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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/5020-h.zip b/5020-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f73108 --- /dev/null +++ b/5020-h.zip diff --git a/5020-h/5020-h.htm b/5020-h/5020-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bb054f --- /dev/null +++ b/5020-h/5020-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1416 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"> + +<head> + +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> + +<title> +The Project Gutenberg E-text of State of the Union Addresses, by Zacharay Taylor +</title> + +<style type="text/css"> +body { color: black; + background: white; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-left: 10%; + font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; + text-align: justify } + +p {text-indent: 4% } + +p.noindent {text-indent: 0% } + +p.t1 {text-indent: 0% ; + font-size: 200%; + text-align: center } + +p.t2 {text-indent: 0% ; + font-size: 150%; + text-align: center } + +p.t3 {text-indent: 0% ; + font-size: 100%; + text-align: center } + +p.t3b {text-indent: 0% ; + font-size: 100%; + font-weight: bold; + text-align: center } + +p.t4 {text-indent: 0% ; + font-size: 80%; + text-align: center } + +p.t4b {text-indent: 0% ; + font-size: 80%; + font-weight: bold; + text-align: center } + +p.t5 {text-indent: 0% ; + font-size: 60%; + text-align: center } + +h1 { text-align: center } +h2 { text-align: center } +h3 { text-align: center } +h4 { text-align: center } +h5 { text-align: center } + +p.poem {text-indent: 0%; + margin-left: 10%; } + +p.contents {text-indent: -3%; + margin-left: 5% } + +p.thought {text-indent: 0% ; + letter-spacing: 4em ; + text-align: center } + +p.letter {text-indent: 0%; + margin-left: 10% ; + margin-right: 10% } + +p.footnote {text-indent: 0% ; + font-size: 80%; + margin-left: 10% ; + margin-right: 10% } + +p.transnote {text-indent: 0% ; + margin-left: 0% ; + margin-right: 0% } + +p.intro {font-size: 90% ; + text-indent: -5% ; + margin-left: 5% ; + margin-right: 0% } + +p.quote {text-indent: 4% ; + margin-left: 0% ; + margin-right: 0% } + +p.finis { font-size: larger ; + text-align: center ; + text-indent: 0% ; + margin-left: 0% ; + margin-right: 0% } + +</style> + +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses of Zachary +Taylor, by Zachary Taylor + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +Title: State of the Union Addresses of Zachary Taylor + +Author: Zachary Taylor + +Posting Date: November 27, 2014 [EBook #5020] +Release Date: February, 2004 +First Posted: April 11, 2002 +Last Updated: December 16, 2004 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESSES *** + + + + +Produced by James Linden. HTML version by Al Haines. + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1> +<br /><br /><br /> +State of the Union Addresses of Zachary Taylor +</h1> + +<p class="noindent"> +<br /><br /> +The addresses are separated by three asterisks: *** +</p> + +<p class="noindent"> +Dates of addresses by Zachary Taylor in this eBook: +</p> + +<p class="noindent"> + <a href="#dec1849">December 4, 1849</a><br /> +</p> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<p class="t3"> +*** +</p> + +<p><a id="dec1849"></a></p> + +<p class="noindent"> +State of the Union Address<br /> +Zachary Taylor<br /> +December 4, 1849<br /> +</p> + +<p class="noindent"> +Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: +</p> + +<p> +Sixty years have elapsed since the establishment of this Government, and +the Congress of the United States again assembles to legislate for an +empire of freemen. The predictions of evil prophets, who formerly pretended +to foretell the downfall of our institutions, are now remembered only to be +derided, and the United States of America at this moment present to the +world the most stable and permanent Government on earth. +</p> + +<p> +Such is the result of the labors of those who have gone before us. Upon +Congress will eminently depend the future maintenance of our system of free +government and the transmission of it unimpaired to posterity. +</p> + +<p> +We are at peace with all the other nations of the world, and seek to +maintain our cherished relations of amity with them. During the past year +we have been blessed by a kind Providence with an abundance of the fruits +of the earth, and although the destroying angel for a time visited +extensive portions of our territory with the ravages of a dreadful +pestilence, yet the Almighty has at length deigned to stay his hand and to +restore the inestimable blessing of general health to a people who have +acknowledged His power, deprecated His wrath, and implored His merciful +protection. +</p> + +<p> +While enjoying the benefits of amicable intercourse with foreign nations, +we have not been insensible to the distractions and wars which have +prevailed in other quarters of the world. It is a proper theme of +thanksgiving to Him who rules the destinies of nations that we have been +able to maintain amidst all these contests an independent and neutral +position toward all belligerent powers. +</p> + +<p> +Our relations with Great Britain are of the most friendly character. In +consequence of the recent alteration of the British navigation acts, +British vessels, from British and other foreign ports, will under our +existing laws, after the 1st day of January next, be admitted to entry in +our ports with cargoes of the growth, manufacture, or production of any +part of the world on the same terms as to duties, imposts, and charges as +vessels of the United States with their cargoes, and our vessels will be +admitted to the same advantages in British ports, entering therein on the +same terms as British vessels. Should no order in council disturb this +legislative arrangement, the late act of the British Parliament, by which +Great Britain is brought within the terms proposed by the act of Congress +of the 1st of March, 1817, it is hoped will be productive of benefit to +both countries. +</p> + +<p> +A slight interruption of diplomatic intercourse which occurred between this +Government and France, I am happy to say, has been terminated, and our +minister there has been received. It is therefore unnecessary to refer now +to the circumstances which led to that interruption. I need not express to +you the sincere satisfaction with which we shall welcome the arrival of +another envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from a sister +Republic to which we have so long been, and still remain, bound by the +strongest ties of amity. +</p> + +<p> +Shortly after I had entered upon the discharge of the Executive duties I +was apprised that a war steamer belonging to the German Empire was being +fitted out in the harbor of New York with the aid of some of our naval +officers, rendered under the permission of the late Secretary of the Navy. +This permission was granted during an armistice between that Empire and the +Kingdom of Denmark, which had been engaged in the Schleswig-Holstein war. +Apprehensive that this act of intervention on our part might be viewed as a +violation of our neutral obligations incurred by the treaty with Denmark +and of the provisions of the act of Congress of the 20th of April, 1818, I +directed that no further aid should be rendered by any agent or officer of +the Navy; and I instructed the Secretary of State to apprise the minister +of the German Empire accredited to this Government of my determination to +execute the law of the United States and to maintain the faith of treaties +with all nations. The correspondence which ensued between the Department of +State and the minister of the German Empire is herewith laid before you. +The execution of the law and the observance of the treaty were deemed by me +to be due to the honor of the country, as well as to the sacred obligations +of the Constitution. I shall not fail to pursue the same course should a +similar case arise with any other nation. Having avowed the opinion on +taking the oath of office that in disputes between conflicting foreign +governments it is our interest not less than our duty to remain strictly +neutral, I shall not abandon it. You will perceive from the correspondence +submitted to you in connection with this subject that the course adopted in +this case has been properly regarded by the belligerent powers interested +in the matter. +</p> + +<p> +Although a minister of the United States to the German Empire was appointed +by my predecessor in August, 1848, and has for a long time been in +attendance at Frankfort-on-the-Main, and although a minister appointed to +represent that Empire was received and accredited here, yet no such +government as that of the German Empire has been definitively constituted. +Mr. Donelson, our representative at Frankfort, remained there several +months in the expectation that a union of the German States under one +constitution or form of government might at length be organized. It is +believed by those well acquainted with the existing relations between +Prussia and the States of Germany that no such union can be permanently +established without her cooperation. In the event of the formation of such +a union and the organization of a central power in Germany of which she +should form a part, it would become necessary to withdraw our minister at +Berlin; but while Prussia exists as an independent kingdom and diplomatic +relations are maintained with her there can be no necessity for the +continuance of the mission to Frankfort. I have therefore recalled Mr. +Donelson and directed the archives of the legation at Frankfort to be +transferred to the American legation at Berlin. +</p> + +<p> +Having been apprised that a considerable number of adventurers were engaged +in fitting out a, military expedition within the United States against a +foreign country, and believing from the best information I could obtain +that it was destined to invade the island of Cuba, I deemed it due to the +friendly relations existing between the United States and Spain, to the +treaty between the two nations, to the laws of the United States, and, +above all, to the American honor to exert the lawful authority of this +Government in suppressing the expedition and preventing the invasion. To +this end I issued a proclamation enjoining it upon the officers of the +United States, civil and military, to use all lawful means within their +power. A copy of that proclamation is herewith submitted. The expedition +has been suppressed. So long as the act of Congress of the 20th of April, +1818, which owes its existence to the law of nations and to the policy of +Washington himself, shall remain on our statute books, I hold it to be the +duty of the Executive faithfully to obey its injunctions. +</p> + +<p> +While this expedition was in progress I was informed that a foreigner who +claimed our protection had been clandestinely and, as was supposed, +forcibly carried off in a vessel from New Orleans to the island of Cuba. I +immediately caused such steps to be taken as I thought necessary, in case +the information I had received should prove correct, to vindicate the honor +of the country and the right of every person seeking an asylum on our soil +to the protection of our laws. The person alleged to have been abducted was +promptly restored, and the circumstances of the case are now about to +undergo investigation before a judicial tribunal. I would respectfully +suggest that although the crime charged to have been committed in this case +is held odious, as being in conflict with our opinions on the subject of +national sovereignty and personal freedom, there is no prohibition of it or +punishment for it provided in any act of Congress. The expediency of +supplying this defect in our criminal code is therefore recommended to your +consideration. +</p> + +<p> +I have scrupulously avoided any interference in the wars and contentions +which have recently distracted Europe. During the late conflict between +Austria and Hungary there seemed to be a prospect that the latter might +become an independent nation. However faint that prospect at the time +appeared, I thought it my duty, in accordance with the general sentiment of +the American people, who deeply sympathized with the Magyar patriots, to +stand prepared, upon the contingency of the establishment by her of a +permanent government, to be the first to welcome independent Hungary into +the family of nations. For this purpose I invested an agent then in Europe +with power to declare our willingness promptly to recognize her +independence in the event of her ability to sustain it. The powerful +intervention of Russia in the contest extinguished the hopes of the +struggling Magyars. The United States did not at any time interfere in the +contest, but the feelings of the nation were strongly enlisted in the +cause, and by the sufferings of a brave people, who had made a gallant, +though unsuccessful, effort to be free. +</p> + +<p> +Our claims upon Portugal have been during the past year prosecuted with +renewed vigor, and it has been my object to employ every effort of +honorable diplomacy to procure their adjustment. Our late charge d'affaires +at Lisbon, the Hon. George W. Hopkins, made able and energetic, but +unsuccessful, efforts to settle these unpleasant matters of controversy and +to obtain indemnity for the wrongs which were the subjects of complaint. +Our present charge d'affaires at that Court will also bring to the +prosecution of these claims ability and zeal. The revolutionary and +distracted condition of Portugal in past times has been represented as one +of the leading causes of her delay in indemnifying our suffering citizens. +But I must now say it is matter of profound regret that these claims have +not yet been settled. The omission of Portugal to do justice to the +American claimants has now assumed a character so grave and serious that I +shall shortly make it the subject of a special message to Congress, with a +view to such ultimate action as its wisdom and patriotism may suggest. +</p> + +<p> +With Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, +and the Italian States we still maintain our accustomed amicable +relations. +</p> + +<p> +During the recent revolutions in the Papal States our charge d'affaires at +Rome has been unable to present his letter of credence, which, indeed, he +was directed by my predecessor to withhold until he should receive further +orders. Such was the unsettled condition of things in those States that it +was not deemed expedient to give him any instructions on the subject of +presenting his credential letter different from those with which he had +been furnished by the late Administration until the 25th of June last, +when, in consequence of the want of accurate information of the exact state +of things at that distance from us, he was instructed to exercise his own +discretion in presenting himself to the then existing Government if in his +judgment sufficiently stable, or, if not, to await further events. Since +that period Rome has undergone another revolution, and he abides the +establishment of a government sufficiently permanent to justify him in +opening diplomatic intercourse with it. +</p> + +<p> +With the Republic of Mexico it is our true policy to cultivate the most +friendly relations. Since the ratification of the treaty of Guadalupe +Hidalgo nothing has occurred of a serious character to disturb them. A +faithful observance of the treaty and a sincere respect for her rights can +not fail to secure the lasting confidence and friendship of that Republic. +The message of my predecessor to the House of Representatives of the 8th of +February last, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of that body, +a copy of a paper called a protocol, signed at Queretaro on the 30th of +May, 1848, by the commissioners of the United States and the minister of +foreign affairs of the Mexican Government, having been a subject of +correspondence between the Department of State and the envoy extraordinary +and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic accredited to this +Government, a transcript of that correspondence is herewith submitted. +</p> + +<p> +The commissioner on the part of the United States for marking the boundary +between the two Republics, though delayed in reaching San Diego by +unforeseen obstacles, arrived at that place within a short period after the +time required by the treaty, and was there joined by the commissioner on +the part of Mexico. They entered upon their duties, and at the date of the +latest intelligence from that quarter some progress had been made in the +survey. The expenses incident to the organization of the commission and to +its conveyance to the point where its operations were to begin have so much +reduced the fund appropriated by Congress that a further sum, to cover the +charges which must be incurred during the present fiscal year, will be +necessary. The great length of frontier along which the boundary extends, +the nature of the adjacent territory, and the difficulty of obtaining +supplies except at or near the extremes of the line render it also +indispensable that a liberal provision should be made to meet the necessary +charges during the fiscal year ending on the 30th of June, 1851. I +accordingly recommend this subject to your attention. +</p> + +<p> +In the adjustment of the claims of American citizens on Mexico, provided +for by the late treaty, the employment of counsel on the part of the +Government may become important for the purpose of assisting the +commissioners in protecting the interests of the United States. I recommend +this subject to the early and favorable consideration of Congress. +</p> + +<p> +Complaints have been made in regard to the inefficiency of the means +provided by the Government of New Granada for transporting the United +States mail across the Isthmus of Panama, pursuant to our postal convention +with that Republic of the 6th of March, 1844. Our charge d'affaires at +Bogota has been directed to make such representations to the Government of +New Granada as will, it is hoped, lead to a prompt removal of this cause of +complaint. +</p> + +<p> +The sanguinary civil war with which the Republic of Venezuela has for some +time past been ravaged has been brought to a close. In its progress the +rights of some of our citizens resident or trading there have been +violated. The restoration of order will afford the Venezuelan Government an +opportunity to examine and redress these grievances and others of longer +standing which our representatives at Caracas have hitherto ineffectually +urged upon the attention of that Government. +</p> + +<p> +The extension of the coast of the United States on the Pacific and the +unexampled rapidity with which the inhabitants of California especially are +increasing in numbers have imparted new consequence to our relations with +the other countries whose territories border upon that ocean. It is +probable that the intercourse between those countries and our possessions +in that quarter, particularly with the Republic of Chili, will become +extensive and mutually advantageous in proportion as California and Oregon +shall increase in population and wealth. It is desirable, therefore, that +this Government should do everything in its power to foster and strengthen +its relations with those States, and that the spirit of amity between us +should be mutual and cordial. +</p> + +<p> +I recommend the observance of the same course toward all other American +States. The United States stand as the great American power, to which, as +their natural ally and friend, they will always be disposed first to look +for mediation and assistance in the event of any collision between them and +any European nation. As such we may often kindly mediate in their behalf +without entangling ourselves in foreign wars or unnecessary controversies. +Whenever the faith of our treaties with any of them shall require our +interference, we must necessarily interpose. +</p> + +<p> +A convention has been negotiated with Brazil providing for the satisfaction +of American claims on that Government, and it will be submitted to the +Senate. Since the last session of Congress we have received an envoy +extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Empire, and our +relations with it are rounded upon the most amicable understanding. +</p> + +<p> +Your attention is earnestly invited to an amendment of our existing laws +relating to the African slave trade with a view to the effectual +suppression of that barbarous traffic. It is not to be denied that this +trade is still in part carried on by means of vessels built in the United +States and owned or navigated by some of our citizens. The correspondence +between the Department of State and the minister and consul of the United +States at Rio de Janeiro, which has from time to time been laid before +Congress, represents that it is a customary device to evade the penalties +of our laws by means of sea letters. Vessels sold in Brazil, when provided +with such papers by the consul, instead of returning to the United States +for a new register proceed at once to the coast of Africa for the purpose +of obtaining cargoes of slaves. Much additional information of the same +character has recently been transmitted to the Department of State. It has +not been considered the policy of our laws to subject an American citizen +who in a foreign country purchases a vessel built in the United States to +the inconvenience of sending her home for a new register before permitting +her to proceed on a voyage. Any alteration of the laws which might have a +tendency to impede the free transfer of property in vessels between our +citizens, or the free navigation of those vessels between different parts +of the world when employed in lawful commerce, should be well and +cautiously considered; but I trust that your wisdom will devise a method by +which our general policy in this respect may be preserved, and at the same +time the abuse of our flag by means of sea letters, in the manner +indicated, may be prevented. +</p> + +<p> +Having ascertained that there is no prospect of the reunion of the five +States of Central America which formerly composed the Republic of that +name, we have separately negotiated with some of them treaties of amity and +commerce, which will be laid before the Senate. +</p> + +<p> +A contract having been concluded with the State of Nicaragua by a company +composed of American citizens for the purpose of constructing a ship canal +through the territory of that State to connect the Atlantic and Pacific +oceans, I have directed the negotiation of a treaty with Nicaragua pledging +both Governments to protect those who shall engage in and perfect the work. +All other nations are invited by the State of Nicaragua to enter into the +same treaty stipulations with her; and the benefit to be derived by each +from such an arrangement will be the protection of this great interoceanic +communication against any power which might seek to obstruct it or to +monopolize its advantages. All States entering into such a treaty will +enjoy the right of passage through the canal on payment of the same tolls. +The work, if constructed under these guaranties, will become a bond of +peace instead of a subject of contention and strife between the nations of +the earth. Should the great maritime States of Europe consent to this +arrangement (and we have no reason to suppose that a proposition so fair +and honorable will be opposed by any), the energies of their people and +ours will cooperate in promoting the success of the enterprise. I do not +recommend any appropriation from the National Treasury for this purpose, +nor do I believe that such an appropriation is necessary. Private +enterprise, if properly protected, will complete the work should it prove +to be feasible. The parties who have procured the charter from Nicaragua +for its construction desire no assistance from this Government beyond its +protection; and they profess that, having examined the proposed line of +communication, they will be ready to commence the undertaking whenever that +protection shall be extended to them. Should there appear to be reason, on +examining the whole evidence, to entertain a serious doubt of the +practicability of constructing such a canal, that doubt could be speedily +solved by an actual exploration of the route. +</p> + +<p> +Should such a work be constructed under the common protection of all +nations, for equal benefits to all, it would be neither just nor expedient +that any great maritime state should command the communication. The +territory through which the canal may be opened ought to be freed from the +claims of any foreign power. No such power should occupy a position that +would enable it hereafter to exercise so controlling an influence over the +commerce of the world or to obstruct a highway which ought to be dedicated +to the common uses of mankind. +</p> + +<p> +The routes across the Isthmus at Tehuantepec and Panama are also worthy of +our serious consideration.. They did not fail to engage the attention of my +predecessor. The negotiator of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was +instructed to offer a very large sum of money for the right of transit +across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Mexican Government did not accede to +the proposition for the purchase of the right of way, probably because it +had already contracted with private individuals for the construction of a +passage from the Guasacualco River to Tehuantepec. I shall not renew any +proposition to purchase for money a right which ought to be equally secured +to all nations on payment of a reasonable toll to the owners of the +improvement, who would doubtless be well contented with that compensation +and the guaranties of the maritime states of the world in separate treaties +negotiated with Mexico, binding her and them to protect those who should +construct the work. Such guaranties would do more to secure the completion +of the communication through the territory of Mexico than any other +reasonable consideration that could be offered; and as Mexico herself would +be the greatest gainer by the opening of this communication between the +Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, it is presumed that she would not hesitate to +yield her aid in the manner proposed to accomplish an improvement so +important to her own best interests. +</p> + +<p> +We have reason to hope that the proposed railroad across the Isthmus at +Panama will be successfully constructed under the protection of the late +treaty with New Granada, ratified and exchanged by my predecessor on the +10th day of June, 1848, which guarantees the perfect neutrality of the +Isthmus and the rights of sovereignty and property of New Granada over that +territory, "with a view that the free transit from ocean to ocean may not +be interrupted or embarrassed" during the existence of the treaty. It is +our policy to encourage every practicable route across the isthmus which +connects North and South America, either by railroad or canal, which the +energy and enterprise of our citizens may induce them to complete, and I +consider it obligatory upon me to adopt that policy, especially in +consequence of the absolute necessity of facilitating intercourse with our +possessions on the Pacific. +</p> + +<p> +The position of the Sandwich Islands with reference to the territory of the +United States on the Pacific, the success of our persevering and benevolent +citizens who have repaired to that remote quarter in Christianizing the +natives and inducing them to adopt a system of government and laws suited +to their capacity and wants, and the use made by our numerous whale ships +of the harbors of the islands as places of resort for obtaining +refreshments and repairs all combine to render their destiny peculiarly +interesting to us. It is our duty to encourage the authorities of those +islands in their efforts to improve and elevate the moral and political +condition of the inhabitants, and we should make reasonable allowances for +the difficulties inseparable from this task. We desire that the islands may +maintain their independence and that other nations should concur with us in +this sentiment. We could in no event be indifferent to their passing under +the dominion of any other power. The principal commercial states have in +this a common interest, and it is to be hoped that no one of them will +attempt to interpose obstacles to the entire independence of the islands. +</p> + +<p> +The receipts into the Treasury for the fiscal year ending on the 30th of +June last were, in cash, $48,830,097.50, and in Treasury notes funded +$10,833,000, making an aggregate of $59,663,097.50; and the expenditures +for the same time were, in cash, $46,798,667.82, and in Treasury notes +funded $10,833,000, making an aggregate of $57,631,667.82. +</p> + +<p> +The accounts and estimates which will be submitted to Congress in the +report of the Secretary of the Treasury show that there will probably be a +deficit occasioned by the expenses of the Mexican War and treaty on the 1st +day of July next of $5,828,121.66, and on the 1st day of July, 1851, of +$10,547,092.73, making in the whole a probable deficit to be provided for +of $16,375,214.39. The extraordinary expenses of the war with Mexico and +the purchase of California and New Mexico exceed in amount this deficit, +together with the loans heretofore made for those objects. I therefore +recommend that authority be given to borrow what ever sum may be necessary +to cover that deficit. I recommend the observance of strict economy in the +appropriation and expenditure of public money. +</p> + +<p> +I recommend a revision of the existing tariff and its adjustment on a basis +which may augment the revenue. I do not doubt the right or duty of Congress +to encourage domestic industry, which is the great source of national as +well as individual wealth and prosperity. I look to the wisdom and +patriotism of Congress for the adoption of a system which may place home +labor at last on a sure and permanent footing and by due encouragement of +manufactures give a new and increased stimulus to agriculture and promote +the development of our vast resources and the extension of our commerce. +Believing that to the attainment of these ends, as well as the necessary +augmentation of the revenue and the prevention of frauds, a system of +specific duties is best adapted, I strongly recommend to Congress the +adoption of that system, fixing the duties at rates high enough to afford +substantial and sufficient encouragement to our own industry and at the +same time so adjusted as to insure stability. +</p> + +<p> +The question of the continuance of the subtreasury system is respectfully +submitted to the wisdom of Congress. If continued, important modifications +of it appear to be indispensable. +</p> + +<p> +For further details and views on the above and other matters connected with +commerce, the finances, and revenue I refer to the report of the Secretary +of the Treasury. +</p> + +<p> +No direct aid has been given by the General Government to the improvement +of agriculture except by the expenditure of small sums for the collection +and publication of agricultural statistics and for some chemical analyses, +which have been thus far paid for out of the patent fund. This aid is, in +my opinion, wholly inadequate. To give to this leading branch of American +industry the encouragement which it merits, I respectfully recommend the +establishment of an agricultural bureau, to be connected with the +Department of the Interior. To elevate the social condition of the +agriculturist, to increase his prosperity, and to extend his means of +usefulness to his country, by multiplying his sources of information, +should be the study of every statesman and a primary object with every +legislator. +</p> + +<p> +No civil government having been provided by Congress for California, the +people of that Territory, impelled by the necessities of their political +condition, recently met in convention for the purpose of forming a +constitution and State government, which the latest advices give me reason +to suppose has been accomplished; and it is believed they will shortly +apply for the admission of California into the Union as a sovereign State. +Should such be the case, and should their constitution be conformable to +the requisitions of the Constitution of the United States, I recommend +their application to the favorable consideration of Congress. The people of +New Mexico will also, it is believed, at no very distant period present +themselves for admission into the Union. Preparatory to the admission of +California and New Mexico the people of each will have instituted for +themselves a republican form of government, "laying its foundation in such +principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem +most likely to effect their safety and happiness." By awaiting their action +all causes of uneasiness may be avoided and confidence and kind feeling +preserved. With a view of maintaining the harmony and tranquillity so dear +to all, we should abstain from the introduction of those exciting topics of +a sectional character which have hitherto produced painful apprehensions in +the public mind; and I repeat the solemn warning of the first and most +illustrious of my predecessors against furnishing "any ground for +characterizing parties by geographical discriminations." +</p> + +<p> +A collector has been appointed at San Francisco under the act of Congress +extending the revenue laws over California, and measures have been taken to +organize the custom-houses at that and the other ports mentioned in that +act at the earliest period practicable. The collector proceeded overland, +and advices have not yet been received of his arrival at San Francisco. +Meanwhile, it is understood that the customs have continued to be collected +there by officers acting under the military authority, as they were during +the Administration of my predecessor. It will, I think, be expedient to +confirm the collections thus made, and direct the avails (after such +allowances as Congress may think fit to authorize) to be expended within +the Territory or to be paid into the Treasury for the purpose of meeting +appropriations for the improvement of its rivers and harbors. +</p> + +<p> +A party engaged on the coast survey was dispatched to Oregon in January +last. According to the latest advices, they had not left California; and +directions have been given to them, as soon as they shall have fixed on the +sites of the two light-houses and the buoys authorized to be constructed +and placed in Oregon, to proceed without delay to make reconnaissance of +the most important points on the coast of California, and especially to +examine and determine on sites for light-houses on that coast, the speedy +erection of which is urgently demanded by our rapidly increasing commerce. +</p> + +<p> +I have transferred the Indian agencies from upper Missouri and Council +Bluffs to Santa Fe and Salt Lake, and have caused to be appointed subagents +in the valleys of the Gila, the Sacramento, and the San Joaquin rivers. +Still further legal provisions will be necessary for the effective and +successful extension of our system of Indian intercourse over the new +territories. +</p> + +<p> +I recommend the establishment of a branch mint in California, as it will, +in my opinion, afford important facilities to those engaged in mining, as +well as to the Government in the disposition of the mineral lands. +</p> + +<p> +I also recommend that commissions be organized by Congress to examine and +decide upon the validity of the present subsisting land titles in +California and New Mexico, and that provision be made for the establishment +of offices of surveyor-general in New Mexico, California, and Oregon and +for the surveying and bringing into market the public lands in those +Territories. Those lands, remote in position and difficult of access, ought +to be disposed of on terms liberal to all, but especially favorable to the +early emigrants. +</p> + +<p> +In order that the situation and character of the principal mineral deposits +in California may be ascertained, I recommend that a geological and +mineralogical exploration be connected with the linear surveys, and that +the mineral lands be divided into small lots suitable for mining and be +disposed of by sale or lease, so as to give our citizens an opportunity of +procuring a permanent right of property in the soil. This would seem to be +as important to the success of mining as of agricultural pursuits. +</p> + +<p> +The great mineral wealth of California and the advantages which its ports +and harbors and those of Oregon afford to commerce, especially with the +islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans and the populous regions of +eastern Asia, make it certain that there will arise in a few years large +and prosperous communities on our western coast. It therefore becomes +important that a line of communication, the best and most expeditious which +the nature of the country will admit, should be opened within the territory +of the United States from the navigable waters of the Atlantic or the Gulf +of Mexico to the Pacific. Opinion, as elicited and expressed by two large +and respectable conventions lately assembled at St. Louis and Memphis, +points to a railroad as that which, if practicable, will best meet the +wishes and wants of the country. But while this, if in successful +operation, would be a work of great national importance and of a value to +the country which it would be difficult to estimate, it ought also to be +regarded as an undertaking of vast magnitude and expense, and one which +must, if it be indeed practicable, encounter many difficulties in its +construction and use. Therefore, to avoid failure and disappointment; to +enable Congress to judge whether in the condition of the country through +which it must pass the work be feasible, and, if it be found so, whether it +should be undertaken as a national improvement or left to individual +enterprise, and in the latter alternative what aid, if any, ought to be +extended to it by the Government, I recommend as a preliminary measure a +careful reconnaissance of the several proposed routes by a scientific corps +and a report as to the practicability of making such a road, with an +estimate of the cost of its construction and support. +</p> + +<p> +For further views on these and other matters connected with the duties of +the home department I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the +Interior. +</p> + +<p> +I recommend early appropriations for continuing the river and harbor +improvements which have been already begun, and also for the construction +of those for which estimates have been made, as well as for examinations +and estimates preparatory to the commencement of such others as the wants +of the country, and especially the advance of our population over new +districts and the extension of commerce, may render necessary. An estimate +of the amount which can be advantageously expended within the next fiscal +year under the direction of the Bureau of Topographical Engineers +accompanies the report of the Secretary of War, to which I respectfully +invite the attention of Congress. +</p> + +<p> +The cession of territory made by the late treaty with Mexico has greatly +extended our exposed frontier and rendered its defense more difficult. That +treaty has also brought us under obligations to Mexico, to comply with +which a military force is requisite. But our military establishment is not +materially changed as to its efficiency from the condition in which it +stood before the commencement of the Mexican War. Some addition to it will +therefore be necessary, and I recommend to the favorable consideration of +Congress an increase of the several corps of the Army at our distant +Western posts, as proposed in the accompanying report of the Secretary of +War. +</p> + +<p> +Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect upon rank in the Army +heretofore given to brevet and staff commissions. The views of the +Secretary of War on this subject are deemed important, and if carried into +effect will, it is believed, promote the harmony of the service. The plan +proposed for retiring disabled officers and providing an asylum for such of +the rank and file as from age, wounds, and other infirmities occasioned by +service have become unfit to perform their respective duties is recommended +as a means of increasing the efficiency of the Army and as an act of +justice due from a grateful country to the faithful soldier. +</p> + +<p> +The accompanying report of the Secretary of the Navy presents a full and +satisfactory account of the condition and operations of the naval service +during the past year. Our citizens engaged in the legitimate pursuits of +commerce have enjoyed its benefits. Wherever our national vessels have gone +they have been received with respect, our officers have been treated with +kindness and courtesy, and they have on all occasions pursued a course of +strict neutrality, in accordance with the policy of our Government. +</p> + +<p> +The naval force at present in commission is as large as is admissible with +the number of men authorized by Congress to be employed. +</p> + +<p> +I invite your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy +on the subject of a reorganization of the Navy in its various grades of +officers, and the establishing of a retired list for such of the officers +as are disqualified for active and effective service. Should Congress adopt +some such measure as is recommended, it will greatly increase the +efficiency of the Navy and reduce its expenditures. +</p> + +<p> +I also ask your attention to the views expressed by him in reference to the +employment of war steamers and in regard to the contracts for the +transportation of the United States mails and the operation of the system +upon the prosperity of the Navy. +</p> + +<p> +By an act of Congress passed August 14, 1848, provision was made for +extending post-office and mail accommodations to California and Oregon. +Exertions have been made to execute that law, but the limited provisions of +the act, the inadequacy of the means it authorizes, the ill adaptation of +our post-office laws to the situation of that country, and the measure of +compensation for services allowed by those laws, compared with the prices +of labor and rents in California, render those exertions in a great degree +ineffectual. More particular and efficient provision by law is required on +this subject. +</p> + +<p> +The act of 1845 reducing postage has now, by its operation during four +years, produced results fully showing that the income from such reduced +postage is sufficient to sustain the whole expense of the service of the +Post-Office Department, not including the cost of transportation in mail +steamers on the lines from New York to Chagres and from Panama to Astoria, +which have not been considered by Congress as properly belonging to the +mail service. +</p> + +<p> +It is submitted to the wisdom of Congress whether a further reduction of +postage should not now be made, more particularly on the letter +correspondence. This should be relieved from the unjust burden of +transporting and delivering the franked matter of Congress, for which +public service provision should be made from the Treasury. I confidently +believe that a change may safely be made reducing all single letter postage +to the uniform rate of 5 cents, regardless of distance, without thereby +imposing any greater tax on the Treasury than would constitute a very +moderate compensation for this public service; and I therefore respectfully +recommend such a reduction. Should Congress prefer to abolish the franking +privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand on the Treasury would +result from the proposed reduction of postage. Whether any further +diminution should now be made, or the result of the reduction to 5 cents, +which I have recommended, should be first tested, is submitted to your +decision. +</p> + +<p> +Since the commencement of the last session of Congress a postal treaty with +Great Britain has been received and ratified, and such relations have been +formed by the post-office departments of the two countries in pursuance of +that treaty as to carry its provisions into full operation. The attempt to +extend this same arrangement through England to France has not been equally +successful, but the purpose has not been abandoned. +</p> + +<p> +For a particular statement of the condition of the Post-Office Department +and other matters connected with that branch of the public service I refer +you to the report of the Postmaster-General. +</p> + +<p> +By the act of the 3d of March, 1849, a board was constituted to make +arrangements for taking the Seventh Census, composed of the Secretary of +State, the Attorney-General, and the Postmaster-General; and it was made +the duty of this board "to prepare and cause to be printed such forms and +schedules as might be necessary for the full enumeration of the inhabitants +of the United States, and also proper forms and schedules for collecting in +statistical tables, under proper heads, such information as to mines, +agriculture, commerce, manufactures, education, and other topics as would +exhibit a full view of the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of +the country." The duties enjoined upon the census board thus established +having been performed, it now rests with Congress to enact a law for +carrying into effect the provision of the Constitution which requires an +actual enumeration of the people of the United States within the ensuing +year. +</p> + +<p> +Among the duties assigned by the Constitution to the General Government is +one of local and limited application, but not on that account the less +obligatory. I allude to the trust committed to Congress as the exclusive +legislator and sole guardian of the interests of the District of Columbia. +I beg to commend these interests to your kind attention. As the national +metropolis the city of Washington must be an object of general interest; +and founded, as it was, under the auspices of him whose immortal name it +bears, its claims to the fostering care of Congress present themselves with +additional strength. Whatever can contribute to its prosperity must enlist +the feelings of its constitutional guardians and command their favorable +consideration. +</p> + +<p> +Our Government is one of limited powers, and its successful administration +eminently depends on the confinement of each of its coordinate branches +within its own appropriate sphere. The first section of the Constitution +ordains that-- +</p> + +<p> +All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the +United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of +Representatives. +</p> + +<p> +The Executive has authority to recommend (not to dictate) measures to +Congress. Having performed that duty, the executive department of the +Government can not rightfully control the decision of Congress on any +subject of legislation until that decision shall have been officially +submitted to the President for approval. The check provided by the +Constitution in the clause conferring the qualified veto will never be +exercised by me except in the cases contemplated by the fathers of the +Republic. I view it as an extreme measure, to be resorted to only in +extraordinary cases, as where it may become necessary to defend the +executive against the encroachments of the legislative power or to prevent +hasty and inconsiderate or unconstitutional legislation. By cautiously +confining this remedy within the sphere prescribed to it in the +contemporaneous expositions of the framers of the Constitution, the will of +the people, legitimately expressed on all subjects of legislation through +their constitutional organs, the Senators and Representatives of the United +States, will have its full effect. As indispensable to the preservation of +our system of self-government, the independence of the representatives of +the States and the people is guaranteed by the Constitution, and they owe +no responsibility to any human power but their constituents. By holding the +representative responsible only to the people, and exempting him from all +other influences, we elevate the character of the constituent and quicken +his sense of responsibility to his country. It is under these circumstances +only that the elector can feel that in the choice of the lawmaker he is +himself truly a component part of the sovereign power of the nation. With +equal care we should study to defend the rights of the executive and +judicial departments. Our Government can only be preserved in its purity by +the suppression and entire elimination of every claim or tendency of one +coordinate branch to encroachment upon another. With the strict observance +of this rule and the other injunctions of the Constitution, with a sedulous +inculcation of that respect and love for the Union of the States which our +fathers cherished and enjoined upon their children, and with the aid of +that overruling Providence which has so long and so kindly guarded our +liberties and institutions, we may reasonably expect to transmit them, with +their innumerable blessings, to the remotest posterity. +</p> + +<p> +But attachment to the Union of the States should be habitually fostered in +every American heart. For more than half a century, during which kingdoms +and empires have fallen, this Union has stood unshaken. The patriots who +formed it have long since descended to the grave; yet still it remains, the +proudest monument to their memory and the object of affection and +admiration with everyone worthy to bear the American name. In my judgment +its dissolution would be the greatest of calamities, and to avert that +should be the study of every American. Upon its preservation must depend +our own happiness and that of countless generations to come. Whatever +dangers may threaten it, I shall stand by it and maintain it in its +integrity to the full extent of the obligations imposed and the powers +conferred upon me by the Constitution. +</p> + +<p class="noindent"> +Z. TAYLOR. +</p> + +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses of +Zachary Taylor, by Zachary Taylor + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESSES *** + +***** This file should be named 5020-h.htm or 5020-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/2/5020/ + +Produced by James Linden. 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Thus, we do not +necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper +edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search +facility: www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + + +</pre> + +</body> + +</html> + diff --git a/5020.txt b/5020.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4b6e94 --- /dev/null +++ b/5020.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1152 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses of Zachary +Taylor, by Zachary Taylor + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +Title: State of the Union Addresses of Zachary Taylor + +Author: Zachary Taylor + +Posting Date: November 27, 2014 [EBook #5020] +Release Date: February, 2004 +First Posted: April 11, 2002 +Last Updated: December 16, 2004 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESSES *** + + + + +Produced by James Linden. HTML version by Al Haines. + + + + + + + + +State of the Union Addresses of Zachary Taylor + + + +The addresses are separated by three asterisks: *** + +Dates of addresses by Zachary Taylor in this eBook: + + December 4, 1849 + + + +*** + +State of the Union Address +Zachary Taylor +December 4, 1849 + +Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: + +Sixty years have elapsed since the establishment of this Government, and +the Congress of the United States again assembles to legislate for an +empire of freemen. The predictions of evil prophets, who formerly pretended +to foretell the downfall of our institutions, are now remembered only to be +derided, and the United States of America at this moment present to the +world the most stable and permanent Government on earth. + +Such is the result of the labors of those who have gone before us. Upon +Congress will eminently depend the future maintenance of our system of free +government and the transmission of it unimpaired to posterity. + +We are at peace with all the other nations of the world, and seek to +maintain our cherished relations of amity with them. During the past year +we have been blessed by a kind Providence with an abundance of the fruits +of the earth, and although the destroying angel for a time visited +extensive portions of our territory with the ravages of a dreadful +pestilence, yet the Almighty has at length deigned to stay his hand and to +restore the inestimable blessing of general health to a people who have +acknowledged His power, deprecated His wrath, and implored His merciful +protection. + +While enjoying the benefits of amicable intercourse with foreign nations, +we have not been insensible to the distractions and wars which have +prevailed in other quarters of the world. It is a proper theme of +thanksgiving to Him who rules the destinies of nations that we have been +able to maintain amidst all these contests an independent and neutral +position toward all belligerent powers. + +Our relations with Great Britain are of the most friendly character. In +consequence of the recent alteration of the British navigation acts, +British vessels, from British and other foreign ports, will under our +existing laws, after the 1st day of January next, be admitted to entry in +our ports with cargoes of the growth, manufacture, or production of any +part of the world on the same terms as to duties, imposts, and charges as +vessels of the United States with their cargoes, and our vessels will be +admitted to the same advantages in British ports, entering therein on the +same terms as British vessels. Should no order in council disturb this +legislative arrangement, the late act of the British Parliament, by which +Great Britain is brought within the terms proposed by the act of Congress +of the 1st of March, 1817, it is hoped will be productive of benefit to +both countries. + +A slight interruption of diplomatic intercourse which occurred between this +Government and France, I am happy to say, has been terminated, and our +minister there has been received. It is therefore unnecessary to refer now +to the circumstances which led to that interruption. I need not express to +you the sincere satisfaction with which we shall welcome the arrival of +another envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from a sister +Republic to which we have so long been, and still remain, bound by the +strongest ties of amity. + +Shortly after I had entered upon the discharge of the Executive duties I +was apprised that a war steamer belonging to the German Empire was being +fitted out in the harbor of New York with the aid of some of our naval +officers, rendered under the permission of the late Secretary of the Navy. +This permission was granted during an armistice between that Empire and the +Kingdom of Denmark, which had been engaged in the Schleswig-Holstein war. +Apprehensive that this act of intervention on our part might be viewed as a +violation of our neutral obligations incurred by the treaty with Denmark +and of the provisions of the act of Congress of the 20th of April, 1818, I +directed that no further aid should be rendered by any agent or officer of +the Navy; and I instructed the Secretary of State to apprise the minister +of the German Empire accredited to this Government of my determination to +execute the law of the United States and to maintain the faith of treaties +with all nations. The correspondence which ensued between the Department of +State and the minister of the German Empire is herewith laid before you. +The execution of the law and the observance of the treaty were deemed by me +to be due to the honor of the country, as well as to the sacred obligations +of the Constitution. I shall not fail to pursue the same course should a +similar case arise with any other nation. Having avowed the opinion on +taking the oath of office that in disputes between conflicting foreign +governments it is our interest not less than our duty to remain strictly +neutral, I shall not abandon it. You will perceive from the correspondence +submitted to you in connection with this subject that the course adopted in +this case has been properly regarded by the belligerent powers interested +in the matter. + +Although a minister of the United States to the German Empire was appointed +by my predecessor in August, 1848, and has for a long time been in +attendance at Frankfort-on-the-Main, and although a minister appointed to +represent that Empire was received and accredited here, yet no such +government as that of the German Empire has been definitively constituted. +Mr. Donelson, our representative at Frankfort, remained there several +months in the expectation that a union of the German States under one +constitution or form of government might at length be organized. It is +believed by those well acquainted with the existing relations between +Prussia and the States of Germany that no such union can be permanently +established without her cooperation. In the event of the formation of such +a union and the organization of a central power in Germany of which she +should form a part, it would become necessary to withdraw our minister at +Berlin; but while Prussia exists as an independent kingdom and diplomatic +relations are maintained with her there can be no necessity for the +continuance of the mission to Frankfort. I have therefore recalled Mr. +Donelson and directed the archives of the legation at Frankfort to be +transferred to the American legation at Berlin. + +Having been apprised that a considerable number of adventurers were engaged +in fitting out a, military expedition within the United States against a +foreign country, and believing from the best information I could obtain +that it was destined to invade the island of Cuba, I deemed it due to the +friendly relations existing between the United States and Spain, to the +treaty between the two nations, to the laws of the United States, and, +above all, to the American honor to exert the lawful authority of this +Government in suppressing the expedition and preventing the invasion. To +this end I issued a proclamation enjoining it upon the officers of the +United States, civil and military, to use all lawful means within their +power. A copy of that proclamation is herewith submitted. The expedition +has been suppressed. So long as the act of Congress of the 20th of April, +1818, which owes its existence to the law of nations and to the policy of +Washington himself, shall remain on our statute books, I hold it to be the +duty of the Executive faithfully to obey its injunctions. + +While this expedition was in progress I was informed that a foreigner who +claimed our protection had been clandestinely and, as was supposed, +forcibly carried off in a vessel from New Orleans to the island of Cuba. I +immediately caused such steps to be taken as I thought necessary, in case +the information I had received should prove correct, to vindicate the honor +of the country and the right of every person seeking an asylum on our soil +to the protection of our laws. The person alleged to have been abducted was +promptly restored, and the circumstances of the case are now about to +undergo investigation before a judicial tribunal. I would respectfully +suggest that although the crime charged to have been committed in this case +is held odious, as being in conflict with our opinions on the subject of +national sovereignty and personal freedom, there is no prohibition of it or +punishment for it provided in any act of Congress. The expediency of +supplying this defect in our criminal code is therefore recommended to your +consideration. + +I have scrupulously avoided any interference in the wars and contentions +which have recently distracted Europe. During the late conflict between +Austria and Hungary there seemed to be a prospect that the latter might +become an independent nation. However faint that prospect at the time +appeared, I thought it my duty, in accordance with the general sentiment of +the American people, who deeply sympathized with the Magyar patriots, to +stand prepared, upon the contingency of the establishment by her of a +permanent government, to be the first to welcome independent Hungary into +the family of nations. For this purpose I invested an agent then in Europe +with power to declare our willingness promptly to recognize her +independence in the event of her ability to sustain it. The powerful +intervention of Russia in the contest extinguished the hopes of the +struggling Magyars. The United States did not at any time interfere in the +contest, but the feelings of the nation were strongly enlisted in the +cause, and by the sufferings of a brave people, who had made a gallant, +though unsuccessful, effort to be free. + +Our claims upon Portugal have been during the past year prosecuted with +renewed vigor, and it has been my object to employ every effort of +honorable diplomacy to procure their adjustment. Our late charge d'affaires +at Lisbon, the Hon. George W. Hopkins, made able and energetic, but +unsuccessful, efforts to settle these unpleasant matters of controversy and +to obtain indemnity for the wrongs which were the subjects of complaint. +Our present charge d'affaires at that Court will also bring to the +prosecution of these claims ability and zeal. The revolutionary and +distracted condition of Portugal in past times has been represented as one +of the leading causes of her delay in indemnifying our suffering citizens. +But I must now say it is matter of profound regret that these claims have +not yet been settled. The omission of Portugal to do justice to the +American claimants has now assumed a character so grave and serious that I +shall shortly make it the subject of a special message to Congress, with a +view to such ultimate action as its wisdom and patriotism may suggest. + +With Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, +and the Italian States we still maintain our accustomed amicable +relations. + +During the recent revolutions in the Papal States our charge d'affaires at +Rome has been unable to present his letter of credence, which, indeed, he +was directed by my predecessor to withhold until he should receive further +orders. Such was the unsettled condition of things in those States that it +was not deemed expedient to give him any instructions on the subject of +presenting his credential letter different from those with which he had +been furnished by the late Administration until the 25th of June last, +when, in consequence of the want of accurate information of the exact state +of things at that distance from us, he was instructed to exercise his own +discretion in presenting himself to the then existing Government if in his +judgment sufficiently stable, or, if not, to await further events. Since +that period Rome has undergone another revolution, and he abides the +establishment of a government sufficiently permanent to justify him in +opening diplomatic intercourse with it. + +With the Republic of Mexico it is our true policy to cultivate the most +friendly relations. Since the ratification of the treaty of Guadalupe +Hidalgo nothing has occurred of a serious character to disturb them. A +faithful observance of the treaty and a sincere respect for her rights can +not fail to secure the lasting confidence and friendship of that Republic. +The message of my predecessor to the House of Representatives of the 8th of +February last, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of that body, +a copy of a paper called a protocol, signed at Queretaro on the 30th of +May, 1848, by the commissioners of the United States and the minister of +foreign affairs of the Mexican Government, having been a subject of +correspondence between the Department of State and the envoy extraordinary +and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic accredited to this +Government, a transcript of that correspondence is herewith submitted. + +The commissioner on the part of the United States for marking the boundary +between the two Republics, though delayed in reaching San Diego by +unforeseen obstacles, arrived at that place within a short period after the +time required by the treaty, and was there joined by the commissioner on +the part of Mexico. They entered upon their duties, and at the date of the +latest intelligence from that quarter some progress had been made in the +survey. The expenses incident to the organization of the commission and to +its conveyance to the point where its operations were to begin have so much +reduced the fund appropriated by Congress that a further sum, to cover the +charges which must be incurred during the present fiscal year, will be +necessary. The great length of frontier along which the boundary extends, +the nature of the adjacent territory, and the difficulty of obtaining +supplies except at or near the extremes of the line render it also +indispensable that a liberal provision should be made to meet the necessary +charges during the fiscal year ending on the 30th of June, 1851. I +accordingly recommend this subject to your attention. + +In the adjustment of the claims of American citizens on Mexico, provided +for by the late treaty, the employment of counsel on the part of the +Government may become important for the purpose of assisting the +commissioners in protecting the interests of the United States. I recommend +this subject to the early and favorable consideration of Congress. + +Complaints have been made in regard to the inefficiency of the means +provided by the Government of New Granada for transporting the United +States mail across the Isthmus of Panama, pursuant to our postal convention +with that Republic of the 6th of March, 1844. Our charge d'affaires at +Bogota has been directed to make such representations to the Government of +New Granada as will, it is hoped, lead to a prompt removal of this cause of +complaint. + +The sanguinary civil war with which the Republic of Venezuela has for some +time past been ravaged has been brought to a close. In its progress the +rights of some of our citizens resident or trading there have been +violated. The restoration of order will afford the Venezuelan Government an +opportunity to examine and redress these grievances and others of longer +standing which our representatives at Caracas have hitherto ineffectually +urged upon the attention of that Government. + +The extension of the coast of the United States on the Pacific and the +unexampled rapidity with which the inhabitants of California especially are +increasing in numbers have imparted new consequence to our relations with +the other countries whose territories border upon that ocean. It is +probable that the intercourse between those countries and our possessions +in that quarter, particularly with the Republic of Chili, will become +extensive and mutually advantageous in proportion as California and Oregon +shall increase in population and wealth. It is desirable, therefore, that +this Government should do everything in its power to foster and strengthen +its relations with those States, and that the spirit of amity between us +should be mutual and cordial. + +I recommend the observance of the same course toward all other American +States. The United States stand as the great American power, to which, as +their natural ally and friend, they will always be disposed first to look +for mediation and assistance in the event of any collision between them and +any European nation. As such we may often kindly mediate in their behalf +without entangling ourselves in foreign wars or unnecessary controversies. +Whenever the faith of our treaties with any of them shall require our +interference, we must necessarily interpose. + +A convention has been negotiated with Brazil providing for the satisfaction +of American claims on that Government, and it will be submitted to the +Senate. Since the last session of Congress we have received an envoy +extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Empire, and our +relations with it are rounded upon the most amicable understanding. + +Your attention is earnestly invited to an amendment of our existing laws +relating to the African slave trade with a view to the effectual +suppression of that barbarous traffic. It is not to be denied that this +trade is still in part carried on by means of vessels built in the United +States and owned or navigated by some of our citizens. The correspondence +between the Department of State and the minister and consul of the United +States at Rio de Janeiro, which has from time to time been laid before +Congress, represents that it is a customary device to evade the penalties +of our laws by means of sea letters. Vessels sold in Brazil, when provided +with such papers by the consul, instead of returning to the United States +for a new register proceed at once to the coast of Africa for the purpose +of obtaining cargoes of slaves. Much additional information of the same +character has recently been transmitted to the Department of State. It has +not been considered the policy of our laws to subject an American citizen +who in a foreign country purchases a vessel built in the United States to +the inconvenience of sending her home for a new register before permitting +her to proceed on a voyage. Any alteration of the laws which might have a +tendency to impede the free transfer of property in vessels between our +citizens, or the free navigation of those vessels between different parts +of the world when employed in lawful commerce, should be well and +cautiously considered; but I trust that your wisdom will devise a method by +which our general policy in this respect may be preserved, and at the same +time the abuse of our flag by means of sea letters, in the manner +indicated, may be prevented. + +Having ascertained that there is no prospect of the reunion of the five +States of Central America which formerly composed the Republic of that +name, we have separately negotiated with some of them treaties of amity and +commerce, which will be laid before the Senate. + +A contract having been concluded with the State of Nicaragua by a company +composed of American citizens for the purpose of constructing a ship canal +through the territory of that State to connect the Atlantic and Pacific +oceans, I have directed the negotiation of a treaty with Nicaragua pledging +both Governments to protect those who shall engage in and perfect the work. +All other nations are invited by the State of Nicaragua to enter into the +same treaty stipulations with her; and the benefit to be derived by each +from such an arrangement will be the protection of this great interoceanic +communication against any power which might seek to obstruct it or to +monopolize its advantages. All States entering into such a treaty will +enjoy the right of passage through the canal on payment of the same tolls. +The work, if constructed under these guaranties, will become a bond of +peace instead of a subject of contention and strife between the nations of +the earth. Should the great maritime States of Europe consent to this +arrangement (and we have no reason to suppose that a proposition so fair +and honorable will be opposed by any), the energies of their people and +ours will cooperate in promoting the success of the enterprise. I do not +recommend any appropriation from the National Treasury for this purpose, +nor do I believe that such an appropriation is necessary. Private +enterprise, if properly protected, will complete the work should it prove +to be feasible. The parties who have procured the charter from Nicaragua +for its construction desire no assistance from this Government beyond its +protection; and they profess that, having examined the proposed line of +communication, they will be ready to commence the undertaking whenever that +protection shall be extended to them. Should there appear to be reason, on +examining the whole evidence, to entertain a serious doubt of the +practicability of constructing such a canal, that doubt could be speedily +solved by an actual exploration of the route. + +Should such a work be constructed under the common protection of all +nations, for equal benefits to all, it would be neither just nor expedient +that any great maritime state should command the communication. The +territory through which the canal may be opened ought to be freed from the +claims of any foreign power. No such power should occupy a position that +would enable it hereafter to exercise so controlling an influence over the +commerce of the world or to obstruct a highway which ought to be dedicated +to the common uses of mankind. + +The routes across the Isthmus at Tehuantepec and Panama are also worthy of +our serious consideration.. They did not fail to engage the attention of my +predecessor. The negotiator of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was +instructed to offer a very large sum of money for the right of transit +across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Mexican Government did not accede to +the proposition for the purchase of the right of way, probably because it +had already contracted with private individuals for the construction of a +passage from the Guasacualco River to Tehuantepec. I shall not renew any +proposition to purchase for money a right which ought to be equally secured +to all nations on payment of a reasonable toll to the owners of the +improvement, who would doubtless be well contented with that compensation +and the guaranties of the maritime states of the world in separate treaties +negotiated with Mexico, binding her and them to protect those who should +construct the work. Such guaranties would do more to secure the completion +of the communication through the territory of Mexico than any other +reasonable consideration that could be offered; and as Mexico herself would +be the greatest gainer by the opening of this communication between the +Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, it is presumed that she would not hesitate to +yield her aid in the manner proposed to accomplish an improvement so +important to her own best interests. + +We have reason to hope that the proposed railroad across the Isthmus at +Panama will be successfully constructed under the protection of the late +treaty with New Granada, ratified and exchanged by my predecessor on the +10th day of June, 1848, which guarantees the perfect neutrality of the +Isthmus and the rights of sovereignty and property of New Granada over that +territory, "with a view that the free transit from ocean to ocean may not +be interrupted or embarrassed" during the existence of the treaty. It is +our policy to encourage every practicable route across the isthmus which +connects North and South America, either by railroad or canal, which the +energy and enterprise of our citizens may induce them to complete, and I +consider it obligatory upon me to adopt that policy, especially in +consequence of the absolute necessity of facilitating intercourse with our +possessions on the Pacific. + +The position of the Sandwich Islands with reference to the territory of the +United States on the Pacific, the success of our persevering and benevolent +citizens who have repaired to that remote quarter in Christianizing the +natives and inducing them to adopt a system of government and laws suited +to their capacity and wants, and the use made by our numerous whale ships +of the harbors of the islands as places of resort for obtaining +refreshments and repairs all combine to render their destiny peculiarly +interesting to us. It is our duty to encourage the authorities of those +islands in their efforts to improve and elevate the moral and political +condition of the inhabitants, and we should make reasonable allowances for +the difficulties inseparable from this task. We desire that the islands may +maintain their independence and that other nations should concur with us in +this sentiment. We could in no event be indifferent to their passing under +the dominion of any other power. The principal commercial states have in +this a common interest, and it is to be hoped that no one of them will +attempt to interpose obstacles to the entire independence of the islands. + +The receipts into the Treasury for the fiscal year ending on the 30th of +June last were, in cash, $48,830,097.50, and in Treasury notes funded +$10,833,000, making an aggregate of $59,663,097.50; and the expenditures +for the same time were, in cash, $46,798,667.82, and in Treasury notes +funded $10,833,000, making an aggregate of $57,631,667.82. + +The accounts and estimates which will be submitted to Congress in the +report of the Secretary of the Treasury show that there will probably be a +deficit occasioned by the expenses of the Mexican War and treaty on the 1st +day of July next of $5,828,121.66, and on the 1st day of July, 1851, of +$10,547,092.73, making in the whole a probable deficit to be provided for +of $16,375,214.39. The extraordinary expenses of the war with Mexico and +the purchase of California and New Mexico exceed in amount this deficit, +together with the loans heretofore made for those objects. I therefore +recommend that authority be given to borrow what ever sum may be necessary +to cover that deficit. I recommend the observance of strict economy in the +appropriation and expenditure of public money. + +I recommend a revision of the existing tariff and its adjustment on a basis +which may augment the revenue. I do not doubt the right or duty of Congress +to encourage domestic industry, which is the great source of national as +well as individual wealth and prosperity. I look to the wisdom and +patriotism of Congress for the adoption of a system which may place home +labor at last on a sure and permanent footing and by due encouragement of +manufactures give a new and increased stimulus to agriculture and promote +the development of our vast resources and the extension of our commerce. +Believing that to the attainment of these ends, as well as the necessary +augmentation of the revenue and the prevention of frauds, a system of +specific duties is best adapted, I strongly recommend to Congress the +adoption of that system, fixing the duties at rates high enough to afford +substantial and sufficient encouragement to our own industry and at the +same time so adjusted as to insure stability. + +The question of the continuance of the subtreasury system is respectfully +submitted to the wisdom of Congress. If continued, important modifications +of it appear to be indispensable. + +For further details and views on the above and other matters connected with +commerce, the finances, and revenue I refer to the report of the Secretary +of the Treasury. + +No direct aid has been given by the General Government to the improvement +of agriculture except by the expenditure of small sums for the collection +and publication of agricultural statistics and for some chemical analyses, +which have been thus far paid for out of the patent fund. This aid is, in +my opinion, wholly inadequate. To give to this leading branch of American +industry the encouragement which it merits, I respectfully recommend the +establishment of an agricultural bureau, to be connected with the +Department of the Interior. To elevate the social condition of the +agriculturist, to increase his prosperity, and to extend his means of +usefulness to his country, by multiplying his sources of information, +should be the study of every statesman and a primary object with every +legislator. + +No civil government having been provided by Congress for California, the +people of that Territory, impelled by the necessities of their political +condition, recently met in convention for the purpose of forming a +constitution and State government, which the latest advices give me reason +to suppose has been accomplished; and it is believed they will shortly +apply for the admission of California into the Union as a sovereign State. +Should such be the case, and should their constitution be conformable to +the requisitions of the Constitution of the United States, I recommend +their application to the favorable consideration of Congress. The people of +New Mexico will also, it is believed, at no very distant period present +themselves for admission into the Union. Preparatory to the admission of +California and New Mexico the people of each will have instituted for +themselves a republican form of government, "laying its foundation in such +principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem +most likely to effect their safety and happiness." By awaiting their action +all causes of uneasiness may be avoided and confidence and kind feeling +preserved. With a view of maintaining the harmony and tranquillity so dear +to all, we should abstain from the introduction of those exciting topics of +a sectional character which have hitherto produced painful apprehensions in +the public mind; and I repeat the solemn warning of the first and most +illustrious of my predecessors against furnishing "any ground for +characterizing parties by geographical discriminations." + +A collector has been appointed at San Francisco under the act of Congress +extending the revenue laws over California, and measures have been taken to +organize the custom-houses at that and the other ports mentioned in that +act at the earliest period practicable. The collector proceeded overland, +and advices have not yet been received of his arrival at San Francisco. +Meanwhile, it is understood that the customs have continued to be collected +there by officers acting under the military authority, as they were during +the Administration of my predecessor. It will, I think, be expedient to +confirm the collections thus made, and direct the avails (after such +allowances as Congress may think fit to authorize) to be expended within +the Territory or to be paid into the Treasury for the purpose of meeting +appropriations for the improvement of its rivers and harbors. + +A party engaged on the coast survey was dispatched to Oregon in January +last. According to the latest advices, they had not left California; and +directions have been given to them, as soon as they shall have fixed on the +sites of the two light-houses and the buoys authorized to be constructed +and placed in Oregon, to proceed without delay to make reconnaissance of +the most important points on the coast of California, and especially to +examine and determine on sites for light-houses on that coast, the speedy +erection of which is urgently demanded by our rapidly increasing commerce. + +I have transferred the Indian agencies from upper Missouri and Council +Bluffs to Santa Fe and Salt Lake, and have caused to be appointed subagents +in the valleys of the Gila, the Sacramento, and the San Joaquin rivers. +Still further legal provisions will be necessary for the effective and +successful extension of our system of Indian intercourse over the new +territories. + +I recommend the establishment of a branch mint in California, as it will, +in my opinion, afford important facilities to those engaged in mining, as +well as to the Government in the disposition of the mineral lands. + +I also recommend that commissions be organized by Congress to examine and +decide upon the validity of the present subsisting land titles in +California and New Mexico, and that provision be made for the establishment +of offices of surveyor-general in New Mexico, California, and Oregon and +for the surveying and bringing into market the public lands in those +Territories. Those lands, remote in position and difficult of access, ought +to be disposed of on terms liberal to all, but especially favorable to the +early emigrants. + +In order that the situation and character of the principal mineral deposits +in California may be ascertained, I recommend that a geological and +mineralogical exploration be connected with the linear surveys, and that +the mineral lands be divided into small lots suitable for mining and be +disposed of by sale or lease, so as to give our citizens an opportunity of +procuring a permanent right of property in the soil. This would seem to be +as important to the success of mining as of agricultural pursuits. + +The great mineral wealth of California and the advantages which its ports +and harbors and those of Oregon afford to commerce, especially with the +islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans and the populous regions of +eastern Asia, make it certain that there will arise in a few years large +and prosperous communities on our western coast. It therefore becomes +important that a line of communication, the best and most expeditious which +the nature of the country will admit, should be opened within the territory +of the United States from the navigable waters of the Atlantic or the Gulf +of Mexico to the Pacific. Opinion, as elicited and expressed by two large +and respectable conventions lately assembled at St. Louis and Memphis, +points to a railroad as that which, if practicable, will best meet the +wishes and wants of the country. But while this, if in successful +operation, would be a work of great national importance and of a value to +the country which it would be difficult to estimate, it ought also to be +regarded as an undertaking of vast magnitude and expense, and one which +must, if it be indeed practicable, encounter many difficulties in its +construction and use. Therefore, to avoid failure and disappointment; to +enable Congress to judge whether in the condition of the country through +which it must pass the work be feasible, and, if it be found so, whether it +should be undertaken as a national improvement or left to individual +enterprise, and in the latter alternative what aid, if any, ought to be +extended to it by the Government, I recommend as a preliminary measure a +careful reconnaissance of the several proposed routes by a scientific corps +and a report as to the practicability of making such a road, with an +estimate of the cost of its construction and support. + +For further views on these and other matters connected with the duties of +the home department I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the +Interior. + +I recommend early appropriations for continuing the river and harbor +improvements which have been already begun, and also for the construction +of those for which estimates have been made, as well as for examinations +and estimates preparatory to the commencement of such others as the wants +of the country, and especially the advance of our population over new +districts and the extension of commerce, may render necessary. An estimate +of the amount which can be advantageously expended within the next fiscal +year under the direction of the Bureau of Topographical Engineers +accompanies the report of the Secretary of War, to which I respectfully +invite the attention of Congress. + +The cession of territory made by the late treaty with Mexico has greatly +extended our exposed frontier and rendered its defense more difficult. That +treaty has also brought us under obligations to Mexico, to comply with +which a military force is requisite. But our military establishment is not +materially changed as to its efficiency from the condition in which it +stood before the commencement of the Mexican War. Some addition to it will +therefore be necessary, and I recommend to the favorable consideration of +Congress an increase of the several corps of the Army at our distant +Western posts, as proposed in the accompanying report of the Secretary of +War. + +Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect upon rank in the Army +heretofore given to brevet and staff commissions. The views of the +Secretary of War on this subject are deemed important, and if carried into +effect will, it is believed, promote the harmony of the service. The plan +proposed for retiring disabled officers and providing an asylum for such of +the rank and file as from age, wounds, and other infirmities occasioned by +service have become unfit to perform their respective duties is recommended +as a means of increasing the efficiency of the Army and as an act of +justice due from a grateful country to the faithful soldier. + +The accompanying report of the Secretary of the Navy presents a full and +satisfactory account of the condition and operations of the naval service +during the past year. Our citizens engaged in the legitimate pursuits of +commerce have enjoyed its benefits. Wherever our national vessels have gone +they have been received with respect, our officers have been treated with +kindness and courtesy, and they have on all occasions pursued a course of +strict neutrality, in accordance with the policy of our Government. + +The naval force at present in commission is as large as is admissible with +the number of men authorized by Congress to be employed. + +I invite your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy +on the subject of a reorganization of the Navy in its various grades of +officers, and the establishing of a retired list for such of the officers +as are disqualified for active and effective service. Should Congress adopt +some such measure as is recommended, it will greatly increase the +efficiency of the Navy and reduce its expenditures. + +I also ask your attention to the views expressed by him in reference to the +employment of war steamers and in regard to the contracts for the +transportation of the United States mails and the operation of the system +upon the prosperity of the Navy. + +By an act of Congress passed August 14, 1848, provision was made for +extending post-office and mail accommodations to California and Oregon. +Exertions have been made to execute that law, but the limited provisions of +the act, the inadequacy of the means it authorizes, the ill adaptation of +our post-office laws to the situation of that country, and the measure of +compensation for services allowed by those laws, compared with the prices +of labor and rents in California, render those exertions in a great degree +ineffectual. More particular and efficient provision by law is required on +this subject. + +The act of 1845 reducing postage has now, by its operation during four +years, produced results fully showing that the income from such reduced +postage is sufficient to sustain the whole expense of the service of the +Post-Office Department, not including the cost of transportation in mail +steamers on the lines from New York to Chagres and from Panama to Astoria, +which have not been considered by Congress as properly belonging to the +mail service. + +It is submitted to the wisdom of Congress whether a further reduction of +postage should not now be made, more particularly on the letter +correspondence. This should be relieved from the unjust burden of +transporting and delivering the franked matter of Congress, for which +public service provision should be made from the Treasury. I confidently +believe that a change may safely be made reducing all single letter postage +to the uniform rate of 5 cents, regardless of distance, without thereby +imposing any greater tax on the Treasury than would constitute a very +moderate compensation for this public service; and I therefore respectfully +recommend such a reduction. Should Congress prefer to abolish the franking +privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand on the Treasury would +result from the proposed reduction of postage. Whether any further +diminution should now be made, or the result of the reduction to 5 cents, +which I have recommended, should be first tested, is submitted to your +decision. + +Since the commencement of the last session of Congress a postal treaty with +Great Britain has been received and ratified, and such relations have been +formed by the post-office departments of the two countries in pursuance of +that treaty as to carry its provisions into full operation. The attempt to +extend this same arrangement through England to France has not been equally +successful, but the purpose has not been abandoned. + +For a particular statement of the condition of the Post-Office Department +and other matters connected with that branch of the public service I refer +you to the report of the Postmaster-General. + +By the act of the 3d of March, 1849, a board was constituted to make +arrangements for taking the Seventh Census, composed of the Secretary of +State, the Attorney-General, and the Postmaster-General; and it was made +the duty of this board "to prepare and cause to be printed such forms and +schedules as might be necessary for the full enumeration of the inhabitants +of the United States, and also proper forms and schedules for collecting in +statistical tables, under proper heads, such information as to mines, +agriculture, commerce, manufactures, education, and other topics as would +exhibit a full view of the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of +the country." The duties enjoined upon the census board thus established +having been performed, it now rests with Congress to enact a law for +carrying into effect the provision of the Constitution which requires an +actual enumeration of the people of the United States within the ensuing +year. + +Among the duties assigned by the Constitution to the General Government is +one of local and limited application, but not on that account the less +obligatory. I allude to the trust committed to Congress as the exclusive +legislator and sole guardian of the interests of the District of Columbia. +I beg to commend these interests to your kind attention. As the national +metropolis the city of Washington must be an object of general interest; +and founded, as it was, under the auspices of him whose immortal name it +bears, its claims to the fostering care of Congress present themselves with +additional strength. Whatever can contribute to its prosperity must enlist +the feelings of its constitutional guardians and command their favorable +consideration. + +Our Government is one of limited powers, and its successful administration +eminently depends on the confinement of each of its coordinate branches +within its own appropriate sphere. The first section of the Constitution +ordains that-- + +All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the +United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of +Representatives. + +The Executive has authority to recommend (not to dictate) measures to +Congress. Having performed that duty, the executive department of the +Government can not rightfully control the decision of Congress on any +subject of legislation until that decision shall have been officially +submitted to the President for approval. The check provided by the +Constitution in the clause conferring the qualified veto will never be +exercised by me except in the cases contemplated by the fathers of the +Republic. I view it as an extreme measure, to be resorted to only in +extraordinary cases, as where it may become necessary to defend the +executive against the encroachments of the legislative power or to prevent +hasty and inconsiderate or unconstitutional legislation. By cautiously +confining this remedy within the sphere prescribed to it in the +contemporaneous expositions of the framers of the Constitution, the will of +the people, legitimately expressed on all subjects of legislation through +their constitutional organs, the Senators and Representatives of the United +States, will have its full effect. As indispensable to the preservation of +our system of self-government, the independence of the representatives of +the States and the people is guaranteed by the Constitution, and they owe +no responsibility to any human power but their constituents. By holding the +representative responsible only to the people, and exempting him from all +other influences, we elevate the character of the constituent and quicken +his sense of responsibility to his country. It is under these circumstances +only that the elector can feel that in the choice of the lawmaker he is +himself truly a component part of the sovereign power of the nation. With +equal care we should study to defend the rights of the executive and +judicial departments. Our Government can only be preserved in its purity by +the suppression and entire elimination of every claim or tendency of one +coordinate branch to encroachment upon another. With the strict observance +of this rule and the other injunctions of the Constitution, with a sedulous +inculcation of that respect and love for the Union of the States which our +fathers cherished and enjoined upon their children, and with the aid of +that overruling Providence which has so long and so kindly guarded our +liberties and institutions, we may reasonably expect to transmit them, with +their innumerable blessings, to the remotest posterity. + +But attachment to the Union of the States should be habitually fostered in +every American heart. For more than half a century, during which kingdoms +and empires have fallen, this Union has stood unshaken. The patriots who +formed it have long since descended to the grave; yet still it remains, the +proudest monument to their memory and the object of affection and +admiration with everyone worthy to bear the American name. In my judgment +its dissolution would be the greatest of calamities, and to avert that +should be the study of every American. Upon its preservation must depend +our own happiness and that of countless generations to come. Whatever +dangers may threaten it, I shall stand by it and maintain it in its +integrity to the full extent of the obligations imposed and the powers +conferred upon me by the Constitution. + +Z. TAYLOR. + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of State of the Union Addresses of +Zachary Taylor, by Zachary Taylor + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESSES *** + +***** This file should be named 5020.txt or 5020.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/2/5020/ + +Produced by James Linden. 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You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: State of the Union Addresses of Zachary Taylor + +Author: Zachary Taylor + +Release Date: February, 2004 [EBook #5020] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY ZACHARY TAYLOR *** + + + + +This eBook was produced by James Linden. + +The addresses are separated by three asterisks: *** + +Dates of addresses by Zachary Taylor in this eBook: + December 4, 1849 + + + +*** + +State of the Union Address +Zachary Taylor +December 4, 1849 + +Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: + +Sixty years have elapsed since the establishment of this Government, and +the Congress of the United States again assembles to legislate for an +empire of freemen. The predictions of evil prophets, who formerly pretended +to foretell the downfall of our institutions, are now remembered only to be +derided, and the United States of America at this moment present to the +world the most stable and permanent Government on earth. + +Such is the result of the labors of those who have gone before us. Upon +Congress will eminently depend the future maintenance of our system of free +government and the transmission of it unimpaired to posterity. + +We are at peace with all the other nations of the world, and seek to +maintain our cherished relations of amity with them. During the past year +we have been blessed by a kind Providence with an abundance of the fruits +of the earth, and although the destroying angel for a time visited +extensive portions of our territory with the ravages of a dreadful +pestilence, yet the Almighty has at length deigned to stay his hand and to +restore the inestimable blessing of general health to a people who have +acknowledged His power, deprecated His wrath, and implored His merciful +protection. + +While enjoying the benefits of amicable intercourse with foreign nations, +we have not been insensible to the distractions and wars which have +prevailed in other quarters of the world. It is a proper theme of +thanksgiving to Him who rules the destinies of nations that we have been +able to maintain amidst all these contests an independent and neutral +position toward all belligerent powers. + +Our relations with Great Britain are of the most friendly character. In +consequence of the recent alteration of the British navigation acts, +British vessels, from British and other foreign ports, will under our +existing laws, after the 1st day of January next, be admitted to entry in +our ports with cargoes of the growth, manufacture, or production of any +part of the world on the same terms as to duties, imposts, and charges as +vessels of the United States with their cargoes, and our vessels will be +admitted to the same advantages in British ports, entering therein on the +same terms as British vessels. Should no order in council disturb this +legislative arrangement, the late act of the British Parliament, by which +Great Britain is brought within the terms proposed by the act of Congress +of the 1st of March, 1817, it is hoped will be productive of benefit to +both countries. + +A slight interruption of diplomatic intercourse which occurred between this +Government and France, I am happy to say, has been terminated, and our +minister there has been received. It is therefore unnecessary to refer now +to the circumstances which led to that interruption. I need not express to +you the sincere satisfaction with which we shall welcome the arrival of +another envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from a sister +Republic to which we have so long been, and still remain, bound by the +strongest ties of amity. + +Shortly after I had entered upon the discharge of the Executive duties I +was apprised that a war steamer belonging to the German Empire was being +fitted out in the harbor of New York with the aid of some of our naval +officers, rendered under the permission of the late Secretary of the Navy. +This permission was granted during an armistice between that Empire and the +Kingdom of Denmark, which had been engaged in the Schleswig-Holstein war. +Apprehensive that this act of intervention on our part might be viewed as a +violation of our neutral obligations incurred by the treaty with Denmark +and of the provisions of the act of Congress of the 20th of April, 1818, I +directed that no further aid should be rendered by any agent or officer of +the Navy; and I instructed the Secretary of State to apprise the minister +of the German Empire accredited to this Government of my determination to +execute the law of the United States and to maintain the faith of treaties +with all nations. The correspondence which ensued between the Department of +State and the minister of the German Empire is herewith laid before you. +The execution of the law and the observance of the treaty were deemed by me +to be due to the honor of the country, as well as to the sacred obligations +of the Constitution. I shall not fail to pursue the same course should a +similar case arise with any other nation. Having avowed the opinion on +taking the oath of office that in disputes between conflicting foreign +governments it is our interest not less than our duty to remain strictly +neutral, I shall not abandon it. You will perceive from the correspondence +submitted to you in connection with this subject that the course adopted in +this case has been properly regarded by the belligerent powers interested +in the matter. + +Although a minister of the United States to the German Empire was appointed +by my predecessor in August, 1848, and has for a long time been in +attendance at Frankfort-on-the-Main, and although a minister appointed to +represent that Empire was received and accredited here, yet no such +government as that of the German Empire has been definitively constituted. +Mr. Donelson, our representative at Frankfort, remained there several +months in the expectation that a union of the German States under one +constitution or form of government might at length be organized. It is +believed by those well acquainted with the existing relations between +Prussia and the States of Germany that no such union can be permanently +established without her cooperation. In the event of the formation of such +a union and the organization of a central power in Germany of which she +should form a part, it would become necessary to withdraw our minister at +Berlin; but while Prussia exists as an independent kingdom and diplomatic +relations are maintained with her there can be no necessity for the +continuance of the mission to Frankfort. I have therefore recalled Mr. +Donelson and directed the archives of the legation at Frankfort to be +transferred to the American legation at Berlin. + +Having been apprised that a considerable number of adventurers were engaged +in fitting out a, military expedition within the United States against a +foreign country, and believing from the best information I could obtain +that it was destined to invade the island of Cuba, I deemed it due to the +friendly relations existing between the United States and Spain, to the +treaty between the two nations, to the laws of the United States, and, +above all, to the American honor to exert the lawful authority of this +Government in suppressing the expedition and preventing the invasion. To +this end I issued a proclamation enjoining it upon the officers of the +United States, civil and military, to use all lawful means within their +power. A copy of that proclamation is herewith submitted. The expedition +has been suppressed. So long as the act of Congress of the 20th of April, +1818, which owes its existence to the law of nations and to the policy of +Washington himself, shall remain on our statute books, I hold it to be the +duty of the Executive faithfully to obey its injunctions. + +While this expedition was in progress I was informed that a foreigner who +claimed our protection had been clandestinely and, as was supposed, +forcibly carried off in a vessel from New Orleans to the island of Cuba. I +immediately caused such steps to be taken as I thought necessary, in case +the information I had received should prove correct, to vindicate the honor +of the country and the right of every person seeking an asylum on our soil +to the protection of our laws. The person alleged to have been abducted was +promptly restored, and the circumstances of the case are now about to +undergo investigation before a judicial tribunal. I would respectfully +suggest that although the crime charged to have been committed in this case +is held odious, as being in conflict with our opinions on the subject of +national sovereignty and personal freedom, there is no prohibition of it or +punishment for it provided in any act of Congress. The expediency of +supplying this defect in our criminal code is therefore recommended to your +consideration. + +I have scrupulously avoided any interference in the wars and contentions +which have recently distracted Europe. During the late conflict between +Austria and Hungary there seemed to be a prospect that the latter might +become an independent nation. However faint that prospect at the time +appeared, I thought it my duty, in accordance with the general sentiment of +the American people, who deeply sympathized with the Magyar patriots, to +stand prepared, upon the contingency of the establishment by her of a +permanent government, to be the first to welcome independent Hungary into +the family of nations. For this purpose I invested an agent then in Europe +with power to declare our willingness promptly to recognize her +independence in the event of her ability to sustain it. The powerful +intervention of Russia in the contest extinguished the hopes of the +struggling Magyars. The United States did not at any time interfere in the +contest, but the feelings of the nation were strongly enlisted in the +cause, and by the sufferings of a brave people, who had made a gallant, +though unsuccessful, effort to be free. + +Our claims upon Portugal have been during the past year prosecuted with +renewed vigor, and it has been my object to employ every effort of +honorable diplomacy to procure their adjustment. Our late charge d'affaires +at Lisbon, the Hon. George W. Hopkins, made able and energetic, but +unsuccessful, efforts to settle these unpleasant matters of controversy and +to obtain indemnity for the wrongs which were the subjects of complaint. +Our present charge' d'affaires at that Court will also bring to the +prosecution of these claims ability and zeal. The revolutionary and +distracted condition of Portugal in past times has been represented as one +of the leading causes of her delay in indemnifying our suffering citizens. +But I must now say it is matter of profound regret that these claims have +not yet been settled. The omission of Portugal to do justice to the +American claimants has now assumed a character so grave and serious that I +shall shortly make it the subject of a special message to Congress, with a +view to such ultimate action as its wisdom and patriotism may suggest. + +With Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, +and the Italian States we still maintain our accustomed amicable +relations. + +During the recent revolutions in the Papal States our charge d'affaires at +Rome has been unable to present his letter of credence, which, indeed, he +was directed by my predecessor to withhold until he should receive further +orders. Such was the unsettled condition of things in those States that it +was not deemed expedient to give him any instructions on the subject of +presenting his credential letter different from those with which he had +been furnished by the late Administration until the 25th of June last, +when, in consequence of the want of accurate information of the exact state +of things at that distance from us, he was instructed to exercise his own +discretion in presenting himself to the then existing Government if in his +judgment sufficiently stable, or, if not, to await further events. Since +that period Rome has undergone another revolution, and he abides the +establishment of a government sufficiently permanent to justify him in +opening diplomatic intercourse with it. + +With the Republic of Mexico it is our true policy to cultivate the most +friendly relations. Since the ratification of the treaty of Guadalupe +Hidalgo nothing has occurred of a serious character to disturb them. A +faithful observance of the treaty and a sincere respect for her rights can +not fail to secure the lasting confidence and friendship of that Republic. +The message of my predecessor to the House of Representatives of the 8th of +February last, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of that body, +a copy of a paper called a protocol, signed at Queretaro on the 30th of +May, 1848, by the commissioners of the United States and the minister of +foreign affairs of the Mexican Government, having been a subject of +correspondence between the Department of State and the envoy extraordinary +and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic accredited to this +Government, a transcript of that correspondence is herewith submitted. + +The commissioner on the part of the United States for marking the boundary +between the two Republics, though delayed in reaching San Diego by +unforeseen obstacles, arrived at that place within a short period after the +time required by the treaty, and was there joined by the commissioner on +the part of Mexico. They entered upon their duties, and at the date of the +latest intelligence from that quarter some progress had been made in the +survey. The expenses incident to the organization of the commission and to +its conveyance to the point where its operations were to begin have so much +reduced the fund appropriated by Congress that a further sum, to cover the +charges which must be incurred during the present fiscal year, will be +necessary. The great length of frontier along which the boundary extends, +the nature of the adjacent territory, and the difficulty of obtaining +supplies except at or near the extremes of the line render it also +indispensable that a liberal provision should be made to meet the necessary +charges during the fiscal year ending on the 30th of June, 1851. I +accordingly recommend this subject to your attention. + +In the adjustment of the claims of American citizens on Mexico, provided +for by the late treaty, the employment of counsel on the part of the +Government may become important for the purpose of assisting the +commissioners in protecting the interests of the United States. I recommend +this subject to the early and favorable consideration of Congress. + +Complaints have been made in regard to the inefficiency of the means +provided by the Government of New Granada for transporting the United +States mail across the Isthmus of Panama, pursuant to our postal convention +with that Republic of the 6th of March, 1844. Our charge d'affaires at +Bogota has been directed to make such representations to the Government of +New Granada as will, it is hoped, lead to a prompt removal of this cause of +complaint. + +The sanguinary civil war with which the Republic of Venezuela has for some +time past been ravaged has been brought to a close. In its progress the +rights of some of our citizens resident or trading there have been +violated. The restoration of order will afford the Venezuelan Government an +opportunity to examine and redress these grievances and others of longer +standing which our representatives at Caracas have hitherto ineffectually +urged upon the attention of that Government. + +The extension of the coast of the United States on the Pacific and the +unexampled rapidity with which the inhabitants of California especially are +increasing in numbers have imparted new consequence to our relations with +the other countries whose territories border upon that ocean. It is +probable that the intercourse between those countries and our possessions +in that quarter, particularly with the Republic of Chili, will become +extensive and mutually advantageous in proportion as California and Oregon +shall increase in population and wealth. It is desirable, therefore, that +this Government should do everything in its power to foster and strengthen +its relations with those States, and that the spirit of amity between us +should be mutual and cordial. + +I recommend the observance of the same course toward all other American +States. The United States stand as the great American power, to which, as +their natural ally and friend, they will always be disposed first to look +for mediation and assistance in the event of any collision between them and +any European nation. As such we may often kindly mediate in their behalf +without entangling ourselves in foreign wars or unnecessary controversies. +Whenever the faith of our treaties with any of them shall require our +interference, we must necessarily interpose. + +A convention has been negotiated with Brazil providing for the satisfaction +of American claims on that Government, and it will be submitted to the +Senate. Since the last session of Congress we have received an envoy +extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Empire, and our +relations with it are rounded upon the most amicable understanding. + +Your attention is earnestly invited to an amendment of our existing laws +relating to the African slave trade with a view to the effectual +suppression of that barbarous traffic. It is not to be denied that this +trade is still in part carried on by means of vessels built in the United +States and owned or navigated by some of our citizens. The correspondence +between the Department of State and the minister and consul of the United +States at Rio de Janeiro, which has from time to time been laid before +Congress, represents that it is a customary device to evade the penalties +of our laws by means of sea letters. Vessels sold in Brazil, when provided +with such papers by the consul, instead of returning to the United States +for a new register proceed at once to the coast of Africa for the purpose +of obtaining cargoes of slaves. Much additional information of the same +character has recently been transmitted to the Department of State. It has +not been considered the policy of our laws to subject an American citizen +who in a foreign country purchases a vessel built in the United States to +the inconvenience of sending her home for a new register before permitting +her to proceed on a voyage. Any alteration of the laws which might have a +tendency to impede the free transfer of property in vessels between our +citizens, or the free navigation of those vessels between different parts +of the world when employed in lawful commerce, should be well and +cautiously considered; but I trust that your wisdom will devise a method by +which our general policy in this respect may be preserved, and at the same +time the abuse of our flag by means of sea letters, in the manner +indicated, may be prevented. + +Having ascertained that there is no prospect of the reunion of the five +States of Central America which formerly composed the Republic of that +name, we have separately negotiated with some of them treaties of amity and +commerce, which will be laid before the Senate. + +A contract having been concluded with the State of Nicaragua by a company +composed of American citizens for the purpose of constructing a ship canal +through the territory of that State to connect the Atlantic and Pacific +oceans, I have directed the negotiation of a treaty with Nicaragua pledging +both Governments to protect those who shall engage in and perfect the work. +All other nations are invited by the State of Nicaragua to enter into the +same treaty stipulations with her; and the benefit to be derived by each +from such an arrangement will be the protection of this great interoceanic +communication against any power which might seek to obstruct it or to +monopolize its advantages. All States entering into such a treaty will +enjoy the right of passage through the canal on payment of the same tolls. +The work, if constructed under these guaranties, will become a bond of +peace instead of a subject of contention and strife between the nations of +the earth. Should the great maritime States of Europe consent to this +arrangement (and we have no reason to suppose that a proposition so fair +and honorable will be opposed by any), the energies of their people and +ours will cooperate in promoting the success of the enterprise. I do not +recommend any appropriation from the National Treasury for this purpose, +nor do I believe that such an appropriation is necessary. Private +enterprise, if properly protected, will complete the work should it prove +to be feasible. The parties who have procured the charter from Nicaragua +for its construction desire no assistance from this Government beyond its +protection; and they profess that, having examined the proposed line of +communication, they will be ready to commence the undertaking whenever that +protection shall be extended to them. Should there appear to be reason, on +examining the whole evidence, to entertain a serious doubt of the +practicability of constructing such a canal, that doubt could be speedily +solved by an actual exploration of the route. + +Should such a work be constructed under the common protection of all +nations, for equal benefits to all, it would be neither just nor expedient +that any great maritime state should command the communication. The +territory through which the canal may be opened ought to be freed from the +claims of any foreign power. No such power should occupy a position that +would enable it hereafter to exercise so controlling an influence over the +commerce of the world or to obstruct a highway which ought to be dedicated +to the common uses of mankind. + +The routes across the Isthmus at Tehuantepec and Panama are also worthy of +our serious consideration.. They did not fail to engage the attention of my +predecessor. The negotiator of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was +instructed to offer a very large sum of money for the right of transit +across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Mexican Government did not accede to +the proposition for the purchase of the right of way, probably because it +had already contracted with private individuals for the construction of a +passage from the Guasacualco River to Tehuantepec. I shall not renew any +proposition to purchase for money a right which ought to be equally secured +to all nations on payment of a reasonable toll to the owners of the +improvement, who would doubtless be well contented with that compensation +and the guaranties of the maritime states of the world in separate treaties +negotiated with Mexico, binding her and them to protect those who should +construct the work. Such guaranties would do more to secure the completion +of the communication through the territory of Mexico than any other +reasonable consideration that could be offered; and as Mexico herself would +be the greatest gainer by the opening of this communication between the +Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, it is presumed that she would not hesitate to +yield her aid in the manner proposed to accomplish an improvement so +important to her own best interests. + +We have reason to hope that the proposed railroad across the Isthmus at +Panama will be successfully constructed under the protection of the late +treaty with New Granada, ratified and exchanged by my predecessor on the +10th day of June, 1848, which guarantees the perfect neutrality of the +Isthmus and the rights of sovereignty and property of New Granada over that +territory, "with a view that the free transit from ocean to ocean may not +be interrupted or embarrassed" during the existence of the treaty. It is +our policy to encourage every practicable route across the isthmus which +connects North and South America, either by railroad or canal, which the +energy and enterprise of our citizens may induce them to complete, and I +consider it obligatory upon me to adopt that policy, especially in +consequence of the absolute necessity of facilitating intercourse with our +possessions on the Pacific. + +The position of the Sandwich Islands with reference to the territory of the +United States on the Pacific, the success of our persevering and benevolent +citizens who have repaired to that remote quarter in Christianizing the +natives and inducing them to adopt a system of government and laws suited +to their capacity and wants, and the use made by our numerous whale ships +of the harbors of the islands as places of resort for obtaining +refreshments and repairs all combine to render their destiny peculiarly +interesting to us. It is our duty to encourage the authorities of those +islands in their efforts to improve and elevate the moral and political +condition of the inhabitants, and we should make reasonable allowances for +the difficulties inseparable from this task. We desire that the islands may +maintain their independence and that other nations should concur with us in +this sentiment. We could in no event be indifferent to their passing under +the dominion of any other power. The principal commercial states have in +this a common interest, and it is to be hoped that no one of them will +attempt to interpose obstacles to the entire independence of the islands. + +The receipts into the Treasury for the fiscal year ending on the 30th of +June last were, in cash, $48,830,097.50, and in Treasury notes funded +$10,833,000, making an aggregate of $59,663,097.50; and the expenditures +for the same time were, in cash, $46,798,667.82, and in Treasury notes +funded $10,833,000, making an aggregate of $57,631,667.82. + +The accounts and estimates which will be submitted to Congress in the +report of the Secretary of the Treasury show that there will probably be a +deficit occasioned by the expenses of the Mexican War and treaty on the 1st +day of July next of $5,828,121.66, and on the 1st day of July, 1851, of +$10,547,092.73, making in the whole a probable deficit to be provided for +of $16,375,214.39. The extraordinary expenses of the war with Mexico and +the purchase of California and New Mexico exceed in amount this deficit, +together with the loans heretofore made for those objects. I therefore +recommend that authority be given to borrow what ever sum may be necessary +to cover that deficit. I recommend the observance of strict economy in the +appropriation and expenditure of public money. + +I recommend a revision of the existing tariff and its adjustment on a basis +which may augment the revenue. I do not doubt the right or duty of Congress +to encourage domestic industry, which is the great source of national as +well as individual wealth and prosperity. I look to the wisdom and +patriotism of Congress for the adoption of a system which may place home +labor at last on a sure and permanent footing and by due encouragement of +manufactures give a new and increased stimulus to agriculture and promote +the development of our vast resources and the extension of our commerce. +Believing that to the attainment of these ends, as well as the necessary +augmentation of the revenue and the prevention of frauds, a system of +specific duties is best adapted, I strongly recommend to Congress the +adoption of that system, fixing the duties at rates high enough to afford +substantial and sufficient encouragement to our own industry and at the +same time so adjusted as to insure stability. + +The question of the continuance of the subtreasury system is respectfully +submitted to the wisdom of Congress. If continued, important modifications +of it appear to be indispensable. + +For further details and views on the above and other matters connected with +commerce, the finances, and revenue I refer to the report of the Secretary +of the Treasury. + +No direct aid has been given by the General Government to the improvement +of agriculture except by the expenditure of small sums for the collection +and publication of agricultural statistics and for some chemical analyses, +which have been thus far paid for out of the patent fund. This aid is, in +my opinion, wholly inadequate. To give to this leading branch of American +industry the encouragement which it merits, I respectfully recommend the +establishment of an agricultural bureau, to be connected with the +Department of the Interior. To elevate the social condition of the +agriculturist, to increase his prosperity, and to extend his means of +usefulness to his country, by multiplying his sources of information, +should be the study of every statesman and a primary object with every +legislator. + +No civil government having been provided by Congress for California, the +people of that Territory, impelled by the necessities of their political +condition, recently met in convention for the purpose of forming a +constitution and State government, which the latest advices give me reason +to suppose has been accomplished; and it is believed they will shortly +apply for the admission of California into the Union as a sovereign State. +Should such be the case, and should their constitution be conformable to +the requisitions of the Constitution of the United States, I recommend +their application to the favorable consideration of Congress. The people of +New Mexico will also, it is believed, at no very distant period present +themselves for admission into the Union. Preparatory to the admission of +California and New Mexico the people of each will have instituted for +themselves a republican form of government, "laying its foundation in such +principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem +most likely to effect their safety and happiness." By awaiting their action +all causes of uneasiness may be avoided and confidence and kind feeling +preserved. With a view of maintaining the harmony and tranquillity so dear +to all, we should abstain from the introduction of those exciting topics of +a sectional character which have hitherto produced painful apprehensions in +the public mind; and I repeat the solemn warning of the first and most +illustrious of my predecessors against furnishing "any ground for +characterizing parties by geographical discriminations." + +A collector has been appointed at San Francisco under the act of Congress +extending the revenue laws over California, and measures have been taken to +organize the custom-houses at that and the other ports mentioned in that +act at the earliest period practicable. The collector proceeded overland, +and advices have not yet been received of his arrival at San Francisco. +Meanwhile, it is understood that the customs have continued to be collected +there by officers acting under the military authority, as they were during +the Administration of my predecessor. It will, I think, be expedient to +confirm the collections thus made, and direct the avails (after such +allowances as Congress may think fit to authorize) to be expended within +the Territory or to be paid into the Treasury for the purpose of meeting +appropriations for the improvement of its rivers and harbors. + +A party engaged on the coast survey was dispatched to Oregon in January +last. According to the latest advices, they had not left California; and +directions have been given to them, as soon as they shall have fixed on the +sites of the two light-houses and the buoys authorized to be constructed +and placed in Oregon, to proceed without delay to make reconnaissance of +the most important points on the coast of California, and especially to +examine and determine on sites for light-houses on that coast, the speedy +erection of which is urgently demanded by our rapidly increasing commerce. + +I have transferred the Indian agencies from upper Missouri and Council +Bluffs to Santa Fe and Salt Lake, and have caused to be appointed subagents +in the valleys of the Gila, the Sacramento, and the San Joaquin rivers. +Still further legal provisions will be necessary for the effective and +successful extension of our system of Indian intercourse over the new +territories. + +I recommend the establishment of a branch mint in California, as it will, +in my opinion, afford important facilities to those engaged in mining, as +well as to the Government in the disposition of the mineral lands. + +I also recommend that commissions be organized by Congress to examine and +decide upon the validity of the present subsisting land titles in +California and New Mexico, and that provision be made for the establishment +of offices of surveyor-general in New Mexico, California, and Oregon and +for the surveying and bringing into market the public lands in those +Territories. Those lands, remote in position and difficult of access, ought +to be disposed of on terms liberal to all, but especially favorable to the +early emigrants. + +In order that the situation and character of the principal mineral deposits +in California may be ascertained, I recommend that a geological and +mineralogical exploration be connected with the linear surveys, and that +the mineral lands be divided into small lots suitable for mining and be +disposed of by sale or lease, so as to give our citizens an opportunity of +procuring a permanent right of property in the soil. This would seem to be +as important to the success of mining as of agricultural pursuits. + +The great mineral wealth of California and the advantages which its ports +and harbors and those of Oregon afford to commerce, especially with the +islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans and the populous regions of +eastern Asia, make it certain that there will arise in a few years large +and prosperous communities on our western coast. It therefore becomes +important that a line of communication, the best and most expeditious which +the nature of the country will admit, should be opened within the territory +of the United States from the navigable waters of the Atlantic or the Gulf +of Mexico to the Pacific. Opinion, as elicited and expressed by two large +and respectable conventions lately assembled at St. Louis and Memphis, +points to a railroad as that which, if practicable, will best meet the +wishes and wants of the country. But while this, if in successful +operation, would be a work of great national importance and of a value to +the country which it would be difficult to estimate, it ought also to be +regarded as an undertaking of vast magnitude and expense, and one which +must, if it be indeed practicable, encounter many difficulties in its +construction and use. Therefore, to avoid failure and disappointment; to +enable Congress to judge whether in the condition of the country through +which it must pass the work be feasible, and, if it be found so, whether it +should be undertaken as a national improvement or left to individual +enterprise, and in the latter alternative what aid, if any, ought to be +extended to it by the Government, I recommend as a preliminary measure a +careful reconnaissance of the several proposed routes by a scientific corps +and a report as to the practicability of making such a road, with an +estimate of the cost of its construction and support. + +For further views on these and other matters connected with the duties of +the home department I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the +Interior. + +I recommend early appropriations for continuing the river and harbor +improvements which have been already begun, and also for the construction +of those for which estimates have been made, as well as for examinations +and estimates preparatory to the commencement of such others as the wants +of the country, and especially the advance of our population over new +districts and the extension of commerce, may render necessary. An estimate +of the amount which can be advantageously expended within the next fiscal +year under the direction of the Bureau of Topographical Engineers +accompanies the report of the Secretary of War, to which I respectfully +invite the attention of Congress. + +The cession of territory made by the late treaty with Mexico has greatly +extended our exposed frontier and rendered its defense more difficult. That +treaty has also brought us under obligations to Mexico, to comply with +which a military force is requisite. But our military establishment is not +materially changed as to its efficiency from the condition in which it +stood before the commencement of the Mexican War. Some addition to it will +therefore be necessary, and I recommend to the favorable consideration of +Congress an increase of the several corps of the Army at our distant +Western posts, as proposed in the accompanying report of the Secretary of +War. + +Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect upon rank in the Army +heretofore given to brevet and staff commissions. The views of the +Secretary of War on this subject are deemed important, and if carried into +effect will, it is believed, promote the harmony of the service. The plan +proposed for retiring disabled officers and providing an asylum for such of +the rank and file as from age, wounds, and other infirmities occasioned by +service have become unfit to perform their respective duties is recommended +as a means of increasing the efficiency of the Army and as an act of +justice due from a grateful country to the faithful soldier. + +The accompanying report of the Secretary of the Navy presents a full and +satisfactory account of the condition and operations of the naval service +during the past year. Our citizens engaged in the legitimate pursuits of +commerce have enjoyed its benefits. Wherever our national vessels have gone +they have been received with respect, our officers have been treated with +kindness and courtesy, and they have on all occasions pursued a course of +strict neutrality, in accordance with the policy of our Government. + +The naval force at present in commission is as large as is admissible with +the number of men authorized by Congress to be employed. + +I invite your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy +on the subject of a reorganization of the Navy in its various grades of +officers, and the establishing of a retired list for such of the officers +as are disqualified for active and effective service. Should Congress adopt +some such measure as is recommended, it will greatly increase the +efficiency of the Navy and reduce its expenditures. + +I also ask your attention to the views expressed by him in reference to the +employment of war steamers and in regard to the contracts for the +transportation of the United States mails and the operation of the system +upon the prosperity of the Navy. + +By an act of Congress passed August 14, 1848, provision was made for +extending post-office and mail accommodations to California and Oregon. +Exertions have been made to execute that law, but the limited provisions of +the act, the inadequacy of the means it authorizes, the ill adaptation of +our post-office laws to the situation of that country, and the measure of +compensation for services allowed by those laws, compared with the prices +of labor and rents in California, render those exertions in a great degree +ineffectual. More particular and efficient provision by law is required on +this subject. + +The act of 1845 reducing postage has now, by its operation during four +years, produced results fully showing that the income from such reduced +postage is sufficient to sustain the whole expense of the service of the +Post-Office Department, not including the cost of transportation in mail +steamers on the lines from New York to Chagres and from Panama to Astoria, +which have not been considered by Congress as properly belonging to the +mail service. + +It is submitted to the wisdom of Congress whether a further reduction of +postage should not now be made, more particularly on the letter +correspondence. This should be relieved from the unjust burden of +transporting and delivering the franked matter of Congress, for which +public service provision should be made from the Treasury. I confidently +believe that a change may safely be made reducing all single letter postage +to the uniform rate of 5 cents, regardless of distance, without thereby +imposing any greater tax on the Treasury than would constitute a very +moderate compensation for this public service; and I therefore respectfully +recommend such a reduction. Should Congress prefer to abolish the franking +privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand on the Treasury would +result from the proposed reduction of postage. Whether any further +diminution should now be made, or the result of the reduction to 5 cents, +which I have recommended, should be first tested, is submitted to your +decision. + +Since the commencement of the last session of Congress a postal treaty with +Great Britain has been received and ratified, and such relations have been +formed by the post-office departments of the two countries in pursuance of +that treaty as to carry its provisions into full operation. The attempt to +extend this same arrangement through England to France has not been equally +successful, but the purpose has not been abandoned. + +For a particular statement of the condition of the Post-Office Department +and other matters connected with that branch of the public service I refer +you to the report of the Postmaster-General. + +By the act of the 3d of March, 1849, a board was constituted to make +arrangements for taking the Seventh Census, composed of the Secretary of +State, the Attorney-General, and the Postmaster-General; and it was made +the duty of this board "to prepare and cause to be printed such forms and +schedules as might be necessary for the full enumeration of the inhabitants +of the United States, and also proper forms and schedules for collecting in +statistical tables, under proper heads, such information as to mines, +agriculture, commerce, manufactures, education, and other topics as would +exhibit a full view of the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of +the country." The duties enjoined upon the census board thus established +having been performed, it now rests with Congress to enact a law for +carrying into effect the provision of the Constitution which requires an +actual enumeration of the people of the United States within the ensuing +year. + +Among the duties assigned by the Constitution to the General Government is +one of local and limited application, but not on that account the less +obligatory. I allude to the trust committed to Congress as the exclusive +legislator and sole guardian of the interests of the District of Columbia. +I beg to commend these interests to your kind attention. As the national +metropolis the city of Washington must be an object of general interest; +and founded, as it was, under the auspices of him whose immortal name it +bears, its claims to the fostering care of Congress present themselves with +additional strength. Whatever can contribute to its prosperity must enlist +the feelings of its constitutional guardians and command their favorable +consideration. + +Our Government is one of limited powers, and its successful administration +eminently depends on the confinement of each of its coordinate branches +within its own appropriate sphere. The first section of the Constitution +ordains that-- + +All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the +United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of +Representatives. + +The Executive has authority to recommend (not to dictate) measures to +Congress. Having performed that duty, the executive department of the +Government can not rightfully control the decision of Congress on any +subject of legislation until that decision shall have been officially +submitted to the President for approval. The check provided by the +Constitution in the clause conferring the qualified veto will never be +exercised by me except in the cases contemplated by the fathers of the +Republic. I view it as an extreme measure, to be resorted to only in +extraordinary cases, as where it may become necessary to defend the +executive against the encroachments of the legislative power or to prevent +hasty and inconsiderate or unconstitutional legislation. By cautiously +confining this remedy within the sphere prescribed to it in the +contemporaneous expositions of the framers of the Constitution, the will of +the people, legitimately expressed on all subjects of legislation through +their constitutional organs, the Senators and Representatives of the United +States, will have its full effect. As indispensable to the preservation of +our system of self-government, the independence of the representatives of +the States and the people is guaranteed by the Constitution, and they owe +no responsibility to any human power but their constituents. By holding the +representative responsible only to the people, and exempting him from all +other influences, we elevate the character of the constituent and quicken +his sense of responsibility to his country. It is under these circumstances +only that the elector can feel that in the choice of the lawmaker he is +himself truly a component part of the sovereign power of the nation. With +equal care we should study to defend the rights of the executive and +judicial departments. Our Government can only be preserved in its purity by +the suppression and entire elimination of every claim or tendency of one +coordinate branch to encroachment upon another. With the strict observance +of this rule and the other injunctions of the Constitution, with a sedulous +inculcation of that respect and love for the Union of the States which our +fathers cherished and enjoined upon their children, and with the aid of +that overruling Providence which has so long and so kindly guarded our +liberties and institutions, we may reasonably expect to transmit them, with +their innumerable blessings, to the remotest posterity. + +But attachment to the Union of the States should be habitually fostered in +every American heart. For more than half a century, during which kingdoms +and empires have fallen, this Union has stood unshaken. The patriots who +formed it have long since descended to the grave; yet still it remains, the +proudest monument to their memory and the object of affection and +admiration with everyone worthy to bear the American name. In my judgment +its dissolution would be the greatest of calamities, and to avert that +should be the study of every American. Upon its preservation must depend +our own happiness and that of countless generations to come. Whatever +dangers may threaten it, I shall stand by it and maintain it in its +integrity to the full extent of the obligations imposed and the powers +conferred upon me by the Constitution. + +Z. TAYLOR. + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY ZACHARY TAYLOR *** + +This file should be named sutay10.txt or sutay10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, sutay11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, sutay10a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: State of the Union Addresses of Zachary Taylor + +Author: Zachary Taylor + +Release Date: February, 2004 [EBook #5020] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 11, 2002] +[Date last updated: December 16, 2004] + +Edition: 11 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY ZACHARY TAYLOR *** + + + + +This eBook was produced by James Linden. + +The addresses are separated by three asterisks: *** + +Dates of addresses by Zachary Taylor in this eBook: + December 4, 1849 + + + +*** + +State of the Union Address +Zachary Taylor +December 4, 1849 + +Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: + +Sixty years have elapsed since the establishment of this Government, and +the Congress of the United States again assembles to legislate for an +empire of freemen. The predictions of evil prophets, who formerly pretended +to foretell the downfall of our institutions, are now remembered only to be +derided, and the United States of America at this moment present to the +world the most stable and permanent Government on earth. + +Such is the result of the labors of those who have gone before us. Upon +Congress will eminently depend the future maintenance of our system of free +government and the transmission of it unimpaired to posterity. + +We are at peace with all the other nations of the world, and seek to +maintain our cherished relations of amity with them. During the past year +we have been blessed by a kind Providence with an abundance of the fruits +of the earth, and although the destroying angel for a time visited +extensive portions of our territory with the ravages of a dreadful +pestilence, yet the Almighty has at length deigned to stay his hand and to +restore the inestimable blessing of general health to a people who have +acknowledged His power, deprecated His wrath, and implored His merciful +protection. + +While enjoying the benefits of amicable intercourse with foreign nations, +we have not been insensible to the distractions and wars which have +prevailed in other quarters of the world. It is a proper theme of +thanksgiving to Him who rules the destinies of nations that we have been +able to maintain amidst all these contests an independent and neutral +position toward all belligerent powers. + +Our relations with Great Britain are of the most friendly character. In +consequence of the recent alteration of the British navigation acts, +British vessels, from British and other foreign ports, will under our +existing laws, after the 1st day of January next, be admitted to entry in +our ports with cargoes of the growth, manufacture, or production of any +part of the world on the same terms as to duties, imposts, and charges as +vessels of the United States with their cargoes, and our vessels will be +admitted to the same advantages in British ports, entering therein on the +same terms as British vessels. Should no order in council disturb this +legislative arrangement, the late act of the British Parliament, by which +Great Britain is brought within the terms proposed by the act of Congress +of the 1st of March, 1817, it is hoped will be productive of benefit to +both countries. + +A slight interruption of diplomatic intercourse which occurred between this +Government and France, I am happy to say, has been terminated, and our +minister there has been received. It is therefore unnecessary to refer now +to the circumstances which led to that interruption. I need not express to +you the sincere satisfaction with which we shall welcome the arrival of +another envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from a sister +Republic to which we have so long been, and still remain, bound by the +strongest ties of amity. + +Shortly after I had entered upon the discharge of the Executive duties I +was apprised that a war steamer belonging to the German Empire was being +fitted out in the harbor of New York with the aid of some of our naval +officers, rendered under the permission of the late Secretary of the Navy. +This permission was granted during an armistice between that Empire and the +Kingdom of Denmark, which had been engaged in the Schleswig-Holstein war. +Apprehensive that this act of intervention on our part might be viewed as a +violation of our neutral obligations incurred by the treaty with Denmark +and of the provisions of the act of Congress of the 20th of April, 1818, I +directed that no further aid should be rendered by any agent or officer of +the Navy; and I instructed the Secretary of State to apprise the minister +of the German Empire accredited to this Government of my determination to +execute the law of the United States and to maintain the faith of treaties +with all nations. The correspondence which ensued between the Department of +State and the minister of the German Empire is herewith laid before you. +The execution of the law and the observance of the treaty were deemed by me +to be due to the honor of the country, as well as to the sacred obligations +of the Constitution. I shall not fail to pursue the same course should a +similar case arise with any other nation. Having avowed the opinion on +taking the oath of office that in disputes between conflicting foreign +governments it is our interest not less than our duty to remain strictly +neutral, I shall not abandon it. You will perceive from the correspondence +submitted to you in connection with this subject that the course adopted in +this case has been properly regarded by the belligerent powers interested +in the matter. + +Although a minister of the United States to the German Empire was appointed +by my predecessor in August, 1848, and has for a long time been in +attendance at Frankfort-on-the-Main, and although a minister appointed to +represent that Empire was received and accredited here, yet no such +government as that of the German Empire has been definitively constituted. +Mr. Donelson, our representative at Frankfort, remained there several +months in the expectation that a union of the German States under one +constitution or form of government might at length be organized. It is +believed by those well acquainted with the existing relations between +Prussia and the States of Germany that no such union can be permanently +established without her cooperation. In the event of the formation of such +a union and the organization of a central power in Germany of which she +should form a part, it would become necessary to withdraw our minister at +Berlin; but while Prussia exists as an independent kingdom and diplomatic +relations are maintained with her there can be no necessity for the +continuance of the mission to Frankfort. I have therefore recalled Mr. +Donelson and directed the archives of the legation at Frankfort to be +transferred to the American legation at Berlin. + +Having been apprised that a considerable number of adventurers were engaged +in fitting out a, military expedition within the United States against a +foreign country, and believing from the best information I could obtain +that it was destined to invade the island of Cuba, I deemed it due to the +friendly relations existing between the United States and Spain, to the +treaty between the two nations, to the laws of the United States, and, +above all, to the American honor to exert the lawful authority of this +Government in suppressing the expedition and preventing the invasion. To +this end I issued a proclamation enjoining it upon the officers of the +United States, civil and military, to use all lawful means within their +power. A copy of that proclamation is herewith submitted. The expedition +has been suppressed. So long as the act of Congress of the 20th of April, +1818, which owes its existence to the law of nations and to the policy of +Washington himself, shall remain on our statute books, I hold it to be the +duty of the Executive faithfully to obey its injunctions. + +While this expedition was in progress I was informed that a foreigner who +claimed our protection had been clandestinely and, as was supposed, +forcibly carried off in a vessel from New Orleans to the island of Cuba. I +immediately caused such steps to be taken as I thought necessary, in case +the information I had received should prove correct, to vindicate the honor +of the country and the right of every person seeking an asylum on our soil +to the protection of our laws. The person alleged to have been abducted was +promptly restored, and the circumstances of the case are now about to +undergo investigation before a judicial tribunal. I would respectfully +suggest that although the crime charged to have been committed in this case +is held odious, as being in conflict with our opinions on the subject of +national sovereignty and personal freedom, there is no prohibition of it or +punishment for it provided in any act of Congress. The expediency of +supplying this defect in our criminal code is therefore recommended to your +consideration. + +I have scrupulously avoided any interference in the wars and contentions +which have recently distracted Europe. During the late conflict between +Austria and Hungary there seemed to be a prospect that the latter might +become an independent nation. However faint that prospect at the time +appeared, I thought it my duty, in accordance with the general sentiment of +the American people, who deeply sympathized with the Magyar patriots, to +stand prepared, upon the contingency of the establishment by her of a +permanent government, to be the first to welcome independent Hungary into +the family of nations. For this purpose I invested an agent then in Europe +with power to declare our willingness promptly to recognize her +independence in the event of her ability to sustain it. The powerful +intervention of Russia in the contest extinguished the hopes of the +struggling Magyars. The United States did not at any time interfere in the +contest, but the feelings of the nation were strongly enlisted in the +cause, and by the sufferings of a brave people, who had made a gallant, +though unsuccessful, effort to be free. + +Our claims upon Portugal have been during the past year prosecuted with +renewed vigor, and it has been my object to employ every effort of +honorable diplomacy to procure their adjustment. Our late charge d'affaires +at Lisbon, the Hon. George W. Hopkins, made able and energetic, but +unsuccessful, efforts to settle these unpleasant matters of controversy and +to obtain indemnity for the wrongs which were the subjects of complaint. +Our present charge d'affaires at that Court will also bring to the +prosecution of these claims ability and zeal. The revolutionary and +distracted condition of Portugal in past times has been represented as one +of the leading causes of her delay in indemnifying our suffering citizens. +But I must now say it is matter of profound regret that these claims have +not yet been settled. The omission of Portugal to do justice to the +American claimants has now assumed a character so grave and serious that I +shall shortly make it the subject of a special message to Congress, with a +view to such ultimate action as its wisdom and patriotism may suggest. + +With Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, +and the Italian States we still maintain our accustomed amicable +relations. + +During the recent revolutions in the Papal States our charge d'affaires at +Rome has been unable to present his letter of credence, which, indeed, he +was directed by my predecessor to withhold until he should receive further +orders. Such was the unsettled condition of things in those States that it +was not deemed expedient to give him any instructions on the subject of +presenting his credential letter different from those with which he had +been furnished by the late Administration until the 25th of June last, +when, in consequence of the want of accurate information of the exact state +of things at that distance from us, he was instructed to exercise his own +discretion in presenting himself to the then existing Government if in his +judgment sufficiently stable, or, if not, to await further events. Since +that period Rome has undergone another revolution, and he abides the +establishment of a government sufficiently permanent to justify him in +opening diplomatic intercourse with it. + +With the Republic of Mexico it is our true policy to cultivate the most +friendly relations. Since the ratification of the treaty of Guadalupe +Hidalgo nothing has occurred of a serious character to disturb them. A +faithful observance of the treaty and a sincere respect for her rights can +not fail to secure the lasting confidence and friendship of that Republic. +The message of my predecessor to the House of Representatives of the 8th of +February last, communicating, in compliance with a resolution of that body, +a copy of a paper called a protocol, signed at Queretaro on the 30th of +May, 1848, by the commissioners of the United States and the minister of +foreign affairs of the Mexican Government, having been a subject of +correspondence between the Department of State and the envoy extraordinary +and minister plenipotentiary of that Republic accredited to this +Government, a transcript of that correspondence is herewith submitted. + +The commissioner on the part of the United States for marking the boundary +between the two Republics, though delayed in reaching San Diego by +unforeseen obstacles, arrived at that place within a short period after the +time required by the treaty, and was there joined by the commissioner on +the part of Mexico. They entered upon their duties, and at the date of the +latest intelligence from that quarter some progress had been made in the +survey. The expenses incident to the organization of the commission and to +its conveyance to the point where its operations were to begin have so much +reduced the fund appropriated by Congress that a further sum, to cover the +charges which must be incurred during the present fiscal year, will be +necessary. The great length of frontier along which the boundary extends, +the nature of the adjacent territory, and the difficulty of obtaining +supplies except at or near the extremes of the line render it also +indispensable that a liberal provision should be made to meet the necessary +charges during the fiscal year ending on the 30th of June, 1851. I +accordingly recommend this subject to your attention. + +In the adjustment of the claims of American citizens on Mexico, provided +for by the late treaty, the employment of counsel on the part of the +Government may become important for the purpose of assisting the +commissioners in protecting the interests of the United States. I recommend +this subject to the early and favorable consideration of Congress. + +Complaints have been made in regard to the inefficiency of the means +provided by the Government of New Granada for transporting the United +States mail across the Isthmus of Panama, pursuant to our postal convention +with that Republic of the 6th of March, 1844. Our charge d'affaires at +Bogota has been directed to make such representations to the Government of +New Granada as will, it is hoped, lead to a prompt removal of this cause of +complaint. + +The sanguinary civil war with which the Republic of Venezuela has for some +time past been ravaged has been brought to a close. In its progress the +rights of some of our citizens resident or trading there have been +violated. The restoration of order will afford the Venezuelan Government an +opportunity to examine and redress these grievances and others of longer +standing which our representatives at Caracas have hitherto ineffectually +urged upon the attention of that Government. + +The extension of the coast of the United States on the Pacific and the +unexampled rapidity with which the inhabitants of California especially are +increasing in numbers have imparted new consequence to our relations with +the other countries whose territories border upon that ocean. It is +probable that the intercourse between those countries and our possessions +in that quarter, particularly with the Republic of Chili, will become +extensive and mutually advantageous in proportion as California and Oregon +shall increase in population and wealth. It is desirable, therefore, that +this Government should do everything in its power to foster and strengthen +its relations with those States, and that the spirit of amity between us +should be mutual and cordial. + +I recommend the observance of the same course toward all other American +States. The United States stand as the great American power, to which, as +their natural ally and friend, they will always be disposed first to look +for mediation and assistance in the event of any collision between them and +any European nation. As such we may often kindly mediate in their behalf +without entangling ourselves in foreign wars or unnecessary controversies. +Whenever the faith of our treaties with any of them shall require our +interference, we must necessarily interpose. + +A convention has been negotiated with Brazil providing for the satisfaction +of American claims on that Government, and it will be submitted to the +Senate. Since the last session of Congress we have received an envoy +extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from that Empire, and our +relations with it are rounded upon the most amicable understanding. + +Your attention is earnestly invited to an amendment of our existing laws +relating to the African slave trade with a view to the effectual +suppression of that barbarous traffic. It is not to be denied that this +trade is still in part carried on by means of vessels built in the United +States and owned or navigated by some of our citizens. The correspondence +between the Department of State and the minister and consul of the United +States at Rio de Janeiro, which has from time to time been laid before +Congress, represents that it is a customary device to evade the penalties +of our laws by means of sea letters. Vessels sold in Brazil, when provided +with such papers by the consul, instead of returning to the United States +for a new register proceed at once to the coast of Africa for the purpose +of obtaining cargoes of slaves. Much additional information of the same +character has recently been transmitted to the Department of State. It has +not been considered the policy of our laws to subject an American citizen +who in a foreign country purchases a vessel built in the United States to +the inconvenience of sending her home for a new register before permitting +her to proceed on a voyage. Any alteration of the laws which might have a +tendency to impede the free transfer of property in vessels between our +citizens, or the free navigation of those vessels between different parts +of the world when employed in lawful commerce, should be well and +cautiously considered; but I trust that your wisdom will devise a method by +which our general policy in this respect may be preserved, and at the same +time the abuse of our flag by means of sea letters, in the manner +indicated, may be prevented. + +Having ascertained that there is no prospect of the reunion of the five +States of Central America which formerly composed the Republic of that +name, we have separately negotiated with some of them treaties of amity and +commerce, which will be laid before the Senate. + +A contract having been concluded with the State of Nicaragua by a company +composed of American citizens for the purpose of constructing a ship canal +through the territory of that State to connect the Atlantic and Pacific +oceans, I have directed the negotiation of a treaty with Nicaragua pledging +both Governments to protect those who shall engage in and perfect the work. +All other nations are invited by the State of Nicaragua to enter into the +same treaty stipulations with her; and the benefit to be derived by each +from such an arrangement will be the protection of this great interoceanic +communication against any power which might seek to obstruct it or to +monopolize its advantages. All States entering into such a treaty will +enjoy the right of passage through the canal on payment of the same tolls. +The work, if constructed under these guaranties, will become a bond of +peace instead of a subject of contention and strife between the nations of +the earth. Should the great maritime States of Europe consent to this +arrangement (and we have no reason to suppose that a proposition so fair +and honorable will be opposed by any), the energies of their people and +ours will cooperate in promoting the success of the enterprise. I do not +recommend any appropriation from the National Treasury for this purpose, +nor do I believe that such an appropriation is necessary. Private +enterprise, if properly protected, will complete the work should it prove +to be feasible. The parties who have procured the charter from Nicaragua +for its construction desire no assistance from this Government beyond its +protection; and they profess that, having examined the proposed line of +communication, they will be ready to commence the undertaking whenever that +protection shall be extended to them. Should there appear to be reason, on +examining the whole evidence, to entertain a serious doubt of the +practicability of constructing such a canal, that doubt could be speedily +solved by an actual exploration of the route. + +Should such a work be constructed under the common protection of all +nations, for equal benefits to all, it would be neither just nor expedient +that any great maritime state should command the communication. The +territory through which the canal may be opened ought to be freed from the +claims of any foreign power. No such power should occupy a position that +would enable it hereafter to exercise so controlling an influence over the +commerce of the world or to obstruct a highway which ought to be dedicated +to the common uses of mankind. + +The routes across the Isthmus at Tehuantepec and Panama are also worthy of +our serious consideration.. They did not fail to engage the attention of my +predecessor. The negotiator of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was +instructed to offer a very large sum of money for the right of transit +across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Mexican Government did not accede to +the proposition for the purchase of the right of way, probably because it +had already contracted with private individuals for the construction of a +passage from the Guasacualco River to Tehuantepec. I shall not renew any +proposition to purchase for money a right which ought to be equally secured +to all nations on payment of a reasonable toll to the owners of the +improvement, who would doubtless be well contented with that compensation +and the guaranties of the maritime states of the world in separate treaties +negotiated with Mexico, binding her and them to protect those who should +construct the work. Such guaranties would do more to secure the completion +of the communication through the territory of Mexico than any other +reasonable consideration that could be offered; and as Mexico herself would +be the greatest gainer by the opening of this communication between the +Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, it is presumed that she would not hesitate to +yield her aid in the manner proposed to accomplish an improvement so +important to her own best interests. + +We have reason to hope that the proposed railroad across the Isthmus at +Panama will be successfully constructed under the protection of the late +treaty with New Granada, ratified and exchanged by my predecessor on the +10th day of June, 1848, which guarantees the perfect neutrality of the +Isthmus and the rights of sovereignty and property of New Granada over that +territory, "with a view that the free transit from ocean to ocean may not +be interrupted or embarrassed" during the existence of the treaty. It is +our policy to encourage every practicable route across the isthmus which +connects North and South America, either by railroad or canal, which the +energy and enterprise of our citizens may induce them to complete, and I +consider it obligatory upon me to adopt that policy, especially in +consequence of the absolute necessity of facilitating intercourse with our +possessions on the Pacific. + +The position of the Sandwich Islands with reference to the territory of the +United States on the Pacific, the success of our persevering and benevolent +citizens who have repaired to that remote quarter in Christianizing the +natives and inducing them to adopt a system of government and laws suited +to their capacity and wants, and the use made by our numerous whale ships +of the harbors of the islands as places of resort for obtaining +refreshments and repairs all combine to render their destiny peculiarly +interesting to us. It is our duty to encourage the authorities of those +islands in their efforts to improve and elevate the moral and political +condition of the inhabitants, and we should make reasonable allowances for +the difficulties inseparable from this task. We desire that the islands may +maintain their independence and that other nations should concur with us in +this sentiment. We could in no event be indifferent to their passing under +the dominion of any other power. The principal commercial states have in +this a common interest, and it is to be hoped that no one of them will +attempt to interpose obstacles to the entire independence of the islands. + +The receipts into the Treasury for the fiscal year ending on the 30th of +June last were, in cash, $48,830,097.50, and in Treasury notes funded +$10,833,000, making an aggregate of $59,663,097.50; and the expenditures +for the same time were, in cash, $46,798,667.82, and in Treasury notes +funded $10,833,000, making an aggregate of $57,631,667.82. + +The accounts and estimates which will be submitted to Congress in the +report of the Secretary of the Treasury show that there will probably be a +deficit occasioned by the expenses of the Mexican War and treaty on the 1st +day of July next of $5,828,121.66, and on the 1st day of July, 1851, of +$10,547,092.73, making in the whole a probable deficit to be provided for +of $16,375,214.39. The extraordinary expenses of the war with Mexico and +the purchase of California and New Mexico exceed in amount this deficit, +together with the loans heretofore made for those objects. I therefore +recommend that authority be given to borrow what ever sum may be necessary +to cover that deficit. I recommend the observance of strict economy in the +appropriation and expenditure of public money. + +I recommend a revision of the existing tariff and its adjustment on a basis +which may augment the revenue. I do not doubt the right or duty of Congress +to encourage domestic industry, which is the great source of national as +well as individual wealth and prosperity. I look to the wisdom and +patriotism of Congress for the adoption of a system which may place home +labor at last on a sure and permanent footing and by due encouragement of +manufactures give a new and increased stimulus to agriculture and promote +the development of our vast resources and the extension of our commerce. +Believing that to the attainment of these ends, as well as the necessary +augmentation of the revenue and the prevention of frauds, a system of +specific duties is best adapted, I strongly recommend to Congress the +adoption of that system, fixing the duties at rates high enough to afford +substantial and sufficient encouragement to our own industry and at the +same time so adjusted as to insure stability. + +The question of the continuance of the subtreasury system is respectfully +submitted to the wisdom of Congress. If continued, important modifications +of it appear to be indispensable. + +For further details and views on the above and other matters connected with +commerce, the finances, and revenue I refer to the report of the Secretary +of the Treasury. + +No direct aid has been given by the General Government to the improvement +of agriculture except by the expenditure of small sums for the collection +and publication of agricultural statistics and for some chemical analyses, +which have been thus far paid for out of the patent fund. This aid is, in +my opinion, wholly inadequate. To give to this leading branch of American +industry the encouragement which it merits, I respectfully recommend the +establishment of an agricultural bureau, to be connected with the +Department of the Interior. To elevate the social condition of the +agriculturist, to increase his prosperity, and to extend his means of +usefulness to his country, by multiplying his sources of information, +should be the study of every statesman and a primary object with every +legislator. + +No civil government having been provided by Congress for California, the +people of that Territory, impelled by the necessities of their political +condition, recently met in convention for the purpose of forming a +constitution and State government, which the latest advices give me reason +to suppose has been accomplished; and it is believed they will shortly +apply for the admission of California into the Union as a sovereign State. +Should such be the case, and should their constitution be conformable to +the requisitions of the Constitution of the United States, I recommend +their application to the favorable consideration of Congress. The people of +New Mexico will also, it is believed, at no very distant period present +themselves for admission into the Union. Preparatory to the admission of +California and New Mexico the people of each will have instituted for +themselves a republican form of government, "laying its foundation in such +principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem +most likely to effect their safety and happiness." By awaiting their action +all causes of uneasiness may be avoided and confidence and kind feeling +preserved. With a view of maintaining the harmony and tranquillity so dear +to all, we should abstain from the introduction of those exciting topics of +a sectional character which have hitherto produced painful apprehensions in +the public mind; and I repeat the solemn warning of the first and most +illustrious of my predecessors against furnishing "any ground for +characterizing parties by geographical discriminations." + +A collector has been appointed at San Francisco under the act of Congress +extending the revenue laws over California, and measures have been taken to +organize the custom-houses at that and the other ports mentioned in that +act at the earliest period practicable. The collector proceeded overland, +and advices have not yet been received of his arrival at San Francisco. +Meanwhile, it is understood that the customs have continued to be collected +there by officers acting under the military authority, as they were during +the Administration of my predecessor. It will, I think, be expedient to +confirm the collections thus made, and direct the avails (after such +allowances as Congress may think fit to authorize) to be expended within +the Territory or to be paid into the Treasury for the purpose of meeting +appropriations for the improvement of its rivers and harbors. + +A party engaged on the coast survey was dispatched to Oregon in January +last. According to the latest advices, they had not left California; and +directions have been given to them, as soon as they shall have fixed on the +sites of the two light-houses and the buoys authorized to be constructed +and placed in Oregon, to proceed without delay to make reconnaissance of +the most important points on the coast of California, and especially to +examine and determine on sites for light-houses on that coast, the speedy +erection of which is urgently demanded by our rapidly increasing commerce. + +I have transferred the Indian agencies from upper Missouri and Council +Bluffs to Santa Fe and Salt Lake, and have caused to be appointed subagents +in the valleys of the Gila, the Sacramento, and the San Joaquin rivers. +Still further legal provisions will be necessary for the effective and +successful extension of our system of Indian intercourse over the new +territories. + +I recommend the establishment of a branch mint in California, as it will, +in my opinion, afford important facilities to those engaged in mining, as +well as to the Government in the disposition of the mineral lands. + +I also recommend that commissions be organized by Congress to examine and +decide upon the validity of the present subsisting land titles in +California and New Mexico, and that provision be made for the establishment +of offices of surveyor-general in New Mexico, California, and Oregon and +for the surveying and bringing into market the public lands in those +Territories. Those lands, remote in position and difficult of access, ought +to be disposed of on terms liberal to all, but especially favorable to the +early emigrants. + +In order that the situation and character of the principal mineral deposits +in California may be ascertained, I recommend that a geological and +mineralogical exploration be connected with the linear surveys, and that +the mineral lands be divided into small lots suitable for mining and be +disposed of by sale or lease, so as to give our citizens an opportunity of +procuring a permanent right of property in the soil. This would seem to be +as important to the success of mining as of agricultural pursuits. + +The great mineral wealth of California and the advantages which its ports +and harbors and those of Oregon afford to commerce, especially with the +islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans and the populous regions of +eastern Asia, make it certain that there will arise in a few years large +and prosperous communities on our western coast. It therefore becomes +important that a line of communication, the best and most expeditious which +the nature of the country will admit, should be opened within the territory +of the United States from the navigable waters of the Atlantic or the Gulf +of Mexico to the Pacific. Opinion, as elicited and expressed by two large +and respectable conventions lately assembled at St. Louis and Memphis, +points to a railroad as that which, if practicable, will best meet the +wishes and wants of the country. But while this, if in successful +operation, would be a work of great national importance and of a value to +the country which it would be difficult to estimate, it ought also to be +regarded as an undertaking of vast magnitude and expense, and one which +must, if it be indeed practicable, encounter many difficulties in its +construction and use. Therefore, to avoid failure and disappointment; to +enable Congress to judge whether in the condition of the country through +which it must pass the work be feasible, and, if it be found so, whether it +should be undertaken as a national improvement or left to individual +enterprise, and in the latter alternative what aid, if any, ought to be +extended to it by the Government, I recommend as a preliminary measure a +careful reconnaissance of the several proposed routes by a scientific corps +and a report as to the practicability of making such a road, with an +estimate of the cost of its construction and support. + +For further views on these and other matters connected with the duties of +the home department I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the +Interior. + +I recommend early appropriations for continuing the river and harbor +improvements which have been already begun, and also for the construction +of those for which estimates have been made, as well as for examinations +and estimates preparatory to the commencement of such others as the wants +of the country, and especially the advance of our population over new +districts and the extension of commerce, may render necessary. An estimate +of the amount which can be advantageously expended within the next fiscal +year under the direction of the Bureau of Topographical Engineers +accompanies the report of the Secretary of War, to which I respectfully +invite the attention of Congress. + +The cession of territory made by the late treaty with Mexico has greatly +extended our exposed frontier and rendered its defense more difficult. That +treaty has also brought us under obligations to Mexico, to comply with +which a military force is requisite. But our military establishment is not +materially changed as to its efficiency from the condition in which it +stood before the commencement of the Mexican War. Some addition to it will +therefore be necessary, and I recommend to the favorable consideration of +Congress an increase of the several corps of the Army at our distant +Western posts, as proposed in the accompanying report of the Secretary of +War. + +Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect upon rank in the Army +heretofore given to brevet and staff commissions. The views of the +Secretary of War on this subject are deemed important, and if carried into +effect will, it is believed, promote the harmony of the service. The plan +proposed for retiring disabled officers and providing an asylum for such of +the rank and file as from age, wounds, and other infirmities occasioned by +service have become unfit to perform their respective duties is recommended +as a means of increasing the efficiency of the Army and as an act of +justice due from a grateful country to the faithful soldier. + +The accompanying report of the Secretary of the Navy presents a full and +satisfactory account of the condition and operations of the naval service +during the past year. Our citizens engaged in the legitimate pursuits of +commerce have enjoyed its benefits. Wherever our national vessels have gone +they have been received with respect, our officers have been treated with +kindness and courtesy, and they have on all occasions pursued a course of +strict neutrality, in accordance with the policy of our Government. + +The naval force at present in commission is as large as is admissible with +the number of men authorized by Congress to be employed. + +I invite your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary of the Navy +on the subject of a reorganization of the Navy in its various grades of +officers, and the establishing of a retired list for such of the officers +as are disqualified for active and effective service. Should Congress adopt +some such measure as is recommended, it will greatly increase the +efficiency of the Navy and reduce its expenditures. + +I also ask your attention to the views expressed by him in reference to the +employment of war steamers and in regard to the contracts for the +transportation of the United States mails and the operation of the system +upon the prosperity of the Navy. + +By an act of Congress passed August 14, 1848, provision was made for +extending post-office and mail accommodations to California and Oregon. +Exertions have been made to execute that law, but the limited provisions of +the act, the inadequacy of the means it authorizes, the ill adaptation of +our post-office laws to the situation of that country, and the measure of +compensation for services allowed by those laws, compared with the prices +of labor and rents in California, render those exertions in a great degree +ineffectual. More particular and efficient provision by law is required on +this subject. + +The act of 1845 reducing postage has now, by its operation during four +years, produced results fully showing that the income from such reduced +postage is sufficient to sustain the whole expense of the service of the +Post-Office Department, not including the cost of transportation in mail +steamers on the lines from New York to Chagres and from Panama to Astoria, +which have not been considered by Congress as properly belonging to the +mail service. + +It is submitted to the wisdom of Congress whether a further reduction of +postage should not now be made, more particularly on the letter +correspondence. This should be relieved from the unjust burden of +transporting and delivering the franked matter of Congress, for which +public service provision should be made from the Treasury. I confidently +believe that a change may safely be made reducing all single letter postage +to the uniform rate of 5 cents, regardless of distance, without thereby +imposing any greater tax on the Treasury than would constitute a very +moderate compensation for this public service; and I therefore respectfully +recommend such a reduction. Should Congress prefer to abolish the franking +privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand on the Treasury would +result from the proposed reduction of postage. Whether any further +diminution should now be made, or the result of the reduction to 5 cents, +which I have recommended, should be first tested, is submitted to your +decision. + +Since the commencement of the last session of Congress a postal treaty with +Great Britain has been received and ratified, and such relations have been +formed by the post-office departments of the two countries in pursuance of +that treaty as to carry its provisions into full operation. The attempt to +extend this same arrangement through England to France has not been equally +successful, but the purpose has not been abandoned. + +For a particular statement of the condition of the Post-Office Department +and other matters connected with that branch of the public service I refer +you to the report of the Postmaster-General. + +By the act of the 3d of March, 1849, a board was constituted to make +arrangements for taking the Seventh Census, composed of the Secretary of +State, the Attorney-General, and the Postmaster-General; and it was made +the duty of this board "to prepare and cause to be printed such forms and +schedules as might be necessary for the full enumeration of the inhabitants +of the United States, and also proper forms and schedules for collecting in +statistical tables, under proper heads, such information as to mines, +agriculture, commerce, manufactures, education, and other topics as would +exhibit a full view of the pursuits, industry, education, and resources of +the country." The duties enjoined upon the census board thus established +having been performed, it now rests with Congress to enact a law for +carrying into effect the provision of the Constitution which requires an +actual enumeration of the people of the United States within the ensuing +year. + +Among the duties assigned by the Constitution to the General Government is +one of local and limited application, but not on that account the less +obligatory. I allude to the trust committed to Congress as the exclusive +legislator and sole guardian of the interests of the District of Columbia. +I beg to commend these interests to your kind attention. As the national +metropolis the city of Washington must be an object of general interest; +and founded, as it was, under the auspices of him whose immortal name it +bears, its claims to the fostering care of Congress present themselves with +additional strength. Whatever can contribute to its prosperity must enlist +the feelings of its constitutional guardians and command their favorable +consideration. + +Our Government is one of limited powers, and its successful administration +eminently depends on the confinement of each of its coordinate branches +within its own appropriate sphere. The first section of the Constitution +ordains that-- + +All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the +United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of +Representatives. + +The Executive has authority to recommend (not to dictate) measures to +Congress. Having performed that duty, the executive department of the +Government can not rightfully control the decision of Congress on any +subject of legislation until that decision shall have been officially +submitted to the President for approval. The check provided by the +Constitution in the clause conferring the qualified veto will never be +exercised by me except in the cases contemplated by the fathers of the +Republic. I view it as an extreme measure, to be resorted to only in +extraordinary cases, as where it may become necessary to defend the +executive against the encroachments of the legislative power or to prevent +hasty and inconsiderate or unconstitutional legislation. By cautiously +confining this remedy within the sphere prescribed to it in the +contemporaneous expositions of the framers of the Constitution, the will of +the people, legitimately expressed on all subjects of legislation through +their constitutional organs, the Senators and Representatives of the United +States, will have its full effect. As indispensable to the preservation of +our system of self-government, the independence of the representatives of +the States and the people is guaranteed by the Constitution, and they owe +no responsibility to any human power but their constituents. By holding the +representative responsible only to the people, and exempting him from all +other influences, we elevate the character of the constituent and quicken +his sense of responsibility to his country. It is under these circumstances +only that the elector can feel that in the choice of the lawmaker he is +himself truly a component part of the sovereign power of the nation. With +equal care we should study to defend the rights of the executive and +judicial departments. Our Government can only be preserved in its purity by +the suppression and entire elimination of every claim or tendency of one +coordinate branch to encroachment upon another. With the strict observance +of this rule and the other injunctions of the Constitution, with a sedulous +inculcation of that respect and love for the Union of the States which our +fathers cherished and enjoined upon their children, and with the aid of +that overruling Providence which has so long and so kindly guarded our +liberties and institutions, we may reasonably expect to transmit them, with +their innumerable blessings, to the remotest posterity. + +But attachment to the Union of the States should be habitually fostered in +every American heart. For more than half a century, during which kingdoms +and empires have fallen, this Union has stood unshaken. The patriots who +formed it have long since descended to the grave; yet still it remains, the +proudest monument to their memory and the object of affection and +admiration with everyone worthy to bear the American name. In my judgment +its dissolution would be the greatest of calamities, and to avert that +should be the study of every American. Upon its preservation must depend +our own happiness and that of countless generations to come. Whatever +dangers may threaten it, I shall stand by it and maintain it in its +integrity to the full extent of the obligations imposed and the powers +conferred upon me by the Constitution. + +Z. TAYLOR. + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF ADDRESSES BY ZACHARY TAYLOR *** + +This file should be named sutay11.txt or sutay11.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, sutay12.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, sutay10a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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