. D. Merrill, St. Paul; Cowperthwait & Company, Philadelphia; Taintor -Brothers & Company, New York; E. H. Butler & Company, Philadelphia; -Western School Book Company, Chicago; Sheldon & Company, New York; -Williams & Rogers, Rochester; the elementary list of the University -Publishing Company, New York.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS.</h3><p><a name="emdash2" id="emdash2"></a><ins title="Original omitted the em dash">—This</ins> house was established in 1890, the -founders being Alonzo Schwartz, James J. Kirwin, and Denis C. Fauss. In -1893, Mr. Schwartz retired on account of ill health, and the business -continued under the direction of Mr. Kirwin and Mr. Fauss.</p> -</div> -<p>In 1898, this firm purchased the business of the Catholic School Book -Company, taking over its entire list. That company, in turn, was the -successor of the Catholic Publication Society, established originally -by the Paulist Fathers in 59th Street, New York, with Mr. Lawrence -Kehoe as the manager.</p> - -<p>Among the earliest publications of the house were <cite>The Young Catholic’s -Illustrated Readers</cite>, Deharbe’s Catechism, Gazeau’s Histories, Edward’s -<cite>Hygiene</cite>, Hassard’s Histories, Farrell’s Spellers, and the <cite>Columbus -Series of Readers</cite>, by Dr. William T. Vlymen, which series had already -been contracted for and the first book published by the Catholic School -Book Company, when Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss purchased their list and -completed the series.</p> - -<p>The offices of this firm are located at 42 Barclay Street, New York, -with Mr. Kirwin and Mr. Fauss still in charge of the business.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY.</h3><p>—This organization is an outgrowth of -<cite>Gregg Shorthand</cite>, first published by John R. Gregg in Boston, October, -1893. In 1896 Mr. Gregg moved to Chicago, where he established a -school and continued to publish his system. In 1907, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> publishing -business was incorporated as the Gregg Publishing Company, and is owned -by Mr. Gregg, with the exception of the few shares held by others -to comply with the legal requirements. In 1907 Mr. Gregg moved to -New York, where he established an Eastern office. The San Francisco -office was opened in 1912, the Boston office in 1919, and in 1920 an -office was established in London. At the present time the executive -officers are: John R. Gregg, President; Mrs. J. R. Gregg, First Vice -President; Rupert P. SoRelle, Second Vice President; W. F. Nenneman, -Secretary-Treasurer; Hubert A. Hagar, General Manager.</p> -</div> -<p>Beginning with shorthand, an extensive line of publications in -that subject was developed, to which were added textbooks in other -commercial subjects. In addition to its two magazines, the list of -publications of the Gregg Publishing Company at the present time -comprises more than one hundred titles.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.</h3><p>—In January, 1896, an American branch of the -Oxford University Press opened offices at 91–93 Fifth Avenue, New York, -under the management of John Armstrong, with whom were associated W. -W. McIntosh, W. F. Olver, and C. C. Schepmoes. In 1897, the Branch -took over from The Macmillan Company the publications of The Clarendon -Press. In 1915, Mr. Armstrong died. He was succeeded by W. W. McIntosh, -the present Vice President and General Manager. Mr. W. F. Olver, the -first Treasurer of the Company, died in 1919 and was succeeded by Isaac -Brown. Mr. C. C. Schepmoes became Secretary at that time.</p> -</div> -<p>The first schoolbook manufactured and published by the Oxford -University Press in this country was Schiller’s <cite>Wilhelm Tell</cite>, edited -by Sphoenfeld, which was issued in 1902. The concern publishes the -Oxford English, French, and German Series. In 1918, the Branch added a -Medical Department, which handles all the medical publications of Henry -Frowde and Hodder & Stoughton of London.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</h3><p>—Mr. George P. Brett, the present President, -with the proprietors of Macmillan & Company, Ltd., London, the people -who had been interested in the agency of Macmillan & Company previously -operating in the United States, undertook the organization of the -corporation, The Macmillan Company, in this country in 1896. Mr. Brett -has been the President of the American corporation since that date.</p> -</div> -<p>There have been several heads of the Educational Department. It was -organized first under the direction of Dr. F. L. Sevenoak, who gave a -part of his time to this work, the balance being devoted to teaching. -He was succeeded by James R. McDonald, who filled the position until -the fall of 1902, when he was succeeded by William H. Ives. In 1906 -Mr. Ives was succeeded by F. C. Tenney, who filled the position -until July,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> 1912. At that time A. H. Nelson became the head of the -Educational Department and held the position until July, 1920, when -Charles H. Seaver, who now occupies it, succeeded Mr. Nelson.</p> - -<p>School textbooks were published in America by Macmillan & Company -before the time when The Macmillan Company was formed as an American -corporation, the records showing the publication of Hall and Knight’s -<cite>Elementary Algebra</cite> and <cite>Algebra for Beginners</cite> in 1895, Tarr’s -<cite>Elements of Physical Geography</cite> in 1895, and Channing’s <cite>Student’s -History of the United States</cite> in April, 1896. Immediately following the -establishment of the American corporation, there was published Miller’s -<cite>Trigonometry</cite> in 1896, and in 1897 the following books appeared: -Tarr’s <cite>High School Geology</cite>, Nichols’ <cite>High School Physics</cite>, Lewis’s -<cite>Writing English</cite>, Tarr’s <cite>First Book in Physical Geography</cite>, McLellan -and Ames’ <cite>Arithmetic</cite>, Hall and Knight’s <cite>Algebra for Colleges and -Schools</cite>, Davenport’s <cite>Elementary Economics</cite>, Murche’s <cite>Science -Readers</cite>. The McLellan and Ames <cite>Arithmetic</cite> and the Murche <cite>Science -Readers</cite> were the first textbooks published for elementary grades. The -Macmillan Company first undertook the work of publishing books for that -field in the fall of 1897.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>W. H. WHEELER & COMPANY.</h3><p>—This Chicago concern was organized in 1897 -by Mr. W. H. Wheeler. In 1898 W. C. Fidler purchased an interest in -the Company. Some years later, E. E. Wheeler, son of W. H. Wheeler, -was admitted to the firm, as was also John H. Pugh. These four men are -still active in the business.</p> -</div> -<p>The first books published by this house were Wheeler’s <cite>Graded Studies -in English, First Lessons in Grammar and Composition</cite>. These were -followed a little later by Wheeler’s <cite>Graded Primer</cite>.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>NEWSON & COMPANY.</h3><p>—This concern was incorporated under the laws of -the State of New York, July, 1900. Mr. Henry D. Newson was its first -President. He was succeeded in that office by Mr. Everett Yeaw, the -present President, in April, 1912. Mr. Newson severed all relations -with the Company on January 1, 1920.</p> -</div> -<p>Newson & Company immediately on its organization began the publication -of educational books, the first of which was Buehler’s <cite>Modern English -Grammar</cite>, the original of the present Revised Edition, published in -1914.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>WORLD BOOK COMPANY.</h3><p>—The house was established in 1905 by Casper -W. Hodgson. “It was really founded,” Mr. Hodgson writes, “in the -Philippine Islands, a little farther west or east than any other -American house has started.” The first office was in Manila, but soon -another was established at Park Hill, Yonkers, N. Y.</p> -</div> -<p>The first books issued were six Philippine publications. The World Book -Company now does a considerable business not only in the Philipine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> -Islands, but also in the United States and Latin America. O. S. Reimold -and M. A. Purcell have been connected with the business almost from its -beginning. M. J. Hazelton, who joined the Company in 1908, has been the -Philippine representative of the house. Professor John W. Ritchie has -given his full time to the organization since 1915.</p> - -<p>The titles of the first educational books published for use in American -schools are Ritchie’s <cite>Human Physiology</cite>, and Wohlfarth-Rogers’ <cite>New -World Spellers</cite>.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>ROW, PETERSON & COMPANY.</h3><p>—This firm was organized in February, 1906. -R. K. Row was made President and Isaac Peterson, Secretary-Treasurer. -A few years later Charles D. Kennedy and J. R. Sparks purchased stock -in the Company and were made directors, Mr. Kennedy becoming Secretary. -In 1914, B. E. Richardson purchased stock and became Vice President. In -1919, Mr. Peterson died and Mr. Kennedy was made Secretary-Treasurer.</p> -</div> -<p>The first books were published in the spring of 1906. These included -Robbins and Row’s <cite>Studies in English</cite>, Salisbury’s <cite>The Theory of -Teaching</cite>, Frazier’s <cite>The National Speller</cite>, Hatch and Haselwood’s -<cite>Elementary Agriculture</cite>, and Hurty’s <cite>Life with Health</cite>.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY.</h3><p>—This organization was started on July -1, 1909, with John A. Hill, President, and James H. McGraw, Vice -President. After Mr. Hill’s death in 1916, Mr. McGraw succeeded him as -President, which position he still holds.</p> -</div> -<p>At the time of the formation of this Company in 1909, when the Book -Departments of the McGraw Publishing Company and the Hill Publishing -Company were consolidated, the combined lists totaled perhaps 200 -books. In ten years this list has grown to approximately 1000 titles. -Some of the most notable publications of the Educational Department -of the McGraw-Hill Book Company are Dr. Cady’s <cite>Inorganic Chemistry</cite>, -Dr. Norris’ <cite>Principles of Organic Chemistry</cite>, Dr. Moore’s <cite>History -of Chemistry</cite>, Dr. Mahin’s <cite>Quantitative Analysis</cite>, a series of -Electrical Engineering texts prepared under the general supervision -of Dr. H. E. Clifford of Harvard University, a series of books on -Scientific Management and Efficiency, under the general direction of -Dr. R. S. Butler, formerly of the University of Wisconsin, a series -of mathematical texts, including Slichter’s <cite>Elementary Mathematical -Analysis</cite>, Wolff’s <cite>Calculus</cite>, Allen’s <cite>Projective Geometry</cite>, and a -series of successful books for trade schools and apprentice classes, -under the general direction of F. E. Mathewson of the Dickinson High -School, Jersey City, N. J.</p> - -<p>The present officers of the McGraw-Hill Book Company are: James H. -McGraw, President; Martin M. Foss, Vice President and General Manager; -Arthur J. Baldwin, Vice President; Edward Caldwell, Treasurer; James S. -Thompson, Secretary.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> -<h3>THE BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY.</h3><p>—This house was established in 1838 by -Samuel Merrill. The business has continued in unbroken succession since -that time, under several different firm names, being first Merrill & -Company, then Merrill & Field, Merrill Hubbard Company, Merrill Meigs -& Company, The Bowen-Merrill Company, and in 1903 the firm name became -The Bobbs-Merrill Company.</p> -</div> -<p>In 1909 a set of educational readers was added to the general line -of publications of this house. As publishers of law books, The -Bobbs-Merrill Company ranks among the leading houses of the country.</p> - -<p>The present officers of the corporation are: W. C. Bobbs, President; -John R. Carr, Vice President; D. L. Chambers, Secretary.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY.</h3><p>—The founder of this Philadelphia concern -was Mr. John C. Winston, who was its directing head until May 6, 1920, -when he died.</p> -</div> -<p>The Company began work in the preparation of schoolbooks in 1913, but -the business end of the Educational Department was not inaugurated -until March, 1918. The first books published by this Company were the -Winston Series of Readers, the <cite>Young American Readers</cite>, the <cite>Winston -Simplified Dictionary</cite>, and two books on civics, <cite>Our Community</cite> and -<cite>Our Neighborhood</cite>.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>IROQUOIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.</h3><p>—This Company was incorporated -under the laws of the state of New York on July 15, 1915, with E. F. -Southworth as President and H. W. Duguid as Secretary. Mr. Southworth -was for many years connected with Ginn & Company.</p> -</div> -<p>During the first year the Company brought out a list of twelve books. -This list increased until on February 1, 1921, it contained more than -fifty titles.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY.</h3><p>—This firm was incorporated in 1868 -under New York State law. Prominent among the promoters and original -stockholders of the Company were Horace Greeley, August Belmont, -W. H. Aspinwall, G. B. Hallgarten, W. R. Travers, Eugene Kelly, J. -B. Alexander, Richard L. Edwards, and many others of New York. In -Baltimore, Robert Garrett & Sons, brokers controlling the Baltimore and -Ohio Railroad, A. S. Able of the Baltimore <cite>Sun</cite>, C. H. Latrobe, at one -time Mayor of Baltimore, John Hopkins, W. T. Walters, owner of the once -famous Peach Blow Vase, were stockholders. Jefferson Davis and Joseph -E. Johnson subscribed for stock, and Dr. Howard Crosby, the famous -divine of New York, was an enthusiastic supporter. General John B. -Gordon was interested in the Company and was for many years a director -and Vice President of the concern.</p> -</div> -<p>The educators agreed upon as authors of the new books were all -university men, and this fact gave its name to the Company. The list -of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> authors included Dr. Basil L. Gildersleeve of Johns Hopkins -University, Matthew F. Maury, author of <cite>The Physical Geography of the -Sea</cite>, Dr. George F. Holmes, Charles S. Venable of the University of -Virginia, and Professor William Hand Brown. Of the books published, -Maury’s Physical Geographies and Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar at once -took their places as standard authorities.</p> - -<p>Early in 1873, Ezra D. Barker was elected General Manager by the -directors. He supervised the revision of Holmes’ Readers and Spellers, -Maury’s Primary and Grammar School Geographies, and Venable’s -Arithmetic.</p> - -<p>In 1888, Mr. C. L. Patton cast his fortune with the Company and came -to New York as the Manager of the Agents’ Introduction Department. In -1892, Mr. Patton reorganized the Company, which took over the plates -and publishing rights of the J. B. Lippincott schoolbook list, also a -list of books published by F. F. Hansell & Brother of New Orleans.</p> - -<p>On the 31st of December, 1906, the directors of the Company decided -to go into voluntary liquidation. In this liquidation the grammar -school books were sold to the American Book Company, Gildersleeve’s -Latin Series to D. C. Heath & Company, Eadies’ Physiologies to Charles -Scribner’s Sons, and the Standard Literature Series and all remaining -publications to Newson & Company.</p> - - -<div class="heading"> -<h3>ATKINSON, MENTZER & COMPANY.</h3><p>—This firm was organized in 1898 under -the name of Hathaway & Atkinson. At the end of the year Mr. Hathaway -withdrew and the firm’s name became Atkinson & Mentzer. In 1899, the -firm published its first book, namely, the <cite>Ivanhoe Historical Note -Book</cite>. In 1904, Mr. Edwin Osgood Grover joined the organization and the -firm name was changed to Atkinson, Mentzer & Grover. The first book -published under this imprint was the <cite>Art Literature Primer</cite>. In 1911 -Mr. Grover severed his connection with the firm, which from that time -on has done business under the name of Atkinson, Mentzer & Company.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The writer regrets to state that he has not been able to get authentic -data for historical accounts of the old firms of Brewer & Tileston -and William Ware & Company of Boston, J. H. Butler & Company, E. H. -Butler & Company, and Cowperthwait Company of Philadelphia, or Taintor -Brothers of New York. There has not been included in this record -several of the younger houses like the Southern Publishing Company of -Texas and the University Publishing Company of Nebraska. It is also a -fact that there has been no attempt to secure the records of the old -printing houses, which were not publishers as we understand the meaning -of the term.</p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider" /> -</div> -<div class="tn"> -<p class="center p120">Transcriber’s Note:</p> - -<p class="noi">Variations in spelling and punctuation, and the use of -italic have been retained as they appear in the original publication -except as follows:</p> - -<ul class="nobullet"> -<li>Page 11</li> -<li><ul><li>from Longfellow, Lowell Emerson, <i>changed to</i><br /> -from Longfellow, <a href="#comma">Lowell,</a> Emerson,</li></ul></li> - -<li>Page 20</li> -<li><ul><li>Sander’s School Readers <i>changed to</i><br /> -<a href="#sanders">Sanders’</a> School Readers</li></ul></li> - -<li>Page 26</li> -<li><ul><li>LYONS & CARNAHAN. This <i>changed to</i><br /> -LYONS & CARNAHAN.<a href="#emdash1">—This</a></li></ul></li> - -<li>Page 31</li> -<li><ul><li>SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS. This <i>changed to</i><br /> -SCHWARTZ, KIRWIN & FAUSS.<a href="#emdash2">—This</a></li></ul></li> -</ul> -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Brief Account of the Educational -Publishing Business in the United , by William Edmond Pulsifer - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PUBLISHING *** - -***** This file should be named 50200-h.htm or 50200-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/2/0/50200/ - -Produced by Ethan Kent and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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