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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/48974-0.txt b/48974-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28f3faa --- /dev/null +++ b/48974-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3641 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of As Others Saw Him by Joseph Jacobs + + + +This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re‐use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +http://www.gutenberg.org/license. If you are not located in the United +States, you’ll have to check the laws of the country where you are located +before using this ebook. + + + +Title: As Others Saw Him + +Author: Joseph Jacobs + +Release Date: May 16, 2015 [Ebook #48974] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF‐8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AS OTHERS SAW HIM*** + + + + + + AS OTHERS SAW HIM + + + + + + AS OTHERS SAW HIM + + _A RETROSPECT_ + + A. D. 54 + + “_It cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem_“ + LUKE xiii. 33 + + [Illustration: Publisher’s sign] + + +BOSTON AND NEW YORK +HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY +*The Riverside Press, Cambridge* +1895 + + + + + + Copyright, 1895, + BY HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. + + _All rights reserved._ + + + + + _The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A._ + Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co. + + + + + +TO AGLAOPHONOS, PHYSICIAN OF THE GREEKS AT CORINTH, MESHULLAM BEN ZADOK, A +SCRIBE OF THE JEWS AT ALEXANDRIA, GREETING:— + +_It was a joy and a surprise to me to hear news after many days from thee, +my master and my friend. To thee I owe whatever I have of Greek wisdom; +for when in the old days at the Holy City thou soughtest me for +instruction in our Law, I learnt more from thee than I could impart to +thee. Since I last wrote to thee, I have come to this great city, where +many of my nation dwell, and almost all the most learned of thy tongue are +congregated. Truly, it would please me much, and mine only son and his +wife, if thou couldst come and take up thy sojourn among us for a while._ + +_Touching the man Saul of Tarsus, of whom thou writest, I know but little. +He is well instructed in our Law, both written and oral, having received +the latter from the chief master among those of the past generation, +Gamaliel by name. Yet he is not of the disciples of Aaron that love peace; +for when I last heard of him he was among the leaders of a riot in which a +man was slain. And now I think thereon, I am almost certain that the slain +man was of the followers of Jesus the Nazarene, and this Saul was __among +the bitterest against them. And yet thou writest that the same Saul has +spoken of the Nazarene that he was a god like Apollo, that had come down +on earth for a while to live his life among men. Truly, men’s minds are as +the wind that bloweth hither and thither._ + +_But as for that Jesus of Nazara, I can tell thee much, if not all. For I +was at Jerusalem all the time he passed for a leader of men up to his +shameful death. At first I admired him for his greatness of soul and +goodness of life, but in the end I came to see that he was a danger to our +nation, and, though unwillingly, I was of those who voted for his death in +the Council of Twenty‐Three. Yet I cannot tell thee all I know in the +compass of a letter, so I have written it at large for thee, and it will +be delivered unto thee even with this letter. And in my description of +events I have been at pains to distinguish between what I saw myself and +what I heard from others, following in this the example of Herodotus of +Halicarnassus, who, if he spake rude Greek, wrote true history. And so +farewell._ + + + + + + CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + I. THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE 9 + II. THE UPBRINGING 21 + III. EARLIER TEACHING. SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE 37 + GALILÆANS + IV. THE TWO WAYS 55 + V. THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. THE RICH YOUNG MAN 63 + VI. THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE 75 + VII. THE SECOND SERMON 87 +VIII. THE REBUKING OF JESUS 99 + IX. JESUS IN THE TEMPLE 111 + X. THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM 121 + XI. THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE 133 + XII. THE WOES 145 +XIII. THE GREAT REFUSAL 155 + XIV. THE MEETING OF THE HANANITES 167 + XV. THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM 181 + XVI. CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION 195 + EPILOGUE 207 + + + + + + + I. + THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE. + + +I was crossing one morning the Xystus Bridge on my way to the Temple, when +I saw issuing from the nearest gate a herd of beasts of sacrifice. Fearing +that something untoward had occurred, I hurried to the gate, and when I +entered the Court of the Gentiles, I found all in confusion. The tables of +the money‐changers had been overturned, and the men were gathering their +moneys from the ground. And in the midst I saw one with a scourge in his +hand. His face was full of wrath and scorn, his eyes blazed, and on his +left temple stood out a vein all blue, throbbing with his passion. He was +neither short nor tall, but of sturdy figure, and clad in rustic garb. + +Now, as the money‐changers were escaping from his wrath, one of them ran +against a little child that was in the court, and it fell screaming. The +fellow took no heed, but went on his course. But the man with the scourge +went to the little child and raised it to its feet, and pressed it to his +side; the hand that rested on the curly head was that of a workman, with +broken nails, and yet the fingers twitched with the excitement of the man. +But, looking to his face, I saw that a wonderful change had come over it. +From rage, it had turned to pity and love; the eyes that had flashed scorn +on the money‐changers now looked down with tenderness on the little child. +I remember thinking to myself, “This man cannot say the thing that is not; +his face bewrayeth him.” + +Meanwhile the money‐changers and those with them had collected together +near the gate by which I had entered, and stood there whispering and +muttering among themselves. All at once they turned towards the man as he +was soothing the little child, and shouted out together, “_Mamzer! +Mamzer!_” which in our tongue signifieth one born out of wedlock. Then the +man looked up from the little child, his face once more full of rage, and +the blue vein throbbing on his temple. He took a step towards the men, and +then he stopped. His face changed to a look of pity, and the men +themselves, in fear and shame, slunk away before his look through the gate +and were gone. + +Then he turned towards those that had for sale doves as sacrifices for the +women and the poor. To these he spoke in a tone that was calm and yet full +of authority, and then I noticed that his voice had the burr of our +northern peasantry. He said unto them, “Take these things hence; make not +my Father’s house a house of merchandise.” And these, too, went away +through the gates, carrying with them the wicker cages full of doves. Ever +since that time the doves have been for sale in Hanan’s Bazaar on the +Mount of Olives. + +Now I must tell thee that at this time there had been much disputing +between the Pharisees and the Sadducees as to the sale of beasts for +sacrifice. The Pharisees held that each man might buy such beasts wherever +he would; but the Sadducees, being mainly priests, or of priestly blood, +would have it that the beasts of sacrifice could only be purchased from +the salesmen duly authorized by the High Priest; for they said, “Who shall +tell that the beasts are according to the Law, if they are bought from any +chance person?” Yet many thought they only did this in order that they +might share the profit from the sale of the animals. And, indeed, the +great riches of the High Priests came mainly from this source. When, +therefore, I saw the man with the scourge getting rid of these sacrificial +animals from the courts of the Temple, my first thought was that he was of +the sect of the Pharisees. Yet these are rarely found in the country +parts, and the man bore no great marks of special piety; his phylacteries +were not broader than my own; the fringes of his garment were not more +conspicuous, nor did he seem as one of the fanatics who are so many in our +land. He had done what he had done in all calmness, and with a certain air +of authority. My wonder was aroused to think what manner of man this could +be, who did the work of the Pharisees, and was not one himself. + +While I thus thought, the man turned to a group of men clad in the same +rustic garb, saying, “Be ye rather approved money‐changers, holding fast +the good and casting forth the false;”(1) and, after other words, he +turned from them and went up the steps leading to the Women’s Court. + +Now thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that at the entrance of this court standeth +an inscription which saith, “LET NONE OF ALIEN BIRTH PASS WITHIN THE +TEMPLE CLOISTERS: HE THAT TRANSGRESSES IS GUILTY OF DEATH.” As the man +with the scourge would enter the Women’s Court, the Roman sentry stopped +him, and pointed to this inscription with his spear. He shook his head, +saying in faulty Greek, “Jewish I am,” and showed the soldier the fringes +of his garment after the Jewish fashion. Then the sentry drew back, and +the man passed through. + +Thereupon I went up to the men to whom the man with the scourge had +spoken, and greeted them with the greeting of peace. + +“Peace unto thee, master,” said one of them in the same northern accent I +had noticed in their leader. + +“Who is that man,” I said, “that has just gone into the Temple cloister?” + +“Jesus of Nazara, in Galilee.” + +“And whose son is he?” I asked. + +The man looked at his companions ere he answered,— + +“Of Joseph ben Eli the carpenter, and Miriam his wife.” + +“And what is his trade?” I continued. + +“A wheelwright,” he said; “the best wheels and yokes in all Capernaum are +made by him.” + +“But is he of the country‐folk,(2) or a pupil of the wise?” + +“Nay, master, he knoweth the Law and the Prophets.” + +“Of what party is he? Boethusian he cannot be, nor Sadducee; but is he +Pharisee or Zealot, Essene or Baptist?” + +“He is of no party.” + +“But from whom hath he received the tradition of the elders? At whose feet +has he sat? Whom calleth he master?” + +“He hath been baptized by Jochanan his kinsman, but none calleth he +master.” + +“If he have not the tradition, he cannot teach the Law, for his words will +not be binding. Doth he sit in judgment or pronounce _Din_?” + +“Nay, master, he but teacheth us to be good.” + +“Ah,” said I, “he is but a homolist of the Hagada; he addeth naught to the +_Halacha_. Then what is his motto?”(3) + +“He saith, ‘Repent ye, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.’” + +Then I took the man away from his companions, and out of hearing of the +Roman sentry, and asked him in a low tone, “And who shall be the king +thereof?” + +But the man answered not, but said only, “Lo! he cometh.” + +And, indeed, at that moment Jesus came down by the steps he had ascended +and beckoned to his companions. And as they went towards him I was +surprised, and at the same time horrified, to see amongst them two persons +whom I little thought to find in any public place in Jerusalem, still less +in the courts of the Temple. One was a woman in the yellow veil of a +_hetæra_; the other, a mere _Nathin_ who had no name among men, but was +called _Dog o’ Dogs_. These two pressed close to Jesus; the woman rushed +forward with a sob and raised the hem of his garment to her lips, while to +the man he spoke some friendly words, smiling on him as they walked +towards the entrance. + +I was astonished. The man had seemed so careful of the purity of the +Temple that he would not allow even the necessary arrangements for its +service to be performed in its precincts, yet he allowed its courts to be +defiled by the vilest of the vile. Perchance, I thought, he had prevailed +upon them to perform the vows enjoined by the Law, and cleanse themselves +of their sin. Or was it that he was ignorant of their characters, being +but newly come from rural parts? He must, indeed, be different from other +rabbis, who kept themselves apart from all transgressors against the Law +till they had repented and done penance. + +While I thus meditated, I saw the High Priest Hanan, whom ye Hellenes call +Annas, enter into the court of the Gentiles with his guard. Thou +rememberest the man, Aglaophonos—how his tyranny extended over all the +city. He was still called High Priest, though Valerius Gratius, the +Procurator, had deposed him years before, lest haply he might regain the +regal power of the Maccabæans. Still, even after his deposition, he had +sufficient power to get his sons or sons‐in‐law named High Priests. It was +one of the latter, Joseph Caiaphas, who at that time held the office; yet +the people still called Hanan High Priest, and he himself wore on high +days the bells and pomegranates round his tunic as a sign of his dignity. +Thou must remember his keen‐cut face, his nose like an eagle’s, his long +white beard, bent neck, and sinewy hand. Was it thou or I that first +called him “the Old Vulture”? + +He had heard of the insult to his dignity by the removal, without his +orders, of the money‐changers and others to whom the people paid the fees +from which he and his made such display in his grand dwelling on the Mount +of Olives. “Where is he? where is he?” he cried, as he came bustling up, +with neck extended, and looking more than ever like a bird of prey. He +soon found that the man he sought had gone; but he had given his orders, +and before I left the court, I saw the money‐changers reënter and the +cattle driven back. I had to attend a meeting of the Sanhedrim, for that +year I had risen to the third and highest bench of disciples who sit under +its members when they give judgment. Next year I was elected of the +Seventy‐One myself in the section of Israelites. It must, therefore, have +been in the sixteenth year of Tiberius the Emperor, nearly five‐and‐twenty +years agone, that I thus saw for the first time Jesus the Nazarene. + + + + + + II. + THE UPBRINGING. + + +Thou canst imagine the wonder and excitement in Jerusalem at this bold +deed of the Nazarene. Not even the oracle of Delphi is regarded with so +much reverence as our sacred fane, and none in our time had dared to +interfere with its regulations, which have all the sacredness of our +traditions. And of these none was regarded by the priestly guardians of +the Temple as of greater weight for them than the right of sale of beasts +of sacrifice. It is from this, as I have said, that the priestly order +gain their wealth, and no more deadly blow could be struck at their power +than to deprive them of this. Hence had the Pharisees protested against +this right, but none had hitherto dared to carry out the protest in very +deed. All the poor and all the pious would have been glad if they could +buy their offerings to the Lord wheresoever they would. + +But more than all, men of Jerusalem were amazed at the daring of the +Galilæan stranger in opposing the High Priest Hanan. This man had been the +tyrant of the Temple and of the city for the whole span of a generation of +men, and no man had dared say him nay for all that time. Even the Romans, +who had deposed him from his position as High Priest, had not dared to +interfere with him otherwise. Yet had this rude countryman, who had never +been seen, never been known to set foot in Jerusalem before, dared to +strike at the root of his power and wealth. Thou canst not wonder that men +were curious to know what manner of man he might be who had dared this +great thing, and busy rumor ran through all the bazaars of Jerusalem, +asking, Who is this Jesus of Nazara? All that I learnt of his kindred and +early life I learnt at this time, and I here set it forth in order. + +It was natural that I should first direct my inquiries as to his birth, +for the insulting cry of the money‐changers still rang in my ears. Thou +knowest our pride of birth; I learnt from thee to abate it. Every man in +Israel taketh his place in the nation according as he is a son of Aaron or +of Levi, a simple Israelite, or a proselyte that fears the Lord; each man +knoweth his own and his neighbor’s genealogy. The greatest slur upon a man +is to accuse him of “mixture,” the greatest insult is to call him +“bastard.” Why had the money‐changers cast this slur upon the Nazarene? +Thou and I, Aglaophonos, who boast to be citizens of the Kosmos, would not +think the worse of him if the taunt were true. Yet thou canst understand +how great, even if he only thought it to be true, would be the influence +of such a slur on this mans mind and on his career. If in after‐days he +showed himself so careless of the nation’s hopes, may it not have been +that he felt himself in some way outside the nation? + +Now I found, upon inquiry among the Galilæans settled in Jerusalem, that +some such scandal had arisen about his birth. There had even been talk +that Joseph ben Eli would have put away his wife, but for the stern +penalties which our Law inflicts upon the misdoer. Yet there may have been +naught but suspicion in the matter, for the two lived together, and Miriam +bore several children to Joseph after this Jesus. But between him and them +there was never good will, and I have heard things told of this Jesus +which seem to show some harshness in his treatment of them, and even of +his mother. Once when he was told that his mother and brethren were +without, and would see him, he as it were repudiated them, saying, “Who +are my mother and my brothers? Whosoever doeth the will of God, the same +is my brother and sister and mother.” Again, when once his mother came to +him and would speak to him, he said to her, “Woman, what have I to do with +thee?” The man whom I had seen so tenderly thoughtful to a little child +could not have spoken thus unless he had felt himself placed by some means +outside the natural ties of men. + +Of Jesus’ upbringing I could learn little. When he was at the age of +thirteen, when each Jewish male child becomes a Son of the Covenant (_Bar +Mitzva_), and, as we think, takes his sins upon his own soul, his parents +brought him to Jerusalem. On this occasion, as some still remember, he +showed remarkable knowledge of the Law, when, as is customary, they read +the portion of the Law set down for the Sabbath reading next after his +birthday, and he was examined in its meaning by the learned men present. +Yet he fulfilled not this promise of devotion to the Law as he grew in +years. I cannot learn that he dusted himself with the “dust of the wise,” +as the sages have commanded.(4) Not having sat at the feet of any of the +holders of tradition, he could not pronounce decisions of the Law. + +His father brought him up to his own trade, that of carpenter. With us +manual toil is not despised, as among you Hellenes; there is a saying +among us, “Whoso bringeth not his son up to a handicraft traineth him for +a robber.” Jesus was a good and capable worker, and devoted himself +especially to the making of yokes and wheels at Capernaum, where he had +settled, some five hours’ journey from his native place. Here he would +often read the _Haphtaroth_, or prophetical lessons, in the synagogue, and +explain it after the manner of the Hagada. + +Thus he would have passed his life, a wheelwright on week‐days, a preacher +on the Sabbath and festivals, but for a strange event that occurred in his +own family. Among us Jews, none has more honor than the _Nabi_, the man +who speaks the word of wisdom in the name of God. How know we that a man +is a Nabi? Chiefly by his words, but mainly by his eyes, in which there +shines the light of prophecy. Now, when Jesus was about thirty years old, +three or four years before I first saw him, the light of prophecy came in +the eyes of his cousin, Jochanan ben Zacharia Ha‐Cohen. Thou knowest, +Aglaophonos, that amongst us there is a sect of Essenoi, who answer in +much to the Pythagoreans among the Hellenes. These Essenoi eat no flesh, +they dwell not in the cities of men, they perform frequent lustrations, +nor will they admit any into their community until they have been baptized +of them; they care little for the Temple service, and in this above all +distinguish themselves from either Pharisees or Sadducees. Their belief in +the angels is strong, and they use magic for the healing of sickness. + +Now, this Jochanan, the cousin of Jesus, seems to have adopted in many +things the views of these Essenoi: he separated himself from men, and ate +no flesh, nor did he go up to the Temple on the three great festivals of +the year; and above all, when men began to follow after him, he would +admit none to communion with him till he had baptized them in running +water, and for this he was called among the folk Jochanan the Baptizer. +Yet he was not an Essene, for he joined not their communion, nor +established any distinction of orders among the men who came out to him; +he was more like unto the prophets of old, who taught as individuals new +truths about life; and his great teaching was this: “Repent ye, for the +kingdom of heaven is at hand.” And men went out to him, asking him in what +they should repent so as to become worthy of the kingdom. Above all, those +who were despised of the people because they did the work of the Romans, +by being their tax‐gatherers or their soldiers, feared the wrath to come +in the new kingdom which he preached, and asked him in what they should +alter their ways. But to them he was by no means hard, saying only to the +tax‐gatherers, “Act justly,” and to the soldiers, “Do no violence.” To the +poor he was tender and merciful, but exhorted the rich to divide their +possessions with the poor. In this way he drew unto him all who were +despised of the people, and those who were poor and miserable. Thus he +attracted the notice of the rulers, who feared that he was preparing to +rebel against them; for they said, “Wherefore does this man attract to him +the discontented and the soldiery?” + +Now, when the family of Jesus heard that their relative was gaining a name +among men, they sent to Jesus, asking him to go with them unto his cousin; +but he, as I have heard, at first refused, saying, “Wherein have I sinned, +that I should be baptized of Jochanan?” Yet afterwards he consented unto +this, and went out to be baptized of his cousin. And when he saw the power +for good that Jochanan exercised, his spirit was exalted, and he felt that +he too had within him the same power. Many strange things have I heard of +what happened to this Jesus when he submitted to be baptized by his +cousin. And as none but Jesus would have known his feelings on that +occasion, these reports must have come from him. Among us it is the custom +that each Jew should select from the Psalms some _stichos_ which should +serve as the motto of his life, and identify him when he appeareth before +the Angel of Death. Now, it would appear that as Jesus was being baptized +of Jochanan he heard the Daughter(5) of the Voice of God say to him the +_stichos_ of the psalm, “Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee.” +Whether this was a protest of his soul against the slur cast upon his +birth, what man shall say? But henceforth he spake of the fatherhood of +God as if it had to him a deeper sense than to most of us Jews, though +with us, as I have oft explained to thee, it is the central feeling of our +faith. + +Jesus did not remain long out in the wilderness with his cousin; he, +indeed, early recognized his superiority, though he was his master and his +teacher. For at the first the teaching of Jesus differed but in little +from the teaching of Jochanan. He summed up his whole aim in the words +which I had heard his followers use in the Temple: “Repent ye, for the +kingdom of heaven is at hand;” and this he must have learnt from his +cousin. So, too, like Jochanan, he mingled with the tax‐gatherers and the +soldiery, and above all addressed himself to the poor, and, as I was to +see, exhorted the rich to distribute their possessions. In all these +things he was but the follower of his cousin Jochanan. It is no wonder, +therefore, that when Jesus separated himself from Jochanan, and began to +be a teacher of men, many left Jochanan and followed after Jesus; and +until this Jochanan met with a violent end at the hands of the rulers, +there was in some sort a rivalry if not between the men themselves, at +least between the followers of Jochanan and of Jesus. + +But even from the first there was a difference in Jesus’ manner of +teaching, if not in the teaching itself. He, indeed, did not wait for men +to come out to him in the wilderness, but returned to the towns and +villages around the Sea of Galilee. Many of the fishermen left their work +to follow him, and become, as he said, “fishers of men.” He preached as +before in the synagogues on the words of the prophets, but now he +commenced to go forth to preach and teach among the people in their homes. +Yet it was observed that he went not only among the rich and powerful, who +are used in our country to receive all who come at meal‐times, but most of +all among the poor, and those despised of men for their ill life or their +degraded occupations. Nor did he despise those who know not the Law nor +keep its commands, but mixed freely with them, thereby incurring the wrath +of those among us, and there are many, who are eager for the credit of the +Law. Still, though he lived his life among the low and the vile, he +practiced none of their ways, nor was aught of low or vile seen in him or +those with him. Yet he turned against him many who would have been well +disposed towards him, in that he followed his cousin’s example, and spake +kindly to the tax‐gatherers and to the soldiers, whom the greater part of +the Jews regard as the enemies of their country. + +Now, as he began to live his life among the people, he began to do many +signs and wonders, like all our great teachers and prophets. In truth, we +say, how shall a man be accounted a prophet unless he can do wonders? +Indeed, as Jesus himself said, “Why marvel ye at the signs? I give unto +you an inheritance such as the whole world holds not.” And the manner of +his wonders was this: if a man was afflicted with a demon of madness, he +would cause him to fix his eyes upon his, and after a while would speak +sternly and suddenly to the demon within him, who would depart from him, +rending his soul. So, too, would he do with women who were torn asunder by +the demons fighting within. To these he would speak calmly after he had +fixed their eyes, and, behold, a great calm would come upon them. But he +used no exorcisms or magic in his healing, nor spake he in the name of +God, but with the tone of one having authority in himself. Hence many +thought he had within him a greater Daimon than those afflicted men and +women whom he healed. Thence it was thought that for this reason the +demons of madness often returned to those whom he had freed for a while +with greater violence after he had gone forth from the place of their +habitation. There was much murmuring against him for that he did his +healing, not in the name of God, but in his own name and his own +authority. + +Yet he claimed no authority to decide the questions of the Law; though +many applied to him in difficult cases, these he referred to the learned +in the Law, saying, “Do ye as the scribes command.” Yet it was complained +that he paid no great attention to their commands himself, nor for his +followers. Nor did he rebuke men when he saw them transgressing the Law +even in the greater transgressions. Thus I have heard it said of him, that +once with his followers, he met a man laboring on the Sabbath day, a sin +which, according to the Law, was punished with stoning. But all he said +unto him was this: “Man, if thou knowest what thou doest, blessed art +thou; but if thou knowest not, accursed art thou, and a transgressor of +the Law.”(6) This is, indeed, a dark saying. Is each man, then, to choose +for himself which commands of the Law he shall do, and which not? The +fence of the Law, which our Sages have built up with such labor and toil, +would be stricken down at one stroke. Yet perhaps in this he only followed +the principle of our Sages who have said, “The Sabbath was made for you, +not you for the Sabbath.” + +Such was the manner of life of this Jesus up to the time when I first saw +him in the Temple. Men knew not what to make of him; many regarded him as +a prophet because of the signs and the wonders which he did; and those who +were looking forward to the blessed day in which Israel would be free +again under its own king hoped that he was Elijah come again to prepare +the way for the new kingdom. + + + + + + III. + EARLIER TEACHING. + SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE GALILÆANS. + + +It must have been a year after I had first seen Jesus that I saw him again +the second time in Jerusalem. It fell out in this wise: I was proceeding +one morning to the meeting of the Sanhedrim, when, as I came near the +Synagogue of the Galilæans in the Fish‐Market, I found a crowd of men +entering in. I asked one of them what was going forward, and he said, +“Jesus the Nazarene will expound the Law.” So I determined to take the +morning service in this synagogue rather than with my colleagues in the +Temple, and went in, the people giving way before me, as was my due as a +member of the Sanhedrim. + +Now, this synagogue of the Galilæans differed in naught from the rest of +the synagogues of the Jews. It cannot be that thou hast not visited one of +these when thou wast in the Holy City, but perchance thy memory is dim +after all these years, and I will in a few words explain to thee its +arrangement. In the wall at the west end was the cabinet containing the +scrolls of the Law, with a curtain before it, for this is, as it were, the +Holy of Holies of the synagogue. The men go up to this, on to the platform +before it, by three steps. Then comes a vacant space, in the midst of +which stands a dais, with a reading‐desk whereon the Law is read: this we +call by your Greek name _bema_. Then in the rest of the hall sit the folk, +arranged in benches one after another, somewhat as in your theatres. Now, +as I came in, they had said the morning psalms, and most of the Eighteen +Blessings, and shortly after the reading of the Law began. The curtain was +drawn aside from the holy ark, the scroll of the Law was taken thence, to +the singing of psalms unto the _bema_. Then, as is customary, the +messenger of the congregation summoned first to the reading of the Law a +Cohen, a descendant of Aaron, one of the priestly caste. And after he had +read some verses of the Law in the holy tongue, the dragoman read its +translation into Chaldee, so as to be understanded of the unlearned folk, +and of the women who were in the gallery outside the synagogue, and +separated from it by a grating. Then after the priest came a Levite, who +also read some verses, and after him an ordinary Israelite. Then the +messenger of the synagogue called out, “Let Rabbi Joshua ben Joseph +arise.” Then Jesus the Nazarene went up to the _bema_ and read his +appointed verses, and these were translated as before by the dragoman. And +after the reading of the Law was concluded, the _Parnass_, or president of +the congregation, requested Jesus to read the _Haphtara_, the lesson from +the prophets; and this he did, using the cantillation with which we chant +words of Holy Scripture. Yet never heard I one whose voice so thrilled me, +and brought home to one the import of the great words; and this was +strange, for his accent was, as I had before noticed, that of the Galilæan +peasantry, at which we of Jerusalem were wont to scoff. Then, after the +Law had been returned to the ark with song and psalm, Jesus turned round +to the people on the _bema_ and began his discourse. It is near five‐and‐ +twenty years since I heard him, and much have I forgotten in that long +time. But many of his sayings still ring in my ears, and I will here put +down, as far as possible in order, all that I can remember of the +discourse.(7) + + +“It hath been written by the Prophet Esaias: Behold, his reward is with +him, and his work before him. Yea, behold a man and his work before him. +He that worketh not, let him not eat. Yet he that plougheth, let him +plough in hope; he that thresheth, thresh in hope of partaking. Howbeit, +he who longs to be rich is like a man who drinketh seawater: the more he +drinketh the more thirsty he becomes, and never leaves off drinking till +he perish. Blessed is he who also fasts that he may feed the poor: for it +is more blessed to give than to receive. Yet let thy alms sweat into thy +hands until thou know to whom thou givest. Where there are pains, thither +hastens the physician: that which is weak shall be saved by that which is +strong. For the sake of the weak I was weak, for the sake of the hungry I +hungered, for the sake of the thirsty I thirsted. But woe to those who +have yet hypocritically taken from others; who are able to help +themselves, and yet wish to take from others: for each man shall give +account in the day of judgment. + +“That which thou hatest thou shalt not do to another. Good things must +come; he is blessed through whom they come. Love covereth a multitude of +sins; so never be joyful save when you look upon your brother’s +countenance in love. Let not the sun go down upon your wrath. For the +greatest of crimes is this: if a man shall sadden his brother’s spirit. +Blessed, too, are they who mourn for the perdition of unbelievers. Do not +give occasion to the Wicked One. Who is the Wicked One? He that tempts. +Yet none shall reach the kingdom of heaven unless he have been tempted: +for our Father which is in heaven would rather the repentance of a sinner +than his correction. Yet he will cleanse the house of his kingdom from all +offence. Be, therefore, careful and prudent and wise, lest any of you be +caught in the snares of the devil, for that ancient enemy goes about +buffeting. + +“If thou hast seen thy brother, thou hast seen thy Lord, God the Father, +whose fatherland is everywhere, in heaven and upon earth. Far and near, +the Lord knoweth his own. So grieve not the holy spirit which is in you, +nor extinguish the light which shines in you. Guard the flesh pure, and +the signet spotless, so that ye may take hold upon eternal life. For our +possessions are in heaven; therefore, sons of men, purchase unto +yourselves by these transitory things which are not yours, what is yours, +and shall not pass away.” + + +I cannot tell thee, Aglaophonos, how deeply this discourse affected me. +Just as the Hellenes are eager to find each day some new beauty in man or +the world, or some new truth about the relation of things, so we Hebrews +rejoice in finding new ideals in the relations of men. Each of our Sages +prides himself on this—that he has said some maxim of wisdom that none had +thought of before him, and so each of them is remembered in the minds of +men by one or more of his favorite maxims. But it is rare if in a whole +lifetime a sage sayeth more than one word fit to be treasured up among +men. Yet was this man Jesus dropping pearls of wisdom from his mouth in +prodigal profusion. As each memorable word fell from his lips, a murmur of +delighted surprise passed round the synagogue, and each man looked to his +neighbor with brightened eyes. Some of the thoughts, indeed, I had heard +from other of our Sages, but never in so pointed a form, surely never in +such profusion from a single sage. + +And if what was said delighted us, the manner in which it was said +entranced us still more. The voice of the speaker answered to the thoughts +he expressed, as the Kinnor of David, according to our Sages, turned the +wind into music. When he spoke of love, his voice was as the cooing dove; +when he denounced the oppressor, it clanged like a silver trumpet. Indeed, +his whole countenance and bearing changed in like manner, so that every +word he uttered seemed to be the outcome of his whole being. + +But most of all was it the vividness of his eyes that impressed his words +upon us. I had seen them flashing with scorn in the Temple, I now saw them +melting with tenderness in the synagogue; and there was this of strange in +them, that they seemed to speak other and deeper words. As he gazed upon +us, I felt as if all my inmost being was bare to the gaze of those eyes. +They seemed to know all my secret thoughts and sins; and yet I felt not +ashamed, for as they saw the sins, so they seemed to speak forgiveness of +them. + +What I felt then, others felt with me, for, as I afterwards learnt, each +man felt the same as the eyes of Jesus fell upon him; and most curious it +was that each man thought as I did, that the eyes of the speaker were upon +him during the whole of the discourse. I have seen here in Alexandria +portraits of men painted by your subtlest artists, in which, from whatever +place you looked at them, the eyes seemed to gaze upon you. So was it with +Jesus. Not alone did I, who was, as a member of the Sanhedrim, sitting +immediately before him, feel his eyes pierce to my soul, but all who were +in that synagogue felt the same. Nor did the effect die away after I had +left the synagogue; for days and days afterwards, whenever I closed my +eyes, or gazed for long on the wall, I could see the eyes of Jesus, and +with it his whole face gazing upon me. + +I had left the synagogue a little before the others, because a messenger +had been sent from the Sanhedrim to seek for a member who should make up +the quorum of Twenty‐Three; and this messenger, hearing that a member of +the Sanhedrim was in the synagogue of the Galilæans, sent in to summon me. +When the sitting was over, I sought for Jesus again, but found that he had +left the city. And for a time I neither saw nor heard aught more of him, +save such rumors as came to the Holy City from Galilee. About this time +many joined themselves unto him, going whithersoever he went. Those, too, +who had joined themselves to Jochanan passed over to him, for Jochanan had +been slain by Herod, whom he had rebuked for his wicked living. It was, +indeed, said that Herod had also captured this Jesus when he found that he +was following in the footsteps of Jochanan; but this proved to be untrue, +and the multitude thronged more and more after Jesus, and from this time +he began to teach them regularly, after the manner of our Sages. Yet he +did not pronounce decisions of Halacha on questions of our Law; indeed, he +disclaimed all interference with such questions. “I am not come,” he said, +“to take away from the Law of Moses, nor to add to the Law of Moses am I +come.” Only one saying of his have I heard of wherein he said aught at +variance with the Torah. When the children of a man who had recently died +asked him in what way should the property be divided, he said, “Let son +and daughter inherit alike.” In this, as in other things, he was more +favorable to the claims of the women than the Law and the Sages. For this +reason, perhaps, it was that many women followed after him, even joined in +prayer with him and those with him, against the custom of our nation. +Hence arose much scandal among the more rigidly pious among us, who follow +the saying of Joseph ben Jochanan, “Engage not in much converse with +women.” But I have heard naught of evil that resulted from this free +mingling of men and women among his followers. Yet Jesus was not against +the due subordination of women, for he also said, “Let the wife be in +subordination to her husband.” + +Thou must know that among us our Sages are of two kinds, the Halachists +and the Hagadists. The former deal with matters of the Law according to +the tradition they have received from their teacher; but the latter +expound the words of the Scripture, and deal with the moral relations of +man to man. Some of our Sages, indeed, like the great Hillel, who died +when I was a child, have been equally masters both of the Halacha and the +Hagada; and in many ways the teaching of Jesus seems to have resembled, if +it did not follow, that of Hillel. I must tell thee one anecdote about +this Hillel which is well known amongst us. He was distinguished for his +evenness of temper, and men would often in sport try to make him lose it. +A heathen came before him one day, and declared that he would become a Jew +if only Hillel would tell him the whole Law while he stood upon one foot, +hoping thereby to irritate Hillel by his presumption. But Hillel said +only, “What thou wilt not for thyself, do not to thy neighbor. This is the +whole of the Law; all the rest is but commentary thereon. Go and learn.” +Now, among the disciples of Hillel was one who compiled for the heathen a +summary of the Law in the spirit of Hillel; and it seemed to me, from what +I heard of Jesus’ teaching, that he had learnt much from this summary, +which is called “THE TWO WAYS.” I will have a copy written out for thee, +for it is very short. + +Now, in all the teaching of Jesus which I heard of about this time, he +seems to have expanded, but in no wise modified, the teaching of “The Two +Ways.” Above all, he seems to have warned men against the evil feelings +within, that lead to sins against the Law, and therein differed somewhat +from the practice of our Sages, who think that by doing the Law and +keeping to it rightful feelings shall grow, and evil thoughts fly away. + +Yet while in many ways Jesus seemed to be of the School of Hillel, in +others he cast in his lot with the men among us who claim to be especially +favored of God, because—thou wilt smile, Aglaophonos—because they are +poor. Thou hast read our Psalms, and knowest with what insistence the poor +and the righteous, the rich and the wicked, are identified in them. Many +of our nation have taken this to heart, and as it were pride themselves +upon their humility, as some of them call themselves _Ebionim_, or the +Poor; some, the _Zaddikim_, or Righteous; some, _Chasidim_, or Pious. Thou +canst not call them a sect, for in a way they include the whole nation. In +the Eighteen Blessings which form the staple of our daily prayers, the +Lord is blessed as the Guardian and Refuge of the _Zaddikim_. Now, it was +chiefly among these men, whether they called themselves _Ebionim_, or +_Zaddikim_, or _Chasidim_, that Jesus found his chief adherents, though he +seems to give his preference to the _Ebionim_, who have always been +insisting upon the blessedness of the poor. Now, these men consider +themselves to be beyond all others the servants of the Lord, and identify +themselves with that picture of the servant which has been given by the +Prophet Esaias. Thus in all these ways Jesus appealed to the more earnest +part of our nation, and in him were conjoined most of the movements that +had touched us most deeply. If any had said at this time, “Jesus the +Nazarene is a follower of Jochanan the Baptizer, and preaches ‘The Two +Ways’ to the Poor,” none could have gainsaid him. + +Yet all were wondering what he would say to the other side of our nation’s +hopes. The life of our nation had begun with a deliverance; our chief +national feast recalls that deliverance from Egypt to us every year as the +spring comes round. We have become subject to all the great kingdoms that +have grown up round us, yet again and again we have been delivered from +each. Thou and I have often wondered how it has come about that both +Hellenes and Hebrews, who feel ourselves in different ways higher than +these stolid Romans who rule us, have yet become subject to them. Thy +nation hath acquiesced in their rule; my people never will. Every man who +promises greatness among us is hoped for as the Deliverer. Many men about +this time began to ask, Will Jesus the Nazarene be the Deliverer? + + + + + + IV. + THE TWO WAYS. + + +Now, this is the “CATECHISM OF THE TWO WAYS” which I have had copied out +for thee, for in it is the essence of the teaching of Jesus, as he himself +recognized in speaking to me, as thou wilt shortly hear. + +“There are two ways, one of life and one of death, but there is a great +difference between the two ways. Now, the way of life is this: first, Thou +shalt love God who made thee; secondly, thy neighbor as thyself, and all +things whatsoever thou wouldest not should be done to thee, do thou also +not do to another. Thou shalt not kill, thou shalt not commit adultery, +thou shalt not corrupt boys, thou shalt not commit fornication, thou shalt +not steal, thou shalt not use witchcraft, thou shalt not use enchantments, +thou shalt not kill an infant whether before or after birth, thou shalt +not covet thy neighbor’s goods. + +“Thou shalt not forswear thyself, thou shalt not bear false witness, thou +shalt not revile, thou shalt not bear malice. + +“Thou shalt not be double‐minded nor double‐tongued; for duplicity of +tongue is a snare of death. + +“Thy speech shall not be false nor vain. + +“Thou shalt not be covetous, nor an extortioner, nor a hypocrite, nor +malignant, nor haughty. Thou shalt not take evil counsel against thy +neighbor. + +“Thou shalt hate no man, but some thou shalt rebuke, and for some thou +shalt pray, and some thou shalt love above thine own soul. + +“My child, flee from all evil, and from all that is like unto it. + +“Be not soon angry, for anger leadeth to murder; nor given to party‐ +spirit, nor contentious, nor quick‐tempered, for from all these are +generated murders. + +“My child, be not lustful, for lust leadeth to fornication; neither be a +filthy talker, nor a lifter‐up of the eyes, for from all these things are +generated adulteries. + +“My child, be not thou an observer of birds, for it leadeth to idolatry; +nor a charmer, nor an astrologer, nor a user of purifications; nor be thou +willing to look on those things, for from all these is generated idolatry. + +“My child, be not a liar, for lying leadeth to theft; nor a lover of +money, nor fond of vainglory, for from all these things are generated +thefts. + +“My child, be not a murmurer, for it leadeth to blasphemy; neither self‐ +willed, nor evil‐minded, for from all these things are generated +blasphemies. + +“Be thou long‐suffering, and merciful, and harmless, and quiet, and good, +and trembling continually at the words which thou hast heard. + +“Thou shalt not exalt thyself, nor shalt thou give presumption to thy +soul. Thy soul shall not be joined to the lofty, but with the just and +lowly shalt thou converse. + +“The events that happen to thee shalt thou accept as good, knowing that +without God nothing taketh place. + +“My child, thou shalt remember night and day him that speaketh to thee the +word of God. + +“But thou shalt seek out day by day the faces of the saints, that thou +mayest rest in their words. + +“Thou shalt not desire division, but shalt make peace between those at +strife; so thou shalt judge justly. Thou shalt not respect a person in +rebuking for transgressions. + +“Thou shalt not be of two minds whether it shall be or not. + +“Be not one that stretcheth out his hands to receive, but shutteth them +close for giving. + +“If thou hast, thou shalt give with thine hands a ransom for thy sins. + +“Thou shalt not hesitate to give, nor when thou givest shalt thou murmur, +for thou shalt know who is the good recompenser of the reward. + +“Thou shalt not turn away from him that needeth, but shalt share all +things with thy brother, and shalt not say that they are thine own; for if +ye are fellow‐sharers in that which is imperishable, how much more in +perishable things. + +“Thou shalt not take away thine hand from thy son or from thy daughter, +but from their youth up shalt thou teach them the fear of God. + +“Thou shalt not in thy bitterness lay commands on thy man‐servant or thy +maid‐servant, who hope in the same God, lest they should not fear him who +is God over you both; for He cometh not to call men according to the +outward appearance, but to those whom the Spirit hath prepared. + +“But ye, servants, shall be subject to your masters as to a figure of God +in reverence and fear. + +“Thou shalt hate all hypocrisy, and everything which is not pleasing to +the Lord. + +“Thou shalt not forsake the commandments of the Lord, but shalt keep what +thou hast received, neither adding thereto nor taking away from it. + +“Thou shalt confess thy transgressions, and shalt not come to thy prayer +with an evil conscience. This is the way of life. + +“But the way of death is this. First of all, it is evil and full of curse; +murders, adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries, witchcrafts, +sorceries, robberies, false‐witnessings, hypocrisies, double‐heartedness, +deceit, pride, wickedness, self‐will, covetousness, filthy talking, +jealousy, presumption, haughtiness, flattery. + +“Persecutors of the good, hating truth, loving a lie, not knowing the +reward of righteousness, not cleaving to that which is good nor to +righteous judgment, watching not for the good but for the evil, far from +whom is meekness and patience, loving vain things, seeking after reward, +not pitying the poor, not toiling with him who is vexed with toil, not +knowing Him that made them, murderers of children, destroyers of the image +of God, turning away from him that is in need, vexing him that is +afflicted, advocates of the rich, lawless judges of the poor, wholly +sinful. + +“Take heed that no one make thee to err from this way of teaching, since +he teacheth thee not according to God.” + + + + + + V. + THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. + THE RICH YOUNG MAN. + + +It must have been many months after I had heard him discourse in the +Galilæan synagogue that I again saw Jesus the Nazarene. We in Jerusalem +had our own concerns to think of. + +At this time the long monopoly of rule by the Sadducees was gradually +being broken. Of the three divisions of the Sanhedrim, that of the +ordinary Israelites had become almost entirely composed of the Pharisees; +I myself had been elected as one of that party, and even in the other two +sections of the Priests and of the Levites, many, especially among the +latter, held with the Pharisees. Nor was this without influence upon the +political issues of the times. The Sadducees, being the sacerdotal party, +had no cause why they should be dissatisfied with the position they held +in the State under the Romans; but we of the Pharisees felt far otherwise +about the national hopes for deliverance. Since my days the influence of +the Pharisees has become predominant in the nation, and I foresee that the +struggle between us and the Romans cannot be delayed for long. At the time +of which I am writing, the hegemony had not yet passed over to the +Pharisees, and it was of import for us all to know whether any man of +influence was on our side, or on that of the Sadducees, or whether he +cared for neither, and cast in his lot with the smaller sects. + +Now, it happened about this time that I was attending my place in the +Sanhedrim of Israelites, to judge of a case of adultery. But in this +matter our Sages, and especially those of the Pharisaic tradition, had +made great changes in the Law as laid down for us by Moses; for he, as +thou knowest, commands that a woman taken in adultery shall be stoned to +death. Now, for a long time among us there has been an increasing horror +of inflicting the death penalty. If a Sanhedrim inflicts capital +punishment more than once in seven years, it is called a Sanhedrim of +murderers. Yet the Law of Moses declared that whosoever was guilty of +adultery would be put to death. What, then, was to be done? It is against +the principle of justice that any should be punished for an offence of +which he is ignorant. Hence, in capital offences, our Sages, to mercy +inclined, have laid it down that a man must be assumed to be ignorant of +the guilt of the offence, unless it be proved that he had been solemnly +warned of its gravity; and in our Law proof can only be given by two +simultaneous witnesses. Hence it is impossible to obtain conviction for a +woman who hath committed adultery, unless proof is given that she hath +been previously warned by two persons at once. This can scarcely ever be. +No Jewish woman in my time has ever been stoned as the Law commands for +this sin. Some think that this is too great a leniency, and of evil result +for the morality of the folk. + +When I arrived at the hall of polished stones near the Temple, in which +the Sanhedrim holds its sittings, the trial had nearly come to a +conclusion. The inquiry had been made if any two credible witnesses had +given the woman the preliminary caution, and none answering to the call, +it remained only for the _Ab Beth Din_, the president of the court, to +dismiss the prisoner with the words of caution and advice which are +customary on such occasions: “My daughter, perhaps thou wert led into sin +by too much wine, or by thoughtlessness, or perhaps by thy youth; +perchance it was mixing in crowds, or wicked companions that led thee to +sin: go, and for the sake of the great Name, do not bring it to pass that +thou must be destroyed by the water of jealousy.” And with these words the +court was dismissed, and several of us were appointed to take the woman to +her home, and induce the man, her husband, to take her to him once again. +Now, as we were passing through the courts of the Temple, we saw Jesus the +Nazarene in one of the smaller courts, seated, teaching the people, some +of whom sat at his feet. But it seemed to some of us a favorable +opportunity to test what he would say as regards the Law of Moses relating +to adultery: for if he would declare that the Law must be carried out in +all its rigor, that would show that our Sages were more merciful than he; +if, on the other hand, he adopted the opinion of our Sages, that would in +so far commit him to support their attitude towards the Law in general. In +any case, it seemed a suitable occasion to test his power of dealing with +the Law, and it is customary among us to put such test cases before the +younger Sages. + +We therefore turned aside and entered into the smaller court, and all rose +to do honor to the Sanhedrim. Then one of us said to him, “Rabbi, this +woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. Now, Moses in the Law hath +commanded that such should be stoned: what sayest thou?” Now, when the man +told him that the woman had been taken in the very act of adultery, a deep +blush passed over his face, and he turned his eyes downwards. Then he bent +down to the ground, hiding his face altogether from us, and writing, as it +were, something on the sand of the floor. Now, at first, I thought of the +cry of the money‐changers that I had heard, and felt ashamed in my soul +that such a question should be brought before this man, of all men: for +our Sages have said, “The greatest of sins is this—to bring a blush upon +thy neighbor’s face in public.” But the others thought not of this, but +once more they asked him, “Rabbi, what sayest thou shall be done in this +case?” Then, without raising his head, Jesus said in a low tone, “Let him +among you that is without sin cast the first stone.” Then we saw that his +shame had been for us, and for our want of feeling in putting such a +question in the very presence of her who had sinned. And in this matter we +hold that sin can be in thought as well as in act, and which of us could +say that we were without sin even in thought? So, in very shame, we turned +and went, and left Jesus alone with the woman. + +Yet, after we had come away from him, Matathias ben Meshullam said, “That +is well,—we are rightly rebuked; but yet, dost thou not see that this man +hath not answered our question, nor do we know, as we wished, what +attitude he takes towards the carrying out of the Law? I hear that each +morning he preaches to the people in the Temple. Let us now tomorrow put +such questions to him that he cannot evade, and find out to which of our +parties he belongs; for this is a man that is getting great weight with +the people, and it imports us to know where he stands with regard to us.” +So it was determined among us that the next morning a Sadducee and a +Pharisee should put to him queries which should determine what views he +held on the great questions which distinguished the two great parties of +the State. + +But that very afternoon I was to learn that this Jesus had to deal with +questions with which none of our parties concerned themselves. For, as I +was coming near to Gethsemane, I met Jesus with a band of men and women +going out towards Bethany, and I passed them with the salutation of +“Peace.” But as I passed, a young man whom I knew, that had recently come +into great possessions upon the death of his father, came up and asked, +“Who is that man whom thou hast just greeted?” and I said, “Jesus the +Nazarene.” Then, suddenly, he set off running to catch them up, and being +curious, I turned and followed him. When I reached them I found the young +man kneeling before Jesus, gazing up to him, and he said, “Good Master, I +have inherited great possessions; what shall I do that I may inherit the +life everlasting?” Jesus said to him, “Call not me ‘Good;’ none is good +but the One. If thou wouldest enter into life, do the commandments.” The +young man asked, “Which?” Jesus said, using the doctrine of “The Two +Ways,” “Do not kill, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not bear +false witness, do not defraud, honor thy father and thy mother, and love +thy neighbor as thyself.” Then the young man said, “All these things have +I kept from my youth up: what lack I yet?” Then Jesus said, “One thing +thou lackest: go thy way, sell all thou hast, and give unto the poor, and +thou shalt have heavenly treasures: come then and follow me.” The young +man began to scratch his head, and seemed in doubt. Then Jesus said unto +him, “How is it thou canst say, ‘I have done the Law and the Prophets,’ +since it is written in the Law, ‘Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself’? +Behold, many of thy brothers, sons of Abraham, are clothed but in dung, +and die for hunger, while thy house is full of many goods, and there goeth +not forth aught from it unto them.” But the young man rose, and went away +in sorrow and confusion. Then Jesus looked round upon those who were +there, and said, “How hard it is for them that trust in riches to enter +into the kingdom of God! It is easier for an elephant to go through a +needle’s eye, as the saying is, than for a rich man to enter into the +kingdom of God.” Then a murmur arose among all those present, and they +began to move on, and I left them. And I said to myself, “This man is +neither Pharisee, nor Sadducee, nor Herodian; these be the thoughts of the +Ebionim.” + + + + + + VI. + THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE. + + +Now, on the morrow, many of us who had agreed together to test the +opinions of this Jesus went to the Temple and found Jesus walking in the +corridors. Then he that was of most authority among us said unto Jesus, +“Rabbi, we would ask certain questions of thee;” and Jesus answered, “Ask, +and it shall be answered unto thee.” + +Thou must know that among us Jews there be two chief schools of thought, +or rather thou mightest say, parties of the State. The one holds with the +High Priest and the rulers, and is mainly made up of those whom ye +Hellenes call the Best, and their retainers. These be known as the +Sadducees, for their leaders are mainly of the family of the High Priest +Sadduk. Now, the other party is in some sort the party of the Demos, in +that they seek to lessen the power of the High Priests and their families. +But with us, as thou knowest, all things turn upon religion, and this +second party differ chiefly from the Sadducees, for that they are more in +earnest with the matters of the Law, and chiefly they fear the influence +of thy nation, Aglaophonos, in drawing the Israelite away from the Law. +Therefore have they increased precept upon precept, so as to make, as they +say, a fence round the Law. And as they would separate themselves from the +heathen by this fence, they call themselves Pharisees, that is, +Separatists. + +Now, it was nowise easy to learn whether a man was of the one party or the +other. For he might be eager for the Law, and so be Pharisaic in color, +and yet approve of the dominion of the priests, and thus be a Sadducee. +Yet in one chief matter of thought they went asunder contrariwise, and +that was concerning the resurrection of the dead. Now, with regard to +that, the Sadducees held that naught was said in the Law of Moses, and +therefore no son of Israel need concern himself with it. But the +Pharisees, on the other hand, laid great weight upon this. So here was a +touchstone by which to learn whether this Jesus followed the one or the +other of the two great divisions of our nation. + +Then, as was agreed upon, Kamithos the Sadducee came forward to ask him +the question which should determine whether he held with them that there +was no resurrection from the dead, or with the rest of the nation. He +said, “Rabbi, it is written in the Torah, if brethren dwell together, and +one of them die and have no son, the wife of the dead one shall not marry +without, unto a stranger; her husband’s brother shall take her to him to +wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. Suppose, now, there are seven +brethren, and the first takes a wife, and dying leaves no son; and the +second takes her, as is our custom, and dies without leaving any seed; and +the third likewise, and so on, till the whole seven had married her, and +yet had no son; then the woman dies also: when they shall rise from the +dead together, whose wife shall she be of them? for all seven had her to +wife.” And Jesus answered and said, “Ye are at fault, and know not the +Scriptures, nor the power of God; for in the resurrection they neither +marry, nor are given in marriage, but are even as the angels which are in +heaven. And as an indication from Scripture that the dead rise, is it not +written in the book of Moses, when God spake to him from the bush, saying, +‘I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’? He +is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living: therefore are ye in +error.” + +And we were surprised at the subtlety of the man; and chiefly men +marvelled at the wisdom of this man in finding what we call a support, +that is, a text of Scripture on which to hang the doctrine of the life +after death, which many believe to have grown up among us since the sacred +Scriptures were written: for in them little, if anything, was said of the +world to come. Now, Jesus in his answer had happened upon a text which +said that Abraham and Isaac and Jacob were living when they were dead to +this world, and the people marvelled greatly thereat. + +Now, it had been agreed upon, that after the Sadducees had asked their +question and been answered, I should stand forth and test this man Jesus +on behalf of the Pharisees. Now, one of our Sages hath said, “Be as +careful of a little precept as of a great one;” whereas our great master +Hillel had, as I have told thee, summed up the whole Law in one precept, +“Love thy neighbor as thyself.” Therefore, we of the Pharisees wished to +know whether this Jesus agreed with the one sage or the other; so I spake +unto him and said, “Rabbi, which is the first commandment, by doing which +I shall inherit the life everlasting?” But at first he answered me not +directly, but said, “How readest thou?” Then I remembered me the words of +the “Catechism of the Two Ways,” and answered, “Thou shalt love the Lord +thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy strength, and with all thy +mind, and thy neighbor as thyself: whatsoever thou wouldest not for +thyself, do not to another.” And he said unto me, “Thou hast answered +right; and the first of the commandments is the _Shema_: ‘Hear, O Israel; +the Lord thy God is one God.’ And the second is like, namely this: ‘Thou +shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.’ There is none other commandment +greater than these. This do, and thou shalt live.” Then I was rejoiced, +and said unto him, “Well, Rabbi, thou hast said the truth: there is one +God, and there is none other but him; and to love him with all the heart, +and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and all the +strength, and to love one’s neighbor as one’s self, is more than all the +burnt offerings and sacrifices.” Then Jesus became gracious unto me, and +said, “Thou art not far from the kingdom of God.” + +But then I would learn further from this man who spake so well, and ask +him the question which is current in our schools on this subject, and I +said to him, “But, Rabbi, who is my neighbor?” and he answered with a +_mashal_, or parable, and said, “To what is the matter like? A certain man +was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho; and he fell among robbers, which +both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And +by chance a certain priest was going down that way: and when he saw him, +he passed by on the other side. And in like manner a Levite also, when he +came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a certain +Israelite,(8) as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he +was moved with compassion, and came to him, and bound up his wounds, +pouring on them oil and wine; and he set him on his own beast, and brought +him to an inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow he took out two +pence, and gave them to the host, and said, ‘Take care of him; and +whatsoever thou spendest more, I, when I come back again, will repay +thee.’ Which of these three, thinkest thou, proved neighbor unto him that +fell among the robbers?” Then I said, “Not the priest, nor the Levite, +though they held office in Israel, but the simple Israelite who showed +mercy upon him.” Then Jesus said unto me, “Go and do thou likewise;” and +at this moment we were all summoned to the mid‐day sacrifice in the +Temple. + +When Jesus had departed, after the sacrifice, we all met together and +discussed his answers, which had stamped him in our minds as a master in +the art of question and answer, which is with us as favorable a trial of +skill as oratory or poetry with you Hellenes. Now, as regards the question +of the Sadducees, men thought he had spoken more openly; for though he had +evaded a direct answer to the question of the seven brothers and their +wife, he had yet implied that they all would have a part in the life to +come. Some regretted that the question had not been put differently, and +the problem set—if a son had been born through the seventh brother: for +this might have thrown light upon the question of the schools, whether the +brother’s widow was to be still regarded as his wife if seed had been +raised to him after his death. But as to the support which Jesus had taken +from Scripture for the life everlasting, though here again he had answered +question by question, it was decided that he was against the Sadducees on +this point. + +But on the questions which I had put to him, all had agreed that he had +answered as a Pharisee, even as Hillel might have answered, for he had +yea‐said the doctrine which I had cited from the beginning of “The Two +Ways” in which the doctrine of Hillel is summed up; and even as to my +further question, as to who is the _chaber_, or neighbor, though opinions +were divided, most thought that he had spoken as a Pharisee might have +spoken: for thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that our nation is divided into +three great classes—the _Cohanim_, or Priests; the Levites; and the common +Israelites. Now, of these, the two former are the officials of the Temple, +and most if not all of the Sadducees are from this class. And, in +declaring himself on the side of the third class of simple Israelites, +Jesus had, we all thought, declared himself on the side of the Pharisees. + + + + + + VII. + THE SECOND SERMON. + + +I cannot clearly remember at what season of the year it was that I next +saw Jesus; indeed, I am surprised to think that, after the lapse of nearly +five‐and‐twenty years, I can still remember almost all that passed on the +various occasions when I was in his presence. Yet I think it was about the +time of the feast which we hold in memory of the rededication of the +Temple under the Maccabæans that I again saw and heard the Galilæan +stranger; for I mind me that I had just been taking the eight‐branch +candlestick which we use in the ceremonials of this feast to Petachayah +the silversmith to be mended, when on my return I saw a throng collected +round the synagogue of the Galilæans, and entering in, found that Jesus +was to preach that day. The same ceremonial was gone through as I have +already described to thee: the Law was taken from the ark with rejoicing; +priest and Levite and four ordinary Israelites were summoned to hear it +read, and again the crier called, “Let Rabbi Joshua, the son of Rabbi +Joseph, arise.” Now, it chanced that this time, I, as a member of the +Sanhedrim, was summoned to the reading of the Law immediately after Jesus, +and for a time, as is customary, we stood together upon the _bema_. I +observed that, as the reading of the Law proceeded, the eyes of the +Nazarene became fixed upon the ark, and a veil of mysterious tenderness +seemed to come over them, as if he were in communion with the _Shechinah_, +or Glory, itself. It seemed to me that afterwards, when he read the +_Haphtara_ from the prophets, and when he preached, something remained in +him of this mystical communion. + +Perhaps it was for this that we seemed to miss that sense of individual +address which we had before observed in his eyes. No longer did these +speak to us other and deeper thoughts than the words of the preacher; they +seemed to dream of divine things, and so caused us also to be rapt in +mystic musings. I cannot on this account recall for you all or even many +of the words which he uttered on this occasion. He began with some plain +teaching about practice. Soon he went on to speak of himself in a +marvellous way, as if he would imply that communion with him and with the +Most High were one and the same, and then in his last words he seemed to +speak of the Last Things. And here again his words seemed as if he +identified himself with the great Judge. + +Now, this is not so strange to our mode of thinking in Israel as thou +mightest think. Almost all our prophets speak the oracles of God as if +they were using the very words of the Lord. Thou canst read in the Greek +translation of the Seventy many passages of the prophets in which the very +words of the Lord are given. Yet in most, if not all, cases the prophet +beginneth, “Thus saith the Lord,” or endeth, “This is the word of the +Lord.” But with this Jesus it was otherwise. He spoke as the ancient +prophets do, but whether from his rapt intentness in the message he was +delivering, or because he felt his spirit for the time merged in the +divine, he spoke as if the message was his. And as he spoke, I saw looks +of amazement pass between many in the synagogue, and one old graybeard +rose as if to protest, and then, shaking his withered hands above his +head, went out of the synagogue. + +I will here set down for thee as many of the words that fell from Jesus’ +lips on this occasion as I can remember. They are but few, but many of +them are weighty, and I have told thee above the general lines of thought +which seemed to run through his discourse; and these are the words as far +as I remember them.(9) + + +“Cultivate faith and hope, through which is born that love of God and man +which gives the eternal life. Those are the sons of God who walk in the +spirit of God. What you preach before the folk, do in deed before every +one. Accept not anything from any man, and possess not anything in this +world. For the Father wisheth to be given to each man from his own gifts. +Cleave unto the saints: for they that cleave unto them shall be +sanctified. Yet shall there be schisms and heresies: for there is a shame +which leadeth to death, as there is a shame which leadeth to life. Is it +not enough for the disciples to be as the Master? If in a little you are +not faithful, who shall give unto you what is much? Seek the great, and +the little will be added to you; seek the heavenly, and the things of +earth will be superadded. + +“He that wonders shall reign, he who reigns shall find rest. My secret is +for me, and for those that are mine are the things which eye saw not, and +ear heard not, which entered not into the heart of man, whatsoever things +God prepared for them that love him. Those who wish to see me, and wish to +cling to the kingdom, must take me through affliction and suffering. For +he that is near me is near the fire, he that is far from me is far from +the kingdom. Where one is, there too am I; where twain are, there too will +I be. As any of you sees himself in the water or in the mirror, so let him +see me in himself. + +“They that love me shall receive the crown. I will choose me the good, +those good whom my Father in the heavens hath given me. Let the lawless +continue in lawlessness, the just be justified. Behold, I make the last as +the first, and all things new. In whatsoever state I find you, in that +also will I judge you.” + + +Never heard I any who spoke of himself as this man did. For days and days +afterwards some of his words came to me again and again. Whenever I was +alone I seemed to hear his voice saying, “Where one is, there too am I; +where twain are, there too will I be.” Whenever I gazed on the running +stream or looked on the polished steel of the mirror, again I seemed to +hear him say, “As any of you sees himself in the water or in the mirror, +so let him see me in himself.” And, in truth, at times my features seemed +to fade away, and the face of Jesus gaze upon me. + +Others thought not as I. When we assembled after the sermon, to talk over +it, as is our custom, I found that most had been chiefly touched by +certain sayings at the end of the sermon, in which Jesus seemed to speak +of the future life and the last judgment. Thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that +with regard to these matters I incline more to the teaching of the +Sadducean sect, who hold that Holy Scripture speaketh not of these things, +and that, therefore, we need not and should not think thereon. But there +were few who held that doctrine in the synagogue that day, and these +thought most of the words in which Jesus seemed to claim the prerogatives +of the Divine Judge. “I was amazed,” quoth Serachyah ben Pinchas, “when he +spoke of judging us himself in the last days: it wanted but a little that +I had rent my garments at the blasphemy. But surely, thought I to myself, +the man will shortly tell us, ‘These are the words of the Lord,’ and so I +refrained.” + +Now I will tell thee of a most strange event that happened with me and +this Jesus. A day or two after this, I was sitting in my room and studying +the words of Torah, and had fallen into deep thought on the things of this +life and the next, and gradually I fell thinking of certain words that I +had heard from Jesus the Nazarene, as I have before told you. Hast thou +ever felt, Aglaophonos, as if some one was gazing upon thee, and thou +couldst not refrain from looking round to see who it was? So I felt at +this moment, and I looked up from the sacred scroll, and lo! Jesus the +Nazarene stood before me, gazing upon me with those piercing eyes I can +never forget. His face was pale and indistinct, but the eyes shone forth +as if with tenderness and pity. Then he seemed to lean forward, and spoke +to me in a low yet piercing voice these words: “Awake thou that sleepest, +and arise from the dead, and the Christ shall shine upon thee.” I had +shrunk back from his gaze, and was, indeed, in all amaze and wonder that +he should be in the room; but when I looked again, behold, he was gone, +there was no man there. + +But this is not all the wonder of that event, for, being startled, and, +indeed, somewhat fearful at his sudden appearance and disappearance, I +arose and went out into the highway, and went out to walk on the +Gethsemane road. Now, as I came clear of the city, I saw a group of men +coming down the opposite hill, and when they came near, behold, it was +Jesus and some of his friends. I was astonished and surprised beyond all +measure, for how could Jesus have just been with me, and be now coming +from Gethsemane? And when they were passing me, Jesus glanced at me very +slightly, as at a stranger—he that had spoken to my soul but a few minutes +since. + +Now, after they had passed me, there came one running after them whom I +knew—one Meshullam ben Hanoch—and I stopped him and asked him whither he +was going, and he said, “Stay me not. I have run all the way from Bethany +to catch up that man thou seest there, Jesus the Nazarene;” and with that +he took up his running and left me. + +I knew not what to think. I had seen and heard Jesus in my own house in +Jerusalem, and lo! at that very same time, as I now learned, he had been +at Bethany. What thinkest thou, Aglaophonos,—can a man be in two places at +one and the same time? or can it be that the mind of man, and the power of +his eye, can go forth from his body and create a vision of another man +that hath all the semblance of reality? I know not what to think; but I +have heard that, even after his death, those who were nearest and dearest +to Jesus saw him and heard him even as I did. Nor do I wonder at this, +after what has occurred to myself. + + + + + + VIII. + THE REBUKING OF JESUS. + + +Now, it chanced that about this time I was invited to a feast at the house +of Elisha ben Simeon, one of the leaders of the Pharisees in Jerusalem. +His son had become thirteen years old that week, and, as is our custom, +was received into the holy congregation as a Son of the Covenant on the +Sabbath. He had been summoned up to the reading of the Law, and had +himself read aloud a portion of it; for from this day onward he was to be +treated in all matters of religion as if he were a man. Being a friend of +his father, I had attended his synagogue, and heard the lad’s pure voice +for the first time in his life declare publicly his faith in the Most +High. + +After the service in the synagogue, his friends accompanied the father and +the lad to their house, and with them went I, who had known the father +from our schoolboy days, and the little lad from the time of his birth. + +Now, it chanced that, as we came near the door of Elisha’s house, we met +Jesus the Nazarene, and two or three with him. So Elisha greeted them, and +invited them courteously to join the feast, as is the custom among us. And +Jesus and the others assented, and followed into the house with us. “To +table, to table!” cried Elisha, pointing to the couches standing round the +well‐filled board. + +When we were all seated, the host and his son came round with an ewer and +basin to perform the washing of the hands prescribed by the Law. But when +they came to the Galilæan strangers, these refused, saying, “We wash not +before meals.” + +“Then we must serve ye last,” said Elisha, with a smile. But the others +took not the matter so pleasantly; for since we have one common dish, +which is handed round to the guests for them to take their food with their +fingers, it is considered gross ill‐breeding for a man not to perform the +ceremony of washing before meals. + +Then Elisha took a seat at the centre of the table, and said the grace +before meals. Then he broke bread, and, dipping a morsel into salt for +each of the guests, he called his son to him to carry it round. When he +saw that each of the guests had a piece of bread dipped in salt, Elisha +recited the blessing on the bread, “Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, who +bringest forth bread from the earth,” and all said “Amen.” And one of the +guests said to Elisha, “I am glad we are not in Babylon.” + +“How so, Phineas?” said Elisha to the man, who was well known at all +feasts at that time in Jerusalem. + +And Phineas said, “For there they only eat bread with their bread.” + +“Nay, that would not suit thee, Phineas. Thou art no Nazarite;” and most +of the guests who knew him laughed. + +Then Elisha clapped his hands, and the slaves took round the first course +of salted fish; then afterwards the cold baked meats—for, being the +Sabbath, the food had been prepared the day before. + +Then one of the guests said to one of the Galilæans, “Is it true that you +allow fowl to be boiled in milk in your country?” + +“Yes, truly; why not?” said the Galilæan. + +“Is it not written thrice in the Law,” said the guest, “‘Thou shalt not +seethe the kid in its mother’s milk’?” + +“In our country,” said the Galilæan, “fowls give no milk.” And we all of +us laughed, save only Jesus. + +“Nay, but the Sages have carried their prohibition even unto fowls, lest +the people be led to confuse flesh and flesh.” + +By this time we had arrived at the third and last course of salted olives, +lettuces, and radishes. And again the bowl and ewer were passed round, and +this time the Galilæans did not refuse the water. Then the new son of the +covenant recited in his clear voice the grace after meals. And all rose, +while the slaves removed the remnants. Then said Elisha, “It is not well +that when so many are together we should depart without discussing some +words of the Law. My little Lazarus here would fain learn some new thing +from the many learned men present on this day of his being received into +Israel.” + +“Well, then,” said one of the company, “I should like to put a question to +our friends here from Galilee.” And they said, “Speak, Rabbi.” + +And he addressed himself to Jesus, and said, “Why walk not thy disciples +according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with unwashen +hands?” + +Then Jesus spoke out, and as he spoke he strode up and down the room, with +his hand clutching the air, and the vein throbbing on his left temple. +“Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, ‘This +people honoreth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. +Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the +commandments of men.’” Then facing us all, he added, “For ye lay aside the +commandment of God, and hold the tradition of men.” + +“How so, master?” said Elisha; “prove thy words.” + +“It is said in the Word of God, ‘Honor thy father and thy mother,’ and yet +the Sages say, ‘If a man be asked by his father or mother to honor them +with a gift, and he say, “I vow that thing to the Almighty,” then it is +_Corban_,’ and put aside for the Lord, so that his parents cannot enjoy +thereof. Thus by your tradition about vows ye make the Word of God +concerning honor to parents of none effect, and many like things ye do.” + +Then Elisha said, “But the Sages are by no means at one in that matter of +the vows, and in particular many of them declare all the vows annulled +that would work against our duty to our parents, or even against our love +to our neighbor. Yet, even if we take the more stricter tradition, in what +manner that absolves us from washing our hands before meals, I see not.” + +“Nay, it is the same thing,” replied Jesus. “Ye Pharisees make clean the +outside of the cup and platter, but your inward thoughts are full of +ravening and wickedness. Ye fools! did not the Holy One, blessed be He, +who made that which is without, make also that which is within? Therefore +give for alms that which is within, kindly thoughts and friendly feelings. +If ye do that, all things are clean unto you.” + +Then I said unto Jesus, for this matter touched us scribes nearly, +“Master, in speaking thus against tradition thou reproachest us also that +be scribes.” + +And he answered, “Woe, woe unto ye, scribes! which desire to walk in long +robes, and love greetings in the markets, and the higher seats in the +synagogues, and the chief places at feasts, which devour widows’ houses, +and for a show make long prayers.” + +Then an angry murmur rose among all the folk there assembled at the harsh +words of the stranger, when suddenly was heard the voice of Simeon ben +Lazarus, the father of Elisha, a very old man, who sat in the corner and +said:— + +“Young man, fourscore years and two have I lived upon this earth; a +Pharisee have I been from the day I became a son of the covenant, like +little Lazarus there; a scribe was I during all the working days of my +life. I did what the Law and the Sages command, yet never thought I in so +doing of men’s thoughts or praises. Surely, if the Lord command, a good +Jew will obey. And as in many things, many acts of this life, the Law +speaketh not in plain terms, surely we should follow the opinion of those +who devote all their life to the study of the Law. + +“I have never sought the praises of men, their greetings or their honors, +in obeying the Law. In all that I have done I have sought one thing—to +fulfil the will of our Father which is in heaven. + +“As for what thou sayest, that inward thought and outward act should go +together in the service of God and man, that is a verity, and often have I +heard the saying from the great Hillel—may his memory be for a blessing! +But if outward act may be clean when inward thought may be unclean, how, +on the other hand, can we know the purity of what is within, except it be +decided by the cleanliness of what is without? How, above all, shall we +teach our little ones, like my Lazarus there, to feel what is good and +seemly, except by first teaching them to do the acts that are seemly and +good? + +“And as for what thou sayest as to the hypocrisy of us Pharisees and +scribes, I say unto thee,—and in a few days I must see the face of my +Maker,—I say unto thee, I have known many an Ebionite, which thou seemest +to be, who was well spoken within, but ill doing without. So, too, I have +known many a scribe and many a Pharisee who neither carried their good +deeds on their shoulders, nor said, ‘Wait, I have to finish some godly +deed;’ nor set off their good deeds against their sins; nor boasted of +their sacrifices for godly works; nor did they seek out their sins that +they might pay for them by their virtues; nor were they Pharisees from +fear of the Divine punishment. They were Pharisees from love of the Lord, +and did throughout their life what they knew to be his commands.” + +But Jesus spoke gently unto the old man, and said naught but, “Nay, +master, I spoke not of thee, nor of men like thee. These be the true +Pharisees; the rest but have the Pharisaic color.” + +“That is so,” said old Simeon. “I have heard what King Jannaus said: ‘Fear +not the Pharisees, nor those who are no Pharisees; but fear the colored +ones, who are only Pharisees in appearance, who do the deeds of Zimri and +demand the rewards of Phineas.’” + +But before the old man could finish there was a movement at the doorway, +and a high, thin voice cried out, “Where is this kidnapper of souls? where +is this filcher of young lives? where is Jesus the Nazarene?” + +“Behold me,” said Jesus, turning towards the voice; and an old man, with +the rent garment of the mourner, and with hair all distraught, came up to +the Nazarene with arms outstretched and clutching fingers. + +“Give me my son, my Elchanan!” he cried. “Thou hast taken him from me last +Passover, saying, ‘Father and mother, yea, all that a man hath, shall he +give up to follow me.’ He left me to follow thee; what hast thou done with +him?—my Elchanan! my Elchanan!” + +“He died, and is at peace.” + +“Then give him back to me again. Thou canst do all things, men say: make +whole the sick, let see the blind, cause the lame to walk, and give peace +to the troubled mind. Give me, then, back my Elchanan thou hast taken from +me.” + +“There is One alone that can quicken the dead,” said Jesus, and walked +sternly past him. + + + + + + IX. + JESUS IN THE TEMPLE. + + +But a few days after what I have narrated to thee, I had attended a full +meeting of the Sanhedrim in the hall of hewn stones in the Priests’ Court +of the Temple. When the session was over, we went forth, and, turning to +the right, passed into the Court of the Israelites, and so through +Nicanor’s Gate into the Court of the Women. Now, as we went down the +fifteen steps that lead into this court, we could see, through the +Beautiful Gate at the other end of it, that something unusual was +occurring in the outer court of all, the Court of the Gentiles. So I and +some of the other younger members of the Sanhedrim passed rapidly through +the Court of the Women, and, hurrying through the Beautiful Gate, found +Jesus preaching to the people under Solomon’s Porch. Now, it is usual for +the people to make way when any member of the Sanhedrim passes by; but the +people were so engrossed with the words of Jesus that they took no note of +me and my companions, and we had to stand at the edge of the crowd and +listen as best we might, and so great was the crowd that I could scarcely +hear what the Nazarene was saying, until gradually those near us, +recognizing the marks of our dignity, made way for us till we got nearer. + +Never saw I Jesus in so exalted a state. Though he was not tall, as I have +said, he seemed to tower above the crowd. The mid‐day sun of winter was +shining full upon the Temple, and though Jesus was in the shadow of the +porch, the sunlight from the Temple walls shone back upon his eyes and +hair, which gleamed with the glory of the sun. He looked and spake as a +king among men. And, indeed, he was claiming to be something even greater +than a king. I could not hear very distinctly from where I was at first, +but towards the last, as I got nearer, I heard him say these words:— + + +“Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. Except a man be born +again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. He that loveth his life shall +lose it. If a man keep my word he shall never see death, but has passed +from death unto life. He that believeth in me, the works that I do shall +he do also. Yet can the Son do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the +Father do. I am the door: by me, if any man enter in, he shall be saved. I +am the Way, the Truth, and the Life. I am the Light of the world. I am the +good Shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. I am the Bread of +Life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger. I am the true Vine, and my +Father is the Husbandman. I am the Vine, ye are the branches. If any man +thirst, let him come unto me and drink. Before Abraham was I am.” + + +Now, as Jesus was saying these words, and many like unto them, his form +seemed to expand, his eye flashed with the light of prophecy, and all men +were amazed at the power of his words. Never had they heard man speak of +himself with such confidence. If he had been very God, he could not have +said more of his own power over men’s souls. Our prophets have spoken +boldly indeed, but none of them had boasted of the power of the Lord in +such terms as this man spake of himself. Could he be mad, I thought, to +say such things? Yet in all other matters he had shown a wisdom and a +sound sense equal to the greatest of our Sages. Or had he found that by +speaking thus of himself, men, and above all, women, were best moved to +believe as he would have them believe, to act as he would have them act? +Might it not be the simplest of truths that for them, to them, he was +indeed the Way, the Truth, and the Life? + +And, indeed, when I looked around and saw the effect of his words on those +who were listening, I could in part understand his power among men and +women. They drank in his words as travellers at the well of the oasis. +They lived upon his eyes, and it was indeed strange to see every man’s +body bent forward as of a straining hound at the chase. If ever men +worshipped a man, these were worshipping Jesus. + +And I? What was it with me that his words failed to move me as they did +those around me? Why did his eyes rather repel than attract me? Was it thy +teaching, Aglaophonos, that had taught me the way of thy race: to measure +all things in the balance of wisdom; to be moved in all acts by reason, +not feeling? Was it from thee I learnt to think about the causes of this +man’s influence, even while I and others were under it? Perhaps not alone; +for much that this man was saying would have repelled my Jewish instincts +even had I never come under thy influence. What struck thee among us Jews, +I remember, was that while we see the Deity everywhere, we localize him +nowhere. Alone among the nations of men we refuse to make an image of our +God. We alone never regarded any man as God Incarnate. Those among us who +have been nearest to the Divine have only claimed to be—they have only +been recognized to be—messengers of the Most High. Yet here was this man, +as it seemed, claiming to be the Very God, and all my Jewish feeling rose +against the claim. + +Nor was I alone in this feeling I was soon to learn. Before Jesus had +finished his harangue, cries arose from different quarters of the crowd. +“Blasphemy!” “Blasphemer!” “He blasphemes!” arose on all sides. These +cries awakened men as if from a sleep, all turning round to see whence +they came. And the very turning round, as it were, removed them from the +influence of Jesus and his eyes. In a moment, many of those who just +before were hanging upon Jesus’ words joined in the cry, “Blasphemer! +blasphemer!” One of the boldest of those who began the cry called out, +“Blasphemer! Stone him!” + +But Jesus drew himself up, and looked upon the crowd with flashing eyes, +and said, “O Jerusalem, Jerusalem! Sodom is justified of thee.” For a +moment all were silent, but soon the cries arose again: “Blasphemer! +blasphemer! Stone him!” + +Then began great commotion among the people. While some called out, “Stone +him!” “Stone him!” others cried, “Sacrilege!” “Sacrilege!” “No stoning in +the Temple!” And one called out with a jeer, “In the Temple ye cannot +stone, for lo! here there be no stones;” and a bitter, scornful laugh +followed his words. Then some who were nearest to Jesus sought to lay +hands on him, while others, his friends, stood round him and prevented +their approaching, and all was confusion and tumult. When suddenly the +blare of a trumpet sounded through the courts, and all cried, “The Romans! +the Romans!” + +Then round by the royal porch came a company of Roman soldiers to change +the sentries at mid‐day, and they halted near the Beautiful Gate. And as +they came near the crowd began to disperse, and Jesus and his friends went +their way from the courts of the Temple. + +That day, there was no talk in Jerusalem but of the event in the Temple. +Men marvelled at the way in which this Jesus had spoken of himself. “The +prophets spake not thus,” they said. “Yet how can a man be greater than a +prophet, who speaketh the words of the Most High? Even if we had once more +a king over us in Israel, he could not be as great as a prophet, and no +king would speak of himself as Jesus this day hath spoken of himself.” But +what if this man were destined to be the Christ, the God‐given Ruler that +should restore the throne of David? But how could that be, since none of +the signs and portents of the last times had come upon the earth? Who had +seen the blood trickle from the rocks? or the fiery sword appear in the +midnight sky? Had babes a year old spoken like men? But others said, “Nay, +the kingdom of God will not come with expectation. As it hath been said, +‘Three things come unexpectedly—a scorpion, a treasure‐trove, and the +Messiah.’” And again, others said, “Perchance this is not the Messiah ben +David, but the Messiah ben Joseph, who shall be slain before the other +cometh.” Thus the minds of men and their words went hither and thither +about the sayings of this man Jesus in the Temple. + + + + + + X. + THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM. + + +I heard naught and saw naught of Jesus the Nazarene till the very last +week of his life, and that was the week before the Passover. The winter +had been a severe one, and much misery had arisen among the folk through +the exactions of the Romans; indeed, an attempt had been made to throw off +the Roman yoke. In several places the people had assembled in arms and +attacked the soldiery, and in some cases had slain their sentries. Pilate +had but sent off a cohort into the district, and all signs of discontent +went underground. One of the leaders of the revolt, Jesus Bar Abbas, had +been captured and thrown into prison. He, indeed, had attempted an +insurrection in Jerusalem itself, where he was well known and popular +among the common folk. When he was arrested, a riot had occurred, and one +of the soldiers was slain who had been sent to arrest him; wherefore he +lay now in prison on the charges of rebellion and murder. Yet many thought +that this man had been put forth to try the temper of the people and the +power of the Romans, in preparation for a more serious attempt to shake +off the oppressor. + +Yet who should lead the people? Jochanan, the only man whom of recent +times the people followed gladly, had been done to death by Herod. One man +alone since his death had won the people’s heart, to wit, Jesus the cousin +of Jochanan. He, and he alone, could lead the people against the Romans, +and all men wondered if he would. In the midst of their wonder came news +that Jesus the Nazarene was coming up to the Holy City for the Feast of +Passover, the feast of redemption from Egypt. Would it prove this year a +feast of redemption from the Romans? All hope of this depended upon this +Jesus. + +It was twenty‐one years ago, but I can remember as if it were yesterday +the excitement in Jerusalem when the news came that Jesus of Nazareth had +arrived in the neighborhood, and was spending his Sabbath at the village +of Bethany. All those who were disaffected against the Romans cried out, +“A leader! a leader!” All those who were halt, sick, or blind, cried out, +“A healer! a healer!” Wherever we went, there was no talk but of the +coming deliverance. As I approached one group of men I heard them say, +“When will it be? When will he give the sign? Will it be before or after +the feast?” “Nay,” said one of the crowd, a burly blacksmith he, “what day +for the deliverance but the Passover day? But be it when it may, let him +give the sign, and I shall be ready.” + +“And prove a new Maccabee,” said one in the crowd, referring to his +hammer, whereat a grim laugh arose. + +The next day being the first of the week, which the Romans call the Day of +the Sun, I was pondering the words of the Law in my little study chamber +near the roof of my father’s house in the Street of the Bakers near +Herod’s Palace, which at that time was inhabited by the Procurator, when +suddenly I heard the patter of many feet in the street beneath me, and +looking out, I saw them all hurrying, as it seemed, to the Temple. I put +on my sandals, and taking my staff in my hand and drawing my mantle over +my head, hurried out after the passers‐by. But when they came to the Broad +Place before the Water Gate, they turned sharp to the right, and went down +the Tyropœon as far as the Fountain Gate, where I overtook them. There I +found all the most turbulent of the city population. Some of the men I +knew had been engaged in the recent riot under Jesus Bar Abbas. Others +were the leading Zealots in Jerusalem, and all were men eager for the +freeing of the city from the Romans. And among them, too, were others who +cared not for freedom, nor hated the Romans, but would only be too pleased +if the city were given up to disorder and rapine. While these waited +there, we heard cries from behind us, and looking back, saw filing out +from the Temple courts on to the Xystus Bridge, and down into the +Tyropœon, the brigade of beggars who pass almost their whole life in the +Court of the Gentiles. These came down slowly, for among them were many +halt and some blind, and all were old and feeble of limb. “Why come they +forth from the courts?” I asked; “and why are we waiting?” Then said one +near me, “Knowest thou not that Jesus the Nazarene enters the city to‐day? +And men say he is to deliver us.” And at that moment a cry arose among the +folk, “Lo! there he is.” Looking south, for a time I could see nothing, +for the mid‐day sun of the spring solstice was shining with that radiance +which we Jews think is only to be seen in our land. But after a while I +could discern, turning the corner of the Jericho Road near En Rogel, a +mounted man, surrounded by a number of men and women on foot. “It is +Jesus—it is Jesus!” all cried; “let us to meet him!” And with that, all +but the lame rushed forward to meet him, and I with them. + +It is but three hundred paces from the Fountain Gate to En Rogel, and the +Nazarene and his friends had advanced somewhat to meet us, but in that +short space the enthusiasm of the crowd had arisen to a very fever, and as +we neared him one cried out, and all joined in the cry, “Hosanna Barabba! +Hosanna Barabba!” and then they shouted our usual cry of welcome, “Blessed +be he that cometh in the name of the Lord!” and one bolder than his +fellows called out, “Blessed be the coming of the kingdom!” At that there +was the wildest joy among the people. Some tore off branches of palms, and +stood by the way and waved them in front of Jesus; others took off each +his _talith_ and threw it down in front of the young ass on which Jesus +rode, as if to pave the way into the Holy City with choice linen. But when +I looked upon the face of Jesus, there were no signs there of the coming +triumph; he sat with his head bent forward, his eyes downcast, and his +face all sad. And a chill somehow came over me. I thought of that play of +the Greeks which thou gavest me to read, in which the king of men, driving +to his own palace at Argos, is enticed to enter it, stepping upon soft +carpets like an idol of your gods, and so incurs the divine jealousy. + +As we approached the Fountain Gate, the beggars from the Temple had come +down to it, and joined in the shouting and the welcome; and one of them, +Tobias ben Pinchas by name, who had, ever since men had known him, walked +with a crutch, suddenly, in his excitement, raised his crutch and waved it +over his head, and danced before Jesus, crying, “Hosanna Barabba! Hosanna +Barabba!” and all men cried out, “A miracle, a miracle! what cannot this +man perform?” And so, with a crowd surrounding him, Jesus entered +Jerusalem and went up into the Temple. But I that year had been appointed +one of the overseers who distributed the unleavened bread to the poor of +the city for the coming Passover, and I had then to attend the meeting of +my fellow‐overseers. + +That night there was no talk in Jerusalem but of the triumphant entry of +Jesus. The city was crowded by Israelites who had come up to the capital +for the festival, and a whisper went about that many of the strangers had +been summoned by Jesus to Jerusalem to help in the coming revolt. During +that night, wherever a Roman sentry stood, a crowd of the unruly would +collect round him and jeer at him; and in one place the sentry had to use +his spear, and wounded one of the crowd. So great was the tumult that, +when the sentries were changed for the midnight watch, a whole company of +soldiers accompanied the officer’s guard and helped to clear the streets. +Meanwhile, where was Jesus? And what was he doing in the midst of this +tumult? I made inquiry, for perchance he might have been holding +disputations about the Law, as is the custom with our Sages; but I learnt +that he had left the city at the eleventh hour, and gone back to the +village of Bethany, where he was staying. But I was thinking through all +that evening of the strange contrast between the triumphant joy of his +followers and the saddened countenance of the Nazarene. + +Men knew not what was to become of this movement in favor of him. Most of +the lower orders were hoping for a rising against the Romans to be led by +this Jesus. Shrewder ones among the Better thought that the man was about +to initiate a change in the spiritual government of our people. Some +thought he would depose the Sadducees, and place the Pharisees in their +stead. Others feared that he would carry into practice the ideals of the +_Ebionim_, and raise the Poor against the Rich. Others said, “Why did he +not enter by the gate of the Essenes, for he holdeth with them?” All knew +that the coming Passover would be a trying time for Israel, owing to the +presence of the man Jesus in Jerusalem, and the manifest favor in which he +was held by the common folk. But amidst all this I could see only the +pale, sad face of Jesus. + + + + + + XI. + THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE. + + +On the morrow, being the second day of the week, which the Romans call the +Day of the Moon, Jesus of Nazara came early into Jerusalem, and as soon as +it was known that he had entered the city, all those that had gone out to +greet him on the previous day, and many more with them who had heard of +the miracle that he had performed, went to meet him in the Broad Place. +And near upon the time of the mid‐day sacrifice, Jesus and all these men +went up to the Temple. + +Now, I have told thee how, when Jesus had first come to Jerusalem, he had +driven forth from the Court of the Gentiles all those who were engaged in +selling beasts of sacrifice, or in changing foreign moneys for the +shekels. But the money‐changers and others had been replaced by the orders +of the High Priest Hanan, and nothing had come of this action, nor in his +later visits to Jerusalem had he done aught in the matter, and it was +thought that he had acknowledged the right and the power of the priests to +have the monopoly of the sale of sacrifices. Now, that day of the Moon was +the tenth day of the month Nisan, and upon it were purchased all the lambs +for the forthcoming Passover sacrifices, as it is said in the Law, “In the +tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb according +to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house.” As this Paschal +sacrifice is the only home sacrifice of us Jews, thou mightest imagine +that each householder could obtain his lamb whence he would; but the +priests say “No” to this, for if a man could take any chance lamb, it +might not be without blemish. So it had grown to be a custom that, on the +morning of the tenth day of Nisan, the heads of households in Jerusalem +should wend their way to the courts of the Temple, there to select each +man a lamb. And the priests had their profit in this, for they claimed +from those who sold the lambs dues for every animal allowed to be in the +courts. And the sellers again were agreeable to this, for none that had +not the favor could sell the Paschal lambs. Whence it was that the price +of a lamb in the Paschal week was more than three times as much as at any +time of the year, and the poorer people murmured greatly. + +Thus it happened that upon this day, when Jesus came into the courts of +the Temple, these were crowded with all the householders of Jerusalem, and +much chaffering and haggling was going on in the purchase of the lambs for +the Passover. But Jesus, with the favor he had won from the people, was +for this day at least Ruler of Jerusalem, and men wondered what he would +do with regard to this sale and purchase of the beasts of sacrifice; for +on his first coming to Jerusalem, as I have told thee, he had driven the +sellers away, but afterwards, when they had been restored to their places, +he had seemed to acquiesce. What would he do now, men thought, as they saw +him advancing over the Xystus Bridge, the head of a vast concourse of +people who would do all that he told them? + +They had not long to wait, for no sooner had he entered the Temple courts, +than he spake to those around him, and ordered them to remove the tables +of the money‐changers, with their weights and scales, without which no +purchase could be; and no man dared say him nay, for all knew that the +people were with him. And they, indeed, were rejoiced, for they took this +as permission to buy their Paschal lambs where they would; and many of +those who had been bargaining in the courts of the Temple went off at once +to the market, and got them their lambs from thence. All this I heard of +in the inner courts of the Temple, for it chanced that day that I had to +offer a sin offering, and was waiting my turn in the Court of the +Israelites while the priests were preparing the mid‐day sacrifice. And I +saw one coming up to Hanan and to Joseph Caiaphas, who were presiding over +the sacrifice, and they spake earnestly to one another, and stopped the +sacrifice, and came through the Court of the Israelites and went down the +Court of the Women, and all of us followed them thither. And when we came +to the Beautiful Gate, and turned to the right round the corner of the +Temple, behold, we saw the flocks of Paschal lambs being driven through +the Western Gates. And in the midst of the court stood Jesus, surrounded +by a multitude clamoring and shouting. Then saw I Hanan lean over to +Joseph Caiaphas, his son‐in‐law, and speak somewhat to him. Then the +latter advanced in front of the priests and the scribes, who had come +forth with him, and asked, “Who hath done this?” And Jesus said, “It is +I.” Then spake Joseph again and said, “Tell us, by what authority doest +thou these things? And who gave thee this authority?” + +Now, Joseph the High Priest was clad this day in the robes of his office, +with tiara on head, the ephod on his breast, and silver bells and +pomegranates round the edge of his garment. Whereas Jesus the Nazarene +wore his wonted garb of a common country workman. Yet for the moment this +common workman was the greater power of the two; since all men knew how he +had been received by the people when he had come into Jerusalem, and that +what he willed, all the people of Jerusalem willed also at that time. So +all were hushed to hear what this Jesus would say to the question of the +High Priest, since now they thought he must declare himself, and justify +the power he was exercising. + +But here again, as on former occasions, Jesus answered not directly to the +question of the priests, but rather questioned them. He said, “I also ask +you one thing, which if ye tell me, I likewise will tell you by what +authority I do these things. The baptism of Jochanan, was it from heaven +or of men? Answer me.” And they answered and said unto Jesus, “We cannot +tell.” Then said Jesus unto them, “Then neither will I tell by what +authority I do these things. To what is the matter like? There was a man +had two sons. And the man came to the first, and said, ‘My son, go work in +my vineyard.’ But he said, ‘I will not.’ Howbeit afterward he repented, +and went to work. But the man went to the second, and spake in like +manner. But he answered, ‘I go, sir.’ But yet he went not. Whether of +these twain did the will of his father?” And we all answered, “The first.” +Then Jesus looked slowly around at us all, and said, “This I say unto you, +the publicans and harlots enter into the kingdom of heaven before you. For +Jochanan came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye heeded him not, +but the harlots and the publicans heeded him: but ye, even when ye saw +this, repented not.” + +Now, at this public insult to all of priestly rank, I saw dart forward +Hanan the High Priest, as if he would have rent the man Jesus. But +Caiaphas his son‐in‐law caught him by the wrist, and whispered words in +his ear. But Hanan broke loose, and called out in a loud voice, “My guard, +my guard!” Whereat many of the folk who had come with Jesus into the Court +of the Gentiles came forward round him, and put their hands to their +weapons. He indeed said naught, nor seemed aware of the conflict that +threatened. But Caiaphas turned, and in a loud voice said, “I go to +perform the mid‐day sacrifice,” and walked slowly out of the court back to +the Temple. And we all followed him. + +Now, when we returned from performing the sacrifice, Jesus had left the +courts of the Temple, which had become bare and empty of people. And as I +went homeward to my house in the Street of the Bakers, I looked down from +the Xystus Bridge, and saw trooping down the Tyropœon Jesus and a great +multitude of the people, who crowded round him, as if eager to touch the +hem of his garment. I stood and watched till they reached the Fountain +Gate, through which he passed; and shortly afterwards I could see him on +the road to the Fountain of Rogel, still accompanied by many of the +people. + +What was to come of that day’s work I knew not. For the first time the +discontent of the common folk with the management of the Temple by the +priests had come to a head, and had resulted in this open conflict between +Jesus and the High Priests. The city was full of strangers excited by +thoughts of the coming festival. The common people had not yet calmed +themselves from the thoughts of rebellion which had been raised by the +rising of Jesus Bar Abbas and others. The whole city was as tow ready for +the spark of fire. + + + + + + XII. + THE WOES. + + +Now, on the morrow, being the third day of the week, Jesus of Nazara came +again into the city, and the rumor of his coming spread through all the +streets and places of Jerusalem. And going forth after the morning +prayers, I found Jesus with many around him in the Broad Place before the +Water Gate. And as I approached near to them, I saw the crowd part asunder +and a procession coming through, and almost all the men there bowed and +did reverence to the men who were passing through. Now, these were mostly +of the Pharisaic sect, who were going to the Great Beth Hamidrash, to +pursue the study of the Law and to give decisions on legal questions which +the common folk put to them. And at their head walked Jochanan ben Zaccai, +the President of the Tribunal. He was regarded as the most capable +exponent of the Law since the death of Hillel, whose favorite pupil he had +been, and men were wont to refer to him for decision in all the most +difficult questions of life. He was walking at the head of the procession +in his long _talith_ with large borders and in his broad phylacteries. And +he passed Jesus with a salutation, indeed, but in it was mingled some of +the pride and contempt with which the masters of the Law regarded all +those whom they call the Country‐folk. + +When these had passed, Jesus turned round to the people, and spake these +words: + + +“The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses’ seat: all therefore +whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after +their works: for they say, and do not. For they bind heavy burdens and +grievous to be borne, and lay them on men’s shoulders; but they themselves +will not move them with one of their fingers. But all their works they do +for to be seen of men: they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the +borders of their garments, and love the chief place at feasts, and the +chief seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets, and to be +called of men, ‘Rabbi, Rabbi.’ + +“But be not ye called Rabbi: for One is your Master, and all ye are +brethren. + +“And call no man your father upon the earth: for One is your Father, which +is in heaven. + +“Neither be ye called Masters, for One is your Master. + +“But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant. And whosoever +shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that shall humble himself +shall be exalted. + +“But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the +kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in yourselves, neither +suffer ye them that are entering to go in. + +“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows’ +houses, and for a pretence make long prayers: therefore ye shall receive +the greater damnation. + +“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and +land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more +the child of hell than yourselves. + +“Woe unto you, blind guides, which say, ‘Whosoever shall swear by the +Temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the +Temple, he is bound!’ Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, the +gold, or the Temple that sanctifieth the gold? And, ‘Whosoever shall swear +by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever sweareth by the gift that is +upon it, he is bound!’ Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, the +gift, or the altar that sanctifieth the gift? Whoso, therefore, shall +swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon. And whoso +shall swear by the Temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth +therein. And he that shall swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne of God, +and by him that sitteth thereon. + +“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint +and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the Law, +judgment, mercy, and faith; these ought ye to have done, and not to leave +the other undone. + +“Ye blind guides, which strain out the gnat and swallow a camel! + +“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make clean the +outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of +extortion and excess. Thou blind Pharisee! cleanse first that which is +within the cup and platter, that the outside of them may be clean also. + +“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto +whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within +full of dead men’s bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye also +outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy +and iniquity. + +“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye build the +tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous, and +say, ‘If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not have been +partakers with them in the blood of the prophets.’ Fill ye up, then, the +measure of your fathers. Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye +escape the damnation of hell?” + + +And all the people were astonished at these words, for in many of his +sayings and most of his actions Jesus had seemed to incline more to the +sect of the Pharisees than to any other section of the house of Israel. +And, indeed, in the opening words of his discourse he had granted their +right to interpret the Law and to lead the people. Yet wherefore had he +denounced them all without distinction as men insincere and void of truth? +Hypocrites there were among them as among other classes of men. Often, +indeed, their acts did not go with their words; but of what man can it be +said that all his acts and words go together? These men were occupied in +building a rampart to the Law, and holding the fortress against enemies +without and dissensions within. Those ramparts might confine our actions +within a narrow space, yet is it not well for all men to be kept perforce +in the path of duty? I know thou thinkest otherwise, Aglaophonos. Thy +Master the Stagyrite has taught thee that man should be a law unto +himself; but we Jews willingly bear the yoke of the Law, because we +believe it to be the yoke of the Lord. And in this matter Jesus had in +every way shown himself to be a Jew of the Jews. Why, then, was he so in +wrath against the interpreters of the Law? + +Yet were the common folk not displeased at these sayings of Jesus; nay, +rather they applauded them. For in many ways our Sages have failed to find +favor with the common folk of Israel; for besides that they would regulate +their lives at every point, so that no man dare do this or do that except +in the way the Sages prescribe, but chiefly the rabbis were out of favor +with the folk for that they did openly despise and condemn all but those +who were learned in the Law. The unlearned they called the Country‐folk. +Wherefore did the people hear with pleasure the bitter words Jesus spake +against the scribes and the Pharisees. + +The night of that same day an event occurred which roused the city of +Jerusalem to a pitch of expectation such as I had never seen there. Two +young Zealots, artisans, that were popular with their fellows for their +kindness of heart and good humor, fell into an altercation with a Roman +officer near the Sheep Gate, not far from Antonia, where all the Roman +soldiers lie. Without a word of warning, the Roman officer drew his sword +and killed one of these young men, and when his companion and the passers‐ +by rebuked him, and would have seized him to take him before the +procurator, he gave a signal, and a multitude of soldiers poured forth +from Antonia and struck without mercy among the crowd. Five were killed +and many were wounded, and the whole city was in an uproar at this proof +of Roman insolence. “How long, O Lord?” the graybeards said, raising their +hands to heaven. And the younger men said, “Let us but wait the coming of +Jesus the Liberator; surely before the Passover he will free us from the +rule of the _Goyim_.” + + + + + + XIII. + THE GREAT REFUSAL. + + +Thou canst imagine with what feelings of expectation all Jerusalem awaited +the coming of Jesus next morning. Many of the Pharisees had come together +the eve before, and spoken of the public insult Jesus had given to their +sect on the preceding day. Hanan the High Priest, we heard, had quarrelled +furiously with his son‐in‐law Joseph Caiaphas, for that he had not allowed +him to summon his guard after the humiliation he had put upon them in the +Temple. Yet neither the Pharisees nor the Sadducees who followed the High +Priests dared lay hands upon this Jesus, because of the evident favor in +which he was held by the common folk of Jerusalem, and above all by the +many from country parts who had come up, like him, to spend the Passover +in the Holy City. Among all these there was no talk but of Jesus the +Liberator; nay! many spake of him as Jesus the Christ. And if he were +indeed to be the Christ, the King of Israel, the Founder of the New +Kingdom, it could not be that he would suffer longer the yoke of the +Romans to lie upon the neck of Israel. + +Yet there was one thing that perplexed many, and opinion went hither and +thither among the minds of men concerning it. The Christ who was to +deliver Israel and to rule over mankind, was he not to be the son of +David? Yet this Jesus was of Galilee, where the admixture of blood had +been greatest in all Israel. “There is no unleavened bread in all +Galilee,” the scoffers used to say, meaning thereby that their genealogy +was sprinkled with yeast, as we call foreign admixture. And for this man’s +genealogy, who could declare it? Many, indeed, as I have told thee, +thought him to have no right even to be called son of his father. A +_mamzer_ shall not sit in the congregation of Israel. How, then, could one +ascend Israel’s throne? + +When, therefore, Jesus came next morning from his lodging in Bethany, all +Jerusalem turned out to welcome him, for the Passover was coming anear, +and if aught was to be done to clear the city of the Romans, it must be +done quickly, must be done on that day. Never saw I the courts of the +Temple so crowded as on that day when I came thither, and found Jesus +standing in the Court of the Gentiles, with almost all the leading men of +Jerusalem and many of the common folk surging about him. Scarce room was +left for the Roman sentry to march his guard in front of the Beautiful +Gate. Yet he took no heed of us barbarians, but with shield and spear +shouldered his way backward and forward, backward and forward, a sign to +all men that the house of God was in the hands of God’s enemies. + +Never saw I the men of Jerusalem so exultant as on that morning. Wherever +I looked, joy—a grim joy—was on every man’s countenance, and there was no +man there but was armed, save only Jesus himself and some ten or a dozen +men who had come with him from Bethany, and these, indeed, were the only +men who had not shown joy. Never had I seen the Nazarene with a +countenance so saddened and aweary. Yestermorn he had been flashing with +anger and indignation as he spake his words against the Pharisees, but on +this day his force seemed to be spent, and he appeared like one who had +passed through a great agony. + +Now, as they were standing there, I saw a man, one of the leaders of the +Zealots, armed as if for battle, go up and lay a hand upon one of those +with Jesus. He spake eagerly with him, and pointed with his thumb to the +Roman soldier as he passed to and fro. But the other shook his head +vehemently, and took his arm away from the grasp of the Zealot and turned +his back upon him. + +Now, at this moment certain of the Pharisees came through the crowd and +advanced to Jesus. So great was the crowd that I heard not at first what +they said unto him; but it must have been some question about the matter +that was in all men’s minds, for I heard his reply, and that, as was his +wont, was in the form of a counter‐question to their inquiry, for he said, +“What think _ye_ of the Christ? Whose son is he?” And they, speaking with +the thought of all Israel, said, “The Christ is the son of David.” + +Then all men watched with expectancy to hear what the Nazarene would say +to this; for if he agreed with them, then would he deny himself to be the +Christ: for his genealogy had by no means been proven. But yet, how could +he disprove the belief of all Israel, that the Christ was the Son of +David? Yet that did he after the manner of our Sages, using words of +Scripture as his confirmation; for he said unto them, “How then is it that +David himself saith in the Book of Psalms, ‘The Lord said unto my Lord, +Sit thou on my right hand until I make thine enemies thy footstool’? David +therefore himself calleth the Christ Lord; how then can the Christ be his +son?” + +At this the Pharisees knew not what to say, for no man had hitherto used +that _stichos_ of the Psalms, and they knew not what to reply. But the +common folk were rejoiced exceedingly; joy spread on their faces, and I +saw many a fist raised and shaken in exultant defiance at the Roman +sentry, who walked hither and thither on his guard as if he were a living +mass of steel. + +Thereupon certain of the crowd who were known to be followers of Herod had +speech with Jesus, and spake to him: “Master, we know that thou art true, +and carest for no man; that thou regardest not the person of men, but +teachest the way of God in all truth—tell us, therefore, what thinkest +thou: is it lawful to give tribute to Cæsar or not? shall we give, or +shall we not give?” All men were silent, and drew their breath to hear +what Jesus might say to this. For if he claimed to be the Anointed One, to +whom but to the King of Israel should Israel’s tribute be paid? + +But he said unto them, “Why tempt ye me? Bring me a denarius, that I may +see it.” And they brought one and put it into his hand. And he held it +forth unto them, and said, “Whose is this image and superscription?” And +they answered, “Cæsar’s.” And then Jesus said unto them, “Render to Cæsar +the things that are Cæsar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.” And +these Herodians marvelled at the subtlety with which he had answered them, +but the common folk were amazed and dumfounded at his answer. And soon I +heard one say to another, “He denieth: he would pay tribute to Cæsar.” And +gradually all the men drew away from him, leaving him alone with only the +company with him from Bethany. + +But he, seeing this, turned to one of those with him, and said, “Peter, of +whom do the kings of the earth take custom? of their own children, or of +the aliens?” And Peter answered and said, “Of the aliens.” Then Jesus said +to him, “Then are the children free?” And Peter said to him, “Yes.” Then +said Jesus unto him, “Then do thou also give, as being an alien to them.” +The common folk heard this, indeed, but were in no wise satisfied. If they +were to give tribute to the Romans for whatever cause, they were still to +be under subjection to Rome, and then Jesus refused to be their Liberator; +that had become clear to them of a sudden. And they drew still further +away from him. And a deep silence of mortification fell upon all men +there, so that thou couldst hear distinctly the tread of the Roman sentry +as he moved on his march. + +Amid the deep silence suddenly came a gentle tinkling, as of silver bells; +it came nearer and nearer, and a crier called out, “Way for the High +Priests!” Then Hanan the High Priest, with Caiaphas his son‐in‐law, and +others of the priests accompanied by their guard, came down the steps from +the Beautiful Gate. The Roman sentry stopped his march and stood upright, +with spear on ground, and all made way as the procession of the High +Priests passed through the court. All men were silent, and thou couldst +hear the tinkling of the silver bells which were attached to the hems of +the High Priests’ garments. Hanan walked at the head of the procession +with his usual haughty gait, and had nearly passed through the court, when +he saw Jesus and those with him. At once he halted, and summoned one of +the crowd to him. Then we saw much eager talk between this man and the +High Priest. And Hanan summoned the captain of his guard, who would have +turned towards Jesus, but that Joseph Caiaphas stayed him and spake unto +Hanan, pointing to the Roman sentry. After much talk between these, the +High Priests resumed their march and left the Temple. And all the other +men began to pass away from the court, leaving Jesus and his men alone +with none to listen to him. For the word passed swiftly in the mouths of +all the men of Jerusalem,—“He refuseth; he would have us be slaves of the +Romans forever.” + + + + + + XIV. + THE MEETING OF THE HANANITES. + + +The next day being the fifth day of the week, and the thirteenth day of +the month Nisan in that year, many rumors went about the city as to the +man Jesus. There were who said that he had been seized by the guards of +Hanan; others said that he had left the village of Bethany and gone no man +knew whither. But for that day Jesus came not into Jerusalem, and men’s +minds were occupied more with one of the difficulties of our Law which +form the occupation and delight of our Sages. I must explain this unto +thee, for upon it turn the events of the next day, so fateful for the man +about whom thou art inquiring. Thou canst easily understand what I shall +say, for thou hast, I know, a copy of the Scriptures in Greek, for did I +not procure it for thee? + +It is said in the Law, thou wilt find, that the Passover lamb is to be +killed in the twilight between the fourteenth and the fifteenth of Nisan, +and it is also said in our Law that the whole of the lamb must be consumed +that evening. Now, in the years when the fifteenth of Nisan, which is the +first day of the Passover, falleth upon the Sabbath, the killing and +roasting of the lamb would take place on the Sabbath eve, when no killing +must take place and no fire must be lit. Hence arises a conflict of the +Law of the Passover with the Law of the Sabbath. Now, the older view was, +that the Passover was superior to the Sabbath, and its law was to be +followed in preference. This the priests held and followed, and in this +they seemed to have the authority of the great Hillel, who also declared +the Passover superior to the Sabbath. + +But many among the Pharisees and the more pious preferred to slay the +Passover lamb on the eve between the thirteenth and the fourteenth day of +Nisan, and to eat it on the fourteenth day; that is, in those years when +the Passover fell on the Sabbath, as was the case in the year of which I +am now writing. It would appear that Jesus and his followers held with the +latter opinion, for, as I have heard, on the eve of the fourteenth of +Nisan he came stealthily into the city of Jerusalem, and ate the Passover +lamb concealed in an upper chamber of one of his friends in the city. It +showeth how earnest this man was in following the larger precepts of the +Law, though in smaller matters he seemed to neglect it. For by this time +he must have known that he was no longer safe in Jerusalem; and, indeed, +he proved this by his secret entry into it. Yet in order to fulfil the +Law, which saith, “The Passover lamb is to be eaten in Jerusalem,” he +risked his own and his followers’ lives. Yet was he careful of them; for, +as thou shalt soon hear, as soon as he had gone through the meal +prescribed by the Law, he escaped out of Jerusalem. + +Now, that night I was standing at the door of my house, looking upon the +city bathed in the light of the moon, which was near its full, when +suddenly a man seized me by the arm and said, “Thou art wanted.” I looked, +and behold it was Simon Kantheros, my brother‐in‐law. And I said to him, +“Who wants me? and wherefore?” And Simon answered me and said, “Hanan the +High Priest has summoned suddenly a meeting of the Sanhedrim at his house +on the Mount of Olives.” Then said I, “But if it be at his house, it can +only be the Priestly Sanhedrim of Twenty‐Three that he summons.” “Nay, +nay, man,” answered Simon, “the case is urgent. He saith, ‘any member of +the Sanhedrim.’ Come, then, with me, and quickly.” So with that I seized +my mantle and my staff, and went forth with him. + +So we hurried across the market‐place towards the Fish Gate, and as we +passed near the Tower Antonia, we saw the flashing of red lights, and +heard hoarse cries of command, and knew not what was toward. But when we +arrived at the Fish Gate, we found them changing the sentries of the first +watch, and knew that the second watch had begun. At first the sentry would +not let us through the gate; but the officer was called, and Simon showed +him his badge as member of the Sanhedrim. But even this would not have +sufficed, but that Simon then pointed to his toga and the purple stripe, +which showed that he was a Roman citizen of rank. Thereat the officer +spake to the sentry, and we passed through the gate, and turned sharply to +the right, and went down the road which leads to the valley of the Kidron. +And as we were passing the Brook Kidron, we looked and saw dots of red +light moving up the hill from the Garden of Gethsemane. And as we advanced +up the hill of the Mount of Olives, we could see from time to time these +red sparks preceding us; and when we came within sight of the High +Priest’s house, we saw them enter in and disappear. + +Soon we ourselves had come up to the gate, and when we knocked, a wicket +was opened, and a face peered out, and our names were asked. When we had +told them, the gate was closed, and we had to wait some time. But at last +the door was opened, and the captain of the guard received us. He took us +through the passage which led into the open court, with the water‐basin in +the centre, round which we skirted, and ascended the steps into the inner +house. And again we stopped before the hall‐door while our names were +asked, and again we had to wait till the door was at last opened. Then at +last we entered the hall, and found Joseph Caiaphas the High Priest and +many of his kinsmen seated round a long table. Caiaphas rose, and motioned +us to two seats at the end of this table, and we seated ourselves. + +When my eyes had become accustomed to the light, I looked round, and said +the greeting of peace unto those I knew of the assembly. I can still +remember many of their names. There was Ishmael ben Phabi, who had at +first replaced Hanan as High Priest. There were also the four sons of +Hanan—Eleazar, Jonathan, Theophilus, and Matthias. Then there were +Kamithos the priest, and his two sons, Simon and Joseph. And beside these, +I remember two men of my own generation—Elioni ben Kantheros and Chananyah +ben Nedebai. Most of these men had been, or were afterwards, High Priests, +and were all at this time members of the Priestly Sanhedrim. On the left +of Caiaphas was a low stool, and, even as I looked, Hanan ben Seth the +High Priest came in swiftly from a side door, and took a seat thereon. He +glanced sharply round at each of us, counting our numbers, and we were +exactly three and twenty. And when he saw me, he rose and spake somewhat +harshly, “Meshullam ben Zadok, what dost thou here? This is a meeting of +the Priestly Sanhedrim. Thou art a son of Israel.” And I answered and +said, “Simon Kantheros here, my kinsman, summoned me to the meeting, +saying that any member of the Sanhedrim could attend.” The High Priest +thought for a moment—he seemed as if he were counting us again—then he +said, “Be it so; thou art at least a true son of Israel, and this is not a +formal meeting of the priests.” He sat him down again, and we waited. At +last an attendant entered by the same door, and, going up to the High +Priest, spake to him. He nodded quickly, and dismissed him with a wave of +his hand. And when he had passed through the door, Hanan the High Priest +rose, and spake to us these words:— + +“Kinsmen and colleagues, ye have all heard, if ye have not witnessed, how +Jesus of Nazara entered the Holy City on the first day of this week, amid +the acclamations of his followers and many of the lower people, who even +went so far as to hail him as the Deliverer. Now, to‐morrow, as ye know, +is the Passover. Who knows, if the thoughts of deliverance from Egypt, +which come at that time, may not cause this man, or, if not him, his +followers, to attempt a rising against the Romans our masters? We know +that any such attempt would be entirely futile, but the very attempt +itself would be the ruin of the nation. Ye know the character of the man +Pontius Pilate. ’Tis but a short time since he slew, of wanton cruelty, +certain Galilæans, even while they were making sacrifices, and all for +mere suspicion of disaffection. Ye cannot but remember the building of +Solomon’s Aqueduct. Because money was taken from the Temple treasury for +the building thereof, the people were inflamed, and would have risen +against them. What did he but send his soldiers, disguised in civil garb +and armed with clubs, among the people, when they came to make their +protest? And without warning, and in mere wanton cruelty, did he give the +signal for massacre. If he did this at a mere threat of a rising, what +will happen should an actual rising take place to‐morrow? It is our duty +to see that such a calamity fall not upon this nation because of the +presence of this rude provincial in our midst. Better one man should die +than the nation should suffer. No time was to be lost, and I therefore +have had this Jesus arrested, and he now awaits our pleasure in the +atrium. + +“Before I summon him to our presence, I would briefly state to you what +seems to me and some of our friends here the right course to be followed. +We purpose to hand him over at dawn to Pontius Pilate, to deal with him as +he will. For he, by his spies, and by the demonstration on the first day +of the week, must be aware of the danger of a rising to‐morrow night, +caused by this man’s presence in our city. Indeed, it is for the very +purpose of preventing a rising that he cometh up each year about the +Passover to Jerusalem. Let it, then, be his care to prevent it how he +will; we shall have done our part, and he cannot punish the nation, or us +its leaders. + +“But some of you will say, Why should we deliver this man up to the +Romans, perhaps, or even probably, to his death? I say, that even apart +from the danger which he offers to the State, he is worthy of death for +his manifest blasphemies. He speaketh of himself as very God, and claims +to be the Anointed One, and puts aside the Law as it pleaseth him. I say +naught of his insolence in the Temple cloisters, for this matter concerns +us that be priests, and in the matter of judgment we must not take account +of aught that deals with our private concerns; yet it is manifest that he +hath no reverence for the Lord’s house: witnesses shall prove to you that +he hath said he would sweep it away and build another. I wonder not that +horror is expressed in your faces at this blasphemy. + +“Yet, as ye know, our Law hath in mercy provided that none shall be +condemned unless on the testimony of witnesses. The Law shall be +fulfilled. Even now, as I speak, one of his followers, Judas, a man of +Kerioth, is drawing forth from him his blasphemies before two witnesses, +concealed, as is the custom. And even if he fail, I know this man Jesus; +in his arrogance he will not scruple to repeat his blasphemies, even +before us. + +“Time presses, and I have but this to add before the prisoner is summoned: +it is a wise provision of our Law, that in capital charges no final +condemnation shall occur until the second day of the trial. The day before +the Passover began this eve. If we keep to the Law, no condemnation can +take place till after the first day of the Passover, by which time all the +mischance may have come to pass. If the power of life and death were +solely in our hands, I would not depart in aught from the wise provision +of our forefathers; but, in truth, if this man be put to death, it will +not be our doing, for his fate rests with Pilate. I would remind the +younger members of the Sanhedrim that the final decision is not with us, +and if they vote for this man’s death, as I cannot doubt they will, +considering the pressing danger to our nation, they need not fear to be +called members of a bloodthirsty Sanhedrim, since his death, if death he +suffers, will be at the hands of the Roman Procurator. In this strait I +propose, therefore, to examine this man at once, and if, as I doubt not, +he avows his guilt, to wait till the morning for his final condemnation, +and in this way fulfil the Law. Summon the prisoner to our presence.” +Then, turning to Caiaphas, he said, “This is a matter between us and the +Romans, for whom thou, Joseph, art the High Priest. Take thou, then, the +interrogatory.” + + + + + + XV. + THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM. + + +Then from the lower end of the hall entered Jesus the Nazarene, with his +arms bound with withes behind his back, and he was led by the captain of +the guard up to the centre of the table opposite Caiaphas the High Priest. +Then Caiaphas rose, and, looking at a paper in his hand which Hanan had +given him, said unto Jesus, “Jesus of Nazara, thou art accused before us +of blasphemy, and of leading the people of Israel astray: what sayest thou +thereto?” Jesus gazed haughtily at him, and answered, “_I_ spake openly to +all the world, I have taught in the synagogue and in the Temple, and in +secret I have said nothing. Why askest thou me? Ask them which heard me +what I have said unto them. Behold, they know what I have said.” Then one +of the men who had led Jesus in struck him with the palm of his hand, and +said, “Answerest thou the High Priest so?” But Jesus turned, and said to +him in a milder voice, “If I have said aught that is evil, bear witness +thereof; but if well, why smitest thou me?” And Caiaphas the High Priest +bade the man begone and bring in the witnesses. Then one man came forward +and said he had heard Jesus call himself the Son of God. And another, that +he had spoken of himself as if he were very God, and could do all that the +Holy One, blessed be He, can perform. And yet another came forward and +said he had heard Jesus speak of himself as Son of Man, and had thereby, +as he thought, claimed to do what the Son of Man is said to do in the +Prophets Daniel and Enoch. But no two of these witnesses agreed as to time +and seasons, as is required by our Law. At last, however, two of them +declared that on the preceding day in the Temple they had heard him say, +“I will destroy this Temple that is made with hands, and in three days I +will build another without hands.” Now, during all this time Jesus had +said naught, but looked before him with that rapt expression that I had +seen upon him on the second occasion when I had heard him preach in the +synagogue of the Galilæans. So Caiaphas the High Priest spake to him, +saying, “Answerest thou naught to what these men witness against thee?” +And Jesus made as if he heard not. + +Then Hanan the High Priest leaned over to Caiaphas his son‐in‐law and +spake some words to him. Then Caiaphas, rising, spake thus to Jesus: “Art +thou the Christ, the Son of the Holy One, blessed be He?” Then Jesus +raised his head, and gazing fixedly at the High Priest, said in a loud +voice, “Thou hast said. And hereafter ye shall see the Son of Man sitting +on the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of heaven.” Then +Hanan the High Priest rose and rent his clothes, as is our wont in time of +mourning or when blasphemy is heard, and he called out in his keen, shrill +voice, “What need we any further witnesses? Ye have heard the blasphemy; +what think ye?” And he waved his hand to the captain of the guard, who +removed the prisoner. + +When the door was closed behind him, Hanan said, “What need we of further +words? let us proceed to the judgment.” And glancing over to Chananyah ben +Nedebai, he said, “Chananyah, thou art the youngest; it is thine to +pronounce judgment first. Is not this man guilty of death for his manifest +blasphemy here before us?” And Chananyah said, “Yea.” And so said all till +Hanan had called upon thirteen to give judgment. Then said Hanan, “This +man is for certain condemned to death, or at least to be handed over to +the Roman Procurator: for already a majority of two have declared his +death, even if all the rest were for an acquittal, as I cannot think +possible. The Court will rise and reassemble at the time of the saying of +the morning prayer, in order to confirm this judgment. Ye will not have +long to wait, for even now I heard the crowing of the cock, and the dawn +cannot be far off.” + +Then the Court broke up, and many of the younger members met together and +discussed the case. And I was somewhat surprised to find that very few +words of compassion were raised for Jesus. The stubborn conduct of the +prisoner had set them against him in the first place, and his wild +outburst had confirmed their ill thoughts of him. But most of all they +were influenced by the thought that this was but a preliminary trial, and +could only result in handing him over to the Roman Procurator, with whom +the last word would be. None of them had seen aught of Jesus but during +the last few days in the Temple, when he had interfered with their order +and prerogatives. I cannot say I was convinced, either by Hanan’s harangue +at first, or by these men’s arguments afterwards. But I was somewhat +perplexed, feeling myself in some wise an intruder in their midst, not +being of the priestly order. And as is my custom in such cases, I went out +into the open air down the steps into the atrium. + +There I found a great fire had been lit in the court, for the night was +chilly. Near the fire Jesus was seated, with the High Priest’s guard +around him. As I came near, behold, one of the guard threw part of his +mantle across the face of Jesus so as to blindfold him, and then struck +him, saying, “Thou art a Prophet; prophesy who hath struck thee.” And all +the soldiers laughed and jeered. Then sought I the captain of the guard +and told him this, and he said, “They mean naught of ill—they be rude +fellows; howbeit, I will stop them.” And he went up to them and reproved +them. And I paced up and down the courtyard, with the silent stars above +and the glowing fire beneath, till an apparitor of the High Priest +summoned me, saying, “It beginneth to dawn at the back of the house; the +Council will resume its sitting.” + +When I entered the council‐chamber, I found all seated as before, but in +the midst was a smaller table, at which was seated a scribe, with a roll +in front of him. Then Hanan the High Priest came in, and said, “Ye have +all had the time of deliberation prescribed by our sages in capital cases, +or at least as much time as the urgency of the matter permits. We must +proceed to the formal ratification of this man’s sentence, for I cannot +doubt that ye will see fit to confirm the righteous judgment which your +zeal for the Lord caused you to pass just now upon this man. And again I +would bid you remember you are voting, not so much for this man’s death, +as whether he is to be delivered to the Romans. Scribe, read the roll.” +And with that the scribe began to read our names, and we all answered to +them. Then said Hanan, “We will now proceed to the voting,” and called +upon Chananyah ben Nedebai to record his vote. And he voted as before, for +death. Then each in his turn, and all voted as before. And when my name +was called upon I arose and hesitated, and Hanan looked over to me and +said, “Thou speakest here by our courtesy, Meshullam ben Zadok; if thou +disagree with the unanimous opinion of thy colleagues, thou hadst best +instruct us in thy reasons. What sayest thou? Is not he guilty of death +who is guilty of blasphemy against the Most High?” “Yea,” said I. “And was +not this man Jesus manifestly guilty of blasphemy before us?” “Yea,” said +I. Then said Hanan swiftly to the scribe, “He voteth for death,” and waved +me down to my seat. And thereafter all the remaining members of the +Council voted for death, finishing with Hanan as the oldest, who merely +gave a grim nod to the scribe. + +By this time it was quite light, and all the Council and many of Hanan’s +household joined together to say the morning prayers. After prayers most +of the Council, with Hanan and Caiaphas at our head, followed the soldiers +who guarded Jesus down from the Mount of Olives. As we came near the Brook +Kidron, behold, a man with haggard face darted out from the shrubs by the +wayside, and rushing up to Hanan the High Priest, dashed down at his feet +a bag which chinked, and then disappeared into the wayside again. But +Hanan only motioned with his finger to the bag at his feet, and the +captain of his guard lifted it up and poured out its contents into his +hand, and, behold, it was a number of new shekels from the Temple +treasury. Then Hanan smiled grimly, and bade the captain put them aside. +Thereupon we resumed our march, and soon came to the Aldgate. There we +inquired where the Procurator was, and learnt that he had taken up his +dwelling at the Palace of Herod, so that he might be in Jerusalem during +the Passover, as was his wont, for fear of a rising at that time. Then we +marched across and halted in front of the palace. And on our way the rumor +spread throughout the city that Jesus the Nazarene was being carried +before the Procurator, and soon our procession was joined by all who were +free from household duties. I have explained to thee, have I not, how that +for those of the older opinion this sixth day of the week was the day on +which the Paschal lamb was to be sacrificed, and for all good Jews the +morning would be devoted to the final search after the leaven. That +morning, therefore, all the householders of Jerusalem and all the heads of +families were occupied in the search after leaven, or in preparation for +the Paschal sacrifice, and it was only the younger men, and those who +cared not for acts of piety, who followed our procession on the way to +Herod’s Palace. + +Now, all those of the Council were of the older opinion as to the Paschal +sacrifice, and were about to perform it on the evening of that day. +Wherefore it behoved them not to enter the dwellings of the heathen during +that day, since it is their custom to bury the bodies of men in their +gardens or in their houses, which render them a defilement to us Jews. +Therefore on the day of a sacrifice no Jew may enter a heathen’s house, +above all the High Priest, upon whose sanctity the holiness of the nation +depends. When, therefore, we came within twenty paces of the Procurator’s +dwelling, Hanan caused our procession to halt, and a summons to be sounded +upon the trumpet. Thereat a lictor appeared, who asked our business, and +to him Hanan gave a message to the Procurator. And here for the first time +since he had been arrested I could see the countenance of Jesus near me, +and it surprised me much to observe that all traces of anxiety and +weariness had disappeared from it. He seemed relieved and resigned, and +paid no heed to what was passing around him, seeming only to commune with +himself, or perhaps, I should say, with some inward friend and comforter. + +Then Pontius Pilate came forward and spake to Joseph Caiaphas the High +Priest, and asked him what he would with him. And Caiaphas answered and +said, pointing to Jesus, “This man have we captured and brought unto thee, +finding that he was perverting the people, and declaring that he was the +Anointed One of Israel, and therefore the rightful King of the Jews. Him +therefore have we brought to thee, seeing it is a matter which toucheth +our master the Emperor.” Thereupon Pontius Pilate turned round, and said +something in the barbarian tongue, and the guard of Roman soldiers came +forward and took Jesus from the High Priest’s guard, and took him with +them up the steps of the palace. Then Pilate courteously invited the High +Priests to enter the judgment‐hall with him; but they, in answer, pointed +out that on that holy day they dared not enter to any house but their own +and the house of God. Then Pilate turned his back with scanter courtesy, +and reëntered the palace, and we and the common people remained outside +waiting. + + + + + + XVI. + CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION. + + +And after a while of waiting, Pontius Pilate reappeared, and coming down +to Caiaphas said, “He hath confessed; he shall join the other criminals +that are to be executed this day.” Then one among those who were waiting +in the crowd came forward unto Pilate, and said unto him, “Master, it is a +grace of our lord the Emperor that at our Passover there be released unto +us one of the prisoners that are condemned to death.” And Pilate answered +and said, “That is so: whom will ye that I release?” And many of those in +the crowd called out, “Jesus.” And Pilate stepped back, and summoned to +him a lictor. And shortly after soldiers came forward in the portico, +bearing with them Jesus the Nazarene. Upon him was a purple robe of +royalty, and upon his brow had been placed the faded rose‐wreath of some +reveller which had been put on in haste, and some of the thorns had torn +the flesh, and blood was trickling down. When the people saw him, many +cried out, “Not this Jesus, but Jesus Bar Abbas.” And one man among the +crowd called out, “Better Jesus Bar Abba(10) than Jesus Bar Amma;”(11) and +laughter and jeers followed. Then Pilate seemed puzzled, and called to him +one of his lictors, who spake earnestly to him for a time, and then +received an order from him. And going up the steps, he entered the palace. +And shortly afterwards there came forward the man Jesus Bar Abbas of +Jerusalem, of whom I have spoken to thee before. Now, he had been very +popular among the folk, and had lost his liberty in a rising against the +Romans, in which a Roman sentry had been slain. And there stood the two +Jesuses—the one that had risen against the Romans, and the one that had +told the people they should pay tribute to their Roman lords. It was +manifest that the new‐comer, who had done naught against the Romans, was +more in favor with Pilate the Procurator, while the folk who had welcomed +him on the first day of the week, on this the sixth day reviled and +despised him because he had refused to lead a rising against the Romans as +the other one had done. Then Pilate called out to them and said, “Whom +will ye that I release unto you: Jesus who is called Bar Abbas, or Jesus +who is called Christ?” And almost all the multitude cried, “Jesus Bar +Abbas! Jesus Bar Abbas!” Then Pilate gave command, and the soldiers took +tack Jesus the Nazarene into the palace again, while others removed the +fetters from Jesus Bar Abbas, and he came down the steps and disappeared +among the crowd. + +After a while, there came forward from the side gate a company of Roman +soldiers, who took their stand in front of the steps of the palace, moving +the crowd away therefrom. And shortly after, other soldiers brought down +from above three men, each carrying two pieces of timber, one fixed across +the top of the other, like unto the letter _tau_. One of these was Jesus +the Nazarene, clad once more in his own garments, and without the rose‐ +wreath; yet couldst thou see the mark of the thorns upon his brow. The +others were, as I learnt, malefactors that had been condemned for robbery. + +Just at this moment one touched me on the shoulder, and, turning, I found +it was one of the servants of my household, who spake unto me and said, +“Meshullam ben Zadok, thy father would speak with thee.” And as the house +was not far off, I went with him and spake to my father, who would have me +accompany him on the search for leaven on that morn. For at that time I +was betrothed, and next year I should have a house of my own, and would +have to conduct the search for leaven as a master of a household. So I +went round the house with my father—peace be upon him!—and searched for +the leaven. + +By the time the search for the leaven had been concluded, the hour had +come for the mid‐day meal, at which all the members of my family +assembled. But I hurried forth, as soon as the grace after meals had been +said, to ascertain what had been the fate of the Nazarene. I could not go +to the place of execution, for it is not seemly for a member of the +Sanhedrim to attend an execution. I soon learnt that the Roman soldiers +had conducted Jesus and the two others to the Hill Golgotha, somewhat +apart from the place of stoning, where our Jewish executions were held. + +As I have explained to thee, Aglaophonos, our Sages have mercifully +interpreted the words of the Law relating to the four modes of capital +punishment among us—stoning, burning, beheading, and strangulation. For +stoning they have substituted throwing down from a height after the +criminal has been made to feel naught by drinking a mixture of +frankincense, myrrh, and vinegar, which the ladies of Jerusalem supply as +one of their pious duties. The criminal condemned to be burnt is in +reality strangled, and then a lighted wick placed for a moment in his open +mouth. In every way the aim of the Sages is to shorten the sufferings of +the condemned man. But the Romans, at least in their execution of all but +Roman citizens, seem rather to aim at the opposite of this; for they have +selected, as their method of execution for slaves and criminals that are +not citizens, suspension on a cross, by which all the organs of the body +are strained and tortured till some vital organ gives way. It was this +cruel form of punishment that the Romans were dealing out to Jesus the +Nazarene. It happeneth oft that men live for two or three days on the +cross, till they die even of hunger. I learnt to my dismay that Jesus had +refused, with words of menace, to take the draught of myrrh and wine which +the ladies of Jerusalem, as I have said, prepare for all men condemned to +capital punishment, so that they may not feel the pain and torture. + +I could not go to the place of execution, as a member of the Sanhedrim. I +hurried, therefore, to the northern slopes of the Temple mount, whence one +can see Golgotha. At first I could discern naught, for sombre clouds +covered all the heights of Scopus. But suddenly a flash came forth from +them, followed by a dull roll of thunder, and I could see for a moment +three crosses raised side by side on the top of Golgotha. Which of these +held Jesus I knew not. I only knew that there was dying one who had seemed +born to do honor to his nation, to help to deliver Israel from the men who +were now torturing him to his death. Since the night before, events had so +hurried past me that I had had no time to think of their import till now, +when I sat me down in the purple shadow of Antonia, and gazed upon the +hill of execution, where from time to time flashes showed me the three +crosses on the hill. + +This, then, was the end of the hopes connected with Jesus of Nazara, and +of the empire which he had wielded over men’s minds! But five days agone +welcomed as a king, to‐day executed with the ignominy reserved for the +basest slave. Each day of his sojourn in Jerusalem he had made another and +yet another class of the nation his enemies. First he threatens the power +of the priests; next he insults their opposites, the Pharisees; and then +he puts to naught the hope of the common folk that he would help them rise +against the Romans. Between Sabbath and Sabbath he had lost every friend; +not even his immediate followers stood by his side in the hour of trial. + +And yet no man had appeared in Israel for many generations endowed in so +high a degree with all the qualities which mark us Israelites out from the +nations around. He was tender to the poor; and which of the nations has +given thought for its poor, their feelings as well as their welfare, like +unto Israel? He bare the yoke of the Law willingly, yet as a son, not as a +slave, of the Most High. God was to him, as to all of us, as an ever‐ +present Father, to love, to chasten, and to reward; not as a harsh +taskmaster or as a boon‐companion, as with the commoner minds of thy +people, Aglaophonos; nor as a vain figment of the reason, as with thy +higher minds. + +Even in what thou regardest as defects in our nation, this Jesus seemed +also to share. Thou makest us the reproach that we give no thought to the +beauties and grandeur of nature, and in nothing that I had seen and heard +of him did the Nazarene differ from the rest of us in this. Thou +complainest that we look upon life with all too much seriousness. “Ye +cannot see the smile upon the face of things,” thou saidst once to me. In +this surely Jesus was a Jew of the Jews. We never saw him smile, still +less heard him laugh. Thou wouldst hold up to me as a model Socrates thy +teacher, who taught the Hellenes truth with a smile. That man there, dying +upon the cross, had tried to teach Israel the truth with tears and +threats. + +Herein he followed the exemplar of our prophets. Only in Israel have the +men who have led us farthest reviled us most. As our God, who has been to +us a Father, has chastened us while he loved us, so our prophets have +rebuked us their brethren. Many generations of men have passed since the +last of the prophets spake his words of loving reproof. Now has appeared +this Jesus, who again takes up their work. + +But in one thing, and that a great thing, he differs from our prophets. +All these spake never but as messengers of the Most High. This man alone +of the prophets speaketh in his own name: therefore he hath been a +stumbling‐block and an offence unto us. He spake as one having authority, +and it seemed to us as arrogance. And when we would speak with him in the +gates, and know his own thought, he evaded our questionings and eluded our +testings. He seemed aloof from us and our desires. All Israel was pining +to be freed from the Roman yoke, and he would have us pay tribute to Rome +for aye. Did he feel himself in some way as not of our nation? I know not; +but in all ways we failed to know him. + +And as I was communing thus, the sun shone forth from a rift in the clouds +and illumined for a space the crown of Calvary, and I stretched forth my +hands to the figures on the cross, and cried aloud in my perplexity, +“Jesus, what art thou?” And then I bethought me, and my hands fell to my +side, and I said, “What wert thou, Jesus?” Naught answered me but the +distant rumbling from the gloomy clouds. + +But the sun was setting over Israel, and I turned to my father’s house, +there once more to celebrate the Feast of the Deliverance from Egypt. + + + + + + EPILOGUE. + + +Thus far had I written to thee, Aglaophonos, as to what I knew of that +Jesus the Nazarene about whom thou hast made so earnest inquiry. I had +minded to hand it to Alphæus ben Simon, my cousin, who goeth this week in +the galley to Cyprus, and thence would have passed it on to thee by the +hands of one of our brethren who visit Greece from year to year. But there +has happened to me an event which has given me much to think of with +regard to this very matter of Jesus. It chanced that the day before +yesterday I went from the Jewish quarter in this city of Alexandria for my +usual walk along the Lochias, which adjoins it. There it is my custom to +catch the sea air and to watch the vessels put into the Inner Port. Now, +it chanced that as I came upon the Lochias, the vessel of Joppa had just +hoved‐to in the Inner Port, and the passengers were being landed up the +Broad Steps. Now these, by their _talith_ and their faces, I knew to be +Jews, and I went up to them, and greeted them with the greeting of peace. +But among them one came to me with the look of recognition in his eyes, +and said, “Knowest thou me not, Meshullam ben Zadok?” And, behold, it was +Rufus ben Simon, whom I had known before I left the Holy City. So I +welcomed him, and brought him home to this house of mine. And here he +remaineth till the morrow, when he starteth forth to go to Cyrene. + +Now, in my inquiries about old friends left behind, and new things that +had happened since I went away, I failed not to ask about the followers of +the Nazarene. To my wonder, I found that this Rufus had become one of +them, even though he was but a child when Jesus died. Yet is he a good Jew +in all else. He eateth only our meat, and keepeth our Sabbaths and +festivals. But he avers that the Anointed One, whom we expect, has already +appeared, and that he was Jesus the Nazarene. And upon my inquiry how he +could know aught of Jesus but from the common talk, he put in my hand some +Memorabilia of him, written down in Hebrew by one of his chief followers, +Matathias.(12) This have I read again and again, and pondered much +thereon. Nor have I been able to sleep these two nights for the new +thoughts about Jesus that have come to me from reading these memoirs of +him. + +For, behold, he appeareth in these records of him by his own followers in +far other wise than he showed himself to us in public at Jerusalem. In all +his public acts among us he was full of scornful rebukes; among his own +followers he was tender and loving. Scarcely ever could we get him to +speak out to us plainly his views about matters of public concern. He +would always give us an answer full of evasion and enigma, but to his +followers he would explain all his meaning over and over again, +illustrated with parable. There at Jerusalem he almost always turned to +the people his harsher side. I saw him on every occasion on which he +appeared in public in Jerusalem, and, save only in his sermons, he was +always rebuking one or another, just like the prophets of old. And the +manner of his rebuking towards us was as with scorpions, whereas among his +own he would mingle tenderness even with his reproaches. Nor, saving his +sermons, which few heard but those who already followed him, had he aught +novel to tell us about the things of life. He seemed to us as if he would +destroy the temple of our faith, nor in his public actions did he give any +promise of building it up anew. Yet to those with him he would continually +be telling what to do and how to do it, till, behold, a new manner of +life, fair and seemly, stood before them, fulfilled of Jewish +righteousness, with a tender mercy which was the man’s very own. + +I need not detail to thee, Aglaophonos, what these acts and words were +which have given me an altogether new light as to the character and +thoughts of the man Jesus. From certain words of thine in thy letter, +which I understood not then when I first read it, I can see now that thou +must have had some such account of the life and death of Jesus before thee +as this which Rufus hath shown unto me. Now I can understand wherefore +thou hast inquired about this Jesus with such eager insistence. And to +thee as a Gentile the revelation of his character would come with more +attractive force than to us that be Jews. For in almost every way this +Jesus fulfilleth the idea of a Jew as we have it in these later days. +Working with his hands, yet teaching with his voice; obedient to the Law, +yet ever eager to take a new law upon himself; doing acts of love among +men, yet rebuking in love their ill acts, and doing all things as in the +presence of the Glory;—in all this Jesus was as the best of our Sages. + +“Wherefore, then, did ye suffer him to be killed?” thou wilt ask me, and +indeed I ask myself. If I were to answer thee in the way Jesus was wont to +answer us, I would say, “Why did ye Hellenes condemn Socrates to the +hemlock?” For he was as much the Ideal of the Hellenes as Jesus of the +Jews. Every Hellene would be eloquent and reasonable, and that was +Socrates. Every Jew would be wise and good and pious, and that was Jesus. +Yet each of these men, if I read their lives aright, died the death of a +criminal, because he cared not for that which his fellow‐countrymen cared +for most. Socrates died because he would force his countrymen to examine +by their reason the ideas and ideals which they all accepted. Jesus died +for the same reason, but also for another—for that he cared naught for our +national hopes. We were all panting for national freedom; he would have +naught of it. Whether it was that he felt in some sort to be not of our +nation, I know not; but in all his teaching he dealt with us as men, not +as Jews. It is this, I can see, that has attracted thee to his doctrine, +whereas thou wert always scornful of our Jewish pretensions, as thou +calledst them. + +Yet herein again was he at one with the best thoughts of our Sages. Our +God is the God of all, and his Law shall be one day the Law of all. If we +yearn for the universal realm of the Messiah, it is as much for the sake +of the world as for ourselves. But methinks I see in the thoughts of this +Jesus an idea quite other than ours as to what the Anointed One shall be +and shall do. We hope for him as a Deliverer and a Conqueror with force of +arms by God’s aid. Now, Jesus seemed not to think of the Anointed One in +any way like this. His mind seemed to be filled rather with the picture of +the Servant of God as drawn by the Prophet Esaias. Thou knowest the +passage, Aglaophonos; I remember thy laughter when first I read it thee, +that men could look forward to contempt and hatred as a good. Truly the +idea is far different from the saying of the barbarian, “Woe to the +conquered!” And surely to us all, Jew and Gentile, Greek and barbarian, +the greatest of joys is this—to worst an equal foe in fair fight. But to +Esaias the prophet, and to Jesus the Nazarene after him, the higher +victory is with him that is worsted in the battle of life. That will come +as good tidings to nine out of every ten of men. + +Therefore, if Jesus thought of himself as the Anointed One, it was as +being anointed with the woes of the vanquished, with the sweat and the +blood of the lowly and despised. Now I know why he seemed so sad when he +was greeted at Jerusalem as a victor. He had spent his life in trying to +impress a new ideal upon his people, and they had welcomed him only as the +fulfilment of the old ideal which he desired to replace. None of thy poets +have given a drama with more of _eironeia_ in it than this. + +Yet why did he remain silent before us as to these ideas of his? If, +indeed, these were his ideas; for even with the new light given by the +Hebrew Memorabilia, I can see his thought but dimly. Why spake he not his +own thought to the people in Jerusalem, and tell us no longer to hope for +worldly dominion as the best means for spreading the Law of the Lord, but +rather to be as servants of God, even as Esaias the Prophet hath spoken? +Was it that he wished to carry out the description of the prophet even to +every iota of his text? For, behold, the prophet sayeth, “He let himself +be humbled, and opened not his mouth.” If so, then was the death of Jesus +but a sublime suicide. + +For surely by this silence he has committed a grievous sin against us his +people. For if we committed aught of sin and crime that handed him over to +the Romans as a pretender to empire, he indeed shared our sin and crime by +his silence. Ye Hellenes were at least greater in fault than we in the +matter of Socrates; for ye condemned him after he had spoken his whole +mind and made known his whole thought to his people; whereas we condemned +one who, I make bold to say, was even greater than thy Socrates, mainly +because of what seemed to us his sullen and arrogant silence, broken only +by a confession of guilt when he knew he was not guilty. + +But yet, let me not be as harsh in judgment upon him after his death, as +perhaps I was when I allowed the sentence to be declared against him +without protest. He, least of all men, could have died with a lie upon his +lips. In some sort and in some way he must have combined the thought of +the triumphant Messiah and of the despised Servant of God. For in those +Memorabilia of him which have come into my hands during the last days as +being a message from him that is dead, I find these two things combined. +He speaketh ever of the blessedness of the poor and the humble and the +despised, even as the Ebionim speak. So that if a man would be blessed, he +would choose a lowly career, even as did Jesus. Yet withal he speaketh oft +of himself as the Son of Man, and every Jew that heard him would think he +knew what he thereby claimed. For in the Prophets Daniel and Enoch it is +clearly said that the Son of Man would come in victory over the world; and +what other could this universal victor be than the Anointed One whom the +prophets had foretold? If Jesus put another meaning upon the prophetic +words, why spake he not his meaning fully unto the people? All we may have +gone like sheep astray, but he that might have been our shepherd went +apart alone with God. + +O Jesus, why didst thou not show thyself to thy people in thy true +character? Why didst thou seem to care not for aught that we at Jerusalem +cared for? Why, arraigned before the appointed judges of thy people, didst +thou keep silence before us, and, by thus keeping silent, share in +pronouncing judgment upon thyself? We have slain thee as the Hellenes have +slain Socrates their greatest, and our punishment will be as theirs. Then +will Israel be even as thou wert, despised and rejected of men—a nation of +sorrows among the nations. But Israel is greater than any of his sons, and +the day will come when he will know thee as his greatest. And in that day +he will say unto thee, “My sons have slain thee, O my son, and thou hast +shared our guilt.” + + + + + + + RELIGIOUS BOOKS + + + _Serviceable, Timely, and Helpful._ + +_Riverside Parallel Bible._ +Containing the Authorized Version and the Revised Version in parallel +columns. Large type, cloth, $5.00; Persian, $10.00; morocco, $15.00. + +_Bible Dictionary._ +Dr. SMITH’S GREAT BIBLE DICTIONARY. Edited for America by Professor +HACKETT and Dr. EZRA ABBOT. By far the fullest and best Bible Dictionary +in the English language. 4 vols. 8vo, 596 illustrations, 3697 pages, +cloth, $20.00. Other bindings from $25.00 to $27.50. + +_The New Testament._ +Superbly illustrated with engravings from designs after the Old Masters. +Royal 4to, cloth, full gilt, $10.00; morocco, $20.00. + +_Robinson’s Palestine._ +Biblical Researches in Palestine. By EDWARD ROBINSON. A work very highly +commended by Dean Stanley. 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Sent, post‐paid, on receipt of price by +the Publishers_, + + _Houghton, Mifflin & Company,__ _ + _4 Park Street, Boston; 11 East 17th Street, New York._ + + + + + + FOOTNOTES + + + 1 This, like most other utterances of Jesus, found in this book but + not in the Gospels, is also found in the early patristic + literature.—ED. + + 2 _Ὄχλος τοῦ ἀγροῦ_, seemingly the translation of the Hebrew _עם הארץ_ + used for those unlearned in the Law; this term seems to have passed + through much the same history as “pagan.”—ED. + + 3 Each of the Jewish rabbis used to sum up his teaching in some + pregnant sentence. These are given in the Talmudic treatise, _The + Ethics of the Fathers_.—ED. + + 4 José ben Joeser said, “Let thy place be a place of meeting for the + wise; dust thyself with the dust of their feet, and drink greedily + of their teaching” (_Pirke Aboth_, i. 4).—ED. + + 5 The rabbis use this expression, _Bath Kol_, for any supernatural + revelation.—ED. + + 6 This Logion is only found elsewhere in one MS. of the Gospels, viz., + in the Codex Bezæ at Cambridge.—ED. + + 7 It must have been from a report of this discourse, and that given on + p. 92, that the majority of those utterances of Jesus have been + derived which are known in modern theology as “Agrapha.”—ED. + + 8 The gospel version reads “Samaritan.”—ED. + + 9 See note on p. 42.—ED. + + 10 _Bar Abba_ means “son of his father.” + + 11 _Bar Amma_ means “son of his mother.”—ED. + + 12 Probably the so‐called Primitive Gospel, the common foundation of + our Synoptics. But the date is somewhat early.—ED. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AS OTHERS SAW HIM*** + + + + CREDITS + + +May 16, 2015 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Shaun Pinder, Stefan Cramme and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This + file was produced from images generously made available by The + Internet Archive) + + + + A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 48974‐0.txt or 48974‐0.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/8/9/7/48974/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law +means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the +Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States +without permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/48974-0.zip b/48974-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0909265 --- /dev/null +++ b/48974-0.zip diff --git a/48974-8.txt b/48974-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..478dd7d --- /dev/null +++ b/48974-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3641 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of As Others Saw Him by Joseph Jacobs + + + +This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +http://www.gutenberg.org/license. If you are not located in the United +States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located +before using this ebook. + + + +Title: As Others Saw Him + +Author: Joseph Jacobs + +Release Date: May 16, 2015 [Ebook #48974] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AS OTHERS SAW HIM*** + + + + + + AS OTHERS SAW HIM + + + + + + AS OTHERS SAW HIM + + _A RETROSPECT_ + + A. D. 54 + + "_It cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem_" + LUKE xiii. 33 + + [Illustration: Publisher's sign] + + +BOSTON AND NEW YORK +HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY +*The Riverside Press, Cambridge* +1895 + + + + + + Copyright, 1895, + BY HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. + + _All rights reserved._ + + + + + _The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A._ + Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co. + + + + + +TO AGLAOPHONOS, PHYSICIAN OF THE GREEKS AT CORINTH, MESHULLAM BEN ZADOK, A +SCRIBE OF THE JEWS AT ALEXANDRIA, GREETING:-- + +_It was a joy and a surprise to me to hear news after many days from thee, +my master and my friend. To thee I owe whatever I have of Greek wisdom; +for when in the old days at the Holy City thou soughtest me for +instruction in our Law, I learnt more from thee than I could impart to +thee. Since I last wrote to thee, I have come to this great city, where +many of my nation dwell, and almost all the most learned of thy tongue are +congregated. Truly, it would please me much, and mine only son and his +wife, if thou couldst come and take up thy sojourn among us for a while._ + +_Touching the man Saul of Tarsus, of whom thou writest, I know but little. +He is well instructed in our Law, both written and oral, having received +the latter from the chief master among those of the past generation, +Gamaliel by name. Yet he is not of the disciples of Aaron that love peace; +for when I last heard of him he was among the leaders of a riot in which a +man was slain. And now I think thereon, I am almost certain that the slain +man was of the followers of Jesus the Nazarene, and this Saul was __among +the bitterest against them. And yet thou writest that the same Saul has +spoken of the Nazarene that he was a god like Apollo, that had come down +on earth for a while to live his life among men. Truly, men's minds are as +the wind that bloweth hither and thither._ + +_But as for that Jesus of Nazara, I can tell thee much, if not all. For I +was at Jerusalem all the time he passed for a leader of men up to his +shameful death. At first I admired him for his greatness of soul and +goodness of life, but in the end I came to see that he was a danger to our +nation, and, though unwillingly, I was of those who voted for his death in +the Council of Twenty-Three. Yet I cannot tell thee all I know in the +compass of a letter, so I have written it at large for thee, and it will +be delivered unto thee even with this letter. And in my description of +events I have been at pains to distinguish between what I saw myself and +what I heard from others, following in this the example of Herodotus of +Halicarnassus, who, if he spake rude Greek, wrote true history. And so +farewell._ + + + + + + CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + I. THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE 9 + II. THE UPBRINGING 21 + III. EARLIER TEACHING. SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE 37 + GALILANS + IV. THE TWO WAYS 55 + V. THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. THE RICH YOUNG MAN 63 + VI. THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE 75 + VII. THE SECOND SERMON 87 +VIII. THE REBUKING OF JESUS 99 + IX. JESUS IN THE TEMPLE 111 + X. THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM 121 + XI. THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE 133 + XII. THE WOES 145 +XIII. THE GREAT REFUSAL 155 + XIV. THE MEETING OF THE HANANITES 167 + XV. THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM 181 + XVI. CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION 195 + EPILOGUE 207 + + + + + + + I. + THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE. + + +I was crossing one morning the Xystus Bridge on my way to the Temple, when +I saw issuing from the nearest gate a herd of beasts of sacrifice. Fearing +that something untoward had occurred, I hurried to the gate, and when I +entered the Court of the Gentiles, I found all in confusion. The tables of +the money-changers had been overturned, and the men were gathering their +moneys from the ground. And in the midst I saw one with a scourge in his +hand. His face was full of wrath and scorn, his eyes blazed, and on his +left temple stood out a vein all blue, throbbing with his passion. He was +neither short nor tall, but of sturdy figure, and clad in rustic garb. + +Now, as the money-changers were escaping from his wrath, one of them ran +against a little child that was in the court, and it fell screaming. The +fellow took no heed, but went on his course. But the man with the scourge +went to the little child and raised it to its feet, and pressed it to his +side; the hand that rested on the curly head was that of a workman, with +broken nails, and yet the fingers twitched with the excitement of the man. +But, looking to his face, I saw that a wonderful change had come over it. +From rage, it had turned to pity and love; the eyes that had flashed scorn +on the money-changers now looked down with tenderness on the little child. +I remember thinking to myself, "This man cannot say the thing that is not; +his face bewrayeth him." + +Meanwhile the money-changers and those with them had collected together +near the gate by which I had entered, and stood there whispering and +muttering among themselves. All at once they turned towards the man as he +was soothing the little child, and shouted out together, "_Mamzer! +Mamzer!_" which in our tongue signifieth one born out of wedlock. Then the +man looked up from the little child, his face once more full of rage, and +the blue vein throbbing on his temple. He took a step towards the men, and +then he stopped. His face changed to a look of pity, and the men +themselves, in fear and shame, slunk away before his look through the gate +and were gone. + +Then he turned towards those that had for sale doves as sacrifices for the +women and the poor. To these he spoke in a tone that was calm and yet full +of authority, and then I noticed that his voice had the burr of our +northern peasantry. He said unto them, "Take these things hence; make not +my Father's house a house of merchandise." And these, too, went away +through the gates, carrying with them the wicker cages full of doves. Ever +since that time the doves have been for sale in Hanan's Bazaar on the +Mount of Olives. + +Now I must tell thee that at this time there had been much disputing +between the Pharisees and the Sadducees as to the sale of beasts for +sacrifice. The Pharisees held that each man might buy such beasts wherever +he would; but the Sadducees, being mainly priests, or of priestly blood, +would have it that the beasts of sacrifice could only be purchased from +the salesmen duly authorized by the High Priest; for they said, "Who shall +tell that the beasts are according to the Law, if they are bought from any +chance person?" Yet many thought they only did this in order that they +might share the profit from the sale of the animals. And, indeed, the +great riches of the High Priests came mainly from this source. When, +therefore, I saw the man with the scourge getting rid of these sacrificial +animals from the courts of the Temple, my first thought was that he was of +the sect of the Pharisees. Yet these are rarely found in the country +parts, and the man bore no great marks of special piety; his phylacteries +were not broader than my own; the fringes of his garment were not more +conspicuous, nor did he seem as one of the fanatics who are so many in our +land. He had done what he had done in all calmness, and with a certain air +of authority. My wonder was aroused to think what manner of man this could +be, who did the work of the Pharisees, and was not one himself. + +While I thus thought, the man turned to a group of men clad in the same +rustic garb, saying, "Be ye rather approved money-changers, holding fast +the good and casting forth the false;"(1) and, after other words, he +turned from them and went up the steps leading to the Women's Court. + +Now thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that at the entrance of this court standeth +an inscription which saith, "LET NONE OF ALIEN BIRTH PASS WITHIN THE +TEMPLE CLOISTERS: HE THAT TRANSGRESSES IS GUILTY OF DEATH." As the man +with the scourge would enter the Women's Court, the Roman sentry stopped +him, and pointed to this inscription with his spear. He shook his head, +saying in faulty Greek, "Jewish I am," and showed the soldier the fringes +of his garment after the Jewish fashion. Then the sentry drew back, and +the man passed through. + +Thereupon I went up to the men to whom the man with the scourge had +spoken, and greeted them with the greeting of peace. + +"Peace unto thee, master," said one of them in the same northern accent I +had noticed in their leader. + +"Who is that man," I said, "that has just gone into the Temple cloister?" + +"Jesus of Nazara, in Galilee." + +"And whose son is he?" I asked. + +The man looked at his companions ere he answered,-- + +"Of Joseph ben Eli the carpenter, and Miriam his wife." + +"And what is his trade?" I continued. + +"A wheelwright," he said; "the best wheels and yokes in all Capernaum are +made by him." + +"But is he of the country-folk,(2) or a pupil of the wise?" + +"Nay, master, he knoweth the Law and the Prophets." + +"Of what party is he? Boethusian he cannot be, nor Sadducee; but is he +Pharisee or Zealot, Essene or Baptist?" + +"He is of no party." + +"But from whom hath he received the tradition of the elders? At whose feet +has he sat? Whom calleth he master?" + +"He hath been baptized by Jochanan his kinsman, but none calleth he +master." + +"If he have not the tradition, he cannot teach the Law, for his words will +not be binding. Doth he sit in judgment or pronounce _Din_?" + +"Nay, master, he but teacheth us to be good." + +"Ah," said I, "he is but a homolist of the Hagada; he addeth naught to the +_Halacha_. Then what is his motto?"(3) + +"He saith, 'Repent ye, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.'" + +Then I took the man away from his companions, and out of hearing of the +Roman sentry, and asked him in a low tone, "And who shall be the king +thereof?" + +But the man answered not, but said only, "Lo! he cometh." + +And, indeed, at that moment Jesus came down by the steps he had ascended +and beckoned to his companions. And as they went towards him I was +surprised, and at the same time horrified, to see amongst them two persons +whom I little thought to find in any public place in Jerusalem, still less +in the courts of the Temple. One was a woman in the yellow veil of a +_hetra_; the other, a mere _Nathin_ who had no name among men, but was +called _Dog o' Dogs_. These two pressed close to Jesus; the woman rushed +forward with a sob and raised the hem of his garment to her lips, while to +the man he spoke some friendly words, smiling on him as they walked +towards the entrance. + +I was astonished. The man had seemed so careful of the purity of the +Temple that he would not allow even the necessary arrangements for its +service to be performed in its precincts, yet he allowed its courts to be +defiled by the vilest of the vile. Perchance, I thought, he had prevailed +upon them to perform the vows enjoined by the Law, and cleanse themselves +of their sin. Or was it that he was ignorant of their characters, being +but newly come from rural parts? He must, indeed, be different from other +rabbis, who kept themselves apart from all transgressors against the Law +till they had repented and done penance. + +While I thus meditated, I saw the High Priest Hanan, whom ye Hellenes call +Annas, enter into the court of the Gentiles with his guard. Thou +rememberest the man, Aglaophonos--how his tyranny extended over all the +city. He was still called High Priest, though Valerius Gratius, the +Procurator, had deposed him years before, lest haply he might regain the +regal power of the Maccabans. Still, even after his deposition, he had +sufficient power to get his sons or sons-in-law named High Priests. It was +one of the latter, Joseph Caiaphas, who at that time held the office; yet +the people still called Hanan High Priest, and he himself wore on high +days the bells and pomegranates round his tunic as a sign of his dignity. +Thou must remember his keen-cut face, his nose like an eagle's, his long +white beard, bent neck, and sinewy hand. Was it thou or I that first +called him "the Old Vulture"? + +He had heard of the insult to his dignity by the removal, without his +orders, of the money-changers and others to whom the people paid the fees +from which he and his made such display in his grand dwelling on the Mount +of Olives. "Where is he? where is he?" he cried, as he came bustling up, +with neck extended, and looking more than ever like a bird of prey. He +soon found that the man he sought had gone; but he had given his orders, +and before I left the court, I saw the money-changers renter and the +cattle driven back. I had to attend a meeting of the Sanhedrim, for that +year I had risen to the third and highest bench of disciples who sit under +its members when they give judgment. Next year I was elected of the +Seventy-One myself in the section of Israelites. It must, therefore, have +been in the sixteenth year of Tiberius the Emperor, nearly five-and-twenty +years agone, that I thus saw for the first time Jesus the Nazarene. + + + + + + II. + THE UPBRINGING. + + +Thou canst imagine the wonder and excitement in Jerusalem at this bold +deed of the Nazarene. Not even the oracle of Delphi is regarded with so +much reverence as our sacred fane, and none in our time had dared to +interfere with its regulations, which have all the sacredness of our +traditions. And of these none was regarded by the priestly guardians of +the Temple as of greater weight for them than the right of sale of beasts +of sacrifice. It is from this, as I have said, that the priestly order +gain their wealth, and no more deadly blow could be struck at their power +than to deprive them of this. Hence had the Pharisees protested against +this right, but none had hitherto dared to carry out the protest in very +deed. All the poor and all the pious would have been glad if they could +buy their offerings to the Lord wheresoever they would. + +But more than all, men of Jerusalem were amazed at the daring of the +Galilan stranger in opposing the High Priest Hanan. This man had been the +tyrant of the Temple and of the city for the whole span of a generation of +men, and no man had dared say him nay for all that time. Even the Romans, +who had deposed him from his position as High Priest, had not dared to +interfere with him otherwise. Yet had this rude countryman, who had never +been seen, never been known to set foot in Jerusalem before, dared to +strike at the root of his power and wealth. Thou canst not wonder that men +were curious to know what manner of man he might be who had dared this +great thing, and busy rumor ran through all the bazaars of Jerusalem, +asking, Who is this Jesus of Nazara? All that I learnt of his kindred and +early life I learnt at this time, and I here set it forth in order. + +It was natural that I should first direct my inquiries as to his birth, +for the insulting cry of the money-changers still rang in my ears. Thou +knowest our pride of birth; I learnt from thee to abate it. Every man in +Israel taketh his place in the nation according as he is a son of Aaron or +of Levi, a simple Israelite, or a proselyte that fears the Lord; each man +knoweth his own and his neighbor's genealogy. The greatest slur upon a man +is to accuse him of "mixture," the greatest insult is to call him +"bastard." Why had the money-changers cast this slur upon the Nazarene? +Thou and I, Aglaophonos, who boast to be citizens of the Kosmos, would not +think the worse of him if the taunt were true. Yet thou canst understand +how great, even if he only thought it to be true, would be the influence +of such a slur on this mans mind and on his career. If in after-days he +showed himself so careless of the nation's hopes, may it not have been +that he felt himself in some way outside the nation? + +Now I found, upon inquiry among the Galilans settled in Jerusalem, that +some such scandal had arisen about his birth. There had even been talk +that Joseph ben Eli would have put away his wife, but for the stern +penalties which our Law inflicts upon the misdoer. Yet there may have been +naught but suspicion in the matter, for the two lived together, and Miriam +bore several children to Joseph after this Jesus. But between him and them +there was never good will, and I have heard things told of this Jesus +which seem to show some harshness in his treatment of them, and even of +his mother. Once when he was told that his mother and brethren were +without, and would see him, he as it were repudiated them, saying, "Who +are my mother and my brothers? Whosoever doeth the will of God, the same +is my brother and sister and mother." Again, when once his mother came to +him and would speak to him, he said to her, "Woman, what have I to do with +thee?" The man whom I had seen so tenderly thoughtful to a little child +could not have spoken thus unless he had felt himself placed by some means +outside the natural ties of men. + +Of Jesus' upbringing I could learn little. When he was at the age of +thirteen, when each Jewish male child becomes a Son of the Covenant (_Bar +Mitzva_), and, as we think, takes his sins upon his own soul, his parents +brought him to Jerusalem. On this occasion, as some still remember, he +showed remarkable knowledge of the Law, when, as is customary, they read +the portion of the Law set down for the Sabbath reading next after his +birthday, and he was examined in its meaning by the learned men present. +Yet he fulfilled not this promise of devotion to the Law as he grew in +years. I cannot learn that he dusted himself with the "dust of the wise," +as the sages have commanded.(4) Not having sat at the feet of any of the +holders of tradition, he could not pronounce decisions of the Law. + +His father brought him up to his own trade, that of carpenter. With us +manual toil is not despised, as among you Hellenes; there is a saying +among us, "Whoso bringeth not his son up to a handicraft traineth him for +a robber." Jesus was a good and capable worker, and devoted himself +especially to the making of yokes and wheels at Capernaum, where he had +settled, some five hours' journey from his native place. Here he would +often read the _Haphtaroth_, or prophetical lessons, in the synagogue, and +explain it after the manner of the Hagada. + +Thus he would have passed his life, a wheelwright on week-days, a preacher +on the Sabbath and festivals, but for a strange event that occurred in his +own family. Among us Jews, none has more honor than the _Nabi_, the man +who speaks the word of wisdom in the name of God. How know we that a man +is a Nabi? Chiefly by his words, but mainly by his eyes, in which there +shines the light of prophecy. Now, when Jesus was about thirty years old, +three or four years before I first saw him, the light of prophecy came in +the eyes of his cousin, Jochanan ben Zacharia Ha-Cohen. Thou knowest, +Aglaophonos, that amongst us there is a sect of Essenoi, who answer in +much to the Pythagoreans among the Hellenes. These Essenoi eat no flesh, +they dwell not in the cities of men, they perform frequent lustrations, +nor will they admit any into their community until they have been baptized +of them; they care little for the Temple service, and in this above all +distinguish themselves from either Pharisees or Sadducees. Their belief in +the angels is strong, and they use magic for the healing of sickness. + +Now, this Jochanan, the cousin of Jesus, seems to have adopted in many +things the views of these Essenoi: he separated himself from men, and ate +no flesh, nor did he go up to the Temple on the three great festivals of +the year; and above all, when men began to follow after him, he would +admit none to communion with him till he had baptized them in running +water, and for this he was called among the folk Jochanan the Baptizer. +Yet he was not an Essene, for he joined not their communion, nor +established any distinction of orders among the men who came out to him; +he was more like unto the prophets of old, who taught as individuals new +truths about life; and his great teaching was this: "Repent ye, for the +kingdom of heaven is at hand." And men went out to him, asking him in what +they should repent so as to become worthy of the kingdom. Above all, those +who were despised of the people because they did the work of the Romans, +by being their tax-gatherers or their soldiers, feared the wrath to come +in the new kingdom which he preached, and asked him in what they should +alter their ways. But to them he was by no means hard, saying only to the +tax-gatherers, "Act justly," and to the soldiers, "Do no violence." To the +poor he was tender and merciful, but exhorted the rich to divide their +possessions with the poor. In this way he drew unto him all who were +despised of the people, and those who were poor and miserable. Thus he +attracted the notice of the rulers, who feared that he was preparing to +rebel against them; for they said, "Wherefore does this man attract to him +the discontented and the soldiery?" + +Now, when the family of Jesus heard that their relative was gaining a name +among men, they sent to Jesus, asking him to go with them unto his cousin; +but he, as I have heard, at first refused, saying, "Wherein have I sinned, +that I should be baptized of Jochanan?" Yet afterwards he consented unto +this, and went out to be baptized of his cousin. And when he saw the power +for good that Jochanan exercised, his spirit was exalted, and he felt that +he too had within him the same power. Many strange things have I heard of +what happened to this Jesus when he submitted to be baptized by his +cousin. And as none but Jesus would have known his feelings on that +occasion, these reports must have come from him. Among us it is the custom +that each Jew should select from the Psalms some _stichos_ which should +serve as the motto of his life, and identify him when he appeareth before +the Angel of Death. Now, it would appear that as Jesus was being baptized +of Jochanan he heard the Daughter(5) of the Voice of God say to him the +_stichos_ of the psalm, "Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee." +Whether this was a protest of his soul against the slur cast upon his +birth, what man shall say? But henceforth he spake of the fatherhood of +God as if it had to him a deeper sense than to most of us Jews, though +with us, as I have oft explained to thee, it is the central feeling of our +faith. + +Jesus did not remain long out in the wilderness with his cousin; he, +indeed, early recognized his superiority, though he was his master and his +teacher. For at the first the teaching of Jesus differed but in little +from the teaching of Jochanan. He summed up his whole aim in the words +which I had heard his followers use in the Temple: "Repent ye, for the +kingdom of heaven is at hand;" and this he must have learnt from his +cousin. So, too, like Jochanan, he mingled with the tax-gatherers and the +soldiery, and above all addressed himself to the poor, and, as I was to +see, exhorted the rich to distribute their possessions. In all these +things he was but the follower of his cousin Jochanan. It is no wonder, +therefore, that when Jesus separated himself from Jochanan, and began to +be a teacher of men, many left Jochanan and followed after Jesus; and +until this Jochanan met with a violent end at the hands of the rulers, +there was in some sort a rivalry if not between the men themselves, at +least between the followers of Jochanan and of Jesus. + +But even from the first there was a difference in Jesus' manner of +teaching, if not in the teaching itself. He, indeed, did not wait for men +to come out to him in the wilderness, but returned to the towns and +villages around the Sea of Galilee. Many of the fishermen left their work +to follow him, and become, as he said, "fishers of men." He preached as +before in the synagogues on the words of the prophets, but now he +commenced to go forth to preach and teach among the people in their homes. +Yet it was observed that he went not only among the rich and powerful, who +are used in our country to receive all who come at meal-times, but most of +all among the poor, and those despised of men for their ill life or their +degraded occupations. Nor did he despise those who know not the Law nor +keep its commands, but mixed freely with them, thereby incurring the wrath +of those among us, and there are many, who are eager for the credit of the +Law. Still, though he lived his life among the low and the vile, he +practiced none of their ways, nor was aught of low or vile seen in him or +those with him. Yet he turned against him many who would have been well +disposed towards him, in that he followed his cousin's example, and spake +kindly to the tax-gatherers and to the soldiers, whom the greater part of +the Jews regard as the enemies of their country. + +Now, as he began to live his life among the people, he began to do many +signs and wonders, like all our great teachers and prophets. In truth, we +say, how shall a man be accounted a prophet unless he can do wonders? +Indeed, as Jesus himself said, "Why marvel ye at the signs? I give unto +you an inheritance such as the whole world holds not." And the manner of +his wonders was this: if a man was afflicted with a demon of madness, he +would cause him to fix his eyes upon his, and after a while would speak +sternly and suddenly to the demon within him, who would depart from him, +rending his soul. So, too, would he do with women who were torn asunder by +the demons fighting within. To these he would speak calmly after he had +fixed their eyes, and, behold, a great calm would come upon them. But he +used no exorcisms or magic in his healing, nor spake he in the name of +God, but with the tone of one having authority in himself. Hence many +thought he had within him a greater Daimon than those afflicted men and +women whom he healed. Thence it was thought that for this reason the +demons of madness often returned to those whom he had freed for a while +with greater violence after he had gone forth from the place of their +habitation. There was much murmuring against him for that he did his +healing, not in the name of God, but in his own name and his own +authority. + +Yet he claimed no authority to decide the questions of the Law; though +many applied to him in difficult cases, these he referred to the learned +in the Law, saying, "Do ye as the scribes command." Yet it was complained +that he paid no great attention to their commands himself, nor for his +followers. Nor did he rebuke men when he saw them transgressing the Law +even in the greater transgressions. Thus I have heard it said of him, that +once with his followers, he met a man laboring on the Sabbath day, a sin +which, according to the Law, was punished with stoning. But all he said +unto him was this: "Man, if thou knowest what thou doest, blessed art +thou; but if thou knowest not, accursed art thou, and a transgressor of +the Law."(6) This is, indeed, a dark saying. Is each man, then, to choose +for himself which commands of the Law he shall do, and which not? The +fence of the Law, which our Sages have built up with such labor and toil, +would be stricken down at one stroke. Yet perhaps in this he only followed +the principle of our Sages who have said, "The Sabbath was made for you, +not you for the Sabbath." + +Such was the manner of life of this Jesus up to the time when I first saw +him in the Temple. Men knew not what to make of him; many regarded him as +a prophet because of the signs and the wonders which he did; and those who +were looking forward to the blessed day in which Israel would be free +again under its own king hoped that he was Elijah come again to prepare +the way for the new kingdom. + + + + + + III. + EARLIER TEACHING. + SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE GALILANS. + + +It must have been a year after I had first seen Jesus that I saw him again +the second time in Jerusalem. It fell out in this wise: I was proceeding +one morning to the meeting of the Sanhedrim, when, as I came near the +Synagogue of the Galilans in the Fish-Market, I found a crowd of men +entering in. I asked one of them what was going forward, and he said, +"Jesus the Nazarene will expound the Law." So I determined to take the +morning service in this synagogue rather than with my colleagues in the +Temple, and went in, the people giving way before me, as was my due as a +member of the Sanhedrim. + +Now, this synagogue of the Galilans differed in naught from the rest of +the synagogues of the Jews. It cannot be that thou hast not visited one of +these when thou wast in the Holy City, but perchance thy memory is dim +after all these years, and I will in a few words explain to thee its +arrangement. In the wall at the west end was the cabinet containing the +scrolls of the Law, with a curtain before it, for this is, as it were, the +Holy of Holies of the synagogue. The men go up to this, on to the platform +before it, by three steps. Then comes a vacant space, in the midst of +which stands a dais, with a reading-desk whereon the Law is read: this we +call by your Greek name _bema_. Then in the rest of the hall sit the folk, +arranged in benches one after another, somewhat as in your theatres. Now, +as I came in, they had said the morning psalms, and most of the Eighteen +Blessings, and shortly after the reading of the Law began. The curtain was +drawn aside from the holy ark, the scroll of the Law was taken thence, to +the singing of psalms unto the _bema_. Then, as is customary, the +messenger of the congregation summoned first to the reading of the Law a +Cohen, a descendant of Aaron, one of the priestly caste. And after he had +read some verses of the Law in the holy tongue, the dragoman read its +translation into Chaldee, so as to be understanded of the unlearned folk, +and of the women who were in the gallery outside the synagogue, and +separated from it by a grating. Then after the priest came a Levite, who +also read some verses, and after him an ordinary Israelite. Then the +messenger of the synagogue called out, "Let Rabbi Joshua ben Joseph +arise." Then Jesus the Nazarene went up to the _bema_ and read his +appointed verses, and these were translated as before by the dragoman. And +after the reading of the Law was concluded, the _Parnass_, or president of +the congregation, requested Jesus to read the _Haphtara_, the lesson from +the prophets; and this he did, using the cantillation with which we chant +words of Holy Scripture. Yet never heard I one whose voice so thrilled me, +and brought home to one the import of the great words; and this was +strange, for his accent was, as I had before noticed, that of the Galilan +peasantry, at which we of Jerusalem were wont to scoff. Then, after the +Law had been returned to the ark with song and psalm, Jesus turned round +to the people on the _bema_ and began his discourse. It is near five-and- +twenty years since I heard him, and much have I forgotten in that long +time. But many of his sayings still ring in my ears, and I will here put +down, as far as possible in order, all that I can remember of the +discourse.(7) + + +"It hath been written by the Prophet Esaias: Behold, his reward is with +him, and his work before him. Yea, behold a man and his work before him. +He that worketh not, let him not eat. Yet he that plougheth, let him +plough in hope; he that thresheth, thresh in hope of partaking. Howbeit, +he who longs to be rich is like a man who drinketh seawater: the more he +drinketh the more thirsty he becomes, and never leaves off drinking till +he perish. Blessed is he who also fasts that he may feed the poor: for it +is more blessed to give than to receive. Yet let thy alms sweat into thy +hands until thou know to whom thou givest. Where there are pains, thither +hastens the physician: that which is weak shall be saved by that which is +strong. For the sake of the weak I was weak, for the sake of the hungry I +hungered, for the sake of the thirsty I thirsted. But woe to those who +have yet hypocritically taken from others; who are able to help +themselves, and yet wish to take from others: for each man shall give +account in the day of judgment. + +"That which thou hatest thou shalt not do to another. Good things must +come; he is blessed through whom they come. Love covereth a multitude of +sins; so never be joyful save when you look upon your brother's +countenance in love. Let not the sun go down upon your wrath. For the +greatest of crimes is this: if a man shall sadden his brother's spirit. +Blessed, too, are they who mourn for the perdition of unbelievers. Do not +give occasion to the Wicked One. Who is the Wicked One? He that tempts. +Yet none shall reach the kingdom of heaven unless he have been tempted: +for our Father which is in heaven would rather the repentance of a sinner +than his correction. Yet he will cleanse the house of his kingdom from all +offence. Be, therefore, careful and prudent and wise, lest any of you be +caught in the snares of the devil, for that ancient enemy goes about +buffeting. + +"If thou hast seen thy brother, thou hast seen thy Lord, God the Father, +whose fatherland is everywhere, in heaven and upon earth. Far and near, +the Lord knoweth his own. So grieve not the holy spirit which is in you, +nor extinguish the light which shines in you. Guard the flesh pure, and +the signet spotless, so that ye may take hold upon eternal life. For our +possessions are in heaven; therefore, sons of men, purchase unto +yourselves by these transitory things which are not yours, what is yours, +and shall not pass away." + + +I cannot tell thee, Aglaophonos, how deeply this discourse affected me. +Just as the Hellenes are eager to find each day some new beauty in man or +the world, or some new truth about the relation of things, so we Hebrews +rejoice in finding new ideals in the relations of men. Each of our Sages +prides himself on this--that he has said some maxim of wisdom that none had +thought of before him, and so each of them is remembered in the minds of +men by one or more of his favorite maxims. But it is rare if in a whole +lifetime a sage sayeth more than one word fit to be treasured up among +men. Yet was this man Jesus dropping pearls of wisdom from his mouth in +prodigal profusion. As each memorable word fell from his lips, a murmur of +delighted surprise passed round the synagogue, and each man looked to his +neighbor with brightened eyes. Some of the thoughts, indeed, I had heard +from other of our Sages, but never in so pointed a form, surely never in +such profusion from a single sage. + +And if what was said delighted us, the manner in which it was said +entranced us still more. The voice of the speaker answered to the thoughts +he expressed, as the Kinnor of David, according to our Sages, turned the +wind into music. When he spoke of love, his voice was as the cooing dove; +when he denounced the oppressor, it clanged like a silver trumpet. Indeed, +his whole countenance and bearing changed in like manner, so that every +word he uttered seemed to be the outcome of his whole being. + +But most of all was it the vividness of his eyes that impressed his words +upon us. I had seen them flashing with scorn in the Temple, I now saw them +melting with tenderness in the synagogue; and there was this of strange in +them, that they seemed to speak other and deeper words. As he gazed upon +us, I felt as if all my inmost being was bare to the gaze of those eyes. +They seemed to know all my secret thoughts and sins; and yet I felt not +ashamed, for as they saw the sins, so they seemed to speak forgiveness of +them. + +What I felt then, others felt with me, for, as I afterwards learnt, each +man felt the same as the eyes of Jesus fell upon him; and most curious it +was that each man thought as I did, that the eyes of the speaker were upon +him during the whole of the discourse. I have seen here in Alexandria +portraits of men painted by your subtlest artists, in which, from whatever +place you looked at them, the eyes seemed to gaze upon you. So was it with +Jesus. Not alone did I, who was, as a member of the Sanhedrim, sitting +immediately before him, feel his eyes pierce to my soul, but all who were +in that synagogue felt the same. Nor did the effect die away after I had +left the synagogue; for days and days afterwards, whenever I closed my +eyes, or gazed for long on the wall, I could see the eyes of Jesus, and +with it his whole face gazing upon me. + +I had left the synagogue a little before the others, because a messenger +had been sent from the Sanhedrim to seek for a member who should make up +the quorum of Twenty-Three; and this messenger, hearing that a member of +the Sanhedrim was in the synagogue of the Galilans, sent in to summon me. +When the sitting was over, I sought for Jesus again, but found that he had +left the city. And for a time I neither saw nor heard aught more of him, +save such rumors as came to the Holy City from Galilee. About this time +many joined themselves unto him, going whithersoever he went. Those, too, +who had joined themselves to Jochanan passed over to him, for Jochanan had +been slain by Herod, whom he had rebuked for his wicked living. It was, +indeed, said that Herod had also captured this Jesus when he found that he +was following in the footsteps of Jochanan; but this proved to be untrue, +and the multitude thronged more and more after Jesus, and from this time +he began to teach them regularly, after the manner of our Sages. Yet he +did not pronounce decisions of Halacha on questions of our Law; indeed, he +disclaimed all interference with such questions. "I am not come," he said, +"to take away from the Law of Moses, nor to add to the Law of Moses am I +come." Only one saying of his have I heard of wherein he said aught at +variance with the Torah. When the children of a man who had recently died +asked him in what way should the property be divided, he said, "Let son +and daughter inherit alike." In this, as in other things, he was more +favorable to the claims of the women than the Law and the Sages. For this +reason, perhaps, it was that many women followed after him, even joined in +prayer with him and those with him, against the custom of our nation. +Hence arose much scandal among the more rigidly pious among us, who follow +the saying of Joseph ben Jochanan, "Engage not in much converse with +women." But I have heard naught of evil that resulted from this free +mingling of men and women among his followers. Yet Jesus was not against +the due subordination of women, for he also said, "Let the wife be in +subordination to her husband." + +Thou must know that among us our Sages are of two kinds, the Halachists +and the Hagadists. The former deal with matters of the Law according to +the tradition they have received from their teacher; but the latter +expound the words of the Scripture, and deal with the moral relations of +man to man. Some of our Sages, indeed, like the great Hillel, who died +when I was a child, have been equally masters both of the Halacha and the +Hagada; and in many ways the teaching of Jesus seems to have resembled, if +it did not follow, that of Hillel. I must tell thee one anecdote about +this Hillel which is well known amongst us. He was distinguished for his +evenness of temper, and men would often in sport try to make him lose it. +A heathen came before him one day, and declared that he would become a Jew +if only Hillel would tell him the whole Law while he stood upon one foot, +hoping thereby to irritate Hillel by his presumption. But Hillel said +only, "What thou wilt not for thyself, do not to thy neighbor. This is the +whole of the Law; all the rest is but commentary thereon. Go and learn." +Now, among the disciples of Hillel was one who compiled for the heathen a +summary of the Law in the spirit of Hillel; and it seemed to me, from what +I heard of Jesus' teaching, that he had learnt much from this summary, +which is called "THE TWO WAYS." I will have a copy written out for thee, +for it is very short. + +Now, in all the teaching of Jesus which I heard of about this time, he +seems to have expanded, but in no wise modified, the teaching of "The Two +Ways." Above all, he seems to have warned men against the evil feelings +within, that lead to sins against the Law, and therein differed somewhat +from the practice of our Sages, who think that by doing the Law and +keeping to it rightful feelings shall grow, and evil thoughts fly away. + +Yet while in many ways Jesus seemed to be of the School of Hillel, in +others he cast in his lot with the men among us who claim to be especially +favored of God, because--thou wilt smile, Aglaophonos--because they are +poor. Thou hast read our Psalms, and knowest with what insistence the poor +and the righteous, the rich and the wicked, are identified in them. Many +of our nation have taken this to heart, and as it were pride themselves +upon their humility, as some of them call themselves _Ebionim_, or the +Poor; some, the _Zaddikim_, or Righteous; some, _Chasidim_, or Pious. Thou +canst not call them a sect, for in a way they include the whole nation. In +the Eighteen Blessings which form the staple of our daily prayers, the +Lord is blessed as the Guardian and Refuge of the _Zaddikim_. Now, it was +chiefly among these men, whether they called themselves _Ebionim_, or +_Zaddikim_, or _Chasidim_, that Jesus found his chief adherents, though he +seems to give his preference to the _Ebionim_, who have always been +insisting upon the blessedness of the poor. Now, these men consider +themselves to be beyond all others the servants of the Lord, and identify +themselves with that picture of the servant which has been given by the +Prophet Esaias. Thus in all these ways Jesus appealed to the more earnest +part of our nation, and in him were conjoined most of the movements that +had touched us most deeply. If any had said at this time, "Jesus the +Nazarene is a follower of Jochanan the Baptizer, and preaches 'The Two +Ways' to the Poor," none could have gainsaid him. + +Yet all were wondering what he would say to the other side of our nation's +hopes. The life of our nation had begun with a deliverance; our chief +national feast recalls that deliverance from Egypt to us every year as the +spring comes round. We have become subject to all the great kingdoms that +have grown up round us, yet again and again we have been delivered from +each. Thou and I have often wondered how it has come about that both +Hellenes and Hebrews, who feel ourselves in different ways higher than +these stolid Romans who rule us, have yet become subject to them. Thy +nation hath acquiesced in their rule; my people never will. Every man who +promises greatness among us is hoped for as the Deliverer. Many men about +this time began to ask, Will Jesus the Nazarene be the Deliverer? + + + + + + IV. + THE TWO WAYS. + + +Now, this is the "CATECHISM OF THE TWO WAYS" which I have had copied out +for thee, for in it is the essence of the teaching of Jesus, as he himself +recognized in speaking to me, as thou wilt shortly hear. + +"There are two ways, one of life and one of death, but there is a great +difference between the two ways. Now, the way of life is this: first, Thou +shalt love God who made thee; secondly, thy neighbor as thyself, and all +things whatsoever thou wouldest not should be done to thee, do thou also +not do to another. Thou shalt not kill, thou shalt not commit adultery, +thou shalt not corrupt boys, thou shalt not commit fornication, thou shalt +not steal, thou shalt not use witchcraft, thou shalt not use enchantments, +thou shalt not kill an infant whether before or after birth, thou shalt +not covet thy neighbor's goods. + +"Thou shalt not forswear thyself, thou shalt not bear false witness, thou +shalt not revile, thou shalt not bear malice. + +"Thou shalt not be double-minded nor double-tongued; for duplicity of +tongue is a snare of death. + +"Thy speech shall not be false nor vain. + +"Thou shalt not be covetous, nor an extortioner, nor a hypocrite, nor +malignant, nor haughty. Thou shalt not take evil counsel against thy +neighbor. + +"Thou shalt hate no man, but some thou shalt rebuke, and for some thou +shalt pray, and some thou shalt love above thine own soul. + +"My child, flee from all evil, and from all that is like unto it. + +"Be not soon angry, for anger leadeth to murder; nor given to party- +spirit, nor contentious, nor quick-tempered, for from all these are +generated murders. + +"My child, be not lustful, for lust leadeth to fornication; neither be a +filthy talker, nor a lifter-up of the eyes, for from all these things are +generated adulteries. + +"My child, be not thou an observer of birds, for it leadeth to idolatry; +nor a charmer, nor an astrologer, nor a user of purifications; nor be thou +willing to look on those things, for from all these is generated idolatry. + +"My child, be not a liar, for lying leadeth to theft; nor a lover of +money, nor fond of vainglory, for from all these things are generated +thefts. + +"My child, be not a murmurer, for it leadeth to blasphemy; neither self- +willed, nor evil-minded, for from all these things are generated +blasphemies. + +"Be thou long-suffering, and merciful, and harmless, and quiet, and good, +and trembling continually at the words which thou hast heard. + +"Thou shalt not exalt thyself, nor shalt thou give presumption to thy +soul. Thy soul shall not be joined to the lofty, but with the just and +lowly shalt thou converse. + +"The events that happen to thee shalt thou accept as good, knowing that +without God nothing taketh place. + +"My child, thou shalt remember night and day him that speaketh to thee the +word of God. + +"But thou shalt seek out day by day the faces of the saints, that thou +mayest rest in their words. + +"Thou shalt not desire division, but shalt make peace between those at +strife; so thou shalt judge justly. Thou shalt not respect a person in +rebuking for transgressions. + +"Thou shalt not be of two minds whether it shall be or not. + +"Be not one that stretcheth out his hands to receive, but shutteth them +close for giving. + +"If thou hast, thou shalt give with thine hands a ransom for thy sins. + +"Thou shalt not hesitate to give, nor when thou givest shalt thou murmur, +for thou shalt know who is the good recompenser of the reward. + +"Thou shalt not turn away from him that needeth, but shalt share all +things with thy brother, and shalt not say that they are thine own; for if +ye are fellow-sharers in that which is imperishable, how much more in +perishable things. + +"Thou shalt not take away thine hand from thy son or from thy daughter, +but from their youth up shalt thou teach them the fear of God. + +"Thou shalt not in thy bitterness lay commands on thy man-servant or thy +maid-servant, who hope in the same God, lest they should not fear him who +is God over you both; for He cometh not to call men according to the +outward appearance, but to those whom the Spirit hath prepared. + +"But ye, servants, shall be subject to your masters as to a figure of God +in reverence and fear. + +"Thou shalt hate all hypocrisy, and everything which is not pleasing to +the Lord. + +"Thou shalt not forsake the commandments of the Lord, but shalt keep what +thou hast received, neither adding thereto nor taking away from it. + +"Thou shalt confess thy transgressions, and shalt not come to thy prayer +with an evil conscience. This is the way of life. + +"But the way of death is this. First of all, it is evil and full of curse; +murders, adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries, witchcrafts, +sorceries, robberies, false-witnessings, hypocrisies, double-heartedness, +deceit, pride, wickedness, self-will, covetousness, filthy talking, +jealousy, presumption, haughtiness, flattery. + +"Persecutors of the good, hating truth, loving a lie, not knowing the +reward of righteousness, not cleaving to that which is good nor to +righteous judgment, watching not for the good but for the evil, far from +whom is meekness and patience, loving vain things, seeking after reward, +not pitying the poor, not toiling with him who is vexed with toil, not +knowing Him that made them, murderers of children, destroyers of the image +of God, turning away from him that is in need, vexing him that is +afflicted, advocates of the rich, lawless judges of the poor, wholly +sinful. + +"Take heed that no one make thee to err from this way of teaching, since +he teacheth thee not according to God." + + + + + + V. + THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. + THE RICH YOUNG MAN. + + +It must have been many months after I had heard him discourse in the +Galilan synagogue that I again saw Jesus the Nazarene. We in Jerusalem +had our own concerns to think of. + +At this time the long monopoly of rule by the Sadducees was gradually +being broken. Of the three divisions of the Sanhedrim, that of the +ordinary Israelites had become almost entirely composed of the Pharisees; +I myself had been elected as one of that party, and even in the other two +sections of the Priests and of the Levites, many, especially among the +latter, held with the Pharisees. Nor was this without influence upon the +political issues of the times. The Sadducees, being the sacerdotal party, +had no cause why they should be dissatisfied with the position they held +in the State under the Romans; but we of the Pharisees felt far otherwise +about the national hopes for deliverance. Since my days the influence of +the Pharisees has become predominant in the nation, and I foresee that the +struggle between us and the Romans cannot be delayed for long. At the time +of which I am writing, the hegemony had not yet passed over to the +Pharisees, and it was of import for us all to know whether any man of +influence was on our side, or on that of the Sadducees, or whether he +cared for neither, and cast in his lot with the smaller sects. + +Now, it happened about this time that I was attending my place in the +Sanhedrim of Israelites, to judge of a case of adultery. But in this +matter our Sages, and especially those of the Pharisaic tradition, had +made great changes in the Law as laid down for us by Moses; for he, as +thou knowest, commands that a woman taken in adultery shall be stoned to +death. Now, for a long time among us there has been an increasing horror +of inflicting the death penalty. If a Sanhedrim inflicts capital +punishment more than once in seven years, it is called a Sanhedrim of +murderers. Yet the Law of Moses declared that whosoever was guilty of +adultery would be put to death. What, then, was to be done? It is against +the principle of justice that any should be punished for an offence of +which he is ignorant. Hence, in capital offences, our Sages, to mercy +inclined, have laid it down that a man must be assumed to be ignorant of +the guilt of the offence, unless it be proved that he had been solemnly +warned of its gravity; and in our Law proof can only be given by two +simultaneous witnesses. Hence it is impossible to obtain conviction for a +woman who hath committed adultery, unless proof is given that she hath +been previously warned by two persons at once. This can scarcely ever be. +No Jewish woman in my time has ever been stoned as the Law commands for +this sin. Some think that this is too great a leniency, and of evil result +for the morality of the folk. + +When I arrived at the hall of polished stones near the Temple, in which +the Sanhedrim holds its sittings, the trial had nearly come to a +conclusion. The inquiry had been made if any two credible witnesses had +given the woman the preliminary caution, and none answering to the call, +it remained only for the _Ab Beth Din_, the president of the court, to +dismiss the prisoner with the words of caution and advice which are +customary on such occasions: "My daughter, perhaps thou wert led into sin +by too much wine, or by thoughtlessness, or perhaps by thy youth; +perchance it was mixing in crowds, or wicked companions that led thee to +sin: go, and for the sake of the great Name, do not bring it to pass that +thou must be destroyed by the water of jealousy." And with these words the +court was dismissed, and several of us were appointed to take the woman to +her home, and induce the man, her husband, to take her to him once again. +Now, as we were passing through the courts of the Temple, we saw Jesus the +Nazarene in one of the smaller courts, seated, teaching the people, some +of whom sat at his feet. But it seemed to some of us a favorable +opportunity to test what he would say as regards the Law of Moses relating +to adultery: for if he would declare that the Law must be carried out in +all its rigor, that would show that our Sages were more merciful than he; +if, on the other hand, he adopted the opinion of our Sages, that would in +so far commit him to support their attitude towards the Law in general. In +any case, it seemed a suitable occasion to test his power of dealing with +the Law, and it is customary among us to put such test cases before the +younger Sages. + +We therefore turned aside and entered into the smaller court, and all rose +to do honor to the Sanhedrim. Then one of us said to him, "Rabbi, this +woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. Now, Moses in the Law hath +commanded that such should be stoned: what sayest thou?" Now, when the man +told him that the woman had been taken in the very act of adultery, a deep +blush passed over his face, and he turned his eyes downwards. Then he bent +down to the ground, hiding his face altogether from us, and writing, as it +were, something on the sand of the floor. Now, at first, I thought of the +cry of the money-changers that I had heard, and felt ashamed in my soul +that such a question should be brought before this man, of all men: for +our Sages have said, "The greatest of sins is this--to bring a blush upon +thy neighbor's face in public." But the others thought not of this, but +once more they asked him, "Rabbi, what sayest thou shall be done in this +case?" Then, without raising his head, Jesus said in a low tone, "Let him +among you that is without sin cast the first stone." Then we saw that his +shame had been for us, and for our want of feeling in putting such a +question in the very presence of her who had sinned. And in this matter we +hold that sin can be in thought as well as in act, and which of us could +say that we were without sin even in thought? So, in very shame, we turned +and went, and left Jesus alone with the woman. + +Yet, after we had come away from him, Matathias ben Meshullam said, "That +is well,--we are rightly rebuked; but yet, dost thou not see that this man +hath not answered our question, nor do we know, as we wished, what +attitude he takes towards the carrying out of the Law? I hear that each +morning he preaches to the people in the Temple. Let us now tomorrow put +such questions to him that he cannot evade, and find out to which of our +parties he belongs; for this is a man that is getting great weight with +the people, and it imports us to know where he stands with regard to us." +So it was determined among us that the next morning a Sadducee and a +Pharisee should put to him queries which should determine what views he +held on the great questions which distinguished the two great parties of +the State. + +But that very afternoon I was to learn that this Jesus had to deal with +questions with which none of our parties concerned themselves. For, as I +was coming near to Gethsemane, I met Jesus with a band of men and women +going out towards Bethany, and I passed them with the salutation of +"Peace." But as I passed, a young man whom I knew, that had recently come +into great possessions upon the death of his father, came up and asked, +"Who is that man whom thou hast just greeted?" and I said, "Jesus the +Nazarene." Then, suddenly, he set off running to catch them up, and being +curious, I turned and followed him. When I reached them I found the young +man kneeling before Jesus, gazing up to him, and he said, "Good Master, I +have inherited great possessions; what shall I do that I may inherit the +life everlasting?" Jesus said to him, "Call not me 'Good;' none is good +but the One. If thou wouldest enter into life, do the commandments." The +young man asked, "Which?" Jesus said, using the doctrine of "The Two +Ways," "Do not kill, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not bear +false witness, do not defraud, honor thy father and thy mother, and love +thy neighbor as thyself." Then the young man said, "All these things have +I kept from my youth up: what lack I yet?" Then Jesus said, "One thing +thou lackest: go thy way, sell all thou hast, and give unto the poor, and +thou shalt have heavenly treasures: come then and follow me." The young +man began to scratch his head, and seemed in doubt. Then Jesus said unto +him, "How is it thou canst say, 'I have done the Law and the Prophets,' +since it is written in the Law, 'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself'? +Behold, many of thy brothers, sons of Abraham, are clothed but in dung, +and die for hunger, while thy house is full of many goods, and there goeth +not forth aught from it unto them." But the young man rose, and went away +in sorrow and confusion. Then Jesus looked round upon those who were +there, and said, "How hard it is for them that trust in riches to enter +into the kingdom of God! It is easier for an elephant to go through a +needle's eye, as the saying is, than for a rich man to enter into the +kingdom of God." Then a murmur arose among all those present, and they +began to move on, and I left them. And I said to myself, "This man is +neither Pharisee, nor Sadducee, nor Herodian; these be the thoughts of the +Ebionim." + + + + + + VI. + THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE. + + +Now, on the morrow, many of us who had agreed together to test the +opinions of this Jesus went to the Temple and found Jesus walking in the +corridors. Then he that was of most authority among us said unto Jesus, +"Rabbi, we would ask certain questions of thee;" and Jesus answered, "Ask, +and it shall be answered unto thee." + +Thou must know that among us Jews there be two chief schools of thought, +or rather thou mightest say, parties of the State. The one holds with the +High Priest and the rulers, and is mainly made up of those whom ye +Hellenes call the Best, and their retainers. These be known as the +Sadducees, for their leaders are mainly of the family of the High Priest +Sadduk. Now, the other party is in some sort the party of the Demos, in +that they seek to lessen the power of the High Priests and their families. +But with us, as thou knowest, all things turn upon religion, and this +second party differ chiefly from the Sadducees, for that they are more in +earnest with the matters of the Law, and chiefly they fear the influence +of thy nation, Aglaophonos, in drawing the Israelite away from the Law. +Therefore have they increased precept upon precept, so as to make, as they +say, a fence round the Law. And as they would separate themselves from the +heathen by this fence, they call themselves Pharisees, that is, +Separatists. + +Now, it was nowise easy to learn whether a man was of the one party or the +other. For he might be eager for the Law, and so be Pharisaic in color, +and yet approve of the dominion of the priests, and thus be a Sadducee. +Yet in one chief matter of thought they went asunder contrariwise, and +that was concerning the resurrection of the dead. Now, with regard to +that, the Sadducees held that naught was said in the Law of Moses, and +therefore no son of Israel need concern himself with it. But the +Pharisees, on the other hand, laid great weight upon this. So here was a +touchstone by which to learn whether this Jesus followed the one or the +other of the two great divisions of our nation. + +Then, as was agreed upon, Kamithos the Sadducee came forward to ask him +the question which should determine whether he held with them that there +was no resurrection from the dead, or with the rest of the nation. He +said, "Rabbi, it is written in the Torah, if brethren dwell together, and +one of them die and have no son, the wife of the dead one shall not marry +without, unto a stranger; her husband's brother shall take her to him to +wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. Suppose, now, there are seven +brethren, and the first takes a wife, and dying leaves no son; and the +second takes her, as is our custom, and dies without leaving any seed; and +the third likewise, and so on, till the whole seven had married her, and +yet had no son; then the woman dies also: when they shall rise from the +dead together, whose wife shall she be of them? for all seven had her to +wife." And Jesus answered and said, "Ye are at fault, and know not the +Scriptures, nor the power of God; for in the resurrection they neither +marry, nor are given in marriage, but are even as the angels which are in +heaven. And as an indication from Scripture that the dead rise, is it not +written in the book of Moses, when God spake to him from the bush, saying, +'I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob'? He +is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living: therefore are ye in +error." + +And we were surprised at the subtlety of the man; and chiefly men +marvelled at the wisdom of this man in finding what we call a support, +that is, a text of Scripture on which to hang the doctrine of the life +after death, which many believe to have grown up among us since the sacred +Scriptures were written: for in them little, if anything, was said of the +world to come. Now, Jesus in his answer had happened upon a text which +said that Abraham and Isaac and Jacob were living when they were dead to +this world, and the people marvelled greatly thereat. + +Now, it had been agreed upon, that after the Sadducees had asked their +question and been answered, I should stand forth and test this man Jesus +on behalf of the Pharisees. Now, one of our Sages hath said, "Be as +careful of a little precept as of a great one;" whereas our great master +Hillel had, as I have told thee, summed up the whole Law in one precept, +"Love thy neighbor as thyself." Therefore, we of the Pharisees wished to +know whether this Jesus agreed with the one sage or the other; so I spake +unto him and said, "Rabbi, which is the first commandment, by doing which +I shall inherit the life everlasting?" But at first he answered me not +directly, but said, "How readest thou?" Then I remembered me the words of +the "Catechism of the Two Ways," and answered, "Thou shalt love the Lord +thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy strength, and with all thy +mind, and thy neighbor as thyself: whatsoever thou wouldest not for +thyself, do not to another." And he said unto me, "Thou hast answered +right; and the first of the commandments is the _Shema_: 'Hear, O Israel; +the Lord thy God is one God.' And the second is like, namely this: 'Thou +shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.' There is none other commandment +greater than these. This do, and thou shalt live." Then I was rejoiced, +and said unto him, "Well, Rabbi, thou hast said the truth: there is one +God, and there is none other but him; and to love him with all the heart, +and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and all the +strength, and to love one's neighbor as one's self, is more than all the +burnt offerings and sacrifices." Then Jesus became gracious unto me, and +said, "Thou art not far from the kingdom of God." + +But then I would learn further from this man who spake so well, and ask +him the question which is current in our schools on this subject, and I +said to him, "But, Rabbi, who is my neighbor?" and he answered with a +_mashal_, or parable, and said, "To what is the matter like? A certain man +was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho; and he fell among robbers, which +both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And +by chance a certain priest was going down that way: and when he saw him, +he passed by on the other side. And in like manner a Levite also, when he +came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a certain +Israelite,(8) as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he +was moved with compassion, and came to him, and bound up his wounds, +pouring on them oil and wine; and he set him on his own beast, and brought +him to an inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow he took out two +pence, and gave them to the host, and said, 'Take care of him; and +whatsoever thou spendest more, I, when I come back again, will repay +thee.' Which of these three, thinkest thou, proved neighbor unto him that +fell among the robbers?" Then I said, "Not the priest, nor the Levite, +though they held office in Israel, but the simple Israelite who showed +mercy upon him." Then Jesus said unto me, "Go and do thou likewise;" and +at this moment we were all summoned to the mid-day sacrifice in the +Temple. + +When Jesus had departed, after the sacrifice, we all met together and +discussed his answers, which had stamped him in our minds as a master in +the art of question and answer, which is with us as favorable a trial of +skill as oratory or poetry with you Hellenes. Now, as regards the question +of the Sadducees, men thought he had spoken more openly; for though he had +evaded a direct answer to the question of the seven brothers and their +wife, he had yet implied that they all would have a part in the life to +come. Some regretted that the question had not been put differently, and +the problem set--if a son had been born through the seventh brother: for +this might have thrown light upon the question of the schools, whether the +brother's widow was to be still regarded as his wife if seed had been +raised to him after his death. But as to the support which Jesus had taken +from Scripture for the life everlasting, though here again he had answered +question by question, it was decided that he was against the Sadducees on +this point. + +But on the questions which I had put to him, all had agreed that he had +answered as a Pharisee, even as Hillel might have answered, for he had +yea-said the doctrine which I had cited from the beginning of "The Two +Ways" in which the doctrine of Hillel is summed up; and even as to my +further question, as to who is the _chaber_, or neighbor, though opinions +were divided, most thought that he had spoken as a Pharisee might have +spoken: for thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that our nation is divided into +three great classes--the _Cohanim_, or Priests; the Levites; and the common +Israelites. Now, of these, the two former are the officials of the Temple, +and most if not all of the Sadducees are from this class. And, in +declaring himself on the side of the third class of simple Israelites, +Jesus had, we all thought, declared himself on the side of the Pharisees. + + + + + + VII. + THE SECOND SERMON. + + +I cannot clearly remember at what season of the year it was that I next +saw Jesus; indeed, I am surprised to think that, after the lapse of nearly +five-and-twenty years, I can still remember almost all that passed on the +various occasions when I was in his presence. Yet I think it was about the +time of the feast which we hold in memory of the rededication of the +Temple under the Maccabans that I again saw and heard the Galilan +stranger; for I mind me that I had just been taking the eight-branch +candlestick which we use in the ceremonials of this feast to Petachayah +the silversmith to be mended, when on my return I saw a throng collected +round the synagogue of the Galilans, and entering in, found that Jesus +was to preach that day. The same ceremonial was gone through as I have +already described to thee: the Law was taken from the ark with rejoicing; +priest and Levite and four ordinary Israelites were summoned to hear it +read, and again the crier called, "Let Rabbi Joshua, the son of Rabbi +Joseph, arise." Now, it chanced that this time, I, as a member of the +Sanhedrim, was summoned to the reading of the Law immediately after Jesus, +and for a time, as is customary, we stood together upon the _bema_. I +observed that, as the reading of the Law proceeded, the eyes of the +Nazarene became fixed upon the ark, and a veil of mysterious tenderness +seemed to come over them, as if he were in communion with the _Shechinah_, +or Glory, itself. It seemed to me that afterwards, when he read the +_Haphtara_ from the prophets, and when he preached, something remained in +him of this mystical communion. + +Perhaps it was for this that we seemed to miss that sense of individual +address which we had before observed in his eyes. No longer did these +speak to us other and deeper thoughts than the words of the preacher; they +seemed to dream of divine things, and so caused us also to be rapt in +mystic musings. I cannot on this account recall for you all or even many +of the words which he uttered on this occasion. He began with some plain +teaching about practice. Soon he went on to speak of himself in a +marvellous way, as if he would imply that communion with him and with the +Most High were one and the same, and then in his last words he seemed to +speak of the Last Things. And here again his words seemed as if he +identified himself with the great Judge. + +Now, this is not so strange to our mode of thinking in Israel as thou +mightest think. Almost all our prophets speak the oracles of God as if +they were using the very words of the Lord. Thou canst read in the Greek +translation of the Seventy many passages of the prophets in which the very +words of the Lord are given. Yet in most, if not all, cases the prophet +beginneth, "Thus saith the Lord," or endeth, "This is the word of the +Lord." But with this Jesus it was otherwise. He spoke as the ancient +prophets do, but whether from his rapt intentness in the message he was +delivering, or because he felt his spirit for the time merged in the +divine, he spoke as if the message was his. And as he spoke, I saw looks +of amazement pass between many in the synagogue, and one old graybeard +rose as if to protest, and then, shaking his withered hands above his +head, went out of the synagogue. + +I will here set down for thee as many of the words that fell from Jesus' +lips on this occasion as I can remember. They are but few, but many of +them are weighty, and I have told thee above the general lines of thought +which seemed to run through his discourse; and these are the words as far +as I remember them.(9) + + +"Cultivate faith and hope, through which is born that love of God and man +which gives the eternal life. Those are the sons of God who walk in the +spirit of God. What you preach before the folk, do in deed before every +one. Accept not anything from any man, and possess not anything in this +world. For the Father wisheth to be given to each man from his own gifts. +Cleave unto the saints: for they that cleave unto them shall be +sanctified. Yet shall there be schisms and heresies: for there is a shame +which leadeth to death, as there is a shame which leadeth to life. Is it +not enough for the disciples to be as the Master? If in a little you are +not faithful, who shall give unto you what is much? Seek the great, and +the little will be added to you; seek the heavenly, and the things of +earth will be superadded. + +"He that wonders shall reign, he who reigns shall find rest. My secret is +for me, and for those that are mine are the things which eye saw not, and +ear heard not, which entered not into the heart of man, whatsoever things +God prepared for them that love him. Those who wish to see me, and wish to +cling to the kingdom, must take me through affliction and suffering. For +he that is near me is near the fire, he that is far from me is far from +the kingdom. Where one is, there too am I; where twain are, there too will +I be. As any of you sees himself in the water or in the mirror, so let him +see me in himself. + +"They that love me shall receive the crown. I will choose me the good, +those good whom my Father in the heavens hath given me. Let the lawless +continue in lawlessness, the just be justified. Behold, I make the last as +the first, and all things new. In whatsoever state I find you, in that +also will I judge you." + + +Never heard I any who spoke of himself as this man did. For days and days +afterwards some of his words came to me again and again. Whenever I was +alone I seemed to hear his voice saying, "Where one is, there too am I; +where twain are, there too will I be." Whenever I gazed on the running +stream or looked on the polished steel of the mirror, again I seemed to +hear him say, "As any of you sees himself in the water or in the mirror, +so let him see me in himself." And, in truth, at times my features seemed +to fade away, and the face of Jesus gaze upon me. + +Others thought not as I. When we assembled after the sermon, to talk over +it, as is our custom, I found that most had been chiefly touched by +certain sayings at the end of the sermon, in which Jesus seemed to speak +of the future life and the last judgment. Thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that +with regard to these matters I incline more to the teaching of the +Sadducean sect, who hold that Holy Scripture speaketh not of these things, +and that, therefore, we need not and should not think thereon. But there +were few who held that doctrine in the synagogue that day, and these +thought most of the words in which Jesus seemed to claim the prerogatives +of the Divine Judge. "I was amazed," quoth Serachyah ben Pinchas, "when he +spoke of judging us himself in the last days: it wanted but a little that +I had rent my garments at the blasphemy. But surely, thought I to myself, +the man will shortly tell us, 'These are the words of the Lord,' and so I +refrained." + +Now I will tell thee of a most strange event that happened with me and +this Jesus. A day or two after this, I was sitting in my room and studying +the words of Torah, and had fallen into deep thought on the things of this +life and the next, and gradually I fell thinking of certain words that I +had heard from Jesus the Nazarene, as I have before told you. Hast thou +ever felt, Aglaophonos, as if some one was gazing upon thee, and thou +couldst not refrain from looking round to see who it was? So I felt at +this moment, and I looked up from the sacred scroll, and lo! Jesus the +Nazarene stood before me, gazing upon me with those piercing eyes I can +never forget. His face was pale and indistinct, but the eyes shone forth +as if with tenderness and pity. Then he seemed to lean forward, and spoke +to me in a low yet piercing voice these words: "Awake thou that sleepest, +and arise from the dead, and the Christ shall shine upon thee." I had +shrunk back from his gaze, and was, indeed, in all amaze and wonder that +he should be in the room; but when I looked again, behold, he was gone, +there was no man there. + +But this is not all the wonder of that event, for, being startled, and, +indeed, somewhat fearful at his sudden appearance and disappearance, I +arose and went out into the highway, and went out to walk on the +Gethsemane road. Now, as I came clear of the city, I saw a group of men +coming down the opposite hill, and when they came near, behold, it was +Jesus and some of his friends. I was astonished and surprised beyond all +measure, for how could Jesus have just been with me, and be now coming +from Gethsemane? And when they were passing me, Jesus glanced at me very +slightly, as at a stranger--he that had spoken to my soul but a few minutes +since. + +Now, after they had passed me, there came one running after them whom I +knew--one Meshullam ben Hanoch--and I stopped him and asked him whither he +was going, and he said, "Stay me not. I have run all the way from Bethany +to catch up that man thou seest there, Jesus the Nazarene;" and with that +he took up his running and left me. + +I knew not what to think. I had seen and heard Jesus in my own house in +Jerusalem, and lo! at that very same time, as I now learned, he had been +at Bethany. What thinkest thou, Aglaophonos,--can a man be in two places at +one and the same time? or can it be that the mind of man, and the power of +his eye, can go forth from his body and create a vision of another man +that hath all the semblance of reality? I know not what to think; but I +have heard that, even after his death, those who were nearest and dearest +to Jesus saw him and heard him even as I did. Nor do I wonder at this, +after what has occurred to myself. + + + + + + VIII. + THE REBUKING OF JESUS. + + +Now, it chanced that about this time I was invited to a feast at the house +of Elisha ben Simeon, one of the leaders of the Pharisees in Jerusalem. +His son had become thirteen years old that week, and, as is our custom, +was received into the holy congregation as a Son of the Covenant on the +Sabbath. He had been summoned up to the reading of the Law, and had +himself read aloud a portion of it; for from this day onward he was to be +treated in all matters of religion as if he were a man. Being a friend of +his father, I had attended his synagogue, and heard the lad's pure voice +for the first time in his life declare publicly his faith in the Most +High. + +After the service in the synagogue, his friends accompanied the father and +the lad to their house, and with them went I, who had known the father +from our schoolboy days, and the little lad from the time of his birth. + +Now, it chanced that, as we came near the door of Elisha's house, we met +Jesus the Nazarene, and two or three with him. So Elisha greeted them, and +invited them courteously to join the feast, as is the custom among us. And +Jesus and the others assented, and followed into the house with us. "To +table, to table!" cried Elisha, pointing to the couches standing round the +well-filled board. + +When we were all seated, the host and his son came round with an ewer and +basin to perform the washing of the hands prescribed by the Law. But when +they came to the Galilan strangers, these refused, saying, "We wash not +before meals." + +"Then we must serve ye last," said Elisha, with a smile. But the others +took not the matter so pleasantly; for since we have one common dish, +which is handed round to the guests for them to take their food with their +fingers, it is considered gross ill-breeding for a man not to perform the +ceremony of washing before meals. + +Then Elisha took a seat at the centre of the table, and said the grace +before meals. Then he broke bread, and, dipping a morsel into salt for +each of the guests, he called his son to him to carry it round. When he +saw that each of the guests had a piece of bread dipped in salt, Elisha +recited the blessing on the bread, "Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, who +bringest forth bread from the earth," and all said "Amen." And one of the +guests said to Elisha, "I am glad we are not in Babylon." + +"How so, Phineas?" said Elisha to the man, who was well known at all +feasts at that time in Jerusalem. + +And Phineas said, "For there they only eat bread with their bread." + +"Nay, that would not suit thee, Phineas. Thou art no Nazarite;" and most +of the guests who knew him laughed. + +Then Elisha clapped his hands, and the slaves took round the first course +of salted fish; then afterwards the cold baked meats--for, being the +Sabbath, the food had been prepared the day before. + +Then one of the guests said to one of the Galilans, "Is it true that you +allow fowl to be boiled in milk in your country?" + +"Yes, truly; why not?" said the Galilan. + +"Is it not written thrice in the Law," said the guest, "'Thou shalt not +seethe the kid in its mother's milk'?" + +"In our country," said the Galilan, "fowls give no milk." And we all of +us laughed, save only Jesus. + +"Nay, but the Sages have carried their prohibition even unto fowls, lest +the people be led to confuse flesh and flesh." + +By this time we had arrived at the third and last course of salted olives, +lettuces, and radishes. And again the bowl and ewer were passed round, and +this time the Galilans did not refuse the water. Then the new son of the +covenant recited in his clear voice the grace after meals. And all rose, +while the slaves removed the remnants. Then said Elisha, "It is not well +that when so many are together we should depart without discussing some +words of the Law. My little Lazarus here would fain learn some new thing +from the many learned men present on this day of his being received into +Israel." + +"Well, then," said one of the company, "I should like to put a question to +our friends here from Galilee." And they said, "Speak, Rabbi." + +And he addressed himself to Jesus, and said, "Why walk not thy disciples +according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with unwashen +hands?" + +Then Jesus spoke out, and as he spoke he strode up and down the room, with +his hand clutching the air, and the vein throbbing on his left temple. +"Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, 'This +people honoreth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. +Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the +commandments of men.'" Then facing us all, he added, "For ye lay aside the +commandment of God, and hold the tradition of men." + +"How so, master?" said Elisha; "prove thy words." + +"It is said in the Word of God, 'Honor thy father and thy mother,' and yet +the Sages say, 'If a man be asked by his father or mother to honor them +with a gift, and he say, "I vow that thing to the Almighty," then it is +_Corban_,' and put aside for the Lord, so that his parents cannot enjoy +thereof. Thus by your tradition about vows ye make the Word of God +concerning honor to parents of none effect, and many like things ye do." + +Then Elisha said, "But the Sages are by no means at one in that matter of +the vows, and in particular many of them declare all the vows annulled +that would work against our duty to our parents, or even against our love +to our neighbor. Yet, even if we take the more stricter tradition, in what +manner that absolves us from washing our hands before meals, I see not." + +"Nay, it is the same thing," replied Jesus. "Ye Pharisees make clean the +outside of the cup and platter, but your inward thoughts are full of +ravening and wickedness. Ye fools! did not the Holy One, blessed be He, +who made that which is without, make also that which is within? Therefore +give for alms that which is within, kindly thoughts and friendly feelings. +If ye do that, all things are clean unto you." + +Then I said unto Jesus, for this matter touched us scribes nearly, +"Master, in speaking thus against tradition thou reproachest us also that +be scribes." + +And he answered, "Woe, woe unto ye, scribes! which desire to walk in long +robes, and love greetings in the markets, and the higher seats in the +synagogues, and the chief places at feasts, which devour widows' houses, +and for a show make long prayers." + +Then an angry murmur rose among all the folk there assembled at the harsh +words of the stranger, when suddenly was heard the voice of Simeon ben +Lazarus, the father of Elisha, a very old man, who sat in the corner and +said:-- + +"Young man, fourscore years and two have I lived upon this earth; a +Pharisee have I been from the day I became a son of the covenant, like +little Lazarus there; a scribe was I during all the working days of my +life. I did what the Law and the Sages command, yet never thought I in so +doing of men's thoughts or praises. Surely, if the Lord command, a good +Jew will obey. And as in many things, many acts of this life, the Law +speaketh not in plain terms, surely we should follow the opinion of those +who devote all their life to the study of the Law. + +"I have never sought the praises of men, their greetings or their honors, +in obeying the Law. In all that I have done I have sought one thing--to +fulfil the will of our Father which is in heaven. + +"As for what thou sayest, that inward thought and outward act should go +together in the service of God and man, that is a verity, and often have I +heard the saying from the great Hillel--may his memory be for a blessing! +But if outward act may be clean when inward thought may be unclean, how, +on the other hand, can we know the purity of what is within, except it be +decided by the cleanliness of what is without? How, above all, shall we +teach our little ones, like my Lazarus there, to feel what is good and +seemly, except by first teaching them to do the acts that are seemly and +good? + +"And as for what thou sayest as to the hypocrisy of us Pharisees and +scribes, I say unto thee,--and in a few days I must see the face of my +Maker,--I say unto thee, I have known many an Ebionite, which thou seemest +to be, who was well spoken within, but ill doing without. So, too, I have +known many a scribe and many a Pharisee who neither carried their good +deeds on their shoulders, nor said, 'Wait, I have to finish some godly +deed;' nor set off their good deeds against their sins; nor boasted of +their sacrifices for godly works; nor did they seek out their sins that +they might pay for them by their virtues; nor were they Pharisees from +fear of the Divine punishment. They were Pharisees from love of the Lord, +and did throughout their life what they knew to be his commands." + +But Jesus spoke gently unto the old man, and said naught but, "Nay, +master, I spoke not of thee, nor of men like thee. These be the true +Pharisees; the rest but have the Pharisaic color." + +"That is so," said old Simeon. "I have heard what King Jannaus said: 'Fear +not the Pharisees, nor those who are no Pharisees; but fear the colored +ones, who are only Pharisees in appearance, who do the deeds of Zimri and +demand the rewards of Phineas.'" + +But before the old man could finish there was a movement at the doorway, +and a high, thin voice cried out, "Where is this kidnapper of souls? where +is this filcher of young lives? where is Jesus the Nazarene?" + +"Behold me," said Jesus, turning towards the voice; and an old man, with +the rent garment of the mourner, and with hair all distraught, came up to +the Nazarene with arms outstretched and clutching fingers. + +"Give me my son, my Elchanan!" he cried. "Thou hast taken him from me last +Passover, saying, 'Father and mother, yea, all that a man hath, shall he +give up to follow me.' He left me to follow thee; what hast thou done with +him?--my Elchanan! my Elchanan!" + +"He died, and is at peace." + +"Then give him back to me again. Thou canst do all things, men say: make +whole the sick, let see the blind, cause the lame to walk, and give peace +to the troubled mind. Give me, then, back my Elchanan thou hast taken from +me." + +"There is One alone that can quicken the dead," said Jesus, and walked +sternly past him. + + + + + + IX. + JESUS IN THE TEMPLE. + + +But a few days after what I have narrated to thee, I had attended a full +meeting of the Sanhedrim in the hall of hewn stones in the Priests' Court +of the Temple. When the session was over, we went forth, and, turning to +the right, passed into the Court of the Israelites, and so through +Nicanor's Gate into the Court of the Women. Now, as we went down the +fifteen steps that lead into this court, we could see, through the +Beautiful Gate at the other end of it, that something unusual was +occurring in the outer court of all, the Court of the Gentiles. So I and +some of the other younger members of the Sanhedrim passed rapidly through +the Court of the Women, and, hurrying through the Beautiful Gate, found +Jesus preaching to the people under Solomon's Porch. Now, it is usual for +the people to make way when any member of the Sanhedrim passes by; but the +people were so engrossed with the words of Jesus that they took no note of +me and my companions, and we had to stand at the edge of the crowd and +listen as best we might, and so great was the crowd that I could scarcely +hear what the Nazarene was saying, until gradually those near us, +recognizing the marks of our dignity, made way for us till we got nearer. + +Never saw I Jesus in so exalted a state. Though he was not tall, as I have +said, he seemed to tower above the crowd. The mid-day sun of winter was +shining full upon the Temple, and though Jesus was in the shadow of the +porch, the sunlight from the Temple walls shone back upon his eyes and +hair, which gleamed with the glory of the sun. He looked and spake as a +king among men. And, indeed, he was claiming to be something even greater +than a king. I could not hear very distinctly from where I was at first, +but towards the last, as I got nearer, I heard him say these words:-- + + +"Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. Except a man be born +again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. He that loveth his life shall +lose it. If a man keep my word he shall never see death, but has passed +from death unto life. He that believeth in me, the works that I do shall +he do also. Yet can the Son do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the +Father do. I am the door: by me, if any man enter in, he shall be saved. I +am the Way, the Truth, and the Life. I am the Light of the world. I am the +good Shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. I am the Bread of +Life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger. I am the true Vine, and my +Father is the Husbandman. I am the Vine, ye are the branches. If any man +thirst, let him come unto me and drink. Before Abraham was I am." + + +Now, as Jesus was saying these words, and many like unto them, his form +seemed to expand, his eye flashed with the light of prophecy, and all men +were amazed at the power of his words. Never had they heard man speak of +himself with such confidence. If he had been very God, he could not have +said more of his own power over men's souls. Our prophets have spoken +boldly indeed, but none of them had boasted of the power of the Lord in +such terms as this man spake of himself. Could he be mad, I thought, to +say such things? Yet in all other matters he had shown a wisdom and a +sound sense equal to the greatest of our Sages. Or had he found that by +speaking thus of himself, men, and above all, women, were best moved to +believe as he would have them believe, to act as he would have them act? +Might it not be the simplest of truths that for them, to them, he was +indeed the Way, the Truth, and the Life? + +And, indeed, when I looked around and saw the effect of his words on those +who were listening, I could in part understand his power among men and +women. They drank in his words as travellers at the well of the oasis. +They lived upon his eyes, and it was indeed strange to see every man's +body bent forward as of a straining hound at the chase. If ever men +worshipped a man, these were worshipping Jesus. + +And I? What was it with me that his words failed to move me as they did +those around me? Why did his eyes rather repel than attract me? Was it thy +teaching, Aglaophonos, that had taught me the way of thy race: to measure +all things in the balance of wisdom; to be moved in all acts by reason, +not feeling? Was it from thee I learnt to think about the causes of this +man's influence, even while I and others were under it? Perhaps not alone; +for much that this man was saying would have repelled my Jewish instincts +even had I never come under thy influence. What struck thee among us Jews, +I remember, was that while we see the Deity everywhere, we localize him +nowhere. Alone among the nations of men we refuse to make an image of our +God. We alone never regarded any man as God Incarnate. Those among us who +have been nearest to the Divine have only claimed to be--they have only +been recognized to be--messengers of the Most High. Yet here was this man, +as it seemed, claiming to be the Very God, and all my Jewish feeling rose +against the claim. + +Nor was I alone in this feeling I was soon to learn. Before Jesus had +finished his harangue, cries arose from different quarters of the crowd. +"Blasphemy!" "Blasphemer!" "He blasphemes!" arose on all sides. These +cries awakened men as if from a sleep, all turning round to see whence +they came. And the very turning round, as it were, removed them from the +influence of Jesus and his eyes. In a moment, many of those who just +before were hanging upon Jesus' words joined in the cry, "Blasphemer! +blasphemer!" One of the boldest of those who began the cry called out, +"Blasphemer! Stone him!" + +But Jesus drew himself up, and looked upon the crowd with flashing eyes, +and said, "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem! Sodom is justified of thee." For a +moment all were silent, but soon the cries arose again: "Blasphemer! +blasphemer! Stone him!" + +Then began great commotion among the people. While some called out, "Stone +him!" "Stone him!" others cried, "Sacrilege!" "Sacrilege!" "No stoning in +the Temple!" And one called out with a jeer, "In the Temple ye cannot +stone, for lo! here there be no stones;" and a bitter, scornful laugh +followed his words. Then some who were nearest to Jesus sought to lay +hands on him, while others, his friends, stood round him and prevented +their approaching, and all was confusion and tumult. When suddenly the +blare of a trumpet sounded through the courts, and all cried, "The Romans! +the Romans!" + +Then round by the royal porch came a company of Roman soldiers to change +the sentries at mid-day, and they halted near the Beautiful Gate. And as +they came near the crowd began to disperse, and Jesus and his friends went +their way from the courts of the Temple. + +That day, there was no talk in Jerusalem but of the event in the Temple. +Men marvelled at the way in which this Jesus had spoken of himself. "The +prophets spake not thus," they said. "Yet how can a man be greater than a +prophet, who speaketh the words of the Most High? Even if we had once more +a king over us in Israel, he could not be as great as a prophet, and no +king would speak of himself as Jesus this day hath spoken of himself." But +what if this man were destined to be the Christ, the God-given Ruler that +should restore the throne of David? But how could that be, since none of +the signs and portents of the last times had come upon the earth? Who had +seen the blood trickle from the rocks? or the fiery sword appear in the +midnight sky? Had babes a year old spoken like men? But others said, "Nay, +the kingdom of God will not come with expectation. As it hath been said, +'Three things come unexpectedly--a scorpion, a treasure-trove, and the +Messiah.'" And again, others said, "Perchance this is not the Messiah ben +David, but the Messiah ben Joseph, who shall be slain before the other +cometh." Thus the minds of men and their words went hither and thither +about the sayings of this man Jesus in the Temple. + + + + + + X. + THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM. + + +I heard naught and saw naught of Jesus the Nazarene till the very last +week of his life, and that was the week before the Passover. The winter +had been a severe one, and much misery had arisen among the folk through +the exactions of the Romans; indeed, an attempt had been made to throw off +the Roman yoke. In several places the people had assembled in arms and +attacked the soldiery, and in some cases had slain their sentries. Pilate +had but sent off a cohort into the district, and all signs of discontent +went underground. One of the leaders of the revolt, Jesus Bar Abbas, had +been captured and thrown into prison. He, indeed, had attempted an +insurrection in Jerusalem itself, where he was well known and popular +among the common folk. When he was arrested, a riot had occurred, and one +of the soldiers was slain who had been sent to arrest him; wherefore he +lay now in prison on the charges of rebellion and murder. Yet many thought +that this man had been put forth to try the temper of the people and the +power of the Romans, in preparation for a more serious attempt to shake +off the oppressor. + +Yet who should lead the people? Jochanan, the only man whom of recent +times the people followed gladly, had been done to death by Herod. One man +alone since his death had won the people's heart, to wit, Jesus the cousin +of Jochanan. He, and he alone, could lead the people against the Romans, +and all men wondered if he would. In the midst of their wonder came news +that Jesus the Nazarene was coming up to the Holy City for the Feast of +Passover, the feast of redemption from Egypt. Would it prove this year a +feast of redemption from the Romans? All hope of this depended upon this +Jesus. + +It was twenty-one years ago, but I can remember as if it were yesterday +the excitement in Jerusalem when the news came that Jesus of Nazareth had +arrived in the neighborhood, and was spending his Sabbath at the village +of Bethany. All those who were disaffected against the Romans cried out, +"A leader! a leader!" All those who were halt, sick, or blind, cried out, +"A healer! a healer!" Wherever we went, there was no talk but of the +coming deliverance. As I approached one group of men I heard them say, +"When will it be? When will he give the sign? Will it be before or after +the feast?" "Nay," said one of the crowd, a burly blacksmith he, "what day +for the deliverance but the Passover day? But be it when it may, let him +give the sign, and I shall be ready." + +"And prove a new Maccabee," said one in the crowd, referring to his +hammer, whereat a grim laugh arose. + +The next day being the first of the week, which the Romans call the Day of +the Sun, I was pondering the words of the Law in my little study chamber +near the roof of my father's house in the Street of the Bakers near +Herod's Palace, which at that time was inhabited by the Procurator, when +suddenly I heard the patter of many feet in the street beneath me, and +looking out, I saw them all hurrying, as it seemed, to the Temple. I put +on my sandals, and taking my staff in my hand and drawing my mantle over +my head, hurried out after the passers-by. But when they came to the Broad +Place before the Water Gate, they turned sharp to the right, and went down +the Tyropoeon as far as the Fountain Gate, where I overtook them. There I +found all the most turbulent of the city population. Some of the men I +knew had been engaged in the recent riot under Jesus Bar Abbas. Others +were the leading Zealots in Jerusalem, and all were men eager for the +freeing of the city from the Romans. And among them, too, were others who +cared not for freedom, nor hated the Romans, but would only be too pleased +if the city were given up to disorder and rapine. While these waited +there, we heard cries from behind us, and looking back, saw filing out +from the Temple courts on to the Xystus Bridge, and down into the +Tyropoeon, the brigade of beggars who pass almost their whole life in the +Court of the Gentiles. These came down slowly, for among them were many +halt and some blind, and all were old and feeble of limb. "Why come they +forth from the courts?" I asked; "and why are we waiting?" Then said one +near me, "Knowest thou not that Jesus the Nazarene enters the city to-day? +And men say he is to deliver us." And at that moment a cry arose among the +folk, "Lo! there he is." Looking south, for a time I could see nothing, +for the mid-day sun of the spring solstice was shining with that radiance +which we Jews think is only to be seen in our land. But after a while I +could discern, turning the corner of the Jericho Road near En Rogel, a +mounted man, surrounded by a number of men and women on foot. "It is +Jesus--it is Jesus!" all cried; "let us to meet him!" And with that, all +but the lame rushed forward to meet him, and I with them. + +It is but three hundred paces from the Fountain Gate to En Rogel, and the +Nazarene and his friends had advanced somewhat to meet us, but in that +short space the enthusiasm of the crowd had arisen to a very fever, and as +we neared him one cried out, and all joined in the cry, "Hosanna Barabba! +Hosanna Barabba!" and then they shouted our usual cry of welcome, "Blessed +be he that cometh in the name of the Lord!" and one bolder than his +fellows called out, "Blessed be the coming of the kingdom!" At that there +was the wildest joy among the people. Some tore off branches of palms, and +stood by the way and waved them in front of Jesus; others took off each +his _talith_ and threw it down in front of the young ass on which Jesus +rode, as if to pave the way into the Holy City with choice linen. But when +I looked upon the face of Jesus, there were no signs there of the coming +triumph; he sat with his head bent forward, his eyes downcast, and his +face all sad. And a chill somehow came over me. I thought of that play of +the Greeks which thou gavest me to read, in which the king of men, driving +to his own palace at Argos, is enticed to enter it, stepping upon soft +carpets like an idol of your gods, and so incurs the divine jealousy. + +As we approached the Fountain Gate, the beggars from the Temple had come +down to it, and joined in the shouting and the welcome; and one of them, +Tobias ben Pinchas by name, who had, ever since men had known him, walked +with a crutch, suddenly, in his excitement, raised his crutch and waved it +over his head, and danced before Jesus, crying, "Hosanna Barabba! Hosanna +Barabba!" and all men cried out, "A miracle, a miracle! what cannot this +man perform?" And so, with a crowd surrounding him, Jesus entered +Jerusalem and went up into the Temple. But I that year had been appointed +one of the overseers who distributed the unleavened bread to the poor of +the city for the coming Passover, and I had then to attend the meeting of +my fellow-overseers. + +That night there was no talk in Jerusalem but of the triumphant entry of +Jesus. The city was crowded by Israelites who had come up to the capital +for the festival, and a whisper went about that many of the strangers had +been summoned by Jesus to Jerusalem to help in the coming revolt. During +that night, wherever a Roman sentry stood, a crowd of the unruly would +collect round him and jeer at him; and in one place the sentry had to use +his spear, and wounded one of the crowd. So great was the tumult that, +when the sentries were changed for the midnight watch, a whole company of +soldiers accompanied the officer's guard and helped to clear the streets. +Meanwhile, where was Jesus? And what was he doing in the midst of this +tumult? I made inquiry, for perchance he might have been holding +disputations about the Law, as is the custom with our Sages; but I learnt +that he had left the city at the eleventh hour, and gone back to the +village of Bethany, where he was staying. But I was thinking through all +that evening of the strange contrast between the triumphant joy of his +followers and the saddened countenance of the Nazarene. + +Men knew not what was to become of this movement in favor of him. Most of +the lower orders were hoping for a rising against the Romans to be led by +this Jesus. Shrewder ones among the Better thought that the man was about +to initiate a change in the spiritual government of our people. Some +thought he would depose the Sadducees, and place the Pharisees in their +stead. Others feared that he would carry into practice the ideals of the +_Ebionim_, and raise the Poor against the Rich. Others said, "Why did he +not enter by the gate of the Essenes, for he holdeth with them?" All knew +that the coming Passover would be a trying time for Israel, owing to the +presence of the man Jesus in Jerusalem, and the manifest favor in which he +was held by the common folk. But amidst all this I could see only the +pale, sad face of Jesus. + + + + + + XI. + THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE. + + +On the morrow, being the second day of the week, which the Romans call the +Day of the Moon, Jesus of Nazara came early into Jerusalem, and as soon as +it was known that he had entered the city, all those that had gone out to +greet him on the previous day, and many more with them who had heard of +the miracle that he had performed, went to meet him in the Broad Place. +And near upon the time of the mid-day sacrifice, Jesus and all these men +went up to the Temple. + +Now, I have told thee how, when Jesus had first come to Jerusalem, he had +driven forth from the Court of the Gentiles all those who were engaged in +selling beasts of sacrifice, or in changing foreign moneys for the +shekels. But the money-changers and others had been replaced by the orders +of the High Priest Hanan, and nothing had come of this action, nor in his +later visits to Jerusalem had he done aught in the matter, and it was +thought that he had acknowledged the right and the power of the priests to +have the monopoly of the sale of sacrifices. Now, that day of the Moon was +the tenth day of the month Nisan, and upon it were purchased all the lambs +for the forthcoming Passover sacrifices, as it is said in the Law, "In the +tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb according +to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house." As this Paschal +sacrifice is the only home sacrifice of us Jews, thou mightest imagine +that each householder could obtain his lamb whence he would; but the +priests say "No" to this, for if a man could take any chance lamb, it +might not be without blemish. So it had grown to be a custom that, on the +morning of the tenth day of Nisan, the heads of households in Jerusalem +should wend their way to the courts of the Temple, there to select each +man a lamb. And the priests had their profit in this, for they claimed +from those who sold the lambs dues for every animal allowed to be in the +courts. And the sellers again were agreeable to this, for none that had +not the favor could sell the Paschal lambs. Whence it was that the price +of a lamb in the Paschal week was more than three times as much as at any +time of the year, and the poorer people murmured greatly. + +Thus it happened that upon this day, when Jesus came into the courts of +the Temple, these were crowded with all the householders of Jerusalem, and +much chaffering and haggling was going on in the purchase of the lambs for +the Passover. But Jesus, with the favor he had won from the people, was +for this day at least Ruler of Jerusalem, and men wondered what he would +do with regard to this sale and purchase of the beasts of sacrifice; for +on his first coming to Jerusalem, as I have told thee, he had driven the +sellers away, but afterwards, when they had been restored to their places, +he had seemed to acquiesce. What would he do now, men thought, as they saw +him advancing over the Xystus Bridge, the head of a vast concourse of +people who would do all that he told them? + +They had not long to wait, for no sooner had he entered the Temple courts, +than he spake to those around him, and ordered them to remove the tables +of the money-changers, with their weights and scales, without which no +purchase could be; and no man dared say him nay, for all knew that the +people were with him. And they, indeed, were rejoiced, for they took this +as permission to buy their Paschal lambs where they would; and many of +those who had been bargaining in the courts of the Temple went off at once +to the market, and got them their lambs from thence. All this I heard of +in the inner courts of the Temple, for it chanced that day that I had to +offer a sin offering, and was waiting my turn in the Court of the +Israelites while the priests were preparing the mid-day sacrifice. And I +saw one coming up to Hanan and to Joseph Caiaphas, who were presiding over +the sacrifice, and they spake earnestly to one another, and stopped the +sacrifice, and came through the Court of the Israelites and went down the +Court of the Women, and all of us followed them thither. And when we came +to the Beautiful Gate, and turned to the right round the corner of the +Temple, behold, we saw the flocks of Paschal lambs being driven through +the Western Gates. And in the midst of the court stood Jesus, surrounded +by a multitude clamoring and shouting. Then saw I Hanan lean over to +Joseph Caiaphas, his son-in-law, and speak somewhat to him. Then the +latter advanced in front of the priests and the scribes, who had come +forth with him, and asked, "Who hath done this?" And Jesus said, "It is +I." Then spake Joseph again and said, "Tell us, by what authority doest +thou these things? And who gave thee this authority?" + +Now, Joseph the High Priest was clad this day in the robes of his office, +with tiara on head, the ephod on his breast, and silver bells and +pomegranates round the edge of his garment. Whereas Jesus the Nazarene +wore his wonted garb of a common country workman. Yet for the moment this +common workman was the greater power of the two; since all men knew how he +had been received by the people when he had come into Jerusalem, and that +what he willed, all the people of Jerusalem willed also at that time. So +all were hushed to hear what this Jesus would say to the question of the +High Priest, since now they thought he must declare himself, and justify +the power he was exercising. + +But here again, as on former occasions, Jesus answered not directly to the +question of the priests, but rather questioned them. He said, "I also ask +you one thing, which if ye tell me, I likewise will tell you by what +authority I do these things. The baptism of Jochanan, was it from heaven +or of men? Answer me." And they answered and said unto Jesus, "We cannot +tell." Then said Jesus unto them, "Then neither will I tell by what +authority I do these things. To what is the matter like? There was a man +had two sons. And the man came to the first, and said, 'My son, go work in +my vineyard.' But he said, 'I will not.' Howbeit afterward he repented, +and went to work. But the man went to the second, and spake in like +manner. But he answered, 'I go, sir.' But yet he went not. Whether of +these twain did the will of his father?" And we all answered, "The first." +Then Jesus looked slowly around at us all, and said, "This I say unto you, +the publicans and harlots enter into the kingdom of heaven before you. For +Jochanan came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye heeded him not, +but the harlots and the publicans heeded him: but ye, even when ye saw +this, repented not." + +Now, at this public insult to all of priestly rank, I saw dart forward +Hanan the High Priest, as if he would have rent the man Jesus. But +Caiaphas his son-in-law caught him by the wrist, and whispered words in +his ear. But Hanan broke loose, and called out in a loud voice, "My guard, +my guard!" Whereat many of the folk who had come with Jesus into the Court +of the Gentiles came forward round him, and put their hands to their +weapons. He indeed said naught, nor seemed aware of the conflict that +threatened. But Caiaphas turned, and in a loud voice said, "I go to +perform the mid-day sacrifice," and walked slowly out of the court back to +the Temple. And we all followed him. + +Now, when we returned from performing the sacrifice, Jesus had left the +courts of the Temple, which had become bare and empty of people. And as I +went homeward to my house in the Street of the Bakers, I looked down from +the Xystus Bridge, and saw trooping down the Tyropoeon Jesus and a great +multitude of the people, who crowded round him, as if eager to touch the +hem of his garment. I stood and watched till they reached the Fountain +Gate, through which he passed; and shortly afterwards I could see him on +the road to the Fountain of Rogel, still accompanied by many of the +people. + +What was to come of that day's work I knew not. For the first time the +discontent of the common folk with the management of the Temple by the +priests had come to a head, and had resulted in this open conflict between +Jesus and the High Priests. The city was full of strangers excited by +thoughts of the coming festival. The common people had not yet calmed +themselves from the thoughts of rebellion which had been raised by the +rising of Jesus Bar Abbas and others. The whole city was as tow ready for +the spark of fire. + + + + + + XII. + THE WOES. + + +Now, on the morrow, being the third day of the week, Jesus of Nazara came +again into the city, and the rumor of his coming spread through all the +streets and places of Jerusalem. And going forth after the morning +prayers, I found Jesus with many around him in the Broad Place before the +Water Gate. And as I approached near to them, I saw the crowd part asunder +and a procession coming through, and almost all the men there bowed and +did reverence to the men who were passing through. Now, these were mostly +of the Pharisaic sect, who were going to the Great Beth Hamidrash, to +pursue the study of the Law and to give decisions on legal questions which +the common folk put to them. And at their head walked Jochanan ben Zaccai, +the President of the Tribunal. He was regarded as the most capable +exponent of the Law since the death of Hillel, whose favorite pupil he had +been, and men were wont to refer to him for decision in all the most +difficult questions of life. He was walking at the head of the procession +in his long _talith_ with large borders and in his broad phylacteries. And +he passed Jesus with a salutation, indeed, but in it was mingled some of +the pride and contempt with which the masters of the Law regarded all +those whom they call the Country-folk. + +When these had passed, Jesus turned round to the people, and spake these +words: + + +"The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat: all therefore +whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after +their works: for they say, and do not. For they bind heavy burdens and +grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves +will not move them with one of their fingers. But all their works they do +for to be seen of men: they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the +borders of their garments, and love the chief place at feasts, and the +chief seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets, and to be +called of men, 'Rabbi, Rabbi.' + +"But be not ye called Rabbi: for One is your Master, and all ye are +brethren. + +"And call no man your father upon the earth: for One is your Father, which +is in heaven. + +"Neither be ye called Masters, for One is your Master. + +"But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant. And whosoever +shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that shall humble himself +shall be exalted. + +"But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the +kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in yourselves, neither +suffer ye them that are entering to go in. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows' +houses, and for a pretence make long prayers: therefore ye shall receive +the greater damnation. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and +land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more +the child of hell than yourselves. + +"Woe unto you, blind guides, which say, 'Whosoever shall swear by the +Temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the +Temple, he is bound!' Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, the +gold, or the Temple that sanctifieth the gold? And, 'Whosoever shall swear +by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever sweareth by the gift that is +upon it, he is bound!' Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, the +gift, or the altar that sanctifieth the gift? Whoso, therefore, shall +swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon. And whoso +shall swear by the Temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth +therein. And he that shall swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne of God, +and by him that sitteth thereon. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint +and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the Law, +judgment, mercy, and faith; these ought ye to have done, and not to leave +the other undone. + +"Ye blind guides, which strain out the gnat and swallow a camel! + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make clean the +outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of +extortion and excess. Thou blind Pharisee! cleanse first that which is +within the cup and platter, that the outside of them may be clean also. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto +whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within +full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye also +outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy +and iniquity. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye build the +tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous, and +say, 'If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not have been +partakers with them in the blood of the prophets.' Fill ye up, then, the +measure of your fathers. Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye +escape the damnation of hell?" + + +And all the people were astonished at these words, for in many of his +sayings and most of his actions Jesus had seemed to incline more to the +sect of the Pharisees than to any other section of the house of Israel. +And, indeed, in the opening words of his discourse he had granted their +right to interpret the Law and to lead the people. Yet wherefore had he +denounced them all without distinction as men insincere and void of truth? +Hypocrites there were among them as among other classes of men. Often, +indeed, their acts did not go with their words; but of what man can it be +said that all his acts and words go together? These men were occupied in +building a rampart to the Law, and holding the fortress against enemies +without and dissensions within. Those ramparts might confine our actions +within a narrow space, yet is it not well for all men to be kept perforce +in the path of duty? I know thou thinkest otherwise, Aglaophonos. Thy +Master the Stagyrite has taught thee that man should be a law unto +himself; but we Jews willingly bear the yoke of the Law, because we +believe it to be the yoke of the Lord. And in this matter Jesus had in +every way shown himself to be a Jew of the Jews. Why, then, was he so in +wrath against the interpreters of the Law? + +Yet were the common folk not displeased at these sayings of Jesus; nay, +rather they applauded them. For in many ways our Sages have failed to find +favor with the common folk of Israel; for besides that they would regulate +their lives at every point, so that no man dare do this or do that except +in the way the Sages prescribe, but chiefly the rabbis were out of favor +with the folk for that they did openly despise and condemn all but those +who were learned in the Law. The unlearned they called the Country-folk. +Wherefore did the people hear with pleasure the bitter words Jesus spake +against the scribes and the Pharisees. + +The night of that same day an event occurred which roused the city of +Jerusalem to a pitch of expectation such as I had never seen there. Two +young Zealots, artisans, that were popular with their fellows for their +kindness of heart and good humor, fell into an altercation with a Roman +officer near the Sheep Gate, not far from Antonia, where all the Roman +soldiers lie. Without a word of warning, the Roman officer drew his sword +and killed one of these young men, and when his companion and the passers- +by rebuked him, and would have seized him to take him before the +procurator, he gave a signal, and a multitude of soldiers poured forth +from Antonia and struck without mercy among the crowd. Five were killed +and many were wounded, and the whole city was in an uproar at this proof +of Roman insolence. "How long, O Lord?" the graybeards said, raising their +hands to heaven. And the younger men said, "Let us but wait the coming of +Jesus the Liberator; surely before the Passover he will free us from the +rule of the _Goyim_." + + + + + + XIII. + THE GREAT REFUSAL. + + +Thou canst imagine with what feelings of expectation all Jerusalem awaited +the coming of Jesus next morning. Many of the Pharisees had come together +the eve before, and spoken of the public insult Jesus had given to their +sect on the preceding day. Hanan the High Priest, we heard, had quarrelled +furiously with his son-in-law Joseph Caiaphas, for that he had not allowed +him to summon his guard after the humiliation he had put upon them in the +Temple. Yet neither the Pharisees nor the Sadducees who followed the High +Priests dared lay hands upon this Jesus, because of the evident favor in +which he was held by the common folk of Jerusalem, and above all by the +many from country parts who had come up, like him, to spend the Passover +in the Holy City. Among all these there was no talk but of Jesus the +Liberator; nay! many spake of him as Jesus the Christ. And if he were +indeed to be the Christ, the King of Israel, the Founder of the New +Kingdom, it could not be that he would suffer longer the yoke of the +Romans to lie upon the neck of Israel. + +Yet there was one thing that perplexed many, and opinion went hither and +thither among the minds of men concerning it. The Christ who was to +deliver Israel and to rule over mankind, was he not to be the son of +David? Yet this Jesus was of Galilee, where the admixture of blood had +been greatest in all Israel. "There is no unleavened bread in all +Galilee," the scoffers used to say, meaning thereby that their genealogy +was sprinkled with yeast, as we call foreign admixture. And for this man's +genealogy, who could declare it? Many, indeed, as I have told thee, +thought him to have no right even to be called son of his father. A +_mamzer_ shall not sit in the congregation of Israel. How, then, could one +ascend Israel's throne? + +When, therefore, Jesus came next morning from his lodging in Bethany, all +Jerusalem turned out to welcome him, for the Passover was coming anear, +and if aught was to be done to clear the city of the Romans, it must be +done quickly, must be done on that day. Never saw I the courts of the +Temple so crowded as on that day when I came thither, and found Jesus +standing in the Court of the Gentiles, with almost all the leading men of +Jerusalem and many of the common folk surging about him. Scarce room was +left for the Roman sentry to march his guard in front of the Beautiful +Gate. Yet he took no heed of us barbarians, but with shield and spear +shouldered his way backward and forward, backward and forward, a sign to +all men that the house of God was in the hands of God's enemies. + +Never saw I the men of Jerusalem so exultant as on that morning. Wherever +I looked, joy--a grim joy--was on every man's countenance, and there was no +man there but was armed, save only Jesus himself and some ten or a dozen +men who had come with him from Bethany, and these, indeed, were the only +men who had not shown joy. Never had I seen the Nazarene with a +countenance so saddened and aweary. Yestermorn he had been flashing with +anger and indignation as he spake his words against the Pharisees, but on +this day his force seemed to be spent, and he appeared like one who had +passed through a great agony. + +Now, as they were standing there, I saw a man, one of the leaders of the +Zealots, armed as if for battle, go up and lay a hand upon one of those +with Jesus. He spake eagerly with him, and pointed with his thumb to the +Roman soldier as he passed to and fro. But the other shook his head +vehemently, and took his arm away from the grasp of the Zealot and turned +his back upon him. + +Now, at this moment certain of the Pharisees came through the crowd and +advanced to Jesus. So great was the crowd that I heard not at first what +they said unto him; but it must have been some question about the matter +that was in all men's minds, for I heard his reply, and that, as was his +wont, was in the form of a counter-question to their inquiry, for he said, +"What think _ye_ of the Christ? Whose son is he?" And they, speaking with +the thought of all Israel, said, "The Christ is the son of David." + +Then all men watched with expectancy to hear what the Nazarene would say +to this; for if he agreed with them, then would he deny himself to be the +Christ: for his genealogy had by no means been proven. But yet, how could +he disprove the belief of all Israel, that the Christ was the Son of +David? Yet that did he after the manner of our Sages, using words of +Scripture as his confirmation; for he said unto them, "How then is it that +David himself saith in the Book of Psalms, 'The Lord said unto my Lord, +Sit thou on my right hand until I make thine enemies thy footstool'? David +therefore himself calleth the Christ Lord; how then can the Christ be his +son?" + +At this the Pharisees knew not what to say, for no man had hitherto used +that _stichos_ of the Psalms, and they knew not what to reply. But the +common folk were rejoiced exceedingly; joy spread on their faces, and I +saw many a fist raised and shaken in exultant defiance at the Roman +sentry, who walked hither and thither on his guard as if he were a living +mass of steel. + +Thereupon certain of the crowd who were known to be followers of Herod had +speech with Jesus, and spake to him: "Master, we know that thou art true, +and carest for no man; that thou regardest not the person of men, but +teachest the way of God in all truth--tell us, therefore, what thinkest +thou: is it lawful to give tribute to Csar or not? shall we give, or +shall we not give?" All men were silent, and drew their breath to hear +what Jesus might say to this. For if he claimed to be the Anointed One, to +whom but to the King of Israel should Israel's tribute be paid? + +But he said unto them, "Why tempt ye me? Bring me a denarius, that I may +see it." And they brought one and put it into his hand. And he held it +forth unto them, and said, "Whose is this image and superscription?" And +they answered, "Csar's." And then Jesus said unto them, "Render to Csar +the things that are Csar's, and to God the things that are God's." And +these Herodians marvelled at the subtlety with which he had answered them, +but the common folk were amazed and dumfounded at his answer. And soon I +heard one say to another, "He denieth: he would pay tribute to Csar." And +gradually all the men drew away from him, leaving him alone with only the +company with him from Bethany. + +But he, seeing this, turned to one of those with him, and said, "Peter, of +whom do the kings of the earth take custom? of their own children, or of +the aliens?" And Peter answered and said, "Of the aliens." Then Jesus said +to him, "Then are the children free?" And Peter said to him, "Yes." Then +said Jesus unto him, "Then do thou also give, as being an alien to them." +The common folk heard this, indeed, but were in no wise satisfied. If they +were to give tribute to the Romans for whatever cause, they were still to +be under subjection to Rome, and then Jesus refused to be their Liberator; +that had become clear to them of a sudden. And they drew still further +away from him. And a deep silence of mortification fell upon all men +there, so that thou couldst hear distinctly the tread of the Roman sentry +as he moved on his march. + +Amid the deep silence suddenly came a gentle tinkling, as of silver bells; +it came nearer and nearer, and a crier called out, "Way for the High +Priests!" Then Hanan the High Priest, with Caiaphas his son-in-law, and +others of the priests accompanied by their guard, came down the steps from +the Beautiful Gate. The Roman sentry stopped his march and stood upright, +with spear on ground, and all made way as the procession of the High +Priests passed through the court. All men were silent, and thou couldst +hear the tinkling of the silver bells which were attached to the hems of +the High Priests' garments. Hanan walked at the head of the procession +with his usual haughty gait, and had nearly passed through the court, when +he saw Jesus and those with him. At once he halted, and summoned one of +the crowd to him. Then we saw much eager talk between this man and the +High Priest. And Hanan summoned the captain of his guard, who would have +turned towards Jesus, but that Joseph Caiaphas stayed him and spake unto +Hanan, pointing to the Roman sentry. After much talk between these, the +High Priests resumed their march and left the Temple. And all the other +men began to pass away from the court, leaving Jesus and his men alone +with none to listen to him. For the word passed swiftly in the mouths of +all the men of Jerusalem,--"He refuseth; he would have us be slaves of the +Romans forever." + + + + + + XIV. + THE MEETING OF THE HANANITES. + + +The next day being the fifth day of the week, and the thirteenth day of +the month Nisan in that year, many rumors went about the city as to the +man Jesus. There were who said that he had been seized by the guards of +Hanan; others said that he had left the village of Bethany and gone no man +knew whither. But for that day Jesus came not into Jerusalem, and men's +minds were occupied more with one of the difficulties of our Law which +form the occupation and delight of our Sages. I must explain this unto +thee, for upon it turn the events of the next day, so fateful for the man +about whom thou art inquiring. Thou canst easily understand what I shall +say, for thou hast, I know, a copy of the Scriptures in Greek, for did I +not procure it for thee? + +It is said in the Law, thou wilt find, that the Passover lamb is to be +killed in the twilight between the fourteenth and the fifteenth of Nisan, +and it is also said in our Law that the whole of the lamb must be consumed +that evening. Now, in the years when the fifteenth of Nisan, which is the +first day of the Passover, falleth upon the Sabbath, the killing and +roasting of the lamb would take place on the Sabbath eve, when no killing +must take place and no fire must be lit. Hence arises a conflict of the +Law of the Passover with the Law of the Sabbath. Now, the older view was, +that the Passover was superior to the Sabbath, and its law was to be +followed in preference. This the priests held and followed, and in this +they seemed to have the authority of the great Hillel, who also declared +the Passover superior to the Sabbath. + +But many among the Pharisees and the more pious preferred to slay the +Passover lamb on the eve between the thirteenth and the fourteenth day of +Nisan, and to eat it on the fourteenth day; that is, in those years when +the Passover fell on the Sabbath, as was the case in the year of which I +am now writing. It would appear that Jesus and his followers held with the +latter opinion, for, as I have heard, on the eve of the fourteenth of +Nisan he came stealthily into the city of Jerusalem, and ate the Passover +lamb concealed in an upper chamber of one of his friends in the city. It +showeth how earnest this man was in following the larger precepts of the +Law, though in smaller matters he seemed to neglect it. For by this time +he must have known that he was no longer safe in Jerusalem; and, indeed, +he proved this by his secret entry into it. Yet in order to fulfil the +Law, which saith, "The Passover lamb is to be eaten in Jerusalem," he +risked his own and his followers' lives. Yet was he careful of them; for, +as thou shalt soon hear, as soon as he had gone through the meal +prescribed by the Law, he escaped out of Jerusalem. + +Now, that night I was standing at the door of my house, looking upon the +city bathed in the light of the moon, which was near its full, when +suddenly a man seized me by the arm and said, "Thou art wanted." I looked, +and behold it was Simon Kantheros, my brother-in-law. And I said to him, +"Who wants me? and wherefore?" And Simon answered me and said, "Hanan the +High Priest has summoned suddenly a meeting of the Sanhedrim at his house +on the Mount of Olives." Then said I, "But if it be at his house, it can +only be the Priestly Sanhedrim of Twenty-Three that he summons." "Nay, +nay, man," answered Simon, "the case is urgent. He saith, 'any member of +the Sanhedrim.' Come, then, with me, and quickly." So with that I seized +my mantle and my staff, and went forth with him. + +So we hurried across the market-place towards the Fish Gate, and as we +passed near the Tower Antonia, we saw the flashing of red lights, and +heard hoarse cries of command, and knew not what was toward. But when we +arrived at the Fish Gate, we found them changing the sentries of the first +watch, and knew that the second watch had begun. At first the sentry would +not let us through the gate; but the officer was called, and Simon showed +him his badge as member of the Sanhedrim. But even this would not have +sufficed, but that Simon then pointed to his toga and the purple stripe, +which showed that he was a Roman citizen of rank. Thereat the officer +spake to the sentry, and we passed through the gate, and turned sharply to +the right, and went down the road which leads to the valley of the Kidron. +And as we were passing the Brook Kidron, we looked and saw dots of red +light moving up the hill from the Garden of Gethsemane. And as we advanced +up the hill of the Mount of Olives, we could see from time to time these +red sparks preceding us; and when we came within sight of the High +Priest's house, we saw them enter in and disappear. + +Soon we ourselves had come up to the gate, and when we knocked, a wicket +was opened, and a face peered out, and our names were asked. When we had +told them, the gate was closed, and we had to wait some time. But at last +the door was opened, and the captain of the guard received us. He took us +through the passage which led into the open court, with the water-basin in +the centre, round which we skirted, and ascended the steps into the inner +house. And again we stopped before the hall-door while our names were +asked, and again we had to wait till the door was at last opened. Then at +last we entered the hall, and found Joseph Caiaphas the High Priest and +many of his kinsmen seated round a long table. Caiaphas rose, and motioned +us to two seats at the end of this table, and we seated ourselves. + +When my eyes had become accustomed to the light, I looked round, and said +the greeting of peace unto those I knew of the assembly. I can still +remember many of their names. There was Ishmael ben Phabi, who had at +first replaced Hanan as High Priest. There were also the four sons of +Hanan--Eleazar, Jonathan, Theophilus, and Matthias. Then there were +Kamithos the priest, and his two sons, Simon and Joseph. And beside these, +I remember two men of my own generation--Elioni ben Kantheros and Chananyah +ben Nedebai. Most of these men had been, or were afterwards, High Priests, +and were all at this time members of the Priestly Sanhedrim. On the left +of Caiaphas was a low stool, and, even as I looked, Hanan ben Seth the +High Priest came in swiftly from a side door, and took a seat thereon. He +glanced sharply round at each of us, counting our numbers, and we were +exactly three and twenty. And when he saw me, he rose and spake somewhat +harshly, "Meshullam ben Zadok, what dost thou here? This is a meeting of +the Priestly Sanhedrim. Thou art a son of Israel." And I answered and +said, "Simon Kantheros here, my kinsman, summoned me to the meeting, +saying that any member of the Sanhedrim could attend." The High Priest +thought for a moment--he seemed as if he were counting us again--then he +said, "Be it so; thou art at least a true son of Israel, and this is not a +formal meeting of the priests." He sat him down again, and we waited. At +last an attendant entered by the same door, and, going up to the High +Priest, spake to him. He nodded quickly, and dismissed him with a wave of +his hand. And when he had passed through the door, Hanan the High Priest +rose, and spake to us these words:-- + +"Kinsmen and colleagues, ye have all heard, if ye have not witnessed, how +Jesus of Nazara entered the Holy City on the first day of this week, amid +the acclamations of his followers and many of the lower people, who even +went so far as to hail him as the Deliverer. Now, to-morrow, as ye know, +is the Passover. Who knows, if the thoughts of deliverance from Egypt, +which come at that time, may not cause this man, or, if not him, his +followers, to attempt a rising against the Romans our masters? We know +that any such attempt would be entirely futile, but the very attempt +itself would be the ruin of the nation. Ye know the character of the man +Pontius Pilate. 'Tis but a short time since he slew, of wanton cruelty, +certain Galilans, even while they were making sacrifices, and all for +mere suspicion of disaffection. Ye cannot but remember the building of +Solomon's Aqueduct. Because money was taken from the Temple treasury for +the building thereof, the people were inflamed, and would have risen +against them. What did he but send his soldiers, disguised in civil garb +and armed with clubs, among the people, when they came to make their +protest? And without warning, and in mere wanton cruelty, did he give the +signal for massacre. If he did this at a mere threat of a rising, what +will happen should an actual rising take place to-morrow? It is our duty +to see that such a calamity fall not upon this nation because of the +presence of this rude provincial in our midst. Better one man should die +than the nation should suffer. No time was to be lost, and I therefore +have had this Jesus arrested, and he now awaits our pleasure in the +atrium. + +"Before I summon him to our presence, I would briefly state to you what +seems to me and some of our friends here the right course to be followed. +We purpose to hand him over at dawn to Pontius Pilate, to deal with him as +he will. For he, by his spies, and by the demonstration on the first day +of the week, must be aware of the danger of a rising to-morrow night, +caused by this man's presence in our city. Indeed, it is for the very +purpose of preventing a rising that he cometh up each year about the +Passover to Jerusalem. Let it, then, be his care to prevent it how he +will; we shall have done our part, and he cannot punish the nation, or us +its leaders. + +"But some of you will say, Why should we deliver this man up to the +Romans, perhaps, or even probably, to his death? I say, that even apart +from the danger which he offers to the State, he is worthy of death for +his manifest blasphemies. He speaketh of himself as very God, and claims +to be the Anointed One, and puts aside the Law as it pleaseth him. I say +naught of his insolence in the Temple cloisters, for this matter concerns +us that be priests, and in the matter of judgment we must not take account +of aught that deals with our private concerns; yet it is manifest that he +hath no reverence for the Lord's house: witnesses shall prove to you that +he hath said he would sweep it away and build another. I wonder not that +horror is expressed in your faces at this blasphemy. + +"Yet, as ye know, our Law hath in mercy provided that none shall be +condemned unless on the testimony of witnesses. The Law shall be +fulfilled. Even now, as I speak, one of his followers, Judas, a man of +Kerioth, is drawing forth from him his blasphemies before two witnesses, +concealed, as is the custom. And even if he fail, I know this man Jesus; +in his arrogance he will not scruple to repeat his blasphemies, even +before us. + +"Time presses, and I have but this to add before the prisoner is summoned: +it is a wise provision of our Law, that in capital charges no final +condemnation shall occur until the second day of the trial. The day before +the Passover began this eve. If we keep to the Law, no condemnation can +take place till after the first day of the Passover, by which time all the +mischance may have come to pass. If the power of life and death were +solely in our hands, I would not depart in aught from the wise provision +of our forefathers; but, in truth, if this man be put to death, it will +not be our doing, for his fate rests with Pilate. I would remind the +younger members of the Sanhedrim that the final decision is not with us, +and if they vote for this man's death, as I cannot doubt they will, +considering the pressing danger to our nation, they need not fear to be +called members of a bloodthirsty Sanhedrim, since his death, if death he +suffers, will be at the hands of the Roman Procurator. In this strait I +propose, therefore, to examine this man at once, and if, as I doubt not, +he avows his guilt, to wait till the morning for his final condemnation, +and in this way fulfil the Law. Summon the prisoner to our presence." +Then, turning to Caiaphas, he said, "This is a matter between us and the +Romans, for whom thou, Joseph, art the High Priest. Take thou, then, the +interrogatory." + + + + + + XV. + THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM. + + +Then from the lower end of the hall entered Jesus the Nazarene, with his +arms bound with withes behind his back, and he was led by the captain of +the guard up to the centre of the table opposite Caiaphas the High Priest. +Then Caiaphas rose, and, looking at a paper in his hand which Hanan had +given him, said unto Jesus, "Jesus of Nazara, thou art accused before us +of blasphemy, and of leading the people of Israel astray: what sayest thou +thereto?" Jesus gazed haughtily at him, and answered, "_I_ spake openly to +all the world, I have taught in the synagogue and in the Temple, and in +secret I have said nothing. Why askest thou me? Ask them which heard me +what I have said unto them. Behold, they know what I have said." Then one +of the men who had led Jesus in struck him with the palm of his hand, and +said, "Answerest thou the High Priest so?" But Jesus turned, and said to +him in a milder voice, "If I have said aught that is evil, bear witness +thereof; but if well, why smitest thou me?" And Caiaphas the High Priest +bade the man begone and bring in the witnesses. Then one man came forward +and said he had heard Jesus call himself the Son of God. And another, that +he had spoken of himself as if he were very God, and could do all that the +Holy One, blessed be He, can perform. And yet another came forward and +said he had heard Jesus speak of himself as Son of Man, and had thereby, +as he thought, claimed to do what the Son of Man is said to do in the +Prophets Daniel and Enoch. But no two of these witnesses agreed as to time +and seasons, as is required by our Law. At last, however, two of them +declared that on the preceding day in the Temple they had heard him say, +"I will destroy this Temple that is made with hands, and in three days I +will build another without hands." Now, during all this time Jesus had +said naught, but looked before him with that rapt expression that I had +seen upon him on the second occasion when I had heard him preach in the +synagogue of the Galilans. So Caiaphas the High Priest spake to him, +saying, "Answerest thou naught to what these men witness against thee?" +And Jesus made as if he heard not. + +Then Hanan the High Priest leaned over to Caiaphas his son-in-law and +spake some words to him. Then Caiaphas, rising, spake thus to Jesus: "Art +thou the Christ, the Son of the Holy One, blessed be He?" Then Jesus +raised his head, and gazing fixedly at the High Priest, said in a loud +voice, "Thou hast said. And hereafter ye shall see the Son of Man sitting +on the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of heaven." Then +Hanan the High Priest rose and rent his clothes, as is our wont in time of +mourning or when blasphemy is heard, and he called out in his keen, shrill +voice, "What need we any further witnesses? Ye have heard the blasphemy; +what think ye?" And he waved his hand to the captain of the guard, who +removed the prisoner. + +When the door was closed behind him, Hanan said, "What need we of further +words? let us proceed to the judgment." And glancing over to Chananyah ben +Nedebai, he said, "Chananyah, thou art the youngest; it is thine to +pronounce judgment first. Is not this man guilty of death for his manifest +blasphemy here before us?" And Chananyah said, "Yea." And so said all till +Hanan had called upon thirteen to give judgment. Then said Hanan, "This +man is for certain condemned to death, or at least to be handed over to +the Roman Procurator: for already a majority of two have declared his +death, even if all the rest were for an acquittal, as I cannot think +possible. The Court will rise and reassemble at the time of the saying of +the morning prayer, in order to confirm this judgment. Ye will not have +long to wait, for even now I heard the crowing of the cock, and the dawn +cannot be far off." + +Then the Court broke up, and many of the younger members met together and +discussed the case. And I was somewhat surprised to find that very few +words of compassion were raised for Jesus. The stubborn conduct of the +prisoner had set them against him in the first place, and his wild +outburst had confirmed their ill thoughts of him. But most of all they +were influenced by the thought that this was but a preliminary trial, and +could only result in handing him over to the Roman Procurator, with whom +the last word would be. None of them had seen aught of Jesus but during +the last few days in the Temple, when he had interfered with their order +and prerogatives. I cannot say I was convinced, either by Hanan's harangue +at first, or by these men's arguments afterwards. But I was somewhat +perplexed, feeling myself in some wise an intruder in their midst, not +being of the priestly order. And as is my custom in such cases, I went out +into the open air down the steps into the atrium. + +There I found a great fire had been lit in the court, for the night was +chilly. Near the fire Jesus was seated, with the High Priest's guard +around him. As I came near, behold, one of the guard threw part of his +mantle across the face of Jesus so as to blindfold him, and then struck +him, saying, "Thou art a Prophet; prophesy who hath struck thee." And all +the soldiers laughed and jeered. Then sought I the captain of the guard +and told him this, and he said, "They mean naught of ill--they be rude +fellows; howbeit, I will stop them." And he went up to them and reproved +them. And I paced up and down the courtyard, with the silent stars above +and the glowing fire beneath, till an apparitor of the High Priest +summoned me, saying, "It beginneth to dawn at the back of the house; the +Council will resume its sitting." + +When I entered the council-chamber, I found all seated as before, but in +the midst was a smaller table, at which was seated a scribe, with a roll +in front of him. Then Hanan the High Priest came in, and said, "Ye have +all had the time of deliberation prescribed by our sages in capital cases, +or at least as much time as the urgency of the matter permits. We must +proceed to the formal ratification of this man's sentence, for I cannot +doubt that ye will see fit to confirm the righteous judgment which your +zeal for the Lord caused you to pass just now upon this man. And again I +would bid you remember you are voting, not so much for this man's death, +as whether he is to be delivered to the Romans. Scribe, read the roll." +And with that the scribe began to read our names, and we all answered to +them. Then said Hanan, "We will now proceed to the voting," and called +upon Chananyah ben Nedebai to record his vote. And he voted as before, for +death. Then each in his turn, and all voted as before. And when my name +was called upon I arose and hesitated, and Hanan looked over to me and +said, "Thou speakest here by our courtesy, Meshullam ben Zadok; if thou +disagree with the unanimous opinion of thy colleagues, thou hadst best +instruct us in thy reasons. What sayest thou? Is not he guilty of death +who is guilty of blasphemy against the Most High?" "Yea," said I. "And was +not this man Jesus manifestly guilty of blasphemy before us?" "Yea," said +I. Then said Hanan swiftly to the scribe, "He voteth for death," and waved +me down to my seat. And thereafter all the remaining members of the +Council voted for death, finishing with Hanan as the oldest, who merely +gave a grim nod to the scribe. + +By this time it was quite light, and all the Council and many of Hanan's +household joined together to say the morning prayers. After prayers most +of the Council, with Hanan and Caiaphas at our head, followed the soldiers +who guarded Jesus down from the Mount of Olives. As we came near the Brook +Kidron, behold, a man with haggard face darted out from the shrubs by the +wayside, and rushing up to Hanan the High Priest, dashed down at his feet +a bag which chinked, and then disappeared into the wayside again. But +Hanan only motioned with his finger to the bag at his feet, and the +captain of his guard lifted it up and poured out its contents into his +hand, and, behold, it was a number of new shekels from the Temple +treasury. Then Hanan smiled grimly, and bade the captain put them aside. +Thereupon we resumed our march, and soon came to the Aldgate. There we +inquired where the Procurator was, and learnt that he had taken up his +dwelling at the Palace of Herod, so that he might be in Jerusalem during +the Passover, as was his wont, for fear of a rising at that time. Then we +marched across and halted in front of the palace. And on our way the rumor +spread throughout the city that Jesus the Nazarene was being carried +before the Procurator, and soon our procession was joined by all who were +free from household duties. I have explained to thee, have I not, how that +for those of the older opinion this sixth day of the week was the day on +which the Paschal lamb was to be sacrificed, and for all good Jews the +morning would be devoted to the final search after the leaven. That +morning, therefore, all the householders of Jerusalem and all the heads of +families were occupied in the search after leaven, or in preparation for +the Paschal sacrifice, and it was only the younger men, and those who +cared not for acts of piety, who followed our procession on the way to +Herod's Palace. + +Now, all those of the Council were of the older opinion as to the Paschal +sacrifice, and were about to perform it on the evening of that day. +Wherefore it behoved them not to enter the dwellings of the heathen during +that day, since it is their custom to bury the bodies of men in their +gardens or in their houses, which render them a defilement to us Jews. +Therefore on the day of a sacrifice no Jew may enter a heathen's house, +above all the High Priest, upon whose sanctity the holiness of the nation +depends. When, therefore, we came within twenty paces of the Procurator's +dwelling, Hanan caused our procession to halt, and a summons to be sounded +upon the trumpet. Thereat a lictor appeared, who asked our business, and +to him Hanan gave a message to the Procurator. And here for the first time +since he had been arrested I could see the countenance of Jesus near me, +and it surprised me much to observe that all traces of anxiety and +weariness had disappeared from it. He seemed relieved and resigned, and +paid no heed to what was passing around him, seeming only to commune with +himself, or perhaps, I should say, with some inward friend and comforter. + +Then Pontius Pilate came forward and spake to Joseph Caiaphas the High +Priest, and asked him what he would with him. And Caiaphas answered and +said, pointing to Jesus, "This man have we captured and brought unto thee, +finding that he was perverting the people, and declaring that he was the +Anointed One of Israel, and therefore the rightful King of the Jews. Him +therefore have we brought to thee, seeing it is a matter which toucheth +our master the Emperor." Thereupon Pontius Pilate turned round, and said +something in the barbarian tongue, and the guard of Roman soldiers came +forward and took Jesus from the High Priest's guard, and took him with +them up the steps of the palace. Then Pilate courteously invited the High +Priests to enter the judgment-hall with him; but they, in answer, pointed +out that on that holy day they dared not enter to any house but their own +and the house of God. Then Pilate turned his back with scanter courtesy, +and rentered the palace, and we and the common people remained outside +waiting. + + + + + + XVI. + CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION. + + +And after a while of waiting, Pontius Pilate reappeared, and coming down +to Caiaphas said, "He hath confessed; he shall join the other criminals +that are to be executed this day." Then one among those who were waiting +in the crowd came forward unto Pilate, and said unto him, "Master, it is a +grace of our lord the Emperor that at our Passover there be released unto +us one of the prisoners that are condemned to death." And Pilate answered +and said, "That is so: whom will ye that I release?" And many of those in +the crowd called out, "Jesus." And Pilate stepped back, and summoned to +him a lictor. And shortly after soldiers came forward in the portico, +bearing with them Jesus the Nazarene. Upon him was a purple robe of +royalty, and upon his brow had been placed the faded rose-wreath of some +reveller which had been put on in haste, and some of the thorns had torn +the flesh, and blood was trickling down. When the people saw him, many +cried out, "Not this Jesus, but Jesus Bar Abbas." And one man among the +crowd called out, "Better Jesus Bar Abba(10) than Jesus Bar Amma;"(11) and +laughter and jeers followed. Then Pilate seemed puzzled, and called to him +one of his lictors, who spake earnestly to him for a time, and then +received an order from him. And going up the steps, he entered the palace. +And shortly afterwards there came forward the man Jesus Bar Abbas of +Jerusalem, of whom I have spoken to thee before. Now, he had been very +popular among the folk, and had lost his liberty in a rising against the +Romans, in which a Roman sentry had been slain. And there stood the two +Jesuses--the one that had risen against the Romans, and the one that had +told the people they should pay tribute to their Roman lords. It was +manifest that the new-comer, who had done naught against the Romans, was +more in favor with Pilate the Procurator, while the folk who had welcomed +him on the first day of the week, on this the sixth day reviled and +despised him because he had refused to lead a rising against the Romans as +the other one had done. Then Pilate called out to them and said, "Whom +will ye that I release unto you: Jesus who is called Bar Abbas, or Jesus +who is called Christ?" And almost all the multitude cried, "Jesus Bar +Abbas! Jesus Bar Abbas!" Then Pilate gave command, and the soldiers took +tack Jesus the Nazarene into the palace again, while others removed the +fetters from Jesus Bar Abbas, and he came down the steps and disappeared +among the crowd. + +After a while, there came forward from the side gate a company of Roman +soldiers, who took their stand in front of the steps of the palace, moving +the crowd away therefrom. And shortly after, other soldiers brought down +from above three men, each carrying two pieces of timber, one fixed across +the top of the other, like unto the letter _tau_. One of these was Jesus +the Nazarene, clad once more in his own garments, and without the rose- +wreath; yet couldst thou see the mark of the thorns upon his brow. The +others were, as I learnt, malefactors that had been condemned for robbery. + +Just at this moment one touched me on the shoulder, and, turning, I found +it was one of the servants of my household, who spake unto me and said, +"Meshullam ben Zadok, thy father would speak with thee." And as the house +was not far off, I went with him and spake to my father, who would have me +accompany him on the search for leaven on that morn. For at that time I +was betrothed, and next year I should have a house of my own, and would +have to conduct the search for leaven as a master of a household. So I +went round the house with my father--peace be upon him!--and searched for +the leaven. + +By the time the search for the leaven had been concluded, the hour had +come for the mid-day meal, at which all the members of my family +assembled. But I hurried forth, as soon as the grace after meals had been +said, to ascertain what had been the fate of the Nazarene. I could not go +to the place of execution, for it is not seemly for a member of the +Sanhedrim to attend an execution. I soon learnt that the Roman soldiers +had conducted Jesus and the two others to the Hill Golgotha, somewhat +apart from the place of stoning, where our Jewish executions were held. + +As I have explained to thee, Aglaophonos, our Sages have mercifully +interpreted the words of the Law relating to the four modes of capital +punishment among us--stoning, burning, beheading, and strangulation. For +stoning they have substituted throwing down from a height after the +criminal has been made to feel naught by drinking a mixture of +frankincense, myrrh, and vinegar, which the ladies of Jerusalem supply as +one of their pious duties. The criminal condemned to be burnt is in +reality strangled, and then a lighted wick placed for a moment in his open +mouth. In every way the aim of the Sages is to shorten the sufferings of +the condemned man. But the Romans, at least in their execution of all but +Roman citizens, seem rather to aim at the opposite of this; for they have +selected, as their method of execution for slaves and criminals that are +not citizens, suspension on a cross, by which all the organs of the body +are strained and tortured till some vital organ gives way. It was this +cruel form of punishment that the Romans were dealing out to Jesus the +Nazarene. It happeneth oft that men live for two or three days on the +cross, till they die even of hunger. I learnt to my dismay that Jesus had +refused, with words of menace, to take the draught of myrrh and wine which +the ladies of Jerusalem, as I have said, prepare for all men condemned to +capital punishment, so that they may not feel the pain and torture. + +I could not go to the place of execution, as a member of the Sanhedrim. I +hurried, therefore, to the northern slopes of the Temple mount, whence one +can see Golgotha. At first I could discern naught, for sombre clouds +covered all the heights of Scopus. But suddenly a flash came forth from +them, followed by a dull roll of thunder, and I could see for a moment +three crosses raised side by side on the top of Golgotha. Which of these +held Jesus I knew not. I only knew that there was dying one who had seemed +born to do honor to his nation, to help to deliver Israel from the men who +were now torturing him to his death. Since the night before, events had so +hurried past me that I had had no time to think of their import till now, +when I sat me down in the purple shadow of Antonia, and gazed upon the +hill of execution, where from time to time flashes showed me the three +crosses on the hill. + +This, then, was the end of the hopes connected with Jesus of Nazara, and +of the empire which he had wielded over men's minds! But five days agone +welcomed as a king, to-day executed with the ignominy reserved for the +basest slave. Each day of his sojourn in Jerusalem he had made another and +yet another class of the nation his enemies. First he threatens the power +of the priests; next he insults their opposites, the Pharisees; and then +he puts to naught the hope of the common folk that he would help them rise +against the Romans. Between Sabbath and Sabbath he had lost every friend; +not even his immediate followers stood by his side in the hour of trial. + +And yet no man had appeared in Israel for many generations endowed in so +high a degree with all the qualities which mark us Israelites out from the +nations around. He was tender to the poor; and which of the nations has +given thought for its poor, their feelings as well as their welfare, like +unto Israel? He bare the yoke of the Law willingly, yet as a son, not as a +slave, of the Most High. God was to him, as to all of us, as an ever- +present Father, to love, to chasten, and to reward; not as a harsh +taskmaster or as a boon-companion, as with the commoner minds of thy +people, Aglaophonos; nor as a vain figment of the reason, as with thy +higher minds. + +Even in what thou regardest as defects in our nation, this Jesus seemed +also to share. Thou makest us the reproach that we give no thought to the +beauties and grandeur of nature, and in nothing that I had seen and heard +of him did the Nazarene differ from the rest of us in this. Thou +complainest that we look upon life with all too much seriousness. "Ye +cannot see the smile upon the face of things," thou saidst once to me. In +this surely Jesus was a Jew of the Jews. We never saw him smile, still +less heard him laugh. Thou wouldst hold up to me as a model Socrates thy +teacher, who taught the Hellenes truth with a smile. That man there, dying +upon the cross, had tried to teach Israel the truth with tears and +threats. + +Herein he followed the exemplar of our prophets. Only in Israel have the +men who have led us farthest reviled us most. As our God, who has been to +us a Father, has chastened us while he loved us, so our prophets have +rebuked us their brethren. Many generations of men have passed since the +last of the prophets spake his words of loving reproof. Now has appeared +this Jesus, who again takes up their work. + +But in one thing, and that a great thing, he differs from our prophets. +All these spake never but as messengers of the Most High. This man alone +of the prophets speaketh in his own name: therefore he hath been a +stumbling-block and an offence unto us. He spake as one having authority, +and it seemed to us as arrogance. And when we would speak with him in the +gates, and know his own thought, he evaded our questionings and eluded our +testings. He seemed aloof from us and our desires. All Israel was pining +to be freed from the Roman yoke, and he would have us pay tribute to Rome +for aye. Did he feel himself in some way as not of our nation? I know not; +but in all ways we failed to know him. + +And as I was communing thus, the sun shone forth from a rift in the clouds +and illumined for a space the crown of Calvary, and I stretched forth my +hands to the figures on the cross, and cried aloud in my perplexity, +"Jesus, what art thou?" And then I bethought me, and my hands fell to my +side, and I said, "What wert thou, Jesus?" Naught answered me but the +distant rumbling from the gloomy clouds. + +But the sun was setting over Israel, and I turned to my father's house, +there once more to celebrate the Feast of the Deliverance from Egypt. + + + + + + EPILOGUE. + + +Thus far had I written to thee, Aglaophonos, as to what I knew of that +Jesus the Nazarene about whom thou hast made so earnest inquiry. I had +minded to hand it to Alphus ben Simon, my cousin, who goeth this week in +the galley to Cyprus, and thence would have passed it on to thee by the +hands of one of our brethren who visit Greece from year to year. But there +has happened to me an event which has given me much to think of with +regard to this very matter of Jesus. It chanced that the day before +yesterday I went from the Jewish quarter in this city of Alexandria for my +usual walk along the Lochias, which adjoins it. There it is my custom to +catch the sea air and to watch the vessels put into the Inner Port. Now, +it chanced that as I came upon the Lochias, the vessel of Joppa had just +hoved-to in the Inner Port, and the passengers were being landed up the +Broad Steps. Now these, by their _talith_ and their faces, I knew to be +Jews, and I went up to them, and greeted them with the greeting of peace. +But among them one came to me with the look of recognition in his eyes, +and said, "Knowest thou me not, Meshullam ben Zadok?" And, behold, it was +Rufus ben Simon, whom I had known before I left the Holy City. So I +welcomed him, and brought him home to this house of mine. And here he +remaineth till the morrow, when he starteth forth to go to Cyrene. + +Now, in my inquiries about old friends left behind, and new things that +had happened since I went away, I failed not to ask about the followers of +the Nazarene. To my wonder, I found that this Rufus had become one of +them, even though he was but a child when Jesus died. Yet is he a good Jew +in all else. He eateth only our meat, and keepeth our Sabbaths and +festivals. But he avers that the Anointed One, whom we expect, has already +appeared, and that he was Jesus the Nazarene. And upon my inquiry how he +could know aught of Jesus but from the common talk, he put in my hand some +Memorabilia of him, written down in Hebrew by one of his chief followers, +Matathias.(12) This have I read again and again, and pondered much +thereon. Nor have I been able to sleep these two nights for the new +thoughts about Jesus that have come to me from reading these memoirs of +him. + +For, behold, he appeareth in these records of him by his own followers in +far other wise than he showed himself to us in public at Jerusalem. In all +his public acts among us he was full of scornful rebukes; among his own +followers he was tender and loving. Scarcely ever could we get him to +speak out to us plainly his views about matters of public concern. He +would always give us an answer full of evasion and enigma, but to his +followers he would explain all his meaning over and over again, +illustrated with parable. There at Jerusalem he almost always turned to +the people his harsher side. I saw him on every occasion on which he +appeared in public in Jerusalem, and, save only in his sermons, he was +always rebuking one or another, just like the prophets of old. And the +manner of his rebuking towards us was as with scorpions, whereas among his +own he would mingle tenderness even with his reproaches. Nor, saving his +sermons, which few heard but those who already followed him, had he aught +novel to tell us about the things of life. He seemed to us as if he would +destroy the temple of our faith, nor in his public actions did he give any +promise of building it up anew. Yet to those with him he would continually +be telling what to do and how to do it, till, behold, a new manner of +life, fair and seemly, stood before them, fulfilled of Jewish +righteousness, with a tender mercy which was the man's very own. + +I need not detail to thee, Aglaophonos, what these acts and words were +which have given me an altogether new light as to the character and +thoughts of the man Jesus. From certain words of thine in thy letter, +which I understood not then when I first read it, I can see now that thou +must have had some such account of the life and death of Jesus before thee +as this which Rufus hath shown unto me. Now I can understand wherefore +thou hast inquired about this Jesus with such eager insistence. And to +thee as a Gentile the revelation of his character would come with more +attractive force than to us that be Jews. For in almost every way this +Jesus fulfilleth the idea of a Jew as we have it in these later days. +Working with his hands, yet teaching with his voice; obedient to the Law, +yet ever eager to take a new law upon himself; doing acts of love among +men, yet rebuking in love their ill acts, and doing all things as in the +presence of the Glory;--in all this Jesus was as the best of our Sages. + +"Wherefore, then, did ye suffer him to be killed?" thou wilt ask me, and +indeed I ask myself. If I were to answer thee in the way Jesus was wont to +answer us, I would say, "Why did ye Hellenes condemn Socrates to the +hemlock?" For he was as much the Ideal of the Hellenes as Jesus of the +Jews. Every Hellene would be eloquent and reasonable, and that was +Socrates. Every Jew would be wise and good and pious, and that was Jesus. +Yet each of these men, if I read their lives aright, died the death of a +criminal, because he cared not for that which his fellow-countrymen cared +for most. Socrates died because he would force his countrymen to examine +by their reason the ideas and ideals which they all accepted. Jesus died +for the same reason, but also for another--for that he cared naught for our +national hopes. We were all panting for national freedom; he would have +naught of it. Whether it was that he felt in some sort to be not of our +nation, I know not; but in all his teaching he dealt with us as men, not +as Jews. It is this, I can see, that has attracted thee to his doctrine, +whereas thou wert always scornful of our Jewish pretensions, as thou +calledst them. + +Yet herein again was he at one with the best thoughts of our Sages. Our +God is the God of all, and his Law shall be one day the Law of all. If we +yearn for the universal realm of the Messiah, it is as much for the sake +of the world as for ourselves. But methinks I see in the thoughts of this +Jesus an idea quite other than ours as to what the Anointed One shall be +and shall do. We hope for him as a Deliverer and a Conqueror with force of +arms by God's aid. Now, Jesus seemed not to think of the Anointed One in +any way like this. His mind seemed to be filled rather with the picture of +the Servant of God as drawn by the Prophet Esaias. Thou knowest the +passage, Aglaophonos; I remember thy laughter when first I read it thee, +that men could look forward to contempt and hatred as a good. Truly the +idea is far different from the saying of the barbarian, "Woe to the +conquered!" And surely to us all, Jew and Gentile, Greek and barbarian, +the greatest of joys is this--to worst an equal foe in fair fight. But to +Esaias the prophet, and to Jesus the Nazarene after him, the higher +victory is with him that is worsted in the battle of life. That will come +as good tidings to nine out of every ten of men. + +Therefore, if Jesus thought of himself as the Anointed One, it was as +being anointed with the woes of the vanquished, with the sweat and the +blood of the lowly and despised. Now I know why he seemed so sad when he +was greeted at Jerusalem as a victor. He had spent his life in trying to +impress a new ideal upon his people, and they had welcomed him only as the +fulfilment of the old ideal which he desired to replace. None of thy poets +have given a drama with more of _eironeia_ in it than this. + +Yet why did he remain silent before us as to these ideas of his? If, +indeed, these were his ideas; for even with the new light given by the +Hebrew Memorabilia, I can see his thought but dimly. Why spake he not his +own thought to the people in Jerusalem, and tell us no longer to hope for +worldly dominion as the best means for spreading the Law of the Lord, but +rather to be as servants of God, even as Esaias the Prophet hath spoken? +Was it that he wished to carry out the description of the prophet even to +every iota of his text? For, behold, the prophet sayeth, "He let himself +be humbled, and opened not his mouth." If so, then was the death of Jesus +but a sublime suicide. + +For surely by this silence he has committed a grievous sin against us his +people. For if we committed aught of sin and crime that handed him over to +the Romans as a pretender to empire, he indeed shared our sin and crime by +his silence. Ye Hellenes were at least greater in fault than we in the +matter of Socrates; for ye condemned him after he had spoken his whole +mind and made known his whole thought to his people; whereas we condemned +one who, I make bold to say, was even greater than thy Socrates, mainly +because of what seemed to us his sullen and arrogant silence, broken only +by a confession of guilt when he knew he was not guilty. + +But yet, let me not be as harsh in judgment upon him after his death, as +perhaps I was when I allowed the sentence to be declared against him +without protest. He, least of all men, could have died with a lie upon his +lips. In some sort and in some way he must have combined the thought of +the triumphant Messiah and of the despised Servant of God. For in those +Memorabilia of him which have come into my hands during the last days as +being a message from him that is dead, I find these two things combined. +He speaketh ever of the blessedness of the poor and the humble and the +despised, even as the Ebionim speak. So that if a man would be blessed, he +would choose a lowly career, even as did Jesus. Yet withal he speaketh oft +of himself as the Son of Man, and every Jew that heard him would think he +knew what he thereby claimed. For in the Prophets Daniel and Enoch it is +clearly said that the Son of Man would come in victory over the world; and +what other could this universal victor be than the Anointed One whom the +prophets had foretold? If Jesus put another meaning upon the prophetic +words, why spake he not his meaning fully unto the people? All we may have +gone like sheep astray, but he that might have been our shepherd went +apart alone with God. + +O Jesus, why didst thou not show thyself to thy people in thy true +character? Why didst thou seem to care not for aught that we at Jerusalem +cared for? Why, arraigned before the appointed judges of thy people, didst +thou keep silence before us, and, by thus keeping silent, share in +pronouncing judgment upon thyself? We have slain thee as the Hellenes have +slain Socrates their greatest, and our punishment will be as theirs. Then +will Israel be even as thou wert, despised and rejected of men--a nation of +sorrows among the nations. But Israel is greater than any of his sons, and +the day will come when he will know thee as his greatest. And in that day +he will say unto thee, "My sons have slain thee, O my son, and thou hast +shared our guilt." + + + + + + + RELIGIOUS BOOKS + + + _Serviceable, Timely, and Helpful._ + +_Riverside Parallel Bible._ +Containing the Authorized Version and the Revised Version in parallel +columns. Large type, cloth, $5.00; Persian, $10.00; morocco, $15.00. + +_Bible Dictionary._ +Dr. SMITH'S GREAT BIBLE DICTIONARY. Edited for America by Professor +HACKETT and Dr. EZRA ABBOT. By far the fullest and best Bible Dictionary +in the English language. 4 vols. 8vo, 596 illustrations, 3697 pages, +cloth, $20.00. Other bindings from $25.00 to $27.50. + +_The New Testament._ +Superbly illustrated with engravings from designs after the Old Masters. +Royal 4to, cloth, full gilt, $10.00; morocco, $20.00. + +_Robinson's Palestine._ +Biblical Researches in Palestine. By EDWARD ROBINSON. A work very highly +commended by Dean Stanley. With Maps, plans, etc. 3 vols. 8vo, $10.00. + +_Physical Geography of the Holy Land._ +8vo, $3.50. + +_History of the Sacred Scriptures of the New Testament._ +Probably the fullest and best work on this subject. By EDUARD W. E. REUSS. +Translated by E. L. HOUGHTON. 2 vols. 8vo, $5.00. + +_Neander's Church History._ +General History of the Christian Religion and Church. Translated by Rev. +JOSEPH TORREY. With a very full index. 6 vols. 8vo, $20.00. +Dr. Schaff pronounced Neander the greatest church historian of the +nineteenth century. + +_Into His Marvellous Light._ +Studies in Life and Belief. By CHARLES CUTHBERT HALL, D. D., of Brooklyn. +$1.50. +The London _Christian World_ pronounces these discourses "most inspiring," +and the _Christian Intelligencer_ finds "a rare keenness of insight, a +reflection of taste that is special, a spirit that is most Christian +pervading the whole book." + +_The Divinity of Jesus Christ._ +By the Editors of the _Andover Review_. A series of noteworthy papers +contributed to that Review, and forming a symmetrical and very interesting +treatment of the great topic they discuss. 16mo, $1.00. + +_The Evolution of Christianity._ +The remarkable Lectures at the Lowell Institute, in 1892, by Dr. LYMAN +ABBOTT. 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By +WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS, D. D. $1.25. + +_An American Missionary in Japan._ +A book of great interest, and giving a great deal of information about the +social and religious development of Modern Japan. By Rev. Dr. M. L. +GORDON, for twenty years an able and devoted missionary in that country. +$1.25. + +_The Republic of God._ +By ELISHA MULFORD, LL. D. $2.00. "A unique work, and devotes to the great +topics of theology a kind of thinking of which we have had little in +English literature and need much."--_The Independent._ + +_As It Is In Heaven._ _The Unseen Friend._ _At the Beautiful Gate._ +Three books by LUCY LARCOM,--religious, cheerful, delightful to read, and +of the finest quality in every way. The last-named is a book of exquisite +religious lyrics. Each, $1.00. + +{~ASTERISM~} _For sale by all Booksellers. Sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by +the Publishers_, + + _Houghton, Mifflin & Company,__ _ + _4 Park Street, Boston; 11 East 17th Street, New York._ + + + + + + FOOTNOTES + + + 1 This, like most other utterances of Jesus, found in this book but + not in the Gospels, is also found in the early patristic + literature.--ED. + + 2 _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}_, seemingly the translation of the Hebrew _{~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM~} {~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL TSADI~}_ + used for those unlearned in the Law; this term seems to have passed + through much the same history as "pagan."--ED. + + 3 Each of the Jewish rabbis used to sum up his teaching in some + pregnant sentence. These are given in the Talmudic treatise, _The + Ethics of the Fathers_.--ED. + + 4 Jos ben Joeser said, "Let thy place be a place of meeting for the + wise; dust thyself with the dust of their feet, and drink greedily + of their teaching" (_Pirke Aboth_, i. 4).--ED. + + 5 The rabbis use this expression, _Bath Kol_, for any supernatural + revelation.--ED. + + 6 This Logion is only found elsewhere in one MS. of the Gospels, viz., + in the Codex Bez at Cambridge.--ED. + + 7 It must have been from a report of this discourse, and that given on + p. 92, that the majority of those utterances of Jesus have been + derived which are known in modern theology as "Agrapha."--ED. + + 8 The gospel version reads "Samaritan."--ED. + + 9 See note on p. 42.--ED. + + 10 _Bar Abba_ means "son of his father." + + 11 _Bar Amma_ means "son of his mother."--ED. + + 12 Probably the so-called Primitive Gospel, the common foundation of + our Synoptics. But the date is somewhat early.--ED. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AS OTHERS SAW HIM*** + + + + CREDITS + + +May 16, 2015 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Shaun Pinder, Stefan Cramme and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This + file was produced from images generously made available by The + Internet Archive) + + + + A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 48974-8.txt or 48974-8.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/8/9/7/48974/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one -- the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law +means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the +Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States +without permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>. If you are + not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws + of the country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> +Title: As Others Saw Him + +Author: Joseph Jacobs + +Release Date: May 16, 2015 [Ebook #48974] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AS OTHERS SAW HIM*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/cover.jpg"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt= + "Cover image" /></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.20em; text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">AS OTHERS SAW HIM</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-titlePage" style="text-align: center"> + <div class="tei tei-pb" style="text-align: center"></div><a name= + "Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor" style= + "text-align: center"></a> <span class="tei tei-docTitle" style= + "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-titlePart" style= + "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 173%">AS OTHERS SAW + HIM</span></span></span><br /> + <br /> + <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style= + "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">A + RETROSPECT</span></span></span><br /> + <br /> + <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style= + "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">A. D. + 54</span></span></span></span><br /> + <br /> + <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style= + "text-align: center">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">It cannot be + that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem</span></span>“</span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style= + "text-align: center"> <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Luke</span></span> xiii. 33</span><br /> + <br /> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"> + <a href="images/illu.jpg"><img src="images/illu.jpg" alt= + "Illustration: Publisher’s sign" /></a> + </div><br /> + <br /> + <span class="tei tei-docImprint" style= + "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-pubPlace" style= + "text-align: center">BOSTON AND NEW YORK</span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-publisher" style="text-align: center">HOUGHTON, + MIFFLIN AND COMPANY</span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-publisher" style= + "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style="font-weight: 700">The Riverside + Press, Cambridge</span></span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-docDate" style= + "text-align: center">1895</span></span> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Copyright, 1895,</span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">By</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">All rights + reserved.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 3.60em; text-align: center"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Riverside Press, Cambridge, + Mass., U.S.A.</span></span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. + Houghton & Co.</span></p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">To Aglaophonos, + Physician of the Greeks at Corinth, Meshullam ben Zadok, a Scribe of + the Jews at Alexandria, greeting</span></span>:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">It was a joy and a + surprise to me to hear news after many days from thee, my master and + my friend. To thee I owe whatever I have of Greek wisdom; for when in + the old days at the Holy City thou soughtest me for instruction in + our Law, I learnt more from thee than I could impart to thee. Since I + last wrote to thee, I have come to this great city, where many of my + nation dwell, and almost all the most learned of thy tongue are + congregated. Truly, it would please me much, and mine only son and + his wife, if thou couldst come and take up thy sojourn among us for a + while.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Touching the man Saul + of Tarsus, of whom thou writest, I know but little. He is well + instructed in our Law, both written and oral, having received the + latter from the chief master among those of the past generation, + Gamaliel by name. Yet he is not of the disciples of Aaron that love + peace; for when I last heard of him he was among the leaders of a + riot in which a man was slain. And now I think thereon, I am almost + certain that the slain man was of the followers of Jesus the + Nazarene, and this Saul was</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">among the bitterest + against them. And yet thou writest that the same Saul has spoken of + the Nazarene that he was a god like Apollo, that had come down on + earth for a while to live his life among men. Truly, men’s minds are + as the wind that bloweth hither and thither.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">But as for that Jesus + of Nazara, I can tell thee much, if not all. For I was at Jerusalem + all the time he passed for a leader of men up to his shameful death. + At first I admired him for his greatness of soul and goodness of + life, but in the end I came to see that he was a danger to our + nation, and, though unwillingly, I was of those who voted for his + death in the Council of Twenty-Three. Yet I cannot tell thee all I + know in the compass of a letter, so I have written it at large for + thee, and it will be delivered unto thee even with this letter. And + in my description of events I have been at pains to distinguish + between what I saw myself and what I heard from others, following in + this the example of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, who, if he spake rude + Greek, wrote true history. And so farewell.</span></span></p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a><a name="pdf2" id= + "pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">CONTENTS.</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class= + "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <colgroup span="3"></colgroup> + + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">PAGE</span></span></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">I.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Man with the + Scourge</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">9</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">II.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Upbringing</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">21</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">III.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Earlier Teaching. Sermon in the + Synagogue of the Galilæans</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">37</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">IV.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Two Ways</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">55</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">V.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Woman taken in Adultery. The + Rich Young Man</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">63</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">VI.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Testings in the + Temple</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">75</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">VII.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Second Sermon</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">87</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">VIII.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Rebuking of + Jesus</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">99</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">IX.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Jesus in the + Temple</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">111</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">X.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Entry into + Jerusalem</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">121</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XI.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Cleansing of the + Temple</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">133</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XII.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Woes</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">145</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XIII.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Great Refusal</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">155</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XIV.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Meeting of the + Hananites</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">167</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XV.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Examination before the + Sanhedrim</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">181</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">XVI.</td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Condemnation and + Execution</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">195</a></td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-row"> + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Epilogue</span></span></td> + + <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><a href= + "#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: right">207</a></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" + id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">I.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I was crossing one + morning the Xystus Bridge on my way to the Temple, when I saw issuing + from the nearest gate a herd of beasts of sacrifice. Fearing that + something untoward had occurred, I hurried to the gate, and when I + entered the Court of the Gentiles, I found all in confusion. The + tables of the money-changers had been overturned, and the men were + gathering their moneys from the ground. And in the midst I saw one + with a scourge in his hand. His face was full of wrath and scorn, his + eyes blazed, and on his left temple stood out a vein all blue, + throbbing with his passion. He was neither short nor tall, but of + sturdy figure, and clad in rustic garb.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, as the + money-changers were escaping from his wrath, one of them ran + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page12">[pg 12]</span><a name="Pg012" + id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>against a little child that was + in the court, and it fell screaming. The fellow took no heed, but + went on his course. But the man with the scourge went to the little + child and raised it to its feet, and pressed it to his side; the hand + that rested on the curly head was that of a workman, with broken + nails, and yet the fingers twitched with the excitement of the man. + But, looking to his face, I saw that a wonderful change had come over + it. From rage, it had turned to pity and love; the eyes that had + flashed scorn on the money-changers now looked down with tenderness + on the little child. I remember thinking to myself, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This man cannot say the thing that is not; his face + bewrayeth him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + money-changers and those with them had collected together near the + gate by which I had entered, and stood there whispering and muttering + among themselves. All at once they turned towards the man as he was + soothing the little child, and shouted out together, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mamzer! Mamzer!</span></span>”</span> which in + our tongue signifieth one born out of wedlock. Then the man looked up + from <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page13">[pg 13]</span><a name= + "Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the little child, his + face once more full of rage, and the blue vein throbbing on his + temple. He took a step towards the men, and then he stopped. His face + changed to a look of pity, and the men themselves, in fear and shame, + slunk away before his look through the gate and were gone.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then he turned + towards those that had for sale doves as sacrifices for the women and + the poor. To these he spoke in a tone that was calm and yet full of + authority, and then I noticed that his voice had the burr of our + northern peasantry. He said unto them, <span class="tei tei-q">“Take + these things hence; make not my Father’s house a house of + merchandise.”</span> And these, too, went away through the gates, + carrying with them the wicker cages full of doves. Ever since that + time the doves have been for sale in Hanan’s Bazaar on the Mount of + Olives.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now I must tell + thee that at this time there had been much disputing between the + Pharisees and the Sadducees as to the sale of beasts for sacrifice. + The Pharisees held that each man might buy such beasts wherever he + would; but the Sadducees, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page14">[pg + 14]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>being + mainly priests, or of priestly blood, would have it that the beasts + of sacrifice could only be purchased from the salesmen duly + authorized by the High Priest; for they said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Who shall tell that the beasts are according to the Law, + if they are bought from any chance person?”</span> Yet many thought + they only did this in order that they might share the profit from the + sale of the animals. And, indeed, the great riches of the High + Priests came mainly from this source. When, therefore, I saw the man + with the scourge getting rid of these sacrificial animals from the + courts of the Temple, my first thought was that he was of the sect of + the Pharisees. Yet these are rarely found in the country parts, and + the man bore no great marks of special piety; his phylacteries were + not broader than my own; the fringes of his garment were not more + conspicuous, nor did he seem as one of the fanatics who are so many + in our land. He had done what he had done in all calmness, and with a + certain air of authority. My wonder was aroused to think what manner + of man this could be, who did the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page15">[pg 15]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>work of the Pharisees, and was not one + himself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While I thus + thought, the man turned to a group of men clad in the same rustic + garb, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Be ye rather approved + money-changers, holding fast the good and casting forth the + false;”</span><a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href= + "#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> and, + after other words, he turned from them and went up the steps leading + to the Women’s Court.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now thou knowest, + Aglaophonos, that at the entrance of this court standeth an + inscription which saith, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Let none of alien + birth pass within the Temple cloisters: he that transgresses is + guilty of death.</span></span>”</span> As the man with the scourge + would enter the Women’s Court, the Roman sentry stopped him, and + pointed to this inscription with his spear. He shook his head, saying + in faulty Greek, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jewish I am,”</span> and + showed the soldier the fringes of his garment after the Jewish + fashion. Then the sentry drew back, and the man passed through.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thereupon I went + up to the men to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page16">[pg + 16]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>whom + the man with the scourge had spoken, and greeted them with the + greeting of peace.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Peace unto thee, master,”</span> said one of them in the + same northern accent I had noticed in their leader.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Who is that man,”</span> I said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“that has just gone into the Temple cloister?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Jesus of Nazara, in Galilee.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And whose son is he?”</span> I asked.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The man looked at + his companions ere he answered,—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Of Joseph ben Eli the carpenter, and Miriam his + wife.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And what is his trade?”</span> I continued.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A wheelwright,”</span> he said; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the best wheels and yokes in all Capernaum are made by + him.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But is he of the country-folk,<a id="noteref_2" name= + "noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> or a + pupil of the wise?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay, master, he knoweth the Law and the + Prophets.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Of what party is he? Boethusian he <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page17">[pg 17]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>cannot be, nor Sadducee; but is he + Pharisee or Zealot, Essene or Baptist?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He is of no party.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But from whom hath he received the tradition of the + elders? At whose feet has he sat? Whom calleth he master?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He hath been baptized by Jochanan his kinsman, but none + calleth he master.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If he have not the tradition, he cannot teach the Law, + for his words will not be binding. Doth he sit in judgment or + pronounce <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Din</span></span>?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay, master, he but teacheth us to be good.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ah,”</span> said I, <span class="tei tei-q">“he is but a + homolist of the Hagada; he addeth naught to the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Halacha</span></span>. Then what is his + motto?”</span><a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href= + "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He saith, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Repent ye, for the + kingdom of heaven is at hand.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then I took the + man away from his companions, and out of hearing of the Roman sentry, + and asked him in a low tone, <span class="tei tei-q">“And who shall + be the king thereof?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the man + answered not, but said only, <span class="tei tei-q">“Lo! he + cometh.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page18">[pg + 18]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And, indeed, at + that moment Jesus came down by the steps he had ascended and beckoned + to his companions. And as they went towards him I was surprised, and + at the same time horrified, to see amongst them two persons whom I + little thought to find in any public place in Jerusalem, still less + in the courts of the Temple. One was a woman in the yellow veil of a + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hetæra</span></span>; the other, a mere + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nathin</span></span> who had no name among men, + but was called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dog o’ Dogs</span></span>. These two pressed + close to Jesus; the woman rushed forward with a sob and raised the + hem of his garment to her lips, while to the man he spoke some + friendly words, smiling on him as they walked towards the + entrance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I was astonished. + The man had seemed so careful of the purity of the Temple that he + would not allow even the necessary arrangements for its service to be + performed in its precincts, yet he allowed its courts to be defiled + by the vilest of the vile. Perchance, I thought, he had prevailed + upon them to perform the vows enjoined by the Law, and cleanse + themselves of their sin. Or was it that he was <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page19">[pg 19]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ignorant of their characters, being but + newly come from rural parts? He must, indeed, be different from other + rabbis, who kept themselves apart from all transgressors against the + Law till they had repented and done penance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While I thus + meditated, I saw the High Priest Hanan, whom ye Hellenes call Annas, + enter into the court of the Gentiles with his guard. Thou rememberest + the man, Aglaophonos—how his tyranny extended over all the city. He + was still called High Priest, though Valerius Gratius, the + Procurator, had deposed him years before, lest haply he might regain + the regal power of the Maccabæans. Still, even after his deposition, + he had sufficient power to get his sons or sons-in-law named High + Priests. It was one of the latter, Joseph Caiaphas, who at that time + held the office; yet the people still called Hanan High Priest, and + he himself wore on high days the bells and pomegranates round his + tunic as a sign of his dignity. Thou must remember his keen-cut face, + his nose like an eagle’s, his long white beard, bent neck, and sinewy + hand. Was it thou or I that first called him <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Old Vulture”</span>?</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page20">[pg 20]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He had heard of + the insult to his dignity by the removal, without his orders, of the + money-changers and others to whom the people paid the fees from which + he and his made such display in his grand dwelling on the Mount of + Olives. <span class="tei tei-q">“Where is he? where is he?”</span> he + cried, as he came bustling up, with neck extended, and looking more + than ever like a bird of prey. He soon found that the man he sought + had gone; but he had given his orders, and before I left the court, I + saw the money-changers reënter and the cattle driven back. I had to + attend a meeting of the Sanhedrim, for that year I had risen to the + third and highest bench of disciples who sit under its members when + they give judgment. Next year I was elected of the Seventy-One myself + in the section of Israelites. It must, therefore, have been in the + sixteenth year of Tiberius the Emperor, nearly five-and-twenty years + agone, that I thus saw for the first time Jesus the Nazarene.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" + id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">II.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE UPBRINGING.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page23">[pg + 23]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thou canst imagine + the wonder and excitement in Jerusalem at this bold deed of the + Nazarene. Not even the oracle of Delphi is regarded with so much + reverence as our sacred fane, and none in our time had dared to + interfere with its regulations, which have all the sacredness of our + traditions. And of these none was regarded by the priestly guardians + of the Temple as of greater weight for them than the right of sale of + beasts of sacrifice. It is from this, as I have said, that the + priestly order gain their wealth, and no more deadly blow could be + struck at their power than to deprive them of this. Hence had the + Pharisees protested against this right, but none had hitherto dared + to carry out the protest in very deed. All the poor and all the pious + would have been glad if they could buy their offerings to the Lord + wheresoever they would.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But more than all, + men of Jerusalem <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page24">[pg + 24]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>were + amazed at the daring of the Galilæan stranger in opposing the High + Priest Hanan. This man had been the tyrant of the Temple and of the + city for the whole span of a generation of men, and no man had dared + say him nay for all that time. Even the Romans, who had deposed him + from his position as High Priest, had not dared to interfere with him + otherwise. Yet had this rude countryman, who had never been seen, + never been known to set foot in Jerusalem before, dared to strike at + the root of his power and wealth. Thou canst not wonder that men were + curious to know what manner of man he might be who had dared this + great thing, and busy rumor ran through all the bazaars of Jerusalem, + asking, Who is this Jesus of Nazara? All that I learnt of his kindred + and early life I learnt at this time, and I here set it forth in + order.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was natural + that I should first direct my inquiries as to his birth, for the + insulting cry of the money-changers still rang in my ears. Thou + knowest our pride of birth; I learnt from thee to abate it. Every man + in Israel taketh his place in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page25">[pg 25]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>the nation according as he is a son of Aaron or + of Levi, a simple Israelite, or a proselyte that fears the Lord; each + man knoweth his own and his neighbor’s genealogy. The greatest slur + upon a man is to accuse him of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mixture,”</span> the greatest insult is to call him + <span class="tei tei-q">“bastard.”</span> Why had the money-changers + cast this slur upon the Nazarene? Thou and I, Aglaophonos, who boast + to be citizens of the Kosmos, would not think the worse of him if the + taunt were true. Yet thou canst understand how great, even if he only + thought it to be true, would be the influence of such a slur on this + mans mind and on his career. If in after-days he showed himself so + careless of the nation’s hopes, may it not have been that he felt + himself in some way outside the nation?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now I found, upon + inquiry among the Galilæans settled in Jerusalem, that some such + scandal had arisen about his birth. There had even been talk that + Joseph ben Eli would have put away his wife, but for the stern + penalties which our Law inflicts upon the misdoer. Yet there may have + been naught but suspicion in the matter, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page26">[pg 26]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>for the two lived together, and Miriam bore + several children to Joseph after this Jesus. But between him and them + there was never good will, and I have heard things told of this Jesus + which seem to show some harshness in his treatment of them, and even + of his mother. Once when he was told that his mother and brethren + were without, and would see him, he as it were repudiated them, + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Who are my mother and my brothers? + Whosoever doeth the will of God, the same is my brother and sister + and mother.”</span> Again, when once his mother came to him and would + speak to him, he said to her, <span class="tei tei-q">“Woman, what + have I to do with thee?”</span> The man whom I had seen so tenderly + thoughtful to a little child could not have spoken thus unless he had + felt himself placed by some means outside the natural ties of + men.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of Jesus’ + upbringing I could learn little. When he was at the age of thirteen, + when each Jewish male child becomes a Son of the Covenant + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bar + Mitzva</span></span>), and, as we think, takes his sins upon his own + soul, his parents brought him to Jerusalem. On <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page27">[pg 27]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>this occasion, as some still remember, he + showed remarkable knowledge of the Law, when, as is customary, they + read the portion of the Law set down for the Sabbath reading next + after his birthday, and he was examined in its meaning by the learned + men present. Yet he fulfilled not this promise of devotion to the Law + as he grew in years. I cannot learn that he dusted himself with the + <span class="tei tei-q">“dust of the wise,”</span> as the sages have + commanded.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href= + "#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> Not + having sat at the feet of any of the holders of tradition, he could + not pronounce decisions of the Law.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His father brought + him up to his own trade, that of carpenter. With us manual toil is + not despised, as among you Hellenes; there is a saying among us, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Whoso bringeth not his son up to a + handicraft traineth him for a robber.”</span> Jesus was a good and + capable worker, and devoted himself especially to the making of yokes + and wheels at Capernaum, where <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page28">[pg 28]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>he had settled, some five hours’ journey from + his native place. Here he would often read the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Haphtaroth</span></span>, or prophetical + lessons, in the synagogue, and explain it after the manner of the + Hagada.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus he would have + passed his life, a wheelwright on week-days, a preacher on the + Sabbath and festivals, but for a strange event that occurred in his + own family. Among us Jews, none has more honor than the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nabi</span></span>, the man who speaks the word + of wisdom in the name of God. How know we that a man is a Nabi? + Chiefly by his words, but mainly by his eyes, in which there shines + the light of prophecy. Now, when Jesus was about thirty years old, + three or four years before I first saw him, the light of prophecy + came in the eyes of his cousin, Jochanan ben Zacharia Ha-Cohen. Thou + knowest, Aglaophonos, that amongst us there is a sect of Essenoi, who + answer in much to the Pythagoreans among the Hellenes. These Essenoi + eat no flesh, they dwell not in the cities of men, they perform + frequent lustrations, nor will they admit any into their community + until they have been baptized <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page29">[pg 29]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>of them; they care little for the Temple + service, and in this above all distinguish themselves from either + Pharisees or Sadducees. Their belief in the angels is strong, and + they use magic for the healing of sickness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, this + Jochanan, the cousin of Jesus, seems to have adopted in many things + the views of these Essenoi: he separated himself from men, and ate no + flesh, nor did he go up to the Temple on the three great festivals of + the year; and above all, when men began to follow after him, he would + admit none to communion with him till he had baptized them in running + water, and for this he was called among the folk Jochanan the + Baptizer. Yet he was not an Essene, for he joined not their + communion, nor established any distinction of orders among the men + who came out to him; he was more like unto the prophets of old, who + taught as individuals new truths about life; and his great teaching + was this: <span class="tei tei-q">“Repent ye, for the kingdom of + heaven is at hand.”</span> And men went out to him, asking him in + what they should repent so as to become worthy of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page30">[pg 30]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>kingdom. Above all, those who were + despised of the people because they did the work of the Romans, by + being their tax-gatherers or their soldiers, feared the wrath to come + in the new kingdom which he preached, and asked him in what they + should alter their ways. But to them he was by no means hard, saying + only to the tax-gatherers, <span class="tei tei-q">“Act + justly,”</span> and to the soldiers, <span class="tei tei-q">“Do no + violence.”</span> To the poor he was tender and merciful, but + exhorted the rich to divide their possessions with the poor. In this + way he drew unto him all who were despised of the people, and those + who were poor and miserable. Thus he attracted the notice of the + rulers, who feared that he was preparing to rebel against them; for + they said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Wherefore does this man attract + to him the discontented and the soldiery?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, when the + family of Jesus heard that their relative was gaining a name among + men, they sent to Jesus, asking him to go with them unto his cousin; + but he, as I have heard, at first refused, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wherein have I sinned, that I should be baptized of + Jochanan?”</span> Yet afterwards <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page31">[pg 31]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>he consented unto this, and went out to be + baptized of his cousin. And when he saw the power for good that + Jochanan exercised, his spirit was exalted, and he felt that he too + had within him the same power. Many strange things have I heard of + what happened to this Jesus when he submitted to be baptized by his + cousin. And as none but Jesus would have known his feelings on that + occasion, these reports must have come from him. Among us it is the + custom that each Jew should select from the Psalms some <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">stichos</span></span> which should serve as the + motto of his life, and identify him when he appeareth before the + Angel of Death. Now, it would appear that as Jesus was being baptized + of Jochanan he heard the Daughter<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" + href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> of the + Voice of God say to him the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">stichos</span></span> + of the psalm, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art my Son; this day have + I begotten thee.”</span> Whether this was a protest of his soul + against the slur cast upon his birth, what man shall say? But + henceforth he spake of the fatherhood of God as if it had to him a + deeper sense than to most <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page32">[pg + 32]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of us + Jews, though with us, as I have oft explained to thee, it is the + central feeling of our faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Jesus did not + remain long out in the wilderness with his cousin; he, indeed, early + recognized his superiority, though he was his master and his teacher. + For at the first the teaching of Jesus differed but in little from + the teaching of Jochanan. He summed up his whole aim in the words + which I had heard his followers use in the Temple: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Repent ye, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand;”</span> + and this he must have learnt from his cousin. So, too, like Jochanan, + he mingled with the tax-gatherers and the soldiery, and above all + addressed himself to the poor, and, as I was to see, exhorted the + rich to distribute their possessions. In all these things he was but + the follower of his cousin Jochanan. It is no wonder, therefore, that + when Jesus separated himself from Jochanan, and began to be a teacher + of men, many left Jochanan and followed after Jesus; and until this + Jochanan met with a violent end at the hands of the rulers, there was + in some sort a rivalry if not be<span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page33">[pg 33]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>tween the men themselves, at least between the + followers of Jochanan and of Jesus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But even from the + first there was a difference in Jesus’ manner of teaching, if not in + the teaching itself. He, indeed, did not wait for men to come out to + him in the wilderness, but returned to the towns and villages around + the Sea of Galilee. Many of the fishermen left their work to follow + him, and become, as he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“fishers of + men.”</span> He preached as before in the synagogues on the words of + the prophets, but now he commenced to go forth to preach and teach + among the people in their homes. Yet it was observed that he went not + only among the rich and powerful, who are used in our country to + receive all who come at meal-times, but most of all among the poor, + and those despised of men for their ill life or their degraded + occupations. Nor did he despise those who know not the Law nor keep + its commands, but mixed freely with them, thereby incurring the wrath + of those among us, and there are many, who are eager for the credit + of the Law. Still, though he lived his life among the low and the + vile, he practiced none of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page34">[pg + 34]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>their + ways, nor was aught of low or vile seen in him or those with him. Yet + he turned against him many who would have been well disposed towards + him, in that he followed his cousin’s example, and spake kindly to + the tax-gatherers and to the soldiers, whom the greater part of the + Jews regard as the enemies of their country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, as he began + to live his life among the people, he began to do many signs and + wonders, like all our great teachers and prophets. In truth, we say, + how shall a man be accounted a prophet unless he can do wonders? + Indeed, as Jesus himself said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Why marvel ye + at the signs? I give unto you an inheritance such as the whole world + holds not.”</span> And the manner of his wonders was this: if a man + was afflicted with a demon of madness, he would cause him to fix his + eyes upon his, and after a while would speak sternly and suddenly to + the demon within him, who would depart from him, rending his soul. + So, too, would he do with women who were torn asunder by the demons + fighting within. To these he would speak calmly after he had fixed + their eyes, and, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page35">[pg + 35]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>behold, a great calm would come upon them. But + he used no exorcisms or magic in his healing, nor spake he in the + name of God, but with the tone of one having authority in himself. + Hence many thought he had within him a greater Daimon than those + afflicted men and women whom he healed. Thence it was thought that + for this reason the demons of madness often returned to those whom he + had freed for a while with greater violence after he had gone forth + from the place of their habitation. There was much murmuring against + him for that he did his healing, not in the name of God, but in his + own name and his own authority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet he claimed no + authority to decide the questions of the Law; though many applied to + him in difficult cases, these he referred to the learned in the Law, + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Do ye as the scribes + command.”</span> Yet it was complained that he paid no great + attention to their commands himself, nor for his followers. Nor did + he rebuke men when he saw them transgressing the Law even in the + greater transgressions. Thus I have heard it said of him, that once + with <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page36">[pg 36]</span><a name= + "Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>his followers, he met a + man laboring on the Sabbath day, a sin which, according to the Law, + was punished with stoning. But all he said unto him was this: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Man, if thou knowest what thou doest, + blessed art thou; but if thou knowest not, accursed art thou, and a + transgressor of the Law.”</span><a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" + href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> This is, + indeed, a dark saying. Is each man, then, to choose for himself which + commands of the Law he shall do, and which not? The fence of the Law, + which our Sages have built up with such labor and toil, would be + stricken down at one stroke. Yet perhaps in this he only followed the + principle of our Sages who have said, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Sabbath was made for you, not you for the Sabbath.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such was the + manner of life of this Jesus up to the time when I first saw him in + the Temple. Men knew not what to make of him; many regarded him as a + prophet because of the signs and the wonders which he did; and those + who were looking forward to the blessed day in which Israel would be + free again under its own king hoped that he was Elijah come again to + prepare the way for the new kingdom.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" + id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">III.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">EARLIER TEACHING.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE + GALILÆANS.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page39">[pg + 39]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It must have been + a year after I had first seen Jesus that I saw him again the second + time in Jerusalem. It fell out in this wise: I was proceeding one + morning to the meeting of the Sanhedrim, when, as I came near the + Synagogue of the Galilæans in the Fish-Market, I found a crowd of men + entering in. I asked one of them what was going forward, and he said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus the Nazarene will expound the + Law.”</span> So I determined to take the morning service in this + synagogue rather than with my colleagues in the Temple, and went in, + the people giving way before me, as was my due as a member of the + Sanhedrim.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, this + synagogue of the Galilæans differed in naught from the rest of the + synagogues of the Jews. It cannot be that thou hast not visited one + of these when thou wast in the Holy City, but perchance thy memory is + dim after all these years, and I will in a few words explain to thee + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page40">[pg 40]</span><a name="Pg040" + id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>its arrangement. In the wall at + the west end was the cabinet containing the scrolls of the Law, with + a curtain before it, for this is, as it were, the Holy of Holies of + the synagogue. The men go up to this, on to the platform before it, + by three steps. Then comes a vacant space, in the midst of which + stands a dais, with a reading-desk whereon the Law is read: this we + call by your Greek name <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bema</span></span>. Then in the rest of the hall + sit the folk, arranged in benches one after another, somewhat as in + your theatres. Now, as I came in, they had said the morning psalms, + and most of the Eighteen Blessings, and shortly after the reading of + the Law began. The curtain was drawn aside from the holy ark, the + scroll of the Law was taken thence, to the singing of psalms unto the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bema</span></span>. Then, as is customary, the + messenger of the congregation summoned first to the reading of the + Law a Cohen, a descendant of Aaron, one of the priestly caste. And + after he had read some verses of the Law in the holy tongue, the + dragoman read its translation into Chaldee, so as to be understanded + of the unlearned folk, and of the women who <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page41">[pg 41]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>were in the gallery outside the synagogue, and + separated from it by a grating. Then after the priest came a Levite, + who also read some verses, and after him an ordinary Israelite. Then + the messenger of the synagogue called out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Let Rabbi Joshua ben Joseph arise.”</span> Then Jesus + the Nazarene went up to the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bema</span></span> + and read his appointed verses, and these were translated as before by + the dragoman. And after the reading of the Law was concluded, the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Parnass</span></span>, or president of the + congregation, requested Jesus to read the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Haphtara</span></span>, the lesson from the + prophets; and this he did, using the cantillation with which we chant + words of Holy Scripture. Yet never heard I one whose voice so + thrilled me, and brought home to one the import of the great words; + and this was strange, for his accent was, as I had before noticed, + that of the Galilæan peasantry, at which we of Jerusalem were wont to + scoff. Then, after the Law had been returned to the ark with song and + psalm, Jesus turned round to the people on the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bema</span></span> + and began his discourse. It is near five-and-twenty years since I + heard him, and much have I for<span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page42">[pg 42]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>gotten in that long time. But many of his + sayings still ring in my ears, and I will here put down, as far as + possible in order, all that I can remember of the discourse.<a id= + "noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It hath been written by the Prophet Esaias: Behold, his + reward is with him, and his work before him. Yea, behold a man and + his work before him. He that worketh not, let him not eat. Yet he + that plougheth, let him plough in hope; he that thresheth, thresh in + hope of partaking. Howbeit, he who longs to be rich is like a man who + drinketh seawater: the more he drinketh the more thirsty he becomes, + and never leaves off drinking till he perish. Blessed is he who also + fasts that he may feed the poor: for it is more blessed to give than + to receive. Yet let thy alms sweat into thy hands until thou know to + whom thou givest. Where there are pains, thither hastens the + physician: that which is weak shall be saved by that <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page43">[pg 43]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>which is strong. For the sake of the weak + I was weak, for the sake of the hungry I hungered, for the sake of + the thirsty I thirsted. But woe to those who have yet hypocritically + taken from others; who are able to help themselves, and yet wish to + take from others: for each man shall give account in the day of + judgment.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“That which thou hatest thou shalt not do to another. + Good things must come; he is blessed through whom they come. Love + covereth a multitude of sins; so never be joyful save when you look + upon your brother’s countenance in love. Let not the sun go down upon + your wrath. For the greatest of crimes is this: if a man shall sadden + his brother’s spirit. Blessed, too, are they who mourn for the + perdition of unbelievers. Do not give occasion to the Wicked One. Who + is the Wicked One? He that tempts. Yet none shall reach the kingdom + of heaven unless he have been tempted: for our Father which is in + heaven would rather the repentance of a sinner than his correction. + Yet he will cleanse the house of his kingdom from all offence. Be, + therefore, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page44">[pg + 44]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>careful and prudent and wise, lest any of you be + caught in the snares of the devil, for that ancient enemy goes about + buffeting.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If thou hast seen thy brother, thou hast seen thy Lord, + God the Father, whose fatherland is everywhere, in heaven and upon + earth. Far and near, the Lord knoweth his own. So grieve not the holy + spirit which is in you, nor extinguish the light which shines in you. + Guard the flesh pure, and the signet spotless, so that ye may take + hold upon eternal life. For our possessions are in heaven; therefore, + sons of men, purchase unto yourselves by these transitory things + which are not yours, what is yours, and shall not pass + away.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I cannot tell + thee, Aglaophonos, how deeply this discourse affected me. Just as the + Hellenes are eager to find each day some new beauty in man or the + world, or some new truth about the relation of things, so we Hebrews + rejoice in finding new ideals in the relations of men. Each of our + Sages prides himself on this—<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page45">[pg + 45]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>that + he has said some maxim of wisdom that none had thought of before him, + and so each of them is remembered in the minds of men by one or more + of his favorite maxims. But it is rare if in a whole lifetime a sage + sayeth more than one word fit to be treasured up among men. Yet was + this man Jesus dropping pearls of wisdom from his mouth in prodigal + profusion. As each memorable word fell from his lips, a murmur of + delighted surprise passed round the synagogue, and each man looked to + his neighbor with brightened eyes. Some of the thoughts, indeed, I + had heard from other of our Sages, but never in so pointed a form, + surely never in such profusion from a single sage.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And if what was + said delighted us, the manner in which it was said entranced us still + more. The voice of the speaker answered to the thoughts he expressed, + as the Kinnor of David, according to our Sages, turned the wind into + music. When he spoke of love, his voice was as the cooing dove; when + he denounced the oppressor, it clanged like a silver trumpet. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page46">[pg 46]</span><a name="Pg046" + id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Indeed, his whole countenance + and bearing changed in like manner, so that every word he uttered + seemed to be the outcome of his whole being.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But most of all + was it the vividness of his eyes that impressed his words upon us. I + had seen them flashing with scorn in the Temple, I now saw them + melting with tenderness in the synagogue; and there was this of + strange in them, that they seemed to speak other and deeper words. As + he gazed upon us, I felt as if all my inmost being was bare to the + gaze of those eyes. They seemed to know all my secret thoughts and + sins; and yet I felt not ashamed, for as they saw the sins, so they + seemed to speak forgiveness of them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What I felt then, + others felt with me, for, as I afterwards learnt, each man felt the + same as the eyes of Jesus fell upon him; and most curious it was that + each man thought as I did, that the eyes of the speaker were upon him + during the whole of the discourse. I have seen here in Alexandria + portraits of men painted by your subtlest artists, in which, from + whatever <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page47">[pg 47]</span><a name= + "Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>place you looked at + them, the eyes seemed to gaze upon you. So was it with Jesus. Not + alone did I, who was, as a member of the Sanhedrim, sitting + immediately before him, feel his eyes pierce to my soul, but all who + were in that synagogue felt the same. Nor did the effect die away + after I had left the synagogue; for days and days afterwards, + whenever I closed my eyes, or gazed for long on the wall, I could see + the eyes of Jesus, and with it his whole face gazing upon me.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I had left the + synagogue a little before the others, because a messenger had been + sent from the Sanhedrim to seek for a member who should make up the + quorum of Twenty-Three; and this messenger, hearing that a member of + the Sanhedrim was in the synagogue of the Galilæans, sent in to + summon me. When the sitting was over, I sought for Jesus again, but + found that he had left the city. And for a time I neither saw nor + heard aught more of him, save such rumors as came to the Holy City + from Galilee. About this time many joined themselves unto him, going + whithersoever he went. Those, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page48">[pg 48]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>too, who had joined themselves to Jochanan + passed over to him, for Jochanan had been slain by Herod, whom he had + rebuked for his wicked living. It was, indeed, said that Herod had + also captured this Jesus when he found that he was following in the + footsteps of Jochanan; but this proved to be untrue, and the + multitude thronged more and more after Jesus, and from this time he + began to teach them regularly, after the manner of our Sages. Yet he + did not pronounce decisions of Halacha on questions of our Law; + indeed, he disclaimed all interference with such questions. + <span class="tei tei-q">“I am not come,”</span> he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to take away from the Law of Moses, nor to add to the + Law of Moses am I come.”</span> Only one saying of his have I heard + of wherein he said aught at variance with the Torah. When the + children of a man who had recently died asked him in what way should + the property be divided, he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let son + and daughter inherit alike.”</span> In this, as in other things, he + was more favorable to the claims of the women than the Law and the + Sages. For this reason, perhaps, it was that many women followed + after <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page49">[pg 49]</span><a name= + "Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>him, even joined in + prayer with him and those with him, against the custom of our nation. + Hence arose much scandal among the more rigidly pious among us, who + follow the saying of Joseph ben Jochanan, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Engage not in much converse with women.”</span> But I + have heard naught of evil that resulted from this free mingling of + men and women among his followers. Yet Jesus was not against the due + subordination of women, for he also said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Let the wife be in subordination to her + husband.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thou must know + that among us our Sages are of two kinds, the Halachists and the + Hagadists. The former deal with matters of the Law according to the + tradition they have received from their teacher; but the latter + expound the words of the Scripture, and deal with the moral relations + of man to man. Some of our Sages, indeed, like the great Hillel, who + died when I was a child, have been equally masters both of the + Halacha and the Hagada; and in many ways the teaching of Jesus seems + to have resembled, if it did not follow, that of Hillel. I must tell + thee <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page50">[pg 50]</span><a name= + "Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>one anecdote about this + Hillel which is well known amongst us. He was distinguished for his + evenness of temper, and men would often in sport try to make him lose + it. A heathen came before him one day, and declared that he would + become a Jew if only Hillel would tell him the whole Law while he + stood upon one foot, hoping thereby to irritate Hillel by his + presumption. But Hillel said only, <span class="tei tei-q">“What thou + wilt not for thyself, do not to thy neighbor. This is the whole of + the Law; all the rest is but commentary thereon. Go and + learn.”</span> Now, among the disciples of Hillel was one who + compiled for the heathen a summary of the Law in the spirit of + Hillel; and it seemed to me, from what I heard of Jesus’ teaching, + that he had learnt much from this summary, which is called + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">The Two Ways</span></span>.”</span> I will + have a copy written out for thee, for it is very short.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, in all the + teaching of Jesus which I heard of about this time, he seems to have + expanded, but in no wise modified, the teaching of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Two Ways.”</span> Above all, he seems to have warned + men against <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page51">[pg + 51]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the + evil feelings within, that lead to sins against the Law, and therein + differed somewhat from the practice of our Sages, who think that by + doing the Law and keeping to it rightful feelings shall grow, and + evil thoughts fly away.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet while in many + ways Jesus seemed to be of the School of Hillel, in others he cast in + his lot with the men among us who claim to be especially favored of + God, because—thou wilt smile, Aglaophonos—because they are poor. Thou + hast read our Psalms, and knowest with what insistence the poor and + the righteous, the rich and the wicked, are identified in them. Many + of our nation have taken this to heart, and as it were pride + themselves upon their humility, as some of them call themselves + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ebionim</span></span>, or the Poor; some, the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zaddikim</span></span>, or Righteous; some, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chasidim</span></span>, or Pious. Thou canst not + call them a sect, for in a way they include the whole nation. In the + Eighteen Blessings which form the staple of our daily prayers, the + Lord is blessed as the Guardian and Refuge of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zaddikim</span></span>. Now, it was chiefly + among these men, whether they called <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page52">[pg 52]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>themselves <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ebionim</span></span>, or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zaddikim</span></span>, or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chasidim</span></span>, that Jesus found his + chief adherents, though he seems to give his preference to the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ebionim</span></span>, who have always been + insisting upon the blessedness of the poor. Now, these men consider + themselves to be beyond all others the servants of the Lord, and + identify themselves with that picture of the servant which has been + given by the Prophet Esaias. Thus in all these ways Jesus appealed to + the more earnest part of our nation, and in him were conjoined most + of the movements that had touched us most deeply. If any had said at + this time, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus the Nazarene is a follower + of Jochanan the Baptizer, and preaches <span class="tei tei-q">‘The + Two Ways’</span> to the Poor,”</span> none could have gainsaid + him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet all were + wondering what he would say to the other side of our nation’s hopes. + The life of our nation had begun with a deliverance; our chief + national feast recalls that deliverance from Egypt to us every year + as the spring comes round. We have become subject to all the great + kingdoms that have grown up round us, yet again and again we have + been delivered from each. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page53">[pg + 53]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Thou + and I have often wondered how it has come about that both Hellenes + and Hebrews, who feel ourselves in different ways higher than these + stolid Romans who rule us, have yet become subject to them. Thy + nation hath acquiesced in their rule; my people never will. Every man + who promises greatness among us is hoped for as the Deliverer. Many + men about this time began to ask, Will Jesus the Nazarene be the + Deliverer?</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page54">[pg + 54]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" + id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">IV.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE TWO WAYS.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page57">[pg + 57]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, this is the + <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Catechism of the Two + Ways</span></span>”</span> which I have had copied out for thee, for + in it is the essence of the teaching of Jesus, as he himself + recognized in speaking to me, as thou wilt shortly hear.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“There are two ways, one of life and one of death, but + there is a great difference between the two ways. Now, the way of + life is this: first, Thou shalt love God who made thee; secondly, thy + neighbor as thyself, and all things whatsoever thou wouldest not + should be done to thee, do thou also not do to another. Thou shalt + not kill, thou shalt not commit adultery, thou shalt not corrupt + boys, thou shalt not commit fornication, thou shalt not steal, thou + shalt not use witchcraft, thou shalt not use enchantments, thou shalt + not kill an infant whether before or after birth, thou shalt not + covet thy neighbor’s goods.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page58">[pg 58]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not forswear thyself, thou shalt not bear + false witness, thou shalt not revile, thou shalt not bear + malice.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not be double-minded nor double-tongued; for + duplicity of tongue is a snare of death.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thy speech shall not be false nor vain.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not be covetous, nor an extortioner, nor a + hypocrite, nor malignant, nor haughty. Thou shalt not take evil + counsel against thy neighbor.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt hate no man, but some thou shalt rebuke, and + for some thou shalt pray, and some thou shalt love above thine own + soul.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“My child, flee from all evil, and from all that is like + unto it.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Be not soon angry, for anger leadeth to murder; nor + given to party-spirit, nor contentious, nor quick-tempered, for from + all these are generated murders.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“My child, be not lustful, for lust leadeth to + fornication; neither be a filthy talker, nor a lifter-up of the eyes, + for from all these things are generated adulteries.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“My child, be not thou an observer of birds, for it + leadeth to idolatry; nor a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page59">[pg + 59]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>charmer, nor an astrologer, nor a user of + purifications; nor be thou willing to look on those things, for from + all these is generated idolatry.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“My child, be not a liar, for lying leadeth to theft; nor + a lover of money, nor fond of vainglory, for from all these things + are generated thefts.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“My child, be not a murmurer, for it leadeth to + blasphemy; neither self-willed, nor evil-minded, for from all these + things are generated blasphemies.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Be thou long-suffering, and merciful, and harmless, and + quiet, and good, and trembling continually at the words which thou + hast heard.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not exalt thyself, nor shalt thou give + presumption to thy soul. Thy soul shall not be joined to the lofty, + but with the just and lowly shalt thou converse.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The events that happen to thee shalt thou accept as + good, knowing that without God nothing taketh place.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“My child, thou shalt remember night and day him that + speaketh to thee the word of God.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page60">[pg 60]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But thou shalt seek out day by day the faces of the + saints, that thou mayest rest in their words.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not desire division, but shalt make peace + between those at strife; so thou shalt judge justly. Thou shalt not + respect a person in rebuking for transgressions.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not be of two minds whether it shall be or + not.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Be not one that stretcheth out his hands to receive, but + shutteth them close for giving.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If thou hast, thou shalt give with thine hands a ransom + for thy sins.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not hesitate to give, nor when thou givest + shalt thou murmur, for thou shalt know who is the good recompenser of + the reward.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not turn away from him that needeth, but + shalt share all things with thy brother, and shalt not say that they + are thine own; for if ye are fellow-sharers in that which is + imperishable, how much more in perishable things.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not take away thine hand from thy son or from + thy daughter, but <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page61">[pg + 61]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>from + their youth up shalt thou teach them the fear of God.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not in thy bitterness lay commands on thy + man-servant or thy maid-servant, who hope in the same God, lest they + should not fear him who is God over you both; for He cometh not to + call men according to the outward appearance, but to those whom the + Spirit hath prepared.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But ye, servants, shall be subject to your masters as to + a figure of God in reverence and fear.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt hate all hypocrisy, and everything which is + not pleasing to the Lord.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not forsake the commandments of the Lord, but + shalt keep what thou hast received, neither adding thereto nor taking + away from it.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou shalt confess thy transgressions, and shalt not + come to thy prayer with an evil conscience. This is the way of + life.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But the way of death is this. First of all, it is evil + and full of curse; murders, adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, + idolatries, witchcrafts, sorceries, robberies, false-<span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page62">[pg 62]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>witnessings, hypocrisies, + double-heartedness, deceit, pride, wickedness, self-will, + covetousness, filthy talking, jealousy, presumption, haughtiness, + flattery.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Persecutors of the good, hating truth, loving a lie, not + knowing the reward of righteousness, not cleaving to that which is + good nor to righteous judgment, watching not for the good but for the + evil, far from whom is meekness and patience, loving vain things, + seeking after reward, not pitying the poor, not toiling with him who + is vexed with toil, not knowing Him that made them, murderers of + children, destroyers of the image of God, turning away from him that + is in need, vexing him that is afflicted, advocates of the rich, + lawless judges of the poor, wholly sinful.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Take heed that no one make thee to err from this way of + teaching, since he teacheth thee not according to God.”</span></p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" + id="pdf12"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">V.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE WOMAN TAKEN IN + ADULTERY.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE RICH YOUNG MAN.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page65">[pg + 65]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It must have been + many months after I had heard him discourse in the Galilæan synagogue + that I again saw Jesus the Nazarene. We in Jerusalem had our own + concerns to think of.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this time the + long monopoly of rule by the Sadducees was gradually being broken. Of + the three divisions of the Sanhedrim, that of the ordinary Israelites + had become almost entirely composed of the Pharisees; I myself had + been elected as one of that party, and even in the other two sections + of the Priests and of the Levites, many, especially among the latter, + held with the Pharisees. Nor was this without influence upon the + political issues of the times. The Sadducees, being the sacerdotal + party, had no cause why they should be dissatisfied with the position + they held in the State under the Romans; but we of the Pharisees felt + far otherwise about the national hopes for deliverance. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page66">[pg 66]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Since my days the influence of the + Pharisees has become predominant in the nation, and I foresee that + the struggle between us and the Romans cannot be delayed for long. At + the time of which I am writing, the hegemony had not yet passed over + to the Pharisees, and it was of import for us all to know whether any + man of influence was on our side, or on that of the Sadducees, or + whether he cared for neither, and cast in his lot with the smaller + sects.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, it happened + about this time that I was attending my place in the Sanhedrim of + Israelites, to judge of a case of adultery. But in this matter our + Sages, and especially those of the Pharisaic tradition, had made + great changes in the Law as laid down for us by Moses; for he, as + thou knowest, commands that a woman taken in adultery shall be stoned + to death. Now, for a long time among us there has been an increasing + horror of inflicting the death penalty. If a Sanhedrim inflicts + capital punishment more than once in seven years, it is called a + Sanhedrim of murderers. Yet the Law of Moses de<span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page67">[pg 67]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>clared that whosoever was guilty of + adultery would be put to death. What, then, was to be done? It is + against the principle of justice that any should be punished for an + offence of which he is ignorant. Hence, in capital offences, our + Sages, to mercy inclined, have laid it down that a man must be + assumed to be ignorant of the guilt of the offence, unless it be + proved that he had been solemnly warned of its gravity; and in our + Law proof can only be given by two simultaneous witnesses. Hence it + is impossible to obtain conviction for a woman who hath committed + adultery, unless proof is given that she hath been previously warned + by two persons at once. This can scarcely ever be. No Jewish woman in + my time has ever been stoned as the Law commands for this sin. Some + think that this is too great a leniency, and of evil result for the + morality of the folk.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When I arrived at + the hall of polished stones near the Temple, in which the Sanhedrim + holds its sittings, the trial had nearly come to a conclusion. The + inquiry had been made if any two credible wit<span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page68">[pg 68]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>nesses had given the woman the preliminary + caution, and none answering to the call, it remained only for the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ab + Beth Din</span></span>, the president of the court, to dismiss the + prisoner with the words of caution and advice which are customary on + such occasions: <span class="tei tei-q">“My daughter, perhaps thou + wert led into sin by too much wine, or by thoughtlessness, or perhaps + by thy youth; perchance it was mixing in crowds, or wicked companions + that led thee to sin: go, and for the sake of the great Name, do not + bring it to pass that thou must be destroyed by the water of + jealousy.”</span> And with these words the court was dismissed, and + several of us were appointed to take the woman to her home, and + induce the man, her husband, to take her to him once again. Now, as + we were passing through the courts of the Temple, we saw Jesus the + Nazarene in one of the smaller courts, seated, teaching the people, + some of whom sat at his feet. But it seemed to some of us a favorable + opportunity to test what he would say as regards the Law of Moses + relating to adultery: for if he would declare that the Law must be + carried out in all its <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page69">[pg + 69]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>rigor, that would show that our Sages were more + merciful than he; if, on the other hand, he adopted the opinion of + our Sages, that would in so far commit him to support their attitude + towards the Law in general. In any case, it seemed a suitable + occasion to test his power of dealing with the Law, and it is + customary among us to put such test cases before the younger + Sages.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We therefore + turned aside and entered into the smaller court, and all rose to do + honor to the Sanhedrim. Then one of us said to him, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rabbi, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very + act. Now, Moses in the Law hath commanded that such should be stoned: + what sayest thou?”</span> Now, when the man told him that the woman + had been taken in the very act of adultery, a deep blush passed over + his face, and he turned his eyes downwards. Then he bent down to the + ground, hiding his face altogether from us, and writing, as it were, + something on the sand of the floor. Now, at first, I thought of the + cry of the money-changers that I had heard, and felt ashamed in my + soul that such a question should be brought before this man, of all + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page70">[pg 70]</span><a name="Pg070" + id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>men: for our Sages have said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The greatest of sins is this—to bring a + blush upon thy neighbor’s face in public.”</span> But the others + thought not of this, but once more they asked him, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rabbi, what sayest thou shall be done in this + case?”</span> Then, without raising his head, Jesus said in a low + tone, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let him among you that is without sin + cast the first stone.”</span> Then we saw that his shame had been for + us, and for our want of feeling in putting such a question in the + very presence of her who had sinned. And in this matter we hold that + sin can be in thought as well as in act, and which of us could say + that we were without sin even in thought? So, in very shame, we + turned and went, and left Jesus alone with the woman.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet, after we had + come away from him, Matathias ben Meshullam said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“That is well,—we are rightly rebuked; but yet, dost thou + not see that this man hath not answered our question, nor do we know, + as we wished, what attitude he takes towards the carrying out of the + Law? I hear that each morning he preaches to the people in the + Temple. Let us now tomorrow <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page71">[pg + 71]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>put + such questions to him that he cannot evade, and find out to which of + our parties he belongs; for this is a man that is getting great + weight with the people, and it imports us to know where he stands + with regard to us.”</span> So it was determined among us that the + next morning a Sadducee and a Pharisee should put to him queries + which should determine what views he held on the great questions + which distinguished the two great parties of the State.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But that very + afternoon I was to learn that this Jesus had to deal with questions + with which none of our parties concerned themselves. For, as I was + coming near to Gethsemane, I met Jesus with a band of men and women + going out towards Bethany, and I passed them with the salutation of + <span class="tei tei-q">“Peace.”</span> But as I passed, a young man + whom I knew, that had recently come into great possessions upon the + death of his father, came up and asked, <span class="tei tei-q">“Who + is that man whom thou hast just greeted?”</span> and I said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus the Nazarene.”</span> Then, suddenly, + he set off running to catch them up, and being curious, I turned and + fol<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page72">[pg 72]</span><a name="Pg072" + id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>lowed him. When I reached them + I found the young man kneeling before Jesus, gazing up to him, and he + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Good Master, I have inherited great + possessions; what shall I do that I may inherit the life + everlasting?”</span> Jesus said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Call + not me <span class="tei tei-q">‘Good;’</span> none is good but the + One. If thou wouldest enter into life, do the commandments.”</span> + The young man asked, <span class="tei tei-q">“Which?”</span> Jesus + said, using the doctrine of <span class="tei tei-q">“The Two + Ways,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Do not kill, do not commit + adultery, do not steal, do not bear false witness, do not defraud, + honor thy father and thy mother, and love thy neighbor as + thyself.”</span> Then the young man said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“All these things have I kept from my youth up: what lack + I yet?”</span> Then Jesus said, <span class="tei tei-q">“One thing + thou lackest: go thy way, sell all thou hast, and give unto the poor, + and thou shalt have heavenly treasures: come then and follow + me.”</span> The young man began to scratch his head, and seemed in + doubt. Then Jesus said unto him, <span class="tei tei-q">“How is it + thou canst say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I have done the Law and the + Prophets,’</span> since it is written in the Law, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself’</span>? Behold, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page73">[pg 73]</span><a name="Pg073" + id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>many of thy brothers, sons of + Abraham, are clothed but in dung, and die for hunger, while thy house + is full of many goods, and there goeth not forth aught from it unto + them.”</span> But the young man rose, and went away in sorrow and + confusion. Then Jesus looked round upon those who were there, and + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“How hard it is for them that trust in + riches to enter into the kingdom of God! It is easier for an elephant + to go through a needle’s eye, as the saying is, than for a rich man + to enter into the kingdom of God.”</span> Then a murmur arose among + all those present, and they began to move on, and I left them. And I + said to myself, <span class="tei tei-q">“This man is neither + Pharisee, nor Sadducee, nor Herodian; these be the thoughts of the + Ebionim.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page74">[pg + 74]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" + id="pdf14"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">VI.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page77">[pg + 77]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, on the + morrow, many of us who had agreed together to test the opinions of + this Jesus went to the Temple and found Jesus walking in the + corridors. Then he that was of most authority among us said unto + Jesus, <span class="tei tei-q">“Rabbi, we would ask certain questions + of thee;”</span> and Jesus answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ask, + and it shall be answered unto thee.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thou must know + that among us Jews there be two chief schools of thought, or rather + thou mightest say, parties of the State. The one holds with the High + Priest and the rulers, and is mainly made up of those whom ye + Hellenes call the Best, and their retainers. These be known as the + Sadducees, for their leaders are mainly of the family of the High + Priest Sadduk. Now, the other party is in some sort the party of the + Demos, in that they seek to lessen the power of the High Priests and + their families. But with us, as thou knowest, all things turn upon + reli<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page78">[pg 78]</span><a name= + "Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>gion, and this second + party differ chiefly from the Sadducees, for that they are more in + earnest with the matters of the Law, and chiefly they fear the + influence of thy nation, Aglaophonos, in drawing the Israelite away + from the Law. Therefore have they increased precept upon precept, so + as to make, as they say, a fence round the Law. And as they would + separate themselves from the heathen by this fence, they call + themselves Pharisees, that is, Separatists.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, it was nowise + easy to learn whether a man was of the one party or the other. For he + might be eager for the Law, and so be Pharisaic in color, and yet + approve of the dominion of the priests, and thus be a Sadducee. Yet + in one chief matter of thought they went asunder contrariwise, and + that was concerning the resurrection of the dead. Now, with regard to + that, the Sadducees held that naught was said in the Law of Moses, + and therefore no son of Israel need concern himself with it. But the + Pharisees, on the other hand, laid great weight upon this. So here + was a touchstone by which to learn whether this Jesus <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page79">[pg 79]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>followed the one or the other of the two + great divisions of our nation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then, as was + agreed upon, Kamithos the Sadducee came forward to ask him the + question which should determine whether he held with them that there + was no resurrection from the dead, or with the rest of the nation. He + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Rabbi, it is written in the Torah, if + brethren dwell together, and one of them die and have no son, the + wife of the dead one shall not marry without, unto a stranger; her + husband’s brother shall take her to him to wife, and raise up seed + unto his brother. Suppose, now, there are seven brethren, and the + first takes a wife, and dying leaves no son; and the second takes + her, as is our custom, and dies without leaving any seed; and the + third likewise, and so on, till the whole seven had married her, and + yet had no son; then the woman dies also: when they shall rise from + the dead together, whose wife shall she be of them? for all seven had + her to wife.”</span> And Jesus answered and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ye are at fault, and know not the Scriptures, nor the + power of God; for in the resurrection they neither <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page80">[pg 80]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>marry, nor are given in marriage, but are + even as the angels which are in heaven. And as an indication from + Scripture that the dead rise, is it not written in the book of Moses, + when God spake to him from the bush, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the + God of Jacob’</span>? He is not the God of the dead, but the God of + the living: therefore are ye in error.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And we were + surprised at the subtlety of the man; and chiefly men marvelled at + the wisdom of this man in finding what we call a support, that is, a + text of Scripture on which to hang the doctrine of the life after + death, which many believe to have grown up among us since the sacred + Scriptures were written: for in them little, if anything, was said of + the world to come. Now, Jesus in his answer had happened upon a text + which said that Abraham and Isaac and Jacob were living when they + were dead to this world, and the people marvelled greatly + thereat.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, it had been + agreed upon, that after the Sadducees had asked their question and + been answered, I should stand <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page81">[pg 81]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>forth and test this man Jesus on behalf of the + Pharisees. Now, one of our Sages hath said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Be as careful of a little precept as of a great + one;”</span> whereas our great master Hillel had, as I have told + thee, summed up the whole Law in one precept, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Love thy neighbor as thyself.”</span> Therefore, we of + the Pharisees wished to know whether this Jesus agreed with the one + sage or the other; so I spake unto him and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rabbi, which is the first commandment, by doing which I + shall inherit the life everlasting?”</span> But at first he answered + me not directly, but said, <span class="tei tei-q">“How readest + thou?”</span> Then I remembered me the words of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Catechism of the Two Ways,”</span> and answered, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all + thy heart, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind, and thy + neighbor as thyself: whatsoever thou wouldest not for thyself, do not + to another.”</span> And he said unto me, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou hast answered right; and the first of the + commandments is the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Shema</span></span>: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Hear, O Israel; the Lord thy God is one God.’</span> And + the second is like, namely this: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou shalt + love thy neighbor as <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page82">[pg + 82]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>thyself.’</span> There is none other commandment + greater than these. This do, and thou shalt live.”</span> Then I was + rejoiced, and said unto him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, Rabbi, + thou hast said the truth: there is one God, and there is none other + but him; and to love him with all the heart, and with all the + understanding, and with all the soul, and all the strength, and to + love one’s neighbor as one’s self, is more than all the burnt + offerings and sacrifices.”</span> Then Jesus became gracious unto me, + and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art not far from the kingdom + of God.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But then I would + learn further from this man who spake so well, and ask him the + question which is current in our schools on this subject, and I said + to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“But, Rabbi, who is my + neighbor?”</span> and he answered with a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mashal</span></span>, or parable, and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“To what is the matter like? A certain man + was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho; and he fell among robbers, + which both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half + dead. And by chance a certain priest was going down that way: and + when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. And in like + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page83">[pg 83]</span><a name="Pg083" + id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>manner a Levite also, when he + came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a + certain Israelite,<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href= + "#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> as he + journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he was moved with + compassion, and came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on them + oil and wine; and he set him on his own beast, and brought him to an + inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow he took out two pence, + and gave them to the host, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Take + care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, I, when I come back + again, will repay thee.’</span> Which of these three, thinkest thou, + proved neighbor unto him that fell among the robbers?”</span> Then I + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Not the priest, nor the Levite, though + they held office in Israel, but the simple Israelite who showed mercy + upon him.”</span> Then Jesus said unto me, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Go and do thou likewise;”</span> and at this moment we + were all summoned to the mid-day sacrifice in the Temple.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Jesus had + departed, after the sacrifice, we all met together and discussed his + answers, which had stamped him in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page84">[pg 84]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>our minds as a master in the art of question and + answer, which is with us as favorable a trial of skill as oratory or + poetry with you Hellenes. Now, as regards the question of the + Sadducees, men thought he had spoken more openly; for though he had + evaded a direct answer to the question of the seven brothers and + their wife, he had yet implied that they all would have a part in the + life to come. Some regretted that the question had not been put + differently, and the problem set—if a son had been born through the + seventh brother: for this might have thrown light upon the question + of the schools, whether the brother’s widow was to be still regarded + as his wife if seed had been raised to him after his death. But as to + the support which Jesus had taken from Scripture for the life + everlasting, though here again he had answered question by question, + it was decided that he was against the Sadducees on this point.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But on the + questions which I had put to him, all had agreed that he had answered + as a Pharisee, even as Hillel might have answered, for he had + yea-said the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page85">[pg + 85]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>doctrine which I had cited from the beginning of + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Two Ways”</span> in which the doctrine + of Hillel is summed up; and even as to my further question, as to who + is the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">chaber</span></span>, or neighbor, though + opinions were divided, most thought that he had spoken as a Pharisee + might have spoken: for thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that our nation is + divided into three great classes—the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cohanim</span></span>, or Priests; the Levites; + and the common Israelites. Now, of these, the two former are the + officials of the Temple, and most if not all of the Sadducees are + from this class. And, in declaring himself on the side of the third + class of simple Israelites, Jesus had, we all thought, declared + himself on the side of the Pharisees.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page86">[pg 86]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" + id="pdf16"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">VII.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE SECOND SERMON.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page89">[pg + 89]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I cannot clearly + remember at what season of the year it was that I next saw Jesus; + indeed, I am surprised to think that, after the lapse of nearly + five-and-twenty years, I can still remember almost all that passed on + the various occasions when I was in his presence. Yet I think it was + about the time of the feast which we hold in memory of the + rededication of the Temple under the Maccabæans that I again saw and + heard the Galilæan stranger; for I mind me that I had just been + taking the eight-branch candlestick which we use in the ceremonials + of this feast to Petachayah the silversmith to be mended, when on my + return I saw a throng collected round the synagogue of the Galilæans, + and entering in, found that Jesus was to preach that day. The same + ceremonial was gone through as I have already described to thee: the + Law was taken from the ark with rejoicing; priest and Levite + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page90">[pg 90]</span><a name="Pg090" + id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and four ordinary Israelites + were summoned to hear it read, and again the crier called, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Let Rabbi Joshua, the son of Rabbi Joseph, + arise.”</span> Now, it chanced that this time, I, as a member of the + Sanhedrim, was summoned to the reading of the Law immediately after + Jesus, and for a time, as is customary, we stood together upon the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bema</span></span>. I observed that, as the + reading of the Law proceeded, the eyes of the Nazarene became fixed + upon the ark, and a veil of mysterious tenderness seemed to come over + them, as if he were in communion with the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Shechinah</span></span>, or Glory, itself. It + seemed to me that afterwards, when he read the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Haphtara</span></span> from the prophets, and + when he preached, something remained in him of this mystical + communion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps it was for + this that we seemed to miss that sense of individual address which we + had before observed in his eyes. No longer did these speak to us + other and deeper thoughts than the words of the preacher; they seemed + to dream of divine things, and so caused us also to be rapt in mystic + musings. I cannot on this ac<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page91">[pg + 91]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>count + recall for you all or even many of the words which he uttered on this + occasion. He began with some plain teaching about practice. Soon he + went on to speak of himself in a marvellous way, as if he would imply + that communion with him and with the Most High were one and the same, + and then in his last words he seemed to speak of the Last Things. And + here again his words seemed as if he identified himself with the + great Judge.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, this is not + so strange to our mode of thinking in Israel as thou mightest think. + Almost all our prophets speak the oracles of God as if they were + using the very words of the Lord. Thou canst read in the Greek + translation of the Seventy many passages of the prophets in which the + very words of the Lord are given. Yet in most, if not all, cases the + prophet beginneth, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thus saith the + Lord,”</span> or endeth, <span class="tei tei-q">“This is the word of + the Lord.”</span> But with this Jesus it was otherwise. He spoke as + the ancient prophets do, but whether from his rapt intentness in the + message he was delivering, or because he felt his spirit for the time + merged in the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page92">[pg + 92]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>divine, he spoke as if the message was his. And + as he spoke, I saw looks of amazement pass between many in the + synagogue, and one old graybeard rose as if to protest, and then, + shaking his withered hands above his head, went out of the + synagogue.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I will here set + down for thee as many of the words that fell from Jesus’ lips on this + occasion as I can remember. They are but few, but many of them are + weighty, and I have told thee above the general lines of thought + which seemed to run through his discourse; and these are the words as + far as I remember them.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href= + "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cultivate faith and hope, through which is born that + love of God and man which gives the eternal life. Those are the sons + of God who walk in the spirit of God. What you preach before the + folk, do in deed before every one. Accept not anything from any man, + and possess not anything in this world. For the Father wisheth to be + given to each man from his own gifts. Cleave unto the saints: for + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page93">[pg 93]</span><a name="Pg093" + id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>they that cleave unto them + shall be sanctified. Yet shall there be schisms and heresies: for + there is a shame which leadeth to death, as there is a shame which + leadeth to life. Is it not enough for the disciples to be as the + Master? If in a little you are not faithful, who shall give unto you + what is much? Seek the great, and the little will be added to you; + seek the heavenly, and the things of earth will be + superadded.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He that wonders shall reign, he who reigns shall find + rest. My secret is for me, and for those that are mine are the things + which eye saw not, and ear heard not, which entered not into the + heart of man, whatsoever things God prepared for them that love him. + Those who wish to see me, and wish to cling to the kingdom, must take + me through affliction and suffering. For he that is near me is near + the fire, he that is far from me is far from the kingdom. Where one + is, there too am I; where twain are, there too will I be. As any of + you sees himself in the water or in the mirror, so let him see me in + himself.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“They that love me shall receive the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page94">[pg 94]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>crown. I will choose me the good, those + good whom my Father in the heavens hath given me. Let the lawless + continue in lawlessness, the just be justified. Behold, I make the + last as the first, and all things new. In whatsoever state I find + you, in that also will I judge you.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Never heard I any + who spoke of himself as this man did. For days and days afterwards + some of his words came to me again and again. Whenever I was alone I + seemed to hear his voice saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Where one + is, there too am I; where twain are, there too will I be.”</span> + Whenever I gazed on the running stream or looked on the polished + steel of the mirror, again I seemed to hear him say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“As any of you sees himself in the water or in the + mirror, so let him see me in himself.”</span> And, in truth, at times + my features seemed to fade away, and the face of Jesus gaze upon + me.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Others thought not + as I. When we assembled after the sermon, to talk over it, as is our + custom, I found that most had been chiefly touched by certain sayings + at the end of the sermon, in which Jesus <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page95">[pg 95]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>seemed to speak of the future life and the last + judgment. Thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that with regard to these + matters I incline more to the teaching of the Sadducean sect, who + hold that Holy Scripture speaketh not of these things, and that, + therefore, we need not and should not think thereon. But there were + few who held that doctrine in the synagogue that day, and these + thought most of the words in which Jesus seemed to claim the + prerogatives of the Divine Judge. <span class="tei tei-q">“I was + amazed,”</span> quoth Serachyah ben Pinchas, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“when he spoke of judging us himself in the last days: it + wanted but a little that I had rent my garments at the blasphemy. But + surely, thought I to myself, the man will shortly tell us, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘These are the words of the Lord,’</span> and + so I refrained.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now I will tell + thee of a most strange event that happened with me and this Jesus. A + day or two after this, I was sitting in my room and studying the + words of Torah, and had fallen into deep thought on the things of + this life and the next, and gradually I fell thinking of certain + words that I had heard from Jesus <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page96">[pg 96]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>the Nazarene, as I have before told you. Hast + thou ever felt, Aglaophonos, as if some one was gazing upon thee, and + thou couldst not refrain from looking round to see who it was? So I + felt at this moment, and I looked up from the sacred scroll, and lo! + Jesus the Nazarene stood before me, gazing upon me with those + piercing eyes I can never forget. His face was pale and indistinct, + but the eyes shone forth as if with tenderness and pity. Then he + seemed to lean forward, and spoke to me in a low yet piercing voice + these words: <span class="tei tei-q">“Awake thou that sleepest, and + arise from the dead, and the Christ shall shine upon thee.”</span> I + had shrunk back from his gaze, and was, indeed, in all amaze and + wonder that he should be in the room; but when I looked again, + behold, he was gone, there was no man there.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But this is not + all the wonder of that event, for, being startled, and, indeed, + somewhat fearful at his sudden appearance and disappearance, I arose + and went out into the highway, and went out to walk on the Gethsemane + road. Now, as I came clear of the city, I saw a group of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page97">[pg 97]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>men coming down the opposite hill, and + when they came near, behold, it was Jesus and some of his friends. I + was astonished and surprised beyond all measure, for how could Jesus + have just been with me, and be now coming from Gethsemane? And when + they were passing me, Jesus glanced at me very slightly, as at a + stranger—he that had spoken to my soul but a few minutes since.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, after they + had passed me, there came one running after them whom I knew—one + Meshullam ben Hanoch—and I stopped him and asked him whither he was + going, and he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Stay me not. I have run + all the way from Bethany to catch up that man thou seest there, Jesus + the Nazarene;”</span> and with that he took up his running and left + me.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I knew not what to + think. I had seen and heard Jesus in my own house in Jerusalem, and + lo! at that very same time, as I now learned, he had been at Bethany. + What thinkest thou, Aglaophonos,—can a man be in two places at one + and the same time? or can it be that the mind of man, and the power + of his eye, can go <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page98">[pg + 98]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>forth + from his body and create a vision of another man that hath all the + semblance of reality? I know not what to think; but I have heard + that, even after his death, those who were nearest and dearest to + Jesus saw him and heard him even as I did. Nor do I wonder at this, + after what has occurred to myself.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" + id="pdf18"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">VIII.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE REBUKING OF JESUS.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg + 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, it chanced + that about this time I was invited to a feast at the house of Elisha + ben Simeon, one of the leaders of the Pharisees in Jerusalem. His son + had become thirteen years old that week, and, as is our custom, was + received into the holy congregation as a Son of the Covenant on the + Sabbath. He had been summoned up to the reading of the Law, and had + himself read aloud a portion of it; for from this day onward he was + to be treated in all matters of religion as if he were a man. Being a + friend of his father, I had attended his synagogue, and heard the + lad’s pure voice for the first time in his life declare publicly his + faith in the Most High.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the service + in the synagogue, his friends accompanied the father and the lad to + their house, and with them went I, who had known the father from our + schoolboy days, and the little lad from the time of his + birth.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg + 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, it chanced + that, as we came near the door of Elisha’s house, we met Jesus the + Nazarene, and two or three with him. So Elisha greeted them, and + invited them courteously to join the feast, as is the custom among + us. And Jesus and the others assented, and followed into the house + with us. <span class="tei tei-q">“To table, to table!”</span> cried + Elisha, pointing to the couches standing round the well-filled + board.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When we were all + seated, the host and his son came round with an ewer and basin to + perform the washing of the hands prescribed by the Law. But when they + came to the Galilæan strangers, these refused, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We wash not before meals.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then we must serve ye last,”</span> said Elisha, with a + smile. But the others took not the matter so pleasantly; for since we + have one common dish, which is handed round to the guests for them to + take their food with their fingers, it is considered gross + ill-breeding for a man not to perform the ceremony of washing before + meals.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then Elisha took a + seat at the centre of the table, and said the grace before meals. + Then he broke bread, and, dip<span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>ping a morsel into salt for each of the guests, + he called his son to him to carry it round. When he saw that each of + the guests had a piece of bread dipped in salt, Elisha recited the + blessing on the bread, <span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed art Thou, O + Lord our God, who bringest forth bread from the earth,”</span> and + all said <span class="tei tei-q">“Amen.”</span> And one of the guests + said to Elisha, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am glad we are not in + Babylon.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“How so, Phineas?”</span> said Elisha to the man, who was + well known at all feasts at that time in Jerusalem.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And Phineas said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“For there they only eat bread with their + bread.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay, that would not suit thee, Phineas. Thou art no + Nazarite;”</span> and most of the guests who knew him laughed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then Elisha + clapped his hands, and the slaves took round the first course of + salted fish; then afterwards the cold baked meats—for, being the + Sabbath, the food had been prepared the day before.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then one of the + guests said to one of the Galilæans, <span class="tei tei-q">“Is it + true that you allow fowl to be boiled in milk in your + country?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes, truly; why not?”</span> said the + Galilæan.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg + 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Is it not written thrice in the Law,”</span> said the + guest, <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Thou shalt + not seethe the kid in its mother’s milk’</span>?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In our country,”</span> said the Galilæan, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“fowls give no milk.”</span> And we all of us laughed, + save only Jesus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay, but the Sages have carried their prohibition even + unto fowls, lest the people be led to confuse flesh and + flesh.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By this time we + had arrived at the third and last course of salted olives, lettuces, + and radishes. And again the bowl and ewer were passed round, and this + time the Galilæans did not refuse the water. Then the new son of the + covenant recited in his clear voice the grace after meals. And all + rose, while the slaves removed the remnants. Then said Elisha, + <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not well that when so many are + together we should depart without discussing some words of the Law. + My little Lazarus here would fain learn some new thing from the many + learned men present on this day of his being received into + Israel.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Well, then,”</span> said one of the company, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I should like to put a question to our + friends here from Galilee.”</span> And they said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Speak, Rabbi.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And he addressed + himself to Jesus, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Why walk not thy + disciples according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread + with unwashen hands?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then Jesus spoke + out, and as he spoke he strode up and down the room, with his hand + clutching the air, and the vein throbbing on his left temple. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Well hath Esaias prophesied of you + hypocrites, as it is written, <span class="tei tei-q">‘This people + honoreth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. Howbeit + in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments + of men.’</span> ”</span> Then facing us all, he added, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“For ye lay aside the commandment of God, and hold the + tradition of men.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“How so, master?”</span> said Elisha; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“prove thy words.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is said in the Word of God, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Honor thy father and thy mother,’</span> and yet the + Sages say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘If a man be asked by his father + or mother to honor them with a gift, and he say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I vow that thing to the Almighty,”</span> then it is + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Corban</span></span>,’</span> and put aside for + the Lord, so that his parents cannot enjoy thereof. Thus by your + tradition about vows ye make the Word of God <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>concerning honor to parents of none effect, and + many like things ye do.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then Elisha said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“But the Sages are by no means at one in that + matter of the vows, and in particular many of them declare all the + vows annulled that would work against our duty to our parents, or + even against our love to our neighbor. Yet, even if we take the more + stricter tradition, in what manner that absolves us from washing our + hands before meals, I see not.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay, it is the same thing,”</span> replied Jesus. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye Pharisees make clean the outside of the + cup and platter, but your inward thoughts are full of ravening and + wickedness. Ye fools! did not the Holy One, blessed be He, who made + that which is without, make also that which is within? Therefore give + for alms that which is within, kindly thoughts and friendly feelings. + If ye do that, all things are clean unto you.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then I said unto + Jesus, for this matter touched us scribes nearly, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Master, in speaking thus against tradition thou + reproachest us also that be scribes.”</span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And he answered, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Woe, woe unto ye, scribes! which desire to + walk in long robes, and love greetings in the markets, and the higher + seats in the synagogues, and the chief places at feasts, which devour + widows’ houses, and for a show make long prayers.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then an angry + murmur rose among all the folk there assembled at the harsh words of + the stranger, when suddenly was heard the voice of Simeon ben + Lazarus, the father of Elisha, a very old man, who sat in the corner + and said:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Young man, fourscore years and two have I lived upon + this earth; a Pharisee have I been from the day I became a son of the + covenant, like little Lazarus there; a scribe was I during all the + working days of my life. I did what the Law and the Sages command, + yet never thought I in so doing of men’s thoughts or praises. Surely, + if the Lord command, a good Jew will obey. And as in many things, + many acts of this life, the Law speaketh not in plain terms, surely + we should follow the opinion of those who devote all their life to + the study of the Law.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I have never sought the praises of men, their greetings + or their honors, in obeying the Law. In all that I have done I have + sought one thing—to fulfil the will of our Father which is in + heaven.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“As for what thou sayest, that inward thought and outward + act should go together in the service of God and man, that is a + verity, and often have I heard the saying from the great Hillel—may + his memory be for a blessing! But if outward act may be clean when + inward thought may be unclean, how, on the other hand, can we know + the purity of what is within, except it be decided by the cleanliness + of what is without? How, above all, shall we teach our little ones, + like my Lazarus there, to feel what is good and seemly, except by + first teaching them to do the acts that are seemly and + good?</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And as for what thou sayest as to the hypocrisy of us + Pharisees and scribes, I say unto thee,—and in a few days I must see + the face of my Maker,—I say unto thee, I have known many an Ebionite, + which thou seemest to be, who was well spoken within, but ill doing + without. So, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg + 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>too, + I have known many a scribe and many a Pharisee who neither carried + their good deeds on their shoulders, nor said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Wait, I have to finish some godly deed;’</span> nor set + off their good deeds against their sins; nor boasted of their + sacrifices for godly works; nor did they seek out their sins that + they might pay for them by their virtues; nor were they Pharisees + from fear of the Divine punishment. They were Pharisees from love of + the Lord, and did throughout their life what they knew to be his + commands.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Jesus spoke + gently unto the old man, and said naught but, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay, master, I spoke not of thee, nor of men like thee. + These be the true Pharisees; the rest but have the Pharisaic + color.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“That is so,”</span> said old Simeon. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I have heard what King Jannaus said: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Fear not the Pharisees, nor those who are no Pharisees; + but fear the colored ones, who are only Pharisees in appearance, who + do the deeds of Zimri and demand the rewards of + Phineas.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But before the old + man could finish there was a movement at the doorway, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and a high, thin voice cried out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Where is this kidnapper of souls? where is + this filcher of young lives? where is Jesus the Nazarene?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Behold me,”</span> said Jesus, turning towards the + voice; and an old man, with the rent garment of the mourner, and with + hair all distraught, came up to the Nazarene with arms outstretched + and clutching fingers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Give me my son, my Elchanan!”</span> he cried. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast taken him from me last Passover, + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Father and mother, yea, all that a + man hath, shall he give up to follow me.’</span> He left me to follow + thee; what hast thou done with him?—my Elchanan! my + Elchanan!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“He died, and is at peace.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then give him back to me again. Thou canst do all + things, men say: make whole the sick, let see the blind, cause the + lame to walk, and give peace to the troubled mind. Give me, then, + back my Elchanan thou hast taken from me.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is One alone that can quicken the dead,”</span> + said Jesus, and walked sternly past him.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" + id="pdf20"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">IX.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">JESUS IN THE TEMPLE.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg + 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But a few days + after what I have narrated to thee, I had attended a full meeting of + the Sanhedrim in the hall of hewn stones in the Priests’ Court of the + Temple. When the session was over, we went forth, and, turning to the + right, passed into the Court of the Israelites, and so through + Nicanor’s Gate into the Court of the Women. Now, as we went down the + fifteen steps that lead into this court, we could see, through the + Beautiful Gate at the other end of it, that something unusual was + occurring in the outer court of all, the Court of the Gentiles. So I + and some of the other younger members of the Sanhedrim passed rapidly + through the Court of the Women, and, hurrying through the Beautiful + Gate, found Jesus preaching to the people under Solomon’s Porch. Now, + it is usual for the people to make way when any member of the + Sanhedrim passes by; but the people were so engrossed with the words + of Jesus <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg + 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>that + they took no note of me and my companions, and we had to stand at the + edge of the crowd and listen as best we might, and so great was the + crowd that I could scarcely hear what the Nazarene was saying, until + gradually those near us, recognizing the marks of our dignity, made + way for us till we got nearer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Never saw I Jesus + in so exalted a state. Though he was not tall, as I have said, he + seemed to tower above the crowd. The mid-day sun of winter was + shining full upon the Temple, and though Jesus was in the shadow of + the porch, the sunlight from the Temple walls shone back upon his + eyes and hair, which gleamed with the glory of the sun. He looked and + spake as a king among men. And, indeed, he was claiming to be + something even greater than a king. I could not hear very distinctly + from where I was at first, but towards the last, as I got nearer, I + heard him say these words:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. Except a + man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. He <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>that loveth his life shall lose it. If a + man keep my word he shall never see death, but has passed from death + unto life. He that believeth in me, the works that I do shall he do + also. Yet can the Son do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the + Father do. I am the door: by me, if any man enter in, he shall be + saved. I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life. I am the Light of the + world. I am the good Shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of + mine. I am the Bread of Life: he that cometh to me shall never + hunger. I am the true Vine, and my Father is the Husbandman. I am the + Vine, ye are the branches. If any man thirst, let him come unto me + and drink. Before Abraham was I am.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, as Jesus was + saying these words, and many like unto them, his form seemed to + expand, his eye flashed with the light of prophecy, and all men were + amazed at the power of his words. Never had they heard man speak of + himself with such confidence. If he had been very God, he could not + have said more of his own power over men’s <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>souls. Our prophets have spoken boldly indeed, + but none of them had boasted of the power of the Lord in such terms + as this man spake of himself. Could he be mad, I thought, to say such + things? Yet in all other matters he had shown a wisdom and a sound + sense equal to the greatest of our Sages. Or had he found that by + speaking thus of himself, men, and above all, women, were best moved + to believe as he would have them believe, to act as he would have + them act? Might it not be the simplest of truths that for them, to + them, he was indeed the Way, the Truth, and the Life?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And, indeed, when + I looked around and saw the effect of his words on those who were + listening, I could in part understand his power among men and women. + They drank in his words as travellers at the well of the oasis. They + lived upon his eyes, and it was indeed strange to see every man’s + body bent forward as of a straining hound at the chase. If ever men + worshipped a man, these were worshipping Jesus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And I? What was it + with me that his words failed to move me as they did those + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" + id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>around me? Why did his eyes + rather repel than attract me? Was it thy teaching, Aglaophonos, that + had taught me the way of thy race: to measure all things in the + balance of wisdom; to be moved in all acts by reason, not feeling? + Was it from thee I learnt to think about the causes of this man’s + influence, even while I and others were under it? Perhaps not alone; + for much that this man was saying would have repelled my Jewish + instincts even had I never come under thy influence. What struck thee + among us Jews, I remember, was that while we see the Deity + everywhere, we localize him nowhere. Alone among the nations of men + we refuse to make an image of our God. We alone never regarded any + man as God Incarnate. Those among us who have been nearest to the + Divine have only claimed to be—they have only been recognized to + be—messengers of the Most High. Yet here was this man, as it seemed, + claiming to be the Very God, and all my Jewish feeling rose against + the claim.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor was I alone in + this feeling I was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg + 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>soon + to learn. Before Jesus had finished his harangue, cries arose from + different quarters of the crowd. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Blasphemy!”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Blasphemer!”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“He + blasphemes!”</span> arose on all sides. These cries awakened men as + if from a sleep, all turning round to see whence they came. And the + very turning round, as it were, removed them from the influence of + Jesus and his eyes. In a moment, many of those who just before were + hanging upon Jesus’ words joined in the cry, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Blasphemer! blasphemer!”</span> One of the boldest of + those who began the cry called out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Blasphemer! Stone him!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Jesus drew + himself up, and looked upon the crowd with flashing eyes, and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“O Jerusalem, Jerusalem! Sodom is justified + of thee.”</span> For a moment all were silent, but soon the cries + arose again: <span class="tei tei-q">“Blasphemer! blasphemer! Stone + him!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then began great + commotion among the people. While some called out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Stone him!”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Stone + him!”</span> others cried, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sacrilege!”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sacrilege!”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“No stoning + in the Temple!”</span> And one called out with a jeer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“In the Temple ye cannot <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>stone, for lo! here there be no stones;”</span> + and a bitter, scornful laugh followed his words. Then some who were + nearest to Jesus sought to lay hands on him, while others, his + friends, stood round him and prevented their approaching, and all was + confusion and tumult. When suddenly the blare of a trumpet sounded + through the courts, and all cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Romans! the Romans!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then round by the + royal porch came a company of Roman soldiers to change the sentries + at mid-day, and they halted near the Beautiful Gate. And as they came + near the crowd began to disperse, and Jesus and his friends went + their way from the courts of the Temple.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That day, there + was no talk in Jerusalem but of the event in the Temple. Men + marvelled at the way in which this Jesus had spoken of himself. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The prophets spake not thus,”</span> they + said. <span class="tei tei-q">“Yet how can a man be greater than a + prophet, who speaketh the words of the Most High? Even if we had once + more a king over us in Israel, he could not be as great as a prophet, + and no king would speak of him<span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>self as Jesus this day hath spoken of + himself.”</span> But what if this man were destined to be the Christ, + the God-given Ruler that should restore the throne of David? But how + could that be, since none of the signs and portents of the last times + had come upon the earth? Who had seen the blood trickle from the + rocks? or the fiery sword appear in the midnight sky? Had babes a + year old spoken like men? But others said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay, the kingdom of God will not come with expectation. + As it hath been said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Three things come + unexpectedly—a scorpion, a treasure-trove, and the + Messiah.’</span> ”</span> And again, others said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Perchance this is not the Messiah ben David, but the + Messiah ben Joseph, who shall be slain before the other + cometh.”</span> Thus the minds of men and their words went hither and + thither about the sayings of this man Jesus in the Temple.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" + id="pdf22"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">X.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg + 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I heard naught and + saw naught of Jesus the Nazarene till the very last week of his life, + and that was the week before the Passover. The winter had been a + severe one, and much misery had arisen among the folk through the + exactions of the Romans; indeed, an attempt had been made to throw + off the Roman yoke. In several places the people had assembled in + arms and attacked the soldiery, and in some cases had slain their + sentries. Pilate had but sent off a cohort into the district, and all + signs of discontent went underground. One of the leaders of the + revolt, Jesus Bar Abbas, had been captured and thrown into prison. + He, indeed, had attempted an insurrection in Jerusalem itself, where + he was well known and popular among the common folk. When he was + arrested, a riot had occurred, and one of the soldiers was slain who + had been sent to arrest him; wherefore he lay now in prison on the + charges of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg + 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>rebellion and murder. Yet many thought that this + man had been put forth to try the temper of the people and the power + of the Romans, in preparation for a more serious attempt to shake off + the oppressor.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet who should + lead the people? Jochanan, the only man whom of recent times the + people followed gladly, had been done to death by Herod. One man + alone since his death had won the people’s heart, to wit, Jesus the + cousin of Jochanan. He, and he alone, could lead the people against + the Romans, and all men wondered if he would. In the midst of their + wonder came news that Jesus the Nazarene was coming up to the Holy + City for the Feast of Passover, the feast of redemption from Egypt. + Would it prove this year a feast of redemption from the Romans? All + hope of this depended upon this Jesus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was twenty-one + years ago, but I can remember as if it were yesterday the excitement + in Jerusalem when the news came that Jesus of Nazareth had arrived in + the neighborhood, and was spending his Sabbath at the village of + Bethany. All those who were disaffected against the Romans + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" + id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>cried out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“A leader! a leader!”</span> All those who were halt, + sick, or blind, cried out, <span class="tei tei-q">“A healer! a + healer!”</span> Wherever we went, there was no talk but of the coming + deliverance. As I approached one group of men I heard them say, + <span class="tei tei-q">“When will it be? When will he give the sign? + Will it be before or after the feast?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> said one of the crowd, a burly blacksmith + he, <span class="tei tei-q">“what day for the deliverance but the + Passover day? But be it when it may, let him give the sign, and I + shall be ready.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And prove a new Maccabee,”</span> said one in the crowd, + referring to his hammer, whereat a grim laugh arose.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next day being + the first of the week, which the Romans call the Day of the Sun, I + was pondering the words of the Law in my little study chamber near + the roof of my father’s house in the Street of the Bakers near + Herod’s Palace, which at that time was inhabited by the Procurator, + when suddenly I heard the patter of many feet in the street beneath + me, and looking out, I saw them all hurrying, as it seemed, to the + Temple. I put on my sandals, and taking my staff in my hand and + drawing <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name= + "Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>my mantle over my head, + hurried out after the passers-by. But when they came to the Broad + Place before the Water Gate, they turned sharp to the right, and went + down the Tyropœon as far as the Fountain Gate, where I overtook them. + There I found all the most turbulent of the city population. Some of + the men I knew had been engaged in the recent riot under Jesus Bar + Abbas. Others were the leading Zealots in Jerusalem, and all were men + eager for the freeing of the city from the Romans. And among them, + too, were others who cared not for freedom, nor hated the Romans, but + would only be too pleased if the city were given up to disorder and + rapine. While these waited there, we heard cries from behind us, and + looking back, saw filing out from the Temple courts on to the Xystus + Bridge, and down into the Tyropœon, the brigade of beggars who pass + almost their whole life in the Court of the Gentiles. These came down + slowly, for among them were many halt and some blind, and all were + old and feeble of limb. <span class="tei tei-q">“Why come they forth + from the courts?”</span> I asked; <span class="tei tei-q">“and why + are we waiting?”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg + 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Then + said one near me, <span class="tei tei-q">“Knowest thou not that + Jesus the Nazarene enters the city to-day? And men say he is to + deliver us.”</span> And at that moment a cry arose among the folk, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Lo! there he is.”</span> Looking south, for + a time I could see nothing, for the mid-day sun of the spring + solstice was shining with that radiance which we Jews think is only + to be seen in our land. But after a while I could discern, turning + the corner of the Jericho Road near En Rogel, a mounted man, + surrounded by a number of men and women on foot. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is Jesus—it is Jesus!”</span> all cried; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“let us to meet him!”</span> And with that, all but the + lame rushed forward to meet him, and I with them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is but three + hundred paces from the Fountain Gate to En Rogel, and the Nazarene + and his friends had advanced somewhat to meet us, but in that short + space the enthusiasm of the crowd had arisen to a very fever, and as + we neared him one cried out, and all joined in the cry, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Hosanna Barabba! Hosanna Barabba!”</span> and then they + shouted our usual cry of welcome, <span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed be + he that cometh in the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg + 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>name + of the Lord!”</span> and one bolder than his fellows called out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Blessed be the coming of the + kingdom!”</span> At that there was the wildest joy among the people. + Some tore off branches of palms, and stood by the way and waved them + in front of Jesus; others took off each his <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">talith</span></span> and threw it down in front + of the young ass on which Jesus rode, as if to pave the way into the + Holy City with choice linen. But when I looked upon the face of + Jesus, there were no signs there of the coming triumph; he sat with + his head bent forward, his eyes downcast, and his face all sad. And a + chill somehow came over me. I thought of that play of the Greeks + which thou gavest me to read, in which the king of men, driving to + his own palace at Argos, is enticed to enter it, stepping upon soft + carpets like an idol of your gods, and so incurs the divine + jealousy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As we approached + the Fountain Gate, the beggars from the Temple had come down to it, + and joined in the shouting and the welcome; and one of them, Tobias + ben Pinchas by name, who had, ever since men had known him, walked + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" + id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>with a crutch, suddenly, in his + excitement, raised his crutch and waved it over his head, and danced + before Jesus, crying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hosanna Barabba! + Hosanna Barabba!”</span> and all men cried out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“A miracle, a miracle! what cannot this man + perform?”</span> And so, with a crowd surrounding him, Jesus entered + Jerusalem and went up into the Temple. But I that year had been + appointed one of the overseers who distributed the unleavened bread + to the poor of the city for the coming Passover, and I had then to + attend the meeting of my fellow-overseers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That night there + was no talk in Jerusalem but of the triumphant entry of Jesus. The + city was crowded by Israelites who had come up to the capital for the + festival, and a whisper went about that many of the strangers had + been summoned by Jesus to Jerusalem to help in the coming revolt. + During that night, wherever a Roman sentry stood, a crowd of the + unruly would collect round him and jeer at him; and in one place the + sentry had to use his spear, and wounded one of the crowd. So great + was the tumult that, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg + 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>when + the sentries were changed for the midnight watch, a whole company of + soldiers accompanied the officer’s guard and helped to clear the + streets. Meanwhile, where was Jesus? And what was he doing in the + midst of this tumult? I made inquiry, for perchance he might have + been holding disputations about the Law, as is the custom with our + Sages; but I learnt that he had left the city at the eleventh hour, + and gone back to the village of Bethany, where he was staying. But I + was thinking through all that evening of the strange contrast between + the triumphant joy of his followers and the saddened countenance of + the Nazarene.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Men knew not what + was to become of this movement in favor of him. Most of the lower + orders were hoping for a rising against the Romans to be led by this + Jesus. Shrewder ones among the Better thought that the man was about + to initiate a change in the spiritual government of our people. Some + thought he would depose the Sadducees, and place the Pharisees in + their stead. Others feared that he would carry into practice the + ideals <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name= + "Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ebionim</span></span>, and raise the Poor + against the Rich. Others said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Why did he + not enter by the gate of the Essenes, for he holdeth with + them?”</span> All knew that the coming Passover would be a trying + time for Israel, owing to the presence of the man Jesus in Jerusalem, + and the manifest favor in which he was held by the common folk. But + amidst all this I could see only the pale, sad face of + Jesus.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg + 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" + id="pdf24"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">XI.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE CLEANSING OF THE</span> + <span class="tei tei-corr" style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">TEMPLE.</span></span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg + 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the morrow, + being the second day of the week, which the Romans call the Day of + the Moon, Jesus of Nazara came early into Jerusalem, and as soon as + it was known that he had entered the city, all those that had gone + out to greet him on the previous day, and many more with them who had + heard of the miracle that he had performed, went to meet him in the + Broad Place. And near upon the time of the mid-day sacrifice, Jesus + and all these men went up to the Temple.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, I have told + thee how, when Jesus had first come to Jerusalem, he had driven forth + from the Court of the Gentiles all those who were engaged in selling + beasts of sacrifice, or in changing foreign moneys for the shekels. + But the money-changers and others had been replaced by the orders of + the High Priest Hanan, and nothing had come of this action, nor in + his later visits to Jerusalem had he done <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>aught in the matter, and it was thought that he + had acknowledged the right and the power of the priests to have the + monopoly of the sale of sacrifices. Now, that day of the Moon was the + tenth day of the month Nisan, and upon it were purchased all the + lambs for the forthcoming Passover sacrifices, as it is said in the + Law, <span class="tei tei-q">“In the tenth day of this month they + shall take to them every man a lamb according to the house of their + fathers, a lamb for an house.”</span> As this Paschal sacrifice is + the only home sacrifice of us Jews, thou mightest imagine that each + householder could obtain his lamb whence he would; but the priests + say <span class="tei tei-q">“No”</span> to this, for if a man could + take any chance lamb, it might not be without blemish. So it had + grown to be a custom that, on the morning of the tenth day of Nisan, + the heads of households in Jerusalem should wend their way to the + courts of the Temple, there to select each man a lamb. And the + priests had their profit in this, for they claimed from those who + sold the lambs dues for every animal allowed to be in the courts. And + the sellers <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg + 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>again were agreeable to this, for none that had + not the favor could sell the Paschal lambs. Whence it was that the + price of a lamb in the Paschal week was more than three times as much + as at any time of the year, and the poorer people murmured + greatly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it happened + that upon this day, when Jesus came into the courts of the Temple, + these were crowded with all the householders of Jerusalem, and much + chaffering and haggling was going on in the purchase of the lambs for + the Passover. But Jesus, with the favor he had won from the people, + was for this day at least Ruler of Jerusalem, and men wondered what + he would do with regard to this sale and purchase of the beasts of + sacrifice; for on his first coming to Jerusalem, as I have told thee, + he had driven the sellers away, but afterwards, when they had been + restored to their places, he had seemed to acquiesce. What would he + do now, men thought, as they saw him advancing over the Xystus + Bridge, the head of a vast concourse of people who would do all that + he told them?</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg + 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They had not long + to wait, for no sooner had he entered the Temple courts, than he + spake to those around him, and ordered them to remove the tables of + the money-changers, with their weights and scales, without which no + purchase could be; and no man dared say him nay, for all knew that + the people were with him. And they, indeed, were rejoiced, for they + took this as permission to buy their Paschal lambs where they would; + and many of those who had been bargaining in the courts of the Temple + went off at once to the market, and got them their lambs from thence. + All this I heard of in the inner courts of the Temple, for it chanced + that day that I had to offer a sin offering, and was waiting my turn + in the Court of the Israelites while the priests were preparing the + mid-day sacrifice. And I saw one coming up to Hanan and to Joseph + Caiaphas, who were presiding over the sacrifice, and they spake + earnestly to one another, and stopped the sacrifice, and came through + the Court of the Israelites and went down the Court of the Women, and + all of us followed them thither. And <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>when we came to the Beautiful Gate, and turned + to the right round the corner of the Temple, behold, we saw the + flocks of Paschal lambs being driven through the Western Gates. And + in the midst of the court stood Jesus, surrounded by a multitude + clamoring and shouting. Then saw I Hanan lean over to Joseph + Caiaphas, his son-in-law, and speak somewhat to him. Then the latter + advanced in front of the priests and the scribes, who had come forth + with him, and asked, <span class="tei tei-q">“Who hath done + this?”</span> And Jesus said, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is + I.”</span> Then spake Joseph again and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tell us, by what authority doest thou these things? And + who gave thee this authority?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, Joseph the + High Priest was clad this day in the robes of his office, with tiara + on head, the ephod on his breast, and silver bells and pomegranates + round the edge of his garment. Whereas Jesus the Nazarene wore his + wonted garb of a common country workman. Yet for the moment this + common workman was the greater power of the two; since all men knew + how he had been received by the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>people when he had come into Jerusalem, and that + what he willed, all the people of Jerusalem willed also at that time. + So all were hushed to hear what this Jesus would say to the question + of the High Priest, since now they thought he must declare himself, + and justify the power he was exercising.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But here again, as + on former occasions, Jesus answered not directly to the question of + the priests, but rather questioned them. He said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I also ask you one thing, which if ye tell me, I + likewise will tell you by what authority I do these things. The + baptism of Jochanan, was it from heaven or of men? Answer me.”</span> + And they answered and said unto Jesus, <span class="tei tei-q">“We + cannot tell.”</span> Then said Jesus unto them, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then neither will I tell by what authority I do these + things. To what is the matter like? There was a man had two sons. And + the man came to the first, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘My son, + go work in my vineyard.’</span> But he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘I will not.’</span> Howbeit afterward he repented, and + went to work. But the man went to the second, and spake in like + manner. But he answered, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I go, sir.’</span> + But yet he went <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg + 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>not. + Whether of these twain did the will of his father?”</span> And we all + answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“The first.”</span> Then Jesus + looked slowly around at us all, and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This I say unto you, the publicans and harlots enter + into the kingdom of heaven before you. For Jochanan came unto you in + the way of righteousness, and ye heeded him not, but the harlots and + the publicans heeded him: but ye, even when ye saw this, repented + not.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, at this + public insult to all of priestly rank, I saw dart forward Hanan the + High Priest, as if he would have rent the man Jesus. But Caiaphas his + son-in-law caught him by the wrist, and whispered words in his ear. + But Hanan broke loose, and called out in a loud voice, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“My guard, my guard!”</span> Whereat many of the folk who + had come with Jesus into the Court of the Gentiles came forward round + him, and put their hands to their weapons. He indeed said naught, nor + seemed aware of the conflict that threatened. But Caiaphas turned, + and in a loud voice said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I go to perform + the mid-day sacrifice,”</span> and walked slowly out of the court + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" + id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>back to the Temple. And we all + followed him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, when we + returned from performing the sacrifice, Jesus had left the courts of + the Temple, which had become bare and empty of people. And as I went + homeward to my house in the Street of the Bakers, I looked down from + the Xystus Bridge, and saw trooping down the Tyropœon Jesus and a + great multitude of the people, who crowded round him, as if eager to + touch the hem of his garment. I stood and watched till they reached + the Fountain Gate, through which he passed; and shortly afterwards I + could see him on the road to the Fountain of Rogel, still accompanied + by many of the people.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What was to come + of that day’s work I knew not. For the first time the discontent of + the common folk with the management of the Temple by the priests had + come to a head, and had resulted in this open conflict between Jesus + and the High Priests. The city was full of strangers excited by + thoughts of the coming festival. The common people had not yet + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" + id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>calmed themselves from the + thoughts of rebellion which had been raised by the rising of Jesus + Bar Abbas and others. The whole city was as tow ready for the spark + of fire.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg + 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a><a name="pdf26" + id="pdf26"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">XII.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE WOES.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg + 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, on the + morrow, being the third day of the week, Jesus of Nazara came again + into the city, and the rumor of his coming spread through all the + streets and places of Jerusalem. And going forth after the morning + prayers, I found Jesus with many around him in the Broad Place before + the Water Gate. And as I approached near to them, I saw the crowd + part asunder and a procession coming through, and almost all the men + there bowed and did reverence to the men who were passing through. + Now, these were mostly of the Pharisaic sect, who were going to the + Great Beth Hamidrash, to pursue the study of the Law and to give + decisions on legal questions which the common folk put to them. And + at their head walked Jochanan ben Zaccai, the President of the + Tribunal. He was regarded as the most capable exponent of the Law + since the death of Hillel, whose favorite <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>pupil he had been, and men were wont to refer to + him for decision in all the most difficult questions of life. He was + walking at the head of the procession in his long <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">talith</span></span> with large borders and in + his broad phylacteries. And he passed Jesus with a salutation, + indeed, but in it was mingled some of the pride and contempt with + which the masters of the Law regarded all those whom they call the + Country-folk.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When these had + passed, Jesus turned round to the people, and spake these words:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-top: 2.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses’ seat: all + therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but + do not ye after their works: for they say, and do not. For they bind + heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men’s + shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their + fingers. But all their works they do for to be seen of men: they make + broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments, + and love the chief place at feasts, and the chief seats in the + synagogues, and greetings in the markets, and to be called of men, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Rabbi, Rabbi.’</span></span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But be not ye called Rabbi: for One is your Master, and + all ye are brethren.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“And call no man your father upon the earth: for One is + your Father, which is in heaven.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Neither be ye called Masters, for One is your + Master.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant. + And whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that shall + humble himself shall be exalted.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for + ye shut up the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in + yourselves, neither suffer ye them that are entering to go + in.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye + devour widows’ houses, and for a pretence make long prayers: + therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye + compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye + make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Woe unto you, blind guides, which say, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-q">‘Whosoever shall + swear by the Temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the + gold of the Temple, he is bound!’</span> Ye fools and blind! for + whether is greater, the gold, or the Temple that sanctifieth the + gold? And, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Whosoever shall swear by the + altar, it is nothing; but whosoever sweareth by the gift that is upon + it, he is bound!’</span> Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, + the gift, or the altar that sanctifieth the gift? Whoso, therefore, + shall swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon. + And whoso shall swear by the Temple, sweareth by it, and by him that + dwelleth therein. And he that shall swear by heaven, sweareth by the + throne of God, and by him that sitteth thereon.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye + pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the + weightier matters of the Law, judgment, mercy, and faith; these ought + ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ye blind guides, which strain out the gnat and swallow a + camel!</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye + make clean the outside <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg + 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of + the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and + excess. Thou blind Pharisee! cleanse first that which is within the + cup and platter, that the outside of them may be clean + also.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye + are like unto whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful + outward, but are within full of dead men’s bones, and of all + uncleanness. Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, but + within ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because + ye build the tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the + righteous, and say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘If we had been in the + days of our fathers, we would not have been partakers with them in + the blood of the prophets.’</span> Fill ye up, then, the measure of + your fathers. Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape + the damnation of hell?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And all the people + were astonished at these words, for in many of his sayings and most + of his actions Jesus had seemed to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>incline more to the sect of the Pharisees than + to any other section of the house of Israel. And, indeed, in the + opening words of his discourse he had granted their right to + interpret the Law and to lead the people. Yet wherefore had he + denounced them all without distinction as men insincere and void of + truth? Hypocrites there were among them as among other classes of + men. Often, indeed, their acts did not go with their words; but of + what man can it be said that all his acts and words go together? + These men were occupied in building a rampart to the Law, and holding + the fortress against enemies without and dissensions within. Those + ramparts might confine our actions within a narrow space, yet is it + not well for all men to be kept perforce in the path of duty? I know + thou thinkest otherwise, Aglaophonos. Thy Master the Stagyrite has + taught thee that man should be a law unto himself; but we Jews + willingly bear the yoke of the Law, because we believe it to be the + yoke of the Lord. And in this matter Jesus had in every way shown + himself to be a Jew of the Jews. Why, then, was he so <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in wrath against the interpreters of the + Law?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet were the + common folk not displeased at these sayings of Jesus; nay, rather + they applauded them. For in many ways our Sages have failed to find + favor with the common folk of Israel; for besides that they would + regulate their lives at every point, so that no man dare do this or + do that except in the way the Sages prescribe, but chiefly the rabbis + were out of favor with the folk for that they did openly despise and + condemn all but those who were learned in the Law. The unlearned they + called the Country-folk. Wherefore did the people hear with pleasure + the bitter words Jesus spake against the scribes and the + Pharisees.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The night of that + same day an event occurred which roused the city of Jerusalem to a + pitch of expectation such as I had never seen there. Two young + Zealots, artisans, that were popular with their fellows for their + kindness of heart and good humor, fell into an altercation with a + Roman officer near the Sheep Gate, not far from Antonia, where all + the Roman soldiers lie. Without a word of warning, the Ro<span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>man officer drew his sword and killed one + of these young men, and when his companion and the passers-by rebuked + him, and would have seized him to take him before the procurator, he + gave a signal, and a multitude of soldiers poured forth from Antonia + and struck without mercy among the crowd. Five were killed and many + were wounded, and the whole city was in an uproar at this proof of + Roman insolence. <span class="tei tei-q">“How long, O Lord?”</span> + the graybeards said, raising their hands to heaven. And the younger + men said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us but wait the coming of + Jesus the Liberator; surely before the Passover he will free us from + the rule of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Goyim</span></span>.”</span></p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" + id="pdf28"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">XIII.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE GREAT REFUSAL.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg + 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thou canst imagine + with what feelings of expectation all Jerusalem awaited the coming of + Jesus next morning. Many of the Pharisees had come together the eve + before, and spoken of the public insult Jesus had given to their sect + on the preceding day. Hanan the High Priest, we heard, had quarrelled + furiously with his son-in-law Joseph Caiaphas, for that he had not + allowed him to summon his guard after the humiliation he had put upon + them in the Temple. Yet neither the Pharisees nor the Sadducees who + followed the High Priests dared lay hands upon this Jesus, because of + the evident favor in which he was held by the common folk of + Jerusalem, and above all by the many from country parts who had come + up, like him, to spend the Passover in the Holy City. Among all these + there was no talk but of Jesus the Liberator; nay! many spake of him + as Jesus the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg + 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>Christ. And if he were indeed to be the Christ, + the King of Israel, the Founder of the New Kingdom, it could not be + that he would suffer longer the yoke of the Romans to lie upon the + neck of Israel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet there was one + thing that perplexed many, and opinion went hither and thither among + the minds of men concerning it. The Christ who was to deliver Israel + and to rule over mankind, was he not to be the son of David? Yet this + Jesus was of Galilee, where the admixture of blood had been greatest + in all Israel. <span class="tei tei-q">“There is no unleavened bread + in all Galilee,”</span> the scoffers used to say, meaning thereby + that their genealogy was sprinkled with yeast, as we call foreign + admixture. And for this man’s genealogy, who could declare it? Many, + indeed, as I have told thee, thought him to have no right even to be + called son of his father. A <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">mamzer</span></span> + shall not sit in the congregation of Israel. How, then, could one + ascend Israel’s throne?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When, therefore, + Jesus came next morning from his lodging in Bethany, all Jerusalem + turned out to welcome him, for the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>Passover was coming anear, and if aught was to + be done to clear the city of the Romans, it must be done quickly, + must be done on that day. Never saw I the courts of the Temple so + crowded as on that day when I came thither, and found Jesus standing + in the Court of the Gentiles, with almost all the leading men of + Jerusalem and many of the common folk surging about him. Scarce room + was left for the Roman sentry to march his guard in front of the + Beautiful Gate. Yet he took no heed of us barbarians, but with shield + and spear shouldered his way backward and forward, backward and + forward, a sign to all men that the house of God was in the hands of + God’s enemies.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Never saw I the + men of Jerusalem so exultant as on that morning. Wherever I looked, + joy—a grim joy—was on every man’s countenance, and there was no man + there but was armed, save only Jesus himself and some ten or a dozen + men who had come with him from Bethany, and these, indeed, were the + only men who had not shown joy. Never had I seen the Nazarene with a + countenance so saddened and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg + 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>aweary. Yestermorn he had been flashing with + anger and indignation as he spake his words against the Pharisees, + but on this day his force seemed to be spent, and he appeared like + one who had passed through a great agony.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, as they were + standing there, I saw a man, one of the leaders of the Zealots, armed + as if for battle, go up and lay a hand upon one of those with Jesus. + He spake eagerly with him, and pointed with his thumb to the Roman + soldier as he passed to and fro. But the other shook his head + vehemently, and took his arm away from the grasp of the Zealot and + turned his back upon him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, at this + moment certain of the Pharisees came through the crowd and advanced + to Jesus. So great was the crowd that I heard not at first what they + said unto him; but it must have been some question about the matter + that was in all men’s minds, for I heard his reply, and that, as was + his wont, was in the form of a counter-question to their inquiry, for + he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“What think <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ye</span></span> of the + Christ? Whose son is he?”</span> And they, speaking <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>with the thought of all Israel, said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Christ is the son of David.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then all men + watched with expectancy to hear what the Nazarene would say to this; + for if he agreed with them, then would he deny himself to be the + Christ: for his genealogy had by no means been proven. But yet, how + could he disprove the belief of all Israel, that the Christ was the + Son of David? Yet that did he after the manner of our Sages, using + words of Scripture as his confirmation; for he said unto them, + <span class="tei tei-q">“How then is it that David himself saith in + the Book of Psalms, <span class="tei tei-q">‘The Lord said unto my + Lord, Sit thou on my right hand until I make thine enemies thy + footstool’</span>? David therefore himself calleth the Christ Lord; + how then can the Christ be his son?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this the + Pharisees knew not what to say, for no man had hitherto used that + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">stichos</span></span> of the Psalms, and they + knew not what to reply. But the common folk were rejoiced + exceedingly; joy spread on their faces, and I saw many a fist raised + and shaken in exultant defiance at the Roman sentry, who walked + hither and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg + 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>thither on his guard as if he were a living mass + of steel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thereupon certain + of the crowd who were known to be followers of Herod had speech with + Jesus, and spake to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Master, we know + that thou art true, and carest for no man; that thou regardest not + the person of men, but teachest the way of God in all truth—tell us, + therefore, what thinkest thou: is it lawful to give tribute to Cæsar + or not? shall we give, or shall we not give?”</span> All men were + silent, and drew their breath to hear what Jesus might say to this. + For if he claimed to be the Anointed One, to whom but to the King of + Israel should Israel’s tribute be paid?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But he said unto + them, <span class="tei tei-q">“Why tempt ye me? Bring me a denarius, + that I may see it.”</span> And they brought one and put it into his + hand. And he held it forth unto them, and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Whose is this image and superscription?”</span> And they + answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“Cæsar’s.”</span> And then Jesus + said unto them, <span class="tei tei-q">“Render to Cæsar the things + that are Cæsar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.”</span> And + these Herodians mar<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg + 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>velled at the subtlety with which he had + answered them, but the common folk were amazed and dumfounded at his + answer. And soon I heard one say to another, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He denieth: he would pay tribute to Cæsar.”</span> And + gradually all the men drew away from him, leaving him alone with only + the company with him from Bethany.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But he, seeing + this, turned to one of those with him, and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Peter, of whom do the kings of the earth take custom? of + their own children, or of the aliens?”</span> And Peter answered and + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Of the aliens.”</span> Then Jesus said + to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Then are the children free?”</span> + And Peter said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Yes.”</span> Then + said Jesus unto him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Then do thou also give, + as being an alien to them.”</span> The common folk heard this, + indeed, but were in no wise satisfied. If they were to give tribute + to the Romans for whatever cause, they were still to be under + subjection to Rome, and then Jesus refused to be their Liberator; + that had become clear to them of a sudden. And they drew still + further away from him. And a deep silence of mortification fell upon + all men there, so that thou couldst <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>hear distinctly the tread of the Roman sentry as + he moved on his march.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amid the deep + silence suddenly came a gentle tinkling, as of silver bells; it came + nearer and nearer, and a crier called out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Way for the High Priests!”</span> Then Hanan the High + Priest, with Caiaphas his son-in-law, and others of the priests + accompanied by their guard, came down the steps from the Beautiful + Gate. The Roman sentry stopped his march and stood upright, with + spear on ground, and all made way as the procession of the High + Priests passed through the court. All men were silent, and thou + couldst hear the tinkling of the silver bells which were attached to + the hems of the High Priests’ garments. Hanan walked at the head of + the procession with his usual haughty gait, and had nearly passed + through the court, when he saw Jesus and those with him. At once he + halted, and summoned one of the crowd to him. Then we saw much eager + talk between this man and the High Priest. And Hanan summoned the + captain of his guard, who would have turned towards Jesus, but that + Joseph <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name= + "Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Caiaphas stayed him and + spake unto Hanan, pointing to the Roman sentry. After much talk + between these, the High Priests resumed their march and left the + Temple. And all the other men began to pass away from the court, + leaving Jesus and his men alone with none to listen to him. For the + word passed swiftly in the mouths of all the men of + Jerusalem,—<span class="tei tei-q">“He refuseth; he would have us be + slaves of the Romans forever.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" + id="pdf30"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">XIV.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE MEETING OF THE + HANANITES.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg + 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next day being + the fifth day of the week, and the thirteenth day of the month Nisan + in that year, many rumors went about the city as to the man Jesus. + There were who said that he had been seized by the guards of Hanan; + others said that he had left the village of Bethany and gone no man + knew whither. But for that day Jesus came not into Jerusalem, and + men’s minds were occupied more with one of the difficulties of our + Law which form the occupation and delight of our Sages. I must + explain this unto thee, for upon it turn the events of the next day, + so fateful for the man about whom thou art inquiring. Thou canst + easily understand what I shall say, for thou hast, I know, a copy of + the Scriptures in Greek, for did I not procure it for thee?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is said in the + Law, thou wilt find, that the Passover lamb is to be killed in the + twilight between the fourteenth and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>fifteenth of Nisan, and it is also said in our + Law that the whole of the lamb must be consumed that evening. Now, in + the years when the fifteenth of Nisan, which is the first day of the + Passover, falleth upon the Sabbath, the killing and roasting of the + lamb would take place on the Sabbath eve, when no killing must take + place and no fire must be lit. Hence arises a conflict of the Law of + the Passover with the Law of the Sabbath. Now, the older view was, + that the Passover was superior to the Sabbath, and its law was to be + followed in preference. This the priests held and followed, and in + this they seemed to have the authority of the great Hillel, who also + declared the Passover superior to the Sabbath.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But many among the + Pharisees and the more pious preferred to slay the Passover lamb on + the eve between the thirteenth and the fourteenth day of Nisan, and + to eat it on the fourteenth day; that is, in those years when the + Passover fell on the Sabbath, as was the case in the year of which I + am now writing. It would appear that Jesus and his followers held + with the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg + 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>latter opinion, for, as I have heard, on the eve + of the fourteenth of Nisan he came stealthily into the city of + Jerusalem, and ate the Passover lamb concealed in an upper chamber of + one of his friends in the city. It showeth how earnest this man was + in following the larger precepts of the Law, though in smaller + matters he seemed to neglect it. For by this time he must have known + that he was no longer safe in Jerusalem; and, indeed, he proved this + by his secret entry into it. Yet in order to fulfil the Law, which + saith, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Passover lamb is to be eaten in + Jerusalem,”</span> he risked his own and his followers’ lives. Yet + was he careful of them; for, as thou shalt soon hear, as soon as he + had gone through the meal prescribed by the Law, he escaped out of + Jerusalem.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, that night I + was standing at the door of my house, looking upon the city bathed in + the light of the moon, which was near its full, when suddenly a man + seized me by the arm and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou art + wanted.”</span> I looked, and behold it was Simon Kantheros, my + brother-in-law. And I said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Who wants + me? and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name= + "Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>wherefore?”</span> And + Simon answered me and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hanan the High + Priest has summoned suddenly a meeting of the Sanhedrim at his house + on the Mount of Olives.”</span> Then said I, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“But if it be at his house, it can only be the Priestly + Sanhedrim of Twenty-Three that he summons.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nay, nay, man,”</span> answered Simon, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the case is urgent. He saith, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘any member of the Sanhedrim.’</span> Come, then, with + me, and quickly.”</span> So with that I seized my mantle and my + staff, and went forth with him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So we hurried + across the market-place towards the Fish Gate, and as we passed near + the Tower Antonia, we saw the flashing of red lights, and heard + hoarse cries of command, and knew not what was toward. But when we + arrived at the Fish Gate, we found them changing the sentries of the + first watch, and knew that the second watch had begun. At first the + sentry would not let us through the gate; but the officer was called, + and Simon showed him his badge as member of the Sanhedrim. But even + this would not have sufficed, but that Simon then pointed to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" + id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>his toga and the purple stripe, + which showed that he was a Roman citizen of rank. Thereat the officer + spake to the sentry, and we passed through the gate, and turned + sharply to the right, and went down the road which leads to the + valley of the Kidron. And as we were passing the Brook Kidron, we + looked and saw dots of red light moving up the hill from the Garden + of Gethsemane. And as we advanced up the hill of the Mount of Olives, + we could see from time to time these red sparks preceding us; and + when we came within sight of the High Priest’s house, we saw them + enter in and disappear.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Soon we ourselves + had come up to the gate, and when we knocked, a wicket was opened, + and a face peered out, and our names were asked. When we had told + them, the gate was closed, and we had to wait some time. But at last + the door was opened, and the captain of the guard received us. He + took us through the passage which led into the open court, with the + water-basin in the centre, round which we skirted, and ascended the + steps into the inner house. And again we stopped <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>before the hall-door while our names were + asked, and again we had to wait till the door was at last opened. + Then at last we entered the hall, and found Joseph Caiaphas the High + Priest and many of his kinsmen seated round a long table. Caiaphas + rose, and motioned us to two seats at the end of this table, and we + seated ourselves.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When my eyes had + become accustomed to the light, I looked round, and said the greeting + of peace unto those I knew of the assembly. I can still remember many + of their names. There was Ishmael ben Phabi, who had at first + replaced Hanan as High Priest. There were also the four sons of + Hanan—Eleazar, Jonathan, Theophilus, and Matthias. Then there were + Kamithos the priest, and his two sons, Simon and Joseph. And beside + these, I remember two men of my own generation—Elioni ben Kantheros + and Chananyah ben Nedebai. Most of these men had been, or were + afterwards, High Priests, and were all at this time members of the + Priestly Sanhedrim. On the left of Caiaphas was a low stool, and, + even as I looked, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg + 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>Hanan ben Seth the High Priest came in swiftly + from a side door, and took a seat thereon. He glanced sharply round + at each of us, counting our numbers, and we were exactly three and + twenty. And when he saw me, he rose and spake somewhat harshly, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Meshullam ben Zadok, what dost thou here? + This is a meeting of the Priestly Sanhedrim. Thou art a son of + Israel.”</span> And I answered and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Simon Kantheros here, my kinsman, summoned me to the + meeting, saying that any member of the Sanhedrim could + attend.”</span> The High Priest thought for a moment—he seemed as if + he were counting us again—then he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Be + it so; thou art at least a true son of Israel, and this is not a + formal meeting of the priests.”</span> He sat him down again, and we + waited. At last an attendant entered by the same door, and, going up + to the High Priest, spake to him. He nodded quickly, and dismissed + him with a wave of his hand. And when he had passed through the door, + Hanan the High Priest rose, and spake to us these words:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Kinsmen and colleagues, ye have all <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>heard, if ye have not witnessed, how Jesus + of Nazara entered the Holy City on the first day of this week, amid + the acclamations of his followers and many of the lower people, who + even went so far as to hail him as the Deliverer. Now, to-morrow, as + ye know, is the Passover. Who knows, if the thoughts of deliverance + from Egypt, which come at that time, may not cause this man, or, if + not him, his followers, to attempt a rising against the Romans our + masters? We know that any such attempt would be entirely futile, but + the very attempt itself would be the ruin of the nation. Ye know the + character of the man Pontius Pilate. ’Tis but a short time since he + slew, of wanton cruelty, certain Galilæans, even while they were + making sacrifices, and all for mere suspicion of disaffection. Ye + cannot but remember the building of Solomon’s Aqueduct. Because money + was taken from the Temple treasury for the building thereof, the + people were inflamed, and would have risen against them. What did he + but send his soldiers, disguised in civil garb and armed with clubs, + among the people, when they came to make their pro<span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>test? And without warning, and in mere + wanton cruelty, did he give the signal for massacre. If he did this + at a mere threat of a rising, what will happen should an actual + rising take place to-morrow? It is our duty to see that such a + calamity fall not upon this nation because of the presence of this + rude provincial in our midst. Better one man should die than the + nation should suffer. No time was to be lost, and I therefore have + had this Jesus arrested, and he now awaits our pleasure in the + atrium.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Before I summon him to our presence, I would briefly + state to you what seems to me and some of our friends here the right + course to be followed. We purpose to hand him over at dawn to Pontius + Pilate, to deal with him as he will. For he, by his spies, and by the + demonstration on the first day of the week, must be aware of the + danger of a rising to-morrow night, caused by this man’s presence in + our city. Indeed, it is for the very purpose of preventing a rising + that he cometh up each year about the Passover to Jerusalem. Let it, + then, be his care to prevent it how <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>he will; we shall have done our part, and he + cannot punish the nation, or us its leaders.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“But some of you will say, Why should we deliver this man + up to the Romans, perhaps, or even probably, to his death? I say, + that even apart from the danger which he offers to the State, he is + worthy of death for his manifest blasphemies. He speaketh of himself + as very God, and claims to be the Anointed One, and puts aside the + Law as it pleaseth him. I say naught of his insolence in the Temple + cloisters, for this matter concerns us that be priests, and in the + matter of judgment we must not take account of aught that deals with + our private concerns; yet it is manifest that he hath no reverence + for the Lord’s house: witnesses shall prove to you that he hath said + he would sweep it away and build another. I wonder not that horror is + expressed in your faces at this blasphemy.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yet, as ye know, our Law hath in mercy provided that + none shall be condemned unless on the testimony of witnesses. The Law + shall be fulfilled. Even <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg + 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>now, + as I speak, one of his followers, Judas, a man of Kerioth, is drawing + forth from him his blasphemies before two witnesses, concealed, as is + the custom. And even if he fail, I know this man Jesus; in his + arrogance he will not scruple to repeat his blasphemies, even before + us.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Time presses, and I have but this to add before the + prisoner is summoned: it is a wise provision of our Law, that in + capital charges no final condemnation shall occur until the second + day of the trial. The day before the Passover began this eve. If we + keep to the Law, no condemnation can take place till after the first + day of the Passover, by which time all the mischance may have come to + pass. If the power of life and death were solely in our hands, I + would not depart in aught from the wise provision of our forefathers; + but, in truth, if this man be put to death, it will not be our doing, + for his fate rests with Pilate. I would remind the younger members of + the Sanhedrim that the final decision is not with us, and if they + vote for this man’s death, as I cannot doubt they will, considering + the pressing danger <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg + 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to + our nation, they need not fear to be called members of a bloodthirsty + Sanhedrim, since his death, if death he suffers, will be at the hands + of the Roman Procurator. In this strait I propose, therefore, to + examine this man at once, and if, as I doubt not, he avows his guilt, + to wait till the morning for his final condemnation, and in this way + fulfil the Law. Summon the prisoner to our presence.”</span> Then, + turning to Caiaphas, he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“This is a + matter between us and the Romans, for whom thou, Joseph, art the High + Priest. Take thou, then, the interrogatory.”</span></p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" + id="pdf32"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">XV.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE + SANHEDRIM.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg + 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then from the + lower end of the hall entered Jesus the Nazarene, with his arms bound + with withes behind his back, and he was led by the captain of the + guard up to the centre of the table opposite Caiaphas the High + Priest. Then Caiaphas rose, and, looking at a paper in his hand which + Hanan had given him, said unto Jesus, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus + of Nazara, thou art accused before us of blasphemy, and of leading + the people of Israel astray: what sayest thou thereto?”</span> Jesus + gazed haughtily at him, and answered, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I</span></span> spake openly to all the world, I + have taught in the synagogue and in the Temple, and in secret I have + said nothing. Why askest thou me? Ask them which heard me what I have + said unto them. Behold, they know what I have said.”</span> Then one + of the men who had led Jesus in struck him with the palm of his hand, + and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Answerest thou the High Priest + so?”</span> But Jesus <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg + 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>turned, and said to him in a milder voice, + <span class="tei tei-q">“If I have said aught that is evil, bear + witness thereof; but if well, why smitest thou me?”</span> And + Caiaphas the High Priest bade the man begone and bring in the + witnesses. Then one man came forward and said he had heard Jesus call + himself the Son of God. And another, that he had spoken of himself as + if he were very God, and could do all that the Holy One, blessed be + He, can perform. And yet another came forward and said he had heard + Jesus speak of himself as Son of Man, and had thereby, as he thought, + claimed to do what the Son of Man is said to do in the Prophets + Daniel and Enoch. But no two of these witnesses agreed as to time and + seasons, as is required by our Law. At last, however, two of them + declared that on the preceding day in the Temple they had heard him + say, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will destroy this Temple that is made + with hands, and in three days I will build another without + hands.”</span> Now, during all this time Jesus had said naught, but + looked before him with that rapt expression that I had seen upon him + on the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name= + "Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>second occasion when I + had heard him preach in the synagogue of the Galilæans. So Caiaphas + the High Priest spake to him, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Answerest thou naught to what these men witness against + thee?”</span> And Jesus made as if he heard not.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then Hanan the + High Priest leaned over to Caiaphas his son-in-law and spake some + words to him. Then Caiaphas, rising, spake thus to Jesus: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Holy + One, blessed be He?”</span> Then Jesus raised his head, and gazing + fixedly at the High Priest, said in a loud voice, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou hast said. And hereafter ye shall see the Son of + Man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of + heaven.”</span> Then Hanan the High Priest rose and rent his clothes, + as is our wont in time of mourning or when blasphemy is heard, and he + called out in his keen, shrill voice, <span class="tei tei-q">“What + need we any further witnesses? Ye have heard the blasphemy; what + think ye?”</span> And he waved his hand to the captain of the guard, + who removed the prisoner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the door was + closed behind him, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg + 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>Hanan said, <span class="tei tei-q">“What need + we of further words? let us proceed to the judgment.”</span> And + glancing over to Chananyah ben Nedebai, he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Chananyah, thou art the youngest; it is thine to + pronounce judgment first. Is not this man guilty of death for his + manifest blasphemy here before us?”</span> And Chananyah said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Yea.”</span> And so said all till Hanan had + called upon thirteen to give judgment. Then said Hanan, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This man is for certain condemned to death, or at least + to be handed over to the Roman Procurator: for already a majority of + two have declared his death, even if all the rest were for an + acquittal, as I cannot think possible. The Court will rise and + reassemble at the time of the saying of the morning prayer, in order + to confirm this judgment. Ye will not have long to wait, for even now + I heard the crowing of the cock, and the dawn cannot be far + off.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then the Court + broke up, and many of the younger members met together and discussed + the case. And I was somewhat surprised to find that very few words of + compassion were raised for Jesus. The <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>stubborn conduct of the prisoner had set them + against him in the first place, and his wild outburst had confirmed + their ill thoughts of him. But most of all they were influenced by + the thought that this was but a preliminary trial, and could only + result in handing him over to the Roman Procurator, with whom the + last word would be. None of them had seen aught of Jesus but during + the last few days in the Temple, when he had interfered with their + order and prerogatives. I cannot say I was convinced, either by + Hanan’s harangue at first, or by these men’s arguments afterwards. + But I was somewhat perplexed, feeling myself in some wise an intruder + in their midst, not being of the priestly order. And as is my custom + in such cases, I went out into the open air down the steps into the + atrium.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There I found a + great fire had been lit in the court, for the night was chilly. Near + the fire Jesus was seated, with the High Priest’s guard around him. + As I came near, behold, one of the guard threw part of his mantle + across the face of Jesus so as to blindfold him, and then struck him, + say<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name= + "Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ing, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou art a Prophet; prophesy who hath struck + thee.”</span> And all the soldiers laughed and jeered. Then sought I + the captain of the guard and told him this, and he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“They mean naught of ill—they be rude fellows; howbeit, I + will stop them.”</span> And he went up to them and reproved them. And + I paced up and down the courtyard, with the silent stars above and + the glowing fire beneath, till an apparitor of the High Priest + summoned me, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“It beginneth to dawn at + the back of the house; the Council will resume its + sitting.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When I entered the + council-chamber, I found all seated as before, but in the midst was a + smaller table, at which was seated a scribe, with a roll in front of + him. Then Hanan the High Priest came in, and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ye have all had the time of deliberation prescribed by + our sages in capital cases, or at least as much time as the urgency + of the matter permits. We must proceed to the formal ratification of + this man’s sentence, for I cannot doubt that ye will see fit to + confirm the righteous judgment which your zeal for the Lord caused + you to pass just now upon this man. And again I would <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>bid you remember you are voting, not so + much for this man’s death, as whether he is to be delivered to the + Romans. Scribe, read the roll.”</span> And with that the scribe began + to read our names, and we all answered to them. Then said Hanan, + <span class="tei tei-q">“We will now proceed to the voting,”</span> + and called upon Chananyah ben Nedebai to record his vote. And he + voted as before, for death. Then each in his turn, and all voted as + before. And when my name was called upon I arose and hesitated, and + Hanan looked over to me and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou + speakest here by our courtesy, Meshullam ben Zadok; if thou disagree + with the unanimous opinion of thy colleagues, thou hadst best + instruct us in thy reasons. What sayest thou? Is not he guilty of + death who is guilty of blasphemy against the Most High?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Yea,”</span> said I. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“And was not this man Jesus manifestly guilty of + blasphemy before us?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Yea,”</span> + said I. Then said Hanan swiftly to the scribe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He voteth for death,”</span> and waved me down to my + seat. And thereafter all the remaining members of the Council voted + for death, finishing with Hanan as the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>oldest, who merely gave a grim nod to the + scribe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By this time it + was quite light, and all the Council and many of Hanan’s household + joined together to say the morning prayers. After prayers most of the + Council, with Hanan and Caiaphas at our head, followed the soldiers + who guarded Jesus down from the Mount of Olives. As we came near the + Brook Kidron, behold, a man with haggard face darted out from the + shrubs by the wayside, and rushing up to Hanan the High Priest, + dashed down at his feet a bag which chinked, and then disappeared + into the wayside again. But Hanan only motioned with his finger to + the bag at his feet, and the captain of his guard lifted it up and + poured out its contents into his hand, and, behold, it was a number + of new shekels from the Temple treasury. Then Hanan smiled grimly, + and bade the captain put them aside. Thereupon we resumed our march, + and soon came to the Aldgate. There we inquired where the Procurator + was, and learnt that he had taken up his dwelling at the Palace of + Herod, so that he might be in Jerusalem <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>during the Passover, as was his wont, for fear + of a rising at that time. Then we marched across and halted in front + of the palace. And on our way the rumor spread throughout the city + that Jesus the Nazarene was being carried before the Procurator, and + soon our procession was joined by all who were free from household + duties. I have explained to thee, have I not, how that for those of + the older opinion this sixth day of the week was the day on which the + Paschal lamb was to be sacrificed, and for all good Jews the morning + would be devoted to the final search after the leaven. That morning, + therefore, all the householders of Jerusalem and all the heads of + families were occupied in the search after leaven, or in preparation + for the Paschal sacrifice, and it was only the younger men, and those + who cared not for acts of piety, who followed our procession on the + way to Herod’s Palace.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, all those of + the Council were of the older opinion as to the Paschal sacrifice, + and were about to perform it on the evening of that day. Wherefore it + behoved them not to enter the dwellings of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>the heathen during that day, since it is their + custom to bury the bodies of men in their gardens or in their houses, + which render them a defilement to us Jews. Therefore on the day of a + sacrifice no Jew may enter a heathen’s house, above all the High + Priest, upon whose sanctity the holiness of the nation depends. When, + therefore, we came within twenty paces of the Procurator’s dwelling, + Hanan caused our procession to halt, and a summons to be sounded upon + the trumpet. Thereat a lictor appeared, who asked our business, and + to him Hanan gave a message to the Procurator. And here for the first + time since he had been arrested I could see the countenance of Jesus + near me, and it surprised me much to observe that all traces of + anxiety and weariness had disappeared from it. He seemed relieved and + resigned, and paid no heed to what was passing around him, seeming + only to commune with himself, or perhaps, I should say, with some + inward friend and comforter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then Pontius + Pilate came forward and spake to Joseph Caiaphas the High Priest, and + asked him what he would with him. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>And Caiaphas answered and said, pointing to + Jesus, <span class="tei tei-q">“This man have we captured and brought + unto thee, finding that he was perverting the people, and declaring + that he was the Anointed One of Israel, and therefore the rightful + King of the Jews. Him therefore have we brought to thee, seeing it is + a matter which toucheth our master the Emperor.”</span> Thereupon + Pontius Pilate turned round, and said something in the barbarian + tongue, and the guard of Roman soldiers came forward and took Jesus + from the High Priest’s guard, and took him with them up the steps of + the palace. Then Pilate courteously invited the High Priests to enter + the judgment-hall with him; but they, in answer, pointed out that on + that holy day they dared not enter to any house but their own and the + house of God. Then Pilate turned his back with scanter courtesy, and + reëntered the palace, and we and the common people remained outside + waiting.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg + 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" + id="pdf34"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">XVI.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 173%">CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg + 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And after a while + of waiting, Pontius Pilate reappeared, and coming down to Caiaphas + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“He hath confessed; he shall join the + other criminals that are to be executed this day.”</span> Then one + among those who were waiting in the crowd came forward unto Pilate, + and said unto him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Master, it is a grace of + our lord the Emperor that at our Passover there be released unto us + one of the prisoners that are condemned to death.”</span> And Pilate + answered and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“That is so: whom will ye + that I release?”</span> And many of those in the crowd called out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus.”</span> And Pilate stepped back, and + summoned to him a lictor. And shortly after soldiers came forward in + the portico, bearing with them Jesus the Nazarene. Upon him was a + purple robe of royalty, and upon his brow had been placed the faded + rose-wreath of some reveller which had been put on in haste, and some + of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name= + "Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>thorns had torn the + flesh, and blood was trickling down. When the people saw him, many + cried out, <span class="tei tei-q">“Not this Jesus, but Jesus Bar + Abbas.”</span> And one man among the crowd called out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Better Jesus Bar Abba<a id="noteref_10" name= + "noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> than + Jesus Bar Amma;”</span><a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href= + "#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> and + laughter and jeers followed. Then Pilate seemed puzzled, and called + to him one of his lictors, who spake earnestly to him for a time, and + then received an order from him. And going up the steps, he entered + the palace. And shortly afterwards there came forward the man Jesus + Bar Abbas of Jerusalem, of whom I have spoken to thee before. Now, he + had been very popular among the folk, and had lost his liberty in a + rising against the Romans, in which a Roman sentry had been slain. + And there stood the two Jesuses—the one that had risen against the + Romans, and the one that had told the people they should pay tribute + to their Roman lords. It was manifest that the new-comer, who had + done naught against the Romans, was more in favor with Pilate the + Procurator, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg + 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>while the folk who had welcomed him on the first + day of the week, on this the sixth day reviled and despised him + because he had refused to lead a rising against the Romans as the + other one had done. Then Pilate called out to them and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Whom will ye that I release unto you: Jesus + who is called Bar Abbas, or Jesus who is called Christ?”</span> And + almost all the multitude cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus Bar + Abbas! Jesus Bar Abbas!”</span> Then Pilate gave command, and the + soldiers took tack Jesus the Nazarene into the palace again, while + others removed the fetters from Jesus Bar Abbas, and he came down the + steps and disappeared among the crowd.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After a while, + there came forward from the side gate a company of Roman soldiers, + who took their stand in front of the steps of the palace, moving the + crowd away therefrom. And shortly after, other soldiers brought down + from above three men, each carrying two pieces of timber, one fixed + across the top of the other, like unto the letter <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">tau</span></span>. + One of these was Jesus the Nazarene, clad once more in his own + garments, and without the rose-<span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>wreath; yet couldst thou see the mark of the + thorns upon his brow. The others were, as I learnt, malefactors that + had been condemned for robbery.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Just at this + moment one touched me on the shoulder, and, turning, I found it was + one of the servants of my household, who spake unto me and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Meshullam ben Zadok, thy father would speak + with thee.”</span> And as the house was not far off, I went with him + and spake to my father, who would have me accompany him on the search + for leaven on that morn. For at that time I was betrothed, and next + year I should have a house of my own, and would have to conduct the + search for leaven as a master of a household. So I went round the + house with my father—peace be upon him!—and searched for the + leaven.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By the time the + search for the leaven had been concluded, the hour had come for the + mid-day meal, at which all the members of my family assembled. But I + hurried forth, as soon as the grace after meals had been said, to + ascertain what had been the fate of the Nazarene. I <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>could not go to the place of execution, + for it is not seemly for a member of the Sanhedrim to attend an + execution. I soon learnt that the Roman soldiers had conducted Jesus + and the two others to the Hill Golgotha, somewhat apart from the + place of stoning, where our Jewish executions were held.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As I have + explained to thee, Aglaophonos, our Sages have mercifully interpreted + the words of the Law relating to the four modes of capital punishment + among us—stoning, burning, beheading, and strangulation. For stoning + they have substituted throwing down from a height after the criminal + has been made to feel naught by drinking a mixture of frankincense, + myrrh, and vinegar, which the ladies of Jerusalem supply as one of + their pious duties. The criminal condemned to be burnt is in reality + strangled, and then a lighted wick placed for a moment in his open + mouth. In every way the aim of the Sages is to shorten the sufferings + of the condemned man. But the Romans, at least in their execution of + all but Roman citizens, seem rather to aim at <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the opposite of this; for they have + selected, as their method of execution for slaves and criminals that + are not citizens, suspension on a cross, by which all the organs of + the body are strained and tortured till some vital organ gives way. + It was this cruel form of punishment that the Romans were dealing out + to Jesus the Nazarene. It happeneth oft that men live for two or + three days on the cross, till they die even of hunger. I learnt to my + dismay that Jesus had refused, with words of menace, to take the + draught of myrrh and wine which the ladies of Jerusalem, as I have + said, prepare for all men condemned to capital punishment, so that + they may not feel the pain and torture.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I could not go to + the place of execution, as a member of the Sanhedrim. I hurried, + therefore, to the northern slopes of the Temple mount, whence one can + see Golgotha. At first I could discern naught, for sombre clouds + covered all the heights of Scopus. But suddenly a flash came forth + from them, followed by a dull roll of thunder, and I could see for a + moment three crosses raised side by side on the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>top of Golgotha. Which of these held Jesus + I knew not. I only knew that there was dying one who had seemed born + to do honor to his nation, to help to deliver Israel from the men who + were now torturing him to his death. Since the night before, events + had so hurried past me that I had had no time to think of their + import till now, when I sat me down in the purple shadow of Antonia, + and gazed upon the hill of execution, where from time to time flashes + showed me the three crosses on the hill.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This, then, was + the end of the hopes connected with Jesus of Nazara, and of the + empire which he had wielded over men’s minds! But five days agone + welcomed as a king, to-day executed with the ignominy reserved for + the basest slave. Each day of his sojourn in Jerusalem he had made + another and yet another class of the nation his enemies. First he + threatens the power of the priests; next he insults their opposites, + the Pharisees; and then he puts to naught the hope of the common folk + that he would help them rise against the Romans. Between Sabbath and + Sab<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name= + "Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>bath he had lost every + friend; not even his immediate followers stood by his side in the + hour of trial.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And yet no man had + appeared in Israel for many generations endowed in so high a degree + with all the qualities which mark us Israelites out from the nations + around. He was tender to the poor; and which of the nations has given + thought for its poor, their feelings as well as their welfare, like + unto Israel? He bare the yoke of the Law willingly, yet as a son, not + as a slave, of the Most High. God was to him, as to all of us, as an + ever-present Father, to love, to chasten, and to reward; not as a + harsh taskmaster or as a boon-companion, as with the commoner minds + of thy people, Aglaophonos; nor as a vain figment of the reason, as + with thy higher minds.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even in what thou + regardest as defects in our nation, this Jesus seemed also to share. + Thou makest us the reproach that we give no thought to the beauties + and grandeur of nature, and in nothing that I had seen and heard of + him did the Nazarene differ from the rest of us in this. Thou + complainest that we look upon life <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>with all too much seriousness. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ye cannot see the smile upon the face of things,”</span> + thou saidst once to me. In this surely Jesus was a Jew of the Jews. + We never saw him smile, still less heard him laugh. Thou wouldst hold + up to me as a model Socrates thy teacher, who taught the Hellenes + truth with a smile. That man there, dying upon the cross, had tried + to teach Israel the truth with tears and threats.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Herein he followed + the exemplar of our prophets. Only in Israel have the men who have + led us farthest reviled us most. As our God, who has been to us a + Father, has chastened us while he loved us, so our prophets have + rebuked us their brethren. Many generations of men have passed since + the last of the prophets spake his words of loving reproof. Now has + appeared this Jesus, who again takes up their work.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But in one thing, + and that a great thing, he differs from our prophets. All these spake + never but as messengers of the Most High. This man alone of the + prophets speaketh in his own name: therefore he hath been a + stumbling-block and an of<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg + 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>fence unto us. He spake as one having authority, + and it seemed to us as arrogance. And when we would speak with him in + the gates, and know his own thought, he evaded our questionings and + eluded our testings. He seemed aloof from us and our desires. All + Israel was pining to be freed from the Roman yoke, and he would have + us pay tribute to Rome for aye. Did he feel himself in some way as + not of our nation? I know not; but in all ways we failed to know + him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And as I was + communing thus, the sun shone forth from a rift in the clouds and + illumined for a space the crown of Calvary, and I stretched forth my + hands to the figures on the cross, and cried aloud in my perplexity, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus, what art thou?”</span> And then I + bethought me, and my hands fell to my side, and I said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What wert thou, Jesus?”</span> Naught answered me but + the distant rumbling from the gloomy clouds.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the sun was + setting over Israel, and I turned to my father’s house, there once + more to celebrate the Feast of the Deliverance from Egypt.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" + id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc35" id= + "toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">EPILOGUE.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus far had I + written to thee, Aglaophonos, as to what I knew of that Jesus the + Nazarene about whom thou hast made so earnest inquiry. I had minded + to hand it to Alphæus ben Simon, my cousin, who goeth this week in + the galley to Cyprus, and thence would have passed it on to thee by + the hands of one of our brethren who visit Greece from year to year. + But there has happened to me an event which has given me much to + think of with regard to this very matter of Jesus. It chanced that + the day before yesterday I went from the Jewish quarter in this city + of Alexandria for my usual walk along the Lochias, which adjoins it. + There it is my custom to catch the sea air and to watch the vessels + put into the Inner Port. Now, it chanced that as I came upon the + Lochias, the vessel of Joppa had just hoved-to in the Inner Port, and + the passengers were being landed up the Broad Steps. Now <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>these, by their <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">talith</span></span> and their faces, I knew to + be Jews, and I went up to them, and greeted them with the greeting of + peace. But among them one came to me with the look of recognition in + his eyes, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Knowest thou me not, + Meshullam ben Zadok?”</span> And, behold, it was Rufus ben Simon, + whom I had known before I left the Holy City. So I welcomed him, and + brought him home to this house of mine. And here he remaineth till + the morrow, when he starteth forth to go to Cyrene.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, in my + inquiries about old friends left behind, and new things that had + happened since I went away, I failed not to ask about the followers + of the Nazarene. To my wonder, I found that this Rufus had become one + of them, even though he was but a child when Jesus died. Yet is he a + good Jew in all else. He eateth only our meat, and keepeth our + Sabbaths and festivals. But he avers that the Anointed One, whom we + expect, has already appeared, and that he was Jesus the Nazarene. And + upon my inquiry how he could know aught of Jesus but from the common + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" + id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>talk, he put in my hand some + Memorabilia of him, written down in Hebrew by one of his chief + followers, Matathias.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href= + "#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> This + have I read again and again, and pondered much thereon. Nor have I + been able to sleep these two nights for the new thoughts about Jesus + that have come to me from reading these memoirs of him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For, behold, he + appeareth in these records of him by his own followers in far other + wise than he showed himself to us in public at Jerusalem. In all his + public acts among us he was full of scornful rebukes; among his own + followers he was tender and loving. Scarcely ever could we get him to + speak out to us plainly his views about matters of public concern. He + would always give us an answer full of evasion and enigma, but to his + followers he would explain all his meaning over and over again, + illustrated with parable. There at Jerusalem he almost always turned + to the people his harsher side. I saw him on every occasion on which + he appeared in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg + 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>public in Jerusalem, and, save only in his + sermons, he was always rebuking one or another, just like the + prophets of old. And the manner of his rebuking towards us was as + with scorpions, whereas among his own he would mingle tenderness even + with his reproaches. Nor, saving his sermons, which few heard but + those who already followed him, had he aught novel to tell us about + the things of life. He seemed to us as if he would destroy the temple + of our faith, nor in his public actions did he give any promise of + building it up anew. Yet to those with him he would continually be + telling what to do and how to do it, till, behold, a new manner of + life, fair and seemly, stood before them, fulfilled of Jewish + righteousness, with a tender mercy which was the man’s very own.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I need not detail + to thee, Aglaophonos, what these acts and words were which have given + me an altogether new light as to the character and thoughts of the + man Jesus. From certain words of thine in thy letter, which I + understood not then when I first read it, I can see now that thou + must have had some such account of the life and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>death of Jesus before thee as this which + Rufus hath shown unto me. Now I can understand wherefore thou hast + inquired about this Jesus with such eager insistence. And to thee as + a Gentile the revelation of his character would come with more + attractive force than to us that be Jews. For in almost every way + this Jesus fulfilleth the idea of a Jew as we have it in these later + days. Working with his hands, yet teaching with his voice; obedient + to the Law, yet ever eager to take a new law upon himself; doing acts + of love among men, yet rebuking in love their ill acts, and doing all + things as in the presence of the Glory;—in all this Jesus was as the + best of our Sages.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wherefore, then, did ye suffer him to be killed?”</span> + thou wilt ask me, and indeed I ask myself. If I were to answer thee + in the way Jesus was wont to answer us, I would say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Why did ye Hellenes condemn Socrates to the + hemlock?”</span> For he was as much the Ideal of the Hellenes as + Jesus of the Jews. Every Hellene would be eloquent and reasonable, + and that was Socrates. Every Jew would be wise and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a>good and pious, and that was Jesus. Yet + each of these men, if I read their lives aright, died the death of a + criminal, because he cared not for that which his fellow-countrymen + cared for most. Socrates died because he would force his countrymen + to examine by their reason the ideas and ideals which they all + accepted. Jesus died for the same reason, but also for another—for + that he cared naught for our national hopes. We were all panting for + national freedom; he would have naught of it. Whether it was that he + felt in some sort to be not of our nation, I know not; but in all his + teaching he dealt with us as men, not as Jews. It is this, I can see, + that has attracted thee to his doctrine, whereas thou wert always + scornful of our Jewish pretensions, as thou calledst them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet herein again + was he at one with the best thoughts of our Sages. Our God is the God + of all, and his Law shall be one day the Law of all. If we yearn for + the universal realm of the Messiah, it is as much for the sake of the + world as for ourselves. But methinks I see in the thoughts of this + Jesus an idea quite other than ours <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a>as to what the Anointed One shall be and shall + do. We hope for him as a Deliverer and a Conqueror with force of arms + by God’s aid. Now, Jesus seemed not to think of the Anointed One in + any way like this. His mind seemed to be filled rather with the + picture of the Servant of God as drawn by the Prophet Esaias. Thou + knowest the passage, Aglaophonos; I remember thy laughter when first + I read it thee, that men could look forward to contempt and hatred as + a good. Truly the idea is far different from the saying of the + barbarian, <span class="tei tei-q">“Woe to the conquered!”</span> And + surely to us all, Jew and Gentile, Greek and barbarian, the greatest + of joys is this—to worst an equal foe in fair fight. But to Esaias + the prophet, and to Jesus the Nazarene after him, the higher victory + is with him that is worsted in the battle of life. That will come as + good tidings to nine out of every ten of men.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Therefore, if + Jesus thought of himself as the Anointed One, it was as being + anointed with the woes of the vanquished, with the sweat and the + blood of the lowly and despised. Now I know why he seemed so + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" + id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>sad when he was greeted at + Jerusalem as a victor. He had spent his life in trying to impress a + new ideal upon his people, and they had welcomed him only as the + fulfilment of the old ideal which he desired to replace. None of thy + poets have given a drama with more of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">eironeia</span></span> in it than this.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet why did he + remain silent before us as to these ideas of his? If, indeed, these + were his ideas; for even with the new light given by the Hebrew + Memorabilia, I can see his thought but dimly. Why spake he not his + own thought to the people in Jerusalem, and tell us no longer to hope + for worldly dominion as the best means for spreading the Law of the + Lord, but rather to be as servants of God, even as Esaias the Prophet + hath spoken? Was it that he wished to carry out the description of + the prophet even to every iota of his text? For, behold, the prophet + sayeth, <span class="tei tei-q">“He let himself be humbled, and + opened not his mouth.”</span> If so, then was the death of Jesus but + a sublime suicide.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For surely by this + silence he has committed a grievous sin against us his people. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" + id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>For if we committed aught of + sin and crime that handed him over to the Romans as a pretender to + empire, he indeed shared our sin and crime by his silence. Ye + Hellenes were at least greater in fault than we in the matter of + Socrates; for ye condemned him after he had spoken his whole mind and + made known his whole thought to his people; whereas we condemned one + who, I make bold to say, was even greater than thy Socrates, mainly + because of what seemed to us his sullen and arrogant silence, broken + only by a confession of guilt when he knew he was not guilty.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But yet, let me + not be as harsh in judgment upon him after his death, as perhaps I + was when I allowed the sentence to be declared against him without + protest. He, least of all men, could have died with a lie upon his + lips. In some sort and in some way he must have combined the thought + of the triumphant Messiah and of the despised Servant of God. For in + those Memorabilia of him which have come into my hands during the + last days as being a message from him that is dead, I find + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" + id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>these two things combined. He + speaketh ever of the blessedness of the poor and the humble and the + despised, even as the Ebionim speak. So that if a man would be + blessed, he would choose a lowly career, even as did Jesus. Yet + withal he speaketh oft of himself as the Son of Man, and every Jew + that heard him would think he knew what he thereby claimed. For in + the Prophets Daniel and Enoch it is clearly said that the Son of Man + would come in victory over the world; and what other could this + universal victor be than the Anointed One whom the prophets had + foretold? If Jesus put another meaning upon the prophetic words, why + spake he not his meaning fully unto the people? All we may have gone + like sheep astray, but he that might have been our shepherd went + apart alone with God.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">O Jesus, why didst + thou not show thyself to thy people in thy true character? Why didst + thou seem to care not for aught that we at Jerusalem cared for? Why, + arraigned before the appointed judges of thy people, didst thou keep + silence before <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg + 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>us, + and, by thus keeping silent, share in pronouncing judgment upon + thyself? We have slain thee as the Hellenes have slain Socrates their + greatest, and our punishment will be as theirs. Then will Israel be + even as thou wert, despised and rejected of men—a nation of sorrows + among the nations. But Israel is greater than any of his sons, and + the day will come when he will know thee as his greatest. And in that + day he will say unto thee, <span class="tei tei-q">“My sons have + slain thee, O my son, and thou hast shared our + guilt.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg + 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-top: 6.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> <a name="pdf38" + id="pdf38"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">RELIGIOUS BOOKS</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">Serviceable, Timely, and + Helpful.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Riverside Parallel + Bible.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">Containing the + Authorized Version and the Revised Version in parallel columns. 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D., of Brooklyn. + $1.50.</span><br /> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The London</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Christian World</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">pronounces these discourses</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">most + inspiring,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">and the</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Christian + Intelligencer</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">finds</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">a rare keenness + of insight, a reflection of taste that is special, a spirit that is + most Christian pervading the whole book.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Divinity of Jesus + Christ.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">By the Editors + of the</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Andover + Review</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. A series of + noteworthy papers contributed to that Review, and forming a + symmetrical and very interesting treatment of the great topic they + discuss. 16mo, $1.00.</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Evolution of + Christianity.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">The remarkable + Lectures at the Lowell Institute, in 1892, by Dr.</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Lyman + Abbott</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. Thoroughly + revised, and forming a book which the</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Christian Register</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">says,</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">for the breadth of its sympathies, for the + generosity of its inclusions, for the largeness of its spiritual + apprehensions, can hardly be too highly praised.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">$1.25.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The World to + Come.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">A book of + vigorous, very readable discourses by Dr.</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">William Burnett + Wright</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, with a Lecture + full of curious information about Christmas ($1.25);</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ancient + Cities</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">a + volume of popular character, describing the most representative + cities of the Bible ($1.25).</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the + Threshold.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">Dr.</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Munger’s</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">wise and delightful book for young men + and women ($1.00);</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Freedom of + Faith</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">and</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The + Appeal to Life</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">two books of broad, noble, readable + sermons ($1.50 each), and</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Lamps and + Paths</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">a + volume of exceedingly sensible and attractive sermons to children + ($1.00).</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Who Wrote the + Bible?</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">Dr. Gladden’s + frank, scholarly, yet popular book, treating wisely and reverently a + very important question ($1.25); a book of admirable discourses + on</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The Lord’s + Prayer</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">($1.00), and</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Applied + Christianity</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">treating very suggestively the moral + aspects of social questions ($1.25).</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lily Among + Thorns.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">A very + interesting book on the Biblical drama called The Song of Songs. + By</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Wm. Elliot + Griffis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, D. D. + $1.25.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An American Missionary + in Japan.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">A book of great + interest, and giving a great deal of information about the social and + religious development of Modern Japan. By Rev. Dr.</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">M. L. + Gordon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, for twenty years + an able and devoted missionary in that country. + $1.25.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Republic of + God.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">By</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Elisha + Mulford</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, LL. D. + $2.00.</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">A unique work, + and devotes to the great topics of theology a kind of thinking of + which we have had little in English literature and need + much.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The + Independent.</span></span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">As It Is In + Heaven.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Unseen Friend.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">At the Beautiful + Gate.</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%">Three books + by</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Lucy + Larcom</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,—religious, + cheerful, delightful to read, and of the finest quality in every way. + The last-named is a book of exquisite religious lyrics. Each, + $1.00.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">⁂</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">For sale by all Booksellers. + Sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by the + Publishers</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">Houghton, Mifflin & + Company,</span></span><br /> + <span style="font-style: italic">4 Park Street, Boston; 11 East 17th + Street, New York.</span></span></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This, like most other utterances of + Jesus, found in this book but not in the Gospels, is also found + in the early patristic literature.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span lang="grc" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="grc"><span style= + "font-style: normal">Ὄχλος τοῦ ἀγροῦ</span></span>, seemingly the + translation of the Hebrew <span lang="he" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="he"><span style="font-style: normal">עם + הארץ</span></span> used for those unlearned in the Law; this term + seems to have passed through much the same history as + <span class="tei tei-q">“pagan.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Each of the Jewish rabbis used to + sum up his teaching in some pregnant sentence. These are given in + the Talmudic treatise, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Ethics of the + Fathers</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">José ben Joeser said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Let thy place be a place of meeting for the wise; + dust thyself with the dust of their feet, and drink greedily of + their teaching”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pirke + Aboth</span></span>, i. 4).—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The rabbis use this expression, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bath Kol</span></span>, for any supernatural + revelation.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This Logion is only found elsewhere + in one MS. of the Gospels, viz., in the Codex Bezæ at + Cambridge.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It must have been from a report of + this discourse, and that given on <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref">p. 92</a>, that the majority of those utterances of + Jesus have been derived which are known in modern theology as + <span class="tei tei-q">“Agrapha.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The gospel version reads + <span class="tei tei-q">“Samaritan.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See note on <a href="#Pg042" class= + "tei tei-ref">p. 42</a>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" + href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bar + Abba</span></span> means <span class="tei tei-q">“son of his + father.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" + href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bar + Amma</span></span> means <span class="tei tei-q">“son of his + mother.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" + href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probably the so-called Primitive + Gospel, the common foundation of our Synoptics. But the date is + somewhat early.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span></dd> + </dl> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AS OTHERS SAW HIM*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader40" id="rightpageheader40"></a><a name= + "pgtoc41" id="pgtoc41"></a><a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">May 16, + 2015 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-resp">Produced by <span class= + "tei tei-name">Shaun Pinder</span>, <span class= + "tei tei-name">Stefan Cramme</span> and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at + http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from + images generously made available by The Internet + Archive)</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader43" id="rightpageheader43"></a><a name= + "pgtoc44" id="pgtoc44"></a><a name="pdf45" id="pdf45"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project + Gutenberg</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file + should be named 48974-h.html or 48974-h.zip.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all + associated files of various formats will be found in: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/8/9/7/48974/" class= + "block tei tei-xref" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">/dirs/4/8/9/7/48974/</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated + editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be + renamed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the + works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law + means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, + so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the + United States without permission and without paying copyright + royalties. 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font-size: large"> +AS OTHERS SAW HIM +</p> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg002'/> + +</div><titlePage rend="page-break-before: right; center"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg003'/> + +<docTitle> + <titlePart type="main"><hi rend="font-size: xx-large">AS OTHERS SAW HIM</hi></titlePart><lb/><lb/> +<titlePart type="sub"><hi rend='italic; font-size: x-large'>A RETROSPECT</hi></titlePart><lb/><lb/> +<titlePart type="sub"><hi rend="font-size: large">A. D. 54</hi></titlePart> +</docTitle> +<lb/><lb/> +<titlePart>“<hi rend='italic'>It cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem</hi>“</titlePart><lb/> +<titlePart> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luke</hi> xiii. 33</titlePart> +<lb/><lb/> +<figure url="images/illu.jpg"><figDesc>Illustration: Publisher’s sign</figDesc></figure> +<lb/><lb/> +<docImprint><pubPlace>BOSTON AND NEW YORK</pubPlace><lb/> +<publisher>HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY</publisher><lb/> +<publisher><hi rend='antiqua'>The Riverside Press, Cambridge</hi></publisher><lb/> +<docDate>1895</docDate> +</docImprint> + +</titlePage> +<div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg004'/> + +<p rend="center; font-size: small">Copyright, 1895,<lb/> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>By</hi> HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. +</p> + +<p rend="center; font-size: small"><hi rend='italic'>All rights reserved.</hi></p> + +<p rend="center; margin-top: 4; font-size: small"><hi rend='italic'>The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.</hi><lb/> +Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co.</p> + +</div> +<div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg005'/> +<!--<index index="toc" level1="Preface"/><index index="pdf" level1="Preface"/>--> +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>To Aglaophonos, Physician of the Greeks at +Corinth, Meshullam ben Zadok, a Scribe of +the Jews at Alexandria, greeting</hi>:— +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>It was a joy and a surprise to me to hear news +after many days from thee, my master and my +friend. To thee I owe whatever I have of Greek +wisdom; for when in the old days at the Holy +City thou soughtest me for instruction in our +Law, I learnt more from thee than I could impart +to thee. Since I last wrote to thee, I have +come to this great city, where many of my nation +dwell, and almost all the most learned of thy +tongue are congregated. Truly, it would please +me much, and mine only son and his wife, if thou +couldst come and take up thy sojourn among us +for a while.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Touching the man Saul of Tarsus, of whom +thou writest, I know but little. He is well instructed +in our Law, both written and oral, having +received the latter from the chief master +among those of the past generation, Gamaliel by +name. Yet he is not of the disciples of Aaron +that love peace; for when I last heard of him he +was among the leaders of a riot in which a man +was slain. And now I think thereon, I am almost +certain that the slain man was of the followers +of Jesus the Nazarene, and this Saul was +<pb/><anchor id='Pg006'/>among the bitterest against them. And yet thou +writest that the same Saul has spoken of the +Nazarene that he was a god like Apollo, that had +come down on earth for a while to live his life +among men. Truly, men’s minds are as the wind +that bloweth hither and thither.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>But as for that Jesus of Nazara, I can tell thee +much, if not all. For I was at Jerusalem all the +time he passed for a leader of men up to his +shameful death. At first I admired him for his +greatness of soul and goodness of life, but in the +end I came to see that he was a danger to our +nation, and, though unwillingly, I was of those +who voted for his death in the Council of Twenty-Three. +Yet I cannot tell thee all I know in the +compass of a letter, so I have written it at large +for thee, and it will be delivered unto thee even +with this letter. And in my description of events +I have been at pains to distinguish between what +I saw myself and what I heard from others, following +in this the example of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, +who, if he spake rude Greek, wrote +true history. And so farewell.</hi> +</p> +</div> +<div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg007'/> +<index index="toc" level1="Contents"/><index index="pdf" level1="Contents"/> +<head>CONTENTS.</head> + +<table rend="tblcolumns: 'r lw(50m) r'; latexcolumns: 'rp{6cm}r'"> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> +<cell></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend="font-size: small">PAGE</hi></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">I.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Man with the Scourge</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg009">9</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">II.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Upbringing</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg021">21</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">III.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Earlier Teaching. Sermon in the Synagogue of the Galilæans</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg037">37</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">IV.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Two Ways</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg055">55</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">V.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Woman taken in Adultery. The Rich Young Man</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg063">63</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">VI.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Testings in the Temple</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg075">75</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">VII.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Second Sermon</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg087">87</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">VIII.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Rebuking of Jesus</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg099">99</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">IX.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Jesus in the Temple</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg111">111</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">X.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Entry into Jerusalem</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg121">121</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XI.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Cleansing of the Temple</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg133">133</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XII.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Woes</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg145">145</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XIII.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Great Refusal</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg155">155</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XIV.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Meeting of the Hananites</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg167">167</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XV.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Examination before the Sanhedrim</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg181">181</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XVI.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Condemnation and Execution</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg195">195</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Epilogue</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg207">207</ref></cell> +</row> +</table> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg008'/> +</div> +</front> +<body> +<div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg009'/> +<index index="toc" level1="I. The Man with the Scourge"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="I. The Man with the Scourge"/> + +<head>I.<lb/>THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg010'/> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg011'/> + +<p> +I was crossing one morning the Xystus +Bridge on my way to the Temple, when I +saw issuing from the nearest gate a herd +of beasts of sacrifice. Fearing that something +untoward had occurred, I hurried to +the gate, and when I entered the Court +of the Gentiles, I found all in confusion. +The tables of the money-changers had +been overturned, and the men were gathering +their moneys from the ground. And +in the midst I saw one with a scourge in +his hand. His face was full of wrath and +scorn, his eyes blazed, and on his left temple +stood out a vein all blue, throbbing +with his passion. He was neither short +nor tall, but of sturdy figure, and clad in +rustic garb. +</p> + +<p> +Now, as the money-changers were escaping +from his wrath, one of them ran +<pb n='12'/><anchor id='Pg012'/>against a little child that was in the court, +and it fell screaming. The fellow took no +heed, but went on his course. But the +man with the scourge went to the little +child and raised it to its feet, and pressed +it to his side; the hand that rested on the +curly head was that of a workman, with +broken nails, and yet the fingers twitched +with the excitement of the man. But, +looking to his face, I saw that a wonderful +change had come over it. From rage, it +had turned to pity and love; the eyes that +had flashed scorn on the money-changers +now looked down with tenderness on the +little child. I remember thinking to +myself, <q>This man cannot say the thing +that is not; his face bewrayeth him.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile the money-changers and +those with them had collected together +near the gate by which I had entered, and +stood there whispering and muttering +among themselves. All at once they +turned towards the man as he was soothing +the little child, and shouted out together, +<q><foreign rend='italic'>Mamzer! Mamzer!</foreign></q> which in +our tongue signifieth one born out of +wedlock. Then the man looked up from +<pb n='13'/><anchor id='Pg013'/>the little child, his face once more full of +rage, and the blue vein throbbing on his +temple. He took a step towards the men, +and then he stopped. His face changed +to a look of pity, and the men themselves, +in fear and shame, slunk away before his +look through the gate and were gone. +</p> + +<p> +Then he turned towards those that had +for sale doves as sacrifices for the women +and the poor. To these he spoke in a +tone that was calm and yet full of authority, +and then I noticed that his voice +had the burr of our northern peasantry. +He said unto them, <q>Take these things +hence; make not my Father’s house a +house of merchandise.</q> And these, too, +went away through the gates, carrying with +them the wicker cages full of doves. Ever +since that time the doves have been for +sale in Hanan’s Bazaar on the Mount of +Olives. +</p> + +<p> +Now I must tell thee that at this time +there had been much disputing between +the Pharisees and the Sadducees as to the +sale of beasts for sacrifice. The Pharisees +held that each man might buy such beasts +wherever he would; but the Sadducees, +<pb n='14'/><anchor id='Pg014'/>being mainly priests, or of priestly blood, +would have it that the beasts of sacrifice +could only be purchased from the salesmen +duly authorized by the High Priest; +for they said, <q>Who shall tell that the +beasts are according to the Law, if they +are bought from any chance person?</q> Yet +many thought they only did this in order +that they might share the profit from the +sale of the animals. And, indeed, the +great riches of the High Priests came +mainly from this source. When, therefore, +I saw the man with the scourge getting +rid of these sacrificial animals from +the courts of the Temple, my first thought +was that he was of the sect of the Pharisees. +Yet these are rarely found in the +country parts, and the man bore no great +marks of special piety; his phylacteries +were not broader than my own; the +fringes of his garment were not more conspicuous, +nor did he seem as one of the +fanatics who are so many in our land. He +had done what he had done in all calmness, +and with a certain air of authority. +My wonder was aroused to think what +manner of man this could be, who did the +<pb n='15'/><anchor id='Pg015'/>work of the Pharisees, and was not one +himself. +</p> + +<p> +While I thus thought, the man turned +to a group of men clad in the same rustic +garb, saying, <q>Be ye rather approved +money-changers, holding fast the good and +casting forth the false;</q><note place="foot">This, like most other utterances of Jesus, found in this +book but not in the Gospels, is also found in the early +patristic literature.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> and, after other +words, he turned from them and went up +the steps leading to the Women’s Court. +</p> + +<p> +Now thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that +at the entrance of this court standeth an +inscription which saith, <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>Let none of +alien birth pass within the Temple +cloisters: he that transgresses is +guilty of death.</hi></q> As the man with the +scourge would enter the Women’s Court, +the Roman sentry stopped him, and +pointed to this inscription with his spear. +He shook his head, saying in faulty Greek, +<q>Jewish I am,</q> and showed the soldier the +fringes of his garment after the Jewish +fashion. Then the sentry drew back, and +the man passed through. +</p> + +<p> +Thereupon I went up to the men to +<pb n='16'/><anchor id='Pg016'/>whom the man with the scourge had +spoken, and greeted them with the greeting +of peace. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Peace unto thee, master,</q> said one of +them in the same northern accent I had +noticed in their leader. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Who is that man,</q> I said, <q>that has +just gone into the Temple cloister?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Jesus of Nazara, in Galilee.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>And whose son is he?</q> I asked. +</p> + +<p> +The man looked at his companions ere +he answered,— +</p> + +<p> +<q>Of Joseph ben Eli the carpenter, and +Miriam his wife.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>And what is his trade?</q> I continued. +</p> + +<p> +<q>A wheelwright,</q> he said; <q>the best +wheels and yokes in all Capernaum are +made by him.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But is he of the country-folk,<note place="foot"><foreign rend="font-style: normal" lang="grc">Ὄχλος τοῦ ἀγροῦ</foreign>, +seemingly the translation of the Hebrew <foreign rend="font-style: normal" lang="he">עם הארץ</foreign> +used for those unlearned in the Law; +this term seems to have passed through much the same +history as <q>pagan.</q>—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> or a +pupil of the wise?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, master, he knoweth the Law and +the Prophets.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Of what party is he? Boethusian he +<pb n='17'/><anchor id='Pg017'/>cannot be, nor Sadducee; but is he Pharisee +or Zealot, Essene or Baptist?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He is of no party.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But from whom hath he received the +tradition of the elders? At whose feet has +he sat? Whom calleth he master?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He hath been baptized by Jochanan his +kinsman, but none calleth he master.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>If he have not the tradition, he cannot +teach the Law, for his words will not be +binding. Doth he sit in judgment or pronounce +<foreign rend='italic'>Din</foreign>?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, master, he but teacheth us to be +good.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Ah,</q> said I, <q>he is but a homolist +of the Hagada; he addeth naught to the +<foreign rend='italic'>Halacha</foreign>. Then what is his motto?</q><note place="foot">Each of the Jewish rabbis used to sum up his teaching +in some pregnant sentence. These are given in the +Talmudic treatise, <hi rend='italic'>The Ethics of the Fathers</hi>.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He saith, <q>Repent ye, for the kingdom +of heaven is at hand.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +Then I took the man away from his companions, +and out of hearing of the Roman +sentry, and asked him in a low tone, <q>And +who shall be the king thereof?</q> +</p> + +<p> +But the man answered not, but said +only, <q>Lo! he cometh.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='18'/><anchor id='Pg018'/> + +<p> +And, indeed, at that moment Jesus came +down by the steps he had ascended and +beckoned to his companions. And as they +went towards him I was surprised, and at +the same time horrified, to see amongst +them two persons whom I little thought to +find in any public place in Jerusalem, still +less in the courts of the Temple. One was +a woman in the yellow veil of a <foreign rend='italic'>hetæra</foreign>; +the other, a mere <foreign rend='italic'>Nathin</foreign> who had no +name among men, but was called <hi rend='italic'>Dog o’ +Dogs</hi>. These two pressed close to Jesus; +the woman rushed forward with a sob and +raised the hem of his garment to her lips, +while to the man he spoke some friendly +words, smiling on him as they walked towards +the entrance. +</p> + +<p> +I was astonished. The man had seemed +so careful of the purity of the Temple that +he would not allow even the necessary +arrangements for its service to be performed +in its precincts, yet he allowed its +courts to be defiled by the vilest of the +vile. Perchance, I thought, he had prevailed +upon them to perform the vows +enjoined by the Law, and cleanse themselves +of their sin. Or was it that he was +<pb n='19'/><anchor id='Pg019'/>ignorant of their characters, being but newly +come from rural parts? He must, indeed, +be different from other rabbis, who kept +themselves apart from all transgressors +against the Law till they had repented and +done penance. +</p> + +<p> +While I thus meditated, I saw the High +Priest Hanan, whom ye Hellenes call Annas, +enter into the court of the Gentiles with his +guard. Thou rememberest the man, Aglaophonos—how +his tyranny extended over +all the city. He was still called High Priest, +though Valerius Gratius, the Procurator, +had deposed him years before, lest haply he +might regain the regal power of the Maccabæans. +Still, even after his deposition, +he had sufficient power to get his sons or +sons-in-law named High Priests. It was +one of the latter, Joseph Caiaphas, who at +that time held the office; yet the people +still called Hanan High Priest, and he himself +wore on high days the bells and pomegranates +round his tunic as a sign of his +dignity. Thou must remember his keen-cut +face, his nose like an eagle’s, his long +white beard, bent neck, and sinewy hand. +Was it thou or I that first called him <q>the +Old Vulture</q>? +</p> + +<pb n='20'/><anchor id='Pg020'/> + +<p> +He had heard of the insult to his dignity +by the removal, without his orders, of the +money-changers and others to whom the +people paid the fees from which he and his +made such display in his grand dwelling +on the Mount of Olives. <q>Where is he? +where is he?</q> he cried, as he came bustling +up, with neck extended, and looking +more than ever like a bird of prey. He +soon found that the man he sought had +gone; but he had given his orders, and +before I left the court, I saw the money-changers +reënter and the cattle driven +back. I had to attend a meeting of the +Sanhedrim, for that year I had risen to the +third and highest bench of disciples who +sit under its members when they give judgment. +Next year I was elected of the Seventy-One +myself in the section of Israelites. +It must, therefore, have been in the sixteenth +year of Tiberius the Emperor, +nearly five-and-twenty years agone, that I +thus saw for the first time Jesus the Nazarene. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg021'/> +<index index="toc" level1="II. The Upbringing"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="II. The Upbringing"/> +<head>II.<lb/>THE UPBRINGING.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg022'/> + +<pb n='23'/><anchor id='Pg023'/> + +<p> +Thou canst imagine the wonder and +excitement in Jerusalem at this bold deed +of the Nazarene. Not even the oracle of +Delphi is regarded with so much reverence +as our sacred fane, and none in our +time had dared to interfere with its regulations, +which have all the sacredness of +our traditions. And of these none was +regarded by the priestly guardians of the +Temple as of greater weight for them than +the right of sale of beasts of sacrifice. It +is from this, as I have said, that the priestly +order gain their wealth, and no more deadly +blow could be struck at their power than +to deprive them of this. Hence had the +Pharisees protested against this right, but +none had hitherto dared to carry out the +protest in very deed. All the poor and +all the pious would have been glad if they +could buy their offerings to the Lord +wheresoever they would. +</p> + +<p> +But more than all, men of Jerusalem +<pb n='24'/><anchor id='Pg024'/>were amazed at the daring of the Galilæan +stranger in opposing the High Priest Hanan. +This man had been the tyrant of +the Temple and of the city for the whole +span of a generation of men, and no man +had dared say him nay for all that time. +Even the Romans, who had deposed him +from his position as High Priest, had not +dared to interfere with him otherwise. Yet +had this rude countryman, who had never +been seen, never been known to set foot in +Jerusalem before, dared to strike at the +root of his power and wealth. Thou canst +not wonder that men were curious to know +what manner of man he might be who +had dared this great thing, and busy +rumor ran through all the bazaars of +Jerusalem, asking, Who is this Jesus of +Nazara? All that I learnt of his kindred +and early life I learnt at this time, and I +here set it forth in order. +</p> + +<p> +It was natural that I should first direct +my inquiries as to his birth, for the insulting +cry of the money-changers still rang +in my ears. Thou knowest our pride of +birth; I learnt from thee to abate it. +Every man in Israel taketh his place in +<pb n='25'/><anchor id='Pg025'/>the nation according as he is a son of +Aaron or of Levi, a simple Israelite, or a +proselyte that fears the Lord; each man +knoweth his own and his neighbor’s genealogy. +The greatest slur upon a man is +to accuse him of <q>mixture,</q> the greatest +insult is to call him <q>bastard.</q> Why had +the money-changers cast this slur upon the +Nazarene? Thou and I, Aglaophonos, +who boast to be citizens of the Kosmos, +would not think the worse of him if the +taunt were true. Yet thou canst understand +how great, even if he only thought +it to be true, would be the influence of +such a slur on this mans mind and on +his career. If in after-days he showed +himself so careless of the nation’s hopes, +may it not have been that he felt himself +in some way outside the nation? +</p> + +<p> +Now I found, upon inquiry among the +Galilæans settled in Jerusalem, that some +such scandal had arisen about his birth. +There had even been talk that Joseph ben +Eli would have put away his wife, but for +the stern penalties which our Law inflicts +upon the misdoer. Yet there may have +been naught but suspicion in the matter, +<pb n='26'/><anchor id='Pg026'/>for the two lived together, and Miriam +bore several children to Joseph after this +Jesus. But between him and them there +was never good will, and I have heard +things told of this Jesus which seem to +show some harshness in his treatment +of them, and even of his mother. Once +when he was told that his mother and +brethren were without, and would see +him, he as it were repudiated them, saying, +<q>Who are my mother and my brothers? +Whosoever doeth the will of God, the +same is my brother and sister and mother.</q> +Again, when once his mother +came to him and would speak to him, he +said to her, <q>Woman, what have I to do +with thee?</q> The man whom I had seen +so tenderly thoughtful to a little child +could not have spoken thus unless he had +felt himself placed by some means outside +the natural ties of men. +</p> + +<p> +Of Jesus’ upbringing I could learn little. +When he was at the age of thirteen, when +each Jewish male child becomes a Son of +the Covenant (<foreign rend='italic'>Bar Mitzva</foreign>), and, as we +think, takes his sins upon his own soul, his +parents brought him to Jerusalem. On +<pb n='27'/><anchor id='Pg027'/>this occasion, as some still remember, he +showed remarkable knowledge of the Law, +when, as is customary, they read the portion +of the Law set down for the Sabbath +reading next after his birthday, and he +was examined in its meaning by the +learned men present. Yet he fulfilled +not this promise of devotion to the Law +as he grew in years. I cannot learn that +he dusted himself with the <q>dust of the +wise,</q> as the sages have commanded.<note place="foot">José ben Joeser said, <q>Let thy place be a place of +meeting for the wise; dust thyself with the dust of their +feet, and drink greedily of their teaching</q> (<foreign rend='italic'>Pirke Aboth</foreign>, +i. 4).—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> +Not having sat at the feet of any of the +holders of tradition, he could not pronounce +decisions of the Law. +</p> + +<p> +His father brought him up to his own +trade, that of carpenter. With us manual +toil is not despised, as among you +Hellenes; there is a saying among us, +<q>Whoso bringeth not his son up to a +handicraft traineth him for a robber.</q> +Jesus was a good and capable worker, and +devoted himself especially to the making +of yokes and wheels at Capernaum, where +<pb n='28'/><anchor id='Pg028'/>he had settled, some five hours’ journey +from his native place. Here he would +often read the <foreign rend='italic'>Haphtaroth</foreign>, or prophetical +lessons, in the synagogue, and explain it +after the manner of the Hagada. +</p> + +<p> +Thus he would have passed his life, a +wheelwright on week-days, a preacher on +the Sabbath and festivals, but for a strange +event that occurred in his own family. +Among us Jews, none has more honor +than the <foreign rend='italic'>Nabi</foreign>, the man who speaks the +word of wisdom in the name of God. +How know we that a man is a Nabi? +Chiefly by his words, but mainly by his +eyes, in which there shines the light of +prophecy. Now, when Jesus was about +thirty years old, three or four years before +I first saw him, the light of prophecy came +in the eyes of his cousin, Jochanan ben +Zacharia Ha-Cohen. Thou knowest, Aglaophonos, +that amongst us there is a sect +of Essenoi, who answer in much to the +Pythagoreans among the Hellenes. These +Essenoi eat no flesh, they dwell not in the +cities of men, they perform frequent lustrations, +nor will they admit any into their +community until they have been baptized +<pb n='29'/><anchor id='Pg029'/>of them; they care little for the Temple +service, and in this above all distinguish +themselves from either Pharisees or Sadducees. +Their belief in the angels is +strong, and they use magic for the healing +of sickness. +</p> + +<p> +Now, this Jochanan, the cousin of Jesus, +seems to have adopted in many things the +views of these Essenoi: he separated himself +from men, and ate no flesh, nor did he +go up to the Temple on the three great +festivals of the year; and above all, when +men began to follow after him, he would +admit none to communion with him till +he had baptized them in running water, +and for this he was called among the folk +Jochanan the Baptizer. Yet he was not +an Essene, for he joined not their communion, +nor established any distinction of +orders among the men who came out to +him; he was more like unto the prophets +of old, who taught as individuals new +truths about life; and his great teaching +was this: <q>Repent ye, for the kingdom of +heaven is at hand.</q> And men went out +to him, asking him in what they should +repent so as to become worthy of the +<pb n='30'/><anchor id='Pg030'/>kingdom. Above all, those who were despised +of the people because they did the +work of the Romans, by being their tax-gatherers +or their soldiers, feared the +wrath to come in the new kingdom which +he preached, and asked him in what they +should alter their ways. But to them he +was by no means hard, saying only to the +tax-gatherers, <q>Act justly,</q> and to the +soldiers, <q>Do no violence.</q> To the poor +he was tender and merciful, but exhorted +the rich to divide their possessions with +the poor. In this way he drew unto him +all who were despised of the people, and +those who were poor and miserable. Thus +he attracted the notice of the rulers, who +feared that he was preparing to rebel +against them; for they said, <q>Wherefore +does this man attract to him the discontented +and the soldiery?</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now, when the family of Jesus heard +that their relative was gaining a name +among men, they sent to Jesus, asking +him to go with them unto his cousin; but +he, as I have heard, at first refused, saying, +<q>Wherein have I sinned, that I should be +baptized of Jochanan?</q> Yet afterwards +<pb n='31'/><anchor id='Pg031'/>he consented unto this, and went out to +be baptized of his cousin. And when he +saw the power for good that Jochanan +exercised, his spirit was exalted, and he +felt that he too had within him the same +power. Many strange things have I heard +of what happened to this Jesus when he +submitted to be baptized by his cousin. +And as none but Jesus would have known +his feelings on that occasion, these reports +must have come from him. Among us it +is the custom that each Jew should select +from the Psalms some <foreign rend='italic'>stichos</foreign> which should +serve as the motto of his life, and identify +him when he appeareth before the Angel +of Death. Now, it would appear that as +Jesus was being baptized of Jochanan he +heard the Daughter<note place="foot">The rabbis use this expression, <foreign rend='italic'>Bath Kol</foreign>, for any +supernatural revelation.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> of the Voice of God +say to him the <foreign rend='italic'>stichos</foreign> of the psalm, <q>Thou +art my Son; this day have I begotten +thee.</q> Whether this was a protest of his +soul against the slur cast upon his birth, +what man shall say? But henceforth he +spake of the fatherhood of God as if it +had to him a deeper sense than to most +<pb n='32'/><anchor id='Pg032'/>of us Jews, though with us, as I have oft +explained to thee, it is the central feeling +of our faith. +</p> + +<p> +Jesus did not remain long out in the +wilderness with his cousin; he, indeed, +early recognized his superiority, though +he was his master and his teacher. For +at the first the teaching of Jesus differed +but in little from the teaching of Jochanan. +He summed up his whole aim in the +words which I had heard his followers use +in the Temple: <q>Repent ye, for the kingdom +of heaven is at hand;</q> and this he +must have learnt from his cousin. So, +too, like Jochanan, he mingled with the +tax-gatherers and the soldiery, and above +all addressed himself to the poor, and, as +I was to see, exhorted the rich to distribute +their possessions. In all these things +he was but the follower of his cousin Jochanan. +It is no wonder, therefore, that +when Jesus separated himself from Jochanan, +and began to be a teacher of men, +many left Jochanan and followed after +Jesus; and until this Jochanan met with +a violent end at the hands of the rulers, +there was in some sort a rivalry if not +be<pb n='33'/><anchor id='Pg033'/>tween the men themselves, at least between +the followers of Jochanan and of Jesus. +</p> + +<p> +But even from the first there was a difference +in Jesus’ manner of teaching, if +not in the teaching itself. He, indeed, did +not wait for men to come out to him in the +wilderness, but returned to the towns and +villages around the Sea of Galilee. Many +of the fishermen left their work to follow +him, and become, as he said, <q>fishers of +men.</q> He preached as before in the synagogues +on the words of the prophets, but +now he commenced to go forth to preach +and teach among the people in their +homes. Yet it was observed that he went +not only among the rich and powerful, who +are used in our country to receive all who +come at meal-times, but most of all among +the poor, and those despised of men for +their ill life or their degraded occupations. +Nor did he despise those who know not the +Law nor keep its commands, but mixed +freely with them, thereby incurring the +wrath of those among us, and there are +many, who are eager for the credit of the +Law. Still, though he lived his life among +the low and the vile, he practiced none of +<pb n='34'/><anchor id='Pg034'/>their ways, nor was aught of low or vile +seen in him or those with him. Yet he +turned against him many who would have +been well disposed towards him, in that he +followed his cousin’s example, and spake +kindly to the tax-gatherers and to the soldiers, +whom the greater part of the Jews +regard as the enemies of their country. +</p> + +<p> +Now, as he began to live his life among +the people, he began to do many signs +and wonders, like all our great teachers +and prophets. In truth, we say, how shall +a man be accounted a prophet unless he +can do wonders? Indeed, as Jesus himself +said, <q>Why marvel ye at the signs? +I give unto you an inheritance such as the +whole world holds not.</q> And the manner +of his wonders was this: if a man was +afflicted with a demon of madness, he +would cause him to fix his eyes upon his, +and after a while would speak sternly and +suddenly to the demon within him, who +would depart from him, rending his soul. +So, too, would he do with women who +were torn asunder by the demons fighting +within. To these he would speak +calmly after he had fixed their eyes, and, +<pb n='35'/><anchor id='Pg035'/>behold, a great calm would come upon +them. But he used no exorcisms or magic +in his healing, nor spake he in the name +of God, but with the tone of one having +authority in himself. Hence many thought +he had within him a greater Daimon than +those afflicted men and women whom he +healed. Thence it was thought that for +this reason the demons of madness often +returned to those whom he had freed for +a while with greater violence after he had +gone forth from the place of their habitation. +There was much murmuring against +him for that he did his healing, not in the +name of God, but in his own name and his +own authority. +</p> + +<p> +Yet he claimed no authority to decide +the questions of the Law; though many +applied to him in difficult cases, these he +referred to the learned in the Law, saying, +<q>Do ye as the scribes command.</q> Yet +it was complained that he paid no great +attention to their commands himself, nor +for his followers. Nor did he rebuke men +when he saw them transgressing the Law +even in the greater transgressions. Thus +I have heard it said of him, that once with +<pb n='36'/><anchor id='Pg036'/>his followers, he met a man laboring on the +Sabbath day, a sin which, according to the +Law, was punished with stoning. But all +he said unto him was this: <q>Man, if thou +knowest what thou doest, blessed art thou; +but if thou knowest not, accursed art thou, +and a transgressor of the Law.</q><note place="foot">This Logion is only found elsewhere in one MS. of +the Gospels, viz., in the Codex Bezæ at Cambridge.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> This is, +indeed, a dark saying. Is each man, then, +to choose for himself which commands of +the Law he shall do, and which not? The +fence of the Law, which our Sages have +built up with such labor and toil, would be +stricken down at one stroke. Yet perhaps +in this he only followed the principle of our +Sages who have said, <q>The Sabbath was +made for you, not you for the Sabbath.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Such was the manner of life of this Jesus +up to the time when I first saw him in the +Temple. Men knew not what to make of +him; many regarded him as a prophet because +of the signs and the wonders which +he did; and those who were looking forward +to the blessed day in which Israel would be +free again under its own king hoped that +he was Elijah come again to prepare the +way for the new kingdom. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg037'/> +<index index="toc" level1="III. Earlier Teaching. Sermon in the Synagogue of the Galilæans"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="III. Earlier Teaching. Sermon in the Synagogue of the Galilaeans"/> +<head>III.<lb/>EARLIER TEACHING.<lb/>SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE +GALILÆANS.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg038'/> + +<pb n='39'/><anchor id='Pg039'/> + +<p> +It must have been a year after I had first +seen Jesus that I saw him again the second +time in Jerusalem. It fell out in this wise: +I was proceeding one morning to the meeting +of the Sanhedrim, when, as I came near +the Synagogue of the Galilæans in the Fish-Market, +I found a crowd of men entering in. +I asked one of them what was going forward, +and he said, <q>Jesus the Nazarene +will expound the Law.</q> So I determined +to take the morning service in this synagogue +rather than with my colleagues in +the Temple, and went in, the people giving +way before me, as was my due as a member +of the Sanhedrim. +</p> + +<p> +Now, this synagogue of the Galilæans +differed in naught from the rest of the +synagogues of the Jews. It cannot be that +thou hast not visited one of these when +thou wast in the Holy City, but perchance +thy memory is dim after all these years, +and I will in a few words explain to thee +<pb n='40'/><anchor id='Pg040'/>its arrangement. In the wall at the west +end was the cabinet containing the scrolls +of the Law, with a curtain before it, for +this is, as it were, the Holy of Holies of the +synagogue. The men go up to this, on to +the platform before it, by three steps. Then +comes a vacant space, in the midst of which +stands a dais, with a reading-desk whereon +the Law is read: this we call by your +Greek name <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign>. Then in the rest of +the hall sit the folk, arranged in benches +one after another, somewhat as in your +theatres. Now, as I came in, they had said +the morning psalms, and most of the Eighteen +Blessings, and shortly after the reading +of the Law began. The curtain was +drawn aside from the holy ark, the scroll of +the Law was taken thence, to the singing +of psalms unto the <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign>. Then, as is +customary, the messenger of the congregation +summoned first to the reading of the +Law a Cohen, a descendant of Aaron, one +of the priestly caste. And after he had +read some verses of the Law in the holy +tongue, the dragoman read its translation +into Chaldee, so as to be understanded of +the unlearned folk, and of the women who +<pb n='41'/><anchor id='Pg041'/>were in the gallery outside the synagogue, +and separated from it by a grating. Then +after the priest came a Levite, who also +read some verses, and after him an ordinary +Israelite. Then the messenger of the synagogue +called out, <q>Let Rabbi Joshua ben +Joseph arise.</q> Then Jesus the Nazarene +went up to the <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign> and read his appointed +verses, and these were translated as before +by the dragoman. And after the reading +of the Law was concluded, the <foreign rend='italic'>Parnass</foreign>, or +president of the congregation, requested +Jesus to read the <foreign rend='italic'>Haphtara</foreign>, the lesson +from the prophets; and this he did, using +the cantillation with which we chant +words of Holy Scripture. Yet never heard +I one whose voice so thrilled me, and +brought home to one the import of the +great words; and this was strange, for his +accent was, as I had before noticed, that +of the Galilæan peasantry, at which we of +Jerusalem were wont to scoff. Then, after +the Law had been returned to the ark +with song and psalm, Jesus turned round +to the people on the <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign> and began his +discourse. It is near five-and-twenty years +since I heard him, and much have I +for<pb n='42'/><anchor id='Pg042'/>gotten in that long time. But many of his +sayings still ring in my ears, and I will +here put down, as far as possible in order, +all that I can remember of the discourse.<note place="foot">It must have been from a report of this discourse, +and that given on <ref target="Pg092">p. 92</ref>, that the majority of those utterances +of Jesus have been derived which are known in +modern theology as <q>Agrapha.</q>—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-top: 2"> +<q rend="post: none">It hath been written by the Prophet +Esaias: Behold, his reward is with him, +and his work before him. Yea, behold a +man and his work before him. He that +worketh not, let him not eat. Yet he that +plougheth, let him plough in hope; he +that thresheth, thresh in hope of partaking. +Howbeit, he who longs to be rich is +like a man who drinketh seawater: the +more he drinketh the more thirsty he becomes, +and never leaves off drinking till +he perish. Blessed is he who also fasts +that he may feed the poor: for it is more +blessed to give than to receive. Yet let +thy alms sweat into thy hands until thou +know to whom thou givest. Where there +are pains, thither hastens the physician: +that which is weak shall be saved by that +<pb n='43'/><anchor id='Pg043'/>which is strong. For the sake of the weak +I was weak, for the sake of the hungry I +hungered, for the sake of the thirsty I +thirsted. But woe to those who have yet +hypocritically taken from others; who are +able to help themselves, and yet wish to +take from others: for each man shall give +account in the day of judgment.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">That which thou hatest thou shalt not +do to another. Good things must come; +he is blessed through whom they come. +Love covereth a multitude of sins; so +never be joyful save when you look upon +your brother’s countenance in love. Let +not the sun go down upon your wrath. +For the greatest of crimes is this: if a +man shall sadden his brother’s spirit. +Blessed, too, are they who mourn for the +perdition of unbelievers. Do not give +occasion to the Wicked One. Who is the +Wicked One? He that tempts. Yet +none shall reach the kingdom of heaven +unless he have been tempted: for our +Father which is in heaven would rather +the repentance of a sinner than his correction. +Yet he will cleanse the house of his +kingdom from all offence. Be, therefore, +<pb n='44'/><anchor id='Pg044'/>careful and prudent and wise, lest any of +you be caught in the snares of the devil, +for that ancient enemy goes about buffeting.</q> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-bottom: 2"> +<q>If thou hast seen thy brother, thou +hast seen thy Lord, God the Father, whose +fatherland is everywhere, in heaven and +upon earth. Far and near, the Lord +knoweth his own. So grieve not the holy +spirit which is in you, nor extinguish the +light which shines in you. Guard the +flesh pure, and the signet spotless, so that +ye may take hold upon eternal life. For +our possessions are in heaven; therefore, +sons of men, purchase unto yourselves by +these transitory things which are not +yours, what is yours, and shall not pass +away.</q> +</p> + +<p> +I cannot tell thee, Aglaophonos, how +deeply this discourse affected me. Just as +the Hellenes are eager to find each day +some new beauty in man or the world, or +some new truth about the relation of +things, so we Hebrews rejoice in finding +new ideals in the relations of men. Each +of our Sages prides himself on +this—<pb n='45'/><anchor id='Pg045'/>that he has said some maxim of wisdom +that none had thought of before him, and +so each of them is remembered in the +minds of men by one or more of his favorite +maxims. But it is rare if in a whole +lifetime a sage sayeth more than one word +fit to be treasured up among men. Yet +was this man Jesus dropping pearls of +wisdom from his mouth in prodigal profusion. +As each memorable word fell +from his lips, a murmur of delighted surprise +passed round the synagogue, and +each man looked to his neighbor with +brightened eyes. Some of the thoughts, +indeed, I had heard from other of our +Sages, but never in so pointed a form, +surely never in such profusion from a +single sage. +</p> + +<p> +And if what was said delighted us, the +manner in which it was said entranced +us still more. The voice of the speaker +answered to the thoughts he expressed, as +the Kinnor of David, according to our +Sages, turned the wind into music. When +he spoke of love, his voice was as the +cooing dove; when he denounced the oppressor, +it clanged like a silver trumpet. +<pb n='46'/><anchor id='Pg046'/>Indeed, his whole countenance and bearing +changed in like manner, so that every +word he uttered seemed to be the outcome +of his whole being. +</p> + +<p> +But most of all was it the vividness of +his eyes that impressed his words upon +us. I had seen them flashing with scorn +in the Temple, I now saw them melting +with tenderness in the synagogue; and +there was this of strange in them, that +they seemed to speak other and deeper +words. As he gazed upon us, I felt as if +all my inmost being was bare to the gaze +of those eyes. They seemed to know all +my secret thoughts and sins; and yet I +felt not ashamed, for as they saw the sins, +so they seemed to speak forgiveness of +them. +</p> + +<p> +What I felt then, others felt with me, +for, as I afterwards learnt, each man felt +the same as the eyes of Jesus fell upon +him; and most curious it was that each +man thought as I did, that the eyes of the +speaker were upon him during the whole +of the discourse. I have seen here in Alexandria +portraits of men painted by your +subtlest artists, in which, from whatever +<pb n='47'/><anchor id='Pg047'/>place you looked at them, the eyes seemed +to gaze upon you. So was it with Jesus. +Not alone did I, who was, as a member of +the Sanhedrim, sitting immediately before +him, feel his eyes pierce to my soul, but all +who were in that synagogue felt the same. +Nor did the effect die away after I had +left the synagogue; for days and days +afterwards, whenever I closed my eyes, or +gazed for long on the wall, I could see the +eyes of Jesus, and with it his whole face +gazing upon me. +</p> + +<p> +I had left the synagogue a little before +the others, because a messenger had been +sent from the Sanhedrim to seek for a +member who should make up the quorum +of Twenty-Three; and this messenger, +hearing that a member of the Sanhedrim +was in the synagogue of the Galilæans, +sent in to summon me. When the sitting +was over, I sought for Jesus again, but +found that he had left the city. And for +a time I neither saw nor heard aught +more of him, save such rumors as came +to the Holy City from Galilee. About +this time many joined themselves unto +him, going whithersoever he went. Those, +<pb n='48'/><anchor id='Pg048'/>too, who had joined themselves to Jochanan +passed over to him, for Jochanan had been +slain by Herod, whom he had rebuked for +his wicked living. It was, indeed, said +that Herod had also captured this Jesus +when he found that he was following in +the footsteps of Jochanan; but this proved +to be untrue, and the multitude thronged +more and more after Jesus, and from this +time he began to teach them regularly, +after the manner of our Sages. Yet he +did not pronounce decisions of Halacha +on questions of our Law; indeed, he disclaimed +all interference with such questions. +<q>I am not come,</q> he said, <q>to take +away from the Law of Moses, nor to add +to the Law of Moses am I come.</q> Only +one saying of his have I heard of wherein +he said aught at variance with the Torah. +When the children of a man who had recently +died asked him in what way should +the property be divided, he said, <q>Let son +and daughter inherit alike.</q> In this, as in +other things, he was more favorable to +the claims of the women than the Law +and the Sages. For this reason, perhaps, +it was that many women followed after +<pb n='49'/><anchor id='Pg049'/>him, even joined in prayer with him and +those with him, against the custom of our +nation. Hence arose much scandal among +the more rigidly pious among us, who follow +the saying of Joseph ben Jochanan, +<q>Engage not in much converse with +women.</q> But I have heard naught of +evil that resulted from this free mingling +of men and women among his followers. +Yet Jesus was not against the due subordination +of women, for he also said, <q>Let +the wife be in subordination to her husband.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Thou must know that among us our +Sages are of two kinds, the Halachists and +the Hagadists. The former deal with matters +of the Law according to the tradition +they have received from their teacher; but +the latter expound the words of the +Scripture, and deal with the moral relations +of man to man. Some of our Sages, +indeed, like the great Hillel, who died +when I was a child, have been equally +masters both of the Halacha and the +Hagada; and in many ways the teaching +of Jesus seems to have resembled, if it did +not follow, that of Hillel. I must tell thee +<pb n='50'/><anchor id='Pg050'/>one anecdote about this Hillel which is +well known amongst us. He was distinguished +for his evenness of temper, and +men would often in sport try to make him +lose it. A heathen came before him one +day, and declared that he would become +a Jew if only Hillel would tell him the +whole Law while he stood upon one foot, +hoping thereby to irritate Hillel by his presumption. +But Hillel said only, <q>What +thou wilt not for thyself, do not to thy +neighbor. This is the whole of the Law; +all the rest is but commentary thereon. +Go and learn.</q> Now, among the disciples +of Hillel was one who compiled for +the heathen a summary of the Law in the +spirit of Hillel; and it seemed to me, from +what I heard of Jesus’ teaching, that he +had learnt much from this summary, which +is called <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Two Ways</hi>.</q> I will have +a copy written out for thee, for it is very +short. +</p> + +<p> +Now, in all the teaching of Jesus which +I heard of about this time, he seems to +have expanded, but in no wise modified, +the teaching of <q>The Two Ways.</q> Above +all, he seems to have warned men against +<pb n='51'/><anchor id='Pg051'/>the evil feelings within, that lead to sins +against the Law, and therein differed +somewhat from the practice of our Sages, +who think that by doing the Law and +keeping to it rightful feelings shall grow, +and evil thoughts fly away. +</p> + +<p> +Yet while in many ways Jesus seemed +to be of the School of Hillel, in others he +cast in his lot with the men among us who +claim to be especially favored of God, because—thou +wilt smile, Aglaophonos—because +they are poor. Thou hast read +our Psalms, and knowest with what insistence +the poor and the righteous, the rich +and the wicked, are identified in them. +Many of our nation have taken this to +heart, and as it were pride themselves +upon their humility, as some of them call +themselves <foreign rend='italic'>Ebionim</foreign>, or the Poor; some, +the <foreign rend='italic'>Zaddikim</foreign>, or Righteous; some, <foreign rend='italic'>Chasidim</foreign>, +or Pious. Thou canst not call them +a sect, for in a way they include the whole +nation. In the Eighteen Blessings which +form the staple of our daily prayers, the +Lord is blessed as the Guardian and Refuge +of the <foreign rend='italic'>Zaddikim</foreign>. Now, it was chiefly +among these men, whether they called +<pb n='52'/><anchor id='Pg052'/>themselves <foreign rend='italic'>Ebionim</foreign>, or <foreign rend='italic'>Zaddikim</foreign>, or +<foreign rend='italic'>Chasidim</foreign>, that Jesus found his chief adherents, +though he seems to give his preference +to the <foreign rend='italic'>Ebionim</foreign>, who have always +been insisting upon the blessedness of the +poor. Now, these men consider themselves +to be beyond all others the servants of the +Lord, and identify themselves with that +picture of the servant which has been +given by the Prophet Esaias. Thus in +all these ways Jesus appealed to the more +earnest part of our nation, and in him +were conjoined most of the movements +that had touched us most deeply. If any +had said at this time, <q>Jesus the Nazarene +is a follower of Jochanan the Baptizer, and +preaches <q>The Two Ways</q> to the Poor,</q> +none could have gainsaid him. +</p> + +<p> +Yet all were wondering what he would +say to the other side of our nation’s hopes. +The life of our nation had begun with a +deliverance; our chief national feast recalls +that deliverance from Egypt to us every +year as the spring comes round. We have +become subject to all the great kingdoms +that have grown up round us, yet again and +again we have been delivered from each. +<pb n='53'/><anchor id='Pg053'/>Thou and I have often wondered how it +has come about that both Hellenes and +Hebrews, who feel ourselves in different +ways higher than these stolid Romans +who rule us, have yet become subject to +them. Thy nation hath acquiesced in +their rule; my people never will. Every +man who promises greatness among us is +hoped for as the Deliverer. Many men +about this time began to ask, Will Jesus +the Nazarene be the Deliverer? +</p> + +<pb n='54'/><anchor id='Pg054'/> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg055'/> +<index index="toc" level1="IV. The Two Ways"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="IV. The Two Ways"/> +<head>IV.<lb/>THE TWO WAYS.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg056'/> + +<pb n='57'/><anchor id='Pg057'/> + +<p> +Now, this is the <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>Catechism of the +Two Ways</hi></q> which I have had copied out +for thee, for in it is the essence of the +teaching of Jesus, as he himself recognized +in speaking to me, as thou wilt +shortly hear. +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">There are two ways, one of life and +one of death, but there is a great difference +between the two ways. Now, the +way of life is this: first, Thou shalt love +God who made thee; secondly, thy neighbor +as thyself, and all things whatsoever +thou wouldest not should be done to thee, +do thou also not do to another. Thou +shalt not kill, thou shalt not commit adultery, +thou shalt not corrupt boys, thou +shalt not commit fornication, thou shalt +not steal, thou shalt not use witchcraft, +thou shalt not use enchantments, thou +shalt not kill an infant whether before or +after birth, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s +goods.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='58'/><anchor id='Pg058'/> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not forswear thyself, thou +shalt not bear false witness, thou shalt not +revile, thou shalt not bear malice.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not be double-minded nor +double-tongued; for duplicity of tongue is +a snare of death.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thy speech shall not be false nor vain.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not be covetous, nor an +extortioner, nor a hypocrite, nor malignant, +nor haughty. Thou shalt not take +evil counsel against thy neighbor.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt hate no man, but some +thou shalt rebuke, and for some thou shalt +pray, and some thou shalt love above thine +own soul.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, flee from all evil, and from +all that is like unto it.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Be not soon angry, for anger leadeth +to murder; nor given to party-spirit, nor +contentious, nor quick-tempered, for from +all these are generated murders.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, be not lustful, for lust leadeth +to fornication; neither be a filthy +talker, nor a lifter-up of the eyes, for from +all these things are generated adulteries.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, be not thou an observer of +birds, for it leadeth to idolatry; nor a +<pb n='59'/><anchor id='Pg059'/>charmer, nor an astrologer, nor a user of +purifications; nor be thou willing to look +on those things, for from all these is generated +idolatry.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, be not a liar, for lying leadeth +to theft; nor a lover of money, nor +fond of vainglory, for from all these things +are generated thefts.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, be not a murmurer, for it +leadeth to blasphemy; neither self-willed, +nor evil-minded, for from all these things +are generated blasphemies.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Be thou long-suffering, and merciful, +and harmless, and quiet, and good, and +trembling continually at the words which +thou hast heard.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not exalt thyself, nor shalt +thou give presumption to thy soul. Thy +soul shall not be joined to the lofty, but +with the just and lowly shalt thou converse.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">The events that happen to thee shalt +thou accept as good, knowing that without +God nothing taketh place.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, thou shalt remember night +and day him that speaketh to thee the +word of God.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='60'/><anchor id='Pg060'/> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But thou shalt seek out day by day +the faces of the saints, that thou mayest +rest in their words.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not desire division, but +shalt make peace between those at strife; +so thou shalt judge justly. Thou shalt +not respect a person in rebuking for transgressions.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not be of two minds +whether it shall be or not.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Be not one that stretcheth out his +hands to receive, but shutteth them close +for giving.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">If thou hast, thou shalt give with thine +hands a ransom for thy sins.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not hesitate to give, nor +when thou givest shalt thou murmur, for +thou shalt know who is the good recompenser +of the reward.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not turn away from him +that needeth, but shalt share all things +with thy brother, and shalt not say that +they are thine own; for if ye are fellow-sharers +in that which is imperishable, how +much more in perishable things.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not take away thine hand +from thy son or from thy daughter, but +<pb n='61'/><anchor id='Pg061'/>from their youth up shalt thou teach them +the fear of God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not in thy bitterness lay +commands on thy man-servant or thy +maid-servant, who hope in the same God, +lest they should not fear him who is God +over you both; for He cometh not to call +men according to the outward appearance, +but to those whom the Spirit hath prepared.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But ye, servants, shall be subject to +your masters as to a figure of God in +reverence and fear.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt hate all hypocrisy, and +everything which is not pleasing to the +Lord.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not forsake the commandments +of the Lord, but shalt keep what +thou hast received, neither adding thereto +nor taking away from it.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt confess thy transgressions, +and shalt not come to thy prayer with an +evil conscience. This is the way of life.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But the way of death is this. First of +all, it is evil and full of curse; murders, +adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries, +witchcrafts, sorceries, robberies, +false-<pb n='62'/><anchor id='Pg062'/>witnessings, hypocrisies, double-heartedness, +deceit, pride, wickedness, self-will, +covetousness, filthy talking, jealousy, presumption, +haughtiness, flattery.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Persecutors of the good, hating truth, +loving a lie, not knowing the reward of +righteousness, not cleaving to that which +is good nor to righteous judgment, watching +not for the good but for the evil, far +from whom is meekness and patience, loving +vain things, seeking after reward, not +pitying the poor, not toiling with him who +is vexed with toil, not knowing Him that +made them, murderers of children, destroyers +of the image of God, turning away +from him that is in need, vexing him that +is afflicted, advocates of the rich, lawless +judges of the poor, wholly sinful.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Take heed that no one make thee to +err from this way of teaching, since he +teacheth thee not according to God.</q> +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg063'/> +<index index="toc" level1="V. The Woman taken in Adultery. The Rich Young Man"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="V. The Woman taken in Adultery. The Rich Young Man"/> +<head>V.<lb/>THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY.<lb/>THE RICH YOUNG MAN.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg064'/> + +<pb n='65'/><anchor id='Pg065'/> + +<p> +It must have been many months after I +had heard him discourse in the Galilæan +synagogue that I again saw Jesus the +Nazarene. We in Jerusalem had our own +concerns to think of. +</p> + +<p> +At this time the long monopoly of rule +by the Sadducees was gradually being +broken. Of the three divisions of the +Sanhedrim, that of the ordinary Israelites +had become almost entirely composed of +the Pharisees; I myself had been elected +as one of that party, and even in the other +two sections of the Priests and of the +Levites, many, especially among the latter, +held with the Pharisees. Nor was this +without influence upon the political issues +of the times. The Sadducees, being the +sacerdotal party, had no cause why they +should be dissatisfied with the position +they held in the State under the Romans; +but we of the Pharisees felt far otherwise +about the national hopes for deliverance. +<pb n='66'/><anchor id='Pg066'/>Since my days the influence of the Pharisees +has become predominant in the +nation, and I foresee that the struggle +between us and the Romans cannot be +delayed for long. At the time of which +I am writing, the hegemony had not yet +passed over to the Pharisees, and it was +of import for us all to know whether any +man of influence was on our side, or on +that of the Sadducees, or whether he cared +for neither, and cast in his lot with the +smaller sects. +</p> + +<p> +Now, it happened about this time that I +was attending my place in the Sanhedrim +of Israelites, to judge of a case of adultery. +But in this matter our Sages, and especially +those of the Pharisaic tradition, had +made great changes in the Law as laid +down for us by Moses; for he, as thou +knowest, commands that a woman taken +in adultery shall be stoned to death. Now, +for a long time among us there has been +an increasing horror of inflicting the +death penalty. If a Sanhedrim inflicts +capital punishment more than once in +seven years, it is called a Sanhedrim of +murderers. Yet the Law of Moses +de<pb n='67'/><anchor id='Pg067'/>clared that whosoever was guilty of adultery +would be put to death. What, then, +was to be done? It is against the principle +of justice that any should be punished +for an offence of which he is ignorant. +Hence, in capital offences, our Sages, to +mercy inclined, have laid it down that a +man must be assumed to be ignorant of +the guilt of the offence, unless it be proved +that he had been solemnly warned of its +gravity; and in our Law proof can only +be given by two simultaneous witnesses. +Hence it is impossible to obtain conviction +for a woman who hath committed +adultery, unless proof is given that she +hath been previously warned by two persons +at once. This can scarcely ever be. +No Jewish woman in my time has ever +been stoned as the Law commands for +this sin. Some think that this is too +great a leniency, and of evil result for the +morality of the folk. +</p> + +<p> +When I arrived at the hall of polished +stones near the Temple, in which the Sanhedrim +holds its sittings, the trial had +nearly come to a conclusion. The inquiry +had been made if any two credible +wit<pb n='68'/><anchor id='Pg068'/>nesses had given the woman the preliminary +caution, and none answering to the +call, it remained only for the <foreign rend='italic'>Ab Beth Din</foreign>, +the president of the court, to dismiss the +prisoner with the words of caution and +advice which are customary on such +occasions: <q>My daughter, perhaps thou +wert led into sin by too much wine, or by +thoughtlessness, or perhaps by thy youth; +perchance it was mixing in crowds, or +wicked companions that led thee to sin: +go, and for the sake of the great Name, +do not bring it to pass that thou must be +destroyed by the water of jealousy.</q> And +with these words the court was dismissed, +and several of us were appointed to take +the woman to her home, and induce the +man, her husband, to take her to him once +again. Now, as we were passing through +the courts of the Temple, we saw Jesus +the Nazarene in one of the smaller courts, +seated, teaching the people, some of whom +sat at his feet. But it seemed to some of +us a favorable opportunity to test what he +would say as regards the Law of Moses +relating to adultery: for if he would declare +that the Law must be carried out in all its +<pb n='69'/><anchor id='Pg069'/>rigor, that would show that our Sages were +more merciful than he; if, on the other +hand, he adopted the opinion of our Sages, +that would in so far commit him to support +their attitude towards the Law in general. +In any case, it seemed a suitable occasion +to test his power of dealing with the Law, +and it is customary among us to put such +test cases before the younger Sages. +</p> + +<p> +We therefore turned aside and entered +into the smaller court, and all rose to do +honor to the Sanhedrim. Then one of us +said to him, <q>Rabbi, this woman was taken +in adultery, in the very act. Now, Moses +in the Law hath commanded that such +should be stoned: what sayest thou?</q> +Now, when the man told him that the +woman had been taken in the very act of +adultery, a deep blush passed over his face, +and he turned his eyes downwards. Then +he bent down to the ground, hiding his +face altogether from us, and writing, as it +were, something on the sand of the floor. +Now, at first, I thought of the cry of the +money-changers that I had heard, and felt +ashamed in my soul that such a question +should be brought before this man, of all +<pb n='70'/><anchor id='Pg070'/>men: for our Sages have said, <q>The greatest +of sins is this—to bring a blush upon +thy neighbor’s face in public.</q> But the +others thought not of this, but once more +they asked him, <q>Rabbi, what sayest thou +shall be done in this case?</q> Then, without +raising his head, Jesus said in a low +tone, <q>Let him among you that is without +sin cast the first stone.</q> Then we saw that +his shame had been for us, and for our +want of feeling in putting such a question +in the very presence of her who had sinned. +And in this matter we hold that sin can +be in thought as well as in act, and which +of us could say that we were without sin +even in thought? So, in very shame, we +turned and went, and left Jesus alone with +the woman. +</p> + +<p> +Yet, after we had come away from him, +Matathias ben Meshullam said, <q>That is +well,—we are rightly rebuked; but yet, +dost thou not see that this man hath not +answered our question, nor do we know, as +we wished, what attitude he takes towards +the carrying out of the Law? I hear that +each morning he preaches to the people in +the Temple. Let us now tomorrow +<pb n='71'/><anchor id='Pg071'/>put such questions to him that he cannot +evade, and find out to which of our +parties he belongs; for this is a man that +is getting great weight with the people, +and it imports us to know where he stands +with regard to us.</q> So it was determined +among us that the next morning a Sadducee +and a Pharisee should put to him +queries which should determine what views +he held on the great questions which distinguished +the two great parties of the +State. +</p> + +<p> +But that very afternoon I was to learn +that this Jesus had to deal with questions +with which none of our parties concerned +themselves. For, as I was coming near to +Gethsemane, I met Jesus with a band of +men and women going out towards Bethany, +and I passed them with the salutation +of <q>Peace.</q> But as I passed, a young +man whom I knew, that had recently come +into great possessions upon the death of +his father, came up and asked, <q>Who is +that man whom thou hast just greeted?</q> +and I said, <q>Jesus the Nazarene.</q> Then, +suddenly, he set off running to catch them +up, and being curious, I turned and +fol<pb n='72'/><anchor id='Pg072'/>lowed him. When I reached them I found +the young man kneeling before Jesus, gazing +up to him, and he said, <q>Good Master, +I have inherited great possessions; what +shall I do that I may inherit the life everlasting?</q> +Jesus said to him, <q>Call not me +<q>Good;</q> none is good but the One. If +thou wouldest enter into life, do the commandments.</q> +The young man asked, +<q>Which?</q> Jesus said, using the doctrine +of <q>The Two Ways,</q> <q>Do not kill, do not +commit adultery, do not steal, do not bear +false witness, do not defraud, honor thy +father and thy mother, and love thy neighbor +as thyself.</q> Then the young man +said, <q>All these things have I kept from +my youth up: what lack I yet?</q> Then +Jesus said, <q>One thing thou lackest: go +thy way, sell all thou hast, and give unto +the poor, and thou shalt have heavenly +treasures: come then and follow me.</q> +The young man began to scratch his head, +and seemed in doubt. Then Jesus said +unto him, <q>How is it thou canst say, <q>I +have done the Law and the Prophets,</q> +since it is written in the Law, <q>Thou shalt +love thy neighbor as thyself</q>? Behold, +<pb n='73'/><anchor id='Pg073'/>many of thy brothers, sons of Abraham, +are clothed but in dung, and die for hunger, +while thy house is full of many goods, +and there goeth not forth aught from it +unto them.</q> But the young man rose, and +went away in sorrow and confusion. Then +Jesus looked round upon those who were +there, and said, <q>How hard it is for them +that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom +of God! It is easier for an elephant +to go through a needle’s eye, as the saying +is, than for a rich man to enter into the +kingdom of God.</q> Then a murmur arose +among all those present, and they began +to move on, and I left them. And I said +to myself, <q>This man is neither Pharisee, +nor Sadducee, nor Herodian; these be the +thoughts of the Ebionim.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='74'/><anchor id='Pg074'/> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg075'/> +<index index="toc" level1="VI. The Testings in the Temple"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="VI. The Testings in the Temple"/> +<head>VI.<lb/>THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg076'/> + +<pb n='77'/><anchor id='Pg077'/> + +<p> +Now, on the morrow, many of us who +had agreed together to test the opinions of +this Jesus went to the Temple and found +Jesus walking in the corridors. Then he +that was of most authority among us said +unto Jesus, <q>Rabbi, we would ask certain +questions of thee;</q> and Jesus answered, +<q>Ask, and it shall be answered unto thee.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Thou must know that among us Jews +there be two chief schools of thought, or +rather thou mightest say, parties of the +State. The one holds with the High +Priest and the rulers, and is mainly made +up of those whom ye Hellenes call the +Best, and their retainers. These be known +as the Sadducees, for their leaders are +mainly of the family of the High Priest +Sadduk. Now, the other party is in some +sort the party of the Demos, in that they +seek to lessen the power of the High +Priests and their families. But with us, +as thou knowest, all things turn upon +reli<pb n='78'/><anchor id='Pg078'/>gion, and this second party differ chiefly +from the Sadducees, for that they are more +in earnest with the matters of the Law, +and chiefly they fear the influence of thy +nation, Aglaophonos, in drawing the Israelite +away from the Law. Therefore have +they increased precept upon precept, so as +to make, as they say, a fence round the +Law. And as they would separate themselves +from the heathen by this fence, they +call themselves Pharisees, that is, Separatists. +</p> + +<p> +Now, it was nowise easy to learn whether +a man was of the one party or the other. +For he might be eager for the Law, and so +be Pharisaic in color, and yet approve of +the dominion of the priests, and thus be +a Sadducee. Yet in one chief matter of +thought they went asunder contrariwise, +and that was concerning the resurrection +of the dead. Now, with regard to that, +the Sadducees held that naught was said +in the Law of Moses, and therefore no son +of Israel need concern himself with it. But +the Pharisees, on the other hand, laid great +weight upon this. So here was a touchstone +by which to learn whether this Jesus +<pb n='79'/><anchor id='Pg079'/>followed the one or the other of the two +great divisions of our nation. +</p> + +<p> +Then, as was agreed upon, Kamithos +the Sadducee came forward to ask him the +question which should determine whether +he held with them that there was no resurrection +from the dead, or with the rest of +the nation. He said, <q>Rabbi, it is written +in the Torah, if brethren dwell together, +and one of them die and have no son, the +wife of the dead one shall not marry without, +unto a stranger; her husband’s brother +shall take her to him to wife, and raise +up seed unto his brother. Suppose, now, +there are seven brethren, and the first +takes a wife, and dying leaves no son; and +the second takes her, as is our custom, and +dies without leaving any seed; and the +third likewise, and so on, till the whole +seven had married her, and yet had no +son; then the woman dies also: when +they shall rise from the dead together, +whose wife shall she be of them? for all +seven had her to wife.</q> And Jesus answered +and said, <q>Ye are at fault, and +know not the Scriptures, nor the power of +God; for in the resurrection they neither +<pb n='80'/><anchor id='Pg080'/>marry, nor are given in marriage, but are +even as the angels which are in heaven. +And as an indication from Scripture that +the dead rise, is it not written in the book +of Moses, when God spake to him from +the bush, saying, <q>I am the God of Abraham, +and the God of Isaac, and the God +of Jacob</q>? He is not the God of the +dead, but the God of the living: therefore +are ye in error.</q> +</p> + +<p> +And we were surprised at the subtlety +of the man; and chiefly men marvelled at +the wisdom of this man in finding what +we call a support, that is, a text of Scripture +on which to hang the doctrine of the +life after death, which many believe to +have grown up among us since the sacred +Scriptures were written: for in them little, +if anything, was said of the world to come. +Now, Jesus in his answer had happened +upon a text which said that Abraham and +Isaac and Jacob were living when they +were dead to this world, and the people +marvelled greatly thereat. +</p> + +<p> +Now, it had been agreed upon, that +after the Sadducees had asked their question +and been answered, I should stand +<pb n='81'/><anchor id='Pg081'/>forth and test this man Jesus on behalf of +the Pharisees. Now, one of our Sages +hath said, <q>Be as careful of a little precept +as of a great one;</q> whereas our great +master Hillel had, as I have told thee, +summed up the whole Law in one precept, +<q>Love thy neighbor as thyself.</q> Therefore, +we of the Pharisees wished to know +whether this Jesus agreed with the one +sage or the other; so I spake unto him +and said, <q>Rabbi, which is the first commandment, +by doing which I shall inherit +the life everlasting?</q> But at first he answered +me not directly, but said, <q>How +readest thou?</q> Then I remembered me +the words of the <q>Catechism of the Two +Ways,</q> and answered, <q>Thou shalt love +the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and +with all thy strength, and with all thy +mind, and thy neighbor as thyself: whatsoever +thou wouldest not for thyself, do +not to another.</q> And he said unto me, +<q>Thou hast answered right; and the first +of the commandments is the <foreign rend='italic'>Shema</foreign>: +<q>Hear, O Israel; the Lord thy God is +one God.</q> And the second is like, namely +this: <q>Thou shalt love thy neighbor as +<pb n='82'/><anchor id='Pg082'/>thyself.</q> There is none other commandment +greater than these. This do, and +thou shalt live.</q> Then I was rejoiced, +and said unto him, <q>Well, Rabbi, thou +hast said the truth: there is one God, and +there is none other but him; and to love +him with all the heart, and with all the +understanding, and with all the soul, and +all the strength, and to love one’s neighbor +as one’s self, is more than all the burnt +offerings and sacrifices.</q> Then Jesus became +gracious unto me, and said, <q>Thou +art not far from the kingdom of God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +But then I would learn further from this +man who spake so well, and ask him the +question which is current in our schools +on this subject, and I said to him, <q>But, +Rabbi, who is my neighbor?</q> and he +answered with a <foreign rend='italic'>mashal</foreign>, or parable, and +said, <q>To what is the matter like? A +certain man was going down from Jerusalem +to Jericho; and he fell among robbers, +which both stripped him and beat +him, and departed, leaving him half dead. +And by chance a certain priest was going +down that way: and when he saw him, he +passed by on the other side. And in like +<pb n='83'/><anchor id='Pg083'/>manner a Levite also, when he came to +the place, and saw him, passed by on the +other side. But a certain Israelite,<note place="foot">The gospel version reads <q>Samaritan.</q>—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> as +he journeyed, came where he was: and +when he saw him, he was moved with +compassion, and came to him, and bound +up his wounds, pouring on them oil and +wine; and he set him on his own beast, +and brought him to an inn, and took care +of him. And on the morrow he took out +two pence, and gave them to the host, and +said, <q>Take care of him; and whatsoever +thou spendest more, I, when I come back +again, will repay thee.</q> Which of these +three, thinkest thou, proved neighbor unto +him that fell among the robbers?</q> Then +I said, <q>Not the priest, nor the Levite, +though they held office in Israel, but the +simple Israelite who showed mercy upon +him.</q> Then Jesus said unto me, <q>Go and +do thou likewise;</q> and at this moment we +were all summoned to the mid-day sacrifice +in the Temple. +</p> + +<p> +When Jesus had departed, after the sacrifice, +we all met together and discussed +his answers, which had stamped him in +<pb n='84'/><anchor id='Pg084'/>our minds as a master in the art of question +and answer, which is with us as favorable +a trial of skill as oratory or poetry +with you Hellenes. Now, as regards the +question of the Sadducees, men thought +he had spoken more openly; for though +he had evaded a direct answer to the +question of the seven brothers and their +wife, he had yet implied that they all +would have a part in the life to come. +Some regretted that the question had not +been put differently, and the problem set—if +a son had been born through the +seventh brother: for this might have +thrown light upon the question of the +schools, whether the brother’s widow was +to be still regarded as his wife if seed had +been raised to him after his death. But +as to the support which Jesus had taken +from Scripture for the life everlasting, +though here again he had answered question +by question, it was decided that he +was against the Sadducees on this point. +</p> + +<p> +But on the questions which I had put +to him, all had agreed that he had answered +as a Pharisee, even as Hillel might +have answered, for he had yea-said the +<pb n='85'/><anchor id='Pg085'/>doctrine which I had cited from the beginning +of <q>The Two Ways</q> in which the +doctrine of Hillel is summed up; and even +as to my further question, as to who is the +<foreign rend='italic'>chaber</foreign>, or neighbor, though opinions were +divided, most thought that he had spoken +as a Pharisee might have spoken: for +thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that our nation +is divided into three great classes—the +<foreign rend='italic'>Cohanim</foreign>, or Priests; the Levites; +and the common Israelites. Now, of these, +the two former are the officials of the +Temple, and most if not all of the Sadducees +are from this class. And, in declaring +himself on the side of the third +class of simple Israelites, Jesus had, we all +thought, declared himself on the side of +the Pharisees. +</p> + +<pb n='86'/><anchor id='Pg086'/> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg087'/> +<index index="toc" level1="VII. The Second Sermon"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="VII. The Second Sermon"/> +<head>VII.<lb/>THE SECOND SERMON.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg088'/> + +<pb n='89'/><anchor id='Pg089'/> + +<p> +I cannot clearly remember at what +season of the year it was that I next saw +Jesus; indeed, I am surprised to think +that, after the lapse of nearly five-and-twenty +years, I can still remember almost +all that passed on the various occasions +when I was in his presence. Yet I think +it was about the time of the feast which +we hold in memory of the rededication of +the Temple under the Maccabæans that +I again saw and heard the Galilæan stranger; +for I mind me that I had just been +taking the eight-branch candlestick which +we use in the ceremonials of this feast to +Petachayah the silversmith to be mended, +when on my return I saw a throng collected +round the synagogue of the Galilæans, +and entering in, found that Jesus was +to preach that day. The same ceremonial +was gone through as I have already described +to thee: the Law was taken from +the ark with rejoicing; priest and Levite +<pb n='90'/><anchor id='Pg090'/>and four ordinary Israelites were summoned +to hear it read, and again the +crier called, <q>Let Rabbi Joshua, the son +of Rabbi Joseph, arise.</q> Now, it chanced +that this time, I, as a member of the Sanhedrim, +was summoned to the reading of +the Law immediately after Jesus, and for a +time, as is customary, we stood together +upon the <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign>. I observed that, as the +reading of the Law proceeded, the eyes of +the Nazarene became fixed upon the ark, +and a veil of mysterious tenderness seemed +to come over them, as if he were in communion +with the <foreign rend='italic'>Shechinah</foreign>, or Glory, itself. +It seemed to me that afterwards, +when he read the <foreign rend='italic'>Haphtara</foreign> from the prophets, +and when he preached, something +remained in him of this mystical communion. +</p> + +<p> +Perhaps it was for this that we seemed +to miss that sense of individual address +which we had before observed in his eyes. +No longer did these speak to us other and +deeper thoughts than the words of the +preacher; they seemed to dream of divine +things, and so caused us also to be rapt +in mystic musings. I cannot on this +ac<pb n='91'/><anchor id='Pg091'/>count recall for you all or even many of +the words which he uttered on this occasion. +He began with some plain teaching +about practice. Soon he went on to speak +of himself in a marvellous way, as if he +would imply that communion with him +and with the Most High were one and the +same, and then in his last words he seemed +to speak of the Last Things. And here +again his words seemed as if he identified +himself with the great Judge. +</p> + +<p> +Now, this is not so strange to our mode +of thinking in Israel as thou mightest +think. Almost all our prophets speak the +oracles of God as if they were using the +very words of the Lord. Thou canst read +in the Greek translation of the Seventy +many passages of the prophets in which +the very words of the Lord are given. +Yet in most, if not all, cases the prophet +beginneth, <q>Thus saith the Lord,</q> or endeth, +<q>This is the word of the Lord.</q> But +with this Jesus it was otherwise. He +spoke as the ancient prophets do, but +whether from his rapt intentness in the +message he was delivering, or because he +felt his spirit for the time merged in the +<pb n='92'/><anchor id='Pg092'/>divine, he spoke as if the message was his. +And as he spoke, I saw looks of amazement +pass between many in the synagogue, +and one old graybeard rose as if to +protest, and then, shaking his withered +hands above his head, went out of the +synagogue. +</p> + +<p> +I will here set down for thee as many of +the words that fell from Jesus’ lips on this +occasion as I can remember. They are +but few, but many of them are weighty, +and I have told thee above the general +lines of thought which seemed to run +through his discourse; and these are the +words as far as I remember them.<note place="foot">See note on <ref target="Pg042">p. 42</ref>.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-top: 2"> +<q rend="post: none">Cultivate faith and hope, through +which is born that love of God and man +which gives the eternal life. Those are +the sons of God who walk in the spirit of +God. What you preach before the folk, +do in deed before every one. Accept not +anything from any man, and possess not +anything in this world. For the Father +wisheth to be given to each man from his +own gifts. Cleave unto the saints: for +<pb n='93'/><anchor id='Pg093'/>they that cleave unto them shall be sanctified. +Yet shall there be schisms and heresies: +for there is a shame which leadeth +to death, as there is a shame which leadeth +to life. Is it not enough for the disciples +to be as the Master? If in a little +you are not faithful, who shall give unto +you what is much? Seek the great, and +the little will be added to you; seek the +heavenly, and the things of earth will be +superadded.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">He that wonders shall reign, he who +reigns shall find rest. My secret is for +me, and for those that are mine are the +things which eye saw not, and ear heard +not, which entered not into the heart of +man, whatsoever things God prepared for +them that love him. Those who wish to +see me, and wish to cling to the kingdom, +must take me through affliction and suffering. +For he that is near me is near the +fire, he that is far from me is far from the +kingdom. Where one is, there too am I; +where twain are, there too will I be. As +any of you sees himself in the water or in +the mirror, so let him see me in himself.</q> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-bottom: 2"> +<q>They that love me shall receive the +<pb n='94'/><anchor id='Pg094'/>crown. I will choose me the good, those +good whom my Father in the heavens +hath given me. Let the lawless continue +in lawlessness, the just be justified. Behold, +I make the last as the first, and all +things new. In whatsoever state I find +you, in that also will I judge you.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Never heard I any who spoke of himself +as this man did. For days and days afterwards +some of his words came to me again +and again. Whenever I was alone I +seemed to hear his voice saying, <q>Where +one is, there too am I; where twain are, +there too will I be.</q> Whenever I gazed +on the running stream or looked on the +polished steel of the mirror, again I seemed +to hear him say, <q>As any of you sees himself +in the water or in the mirror, so let +him see me in himself.</q> And, in truth, at +times my features seemed to fade away, +and the face of Jesus gaze upon me. +</p> + +<p> +Others thought not as I. When we +assembled after the sermon, to talk over it, +as is our custom, I found that most had +been chiefly touched by certain sayings at +the end of the sermon, in which Jesus +<pb n='95'/><anchor id='Pg095'/>seemed to speak of the future life and the +last judgment. Thou knowest, Aglaophonos, +that with regard to these matters +I incline more to the teaching of the Sadducean +sect, who hold that Holy Scripture +speaketh not of these things, and +that, therefore, we need not and should +not think thereon. But there were few +who held that doctrine in the synagogue +that day, and these thought most of the +words in which Jesus seemed to claim the +prerogatives of the Divine Judge. <q>I was +amazed,</q> quoth Serachyah ben Pinchas, +<q>when he spoke of judging us himself in +the last days: it wanted but a little that I +had rent my garments at the blasphemy. +But surely, thought I to myself, the man +will shortly tell us, <q>These are the words +of the Lord,</q> and so I refrained.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now I will tell thee of a most strange +event that happened with me and this +Jesus. A day or two after this, I was +sitting in my room and studying the +words of Torah, and had fallen into deep +thought on the things of this life and the +next, and gradually I fell thinking of certain +words that I had heard from Jesus +<pb n='96'/><anchor id='Pg096'/>the Nazarene, as I have before told you. +Hast thou ever felt, Aglaophonos, as if +some one was gazing upon thee, and thou +couldst not refrain from looking round to +see who it was? So I felt at this moment, +and I looked up from the sacred scroll, and +lo! Jesus the Nazarene stood before me, +gazing upon me with those piercing eyes +I can never forget. His face was pale +and indistinct, but the eyes shone forth +as if with tenderness and pity. Then he +seemed to lean forward, and spoke to me +in a low yet piercing voice these words: +<q>Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from +the dead, and the Christ shall shine upon +thee.</q> I had shrunk back from his gaze, +and was, indeed, in all amaze and wonder +that he should be in the room; but when I +looked again, behold, he was gone, there +was no man there. +</p> + +<p> +But this is not all the wonder of that +event, for, being startled, and, indeed, +somewhat fearful at his sudden appearance +and disappearance, I arose and went +out into the highway, and went out to +walk on the Gethsemane road. Now, as I +came clear of the city, I saw a group of +<pb n='97'/><anchor id='Pg097'/>men coming down the opposite hill, and +when they came near, behold, it was Jesus +and some of his friends. I was astonished +and surprised beyond all measure, for how +could Jesus have just been with me, and +be now coming from Gethsemane? And +when they were passing me, Jesus glanced +at me very slightly, as at a stranger—he +that had spoken to my soul but a few +minutes since. +</p> + +<p> +Now, after they had passed me, there +came one running after them whom I knew—one +Meshullam ben Hanoch—and I +stopped him and asked him whither he +was going, and he said, <q>Stay me not. +I have run all the way from Bethany to +catch up that man thou seest there, Jesus +the Nazarene;</q> and with that he took up +his running and left me. +</p> + +<p> +I knew not what to think. I had seen +and heard Jesus in my own house in Jerusalem, +and lo! at that very same time, as +I now learned, he had been at Bethany. +What thinkest thou, Aglaophonos,—can +a man be in two places at one and the +same time? or can it be that the mind of +man, and the power of his eye, can go +<pb n='98'/><anchor id='Pg098'/>forth from his body and create a vision of +another man that hath all the semblance +of reality? I know not what to think; +but I have heard that, even after his death, +those who were nearest and dearest to +Jesus saw him and heard him even as I +did. Nor do I wonder at this, after what +has occurred to myself. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg099'/> +<index index="toc" level1="VIII. The Rebuking of Jesus"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="VIII. The Rebuking of Jesus"/> +<head>VIII.<lb/>THE REBUKING OF JESUS.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg100'/> + +<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> + +<p> +Now, it chanced that about this time +I was invited to a feast at the house of +Elisha ben Simeon, one of the leaders of +the Pharisees in Jerusalem. His son had +become thirteen years old that week, and, +as is our custom, was received into the +holy congregation as a Son of the Covenant +on the Sabbath. He had been summoned +up to the reading of the Law, and +had himself read aloud a portion of it; for +from this day onward he was to be treated +in all matters of religion as if he were a +man. Being a friend of his father, I had +attended his synagogue, and heard the +lad’s pure voice for the first time in his life +declare publicly his faith in the Most High. +</p> + +<p> +After the service in the synagogue, his +friends accompanied the father and the lad +to their house, and with them went I, who +had known the father from our schoolboy +days, and the little lad from the time of his +birth. +</p> + +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/> + +<p> +Now, it chanced that, as we came near +the door of Elisha’s house, we met Jesus the +Nazarene, and two or three with him. So +Elisha greeted them, and invited them +courteously to join the feast, as is the custom +among us. And Jesus and the others +assented, and followed into the house with +us. <q>To table, to table!</q> cried Elisha, +pointing to the couches standing round +the well-filled board. +</p> + +<p> +When we were all seated, the host and +his son came round with an ewer and basin +to perform the washing of the hands prescribed +by the Law. But when they came +to the Galilæan strangers, these refused, +saying, <q>We wash not before meals.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Then we must serve ye last,</q> said +Elisha, with a smile. But the others took +not the matter so pleasantly; for since we +have one common dish, which is handed +round to the guests for them to take their +food with their fingers, it is considered +gross ill-breeding for a man not to perform +the ceremony of washing before meals. +</p> + +<p> +Then Elisha took a seat at the centre +of the table, and said the grace before +meals. Then he broke bread, and, +dip<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/>ping a morsel into salt for each of the +guests, he called his son to him to carry +it round. When he saw that each of the +guests had a piece of bread dipped in salt, +Elisha recited the blessing on the bread, +<q>Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, who +bringest forth bread from the earth,</q> and +all said <q>Amen.</q> And one of the guests +said to Elisha, <q>I am glad we are not in +Babylon.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>How so, Phineas?</q> said Elisha to the +man, who was well known at all feasts at +that time in Jerusalem. +</p> + +<p> +And Phineas said, <q>For there they only +eat bread with their bread.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, that would not suit thee, Phineas. +Thou art no Nazarite;</q> and most of the +guests who knew him laughed. +</p> + +<p> +Then Elisha clapped his hands, and the +slaves took round the first course of salted +fish; then afterwards the cold baked meats—for, +being the Sabbath, the food had +been prepared the day before. +</p> + +<p> +Then one of the guests said to one of +the Galilæans, <q>Is it true that you allow +fowl to be boiled in milk in your country?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Yes, truly; why not?</q> said the Galilæan. +</p> + +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/> + +<p> +<q>Is it not written thrice in the Law,</q> +said the guest, <q><q>Thou shalt not seethe +the kid in its mother’s milk</q>?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>In our country,</q> said the Galilæan, +<q>fowls give no milk.</q> And we all of us +laughed, save only Jesus. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, but the Sages have carried their +prohibition even unto fowls, lest the people +be led to confuse flesh and flesh.</q> +</p> + +<p> +By this time we had arrived at the third +and last course of salted olives, lettuces, +and radishes. And again the bowl and +ewer were passed round, and this time the +Galilæans did not refuse the water. Then +the new son of the covenant recited in his +clear voice the grace after meals. And all +rose, while the slaves removed the remnants. +Then said Elisha, <q>It is not well +that when so many are together we should +depart without discussing some words of +the Law. My little Lazarus here would +fain learn some new thing from the many +learned men present on this day of his +being received into Israel.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Well, then,</q> said one of the company, +<q>I should like to put a question to our +friends here from Galilee.</q> And they +said, <q>Speak, Rabbi.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/> + +<p> +And he addressed himself to Jesus, and +said, <q>Why walk not thy disciples according +to the tradition of the elders, but eat +bread with unwashen hands?</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then Jesus spoke out, and as he spoke +he strode up and down the room, with his +hand clutching the air, and the vein throbbing +on his left temple. <q>Well hath +Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it +is written, <q>This people honoreth me with +their lips, but their heart is far from me. +Howbeit in vain do they worship me, +teaching for doctrines the commandments +of men.</q></q> Then facing us all, he added, +<q>For ye lay aside the commandment of +God, and hold the tradition of men.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>How so, master?</q> said Elisha; <q>prove +thy words.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>It is said in the Word of God, <q>Honor +thy father and thy mother,</q> and yet the +Sages say, <q>If a man be asked by his father +or mother to honor them with a gift, +and he say, <q>I vow that thing to the Almighty,</q> +then it is <foreign rend='italic'>Corban</foreign>,</q> and put aside +for the Lord, so that his parents cannot +enjoy thereof. Thus by your tradition +about vows ye make the Word of God +<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/>concerning honor to parents of none effect, +and many like things ye do.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then Elisha said, <q>But the Sages are +by no means at one in that matter of the +vows, and in particular many of them declare +all the vows annulled that would +work against our duty to our parents, or +even against our love to our neighbor. +Yet, even if we take the more stricter tradition, +in what manner that absolves us +from washing our hands before meals, I +see not.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, it is the same thing,</q> replied +Jesus. <q>Ye Pharisees make clean the +outside of the cup and platter, but your +inward thoughts are full of ravening and +wickedness. Ye fools! did not the Holy +One, blessed be He, who made that which +is without, make also that which is within? +Therefore give for alms that which is +within, kindly thoughts and friendly feelings. +If ye do that, all things are clean +unto you.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then I said unto Jesus, for this matter +touched us scribes nearly, <q>Master, in +speaking thus against tradition thou reproachest +us also that be scribes.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/> + +<p> +And he answered, <q>Woe, woe unto ye, +scribes! which desire to walk in long +robes, and love greetings in the markets, +and the higher seats in the synagogues, +and the chief places at feasts, which devour +widows’ houses, and for a show make +long prayers.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then an angry murmur rose among all +the folk there assembled at the harsh +words of the stranger, when suddenly was +heard the voice of Simeon ben Lazarus, +the father of Elisha, a very old man, who +sat in the corner and said:— +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Young man, fourscore years and two +have I lived upon this earth; a Pharisee +have I been from the day I became a son +of the covenant, like little Lazarus there; a +scribe was I during all the working days of +my life. I did what the Law and the Sages +command, yet never thought I in so doing +of men’s thoughts or praises. Surely, if +the Lord command, a good Jew will obey. +And as in many things, many acts of this +life, the Law speaketh not in plain terms, +surely we should follow the opinion of +those who devote all their life to the study +of the Law.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">I have never sought the praises of +men, their greetings or their honors, in +obeying the Law. In all that I have done +I have sought one thing—to fulfil the +will of our Father which is in heaven.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">As for what thou sayest, that inward +thought and outward act should go together +in the service of God and man, that +is a verity, and often have I heard the saying +from the great Hillel—may his memory +be for a blessing! But if outward act +may be clean when inward thought may +be unclean, how, on the other hand, can +we know the purity of what is within, +except it be decided by the cleanliness of +what is without? How, above all, shall +we teach our little ones, like my Lazarus +there, to feel what is good and seemly, +except by first teaching them to do the +acts that are seemly and good?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>And as for what thou sayest as to the +hypocrisy of us Pharisees and scribes, I +say unto thee,—and in a few days I must +see the face of my Maker,—I say unto +thee, I have known many an Ebionite, +which thou seemest to be, who was well +spoken within, but ill doing without. So, +<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/>too, I have known many a scribe and +many a Pharisee who neither carried their +good deeds on their shoulders, nor said, +<q>Wait, I have to finish some godly deed;</q> +nor set off their good deeds against their +sins; nor boasted of their sacrifices for +godly works; nor did they seek out their +sins that they might pay for them by their +virtues; nor were they Pharisees from fear +of the Divine punishment. They were +Pharisees from love of the Lord, and did +throughout their life what they knew to +be his commands.</q> +</p> + +<p> +But Jesus spoke gently unto the old +man, and said naught but, <q>Nay, master, I +spoke not of thee, nor of men like thee. +These be the true Pharisees; the rest but +have the Pharisaic color.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>That is so,</q> said old Simeon. <q>I +have heard what King Jannaus said: +<q>Fear not the Pharisees, nor those who +are no Pharisees; but fear the colored +ones, who are only Pharisees in appearance, +who do the deeds of Zimri and demand +the rewards of Phineas.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +But before the old man could finish +there was a movement at the doorway, +<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/>and a high, thin voice cried out, <q>Where +is this kidnapper of souls? where is this +filcher of young lives? where is Jesus the +Nazarene?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Behold me,</q> said Jesus, turning towards +the voice; and an old man, with the +rent garment of the mourner, and with +hair all distraught, came up to the Nazarene +with arms outstretched and clutching +fingers. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Give me my son, my Elchanan!</q> he +cried. <q>Thou hast taken him from me last +Passover, saying, <q>Father and mother, yea, +all that a man hath, shall he give up to +follow me.</q> He left me to follow thee; +what hast thou done with him?—my +Elchanan! my Elchanan!</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He died, and is at peace.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Then give him back to me again. +Thou canst do all things, men say: make +whole the sick, let see the blind, cause the +lame to walk, and give peace to the +troubled mind. Give me, then, back my +Elchanan thou hast taken from me.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>There is One alone that can quicken +the dead,</q> said Jesus, and walked sternly +past him. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg111'/> +<index index="toc" level1="IX. Jesus in the Temple"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="IX. Jesus in the Temple"/> +<head>IX.<lb/>JESUS IN THE TEMPLE.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg112'/> + +<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/> + +<p> +But a few days after what I have narrated +to thee, I had attended a full meeting +of the Sanhedrim in the hall of hewn stones +in the Priests’ Court of the Temple. When +the session was over, we went forth, and, +turning to the right, passed into the Court +of the Israelites, and so through Nicanor’s +Gate into the Court of the Women. Now, +as we went down the fifteen steps that lead +into this court, we could see, through the +Beautiful Gate at the other end of it, that +something unusual was occurring in the +outer court of all, the Court of the Gentiles. +So I and some of the other younger members +of the Sanhedrim passed rapidly +through the Court of the Women, and, +hurrying through the Beautiful Gate, found +Jesus preaching to the people under Solomon’s +Porch. Now, it is usual for the +people to make way when any member of +the Sanhedrim passes by; but the people +were so engrossed with the words of Jesus +<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/>that they took no note of me and my companions, +and we had to stand at the edge +of the crowd and listen as best we might, +and so great was the crowd that I could +scarcely hear what the Nazarene was saying, +until gradually those near us, recognizing +the marks of our dignity, made way for +us till we got nearer. +</p> + +<p> +Never saw I Jesus in so exalted a state. +Though he was not tall, as I have said, he +seemed to tower above the crowd. The +mid-day sun of winter was shining full upon +the Temple, and though Jesus was in the +shadow of the porch, the sunlight from the +Temple walls shone back upon his eyes +and hair, which gleamed with the glory of +the sun. He looked and spake as a king +among men. And, indeed, he was claiming +to be something even greater than a +king. I could not hear very distinctly from +where I was at first, but towards the last, +as I got nearer, I heard him say these +words:— +</p> + +<p rend="margin-top: 2; margin-bottom: 2"> +<q>Whosoever committeth sin is the servant +of sin. Except a man be born again, +he cannot see the kingdom of God. He +<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/>that loveth his life shall lose it. If a man +keep my word he shall never see death, +but has passed from death unto life. He +that believeth in me, the works that I do +shall he do also. Yet can the Son do +nothing of himself, but what he seeth the +Father do. I am the door: by me, if any +man enter in, he shall be saved. I am the +Way, the Truth, and the Life. I am the +Light of the world. I am the good Shepherd, +and know my sheep, and am known +of mine. I am the Bread of Life: he that +cometh to me shall never hunger. I am +the true Vine, and my Father is the Husbandman. +I am the Vine, ye are the +branches. If any man thirst, let him come +unto me and drink. Before Abraham was +I am.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now, as Jesus was saying these words, +and many like unto them, his form seemed +to expand, his eye flashed with the light of +prophecy, and all men were amazed at the +power of his words. Never had they heard +man speak of himself with such confidence. +If he had been very God, he could not have +said more of his own power over men’s +<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/>souls. Our prophets have spoken boldly +indeed, but none of them had boasted of +the power of the Lord in such terms as this +man spake of himself. Could he be mad, +I thought, to say such things? Yet in all +other matters he had shown a wisdom and +a sound sense equal to the greatest of our +Sages. Or had he found that by speaking +thus of himself, men, and above all, women, +were best moved to believe as he would +have them believe, to act as he would have +them act? Might it not be the simplest +of truths that for them, to them, he was +indeed the Way, the Truth, and the Life? +</p> + +<p> +And, indeed, when I looked around and +saw the effect of his words on those who +were listening, I could in part understand +his power among men and women. They +drank in his words as travellers at the well +of the oasis. They lived upon his eyes, +and it was indeed strange to see every +man’s body bent forward as of a straining +hound at the chase. If ever men worshipped +a man, these were worshipping +Jesus. +</p> + +<p> +And I? What was it with me that his +words failed to move me as they did those +<pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/>around me? Why did his eyes rather repel +than attract me? Was it thy teaching, +Aglaophonos, that had taught me the +way of thy race: to measure all things in +the balance of wisdom; to be moved in +all acts by reason, not feeling? Was it +from thee I learnt to think about the +causes of this man’s influence, even while +I and others were under it? Perhaps not +alone; for much that this man was saying +would have repelled my Jewish instincts +even had I never come under thy influence. +What struck thee among us Jews, +I remember, was that while we see the +Deity everywhere, we localize him nowhere. +Alone among the nations of men +we refuse to make an image of our God. +We alone never regarded any man as God +Incarnate. Those among us who have +been nearest to the Divine have only +claimed to be—they have only been recognized +to be—messengers of the Most +High. Yet here was this man, as it +seemed, claiming to be the Very God, +and all my Jewish feeling rose against the +claim. +</p> + +<p> +Nor was I alone in this feeling I was +<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/>soon to learn. Before Jesus had finished +his harangue, cries arose from different +quarters of the crowd. <q>Blasphemy!</q> +<q>Blasphemer!</q> <q>He blasphemes!</q> arose +on all sides. These cries awakened men +as if from a sleep, all turning round to +see whence they came. And the very +turning round, as it were, removed them +from the influence of Jesus and his eyes. +In a moment, many of those who just +before were hanging upon Jesus’ words +joined in the cry, <q>Blasphemer! blasphemer!</q> +One of the boldest of those +who began the cry called out, <q>Blasphemer! +Stone him!</q> +</p> + +<p> +But Jesus drew himself up, and looked +upon the crowd with flashing eyes, and +said, <q>O Jerusalem, Jerusalem! Sodom is +justified of thee.</q> For a moment all were +silent, but soon the cries arose again: +<q>Blasphemer! blasphemer! Stone him!</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then began great commotion among +the people. While some called out, +<q>Stone him!</q> <q>Stone him!</q> others +cried, <q>Sacrilege!</q> <q>Sacrilege!</q> <q>No +stoning in the Temple!</q> And one called +out with a jeer, <q>In the Temple ye cannot +<pb n='119'/><anchor id='Pg119'/>stone, for lo! here there be no stones;</q> +and a bitter, scornful laugh followed his +words. Then some who were nearest to +Jesus sought to lay hands on him, while +others, his friends, stood round him and +prevented their approaching, and all was +confusion and tumult. When suddenly +the blare of a trumpet sounded through +the courts, and all cried, <q>The Romans! +the Romans!</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then round by the royal porch came a +company of Roman soldiers to change the +sentries at mid-day, and they halted near +the Beautiful Gate. And as they came +near the crowd began to disperse, and +Jesus and his friends went their way from +the courts of the Temple. +</p> + +<p> +That day, there was no talk in Jerusalem +but of the event in the Temple. Men +marvelled at the way in which this Jesus +had spoken of himself. <q>The prophets +spake not thus,</q> they said. <q>Yet how +can a man be greater than a prophet, who +speaketh the words of the Most High? +Even if we had once more a king over us +in Israel, he could not be as great as a +prophet, and no king would speak of +him<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/>self as Jesus this day hath spoken of himself.</q> +But what if this man were destined +to be the Christ, the God-given Ruler that +should restore the throne of David? But +how could that be, since none of the signs +and portents of the last times had come +upon the earth? Who had seen the blood +trickle from the rocks? or the fiery sword +appear in the midnight sky? Had babes +a year old spoken like men? But others +said, <q>Nay, the kingdom of God will not +come with expectation. As it hath been +said, <q>Three things come unexpectedly—a +scorpion, a treasure-trove, and the Messiah.</q></q> +And again, others said, <q>Perchance +this is not the Messiah ben David, +but the Messiah ben Joseph, who shall be +slain before the other cometh.</q> Thus the +minds of men and their words went hither +and thither about the sayings of this man +Jesus in the Temple. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg121'/> +<index index="toc" level1="X. The Entry into Jerusalem"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="X. The Entry into Jerusalem"/> +<head>X.<lb/>THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg122'/> + +<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/> + +<p> +I heard naught and saw naught of Jesus +the Nazarene till the very last week of his +life, and that was the week before the Passover. +The winter had been a severe one, +and much misery had arisen among the +folk through the exactions of the Romans; +indeed, an attempt had been made to throw +off the Roman yoke. In several places the +people had assembled in arms and attacked +the soldiery, and in some cases had slain +their sentries. Pilate had but sent off a +cohort into the district, and all signs of +discontent went underground. One of the +leaders of the revolt, Jesus Bar Abbas, had +been captured and thrown into prison. +He, indeed, had attempted an insurrection +in Jerusalem itself, where he was well +known and popular among the common +folk. When he was arrested, a riot had +occurred, and one of the soldiers was slain +who had been sent to arrest him; wherefore +he lay now in prison on the charges of +<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/>rebellion and murder. Yet many thought +that this man had been put forth to try the +temper of the people and the power of the +Romans, in preparation for a more serious +attempt to shake off the oppressor. +</p> + +<p> +Yet who should lead the people? Jochanan, +the only man whom of recent times +the people followed gladly, had been done +to death by Herod. One man alone since +his death had won the people’s heart, to +wit, Jesus the cousin of Jochanan. He, +and he alone, could lead the people against +the Romans, and all men wondered if he +would. In the midst of their wonder came +news that Jesus the Nazarene was coming +up to the Holy City for the Feast of Passover, +the feast of redemption from Egypt. +Would it prove this year a feast of redemption +from the Romans? All hope of this +depended upon this Jesus. +</p> + +<p> +It was twenty-one years ago, but I can +remember as if it were yesterday the excitement +in Jerusalem when the news came +that Jesus of Nazareth had arrived in the +neighborhood, and was spending his Sabbath +at the village of Bethany. All those +who were disaffected against the Romans +<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/>cried out, <q>A leader! a leader!</q> All those +who were halt, sick, or blind, cried out, <q>A +healer! a healer!</q> Wherever we went, +there was no talk but of the coming deliverance. +As I approached one group of +men I heard them say, <q>When will it be? +When will he give the sign? Will it be +before or after the feast?</q> <q>Nay,</q> said +one of the crowd, a burly blacksmith he, +<q>what day for the deliverance but the +Passover day? But be it when it may, let +him give the sign, and I shall be ready.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>And prove a new Maccabee,</q> said one +in the crowd, referring to his hammer, +whereat a grim laugh arose. +</p> + +<p> +The next day being the first of the +week, which the Romans call the Day of +the Sun, I was pondering the words of the +Law in my little study chamber near the +roof of my father’s house in the Street of +the Bakers near Herod’s Palace, which at +that time was inhabited by the Procurator, +when suddenly I heard the patter of many +feet in the street beneath me, and looking +out, I saw them all hurrying, as it seemed, +to the Temple. I put on my sandals, and +taking my staff in my hand and drawing +<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/>my mantle over my head, hurried out after +the passers-by. But when they came to +the Broad Place before the Water Gate, +they turned sharp to the right, and went +down the Tyropœon as far as the Fountain +Gate, where I overtook them. There I +found all the most turbulent of the city +population. Some of the men I knew had +been engaged in the recent riot under +Jesus Bar Abbas. Others were the leading +Zealots in Jerusalem, and all were men +eager for the freeing of the city from the +Romans. And among them, too, were +others who cared not for freedom, nor +hated the Romans, but would only be too +pleased if the city were given up to disorder +and rapine. While these waited there, +we heard cries from behind us, and looking +back, saw filing out from the Temple courts +on to the Xystus Bridge, and down into +the Tyropœon, the brigade of beggars who +pass almost their whole life in the Court of +the Gentiles. These came down slowly, +for among them were many halt and some +blind, and all were old and feeble of limb. +<q>Why come they forth from the courts?</q> +I asked; <q>and why are we waiting?</q> +<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/>Then said one near me, <q>Knowest thou +not that Jesus the Nazarene enters the +city to-day? And men say he is to deliver +us.</q> And at that moment a cry arose +among the folk, <q>Lo! there he is.</q> Looking +south, for a time I could see nothing, +for the mid-day sun of the spring solstice +was shining with that radiance which we +Jews think is only to be seen in our land. +But after a while I could discern, turning +the corner of the Jericho Road near En +Rogel, a mounted man, surrounded by a +number of men and women on foot. <q>It +is Jesus—it is Jesus!</q> all cried; <q>let us +to meet him!</q> And with that, all but the +lame rushed forward to meet him, and I +with them. +</p> + +<p> +It is but three hundred paces from the +Fountain Gate to En Rogel, and the Nazarene +and his friends had advanced somewhat +to meet us, but in that short space +the enthusiasm of the crowd had arisen to +a very fever, and as we neared him one +cried out, and all joined in the cry, <q>Hosanna +Barabba! Hosanna Barabba!</q> and +then they shouted our usual cry of welcome, +<q>Blessed be he that cometh in the +<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/>name of the Lord!</q> and one bolder than +his fellows called out, <q>Blessed be the coming +of the kingdom!</q> At that there was +the wildest joy among the people. Some +tore off branches of palms, and stood by +the way and waved them in front of Jesus; +others took off each his <foreign rend='italic'>talith</foreign> and threw it +down in front of the young ass on which +Jesus rode, as if to pave the way into the +Holy City with choice linen. But when I +looked upon the face of Jesus, there were +no signs there of the coming triumph; he +sat with his head bent forward, his eyes +downcast, and his face all sad. And a +chill somehow came over me. I thought +of that play of the Greeks which thou +gavest me to read, in which the king of +men, driving to his own palace at Argos, +is enticed to enter it, stepping upon soft +carpets like an idol of your gods, and so +incurs the divine jealousy. +</p> + +<p> +As we approached the Fountain Gate, +the beggars from the Temple had come +down to it, and joined in the shouting +and the welcome; and one of them, +Tobias ben Pinchas by name, who had, +ever since men had known him, walked +<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/>with a crutch, suddenly, in his excitement, +raised his crutch and waved it over his +head, and danced before Jesus, crying, +<q>Hosanna Barabba! Hosanna Barabba!</q> +and all men cried out, <q>A miracle, a miracle! +what cannot this man perform?</q> +And so, with a crowd surrounding him, +Jesus entered Jerusalem and went up into +the Temple. But I that year had been +appointed one of the overseers who distributed +the unleavened bread to the poor +of the city for the coming Passover, and +I had then to attend the meeting of my +fellow-overseers. +</p> + +<p> +That night there was no talk in Jerusalem +but of the triumphant entry of Jesus. +The city was crowded by Israelites who +had come up to the capital for the festival, +and a whisper went about that many of +the strangers had been summoned by +Jesus to Jerusalem to help in the coming +revolt. During that night, wherever +a Roman sentry stood, a crowd of the +unruly would collect round him and jeer +at him; and in one place the sentry had +to use his spear, and wounded one of the +crowd. So great was the tumult that, +<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/>when the sentries were changed for the +midnight watch, a whole company of soldiers +accompanied the officer’s guard and +helped to clear the streets. Meanwhile, +where was Jesus? And what was he +doing in the midst of this tumult? I +made inquiry, for perchance he might +have been holding disputations about the +Law, as is the custom with our Sages; but +I learnt that he had left the city at the +eleventh hour, and gone back to the village +of Bethany, where he was staying. +But I was thinking through all that evening +of the strange contrast between the +triumphant joy of his followers and the +saddened countenance of the Nazarene. +</p> + +<p> +Men knew not what was to become of +this movement in favor of him. Most of +the lower orders were hoping for a rising +against the Romans to be led by this Jesus. +Shrewder ones among the Better +thought that the man was about to initiate +a change in the spiritual government of +our people. Some thought he would depose +the Sadducees, and place the Pharisees +in their stead. Others feared that +he would carry into practice the ideals +<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/>of the <foreign rend='italic'>Ebionim</foreign>, and raise the Poor against +the Rich. Others said, <q>Why did he not +enter by the gate of the Essenes, for he +holdeth with them?</q> All knew that the +coming Passover would be a trying time +for Israel, owing to the presence of the +man Jesus in Jerusalem, and the manifest +favor in which he was held by the common +folk. But amidst all this I could see +only the pale, sad face of Jesus. +</p> + + +<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/> +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg133'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XI. The Cleansing of the Temple"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XI. The Cleansing of the Temple"/> +<head>XI.<lb/>THE CLEANSING OF THE <corr sic="TEMPLE">TEMPLE.</corr></head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg134'/> + +<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/> + +<p> +On the morrow, being the second day +of the week, which the Romans call the +Day of the Moon, Jesus of Nazara came +early into Jerusalem, and as soon as it was +known that he had entered the city, all +those that had gone out to greet him on +the previous day, and many more with +them who had heard of the miracle that +he had performed, went to meet him in +the Broad Place. And near upon the +time of the mid-day sacrifice, Jesus and all +these men went up to the Temple. +</p> + +<p> +Now, I have told thee how, when Jesus +had first come to Jerusalem, he had driven +forth from the Court of the Gentiles all +those who were engaged in selling beasts +of sacrifice, or in changing foreign moneys +for the shekels. But the money-changers +and others had been replaced by the +orders of the High Priest Hanan, and +nothing had come of this action, nor in +his later visits to Jerusalem had he done +<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/>aught in the matter, and it was thought +that he had acknowledged the right and +the power of the priests to have the monopoly +of the sale of sacrifices. Now, +that day of the Moon was the tenth day of +the month Nisan, and upon it were purchased +all the lambs for the forthcoming +Passover sacrifices, as it is said in the +Law, <q>In the tenth day of this month +they shall take to them every man a lamb +according to the house of their fathers, +a lamb for an house.</q> As this Paschal +sacrifice is the only home sacrifice of us +Jews, thou mightest imagine that each +householder could obtain his lamb whence +he would; but the priests say <q>No</q> to +this, for if a man could take any chance +lamb, it might not be without blemish. +So it had grown to be a custom that, on +the morning of the tenth day of Nisan, +the heads of households in Jerusalem +should wend their way to the courts of +the Temple, there to select each man a +lamb. And the priests had their profit +in this, for they claimed from those who +sold the lambs dues for every animal allowed +to be in the courts. And the sellers +<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/>again were agreeable to this, for none that +had not the favor could sell the Paschal +lambs. Whence it was that the price of +a lamb in the Paschal week was more than +three times as much as at any time of the +year, and the poorer people murmured +greatly. +</p> + +<p> +Thus it happened that upon this day, +when Jesus came into the courts of the +Temple, these were crowded with all the +householders of Jerusalem, and much chaffering +and haggling was going on in the +purchase of the lambs for the Passover. +But Jesus, with the favor he had won +from the people, was for this day at least +Ruler of Jerusalem, and men wondered +what he would do with regard to this sale +and purchase of the beasts of sacrifice; +for on his first coming to Jerusalem, as I +have told thee, he had driven the sellers +away, but afterwards, when they had been +restored to their places, he had seemed to +acquiesce. What would he do now, men +thought, as they saw him advancing over +the Xystus Bridge, the head of a vast concourse +of people who would do all that he +told them? +</p> + +<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/> + +<p> +They had not long to wait, for no +sooner had he entered the Temple courts, +than he spake to those around him, and +ordered them to remove the tables of the +money-changers, with their weights and +scales, without which no purchase could +be; and no man dared say him nay, for +all knew that the people were with him. +And they, indeed, were rejoiced, for they +took this as permission to buy their Paschal +lambs where they would; and many +of those who had been bargaining in the +courts of the Temple went off at once to +the market, and got them their lambs from +thence. All this I heard of in the inner +courts of the Temple, for it chanced that +day that I had to offer a sin offering, and +was waiting my turn in the Court of the +Israelites while the priests were preparing +the mid-day sacrifice. And I saw one +coming up to Hanan and to Joseph Caiaphas, +who were presiding over the sacrifice, +and they spake earnestly to one +another, and stopped the sacrifice, and +came through the Court of the Israelites +and went down the Court of the Women, +and all of us followed them thither. And +<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/>when we came to the Beautiful Gate, and +turned to the right round the corner of +the Temple, behold, we saw the flocks of +Paschal lambs being driven through the +Western Gates. And in the midst of the +court stood Jesus, surrounded by a multitude +clamoring and shouting. Then saw +I Hanan lean over to Joseph Caiaphas, +his son-in-law, and speak somewhat to him. +Then the latter advanced in front of the +priests and the scribes, who had come +forth with him, and asked, <q>Who hath +done this?</q> And Jesus said, <q>It is I.</q> +Then spake Joseph again and said, <q>Tell +us, by what authority doest thou these +things? And who gave thee this authority?</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now, Joseph the High Priest was clad +this day in the robes of his office, with +tiara on head, the ephod on his breast, +and silver bells and pomegranates round +the edge of his garment. Whereas Jesus +the Nazarene wore his wonted garb of a +common country workman. Yet for the +moment this common workman was the +greater power of the two; since all men +knew how he had been received by the +<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/>people when he had come into Jerusalem, +and that what he willed, all the people of +Jerusalem willed also at that time. So all +were hushed to hear what this Jesus would +say to the question of the High Priest, +since now they thought he must declare +himself, and justify the power he was exercising. +</p> + +<p> +But here again, as on former occasions, +Jesus answered not directly to the question +of the priests, but rather questioned them. +He said, <q>I also ask you one thing, which +if ye tell me, I likewise will tell you by +what authority I do these things. The +baptism of Jochanan, was it from heaven +or of men? Answer me.</q> And they answered +and said unto Jesus, <q>We cannot +tell.</q> Then said Jesus unto them, <q>Then +neither will I tell by what authority I do +these things. To what is the matter like? +There was a man had two sons. And the +man came to the first, and said, <q>My son, +go work in my vineyard.</q> But he said, <q>I +will not.</q> Howbeit afterward he repented, +and went to work. But the man went to +the second, and spake in like manner. But +he answered, <q>I go, sir.</q> But yet he went +<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/>not. Whether of these twain did the will +of his father?</q> And we all answered, +<q>The first.</q> Then Jesus looked slowly +around at us all, and said, <q>This I say +unto you, the publicans and harlots enter +into the kingdom of heaven before you. +For Jochanan came unto you in the way +of righteousness, and ye heeded him not, +but the harlots and the publicans heeded +him: but ye, even when ye saw this, repented +not.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now, at this public insult to all of +priestly rank, I saw dart forward Hanan +the High Priest, as if he would have rent +the man Jesus. But Caiaphas his son-in-law +caught him by the wrist, and whispered +words in his ear. But Hanan broke +loose, and called out in a loud voice, <q>My +guard, my guard!</q> Whereat many of the +folk who had come with Jesus into the +Court of the Gentiles came forward round +him, and put their hands to their weapons. +He indeed said naught, nor seemed +aware of the conflict that threatened. +But Caiaphas turned, and in a loud voice +said, <q>I go to perform the mid-day sacrifice,</q> +and walked slowly out of the court +<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/>back to the Temple. And we all followed +him. +</p> + +<p> +Now, when we returned from performing +the sacrifice, Jesus had left the courts +of the Temple, which had become bare +and empty of people. And as I went +homeward to my house in the Street of +the Bakers, I looked down from the +Xystus Bridge, and saw trooping down +the Tyropœon Jesus and a great multitude +of the people, who crowded round him, +as if eager to touch the hem of his garment. +I stood and watched till they +reached the Fountain Gate, through which +he passed; and shortly afterwards I could +see him on the road to the Fountain of +Rogel, still accompanied by many of the +people. +</p> + +<p> +What was to come of that day’s work I +knew not. For the first time the discontent +of the common folk with the management +of the Temple by the priests +had come to a head, and had resulted in +this open conflict between Jesus and the +High Priests. The city was full of strangers +excited by thoughts of the coming +festival. The common people had not yet +<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/>calmed themselves from the thoughts of rebellion +which had been raised by the rising +of Jesus Bar Abbas and others. The +whole city was as tow ready for the spark +of fire. +</p> + +<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/> +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg145'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XII. The Woes"/><index index="pdf" level1="XII. The Woes"/> +<head>XII.<lb/>THE WOES.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg146'/> + +<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/> + +<p> +Now, on the morrow, being the third +day of the week, Jesus of Nazara came +again into the city, and the rumor of his +coming spread through all the streets and +places of Jerusalem. And going forth +after the morning prayers, I found Jesus +with many around him in the Broad Place +before the Water Gate. And as I approached +near to them, I saw the crowd +part asunder and a procession coming +through, and almost all the men there +bowed and did reverence to the men who +were passing through. Now, these were +mostly of the Pharisaic sect, who were +going to the Great Beth Hamidrash, to +pursue the study of the Law and to give +decisions on legal questions which the +common folk put to them. And at their +head walked Jochanan ben Zaccai, the President +of the Tribunal. He was regarded +as the most capable exponent of the Law +since the death of Hillel, whose favorite +<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/>pupil he had been, and men were wont to +refer to him for decision in all the most +difficult questions of life. He was walking +at the head of the procession in his long +<foreign rend='italic'>talith</foreign> with large borders and in his broad +phylacteries. And he passed Jesus with a +salutation, indeed, but in it was mingled +some of the pride and contempt with which +the masters of the Law regarded all those +whom they call the Country-folk. +</p> + +<p> +When these had passed, Jesus turned +round to the people, and spake these words: +</p> + +<p rend="margin-top: 2"> +<q rend="post: none">The scribes and the Pharisees sit in +Moses’ seat: all therefore whatsoever they +bid you observe, that observe and do; but +do not ye after their works: for they say, +and do not. For they bind heavy burdens +and grievous to be borne, and lay them on +men’s shoulders; but they themselves will +not move them with one of their fingers. +But all their works they do for to be seen +of men: they make broad their phylacteries, +and enlarge the borders of their garments, +and love the chief place at feasts, +and the chief seats in the synagogues, and +greetings in the markets, and to be called +of men, <q>Rabbi, Rabbi.</q></q> +</p> + +<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But be not ye called Rabbi: for One +is your Master, and all ye are brethren.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">And call no man your father upon the +earth: for One is your Father, which is +in heaven.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Neither be ye called Masters, for One +is your Master.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But he that is greatest among you shall +be your servant. And whosoever shall exalt +himself shall be abased; and he that +shall humble himself shall be exalted.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom +of heaven against men: for ye neither +go in yourselves, neither suffer ye them +that are entering to go in.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye devour widows’ houses, +and for a pretence make long prayers: +therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land +to make one proselyte, and when he is +made, ye make him twofold more the child +of hell than yourselves.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, blind guides, which say, +<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/><q>Whosoever shall swear by the Temple, it +is nothing; but whosoever shall swear +by the gold of the Temple, he is bound!</q> +Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, +the gold, or the Temple that sanctifieth +the gold? And, <q>Whosoever shall swear +by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever +sweareth by the gift that is upon it, he is +bound!</q> Ye fools and blind! for whether +is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifieth +the gift? Whoso, therefore, shall +swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by +all things thereon. And whoso shall swear +by the Temple, sweareth by it, and by him +that dwelleth therein. And he that shall +swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne +of God, and by him that sitteth thereon.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and +anise and cummin, and have omitted the +weightier matters of the Law, judgment, +mercy, and faith; these ought ye to have +done, and not to leave the other undone.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Ye blind guides, which strain out the +gnat and swallow a camel!</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye make clean the outside +<pb n='151'/><anchor id='Pg151'/>of the cup and of the platter, but within +they are full of extortion and excess. Thou +blind Pharisee! cleanse first that which is +within the cup and platter, that the outside +of them may be clean also.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited +sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful +outward, but are within full of dead men’s +bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye +also outwardly appear righteous unto men, +but within ye are full of hypocrisy and +iniquity.</q> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-bottom: 2"> +<q>Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! because ye build the tombs of +the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of +the righteous, and say, <q>If we had been in +the days of our fathers, we would not have +been partakers with them in the blood of +the prophets.</q> Fill ye up, then, the measure +of your fathers. Ye serpents, ye generation +of vipers, how can ye escape the +damnation of hell?</q> +</p> + +<p> +And all the people were astonished at +these words, for in many of his sayings and +most of his actions Jesus had seemed to +<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/>incline more to the sect of the Pharisees +than to any other section of the house of +Israel. And, indeed, in the opening words +of his discourse he had granted their right +to interpret the Law and to lead the people. +Yet wherefore had he denounced them all +without distinction as men insincere and +void of truth? Hypocrites there were +among them as among other classes of +men. Often, indeed, their acts did not go +with their words; but of what man can +it be said that all his acts and words go +together? These men were occupied in +building a rampart to the Law, and holding +the fortress against enemies without +and dissensions within. Those ramparts +might confine our actions within a narrow +space, yet is it not well for all men to be +kept perforce in the path of duty? I know +thou thinkest otherwise, Aglaophonos. +Thy Master the Stagyrite has taught thee +that man should be a law unto himself; +but we Jews willingly bear the yoke of the +Law, because we believe it to be the yoke +of the Lord. And in this matter Jesus +had in every way shown himself to be a +Jew of the Jews. Why, then, was he so +<pb n='153'/><anchor id='Pg153'/>in wrath against the interpreters of the +Law? +</p> + +<p> +Yet were the common folk not displeased +at these sayings of Jesus; nay, rather they +applauded them. For in many ways our +Sages have failed to find favor with the +common folk of Israel; for besides that +they would regulate their lives at every +point, so that no man dare do this or do +that except in the way the Sages prescribe, +but chiefly the rabbis were out of favor with +the folk for that they did openly despise +and condemn all but those who were learned +in the Law. The unlearned they called the +Country-folk. Wherefore did the people +hear with pleasure the bitter words Jesus +spake against the scribes and the Pharisees. +</p> + +<p> +The night of that same day an event +occurred which roused the city of Jerusalem +to a pitch of expectation such as I had +never seen there. Two young Zealots, +artisans, that were popular with their fellows +for their kindness of heart and good +humor, fell into an altercation with a Roman +officer near the Sheep Gate, not far +from Antonia, where all the Roman soldiers +lie. Without a word of warning, the +Ro<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/>man officer drew his sword and killed one +of these young men, and when his companion +and the passers-by rebuked him, and +would have seized him to take him before +the procurator, he gave a signal, and a +multitude of soldiers poured forth from +Antonia and struck without mercy among +the crowd. Five were killed and many +were wounded, and the whole city was in +an uproar at this proof of Roman insolence. +<q>How long, O Lord?</q> the graybeards +said, raising their hands to heaven. +And the younger men said, <q>Let us but +wait the coming of Jesus the Liberator; +surely before the Passover he will free us +from the rule of the <foreign rend='italic'>Goyim</foreign>.</q> +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg155'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XIII. The Great Refusal"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XIII. The Great Refusal"/> +<head>XIII.<lb/>THE GREAT REFUSAL.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg156'/> + +<pb n='157'/><anchor id='Pg157'/> + +<p> +Thou canst imagine with what feelings +of expectation all Jerusalem awaited the +coming of Jesus next morning. Many of +the Pharisees had come together the eve +before, and spoken of the public insult +Jesus had given to their sect on the preceding +day. Hanan the High Priest, we +heard, had quarrelled furiously with his +son-in-law Joseph Caiaphas, for that he +had not allowed him to summon his guard +after the humiliation he had put upon +them in the Temple. Yet neither the +Pharisees nor the Sadducees who followed +the High Priests dared lay hands +upon this Jesus, because of the evident +favor in which he was held by the common +folk of Jerusalem, and above all by +the many from country parts who had +come up, like him, to spend the Passover +in the Holy City. Among all these there +was no talk but of Jesus the Liberator; +nay! many spake of him as Jesus the +<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/>Christ. And if he were indeed to be the +Christ, the King of Israel, the Founder of +the New Kingdom, it could not be that +he would suffer longer the yoke of the +Romans to lie upon the neck of Israel. +</p> + +<p> +Yet there was one thing that perplexed +many, and opinion went hither and thither +among the minds of men concerning it. +The Christ who was to deliver Israel and +to rule over mankind, was he not to be +the son of David? Yet this Jesus was of +Galilee, where the admixture of blood had +been greatest in all Israel. <q>There is no +unleavened bread in all Galilee,</q> the scoffers +used to say, meaning thereby that +their genealogy was sprinkled with yeast, +as we call foreign admixture. And for +this man’s genealogy, who could declare +it? Many, indeed, as I have told thee, +thought him to have no right even to be +called son of his father. A <foreign rend='italic'>mamzer</foreign> shall +not sit in the congregation of Israel. +How, then, could one ascend Israel’s +throne? +</p> + +<p> +When, therefore, Jesus came next morning +from his lodging in Bethany, all Jerusalem +turned out to welcome him, for the +<pb n='159'/><anchor id='Pg159'/>Passover was coming anear, and if aught +was to be done to clear the city of the +Romans, it must be done quickly, must be +done on that day. Never saw I the courts +of the Temple so crowded as on that day +when I came thither, and found Jesus +standing in the Court of the Gentiles, +with almost all the leading men of Jerusalem +and many of the common folk surging +about him. Scarce room was left for +the Roman sentry to march his guard in +front of the Beautiful Gate. Yet he took +no heed of us barbarians, but with shield +and spear shouldered his way backward +and forward, backward and forward, a +sign to all men that the house of God +was in the hands of God’s enemies. +</p> + +<p> +Never saw I the men of Jerusalem so +exultant as on that morning. Wherever +I looked, joy—a grim joy—was on every +man’s countenance, and there was no man +there but was armed, save only Jesus himself +and some ten or a dozen men who had +come with him from Bethany, and these, +indeed, were the only men who had not +shown joy. Never had I seen the Nazarene +with a countenance so saddened and +<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/>aweary. Yestermorn he had been flashing +with anger and indignation as he spake +his words against the Pharisees, but on +this day his force seemed to be spent, and +he appeared like one who had passed +through a great agony. +</p> + +<p> +Now, as they were standing there, I saw +a man, one of the leaders of the Zealots, +armed as if for battle, go up and lay a +hand upon one of those with Jesus. He +spake eagerly with him, and pointed with +his thumb to the Roman soldier as he +passed to and fro. But the other shook +his head vehemently, and took his arm +away from the grasp of the Zealot and +turned his back upon him. +</p> + +<p> +Now, at this moment certain of the +Pharisees came through the crowd and +advanced to Jesus. So great was the +crowd that I heard not at first what they +said unto him; but it must have been +some question about the matter that was +in all men’s minds, for I heard his reply, +and that, as was his wont, was in the form +of a counter-question to their inquiry, for +he said, <q>What think <hi rend='italic'>ye</hi> of the Christ? +Whose son is he?</q> And they, speaking +<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/>with the thought of all Israel, said, <q>The +Christ is the son of David.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then all men watched with expectancy +to hear what the Nazarene would say to +this; for if he agreed with them, then +would he deny himself to be the Christ: +for his genealogy had by no means been +proven. But yet, how could he disprove +the belief of all Israel, that the Christ was +the Son of David? Yet that did he after +the manner of our Sages, using words of +Scripture as his confirmation; for he said +unto them, <q>How then is it that David +himself saith in the Book of Psalms, <q>The +Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my +right hand until I make thine enemies thy +footstool</q>? David therefore himself calleth +the Christ Lord; how then can the +Christ be his son?</q> +</p> + +<p> +At this the Pharisees knew not what to +say, for no man had hitherto used that +<foreign rend='italic'>stichos</foreign> of the Psalms, and they knew not +what to reply. But the common folk +were rejoiced exceedingly; joy spread on +their faces, and I saw many a fist raised +and shaken in exultant defiance at the +Roman sentry, who walked hither and +<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/>thither on his guard as if he were a living +mass of steel. +</p> + +<p> +Thereupon certain of the crowd who +were known to be followers of Herod had +speech with Jesus, and spake to him: +<q>Master, we know that thou art true, and +carest for no man; that thou regardest +not the person of men, but teachest the +way of God in all truth—tell us, therefore, +what thinkest thou: is it lawful to +give tribute to Cæsar or not? shall we +give, or shall we not give?</q> All men +were silent, and drew their breath to hear +what Jesus might say to this. For if he +claimed to be the Anointed One, to whom +but to the King of Israel should Israel’s +tribute be paid? +</p> + +<p> +But he said unto them, <q>Why tempt ye +me? Bring me a denarius, that I may see +it.</q> And they brought one and put it +into his hand. And he held it forth unto +them, and said, <q>Whose is this image and +superscription?</q> And they answered, +<q>Cæsar’s.</q> And then Jesus said unto +them, <q>Render to Cæsar the things that +are Cæsar’s, and to God the things that +are God’s.</q> And these Herodians +mar<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/>velled at the subtlety with which he had +answered them, but the common folk were +amazed and dumfounded at his answer. +And soon I heard one say to another, <q>He +denieth: he would pay tribute to Cæsar.</q> +And gradually all the men drew away from +him, leaving him alone with only the company +with him from Bethany. +</p> + +<p> +But he, seeing this, turned to one of +those with him, and said, <q>Peter, of whom +do the kings of the earth take custom? +of their own children, or of the aliens?</q> +And Peter answered and said, <q>Of the +aliens.</q> Then Jesus said to him, <q>Then +are the children free?</q> And Peter said +to him, <q>Yes.</q> Then said Jesus unto him, +<q>Then do thou also give, as being an alien +to them.</q> The common folk heard this, +indeed, but were in no wise satisfied. If +they were to give tribute to the Romans +for whatever cause, they were still to be +under subjection to Rome, and then Jesus +refused to be their Liberator; that had +become clear to them of a sudden. And +they drew still further away from him. +And a deep silence of mortification fell +upon all men there, so that thou couldst +<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/>hear distinctly the tread of the Roman +sentry as he moved on his march. +</p> + +<p> +Amid the deep silence suddenly came a +gentle tinkling, as of silver bells; it came +nearer and nearer, and a crier called out, +<q>Way for the High Priests!</q> Then Hanan +the High Priest, with Caiaphas his +son-in-law, and others of the priests accompanied +by their guard, came down the +steps from the Beautiful Gate. The Roman +sentry stopped his march and stood +upright, with spear on ground, and all +made way as the procession of the High +Priests passed through the court. All +men were silent, and thou couldst hear the +tinkling of the silver bells which were attached +to the hems of the High Priests’ +garments. Hanan walked at the head of +the procession with his usual haughty +gait, and had nearly passed through the +court, when he saw Jesus and those with +him. At once he halted, and summoned +one of the crowd to him. Then we saw +much eager talk between this man and the +High Priest. And Hanan summoned the +captain of his guard, who would have +turned towards Jesus, but that Joseph +<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/>Caiaphas stayed him and spake unto Hanan, +pointing to the Roman sentry. After +much talk between these, the High Priests +resumed their march and left the Temple. +And all the other men began to pass away +from the court, leaving Jesus and his men +alone with none to listen to him. For the +word passed swiftly in the mouths of all +the men of Jerusalem,—<q>He refuseth; +he would have us be slaves of the Romans +forever.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/> +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg167'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XIV. The Meeting of the Hananites"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XIV. The Meeting of the Hananites"/> +<head>XIV.<lb/>THE MEETING OF THE HANANITES.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg168'/> + +<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/> + +<p> +The next day being the fifth day of the +week, and the thirteenth day of the month +Nisan in that year, many rumors went +about the city as to the man Jesus. There +were who said that he had been seized by +the guards of Hanan; others said that he +had left the village of Bethany and gone +no man knew whither. But for that day +Jesus came not into Jerusalem, and men’s +minds were occupied more with one of +the difficulties of our Law which form the +occupation and delight of our Sages. I +must explain this unto thee, for upon it +turn the events of the next day, so fateful +for the man about whom thou art inquiring. +Thou canst easily understand what +I shall say, for thou hast, I know, a copy +of the Scriptures in Greek, for did I not +procure it for thee? +</p> + +<p> +It is said in the Law, thou wilt find, that +the Passover lamb is to be killed in the +twilight between the fourteenth and the +<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/>fifteenth of Nisan, and it is also said in our +Law that the whole of the lamb must be +consumed that evening. Now, in the +years when the fifteenth of Nisan, which +is the first day of the Passover, falleth +upon the Sabbath, the killing and roasting +of the lamb would take place on the Sabbath +eve, when no killing must take place +and no fire must be lit. Hence arises a +conflict of the Law of the Passover with +the Law of the Sabbath. Now, the older +view was, that the Passover was superior +to the Sabbath, and its law was to be followed +in preference. This the priests +held and followed, and in this they seemed +to have the authority of the great Hillel, +who also declared the Passover superior to +the Sabbath. +</p> + +<p> +But many among the Pharisees and the +more pious preferred to slay the Passover +lamb on the eve between the thirteenth +and the fourteenth day of Nisan, and to +eat it on the fourteenth day; that is, in +those years when the Passover fell on the +Sabbath, as was the case in the year of +which I am now writing. It would appear +that Jesus and his followers held with the +<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/>latter opinion, for, as I have heard, on the +eve of the fourteenth of Nisan he came +stealthily into the city of Jerusalem, and ate +the Passover lamb concealed in an upper +chamber of one of his friends in the city. +It showeth how earnest this man was in +following the larger precepts of the Law, +though in smaller matters he seemed to +neglect it. For by this time he must +have known that he was no longer safe in +Jerusalem; and, indeed, he proved this by +his secret entry into it. Yet in order to +fulfil the Law, which saith, <q>The Passover +lamb is to be eaten in Jerusalem,</q> he +risked his own and his followers’ lives. +Yet was he careful of them; for, as thou +shalt soon hear, as soon as he had gone +through the meal prescribed by the Law, +he escaped out of Jerusalem. +</p> + +<p> +Now, that night I was standing at the +door of my house, looking upon the city +bathed in the light of the moon, which +was near its full, when suddenly a man +seized me by the arm and said, <q>Thou +art wanted.</q> I looked, and behold it +was Simon Kantheros, my brother-in-law. +And I said to him, <q>Who wants me? and +<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/>wherefore?</q> And Simon answered me +and said, <q>Hanan the High Priest has +summoned suddenly a meeting of the +Sanhedrim at his house on the Mount of +Olives.</q> Then said I, <q>But if it be at his +house, it can only be the Priestly Sanhedrim +of Twenty-Three that he summons.</q> +<q>Nay, nay, man,</q> answered Simon, <q>the +case is urgent. He saith, <q>any member of +the Sanhedrim.</q> Come, then, with me, +and quickly.</q> So with that I seized my +mantle and my staff, and went forth with +him. +</p> + +<p> +So we hurried across the market-place +towards the Fish Gate, and as we passed +near the Tower Antonia, we saw the flashing +of red lights, and heard hoarse cries of +command, and knew not what was toward. +But when we arrived at the Fish Gate, we +found them changing the sentries of the +first watch, and knew that the second +watch had begun. At first the sentry +would not let us through the gate; but +the officer was called, and Simon showed +him his badge as member of the Sanhedrim. +But even this would not have +sufficed, but that Simon then pointed to +<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/>his toga and the purple stripe, which +showed that he was a Roman citizen of +rank. Thereat the officer spake to the +sentry, and we passed through the gate, +and turned sharply to the right, and went +down the road which leads to the valley +of the Kidron. And as we were passing +the Brook Kidron, we looked and saw dots +of red light moving up the hill from the +Garden of Gethsemane. And as we advanced +up the hill of the Mount of Olives, +we could see from time to time these red +sparks preceding us; and when we came +within sight of the High Priest’s house, +we saw them enter in and disappear. +</p> + +<p> +Soon we ourselves had come up to the +gate, and when we knocked, a wicket was +opened, and a face peered out, and our +names were asked. When we had told +them, the gate was closed, and we had to +wait some time. But at last the door was +opened, and the captain of the guard received +us. He took us through the passage +which led into the open court, with +the water-basin in the centre, round which +we skirted, and ascended the steps into +the inner house. And again we stopped +<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/>before the hall-door while our names were +asked, and again we had to wait till the +door was at last opened. Then at last we +entered the hall, and found Joseph Caiaphas +the High Priest and many of his +kinsmen seated round a long table. Caiaphas +rose, and motioned us to two seats +at the end of this table, and we seated +ourselves. +</p> + +<p> +When my eyes had become accustomed +to the light, I looked round, and said the +greeting of peace unto those I knew of the +assembly. I can still remember many of +their names. There was Ishmael ben +Phabi, who had at first replaced Hanan as +High Priest. There were also the four +sons of Hanan—Eleazar, Jonathan, Theophilus, +and Matthias. Then there were +Kamithos the priest, and his two sons, +Simon and Joseph. And beside these, I +remember two men of my own generation—Elioni +ben Kantheros and Chananyah +ben Nedebai. Most of these men had +been, or were afterwards, High Priests, +and were all at this time members of the +Priestly Sanhedrim. On the left of Caiaphas +was a low stool, and, even as I looked, +<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/>Hanan ben Seth the High Priest came in +swiftly from a side door, and took a seat +thereon. He glanced sharply round at +each of us, counting our numbers, and we +were exactly three and twenty. And when +he saw me, he rose and spake somewhat +harshly, <q>Meshullam ben Zadok, what dost +thou here? This is a meeting of the +Priestly Sanhedrim. Thou art a son of +Israel.</q> And I answered and said, <q>Simon +Kantheros here, my kinsman, summoned +me to the meeting, saying that any member +of the Sanhedrim could attend.</q> The +High Priest thought for a moment—he +seemed as if he were counting us again—then +he said, <q>Be it so; thou art at least +a true son of Israel, and this is not a +formal meeting of the priests.</q> He sat +him down again, and we waited. At last +an attendant entered by the same door, +and, going up to the High Priest, spake +to him. He nodded quickly, and dismissed +him with a wave of his hand. And when +he had passed through the door, Hanan +the High Priest rose, and spake to us these +words:— +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Kinsmen and colleagues, ye have all +<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/>heard, if ye have not witnessed, how Jesus +of Nazara entered the Holy City on the +first day of this week, amid the acclamations +of his followers and many of the +lower people, who even went so far as to +hail him as the Deliverer. Now, to-morrow, +as ye know, is the Passover. Who +knows, if the thoughts of deliverance from +Egypt, which come at that time, may not +cause this man, or, if not him, his followers, +to attempt a rising against the Romans our +masters? We know that any such attempt +would be entirely futile, but the very attempt +itself would be the ruin of the nation. +Ye know the character of the man Pontius +Pilate. ’Tis but a short time since he slew, +of wanton cruelty, certain Galilæans, even +while they were making sacrifices, and all +for mere suspicion of disaffection. Ye cannot +but remember the building of Solomon’s +Aqueduct. Because money was +taken from the Temple treasury for the +building thereof, the people were inflamed, +and would have risen against them. What +did he but send his soldiers, disguised in +civil garb and armed with clubs, among the +people, when they came to make their +pro<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/>test? And without warning, and in mere +wanton cruelty, did he give the signal for +massacre. If he did this at a mere threat +of a rising, what will happen should an +actual rising take place to-morrow? It is +our duty to see that such a calamity fall +not upon this nation because of the presence +of this rude provincial in our midst. +Better one man should die than the nation +should suffer. No time was to be lost, +and I therefore have had this Jesus arrested, +and he now awaits our pleasure in +the atrium.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Before I summon him to our presence, +I would briefly state to you what seems to +me and some of our friends here the right +course to be followed. We purpose to +hand him over at dawn to Pontius Pilate, +to deal with him as he will. For he, by +his spies, and by the demonstration on the +first day of the week, must be aware of +the danger of a rising to-morrow night, +caused by this man’s presence in our city. +Indeed, it is for the very purpose of preventing +a rising that he cometh up each +year about the Passover to Jerusalem. +Let it, then, be his care to prevent it how +<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/>he will; we shall have done our part, and +he cannot punish the nation, or us its +leaders.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But some of you will say, Why should +we deliver this man up to the Romans, +perhaps, or even probably, to his death? +I say, that even apart from the danger +which he offers to the State, he is worthy +of death for his manifest blasphemies. +He speaketh of himself as very God, and +claims to be the Anointed One, and puts +aside the Law as it pleaseth him. I say +naught of his insolence in the Temple +cloisters, for this matter concerns us that +be priests, and in the matter of judgment +we must not take account of aught that +deals with our private concerns; yet it is +manifest that he hath no reverence for the +Lord’s house: witnesses shall prove to +you that he hath said he would sweep it +away and build another. I wonder not +that horror is expressed in your faces at +this blasphemy.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Yet, as ye know, our Law hath in +mercy provided that none shall be condemned +unless on the testimony of witnesses. +The Law shall be fulfilled. Even +<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/>now, as I speak, one of his followers, +Judas, a man of Kerioth, is drawing forth +from him his blasphemies before two witnesses, +concealed, as is the custom. And +even if he fail, I know this man Jesus; in +his arrogance he will not scruple to repeat +his blasphemies, even before us.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Time presses, and I have but this to +add before the prisoner is summoned: it +is a wise provision of our Law, that in +capital charges no final condemnation +shall occur until the second day of the +trial. The day before the Passover began +this eve. If we keep to the Law, no condemnation +can take place till after the +first day of the Passover, by which time +all the mischance may have come to pass. +If the power of life and death were solely +in our hands, I would not depart in aught +from the wise provision of our forefathers; +but, in truth, if this man be put to death, +it will not be our doing, for his fate rests +with Pilate. I would remind the younger +members of the Sanhedrim that the final +decision is not with us, and if they vote +for this man’s death, as I cannot doubt +they will, considering the pressing danger +<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/>to our nation, they need not fear to be +called members of a bloodthirsty Sanhedrim, +since his death, if death he suffers, +will be at the hands of the Roman Procurator. +In this strait I propose, therefore, +to examine this man at once, and if, as I +doubt not, he avows his guilt, to wait till +the morning for his final condemnation, +and in this way fulfil the Law. Summon +the prisoner to our presence.</q> Then, +turning to Caiaphas, he said, <q>This is a +matter between us and the Romans, for +whom thou, Joseph, art the High Priest. +Take thou, then, the interrogatory.</q> +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg181'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XV. The Examination before the Sanhedrim"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XV. The Examination before the Sanhedrim"/> +<head>XV.<lb/>THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg182'/> + +<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/> + +<p> +Then from the lower end of the hall +entered Jesus the Nazarene, with his arms +bound with withes behind his back, and +he was led by the captain of the guard up +to the centre of the table opposite Caiaphas +the High Priest. Then Caiaphas +rose, and, looking at a paper in his hand +which Hanan had given him, said unto +Jesus, <q>Jesus of Nazara, thou art accused +before us of blasphemy, and of leading the +people of Israel astray: what sayest thou +thereto?</q> Jesus gazed haughtily at him, +and answered, <q><hi rend='italic'>I</hi> spake openly to all the +world, I have taught in the synagogue and +in the Temple, and in secret I have said +nothing. Why askest thou me? Ask +them which heard me what I have said +unto them. Behold, they know what I +have said.</q> Then one of the men who +had led Jesus in struck him with the +palm of his hand, and said, <q>Answerest +thou the High Priest so?</q> But Jesus +<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/>turned, and said to him in a milder voice, +<q>If I have said aught that is evil, bear +witness thereof; but if well, why smitest +thou me?</q> And Caiaphas the High +Priest bade the man begone and bring +in the witnesses. Then one man came +forward and said he had heard Jesus call +himself the Son of God. And another, +that he had spoken of himself as if he +were very God, and could do all that the +Holy One, blessed be He, can perform. +And yet another came forward and said +he had heard Jesus speak of himself as +Son of Man, and had thereby, as he +thought, claimed to do what the Son of +Man is said to do in the Prophets Daniel +and Enoch. But no two of these witnesses +agreed as to time and seasons, as +is required by our Law. At last, however, +two of them declared that on the preceding +day in the Temple they had heard +him say, <q>I will destroy this Temple that +is made with hands, and in three days I +will build another without hands.</q> Now, +during all this time Jesus had said naught, +but looked before him with that rapt expression +that I had seen upon him on the +<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/>second occasion when I had heard him +preach in the synagogue of the Galilæans. +So Caiaphas the High Priest spake to +him, saying, <q>Answerest thou naught to +what these men witness against thee?</q> +And Jesus made as if he heard not. +</p> + +<p> +Then Hanan the High Priest leaned +over to Caiaphas his son-in-law and spake +some words to him. Then Caiaphas, rising, +spake thus to Jesus: <q>Art thou the +Christ, the Son of the Holy One, blessed +be He?</q> Then Jesus raised his head, +and gazing fixedly at the High Priest, +said in a loud voice, <q>Thou hast said. +And hereafter ye shall see the Son of +Man sitting on the right hand of power, +and coming on the clouds of heaven.</q> +Then Hanan the High Priest rose and +rent his clothes, as is our wont in time +of mourning or when blasphemy is heard, +and he called out in his keen, shrill voice, +<q>What need we any further witnesses? +Ye have heard the blasphemy; what think +ye?</q> And he waved his hand to the +captain of the guard, who removed the +prisoner. +</p> + +<p> +When the door was closed behind him, +<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/>Hanan said, <q>What need we of further +words? let us proceed to the judgment.</q> +And glancing over to Chananyah ben +Nedebai, he said, <q>Chananyah, thou art +the youngest; it is thine to pronounce +judgment first. Is not this man guilty of +death for his manifest blasphemy here before +us?</q> And Chananyah said, <q>Yea.</q> +And so said all till Hanan had called +upon thirteen to give judgment. Then +said Hanan, <q>This man is for certain condemned +to death, or at least to be handed +over to the Roman Procurator: for already +a majority of two have declared his death, +even if all the rest were for an acquittal, +as I cannot think possible. The Court +will rise and reassemble at the time of the +saying of the morning prayer, in order to +confirm this judgment. Ye will not have +long to wait, for even now I heard the +crowing of the cock, and the dawn cannot +be far off.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then the Court broke up, and many of +the younger members met together and +discussed the case. And I was somewhat +surprised to find that very few words of +compassion were raised for Jesus. The +<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/>stubborn conduct of the prisoner had set +them against him in the first place, and +his wild outburst had confirmed their ill +thoughts of him. But most of all they +were influenced by the thought that this +was but a preliminary trial, and could only +result in handing him over to the Roman +Procurator, with whom the last word +would be. None of them had seen aught +of Jesus but during the last few days in +the Temple, when he had interfered with +their order and prerogatives. I cannot +say I was convinced, either by Hanan’s +harangue at first, or by these men’s arguments +afterwards. But I was somewhat +perplexed, feeling myself in some wise an +intruder in their midst, not being of the +priestly order. And as is my custom in +such cases, I went out into the open air +down the steps into the atrium. +</p> + +<p> +There I found a great fire had been lit in +the court, for the night was chilly. Near +the fire Jesus was seated, with the High +Priest’s guard around him. As I came +near, behold, one of the guard threw part +of his mantle across the face of Jesus so as +to blindfold him, and then struck him, +say<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/>ing, <q>Thou art a Prophet; prophesy who +hath struck thee.</q> And all the soldiers +laughed and jeered. Then sought I the +captain of the guard and told him this, and +he said, <q>They mean naught of ill—they +be rude fellows; howbeit, I will stop them.</q> +And he went up to them and reproved +them. And I paced up and down the +courtyard, with the silent stars above and +the glowing fire beneath, till an apparitor +of the High Priest summoned me, saying, +<q>It beginneth to dawn at the back of the +house; the Council will resume its sitting.</q> +</p> + +<p> +When I entered the council-chamber, I +found all seated as before, but in the midst +was a smaller table, at which was seated a +scribe, with a roll in front of him. Then +Hanan the High Priest came in, and said, +<q>Ye have all had the time of deliberation +prescribed by our sages in capital cases, or +at least as much time as the urgency of the +matter permits. We must proceed to the +formal ratification of this man’s sentence, for +I cannot doubt that ye will see fit to confirm +the righteous judgment which your +zeal for the Lord caused you to pass just +now upon this man. And again I would +<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/>bid you remember you are voting, not so +much for this man’s death, as whether he +is to be delivered to the Romans. Scribe, +read the roll.</q> And with that the scribe +began to read our names, and we all answered +to them. Then said Hanan, <q>We +will now proceed to the voting,</q> and called +upon Chananyah ben Nedebai to record +his vote. And he voted as before, for +death. Then each in his turn, and all +voted as before. And when my name was +called upon I arose and hesitated, and +Hanan looked over to me and said, <q>Thou +speakest here by our courtesy, Meshullam +ben Zadok; if thou disagree with the +unanimous opinion of thy colleagues, thou +hadst best instruct us in thy reasons. +What sayest thou? Is not he guilty of +death who is guilty of blasphemy against +the Most High?</q> <q>Yea,</q> said I. <q>And +was not this man Jesus manifestly guilty of +blasphemy before us?</q> <q>Yea,</q> said I. +Then said Hanan swiftly to the scribe, +<q>He voteth for death,</q> and waved me +down to my seat. And thereafter all the +remaining members of the Council voted +for death, finishing with Hanan as the +<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/>oldest, who merely gave a grim nod to the +scribe. +</p> + +<p> +By this time it was quite light, and all +the Council and many of Hanan’s household +joined together to say the morning +prayers. After prayers most of the Council, +with Hanan and Caiaphas at our head, +followed the soldiers who guarded Jesus +down from the Mount of Olives. As we +came near the Brook Kidron, behold, a +man with haggard face darted out from +the shrubs by the wayside, and rushing up +to Hanan the High Priest, dashed down +at his feet a bag which chinked, and then +disappeared into the wayside again. But +Hanan only motioned with his finger to +the bag at his feet, and the captain of his +guard lifted it up and poured out its contents +into his hand, and, behold, it was a +number of new shekels from the Temple +treasury. Then Hanan smiled grimly, and +bade the captain put them aside. Thereupon +we resumed our march, and soon +came to the Aldgate. There we inquired +where the Procurator was, and learnt that +he had taken up his dwelling at the Palace +of Herod, so that he might be in Jerusalem +<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/>during the Passover, as was his wont, for +fear of a rising at that time. Then we +marched across and halted in front of the +palace. And on our way the rumor spread +throughout the city that Jesus the Nazarene +was being carried before the Procurator, +and soon our procession was joined by +all who were free from household duties. +I have explained to thee, have I not, how +that for those of the older opinion this sixth +day of the week was the day on which the +Paschal lamb was to be sacrificed, and for +all good Jews the morning would be devoted +to the final search after the leaven. +That morning, therefore, all the householders +of Jerusalem and all the heads of +families were occupied in the search after +leaven, or in preparation for the Paschal +sacrifice, and it was only the younger men, +and those who cared not for acts of piety, +who followed our procession on the way to +Herod’s Palace. +</p> + +<p> +Now, all those of the Council were of +the older opinion as to the Paschal sacrifice, +and were about to perform it on the +evening of that day. Wherefore it behoved +them not to enter the dwellings of +<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/>the heathen during that day, since it is +their custom to bury the bodies of men in +their gardens or in their houses, which +render them a defilement to us Jews. +Therefore on the day of a sacrifice no Jew +may enter a heathen’s house, above all the +High Priest, upon whose sanctity the holiness +of the nation depends. When, therefore, +we came within twenty paces of the +Procurator’s dwelling, Hanan caused our +procession to halt, and a summons to be +sounded upon the trumpet. Thereat a +lictor appeared, who asked our business, +and to him Hanan gave a message to the +Procurator. And here for the first time +since he had been arrested I could see the +countenance of Jesus near me, and it surprised +me much to observe that all traces +of anxiety and weariness had disappeared +from it. He seemed relieved and resigned, +and paid no heed to what was passing +around him, seeming only to commune +with himself, or perhaps, I should say, with +some inward friend and comforter. +</p> + +<p> +Then Pontius Pilate came forward and +spake to Joseph Caiaphas the High Priest, +and asked him what he would with him. +<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/>And Caiaphas answered and said, pointing +to Jesus, <q>This man have we captured and +brought unto thee, finding that he was perverting +the people, and declaring that he +was the Anointed One of Israel, and therefore +the rightful King of the Jews. Him +therefore have we brought to thee, seeing +it is a matter which toucheth our master +the Emperor.</q> Thereupon Pontius Pilate +turned round, and said something in the +barbarian tongue, and the guard of Roman +soldiers came forward and took Jesus from +the High Priest’s guard, and took him +with them up the steps of the palace. +Then Pilate courteously invited the High +Priests to enter the judgment-hall with +him; but they, in answer, pointed out that +on that holy day they dared not enter to +any house but their own and the house of +God. Then Pilate turned his back with +scanter courtesy, and reëntered the palace, +and we and the common people remained +outside waiting. +</p> + +<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg195'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XVI. Condemnation and Execution"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XVI. Condemnation and Execution"/> +<head>XVI.<lb/>CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg196'/> + +<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/> + +<p> +And after a while of waiting, Pontius +Pilate reappeared, and coming down to +Caiaphas said, <q>He hath confessed; he +shall join the other criminals that are to +be executed this day.</q> Then one among +those who were waiting in the crowd +came forward unto Pilate, and said unto +him, <q>Master, it is a grace of our lord +the Emperor that at our Passover there +be released unto us one of the prisoners +that are condemned to death.</q> And +Pilate answered and said, <q>That is so: +whom will ye that I release?</q> And +many of those in the crowd called out, +<q>Jesus.</q> And Pilate stepped back, and +summoned to him a lictor. And shortly +after soldiers came forward in the portico, +bearing with them Jesus the Nazarene. +Upon him was a purple robe of royalty, +and upon his brow had been placed the +faded rose-wreath of some reveller which +had been put on in haste, and some of the +<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/>thorns had torn the flesh, and blood was +trickling down. When the people saw +him, many cried out, <q>Not this Jesus, but +Jesus Bar Abbas.</q> And one man among +the crowd called out, <q>Better Jesus Bar +Abba<note place="foot"><foreign rend='italic'>Bar Abba</foreign> means <q>son of his father.</q></note> than Jesus Bar +Amma;</q><note place="foot"><foreign rend='italic'>Bar Amma</foreign> means <q>son of his +mother.</q>—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> and +laughter and jeers followed. Then Pilate +seemed puzzled, and called to him one of +his lictors, who spake earnestly to him for +a time, and then received an order from +him. And going up the steps, he entered +the palace. And shortly afterwards there +came forward the man Jesus Bar Abbas of +Jerusalem, of whom I have spoken to thee +before. Now, he had been very popular +among the folk, and had lost his liberty in +a rising against the Romans, in which a +Roman sentry had been slain. And there +stood the two Jesuses—the one that had +risen against the Romans, and the one +that had told the people they should pay +tribute to their Roman lords. It was +manifest that the new-comer, who had +done naught against the Romans, was +more in favor with Pilate the Procurator, +<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/>while the folk who had welcomed him on +the first day of the week, on this the sixth +day reviled and despised him because he +had refused to lead a rising against the +Romans as the other one had done. Then +Pilate called out to them and said, <q>Whom +will ye that I release unto you: Jesus +who is called Bar Abbas, or Jesus who is +called Christ?</q> And almost all the multitude +cried, <q>Jesus Bar Abbas! Jesus +Bar Abbas!</q> Then Pilate gave command, +and the soldiers took tack Jesus the Nazarene +into the palace again, while others +removed the fetters from Jesus Bar Abbas, +and he came down the steps and disappeared +among the crowd. +</p> + +<p> +After a while, there came forward from +the side gate a company of Roman soldiers, +who took their stand in front of the +steps of the palace, moving the crowd +away therefrom. And shortly after, other +soldiers brought down from above three +men, each carrying two pieces of timber, +one fixed across the top of the other, like +unto the letter <foreign rend='italic'>tau</foreign>. One of these was +Jesus the Nazarene, clad once more in +his own garments, and without the +rose-<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/>wreath; yet couldst thou see the mark +of the thorns upon his brow. The others +were, as I learnt, malefactors that had +been condemned for robbery. +</p> + +<p> +Just at this moment one touched me on +the shoulder, and, turning, I found it was +one of the servants of my household, who +spake unto me and said, <q>Meshullam ben +Zadok, thy father would speak with thee.</q> +And as the house was not far off, I went +with him and spake to my father, who +would have me accompany him on the +search for leaven on that morn. For at +that time I was betrothed, and next year +I should have a house of my own, and +would have to conduct the search for +leaven as a master of a household. So I +went round the house with my father—peace +be upon him!—and searched for +the leaven. +</p> + +<p> +By the time the search for the leaven +had been concluded, the hour had come +for the mid-day meal, at which all the +members of my family assembled. But I +hurried forth, as soon as the grace after +meals had been said, to ascertain what +had been the fate of the Nazarene. I +<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/>could not go to the place of execution, for +it is not seemly for a member of the Sanhedrim +to attend an execution. I soon +learnt that the Roman soldiers had conducted +Jesus and the two others to the +Hill Golgotha, somewhat apart from the +place of stoning, where our Jewish executions +were held. +</p> + +<p> +As I have explained to thee, Aglaophonos, +our Sages have mercifully interpreted +the words of the Law relating to +the four modes of capital punishment +among us—stoning, burning, beheading, +and strangulation. For stoning they have +substituted throwing down from a height +after the criminal has been made to feel +naught by drinking a mixture of frankincense, +myrrh, and vinegar, which the +ladies of Jerusalem supply as one of their +pious duties. The criminal condemned +to be burnt is in reality strangled, and +then a lighted wick placed for a moment +in his open mouth. In every way the +aim of the Sages is to shorten the sufferings +of the condemned man. But the +Romans, at least in their execution of all +but Roman citizens, seem rather to aim at +<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/>the opposite of this; for they have selected, +as their method of execution for +slaves and criminals that are not citizens, +suspension on a cross, by which all the +organs of the body are strained and tortured +till some vital organ gives way. +It was this cruel form of punishment that +the Romans were dealing out to Jesus the +Nazarene. It happeneth oft that men live +for two or three days on the cross, till +they die even of hunger. I learnt to my +dismay that Jesus had refused, with words +of menace, to take the draught of myrrh +and wine which the ladies of Jerusalem, +as I have said, prepare for all men condemned +to capital punishment, so that +they may not feel the pain and torture. +</p> + +<p> +I could not go to the place of execution, +as a member of the Sanhedrim. I hurried, +therefore, to the northern slopes of the +Temple mount, whence one can see Golgotha. +At first I could discern naught, +for sombre clouds covered all the heights +of Scopus. But suddenly a flash came +forth from them, followed by a dull roll of +thunder, and I could see for a moment +three crosses raised side by side on the +<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/>top of Golgotha. Which of these held +Jesus I knew not. I only knew that there +was dying one who had seemed born to +do honor to his nation, to help to deliver +Israel from the men who were now torturing +him to his death. Since the night before, +events had so hurried past me that I +had had no time to think of their import till +now, when I sat me down in the purple +shadow of Antonia, and gazed upon the +hill of execution, where from time to time +flashes showed me the three crosses on +the hill. +</p> + +<p> +This, then, was the end of the hopes +connected with Jesus of Nazara, and of +the empire which he had wielded over +men’s minds! But five days agone welcomed +as a king, to-day executed with the +ignominy reserved for the basest slave. +Each day of his sojourn in Jerusalem he +had made another and yet another class of +the nation his enemies. First he threatens +the power of the priests; next he insults +their opposites, the Pharisees; and then he +puts to naught the hope of the common +folk that he would help them rise against +the Romans. Between Sabbath and +Sab<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/>bath he had lost every friend; not even +his immediate followers stood by his side +in the hour of trial. +</p> + +<p> +And yet no man had appeared in Israel +for many generations endowed in so high +a degree with all the qualities which mark +us Israelites out from the nations around. +He was tender to the poor; and which of +the nations has given thought for its poor, +their feelings as well as their welfare, like +unto Israel? He bare the yoke of the +Law willingly, yet as a son, not as a slave, +of the Most High. God was to him, as +to all of us, as an ever-present Father, to +love, to chasten, and to reward; not as a +harsh taskmaster or as a boon-companion, +as with the commoner minds of thy people, +Aglaophonos; nor as a vain figment +of the reason, as with thy higher minds. +</p> + +<p> +Even in what thou regardest as defects +in our nation, this Jesus seemed also to +share. Thou makest us the reproach that +we give no thought to the beauties and +grandeur of nature, and in nothing that I +had seen and heard of him did the Nazarene +differ from the rest of us in this. +Thou complainest that we look upon life +<pb n='205'/><anchor id='Pg205'/>with all too much seriousness. <q>Ye cannot +see the smile upon the face of things,</q> +thou saidst once to me. In this surely +Jesus was a Jew of the Jews. We never +saw him smile, still less heard him laugh. +Thou wouldst hold up to me as a model +Socrates thy teacher, who taught the Hellenes +truth with a smile. That man there, +dying upon the cross, had tried to teach +Israel the truth with tears and threats. +</p> + +<p> +Herein he followed the exemplar of our +prophets. Only in Israel have the men +who have led us farthest reviled us most. +As our God, who has been to us a Father, +has chastened us while he loved us, so our +prophets have rebuked us their brethren. +Many generations of men have passed +since the last of the prophets spake his +words of loving reproof. Now has appeared +this Jesus, who again takes up +their work. +</p> + +<p> +But in one thing, and that a great thing, +he differs from our prophets. All these +spake never but as messengers of the Most +High. This man alone of the prophets +speaketh in his own name: therefore he +hath been a stumbling-block and an +of<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/>fence unto us. He spake as one having +authority, and it seemed to us as arrogance. +And when we would speak with +him in the gates, and know his own +thought, he evaded our questionings and +eluded our testings. He seemed aloof +from us and our desires. All Israel was +pining to be freed from the Roman yoke, +and he would have us pay tribute to Rome +for aye. Did he feel himself in some way +as not of our nation? I know not; but +in all ways we failed to know him. +</p> + +<p> +And as I was communing thus, the sun +shone forth from a rift in the clouds and +illumined for a space the crown of Calvary, +and I stretched forth my hands to the figures +on the cross, and cried aloud in my +perplexity, <q>Jesus, what art thou?</q> And +then I bethought me, and my hands fell +to my side, and I said, <q>What wert thou, +Jesus?</q> Naught answered me but the +distant rumbling from the gloomy clouds. +</p> + +<p> +But the sun was setting over Israel, and +I turned to my father’s house, there once +more to celebrate the Feast of the Deliverance +from Egypt. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='207'/><anchor id='Pg207'/> +<index index="toc" level1="Epilogue"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="Epilogue"/> +<head>EPILOGUE.</head> + +<p> +Thus far had I written to thee, Aglaophonos, +as to what I knew of that Jesus +the Nazarene about whom thou hast made +so earnest inquiry. I had minded to hand +it to Alphæus ben Simon, my cousin, who +goeth this week in the galley to Cyprus, +and thence would have passed it on to +thee by the hands of one of our brethren +who visit Greece from year to year. But +there has happened to me an event which +has given me much to think of with regard +to this very matter of Jesus. It chanced +that the day before yesterday I went from +the Jewish quarter in this city of Alexandria +for my usual walk along the Lochias, +which adjoins it. There it is my custom +to catch the sea air and to watch the vessels +put into the Inner Port. Now, it +chanced that as I came upon the Lochias, +the vessel of Joppa had just hoved-to in +the Inner Port, and the passengers were +being landed up the Broad Steps. Now +<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/>these, by their <foreign rend='italic'>talith</foreign> and their faces, I +knew to be Jews, and I went up to them, +and greeted them with the greeting of +peace. But among them one came to me +with the look of recognition in his eyes, +and said, <q>Knowest thou me not, Meshullam +ben Zadok?</q> And, behold, it was +Rufus ben Simon, whom I had known +before I left the Holy City. So I welcomed +him, and brought him home to this +house of mine. And here he remaineth +till the morrow, when he starteth forth to +go to Cyrene. +</p> + +<p> +Now, in my inquiries about old friends +left behind, and new things that had happened +since I went away, I failed not to +ask about the followers of the Nazarene. +To my wonder, I found that this Rufus +had become one of them, even though he +was but a child when Jesus died. Yet is +he a good Jew in all else. He eateth only +our meat, and keepeth our Sabbaths and +festivals. But he avers that the Anointed +One, whom we expect, has already appeared, +and that he was Jesus the Nazarene. +And upon my inquiry how he could +know aught of Jesus but from the common +<pb n='209'/><anchor id='Pg209'/>talk, he put in my hand some Memorabilia +of him, written down in Hebrew by one of +his chief followers, Matathias.<note place="foot">Probably the so-called Primitive Gospel, the common +foundation of our Synoptics. But the date is somewhat +early.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> This have +I read again and again, and pondered much +thereon. Nor have I been able to sleep +these two nights for the new thoughts +about Jesus that have come to me from +reading these memoirs of him. +</p> + +<p> +For, behold, he appeareth in these records +of him by his own followers in far +other wise than he showed himself to us in +public at Jerusalem. In all his public acts +among us he was full of scornful rebukes; +among his own followers he was tender +and loving. Scarcely ever could we get +him to speak out to us plainly his views +about matters of public concern. He +would always give us an answer full of +evasion and enigma, but to his followers +he would explain all his meaning over and +over again, illustrated with parable. There +at Jerusalem he almost always turned to +the people his harsher side. I saw him on +every occasion on which he appeared in +<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/>public in Jerusalem, and, save only in his +sermons, he was always rebuking one or +another, just like the prophets of old. And +the manner of his rebuking towards us was +as with scorpions, whereas among his own +he would mingle tenderness even with his +reproaches. Nor, saving his sermons, +which few heard but those who already +followed him, had he aught novel to tell us +about the things of life. He seemed to us +as if he would destroy the temple of our +faith, nor in his public actions did he give +any promise of building it up anew. Yet +to those with him he would continually be +telling what to do and how to do it, till, +behold, a new manner of life, fair and +seemly, stood before them, fulfilled of Jewish +righteousness, with a tender mercy +which was the man’s very own. +</p> + +<p> +I need not detail to thee, Aglaophonos, +what these acts and words were which have +given me an altogether new light as to the +character and thoughts of the man Jesus. +From certain words of thine in thy letter, +which I understood not then when I first +read it, I can see now that thou must have +had some such account of the life and +<pb n='211'/><anchor id='Pg211'/>death of Jesus before thee as this which +Rufus hath shown unto me. Now I can +understand wherefore thou hast inquired +about this Jesus with such eager insistence. +And to thee as a Gentile the revelation of +his character would come with more attractive +force than to us that be Jews. For in +almost every way this Jesus fulfilleth the +idea of a Jew as we have it in these later +days. Working with his hands, yet teaching +with his voice; obedient to the Law, +yet ever eager to take a new law upon himself; +doing acts of love among men, yet +rebuking in love their ill acts, and doing +all things as in the presence of the Glory;—in +all this Jesus was as the best of our +Sages. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Wherefore, then, did ye suffer him to +be killed?</q> thou wilt ask me, and indeed +I ask myself. If I were to answer thee +in the way Jesus was wont to answer us, +I would say, <q>Why did ye Hellenes condemn +Socrates to the hemlock?</q> For he +was as much the Ideal of the Hellenes as +Jesus of the Jews. Every Hellene would +be eloquent and reasonable, and that was +Socrates. Every Jew would be wise and +<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/>good and pious, and that was Jesus. Yet +each of these men, if I read their lives +aright, died the death of a criminal, because +he cared not for that which his fellow-countrymen +cared for most. Socrates died +because he would force his countrymen to +examine by their reason the ideas and ideals +which they all accepted. Jesus died for +the same reason, but also for another—for +that he cared naught for our national +hopes. We were all panting for national +freedom; he would have naught of it. +Whether it was that he felt in some sort +to be not of our nation, I know not; but +in all his teaching he dealt with us as men, +not as Jews. It is this, I can see, that has +attracted thee to his doctrine, whereas thou +wert always scornful of our Jewish pretensions, +as thou calledst them. +</p> + +<p> +Yet herein again was he at one with the +best thoughts of our Sages. Our God is +the God of all, and his Law shall be one +day the Law of all. If we yearn for the +universal realm of the Messiah, it is as +much for the sake of the world as for ourselves. +But methinks I see in the thoughts +of this Jesus an idea quite other than ours +<pb n='213'/><anchor id='Pg213'/>as to what the Anointed One shall be +and shall do. We hope for him as a Deliverer +and a Conqueror with force of arms +by God’s aid. Now, Jesus seemed not to +think of the Anointed One in any way +like this. His mind seemed to be filled +rather with the picture of the Servant of +God as drawn by the Prophet Esaias. +Thou knowest the passage, Aglaophonos; +I remember thy laughter when first I read +it thee, that men could look forward to +contempt and hatred as a good. Truly the +idea is far different from the saying of the +barbarian, <q>Woe to the conquered!</q> And +surely to us all, Jew and Gentile, Greek and +barbarian, the greatest of joys is this—to +worst an equal foe in fair fight. But to +Esaias the prophet, and to Jesus the Nazarene +after him, the higher victory is with +him that is worsted in the battle of life. +That will come as good tidings to nine out +of every ten of men. +</p> + +<p> +Therefore, if Jesus thought of himself as +the Anointed One, it was as being anointed +with the woes of the vanquished, with the +sweat and the blood of the lowly and despised. +Now I know why he seemed so +<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/>sad when he was greeted at Jerusalem as +a victor. He had spent his life in trying +to impress a new ideal upon his people, +and they had welcomed him only as the +fulfilment of the old ideal which he desired +to replace. None of thy poets have given +a drama with more of <foreign rend='italic'>eironeia</foreign> in it than +this. +</p> + +<p> +Yet why did he remain silent before us +as to these ideas of his? If, indeed, these +were his ideas; for even with the new +light given by the Hebrew Memorabilia, I +can see his thought but dimly. Why +spake he not his own thought to the +people in Jerusalem, and tell us no longer +to hope for worldly dominion as the best +means for spreading the Law of the Lord, +but rather to be as servants of God, even +as Esaias the Prophet hath spoken? Was +it that he wished to carry out the description +of the prophet even to every iota of +his text? For, behold, the prophet sayeth, +<q>He let himself be humbled, and +opened not his mouth.</q> If so, then was +the death of Jesus but a sublime suicide. +</p> + +<p> +For surely by this silence he has committed +a grievous sin against us his people. +<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/>For if we committed aught of sin and +crime that handed him over to the +Romans as a pretender to empire, he +indeed shared our sin and crime by his +silence. Ye Hellenes were at least +greater in fault than we in the matter of +Socrates; for ye condemned him after he +had spoken his whole mind and made +known his whole thought to his people; +whereas we condemned one who, I make +bold to say, was even greater than thy +Socrates, mainly because of what seemed +to us his sullen and arrogant silence, +broken only by a confession of guilt when +he knew he was not guilty. +</p> + +<p> +But yet, let me not be as harsh in judgment +upon him after his death, as perhaps +I was when I allowed the sentence to be +declared against him without protest. He, +least of all men, could have died with a lie +upon his lips. In some sort and in some +way he must have combined the thought +of the triumphant Messiah and of the +despised Servant of God. For in those +Memorabilia of him which have come into +my hands during the last days as being +a message from him that is dead, I find +<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/>these two things combined. He speaketh +ever of the blessedness of the poor and +the humble and the despised, even as +the Ebionim speak. So that if a man +would be blessed, he would choose a +lowly career, even as did Jesus. Yet +withal he speaketh oft of himself as the +Son of Man, and every Jew that heard +him would think he knew what he thereby +claimed. For in the Prophets Daniel and +Enoch it is clearly said that the Son of +Man would come in victory over the +world; and what other could this universal +victor be than the Anointed One whom +the prophets had foretold? If Jesus put +another meaning upon the prophetic +words, why spake he not his meaning +fully unto the people? All we may have +gone like sheep astray, but he that might +have been our shepherd went apart alone +with God. +</p> + +<p> +O Jesus, why didst thou not show thyself +to thy people in thy true character? +Why didst thou seem to care not for aught +that we at Jerusalem cared for? Why, +arraigned before the appointed judges of +thy people, didst thou keep silence before +<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/>us, and, by thus keeping silent, share in +pronouncing judgment upon thyself? We +have slain thee as the Hellenes have slain +Socrates their greatest, and our punishment +will be as theirs. Then will Israel +be even as thou wert, despised and rejected +of men—a nation of sorrows among the +nations. But Israel is greater than any of +his sons, and the day will come when he +will know thee as his greatest. And in +that day he will say unto thee, <q>My sons +have slain thee, O my son, and thou hast +shared our guilt.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/> + + </div></body> + <back rend="page-break-before: right"> +<div><pb/><anchor id='Pg219'/> +<index index="toc" level1="Religious Books"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="Religious Books"/> +<head>RELIGIOUS BOOKS</head> + +<p rend="center; font-size: large"> +<hi rend='italic'>Serviceable, Timely, and Helpful.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Riverside Parallel Bible.</hi><lb/> +<hi rend="font-size: small">Containing the Authorized Version and the Revised Version in +parallel columns. Large type, cloth, $5.00; Persian, $10.00; +morocco, $15.00.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Bible Dictionary.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Smith’s Great Bible Dictionary</hi>. Edited for America +by Professor <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hackett</hi> and Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ezra Abbot</hi>. By far the fullest +and best Bible Dictionary in the English language. 4 vols. +8vo, 596 illustrations, 3697 pages, cloth, $20.00. Other bindings +from $25.00 to $27.50. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The New Testament.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Superbly illustrated with engravings from designs after the Old +Masters. Royal 4to, cloth, full gilt, $10.00; morocco, $20.00. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Robinson’s Palestine.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Biblical Researches in Palestine. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Edward Robinson</hi>. A +work very highly commended by Dean Stanley. With Maps, +plans, etc. 3 vols. 8vo, $10.00. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Physical Geography of the Holy Land.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +8vo, $3.50. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the Sacred Scriptures of the New Testament.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Probably the fullest and best work on this subject. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Eduard +W. E. Reuss</hi>. Translated by <hi rend='smallcaps'>E. L. Houghton</hi>. 2 vols. 8vo, +$5.00. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Neander’s Church History.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +General History of the Christian Religion and Church. Translated +by Rev. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Joseph Torrey</hi>. With a very full index. 6 vols. +8vo, $20.00.<lb/>Dr. Schaff pronounced Neander the greatest church historian of +the nineteenth century. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Into His Marvellous Light.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Studies in Life and Belief. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Charles Cuthbert Hall</hi>, +D. D., of Brooklyn. $1.50.<lb/>The London <hi rend='italic'>Christian World</hi> pronounces these discourses +<q>most inspiring,</q> and the <hi rend='italic'>Christian Intelligencer</hi> finds <q>a rare +keenness of insight, a reflection of taste that is special, a spirit +that is most Christian pervading the whole book.</q> +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The Divinity of Jesus Christ.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +By the Editors of the <hi rend='italic'>Andover Review</hi>. A series of noteworthy +papers contributed to that Review, and forming a symmetrical +and very interesting treatment of the great topic they discuss. +16mo, $1.00. +</hi> +</p> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg220'/> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>The Evolution of Christianity.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +The remarkable Lectures at the Lowell Institute, in 1892, by +Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lyman Abbott</hi>. Thoroughly revised, and forming a book +which the <hi rend='italic'>Christian Register</hi> says, <q>for the breadth of its sympathies, +for the generosity of its inclusions, for the largeness of its +spiritual apprehensions, can hardly be too highly praised.</q> $1.25. +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>The World to Come.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +A book of vigorous, very readable discourses by Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>William +Burnett Wright</hi>, with a Lecture full of curious information +about Christmas ($1.25); <q><hi rend='italic'>Ancient Cities</hi>,</q> a volume of popular +character, describing the most representative cities of the Bible +($1.25). +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>On the Threshold.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Munger’s</hi> wise and delightful book for young men and women +($1.00); <q><hi rend='italic'>Freedom of Faith</hi></q> and <q><hi rend='italic'>The Appeal to Life</hi>,</q> two +books of broad, noble, readable sermons ($1.50 each), and <q><hi rend='italic'>Lamps +and Paths</hi>,</q> a volume of exceedingly sensible and attractive sermons +to children ($1.00). +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>Who Wrote the Bible?</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Dr. Gladden’s frank, scholarly, yet popular book, treating wisely +and reverently a very important question ($1.25); a book of admirable +discourses on <q><hi rend='italic'>The Lord’s Prayer</hi></q> ($1.00), and <q><hi rend='italic'>Applied +Christianity</hi>,</q> treating very suggestively the moral aspects +of social questions ($1.25). +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>The Lily Among Thorns.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +A very interesting book on the Biblical drama called The Song of +Songs. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wm. Elliot Griffis</hi>, D. D. $1.25. +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>An American Missionary in Japan.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +A book of great interest, and giving a great deal of information +about the social and religious development of Modern Japan. By +Rev. Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>M. L. Gordon</hi>, for twenty years an able and devoted +missionary in that country. $1.25. +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>The Republic of God.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Elisha Mulford</hi>, LL. D. $2.00. <q>A unique work, and +devotes to the great topics of theology a kind of thinking of which +we have had little in English literature and need much.</q>—<hi rend='italic'>The +Independent.</hi> +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>As It Is In Heaven.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>The Unseen Friend.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>At the Beautiful Gate.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Three books by <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lucy Larcom</hi>,—religious, cheerful, delightful +to read, and of the finest quality in every way. The last-named is +a book of exquisite religious lyrics. Each, $1.00. +</hi></p> + +<p rend="font-size: small"> +⁂ <hi rend='italic'>For sale by all Booksellers. Sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by the +Publishers</hi>, +</p> + +<p rend="center"><hi rend='italic'><hi rend="font-size: large">Houghton, Mifflin & Company,</hi> +<lb/>4 Park Street, Boston; 11 East 17th Street, New York.</hi></p> +</div> +<div> + <pgIf output="pdf"> + <then/> + <else> + <div id="footnotes" rend="page-break-before: right"> + <index index="toc" level1="Footnotes"/> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + </else> + </pgIf> + </div> + +<div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter"/> + </div> + </back> + </text> +</TEI.2> diff --git a/48974-tei/images/cover.jpg b/48974-tei/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f05190c --- /dev/null +++ b/48974-tei/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/48974-tei/images/illu.jpg b/48974-tei/images/illu.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d85b51 --- /dev/null +++ b/48974-tei/images/illu.jpg diff --git a/48974.txt b/48974.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f3714a --- /dev/null +++ b/48974.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3641 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of As Others Saw Him by Joseph Jacobs + + + +This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +http://www.gutenberg.org/license. If you are not located in the United +States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located +before using this ebook. + + + +Title: As Others Saw Him + +Author: Joseph Jacobs + +Release Date: May 16, 2015 [Ebook #48974] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AS OTHERS SAW HIM*** + + + + + + AS OTHERS SAW HIM + + + + + + AS OTHERS SAW HIM + + _A RETROSPECT_ + + A. D. 54 + + "_It cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem_" + LUKE xiii. 33 + + [Illustration: Publisher's sign] + + +BOSTON AND NEW YORK +HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY +*The Riverside Press, Cambridge* +1895 + + + + + + Copyright, 1895, + BY HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. + + _All rights reserved._ + + + + + _The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A._ + Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co. + + + + + +TO AGLAOPHONOS, PHYSICIAN OF THE GREEKS AT CORINTH, MESHULLAM BEN ZADOK, A +SCRIBE OF THE JEWS AT ALEXANDRIA, GREETING:-- + +_It was a joy and a surprise to me to hear news after many days from thee, +my master and my friend. To thee I owe whatever I have of Greek wisdom; +for when in the old days at the Holy City thou soughtest me for +instruction in our Law, I learnt more from thee than I could impart to +thee. Since I last wrote to thee, I have come to this great city, where +many of my nation dwell, and almost all the most learned of thy tongue are +congregated. Truly, it would please me much, and mine only son and his +wife, if thou couldst come and take up thy sojourn among us for a while._ + +_Touching the man Saul of Tarsus, of whom thou writest, I know but little. +He is well instructed in our Law, both written and oral, having received +the latter from the chief master among those of the past generation, +Gamaliel by name. Yet he is not of the disciples of Aaron that love peace; +for when I last heard of him he was among the leaders of a riot in which a +man was slain. And now I think thereon, I am almost certain that the slain +man was of the followers of Jesus the Nazarene, and this Saul was __among +the bitterest against them. And yet thou writest that the same Saul has +spoken of the Nazarene that he was a god like Apollo, that had come down +on earth for a while to live his life among men. Truly, men's minds are as +the wind that bloweth hither and thither._ + +_But as for that Jesus of Nazara, I can tell thee much, if not all. For I +was at Jerusalem all the time he passed for a leader of men up to his +shameful death. At first I admired him for his greatness of soul and +goodness of life, but in the end I came to see that he was a danger to our +nation, and, though unwillingly, I was of those who voted for his death in +the Council of Twenty-Three. Yet I cannot tell thee all I know in the +compass of a letter, so I have written it at large for thee, and it will +be delivered unto thee even with this letter. And in my description of +events I have been at pains to distinguish between what I saw myself and +what I heard from others, following in this the example of Herodotus of +Halicarnassus, who, if he spake rude Greek, wrote true history. And so +farewell._ + + + + + + CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + I. THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE 9 + II. THE UPBRINGING 21 + III. EARLIER TEACHING. SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE 37 + GALILAEANS + IV. THE TWO WAYS 55 + V. THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. THE RICH YOUNG MAN 63 + VI. THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE 75 + VII. THE SECOND SERMON 87 +VIII. THE REBUKING OF JESUS 99 + IX. JESUS IN THE TEMPLE 111 + X. THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM 121 + XI. THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE 133 + XII. THE WOES 145 +XIII. THE GREAT REFUSAL 155 + XIV. THE MEETING OF THE HANANITES 167 + XV. THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM 181 + XVI. CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION 195 + EPILOGUE 207 + + + + + + + I. + THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE. + + +I was crossing one morning the Xystus Bridge on my way to the Temple, when +I saw issuing from the nearest gate a herd of beasts of sacrifice. Fearing +that something untoward had occurred, I hurried to the gate, and when I +entered the Court of the Gentiles, I found all in confusion. The tables of +the money-changers had been overturned, and the men were gathering their +moneys from the ground. And in the midst I saw one with a scourge in his +hand. His face was full of wrath and scorn, his eyes blazed, and on his +left temple stood out a vein all blue, throbbing with his passion. He was +neither short nor tall, but of sturdy figure, and clad in rustic garb. + +Now, as the money-changers were escaping from his wrath, one of them ran +against a little child that was in the court, and it fell screaming. The +fellow took no heed, but went on his course. But the man with the scourge +went to the little child and raised it to its feet, and pressed it to his +side; the hand that rested on the curly head was that of a workman, with +broken nails, and yet the fingers twitched with the excitement of the man. +But, looking to his face, I saw that a wonderful change had come over it. +From rage, it had turned to pity and love; the eyes that had flashed scorn +on the money-changers now looked down with tenderness on the little child. +I remember thinking to myself, "This man cannot say the thing that is not; +his face bewrayeth him." + +Meanwhile the money-changers and those with them had collected together +near the gate by which I had entered, and stood there whispering and +muttering among themselves. All at once they turned towards the man as he +was soothing the little child, and shouted out together, "_Mamzer! +Mamzer!_" which in our tongue signifieth one born out of wedlock. Then the +man looked up from the little child, his face once more full of rage, and +the blue vein throbbing on his temple. He took a step towards the men, and +then he stopped. His face changed to a look of pity, and the men +themselves, in fear and shame, slunk away before his look through the gate +and were gone. + +Then he turned towards those that had for sale doves as sacrifices for the +women and the poor. To these he spoke in a tone that was calm and yet full +of authority, and then I noticed that his voice had the burr of our +northern peasantry. He said unto them, "Take these things hence; make not +my Father's house a house of merchandise." And these, too, went away +through the gates, carrying with them the wicker cages full of doves. Ever +since that time the doves have been for sale in Hanan's Bazaar on the +Mount of Olives. + +Now I must tell thee that at this time there had been much disputing +between the Pharisees and the Sadducees as to the sale of beasts for +sacrifice. The Pharisees held that each man might buy such beasts wherever +he would; but the Sadducees, being mainly priests, or of priestly blood, +would have it that the beasts of sacrifice could only be purchased from +the salesmen duly authorized by the High Priest; for they said, "Who shall +tell that the beasts are according to the Law, if they are bought from any +chance person?" Yet many thought they only did this in order that they +might share the profit from the sale of the animals. And, indeed, the +great riches of the High Priests came mainly from this source. When, +therefore, I saw the man with the scourge getting rid of these sacrificial +animals from the courts of the Temple, my first thought was that he was of +the sect of the Pharisees. Yet these are rarely found in the country +parts, and the man bore no great marks of special piety; his phylacteries +were not broader than my own; the fringes of his garment were not more +conspicuous, nor did he seem as one of the fanatics who are so many in our +land. He had done what he had done in all calmness, and with a certain air +of authority. My wonder was aroused to think what manner of man this could +be, who did the work of the Pharisees, and was not one himself. + +While I thus thought, the man turned to a group of men clad in the same +rustic garb, saying, "Be ye rather approved money-changers, holding fast +the good and casting forth the false;"(1) and, after other words, he +turned from them and went up the steps leading to the Women's Court. + +Now thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that at the entrance of this court standeth +an inscription which saith, "LET NONE OF ALIEN BIRTH PASS WITHIN THE +TEMPLE CLOISTERS: HE THAT TRANSGRESSES IS GUILTY OF DEATH." As the man +with the scourge would enter the Women's Court, the Roman sentry stopped +him, and pointed to this inscription with his spear. He shook his head, +saying in faulty Greek, "Jewish I am," and showed the soldier the fringes +of his garment after the Jewish fashion. Then the sentry drew back, and +the man passed through. + +Thereupon I went up to the men to whom the man with the scourge had +spoken, and greeted them with the greeting of peace. + +"Peace unto thee, master," said one of them in the same northern accent I +had noticed in their leader. + +"Who is that man," I said, "that has just gone into the Temple cloister?" + +"Jesus of Nazara, in Galilee." + +"And whose son is he?" I asked. + +The man looked at his companions ere he answered,-- + +"Of Joseph ben Eli the carpenter, and Miriam his wife." + +"And what is his trade?" I continued. + +"A wheelwright," he said; "the best wheels and yokes in all Capernaum are +made by him." + +"But is he of the country-folk,(2) or a pupil of the wise?" + +"Nay, master, he knoweth the Law and the Prophets." + +"Of what party is he? Boethusian he cannot be, nor Sadducee; but is he +Pharisee or Zealot, Essene or Baptist?" + +"He is of no party." + +"But from whom hath he received the tradition of the elders? At whose feet +has he sat? Whom calleth he master?" + +"He hath been baptized by Jochanan his kinsman, but none calleth he +master." + +"If he have not the tradition, he cannot teach the Law, for his words will +not be binding. Doth he sit in judgment or pronounce _Din_?" + +"Nay, master, he but teacheth us to be good." + +"Ah," said I, "he is but a homolist of the Hagada; he addeth naught to the +_Halacha_. Then what is his motto?"(3) + +"He saith, 'Repent ye, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.'" + +Then I took the man away from his companions, and out of hearing of the +Roman sentry, and asked him in a low tone, "And who shall be the king +thereof?" + +But the man answered not, but said only, "Lo! he cometh." + +And, indeed, at that moment Jesus came down by the steps he had ascended +and beckoned to his companions. And as they went towards him I was +surprised, and at the same time horrified, to see amongst them two persons +whom I little thought to find in any public place in Jerusalem, still less +in the courts of the Temple. One was a woman in the yellow veil of a +_hetaera_; the other, a mere _Nathin_ who had no name among men, but was +called _Dog o' Dogs_. These two pressed close to Jesus; the woman rushed +forward with a sob and raised the hem of his garment to her lips, while to +the man he spoke some friendly words, smiling on him as they walked +towards the entrance. + +I was astonished. The man had seemed so careful of the purity of the +Temple that he would not allow even the necessary arrangements for its +service to be performed in its precincts, yet he allowed its courts to be +defiled by the vilest of the vile. Perchance, I thought, he had prevailed +upon them to perform the vows enjoined by the Law, and cleanse themselves +of their sin. Or was it that he was ignorant of their characters, being +but newly come from rural parts? He must, indeed, be different from other +rabbis, who kept themselves apart from all transgressors against the Law +till they had repented and done penance. + +While I thus meditated, I saw the High Priest Hanan, whom ye Hellenes call +Annas, enter into the court of the Gentiles with his guard. Thou +rememberest the man, Aglaophonos--how his tyranny extended over all the +city. He was still called High Priest, though Valerius Gratius, the +Procurator, had deposed him years before, lest haply he might regain the +regal power of the Maccabaeans. Still, even after his deposition, he had +sufficient power to get his sons or sons-in-law named High Priests. It was +one of the latter, Joseph Caiaphas, who at that time held the office; yet +the people still called Hanan High Priest, and he himself wore on high +days the bells and pomegranates round his tunic as a sign of his dignity. +Thou must remember his keen-cut face, his nose like an eagle's, his long +white beard, bent neck, and sinewy hand. Was it thou or I that first +called him "the Old Vulture"? + +He had heard of the insult to his dignity by the removal, without his +orders, of the money-changers and others to whom the people paid the fees +from which he and his made such display in his grand dwelling on the Mount +of Olives. "Where is he? where is he?" he cried, as he came bustling up, +with neck extended, and looking more than ever like a bird of prey. He +soon found that the man he sought had gone; but he had given his orders, +and before I left the court, I saw the money-changers reenter and the +cattle driven back. I had to attend a meeting of the Sanhedrim, for that +year I had risen to the third and highest bench of disciples who sit under +its members when they give judgment. Next year I was elected of the +Seventy-One myself in the section of Israelites. It must, therefore, have +been in the sixteenth year of Tiberius the Emperor, nearly five-and-twenty +years agone, that I thus saw for the first time Jesus the Nazarene. + + + + + + II. + THE UPBRINGING. + + +Thou canst imagine the wonder and excitement in Jerusalem at this bold +deed of the Nazarene. Not even the oracle of Delphi is regarded with so +much reverence as our sacred fane, and none in our time had dared to +interfere with its regulations, which have all the sacredness of our +traditions. And of these none was regarded by the priestly guardians of +the Temple as of greater weight for them than the right of sale of beasts +of sacrifice. It is from this, as I have said, that the priestly order +gain their wealth, and no more deadly blow could be struck at their power +than to deprive them of this. Hence had the Pharisees protested against +this right, but none had hitherto dared to carry out the protest in very +deed. All the poor and all the pious would have been glad if they could +buy their offerings to the Lord wheresoever they would. + +But more than all, men of Jerusalem were amazed at the daring of the +Galilaean stranger in opposing the High Priest Hanan. This man had been the +tyrant of the Temple and of the city for the whole span of a generation of +men, and no man had dared say him nay for all that time. Even the Romans, +who had deposed him from his position as High Priest, had not dared to +interfere with him otherwise. Yet had this rude countryman, who had never +been seen, never been known to set foot in Jerusalem before, dared to +strike at the root of his power and wealth. Thou canst not wonder that men +were curious to know what manner of man he might be who had dared this +great thing, and busy rumor ran through all the bazaars of Jerusalem, +asking, Who is this Jesus of Nazara? All that I learnt of his kindred and +early life I learnt at this time, and I here set it forth in order. + +It was natural that I should first direct my inquiries as to his birth, +for the insulting cry of the money-changers still rang in my ears. Thou +knowest our pride of birth; I learnt from thee to abate it. Every man in +Israel taketh his place in the nation according as he is a son of Aaron or +of Levi, a simple Israelite, or a proselyte that fears the Lord; each man +knoweth his own and his neighbor's genealogy. The greatest slur upon a man +is to accuse him of "mixture," the greatest insult is to call him +"bastard." Why had the money-changers cast this slur upon the Nazarene? +Thou and I, Aglaophonos, who boast to be citizens of the Kosmos, would not +think the worse of him if the taunt were true. Yet thou canst understand +how great, even if he only thought it to be true, would be the influence +of such a slur on this mans mind and on his career. If in after-days he +showed himself so careless of the nation's hopes, may it not have been +that he felt himself in some way outside the nation? + +Now I found, upon inquiry among the Galilaeans settled in Jerusalem, that +some such scandal had arisen about his birth. There had even been talk +that Joseph ben Eli would have put away his wife, but for the stern +penalties which our Law inflicts upon the misdoer. Yet there may have been +naught but suspicion in the matter, for the two lived together, and Miriam +bore several children to Joseph after this Jesus. But between him and them +there was never good will, and I have heard things told of this Jesus +which seem to show some harshness in his treatment of them, and even of +his mother. Once when he was told that his mother and brethren were +without, and would see him, he as it were repudiated them, saying, "Who +are my mother and my brothers? Whosoever doeth the will of God, the same +is my brother and sister and mother." Again, when once his mother came to +him and would speak to him, he said to her, "Woman, what have I to do with +thee?" The man whom I had seen so tenderly thoughtful to a little child +could not have spoken thus unless he had felt himself placed by some means +outside the natural ties of men. + +Of Jesus' upbringing I could learn little. When he was at the age of +thirteen, when each Jewish male child becomes a Son of the Covenant (_Bar +Mitzva_), and, as we think, takes his sins upon his own soul, his parents +brought him to Jerusalem. On this occasion, as some still remember, he +showed remarkable knowledge of the Law, when, as is customary, they read +the portion of the Law set down for the Sabbath reading next after his +birthday, and he was examined in its meaning by the learned men present. +Yet he fulfilled not this promise of devotion to the Law as he grew in +years. I cannot learn that he dusted himself with the "dust of the wise," +as the sages have commanded.(4) Not having sat at the feet of any of the +holders of tradition, he could not pronounce decisions of the Law. + +His father brought him up to his own trade, that of carpenter. With us +manual toil is not despised, as among you Hellenes; there is a saying +among us, "Whoso bringeth not his son up to a handicraft traineth him for +a robber." Jesus was a good and capable worker, and devoted himself +especially to the making of yokes and wheels at Capernaum, where he had +settled, some five hours' journey from his native place. Here he would +often read the _Haphtaroth_, or prophetical lessons, in the synagogue, and +explain it after the manner of the Hagada. + +Thus he would have passed his life, a wheelwright on week-days, a preacher +on the Sabbath and festivals, but for a strange event that occurred in his +own family. Among us Jews, none has more honor than the _Nabi_, the man +who speaks the word of wisdom in the name of God. How know we that a man +is a Nabi? Chiefly by his words, but mainly by his eyes, in which there +shines the light of prophecy. Now, when Jesus was about thirty years old, +three or four years before I first saw him, the light of prophecy came in +the eyes of his cousin, Jochanan ben Zacharia Ha-Cohen. Thou knowest, +Aglaophonos, that amongst us there is a sect of Essenoi, who answer in +much to the Pythagoreans among the Hellenes. These Essenoi eat no flesh, +they dwell not in the cities of men, they perform frequent lustrations, +nor will they admit any into their community until they have been baptized +of them; they care little for the Temple service, and in this above all +distinguish themselves from either Pharisees or Sadducees. Their belief in +the angels is strong, and they use magic for the healing of sickness. + +Now, this Jochanan, the cousin of Jesus, seems to have adopted in many +things the views of these Essenoi: he separated himself from men, and ate +no flesh, nor did he go up to the Temple on the three great festivals of +the year; and above all, when men began to follow after him, he would +admit none to communion with him till he had baptized them in running +water, and for this he was called among the folk Jochanan the Baptizer. +Yet he was not an Essene, for he joined not their communion, nor +established any distinction of orders among the men who came out to him; +he was more like unto the prophets of old, who taught as individuals new +truths about life; and his great teaching was this: "Repent ye, for the +kingdom of heaven is at hand." And men went out to him, asking him in what +they should repent so as to become worthy of the kingdom. Above all, those +who were despised of the people because they did the work of the Romans, +by being their tax-gatherers or their soldiers, feared the wrath to come +in the new kingdom which he preached, and asked him in what they should +alter their ways. But to them he was by no means hard, saying only to the +tax-gatherers, "Act justly," and to the soldiers, "Do no violence." To the +poor he was tender and merciful, but exhorted the rich to divide their +possessions with the poor. In this way he drew unto him all who were +despised of the people, and those who were poor and miserable. Thus he +attracted the notice of the rulers, who feared that he was preparing to +rebel against them; for they said, "Wherefore does this man attract to him +the discontented and the soldiery?" + +Now, when the family of Jesus heard that their relative was gaining a name +among men, they sent to Jesus, asking him to go with them unto his cousin; +but he, as I have heard, at first refused, saying, "Wherein have I sinned, +that I should be baptized of Jochanan?" Yet afterwards he consented unto +this, and went out to be baptized of his cousin. And when he saw the power +for good that Jochanan exercised, his spirit was exalted, and he felt that +he too had within him the same power. Many strange things have I heard of +what happened to this Jesus when he submitted to be baptized by his +cousin. And as none but Jesus would have known his feelings on that +occasion, these reports must have come from him. Among us it is the custom +that each Jew should select from the Psalms some _stichos_ which should +serve as the motto of his life, and identify him when he appeareth before +the Angel of Death. Now, it would appear that as Jesus was being baptized +of Jochanan he heard the Daughter(5) of the Voice of God say to him the +_stichos_ of the psalm, "Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee." +Whether this was a protest of his soul against the slur cast upon his +birth, what man shall say? But henceforth he spake of the fatherhood of +God as if it had to him a deeper sense than to most of us Jews, though +with us, as I have oft explained to thee, it is the central feeling of our +faith. + +Jesus did not remain long out in the wilderness with his cousin; he, +indeed, early recognized his superiority, though he was his master and his +teacher. For at the first the teaching of Jesus differed but in little +from the teaching of Jochanan. He summed up his whole aim in the words +which I had heard his followers use in the Temple: "Repent ye, for the +kingdom of heaven is at hand;" and this he must have learnt from his +cousin. So, too, like Jochanan, he mingled with the tax-gatherers and the +soldiery, and above all addressed himself to the poor, and, as I was to +see, exhorted the rich to distribute their possessions. In all these +things he was but the follower of his cousin Jochanan. It is no wonder, +therefore, that when Jesus separated himself from Jochanan, and began to +be a teacher of men, many left Jochanan and followed after Jesus; and +until this Jochanan met with a violent end at the hands of the rulers, +there was in some sort a rivalry if not between the men themselves, at +least between the followers of Jochanan and of Jesus. + +But even from the first there was a difference in Jesus' manner of +teaching, if not in the teaching itself. He, indeed, did not wait for men +to come out to him in the wilderness, but returned to the towns and +villages around the Sea of Galilee. Many of the fishermen left their work +to follow him, and become, as he said, "fishers of men." He preached as +before in the synagogues on the words of the prophets, but now he +commenced to go forth to preach and teach among the people in their homes. +Yet it was observed that he went not only among the rich and powerful, who +are used in our country to receive all who come at meal-times, but most of +all among the poor, and those despised of men for their ill life or their +degraded occupations. Nor did he despise those who know not the Law nor +keep its commands, but mixed freely with them, thereby incurring the wrath +of those among us, and there are many, who are eager for the credit of the +Law. Still, though he lived his life among the low and the vile, he +practiced none of their ways, nor was aught of low or vile seen in him or +those with him. Yet he turned against him many who would have been well +disposed towards him, in that he followed his cousin's example, and spake +kindly to the tax-gatherers and to the soldiers, whom the greater part of +the Jews regard as the enemies of their country. + +Now, as he began to live his life among the people, he began to do many +signs and wonders, like all our great teachers and prophets. In truth, we +say, how shall a man be accounted a prophet unless he can do wonders? +Indeed, as Jesus himself said, "Why marvel ye at the signs? I give unto +you an inheritance such as the whole world holds not." And the manner of +his wonders was this: if a man was afflicted with a demon of madness, he +would cause him to fix his eyes upon his, and after a while would speak +sternly and suddenly to the demon within him, who would depart from him, +rending his soul. So, too, would he do with women who were torn asunder by +the demons fighting within. To these he would speak calmly after he had +fixed their eyes, and, behold, a great calm would come upon them. But he +used no exorcisms or magic in his healing, nor spake he in the name of +God, but with the tone of one having authority in himself. Hence many +thought he had within him a greater Daimon than those afflicted men and +women whom he healed. Thence it was thought that for this reason the +demons of madness often returned to those whom he had freed for a while +with greater violence after he had gone forth from the place of their +habitation. There was much murmuring against him for that he did his +healing, not in the name of God, but in his own name and his own +authority. + +Yet he claimed no authority to decide the questions of the Law; though +many applied to him in difficult cases, these he referred to the learned +in the Law, saying, "Do ye as the scribes command." Yet it was complained +that he paid no great attention to their commands himself, nor for his +followers. Nor did he rebuke men when he saw them transgressing the Law +even in the greater transgressions. Thus I have heard it said of him, that +once with his followers, he met a man laboring on the Sabbath day, a sin +which, according to the Law, was punished with stoning. But all he said +unto him was this: "Man, if thou knowest what thou doest, blessed art +thou; but if thou knowest not, accursed art thou, and a transgressor of +the Law."(6) This is, indeed, a dark saying. Is each man, then, to choose +for himself which commands of the Law he shall do, and which not? The +fence of the Law, which our Sages have built up with such labor and toil, +would be stricken down at one stroke. Yet perhaps in this he only followed +the principle of our Sages who have said, "The Sabbath was made for you, +not you for the Sabbath." + +Such was the manner of life of this Jesus up to the time when I first saw +him in the Temple. Men knew not what to make of him; many regarded him as +a prophet because of the signs and the wonders which he did; and those who +were looking forward to the blessed day in which Israel would be free +again under its own king hoped that he was Elijah come again to prepare +the way for the new kingdom. + + + + + + III. + EARLIER TEACHING. + SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE GALILAEANS. + + +It must have been a year after I had first seen Jesus that I saw him again +the second time in Jerusalem. It fell out in this wise: I was proceeding +one morning to the meeting of the Sanhedrim, when, as I came near the +Synagogue of the Galilaeans in the Fish-Market, I found a crowd of men +entering in. I asked one of them what was going forward, and he said, +"Jesus the Nazarene will expound the Law." So I determined to take the +morning service in this synagogue rather than with my colleagues in the +Temple, and went in, the people giving way before me, as was my due as a +member of the Sanhedrim. + +Now, this synagogue of the Galilaeans differed in naught from the rest of +the synagogues of the Jews. It cannot be that thou hast not visited one of +these when thou wast in the Holy City, but perchance thy memory is dim +after all these years, and I will in a few words explain to thee its +arrangement. In the wall at the west end was the cabinet containing the +scrolls of the Law, with a curtain before it, for this is, as it were, the +Holy of Holies of the synagogue. The men go up to this, on to the platform +before it, by three steps. Then comes a vacant space, in the midst of +which stands a dais, with a reading-desk whereon the Law is read: this we +call by your Greek name _bema_. Then in the rest of the hall sit the folk, +arranged in benches one after another, somewhat as in your theatres. Now, +as I came in, they had said the morning psalms, and most of the Eighteen +Blessings, and shortly after the reading of the Law began. The curtain was +drawn aside from the holy ark, the scroll of the Law was taken thence, to +the singing of psalms unto the _bema_. Then, as is customary, the +messenger of the congregation summoned first to the reading of the Law a +Cohen, a descendant of Aaron, one of the priestly caste. And after he had +read some verses of the Law in the holy tongue, the dragoman read its +translation into Chaldee, so as to be understanded of the unlearned folk, +and of the women who were in the gallery outside the synagogue, and +separated from it by a grating. Then after the priest came a Levite, who +also read some verses, and after him an ordinary Israelite. Then the +messenger of the synagogue called out, "Let Rabbi Joshua ben Joseph +arise." Then Jesus the Nazarene went up to the _bema_ and read his +appointed verses, and these were translated as before by the dragoman. And +after the reading of the Law was concluded, the _Parnass_, or president of +the congregation, requested Jesus to read the _Haphtara_, the lesson from +the prophets; and this he did, using the cantillation with which we chant +words of Holy Scripture. Yet never heard I one whose voice so thrilled me, +and brought home to one the import of the great words; and this was +strange, for his accent was, as I had before noticed, that of the Galilaean +peasantry, at which we of Jerusalem were wont to scoff. Then, after the +Law had been returned to the ark with song and psalm, Jesus turned round +to the people on the _bema_ and began his discourse. It is near five-and- +twenty years since I heard him, and much have I forgotten in that long +time. But many of his sayings still ring in my ears, and I will here put +down, as far as possible in order, all that I can remember of the +discourse.(7) + + +"It hath been written by the Prophet Esaias: Behold, his reward is with +him, and his work before him. Yea, behold a man and his work before him. +He that worketh not, let him not eat. Yet he that plougheth, let him +plough in hope; he that thresheth, thresh in hope of partaking. Howbeit, +he who longs to be rich is like a man who drinketh seawater: the more he +drinketh the more thirsty he becomes, and never leaves off drinking till +he perish. Blessed is he who also fasts that he may feed the poor: for it +is more blessed to give than to receive. Yet let thy alms sweat into thy +hands until thou know to whom thou givest. Where there are pains, thither +hastens the physician: that which is weak shall be saved by that which is +strong. For the sake of the weak I was weak, for the sake of the hungry I +hungered, for the sake of the thirsty I thirsted. But woe to those who +have yet hypocritically taken from others; who are able to help +themselves, and yet wish to take from others: for each man shall give +account in the day of judgment. + +"That which thou hatest thou shalt not do to another. Good things must +come; he is blessed through whom they come. Love covereth a multitude of +sins; so never be joyful save when you look upon your brother's +countenance in love. Let not the sun go down upon your wrath. For the +greatest of crimes is this: if a man shall sadden his brother's spirit. +Blessed, too, are they who mourn for the perdition of unbelievers. Do not +give occasion to the Wicked One. Who is the Wicked One? He that tempts. +Yet none shall reach the kingdom of heaven unless he have been tempted: +for our Father which is in heaven would rather the repentance of a sinner +than his correction. Yet he will cleanse the house of his kingdom from all +offence. Be, therefore, careful and prudent and wise, lest any of you be +caught in the snares of the devil, for that ancient enemy goes about +buffeting. + +"If thou hast seen thy brother, thou hast seen thy Lord, God the Father, +whose fatherland is everywhere, in heaven and upon earth. Far and near, +the Lord knoweth his own. So grieve not the holy spirit which is in you, +nor extinguish the light which shines in you. Guard the flesh pure, and +the signet spotless, so that ye may take hold upon eternal life. For our +possessions are in heaven; therefore, sons of men, purchase unto +yourselves by these transitory things which are not yours, what is yours, +and shall not pass away." + + +I cannot tell thee, Aglaophonos, how deeply this discourse affected me. +Just as the Hellenes are eager to find each day some new beauty in man or +the world, or some new truth about the relation of things, so we Hebrews +rejoice in finding new ideals in the relations of men. Each of our Sages +prides himself on this--that he has said some maxim of wisdom that none had +thought of before him, and so each of them is remembered in the minds of +men by one or more of his favorite maxims. But it is rare if in a whole +lifetime a sage sayeth more than one word fit to be treasured up among +men. Yet was this man Jesus dropping pearls of wisdom from his mouth in +prodigal profusion. As each memorable word fell from his lips, a murmur of +delighted surprise passed round the synagogue, and each man looked to his +neighbor with brightened eyes. Some of the thoughts, indeed, I had heard +from other of our Sages, but never in so pointed a form, surely never in +such profusion from a single sage. + +And if what was said delighted us, the manner in which it was said +entranced us still more. The voice of the speaker answered to the thoughts +he expressed, as the Kinnor of David, according to our Sages, turned the +wind into music. When he spoke of love, his voice was as the cooing dove; +when he denounced the oppressor, it clanged like a silver trumpet. Indeed, +his whole countenance and bearing changed in like manner, so that every +word he uttered seemed to be the outcome of his whole being. + +But most of all was it the vividness of his eyes that impressed his words +upon us. I had seen them flashing with scorn in the Temple, I now saw them +melting with tenderness in the synagogue; and there was this of strange in +them, that they seemed to speak other and deeper words. As he gazed upon +us, I felt as if all my inmost being was bare to the gaze of those eyes. +They seemed to know all my secret thoughts and sins; and yet I felt not +ashamed, for as they saw the sins, so they seemed to speak forgiveness of +them. + +What I felt then, others felt with me, for, as I afterwards learnt, each +man felt the same as the eyes of Jesus fell upon him; and most curious it +was that each man thought as I did, that the eyes of the speaker were upon +him during the whole of the discourse. I have seen here in Alexandria +portraits of men painted by your subtlest artists, in which, from whatever +place you looked at them, the eyes seemed to gaze upon you. So was it with +Jesus. Not alone did I, who was, as a member of the Sanhedrim, sitting +immediately before him, feel his eyes pierce to my soul, but all who were +in that synagogue felt the same. Nor did the effect die away after I had +left the synagogue; for days and days afterwards, whenever I closed my +eyes, or gazed for long on the wall, I could see the eyes of Jesus, and +with it his whole face gazing upon me. + +I had left the synagogue a little before the others, because a messenger +had been sent from the Sanhedrim to seek for a member who should make up +the quorum of Twenty-Three; and this messenger, hearing that a member of +the Sanhedrim was in the synagogue of the Galilaeans, sent in to summon me. +When the sitting was over, I sought for Jesus again, but found that he had +left the city. And for a time I neither saw nor heard aught more of him, +save such rumors as came to the Holy City from Galilee. About this time +many joined themselves unto him, going whithersoever he went. Those, too, +who had joined themselves to Jochanan passed over to him, for Jochanan had +been slain by Herod, whom he had rebuked for his wicked living. It was, +indeed, said that Herod had also captured this Jesus when he found that he +was following in the footsteps of Jochanan; but this proved to be untrue, +and the multitude thronged more and more after Jesus, and from this time +he began to teach them regularly, after the manner of our Sages. Yet he +did not pronounce decisions of Halacha on questions of our Law; indeed, he +disclaimed all interference with such questions. "I am not come," he said, +"to take away from the Law of Moses, nor to add to the Law of Moses am I +come." Only one saying of his have I heard of wherein he said aught at +variance with the Torah. When the children of a man who had recently died +asked him in what way should the property be divided, he said, "Let son +and daughter inherit alike." In this, as in other things, he was more +favorable to the claims of the women than the Law and the Sages. For this +reason, perhaps, it was that many women followed after him, even joined in +prayer with him and those with him, against the custom of our nation. +Hence arose much scandal among the more rigidly pious among us, who follow +the saying of Joseph ben Jochanan, "Engage not in much converse with +women." But I have heard naught of evil that resulted from this free +mingling of men and women among his followers. Yet Jesus was not against +the due subordination of women, for he also said, "Let the wife be in +subordination to her husband." + +Thou must know that among us our Sages are of two kinds, the Halachists +and the Hagadists. The former deal with matters of the Law according to +the tradition they have received from their teacher; but the latter +expound the words of the Scripture, and deal with the moral relations of +man to man. Some of our Sages, indeed, like the great Hillel, who died +when I was a child, have been equally masters both of the Halacha and the +Hagada; and in many ways the teaching of Jesus seems to have resembled, if +it did not follow, that of Hillel. I must tell thee one anecdote about +this Hillel which is well known amongst us. He was distinguished for his +evenness of temper, and men would often in sport try to make him lose it. +A heathen came before him one day, and declared that he would become a Jew +if only Hillel would tell him the whole Law while he stood upon one foot, +hoping thereby to irritate Hillel by his presumption. But Hillel said +only, "What thou wilt not for thyself, do not to thy neighbor. This is the +whole of the Law; all the rest is but commentary thereon. Go and learn." +Now, among the disciples of Hillel was one who compiled for the heathen a +summary of the Law in the spirit of Hillel; and it seemed to me, from what +I heard of Jesus' teaching, that he had learnt much from this summary, +which is called "THE TWO WAYS." I will have a copy written out for thee, +for it is very short. + +Now, in all the teaching of Jesus which I heard of about this time, he +seems to have expanded, but in no wise modified, the teaching of "The Two +Ways." Above all, he seems to have warned men against the evil feelings +within, that lead to sins against the Law, and therein differed somewhat +from the practice of our Sages, who think that by doing the Law and +keeping to it rightful feelings shall grow, and evil thoughts fly away. + +Yet while in many ways Jesus seemed to be of the School of Hillel, in +others he cast in his lot with the men among us who claim to be especially +favored of God, because--thou wilt smile, Aglaophonos--because they are +poor. Thou hast read our Psalms, and knowest with what insistence the poor +and the righteous, the rich and the wicked, are identified in them. Many +of our nation have taken this to heart, and as it were pride themselves +upon their humility, as some of them call themselves _Ebionim_, or the +Poor; some, the _Zaddikim_, or Righteous; some, _Chasidim_, or Pious. Thou +canst not call them a sect, for in a way they include the whole nation. In +the Eighteen Blessings which form the staple of our daily prayers, the +Lord is blessed as the Guardian and Refuge of the _Zaddikim_. Now, it was +chiefly among these men, whether they called themselves _Ebionim_, or +_Zaddikim_, or _Chasidim_, that Jesus found his chief adherents, though he +seems to give his preference to the _Ebionim_, who have always been +insisting upon the blessedness of the poor. Now, these men consider +themselves to be beyond all others the servants of the Lord, and identify +themselves with that picture of the servant which has been given by the +Prophet Esaias. Thus in all these ways Jesus appealed to the more earnest +part of our nation, and in him were conjoined most of the movements that +had touched us most deeply. If any had said at this time, "Jesus the +Nazarene is a follower of Jochanan the Baptizer, and preaches 'The Two +Ways' to the Poor," none could have gainsaid him. + +Yet all were wondering what he would say to the other side of our nation's +hopes. The life of our nation had begun with a deliverance; our chief +national feast recalls that deliverance from Egypt to us every year as the +spring comes round. We have become subject to all the great kingdoms that +have grown up round us, yet again and again we have been delivered from +each. Thou and I have often wondered how it has come about that both +Hellenes and Hebrews, who feel ourselves in different ways higher than +these stolid Romans who rule us, have yet become subject to them. Thy +nation hath acquiesced in their rule; my people never will. Every man who +promises greatness among us is hoped for as the Deliverer. Many men about +this time began to ask, Will Jesus the Nazarene be the Deliverer? + + + + + + IV. + THE TWO WAYS. + + +Now, this is the "CATECHISM OF THE TWO WAYS" which I have had copied out +for thee, for in it is the essence of the teaching of Jesus, as he himself +recognized in speaking to me, as thou wilt shortly hear. + +"There are two ways, one of life and one of death, but there is a great +difference between the two ways. Now, the way of life is this: first, Thou +shalt love God who made thee; secondly, thy neighbor as thyself, and all +things whatsoever thou wouldest not should be done to thee, do thou also +not do to another. Thou shalt not kill, thou shalt not commit adultery, +thou shalt not corrupt boys, thou shalt not commit fornication, thou shalt +not steal, thou shalt not use witchcraft, thou shalt not use enchantments, +thou shalt not kill an infant whether before or after birth, thou shalt +not covet thy neighbor's goods. + +"Thou shalt not forswear thyself, thou shalt not bear false witness, thou +shalt not revile, thou shalt not bear malice. + +"Thou shalt not be double-minded nor double-tongued; for duplicity of +tongue is a snare of death. + +"Thy speech shall not be false nor vain. + +"Thou shalt not be covetous, nor an extortioner, nor a hypocrite, nor +malignant, nor haughty. Thou shalt not take evil counsel against thy +neighbor. + +"Thou shalt hate no man, but some thou shalt rebuke, and for some thou +shalt pray, and some thou shalt love above thine own soul. + +"My child, flee from all evil, and from all that is like unto it. + +"Be not soon angry, for anger leadeth to murder; nor given to party- +spirit, nor contentious, nor quick-tempered, for from all these are +generated murders. + +"My child, be not lustful, for lust leadeth to fornication; neither be a +filthy talker, nor a lifter-up of the eyes, for from all these things are +generated adulteries. + +"My child, be not thou an observer of birds, for it leadeth to idolatry; +nor a charmer, nor an astrologer, nor a user of purifications; nor be thou +willing to look on those things, for from all these is generated idolatry. + +"My child, be not a liar, for lying leadeth to theft; nor a lover of +money, nor fond of vainglory, for from all these things are generated +thefts. + +"My child, be not a murmurer, for it leadeth to blasphemy; neither self- +willed, nor evil-minded, for from all these things are generated +blasphemies. + +"Be thou long-suffering, and merciful, and harmless, and quiet, and good, +and trembling continually at the words which thou hast heard. + +"Thou shalt not exalt thyself, nor shalt thou give presumption to thy +soul. Thy soul shall not be joined to the lofty, but with the just and +lowly shalt thou converse. + +"The events that happen to thee shalt thou accept as good, knowing that +without God nothing taketh place. + +"My child, thou shalt remember night and day him that speaketh to thee the +word of God. + +"But thou shalt seek out day by day the faces of the saints, that thou +mayest rest in their words. + +"Thou shalt not desire division, but shalt make peace between those at +strife; so thou shalt judge justly. Thou shalt not respect a person in +rebuking for transgressions. + +"Thou shalt not be of two minds whether it shall be or not. + +"Be not one that stretcheth out his hands to receive, but shutteth them +close for giving. + +"If thou hast, thou shalt give with thine hands a ransom for thy sins. + +"Thou shalt not hesitate to give, nor when thou givest shalt thou murmur, +for thou shalt know who is the good recompenser of the reward. + +"Thou shalt not turn away from him that needeth, but shalt share all +things with thy brother, and shalt not say that they are thine own; for if +ye are fellow-sharers in that which is imperishable, how much more in +perishable things. + +"Thou shalt not take away thine hand from thy son or from thy daughter, +but from their youth up shalt thou teach them the fear of God. + +"Thou shalt not in thy bitterness lay commands on thy man-servant or thy +maid-servant, who hope in the same God, lest they should not fear him who +is God over you both; for He cometh not to call men according to the +outward appearance, but to those whom the Spirit hath prepared. + +"But ye, servants, shall be subject to your masters as to a figure of God +in reverence and fear. + +"Thou shalt hate all hypocrisy, and everything which is not pleasing to +the Lord. + +"Thou shalt not forsake the commandments of the Lord, but shalt keep what +thou hast received, neither adding thereto nor taking away from it. + +"Thou shalt confess thy transgressions, and shalt not come to thy prayer +with an evil conscience. This is the way of life. + +"But the way of death is this. First of all, it is evil and full of curse; +murders, adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries, witchcrafts, +sorceries, robberies, false-witnessings, hypocrisies, double-heartedness, +deceit, pride, wickedness, self-will, covetousness, filthy talking, +jealousy, presumption, haughtiness, flattery. + +"Persecutors of the good, hating truth, loving a lie, not knowing the +reward of righteousness, not cleaving to that which is good nor to +righteous judgment, watching not for the good but for the evil, far from +whom is meekness and patience, loving vain things, seeking after reward, +not pitying the poor, not toiling with him who is vexed with toil, not +knowing Him that made them, murderers of children, destroyers of the image +of God, turning away from him that is in need, vexing him that is +afflicted, advocates of the rich, lawless judges of the poor, wholly +sinful. + +"Take heed that no one make thee to err from this way of teaching, since +he teacheth thee not according to God." + + + + + + V. + THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. + THE RICH YOUNG MAN. + + +It must have been many months after I had heard him discourse in the +Galilaean synagogue that I again saw Jesus the Nazarene. We in Jerusalem +had our own concerns to think of. + +At this time the long monopoly of rule by the Sadducees was gradually +being broken. Of the three divisions of the Sanhedrim, that of the +ordinary Israelites had become almost entirely composed of the Pharisees; +I myself had been elected as one of that party, and even in the other two +sections of the Priests and of the Levites, many, especially among the +latter, held with the Pharisees. Nor was this without influence upon the +political issues of the times. The Sadducees, being the sacerdotal party, +had no cause why they should be dissatisfied with the position they held +in the State under the Romans; but we of the Pharisees felt far otherwise +about the national hopes for deliverance. Since my days the influence of +the Pharisees has become predominant in the nation, and I foresee that the +struggle between us and the Romans cannot be delayed for long. At the time +of which I am writing, the hegemony had not yet passed over to the +Pharisees, and it was of import for us all to know whether any man of +influence was on our side, or on that of the Sadducees, or whether he +cared for neither, and cast in his lot with the smaller sects. + +Now, it happened about this time that I was attending my place in the +Sanhedrim of Israelites, to judge of a case of adultery. But in this +matter our Sages, and especially those of the Pharisaic tradition, had +made great changes in the Law as laid down for us by Moses; for he, as +thou knowest, commands that a woman taken in adultery shall be stoned to +death. Now, for a long time among us there has been an increasing horror +of inflicting the death penalty. If a Sanhedrim inflicts capital +punishment more than once in seven years, it is called a Sanhedrim of +murderers. Yet the Law of Moses declared that whosoever was guilty of +adultery would be put to death. What, then, was to be done? It is against +the principle of justice that any should be punished for an offence of +which he is ignorant. Hence, in capital offences, our Sages, to mercy +inclined, have laid it down that a man must be assumed to be ignorant of +the guilt of the offence, unless it be proved that he had been solemnly +warned of its gravity; and in our Law proof can only be given by two +simultaneous witnesses. Hence it is impossible to obtain conviction for a +woman who hath committed adultery, unless proof is given that she hath +been previously warned by two persons at once. This can scarcely ever be. +No Jewish woman in my time has ever been stoned as the Law commands for +this sin. Some think that this is too great a leniency, and of evil result +for the morality of the folk. + +When I arrived at the hall of polished stones near the Temple, in which +the Sanhedrim holds its sittings, the trial had nearly come to a +conclusion. The inquiry had been made if any two credible witnesses had +given the woman the preliminary caution, and none answering to the call, +it remained only for the _Ab Beth Din_, the president of the court, to +dismiss the prisoner with the words of caution and advice which are +customary on such occasions: "My daughter, perhaps thou wert led into sin +by too much wine, or by thoughtlessness, or perhaps by thy youth; +perchance it was mixing in crowds, or wicked companions that led thee to +sin: go, and for the sake of the great Name, do not bring it to pass that +thou must be destroyed by the water of jealousy." And with these words the +court was dismissed, and several of us were appointed to take the woman to +her home, and induce the man, her husband, to take her to him once again. +Now, as we were passing through the courts of the Temple, we saw Jesus the +Nazarene in one of the smaller courts, seated, teaching the people, some +of whom sat at his feet. But it seemed to some of us a favorable +opportunity to test what he would say as regards the Law of Moses relating +to adultery: for if he would declare that the Law must be carried out in +all its rigor, that would show that our Sages were more merciful than he; +if, on the other hand, he adopted the opinion of our Sages, that would in +so far commit him to support their attitude towards the Law in general. In +any case, it seemed a suitable occasion to test his power of dealing with +the Law, and it is customary among us to put such test cases before the +younger Sages. + +We therefore turned aside and entered into the smaller court, and all rose +to do honor to the Sanhedrim. Then one of us said to him, "Rabbi, this +woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. Now, Moses in the Law hath +commanded that such should be stoned: what sayest thou?" Now, when the man +told him that the woman had been taken in the very act of adultery, a deep +blush passed over his face, and he turned his eyes downwards. Then he bent +down to the ground, hiding his face altogether from us, and writing, as it +were, something on the sand of the floor. Now, at first, I thought of the +cry of the money-changers that I had heard, and felt ashamed in my soul +that such a question should be brought before this man, of all men: for +our Sages have said, "The greatest of sins is this--to bring a blush upon +thy neighbor's face in public." But the others thought not of this, but +once more they asked him, "Rabbi, what sayest thou shall be done in this +case?" Then, without raising his head, Jesus said in a low tone, "Let him +among you that is without sin cast the first stone." Then we saw that his +shame had been for us, and for our want of feeling in putting such a +question in the very presence of her who had sinned. And in this matter we +hold that sin can be in thought as well as in act, and which of us could +say that we were without sin even in thought? So, in very shame, we turned +and went, and left Jesus alone with the woman. + +Yet, after we had come away from him, Matathias ben Meshullam said, "That +is well,--we are rightly rebuked; but yet, dost thou not see that this man +hath not answered our question, nor do we know, as we wished, what +attitude he takes towards the carrying out of the Law? I hear that each +morning he preaches to the people in the Temple. Let us now tomorrow put +such questions to him that he cannot evade, and find out to which of our +parties he belongs; for this is a man that is getting great weight with +the people, and it imports us to know where he stands with regard to us." +So it was determined among us that the next morning a Sadducee and a +Pharisee should put to him queries which should determine what views he +held on the great questions which distinguished the two great parties of +the State. + +But that very afternoon I was to learn that this Jesus had to deal with +questions with which none of our parties concerned themselves. For, as I +was coming near to Gethsemane, I met Jesus with a band of men and women +going out towards Bethany, and I passed them with the salutation of +"Peace." But as I passed, a young man whom I knew, that had recently come +into great possessions upon the death of his father, came up and asked, +"Who is that man whom thou hast just greeted?" and I said, "Jesus the +Nazarene." Then, suddenly, he set off running to catch them up, and being +curious, I turned and followed him. When I reached them I found the young +man kneeling before Jesus, gazing up to him, and he said, "Good Master, I +have inherited great possessions; what shall I do that I may inherit the +life everlasting?" Jesus said to him, "Call not me 'Good;' none is good +but the One. If thou wouldest enter into life, do the commandments." The +young man asked, "Which?" Jesus said, using the doctrine of "The Two +Ways," "Do not kill, do not commit adultery, do not steal, do not bear +false witness, do not defraud, honor thy father and thy mother, and love +thy neighbor as thyself." Then the young man said, "All these things have +I kept from my youth up: what lack I yet?" Then Jesus said, "One thing +thou lackest: go thy way, sell all thou hast, and give unto the poor, and +thou shalt have heavenly treasures: come then and follow me." The young +man began to scratch his head, and seemed in doubt. Then Jesus said unto +him, "How is it thou canst say, 'I have done the Law and the Prophets,' +since it is written in the Law, 'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself'? +Behold, many of thy brothers, sons of Abraham, are clothed but in dung, +and die for hunger, while thy house is full of many goods, and there goeth +not forth aught from it unto them." But the young man rose, and went away +in sorrow and confusion. Then Jesus looked round upon those who were +there, and said, "How hard it is for them that trust in riches to enter +into the kingdom of God! It is easier for an elephant to go through a +needle's eye, as the saying is, than for a rich man to enter into the +kingdom of God." Then a murmur arose among all those present, and they +began to move on, and I left them. And I said to myself, "This man is +neither Pharisee, nor Sadducee, nor Herodian; these be the thoughts of the +Ebionim." + + + + + + VI. + THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE. + + +Now, on the morrow, many of us who had agreed together to test the +opinions of this Jesus went to the Temple and found Jesus walking in the +corridors. Then he that was of most authority among us said unto Jesus, +"Rabbi, we would ask certain questions of thee;" and Jesus answered, "Ask, +and it shall be answered unto thee." + +Thou must know that among us Jews there be two chief schools of thought, +or rather thou mightest say, parties of the State. The one holds with the +High Priest and the rulers, and is mainly made up of those whom ye +Hellenes call the Best, and their retainers. These be known as the +Sadducees, for their leaders are mainly of the family of the High Priest +Sadduk. Now, the other party is in some sort the party of the Demos, in +that they seek to lessen the power of the High Priests and their families. +But with us, as thou knowest, all things turn upon religion, and this +second party differ chiefly from the Sadducees, for that they are more in +earnest with the matters of the Law, and chiefly they fear the influence +of thy nation, Aglaophonos, in drawing the Israelite away from the Law. +Therefore have they increased precept upon precept, so as to make, as they +say, a fence round the Law. And as they would separate themselves from the +heathen by this fence, they call themselves Pharisees, that is, +Separatists. + +Now, it was nowise easy to learn whether a man was of the one party or the +other. For he might be eager for the Law, and so be Pharisaic in color, +and yet approve of the dominion of the priests, and thus be a Sadducee. +Yet in one chief matter of thought they went asunder contrariwise, and +that was concerning the resurrection of the dead. Now, with regard to +that, the Sadducees held that naught was said in the Law of Moses, and +therefore no son of Israel need concern himself with it. But the +Pharisees, on the other hand, laid great weight upon this. So here was a +touchstone by which to learn whether this Jesus followed the one or the +other of the two great divisions of our nation. + +Then, as was agreed upon, Kamithos the Sadducee came forward to ask him +the question which should determine whether he held with them that there +was no resurrection from the dead, or with the rest of the nation. He +said, "Rabbi, it is written in the Torah, if brethren dwell together, and +one of them die and have no son, the wife of the dead one shall not marry +without, unto a stranger; her husband's brother shall take her to him to +wife, and raise up seed unto his brother. Suppose, now, there are seven +brethren, and the first takes a wife, and dying leaves no son; and the +second takes her, as is our custom, and dies without leaving any seed; and +the third likewise, and so on, till the whole seven had married her, and +yet had no son; then the woman dies also: when they shall rise from the +dead together, whose wife shall she be of them? for all seven had her to +wife." And Jesus answered and said, "Ye are at fault, and know not the +Scriptures, nor the power of God; for in the resurrection they neither +marry, nor are given in marriage, but are even as the angels which are in +heaven. And as an indication from Scripture that the dead rise, is it not +written in the book of Moses, when God spake to him from the bush, saying, +'I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob'? He +is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living: therefore are ye in +error." + +And we were surprised at the subtlety of the man; and chiefly men +marvelled at the wisdom of this man in finding what we call a support, +that is, a text of Scripture on which to hang the doctrine of the life +after death, which many believe to have grown up among us since the sacred +Scriptures were written: for in them little, if anything, was said of the +world to come. Now, Jesus in his answer had happened upon a text which +said that Abraham and Isaac and Jacob were living when they were dead to +this world, and the people marvelled greatly thereat. + +Now, it had been agreed upon, that after the Sadducees had asked their +question and been answered, I should stand forth and test this man Jesus +on behalf of the Pharisees. Now, one of our Sages hath said, "Be as +careful of a little precept as of a great one;" whereas our great master +Hillel had, as I have told thee, summed up the whole Law in one precept, +"Love thy neighbor as thyself." Therefore, we of the Pharisees wished to +know whether this Jesus agreed with the one sage or the other; so I spake +unto him and said, "Rabbi, which is the first commandment, by doing which +I shall inherit the life everlasting?" But at first he answered me not +directly, but said, "How readest thou?" Then I remembered me the words of +the "Catechism of the Two Ways," and answered, "Thou shalt love the Lord +thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy strength, and with all thy +mind, and thy neighbor as thyself: whatsoever thou wouldest not for +thyself, do not to another." And he said unto me, "Thou hast answered +right; and the first of the commandments is the _Shema_: 'Hear, O Israel; +the Lord thy God is one God.' And the second is like, namely this: 'Thou +shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.' There is none other commandment +greater than these. This do, and thou shalt live." Then I was rejoiced, +and said unto him, "Well, Rabbi, thou hast said the truth: there is one +God, and there is none other but him; and to love him with all the heart, +and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and all the +strength, and to love one's neighbor as one's self, is more than all the +burnt offerings and sacrifices." Then Jesus became gracious unto me, and +said, "Thou art not far from the kingdom of God." + +But then I would learn further from this man who spake so well, and ask +him the question which is current in our schools on this subject, and I +said to him, "But, Rabbi, who is my neighbor?" and he answered with a +_mashal_, or parable, and said, "To what is the matter like? A certain man +was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho; and he fell among robbers, which +both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And +by chance a certain priest was going down that way: and when he saw him, +he passed by on the other side. And in like manner a Levite also, when he +came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a certain +Israelite,(8) as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he +was moved with compassion, and came to him, and bound up his wounds, +pouring on them oil and wine; and he set him on his own beast, and brought +him to an inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow he took out two +pence, and gave them to the host, and said, 'Take care of him; and +whatsoever thou spendest more, I, when I come back again, will repay +thee.' Which of these three, thinkest thou, proved neighbor unto him that +fell among the robbers?" Then I said, "Not the priest, nor the Levite, +though they held office in Israel, but the simple Israelite who showed +mercy upon him." Then Jesus said unto me, "Go and do thou likewise;" and +at this moment we were all summoned to the mid-day sacrifice in the +Temple. + +When Jesus had departed, after the sacrifice, we all met together and +discussed his answers, which had stamped him in our minds as a master in +the art of question and answer, which is with us as favorable a trial of +skill as oratory or poetry with you Hellenes. Now, as regards the question +of the Sadducees, men thought he had spoken more openly; for though he had +evaded a direct answer to the question of the seven brothers and their +wife, he had yet implied that they all would have a part in the life to +come. Some regretted that the question had not been put differently, and +the problem set--if a son had been born through the seventh brother: for +this might have thrown light upon the question of the schools, whether the +brother's widow was to be still regarded as his wife if seed had been +raised to him after his death. But as to the support which Jesus had taken +from Scripture for the life everlasting, though here again he had answered +question by question, it was decided that he was against the Sadducees on +this point. + +But on the questions which I had put to him, all had agreed that he had +answered as a Pharisee, even as Hillel might have answered, for he had +yea-said the doctrine which I had cited from the beginning of "The Two +Ways" in which the doctrine of Hillel is summed up; and even as to my +further question, as to who is the _chaber_, or neighbor, though opinions +were divided, most thought that he had spoken as a Pharisee might have +spoken: for thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that our nation is divided into +three great classes--the _Cohanim_, or Priests; the Levites; and the common +Israelites. Now, of these, the two former are the officials of the Temple, +and most if not all of the Sadducees are from this class. And, in +declaring himself on the side of the third class of simple Israelites, +Jesus had, we all thought, declared himself on the side of the Pharisees. + + + + + + VII. + THE SECOND SERMON. + + +I cannot clearly remember at what season of the year it was that I next +saw Jesus; indeed, I am surprised to think that, after the lapse of nearly +five-and-twenty years, I can still remember almost all that passed on the +various occasions when I was in his presence. Yet I think it was about the +time of the feast which we hold in memory of the rededication of the +Temple under the Maccabaeans that I again saw and heard the Galilaean +stranger; for I mind me that I had just been taking the eight-branch +candlestick which we use in the ceremonials of this feast to Petachayah +the silversmith to be mended, when on my return I saw a throng collected +round the synagogue of the Galilaeans, and entering in, found that Jesus +was to preach that day. The same ceremonial was gone through as I have +already described to thee: the Law was taken from the ark with rejoicing; +priest and Levite and four ordinary Israelites were summoned to hear it +read, and again the crier called, "Let Rabbi Joshua, the son of Rabbi +Joseph, arise." Now, it chanced that this time, I, as a member of the +Sanhedrim, was summoned to the reading of the Law immediately after Jesus, +and for a time, as is customary, we stood together upon the _bema_. I +observed that, as the reading of the Law proceeded, the eyes of the +Nazarene became fixed upon the ark, and a veil of mysterious tenderness +seemed to come over them, as if he were in communion with the _Shechinah_, +or Glory, itself. It seemed to me that afterwards, when he read the +_Haphtara_ from the prophets, and when he preached, something remained in +him of this mystical communion. + +Perhaps it was for this that we seemed to miss that sense of individual +address which we had before observed in his eyes. No longer did these +speak to us other and deeper thoughts than the words of the preacher; they +seemed to dream of divine things, and so caused us also to be rapt in +mystic musings. I cannot on this account recall for you all or even many +of the words which he uttered on this occasion. He began with some plain +teaching about practice. Soon he went on to speak of himself in a +marvellous way, as if he would imply that communion with him and with the +Most High were one and the same, and then in his last words he seemed to +speak of the Last Things. And here again his words seemed as if he +identified himself with the great Judge. + +Now, this is not so strange to our mode of thinking in Israel as thou +mightest think. Almost all our prophets speak the oracles of God as if +they were using the very words of the Lord. Thou canst read in the Greek +translation of the Seventy many passages of the prophets in which the very +words of the Lord are given. Yet in most, if not all, cases the prophet +beginneth, "Thus saith the Lord," or endeth, "This is the word of the +Lord." But with this Jesus it was otherwise. He spoke as the ancient +prophets do, but whether from his rapt intentness in the message he was +delivering, or because he felt his spirit for the time merged in the +divine, he spoke as if the message was his. And as he spoke, I saw looks +of amazement pass between many in the synagogue, and one old graybeard +rose as if to protest, and then, shaking his withered hands above his +head, went out of the synagogue. + +I will here set down for thee as many of the words that fell from Jesus' +lips on this occasion as I can remember. They are but few, but many of +them are weighty, and I have told thee above the general lines of thought +which seemed to run through his discourse; and these are the words as far +as I remember them.(9) + + +"Cultivate faith and hope, through which is born that love of God and man +which gives the eternal life. Those are the sons of God who walk in the +spirit of God. What you preach before the folk, do in deed before every +one. Accept not anything from any man, and possess not anything in this +world. For the Father wisheth to be given to each man from his own gifts. +Cleave unto the saints: for they that cleave unto them shall be +sanctified. Yet shall there be schisms and heresies: for there is a shame +which leadeth to death, as there is a shame which leadeth to life. Is it +not enough for the disciples to be as the Master? If in a little you are +not faithful, who shall give unto you what is much? Seek the great, and +the little will be added to you; seek the heavenly, and the things of +earth will be superadded. + +"He that wonders shall reign, he who reigns shall find rest. My secret is +for me, and for those that are mine are the things which eye saw not, and +ear heard not, which entered not into the heart of man, whatsoever things +God prepared for them that love him. Those who wish to see me, and wish to +cling to the kingdom, must take me through affliction and suffering. For +he that is near me is near the fire, he that is far from me is far from +the kingdom. Where one is, there too am I; where twain are, there too will +I be. As any of you sees himself in the water or in the mirror, so let him +see me in himself. + +"They that love me shall receive the crown. I will choose me the good, +those good whom my Father in the heavens hath given me. Let the lawless +continue in lawlessness, the just be justified. Behold, I make the last as +the first, and all things new. In whatsoever state I find you, in that +also will I judge you." + + +Never heard I any who spoke of himself as this man did. For days and days +afterwards some of his words came to me again and again. Whenever I was +alone I seemed to hear his voice saying, "Where one is, there too am I; +where twain are, there too will I be." Whenever I gazed on the running +stream or looked on the polished steel of the mirror, again I seemed to +hear him say, "As any of you sees himself in the water or in the mirror, +so let him see me in himself." And, in truth, at times my features seemed +to fade away, and the face of Jesus gaze upon me. + +Others thought not as I. When we assembled after the sermon, to talk over +it, as is our custom, I found that most had been chiefly touched by +certain sayings at the end of the sermon, in which Jesus seemed to speak +of the future life and the last judgment. Thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that +with regard to these matters I incline more to the teaching of the +Sadducean sect, who hold that Holy Scripture speaketh not of these things, +and that, therefore, we need not and should not think thereon. But there +were few who held that doctrine in the synagogue that day, and these +thought most of the words in which Jesus seemed to claim the prerogatives +of the Divine Judge. "I was amazed," quoth Serachyah ben Pinchas, "when he +spoke of judging us himself in the last days: it wanted but a little that +I had rent my garments at the blasphemy. But surely, thought I to myself, +the man will shortly tell us, 'These are the words of the Lord,' and so I +refrained." + +Now I will tell thee of a most strange event that happened with me and +this Jesus. A day or two after this, I was sitting in my room and studying +the words of Torah, and had fallen into deep thought on the things of this +life and the next, and gradually I fell thinking of certain words that I +had heard from Jesus the Nazarene, as I have before told you. Hast thou +ever felt, Aglaophonos, as if some one was gazing upon thee, and thou +couldst not refrain from looking round to see who it was? So I felt at +this moment, and I looked up from the sacred scroll, and lo! Jesus the +Nazarene stood before me, gazing upon me with those piercing eyes I can +never forget. His face was pale and indistinct, but the eyes shone forth +as if with tenderness and pity. Then he seemed to lean forward, and spoke +to me in a low yet piercing voice these words: "Awake thou that sleepest, +and arise from the dead, and the Christ shall shine upon thee." I had +shrunk back from his gaze, and was, indeed, in all amaze and wonder that +he should be in the room; but when I looked again, behold, he was gone, +there was no man there. + +But this is not all the wonder of that event, for, being startled, and, +indeed, somewhat fearful at his sudden appearance and disappearance, I +arose and went out into the highway, and went out to walk on the +Gethsemane road. Now, as I came clear of the city, I saw a group of men +coming down the opposite hill, and when they came near, behold, it was +Jesus and some of his friends. I was astonished and surprised beyond all +measure, for how could Jesus have just been with me, and be now coming +from Gethsemane? And when they were passing me, Jesus glanced at me very +slightly, as at a stranger--he that had spoken to my soul but a few minutes +since. + +Now, after they had passed me, there came one running after them whom I +knew--one Meshullam ben Hanoch--and I stopped him and asked him whither he +was going, and he said, "Stay me not. I have run all the way from Bethany +to catch up that man thou seest there, Jesus the Nazarene;" and with that +he took up his running and left me. + +I knew not what to think. I had seen and heard Jesus in my own house in +Jerusalem, and lo! at that very same time, as I now learned, he had been +at Bethany. What thinkest thou, Aglaophonos,--can a man be in two places at +one and the same time? or can it be that the mind of man, and the power of +his eye, can go forth from his body and create a vision of another man +that hath all the semblance of reality? I know not what to think; but I +have heard that, even after his death, those who were nearest and dearest +to Jesus saw him and heard him even as I did. Nor do I wonder at this, +after what has occurred to myself. + + + + + + VIII. + THE REBUKING OF JESUS. + + +Now, it chanced that about this time I was invited to a feast at the house +of Elisha ben Simeon, one of the leaders of the Pharisees in Jerusalem. +His son had become thirteen years old that week, and, as is our custom, +was received into the holy congregation as a Son of the Covenant on the +Sabbath. He had been summoned up to the reading of the Law, and had +himself read aloud a portion of it; for from this day onward he was to be +treated in all matters of religion as if he were a man. Being a friend of +his father, I had attended his synagogue, and heard the lad's pure voice +for the first time in his life declare publicly his faith in the Most +High. + +After the service in the synagogue, his friends accompanied the father and +the lad to their house, and with them went I, who had known the father +from our schoolboy days, and the little lad from the time of his birth. + +Now, it chanced that, as we came near the door of Elisha's house, we met +Jesus the Nazarene, and two or three with him. So Elisha greeted them, and +invited them courteously to join the feast, as is the custom among us. And +Jesus and the others assented, and followed into the house with us. "To +table, to table!" cried Elisha, pointing to the couches standing round the +well-filled board. + +When we were all seated, the host and his son came round with an ewer and +basin to perform the washing of the hands prescribed by the Law. But when +they came to the Galilaean strangers, these refused, saying, "We wash not +before meals." + +"Then we must serve ye last," said Elisha, with a smile. But the others +took not the matter so pleasantly; for since we have one common dish, +which is handed round to the guests for them to take their food with their +fingers, it is considered gross ill-breeding for a man not to perform the +ceremony of washing before meals. + +Then Elisha took a seat at the centre of the table, and said the grace +before meals. Then he broke bread, and, dipping a morsel into salt for +each of the guests, he called his son to him to carry it round. When he +saw that each of the guests had a piece of bread dipped in salt, Elisha +recited the blessing on the bread, "Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, who +bringest forth bread from the earth," and all said "Amen." And one of the +guests said to Elisha, "I am glad we are not in Babylon." + +"How so, Phineas?" said Elisha to the man, who was well known at all +feasts at that time in Jerusalem. + +And Phineas said, "For there they only eat bread with their bread." + +"Nay, that would not suit thee, Phineas. Thou art no Nazarite;" and most +of the guests who knew him laughed. + +Then Elisha clapped his hands, and the slaves took round the first course +of salted fish; then afterwards the cold baked meats--for, being the +Sabbath, the food had been prepared the day before. + +Then one of the guests said to one of the Galilaeans, "Is it true that you +allow fowl to be boiled in milk in your country?" + +"Yes, truly; why not?" said the Galilaean. + +"Is it not written thrice in the Law," said the guest, "'Thou shalt not +seethe the kid in its mother's milk'?" + +"In our country," said the Galilaean, "fowls give no milk." And we all of +us laughed, save only Jesus. + +"Nay, but the Sages have carried their prohibition even unto fowls, lest +the people be led to confuse flesh and flesh." + +By this time we had arrived at the third and last course of salted olives, +lettuces, and radishes. And again the bowl and ewer were passed round, and +this time the Galilaeans did not refuse the water. Then the new son of the +covenant recited in his clear voice the grace after meals. And all rose, +while the slaves removed the remnants. Then said Elisha, "It is not well +that when so many are together we should depart without discussing some +words of the Law. My little Lazarus here would fain learn some new thing +from the many learned men present on this day of his being received into +Israel." + +"Well, then," said one of the company, "I should like to put a question to +our friends here from Galilee." And they said, "Speak, Rabbi." + +And he addressed himself to Jesus, and said, "Why walk not thy disciples +according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with unwashen +hands?" + +Then Jesus spoke out, and as he spoke he strode up and down the room, with +his hand clutching the air, and the vein throbbing on his left temple. +"Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, 'This +people honoreth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me. +Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the +commandments of men.'" Then facing us all, he added, "For ye lay aside the +commandment of God, and hold the tradition of men." + +"How so, master?" said Elisha; "prove thy words." + +"It is said in the Word of God, 'Honor thy father and thy mother,' and yet +the Sages say, 'If a man be asked by his father or mother to honor them +with a gift, and he say, "I vow that thing to the Almighty," then it is +_Corban_,' and put aside for the Lord, so that his parents cannot enjoy +thereof. Thus by your tradition about vows ye make the Word of God +concerning honor to parents of none effect, and many like things ye do." + +Then Elisha said, "But the Sages are by no means at one in that matter of +the vows, and in particular many of them declare all the vows annulled +that would work against our duty to our parents, or even against our love +to our neighbor. Yet, even if we take the more stricter tradition, in what +manner that absolves us from washing our hands before meals, I see not." + +"Nay, it is the same thing," replied Jesus. "Ye Pharisees make clean the +outside of the cup and platter, but your inward thoughts are full of +ravening and wickedness. Ye fools! did not the Holy One, blessed be He, +who made that which is without, make also that which is within? Therefore +give for alms that which is within, kindly thoughts and friendly feelings. +If ye do that, all things are clean unto you." + +Then I said unto Jesus, for this matter touched us scribes nearly, +"Master, in speaking thus against tradition thou reproachest us also that +be scribes." + +And he answered, "Woe, woe unto ye, scribes! which desire to walk in long +robes, and love greetings in the markets, and the higher seats in the +synagogues, and the chief places at feasts, which devour widows' houses, +and for a show make long prayers." + +Then an angry murmur rose among all the folk there assembled at the harsh +words of the stranger, when suddenly was heard the voice of Simeon ben +Lazarus, the father of Elisha, a very old man, who sat in the corner and +said:-- + +"Young man, fourscore years and two have I lived upon this earth; a +Pharisee have I been from the day I became a son of the covenant, like +little Lazarus there; a scribe was I during all the working days of my +life. I did what the Law and the Sages command, yet never thought I in so +doing of men's thoughts or praises. Surely, if the Lord command, a good +Jew will obey. And as in many things, many acts of this life, the Law +speaketh not in plain terms, surely we should follow the opinion of those +who devote all their life to the study of the Law. + +"I have never sought the praises of men, their greetings or their honors, +in obeying the Law. In all that I have done I have sought one thing--to +fulfil the will of our Father which is in heaven. + +"As for what thou sayest, that inward thought and outward act should go +together in the service of God and man, that is a verity, and often have I +heard the saying from the great Hillel--may his memory be for a blessing! +But if outward act may be clean when inward thought may be unclean, how, +on the other hand, can we know the purity of what is within, except it be +decided by the cleanliness of what is without? How, above all, shall we +teach our little ones, like my Lazarus there, to feel what is good and +seemly, except by first teaching them to do the acts that are seemly and +good? + +"And as for what thou sayest as to the hypocrisy of us Pharisees and +scribes, I say unto thee,--and in a few days I must see the face of my +Maker,--I say unto thee, I have known many an Ebionite, which thou seemest +to be, who was well spoken within, but ill doing without. So, too, I have +known many a scribe and many a Pharisee who neither carried their good +deeds on their shoulders, nor said, 'Wait, I have to finish some godly +deed;' nor set off their good deeds against their sins; nor boasted of +their sacrifices for godly works; nor did they seek out their sins that +they might pay for them by their virtues; nor were they Pharisees from +fear of the Divine punishment. They were Pharisees from love of the Lord, +and did throughout their life what they knew to be his commands." + +But Jesus spoke gently unto the old man, and said naught but, "Nay, +master, I spoke not of thee, nor of men like thee. These be the true +Pharisees; the rest but have the Pharisaic color." + +"That is so," said old Simeon. "I have heard what King Jannaus said: 'Fear +not the Pharisees, nor those who are no Pharisees; but fear the colored +ones, who are only Pharisees in appearance, who do the deeds of Zimri and +demand the rewards of Phineas.'" + +But before the old man could finish there was a movement at the doorway, +and a high, thin voice cried out, "Where is this kidnapper of souls? where +is this filcher of young lives? where is Jesus the Nazarene?" + +"Behold me," said Jesus, turning towards the voice; and an old man, with +the rent garment of the mourner, and with hair all distraught, came up to +the Nazarene with arms outstretched and clutching fingers. + +"Give me my son, my Elchanan!" he cried. "Thou hast taken him from me last +Passover, saying, 'Father and mother, yea, all that a man hath, shall he +give up to follow me.' He left me to follow thee; what hast thou done with +him?--my Elchanan! my Elchanan!" + +"He died, and is at peace." + +"Then give him back to me again. Thou canst do all things, men say: make +whole the sick, let see the blind, cause the lame to walk, and give peace +to the troubled mind. Give me, then, back my Elchanan thou hast taken from +me." + +"There is One alone that can quicken the dead," said Jesus, and walked +sternly past him. + + + + + + IX. + JESUS IN THE TEMPLE. + + +But a few days after what I have narrated to thee, I had attended a full +meeting of the Sanhedrim in the hall of hewn stones in the Priests' Court +of the Temple. When the session was over, we went forth, and, turning to +the right, passed into the Court of the Israelites, and so through +Nicanor's Gate into the Court of the Women. Now, as we went down the +fifteen steps that lead into this court, we could see, through the +Beautiful Gate at the other end of it, that something unusual was +occurring in the outer court of all, the Court of the Gentiles. So I and +some of the other younger members of the Sanhedrim passed rapidly through +the Court of the Women, and, hurrying through the Beautiful Gate, found +Jesus preaching to the people under Solomon's Porch. Now, it is usual for +the people to make way when any member of the Sanhedrim passes by; but the +people were so engrossed with the words of Jesus that they took no note of +me and my companions, and we had to stand at the edge of the crowd and +listen as best we might, and so great was the crowd that I could scarcely +hear what the Nazarene was saying, until gradually those near us, +recognizing the marks of our dignity, made way for us till we got nearer. + +Never saw I Jesus in so exalted a state. Though he was not tall, as I have +said, he seemed to tower above the crowd. The mid-day sun of winter was +shining full upon the Temple, and though Jesus was in the shadow of the +porch, the sunlight from the Temple walls shone back upon his eyes and +hair, which gleamed with the glory of the sun. He looked and spake as a +king among men. And, indeed, he was claiming to be something even greater +than a king. I could not hear very distinctly from where I was at first, +but towards the last, as I got nearer, I heard him say these words:-- + + +"Whosoever committeth sin is the servant of sin. Except a man be born +again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. He that loveth his life shall +lose it. If a man keep my word he shall never see death, but has passed +from death unto life. He that believeth in me, the works that I do shall +he do also. Yet can the Son do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the +Father do. I am the door: by me, if any man enter in, he shall be saved. I +am the Way, the Truth, and the Life. I am the Light of the world. I am the +good Shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. I am the Bread of +Life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger. I am the true Vine, and my +Father is the Husbandman. I am the Vine, ye are the branches. If any man +thirst, let him come unto me and drink. Before Abraham was I am." + + +Now, as Jesus was saying these words, and many like unto them, his form +seemed to expand, his eye flashed with the light of prophecy, and all men +were amazed at the power of his words. Never had they heard man speak of +himself with such confidence. If he had been very God, he could not have +said more of his own power over men's souls. Our prophets have spoken +boldly indeed, but none of them had boasted of the power of the Lord in +such terms as this man spake of himself. Could he be mad, I thought, to +say such things? Yet in all other matters he had shown a wisdom and a +sound sense equal to the greatest of our Sages. Or had he found that by +speaking thus of himself, men, and above all, women, were best moved to +believe as he would have them believe, to act as he would have them act? +Might it not be the simplest of truths that for them, to them, he was +indeed the Way, the Truth, and the Life? + +And, indeed, when I looked around and saw the effect of his words on those +who were listening, I could in part understand his power among men and +women. They drank in his words as travellers at the well of the oasis. +They lived upon his eyes, and it was indeed strange to see every man's +body bent forward as of a straining hound at the chase. If ever men +worshipped a man, these were worshipping Jesus. + +And I? What was it with me that his words failed to move me as they did +those around me? Why did his eyes rather repel than attract me? Was it thy +teaching, Aglaophonos, that had taught me the way of thy race: to measure +all things in the balance of wisdom; to be moved in all acts by reason, +not feeling? Was it from thee I learnt to think about the causes of this +man's influence, even while I and others were under it? Perhaps not alone; +for much that this man was saying would have repelled my Jewish instincts +even had I never come under thy influence. What struck thee among us Jews, +I remember, was that while we see the Deity everywhere, we localize him +nowhere. Alone among the nations of men we refuse to make an image of our +God. We alone never regarded any man as God Incarnate. Those among us who +have been nearest to the Divine have only claimed to be--they have only +been recognized to be--messengers of the Most High. Yet here was this man, +as it seemed, claiming to be the Very God, and all my Jewish feeling rose +against the claim. + +Nor was I alone in this feeling I was soon to learn. Before Jesus had +finished his harangue, cries arose from different quarters of the crowd. +"Blasphemy!" "Blasphemer!" "He blasphemes!" arose on all sides. These +cries awakened men as if from a sleep, all turning round to see whence +they came. And the very turning round, as it were, removed them from the +influence of Jesus and his eyes. In a moment, many of those who just +before were hanging upon Jesus' words joined in the cry, "Blasphemer! +blasphemer!" One of the boldest of those who began the cry called out, +"Blasphemer! Stone him!" + +But Jesus drew himself up, and looked upon the crowd with flashing eyes, +and said, "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem! Sodom is justified of thee." For a +moment all were silent, but soon the cries arose again: "Blasphemer! +blasphemer! Stone him!" + +Then began great commotion among the people. While some called out, "Stone +him!" "Stone him!" others cried, "Sacrilege!" "Sacrilege!" "No stoning in +the Temple!" And one called out with a jeer, "In the Temple ye cannot +stone, for lo! here there be no stones;" and a bitter, scornful laugh +followed his words. Then some who were nearest to Jesus sought to lay +hands on him, while others, his friends, stood round him and prevented +their approaching, and all was confusion and tumult. When suddenly the +blare of a trumpet sounded through the courts, and all cried, "The Romans! +the Romans!" + +Then round by the royal porch came a company of Roman soldiers to change +the sentries at mid-day, and they halted near the Beautiful Gate. And as +they came near the crowd began to disperse, and Jesus and his friends went +their way from the courts of the Temple. + +That day, there was no talk in Jerusalem but of the event in the Temple. +Men marvelled at the way in which this Jesus had spoken of himself. "The +prophets spake not thus," they said. "Yet how can a man be greater than a +prophet, who speaketh the words of the Most High? Even if we had once more +a king over us in Israel, he could not be as great as a prophet, and no +king would speak of himself as Jesus this day hath spoken of himself." But +what if this man were destined to be the Christ, the God-given Ruler that +should restore the throne of David? But how could that be, since none of +the signs and portents of the last times had come upon the earth? Who had +seen the blood trickle from the rocks? or the fiery sword appear in the +midnight sky? Had babes a year old spoken like men? But others said, "Nay, +the kingdom of God will not come with expectation. As it hath been said, +'Three things come unexpectedly--a scorpion, a treasure-trove, and the +Messiah.'" And again, others said, "Perchance this is not the Messiah ben +David, but the Messiah ben Joseph, who shall be slain before the other +cometh." Thus the minds of men and their words went hither and thither +about the sayings of this man Jesus in the Temple. + + + + + + X. + THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM. + + +I heard naught and saw naught of Jesus the Nazarene till the very last +week of his life, and that was the week before the Passover. The winter +had been a severe one, and much misery had arisen among the folk through +the exactions of the Romans; indeed, an attempt had been made to throw off +the Roman yoke. In several places the people had assembled in arms and +attacked the soldiery, and in some cases had slain their sentries. Pilate +had but sent off a cohort into the district, and all signs of discontent +went underground. One of the leaders of the revolt, Jesus Bar Abbas, had +been captured and thrown into prison. He, indeed, had attempted an +insurrection in Jerusalem itself, where he was well known and popular +among the common folk. When he was arrested, a riot had occurred, and one +of the soldiers was slain who had been sent to arrest him; wherefore he +lay now in prison on the charges of rebellion and murder. Yet many thought +that this man had been put forth to try the temper of the people and the +power of the Romans, in preparation for a more serious attempt to shake +off the oppressor. + +Yet who should lead the people? Jochanan, the only man whom of recent +times the people followed gladly, had been done to death by Herod. One man +alone since his death had won the people's heart, to wit, Jesus the cousin +of Jochanan. He, and he alone, could lead the people against the Romans, +and all men wondered if he would. In the midst of their wonder came news +that Jesus the Nazarene was coming up to the Holy City for the Feast of +Passover, the feast of redemption from Egypt. Would it prove this year a +feast of redemption from the Romans? All hope of this depended upon this +Jesus. + +It was twenty-one years ago, but I can remember as if it were yesterday +the excitement in Jerusalem when the news came that Jesus of Nazareth had +arrived in the neighborhood, and was spending his Sabbath at the village +of Bethany. All those who were disaffected against the Romans cried out, +"A leader! a leader!" All those who were halt, sick, or blind, cried out, +"A healer! a healer!" Wherever we went, there was no talk but of the +coming deliverance. As I approached one group of men I heard them say, +"When will it be? When will he give the sign? Will it be before or after +the feast?" "Nay," said one of the crowd, a burly blacksmith he, "what day +for the deliverance but the Passover day? But be it when it may, let him +give the sign, and I shall be ready." + +"And prove a new Maccabee," said one in the crowd, referring to his +hammer, whereat a grim laugh arose. + +The next day being the first of the week, which the Romans call the Day of +the Sun, I was pondering the words of the Law in my little study chamber +near the roof of my father's house in the Street of the Bakers near +Herod's Palace, which at that time was inhabited by the Procurator, when +suddenly I heard the patter of many feet in the street beneath me, and +looking out, I saw them all hurrying, as it seemed, to the Temple. I put +on my sandals, and taking my staff in my hand and drawing my mantle over +my head, hurried out after the passers-by. But when they came to the Broad +Place before the Water Gate, they turned sharp to the right, and went down +the Tyropoeon as far as the Fountain Gate, where I overtook them. There I +found all the most turbulent of the city population. Some of the men I +knew had been engaged in the recent riot under Jesus Bar Abbas. Others +were the leading Zealots in Jerusalem, and all were men eager for the +freeing of the city from the Romans. And among them, too, were others who +cared not for freedom, nor hated the Romans, but would only be too pleased +if the city were given up to disorder and rapine. While these waited +there, we heard cries from behind us, and looking back, saw filing out +from the Temple courts on to the Xystus Bridge, and down into the +Tyropoeon, the brigade of beggars who pass almost their whole life in the +Court of the Gentiles. These came down slowly, for among them were many +halt and some blind, and all were old and feeble of limb. "Why come they +forth from the courts?" I asked; "and why are we waiting?" Then said one +near me, "Knowest thou not that Jesus the Nazarene enters the city to-day? +And men say he is to deliver us." And at that moment a cry arose among the +folk, "Lo! there he is." Looking south, for a time I could see nothing, +for the mid-day sun of the spring solstice was shining with that radiance +which we Jews think is only to be seen in our land. But after a while I +could discern, turning the corner of the Jericho Road near En Rogel, a +mounted man, surrounded by a number of men and women on foot. "It is +Jesus--it is Jesus!" all cried; "let us to meet him!" And with that, all +but the lame rushed forward to meet him, and I with them. + +It is but three hundred paces from the Fountain Gate to En Rogel, and the +Nazarene and his friends had advanced somewhat to meet us, but in that +short space the enthusiasm of the crowd had arisen to a very fever, and as +we neared him one cried out, and all joined in the cry, "Hosanna Barabba! +Hosanna Barabba!" and then they shouted our usual cry of welcome, "Blessed +be he that cometh in the name of the Lord!" and one bolder than his +fellows called out, "Blessed be the coming of the kingdom!" At that there +was the wildest joy among the people. Some tore off branches of palms, and +stood by the way and waved them in front of Jesus; others took off each +his _talith_ and threw it down in front of the young ass on which Jesus +rode, as if to pave the way into the Holy City with choice linen. But when +I looked upon the face of Jesus, there were no signs there of the coming +triumph; he sat with his head bent forward, his eyes downcast, and his +face all sad. And a chill somehow came over me. I thought of that play of +the Greeks which thou gavest me to read, in which the king of men, driving +to his own palace at Argos, is enticed to enter it, stepping upon soft +carpets like an idol of your gods, and so incurs the divine jealousy. + +As we approached the Fountain Gate, the beggars from the Temple had come +down to it, and joined in the shouting and the welcome; and one of them, +Tobias ben Pinchas by name, who had, ever since men had known him, walked +with a crutch, suddenly, in his excitement, raised his crutch and waved it +over his head, and danced before Jesus, crying, "Hosanna Barabba! Hosanna +Barabba!" and all men cried out, "A miracle, a miracle! what cannot this +man perform?" And so, with a crowd surrounding him, Jesus entered +Jerusalem and went up into the Temple. But I that year had been appointed +one of the overseers who distributed the unleavened bread to the poor of +the city for the coming Passover, and I had then to attend the meeting of +my fellow-overseers. + +That night there was no talk in Jerusalem but of the triumphant entry of +Jesus. The city was crowded by Israelites who had come up to the capital +for the festival, and a whisper went about that many of the strangers had +been summoned by Jesus to Jerusalem to help in the coming revolt. During +that night, wherever a Roman sentry stood, a crowd of the unruly would +collect round him and jeer at him; and in one place the sentry had to use +his spear, and wounded one of the crowd. So great was the tumult that, +when the sentries were changed for the midnight watch, a whole company of +soldiers accompanied the officer's guard and helped to clear the streets. +Meanwhile, where was Jesus? And what was he doing in the midst of this +tumult? I made inquiry, for perchance he might have been holding +disputations about the Law, as is the custom with our Sages; but I learnt +that he had left the city at the eleventh hour, and gone back to the +village of Bethany, where he was staying. But I was thinking through all +that evening of the strange contrast between the triumphant joy of his +followers and the saddened countenance of the Nazarene. + +Men knew not what was to become of this movement in favor of him. Most of +the lower orders were hoping for a rising against the Romans to be led by +this Jesus. Shrewder ones among the Better thought that the man was about +to initiate a change in the spiritual government of our people. Some +thought he would depose the Sadducees, and place the Pharisees in their +stead. Others feared that he would carry into practice the ideals of the +_Ebionim_, and raise the Poor against the Rich. Others said, "Why did he +not enter by the gate of the Essenes, for he holdeth with them?" All knew +that the coming Passover would be a trying time for Israel, owing to the +presence of the man Jesus in Jerusalem, and the manifest favor in which he +was held by the common folk. But amidst all this I could see only the +pale, sad face of Jesus. + + + + + + XI. + THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE. + + +On the morrow, being the second day of the week, which the Romans call the +Day of the Moon, Jesus of Nazara came early into Jerusalem, and as soon as +it was known that he had entered the city, all those that had gone out to +greet him on the previous day, and many more with them who had heard of +the miracle that he had performed, went to meet him in the Broad Place. +And near upon the time of the mid-day sacrifice, Jesus and all these men +went up to the Temple. + +Now, I have told thee how, when Jesus had first come to Jerusalem, he had +driven forth from the Court of the Gentiles all those who were engaged in +selling beasts of sacrifice, or in changing foreign moneys for the +shekels. But the money-changers and others had been replaced by the orders +of the High Priest Hanan, and nothing had come of this action, nor in his +later visits to Jerusalem had he done aught in the matter, and it was +thought that he had acknowledged the right and the power of the priests to +have the monopoly of the sale of sacrifices. Now, that day of the Moon was +the tenth day of the month Nisan, and upon it were purchased all the lambs +for the forthcoming Passover sacrifices, as it is said in the Law, "In the +tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb according +to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house." As this Paschal +sacrifice is the only home sacrifice of us Jews, thou mightest imagine +that each householder could obtain his lamb whence he would; but the +priests say "No" to this, for if a man could take any chance lamb, it +might not be without blemish. So it had grown to be a custom that, on the +morning of the tenth day of Nisan, the heads of households in Jerusalem +should wend their way to the courts of the Temple, there to select each +man a lamb. And the priests had their profit in this, for they claimed +from those who sold the lambs dues for every animal allowed to be in the +courts. And the sellers again were agreeable to this, for none that had +not the favor could sell the Paschal lambs. Whence it was that the price +of a lamb in the Paschal week was more than three times as much as at any +time of the year, and the poorer people murmured greatly. + +Thus it happened that upon this day, when Jesus came into the courts of +the Temple, these were crowded with all the householders of Jerusalem, and +much chaffering and haggling was going on in the purchase of the lambs for +the Passover. But Jesus, with the favor he had won from the people, was +for this day at least Ruler of Jerusalem, and men wondered what he would +do with regard to this sale and purchase of the beasts of sacrifice; for +on his first coming to Jerusalem, as I have told thee, he had driven the +sellers away, but afterwards, when they had been restored to their places, +he had seemed to acquiesce. What would he do now, men thought, as they saw +him advancing over the Xystus Bridge, the head of a vast concourse of +people who would do all that he told them? + +They had not long to wait, for no sooner had he entered the Temple courts, +than he spake to those around him, and ordered them to remove the tables +of the money-changers, with their weights and scales, without which no +purchase could be; and no man dared say him nay, for all knew that the +people were with him. And they, indeed, were rejoiced, for they took this +as permission to buy their Paschal lambs where they would; and many of +those who had been bargaining in the courts of the Temple went off at once +to the market, and got them their lambs from thence. All this I heard of +in the inner courts of the Temple, for it chanced that day that I had to +offer a sin offering, and was waiting my turn in the Court of the +Israelites while the priests were preparing the mid-day sacrifice. And I +saw one coming up to Hanan and to Joseph Caiaphas, who were presiding over +the sacrifice, and they spake earnestly to one another, and stopped the +sacrifice, and came through the Court of the Israelites and went down the +Court of the Women, and all of us followed them thither. And when we came +to the Beautiful Gate, and turned to the right round the corner of the +Temple, behold, we saw the flocks of Paschal lambs being driven through +the Western Gates. And in the midst of the court stood Jesus, surrounded +by a multitude clamoring and shouting. Then saw I Hanan lean over to +Joseph Caiaphas, his son-in-law, and speak somewhat to him. Then the +latter advanced in front of the priests and the scribes, who had come +forth with him, and asked, "Who hath done this?" And Jesus said, "It is +I." Then spake Joseph again and said, "Tell us, by what authority doest +thou these things? And who gave thee this authority?" + +Now, Joseph the High Priest was clad this day in the robes of his office, +with tiara on head, the ephod on his breast, and silver bells and +pomegranates round the edge of his garment. Whereas Jesus the Nazarene +wore his wonted garb of a common country workman. Yet for the moment this +common workman was the greater power of the two; since all men knew how he +had been received by the people when he had come into Jerusalem, and that +what he willed, all the people of Jerusalem willed also at that time. So +all were hushed to hear what this Jesus would say to the question of the +High Priest, since now they thought he must declare himself, and justify +the power he was exercising. + +But here again, as on former occasions, Jesus answered not directly to the +question of the priests, but rather questioned them. He said, "I also ask +you one thing, which if ye tell me, I likewise will tell you by what +authority I do these things. The baptism of Jochanan, was it from heaven +or of men? Answer me." And they answered and said unto Jesus, "We cannot +tell." Then said Jesus unto them, "Then neither will I tell by what +authority I do these things. To what is the matter like? There was a man +had two sons. And the man came to the first, and said, 'My son, go work in +my vineyard.' But he said, 'I will not.' Howbeit afterward he repented, +and went to work. But the man went to the second, and spake in like +manner. But he answered, 'I go, sir.' But yet he went not. Whether of +these twain did the will of his father?" And we all answered, "The first." +Then Jesus looked slowly around at us all, and said, "This I say unto you, +the publicans and harlots enter into the kingdom of heaven before you. For +Jochanan came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye heeded him not, +but the harlots and the publicans heeded him: but ye, even when ye saw +this, repented not." + +Now, at this public insult to all of priestly rank, I saw dart forward +Hanan the High Priest, as if he would have rent the man Jesus. But +Caiaphas his son-in-law caught him by the wrist, and whispered words in +his ear. But Hanan broke loose, and called out in a loud voice, "My guard, +my guard!" Whereat many of the folk who had come with Jesus into the Court +of the Gentiles came forward round him, and put their hands to their +weapons. He indeed said naught, nor seemed aware of the conflict that +threatened. But Caiaphas turned, and in a loud voice said, "I go to +perform the mid-day sacrifice," and walked slowly out of the court back to +the Temple. And we all followed him. + +Now, when we returned from performing the sacrifice, Jesus had left the +courts of the Temple, which had become bare and empty of people. And as I +went homeward to my house in the Street of the Bakers, I looked down from +the Xystus Bridge, and saw trooping down the Tyropoeon Jesus and a great +multitude of the people, who crowded round him, as if eager to touch the +hem of his garment. I stood and watched till they reached the Fountain +Gate, through which he passed; and shortly afterwards I could see him on +the road to the Fountain of Rogel, still accompanied by many of the +people. + +What was to come of that day's work I knew not. For the first time the +discontent of the common folk with the management of the Temple by the +priests had come to a head, and had resulted in this open conflict between +Jesus and the High Priests. The city was full of strangers excited by +thoughts of the coming festival. The common people had not yet calmed +themselves from the thoughts of rebellion which had been raised by the +rising of Jesus Bar Abbas and others. The whole city was as tow ready for +the spark of fire. + + + + + + XII. + THE WOES. + + +Now, on the morrow, being the third day of the week, Jesus of Nazara came +again into the city, and the rumor of his coming spread through all the +streets and places of Jerusalem. And going forth after the morning +prayers, I found Jesus with many around him in the Broad Place before the +Water Gate. And as I approached near to them, I saw the crowd part asunder +and a procession coming through, and almost all the men there bowed and +did reverence to the men who were passing through. Now, these were mostly +of the Pharisaic sect, who were going to the Great Beth Hamidrash, to +pursue the study of the Law and to give decisions on legal questions which +the common folk put to them. And at their head walked Jochanan ben Zaccai, +the President of the Tribunal. He was regarded as the most capable +exponent of the Law since the death of Hillel, whose favorite pupil he had +been, and men were wont to refer to him for decision in all the most +difficult questions of life. He was walking at the head of the procession +in his long _talith_ with large borders and in his broad phylacteries. And +he passed Jesus with a salutation, indeed, but in it was mingled some of +the pride and contempt with which the masters of the Law regarded all +those whom they call the Country-folk. + +When these had passed, Jesus turned round to the people, and spake these +words: + + +"The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat: all therefore +whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after +their works: for they say, and do not. For they bind heavy burdens and +grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves +will not move them with one of their fingers. But all their works they do +for to be seen of men: they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the +borders of their garments, and love the chief place at feasts, and the +chief seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets, and to be +called of men, 'Rabbi, Rabbi.' + +"But be not ye called Rabbi: for One is your Master, and all ye are +brethren. + +"And call no man your father upon the earth: for One is your Father, which +is in heaven. + +"Neither be ye called Masters, for One is your Master. + +"But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant. And whosoever +shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that shall humble himself +shall be exalted. + +"But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut up the +kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in yourselves, neither +suffer ye them that are entering to go in. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows' +houses, and for a pretence make long prayers: therefore ye shall receive +the greater damnation. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and +land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more +the child of hell than yourselves. + +"Woe unto you, blind guides, which say, 'Whosoever shall swear by the +Temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the +Temple, he is bound!' Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, the +gold, or the Temple that sanctifieth the gold? And, 'Whosoever shall swear +by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever sweareth by the gift that is +upon it, he is bound!' Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, the +gift, or the altar that sanctifieth the gift? Whoso, therefore, shall +swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon. And whoso +shall swear by the Temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth +therein. And he that shall swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne of God, +and by him that sitteth thereon. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint +and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the Law, +judgment, mercy, and faith; these ought ye to have done, and not to leave +the other undone. + +"Ye blind guides, which strain out the gnat and swallow a camel! + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make clean the +outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of +extortion and excess. Thou blind Pharisee! cleanse first that which is +within the cup and platter, that the outside of them may be clean also. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like unto +whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within +full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye also +outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within ye are full of hypocrisy +and iniquity. + +"Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye build the +tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the righteous, and +say, 'If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not have been +partakers with them in the blood of the prophets.' Fill ye up, then, the +measure of your fathers. Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye +escape the damnation of hell?" + + +And all the people were astonished at these words, for in many of his +sayings and most of his actions Jesus had seemed to incline more to the +sect of the Pharisees than to any other section of the house of Israel. +And, indeed, in the opening words of his discourse he had granted their +right to interpret the Law and to lead the people. Yet wherefore had he +denounced them all without distinction as men insincere and void of truth? +Hypocrites there were among them as among other classes of men. Often, +indeed, their acts did not go with their words; but of what man can it be +said that all his acts and words go together? These men were occupied in +building a rampart to the Law, and holding the fortress against enemies +without and dissensions within. Those ramparts might confine our actions +within a narrow space, yet is it not well for all men to be kept perforce +in the path of duty? I know thou thinkest otherwise, Aglaophonos. Thy +Master the Stagyrite has taught thee that man should be a law unto +himself; but we Jews willingly bear the yoke of the Law, because we +believe it to be the yoke of the Lord. And in this matter Jesus had in +every way shown himself to be a Jew of the Jews. Why, then, was he so in +wrath against the interpreters of the Law? + +Yet were the common folk not displeased at these sayings of Jesus; nay, +rather they applauded them. For in many ways our Sages have failed to find +favor with the common folk of Israel; for besides that they would regulate +their lives at every point, so that no man dare do this or do that except +in the way the Sages prescribe, but chiefly the rabbis were out of favor +with the folk for that they did openly despise and condemn all but those +who were learned in the Law. The unlearned they called the Country-folk. +Wherefore did the people hear with pleasure the bitter words Jesus spake +against the scribes and the Pharisees. + +The night of that same day an event occurred which roused the city of +Jerusalem to a pitch of expectation such as I had never seen there. Two +young Zealots, artisans, that were popular with their fellows for their +kindness of heart and good humor, fell into an altercation with a Roman +officer near the Sheep Gate, not far from Antonia, where all the Roman +soldiers lie. Without a word of warning, the Roman officer drew his sword +and killed one of these young men, and when his companion and the passers- +by rebuked him, and would have seized him to take him before the +procurator, he gave a signal, and a multitude of soldiers poured forth +from Antonia and struck without mercy among the crowd. Five were killed +and many were wounded, and the whole city was in an uproar at this proof +of Roman insolence. "How long, O Lord?" the graybeards said, raising their +hands to heaven. And the younger men said, "Let us but wait the coming of +Jesus the Liberator; surely before the Passover he will free us from the +rule of the _Goyim_." + + + + + + XIII. + THE GREAT REFUSAL. + + +Thou canst imagine with what feelings of expectation all Jerusalem awaited +the coming of Jesus next morning. Many of the Pharisees had come together +the eve before, and spoken of the public insult Jesus had given to their +sect on the preceding day. Hanan the High Priest, we heard, had quarrelled +furiously with his son-in-law Joseph Caiaphas, for that he had not allowed +him to summon his guard after the humiliation he had put upon them in the +Temple. Yet neither the Pharisees nor the Sadducees who followed the High +Priests dared lay hands upon this Jesus, because of the evident favor in +which he was held by the common folk of Jerusalem, and above all by the +many from country parts who had come up, like him, to spend the Passover +in the Holy City. Among all these there was no talk but of Jesus the +Liberator; nay! many spake of him as Jesus the Christ. And if he were +indeed to be the Christ, the King of Israel, the Founder of the New +Kingdom, it could not be that he would suffer longer the yoke of the +Romans to lie upon the neck of Israel. + +Yet there was one thing that perplexed many, and opinion went hither and +thither among the minds of men concerning it. The Christ who was to +deliver Israel and to rule over mankind, was he not to be the son of +David? Yet this Jesus was of Galilee, where the admixture of blood had +been greatest in all Israel. "There is no unleavened bread in all +Galilee," the scoffers used to say, meaning thereby that their genealogy +was sprinkled with yeast, as we call foreign admixture. And for this man's +genealogy, who could declare it? Many, indeed, as I have told thee, +thought him to have no right even to be called son of his father. A +_mamzer_ shall not sit in the congregation of Israel. How, then, could one +ascend Israel's throne? + +When, therefore, Jesus came next morning from his lodging in Bethany, all +Jerusalem turned out to welcome him, for the Passover was coming anear, +and if aught was to be done to clear the city of the Romans, it must be +done quickly, must be done on that day. Never saw I the courts of the +Temple so crowded as on that day when I came thither, and found Jesus +standing in the Court of the Gentiles, with almost all the leading men of +Jerusalem and many of the common folk surging about him. Scarce room was +left for the Roman sentry to march his guard in front of the Beautiful +Gate. Yet he took no heed of us barbarians, but with shield and spear +shouldered his way backward and forward, backward and forward, a sign to +all men that the house of God was in the hands of God's enemies. + +Never saw I the men of Jerusalem so exultant as on that morning. Wherever +I looked, joy--a grim joy--was on every man's countenance, and there was no +man there but was armed, save only Jesus himself and some ten or a dozen +men who had come with him from Bethany, and these, indeed, were the only +men who had not shown joy. Never had I seen the Nazarene with a +countenance so saddened and aweary. Yestermorn he had been flashing with +anger and indignation as he spake his words against the Pharisees, but on +this day his force seemed to be spent, and he appeared like one who had +passed through a great agony. + +Now, as they were standing there, I saw a man, one of the leaders of the +Zealots, armed as if for battle, go up and lay a hand upon one of those +with Jesus. He spake eagerly with him, and pointed with his thumb to the +Roman soldier as he passed to and fro. But the other shook his head +vehemently, and took his arm away from the grasp of the Zealot and turned +his back upon him. + +Now, at this moment certain of the Pharisees came through the crowd and +advanced to Jesus. So great was the crowd that I heard not at first what +they said unto him; but it must have been some question about the matter +that was in all men's minds, for I heard his reply, and that, as was his +wont, was in the form of a counter-question to their inquiry, for he said, +"What think _ye_ of the Christ? Whose son is he?" And they, speaking with +the thought of all Israel, said, "The Christ is the son of David." + +Then all men watched with expectancy to hear what the Nazarene would say +to this; for if he agreed with them, then would he deny himself to be the +Christ: for his genealogy had by no means been proven. But yet, how could +he disprove the belief of all Israel, that the Christ was the Son of +David? Yet that did he after the manner of our Sages, using words of +Scripture as his confirmation; for he said unto them, "How then is it that +David himself saith in the Book of Psalms, 'The Lord said unto my Lord, +Sit thou on my right hand until I make thine enemies thy footstool'? David +therefore himself calleth the Christ Lord; how then can the Christ be his +son?" + +At this the Pharisees knew not what to say, for no man had hitherto used +that _stichos_ of the Psalms, and they knew not what to reply. But the +common folk were rejoiced exceedingly; joy spread on their faces, and I +saw many a fist raised and shaken in exultant defiance at the Roman +sentry, who walked hither and thither on his guard as if he were a living +mass of steel. + +Thereupon certain of the crowd who were known to be followers of Herod had +speech with Jesus, and spake to him: "Master, we know that thou art true, +and carest for no man; that thou regardest not the person of men, but +teachest the way of God in all truth--tell us, therefore, what thinkest +thou: is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar or not? shall we give, or +shall we not give?" All men were silent, and drew their breath to hear +what Jesus might say to this. For if he claimed to be the Anointed One, to +whom but to the King of Israel should Israel's tribute be paid? + +But he said unto them, "Why tempt ye me? Bring me a denarius, that I may +see it." And they brought one and put it into his hand. And he held it +forth unto them, and said, "Whose is this image and superscription?" And +they answered, "Caesar's." And then Jesus said unto them, "Render to Caesar +the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's." And +these Herodians marvelled at the subtlety with which he had answered them, +but the common folk were amazed and dumfounded at his answer. And soon I +heard one say to another, "He denieth: he would pay tribute to Caesar." And +gradually all the men drew away from him, leaving him alone with only the +company with him from Bethany. + +But he, seeing this, turned to one of those with him, and said, "Peter, of +whom do the kings of the earth take custom? of their own children, or of +the aliens?" And Peter answered and said, "Of the aliens." Then Jesus said +to him, "Then are the children free?" And Peter said to him, "Yes." Then +said Jesus unto him, "Then do thou also give, as being an alien to them." +The common folk heard this, indeed, but were in no wise satisfied. If they +were to give tribute to the Romans for whatever cause, they were still to +be under subjection to Rome, and then Jesus refused to be their Liberator; +that had become clear to them of a sudden. And they drew still further +away from him. And a deep silence of mortification fell upon all men +there, so that thou couldst hear distinctly the tread of the Roman sentry +as he moved on his march. + +Amid the deep silence suddenly came a gentle tinkling, as of silver bells; +it came nearer and nearer, and a crier called out, "Way for the High +Priests!" Then Hanan the High Priest, with Caiaphas his son-in-law, and +others of the priests accompanied by their guard, came down the steps from +the Beautiful Gate. The Roman sentry stopped his march and stood upright, +with spear on ground, and all made way as the procession of the High +Priests passed through the court. All men were silent, and thou couldst +hear the tinkling of the silver bells which were attached to the hems of +the High Priests' garments. Hanan walked at the head of the procession +with his usual haughty gait, and had nearly passed through the court, when +he saw Jesus and those with him. At once he halted, and summoned one of +the crowd to him. Then we saw much eager talk between this man and the +High Priest. And Hanan summoned the captain of his guard, who would have +turned towards Jesus, but that Joseph Caiaphas stayed him and spake unto +Hanan, pointing to the Roman sentry. After much talk between these, the +High Priests resumed their march and left the Temple. And all the other +men began to pass away from the court, leaving Jesus and his men alone +with none to listen to him. For the word passed swiftly in the mouths of +all the men of Jerusalem,--"He refuseth; he would have us be slaves of the +Romans forever." + + + + + + XIV. + THE MEETING OF THE HANANITES. + + +The next day being the fifth day of the week, and the thirteenth day of +the month Nisan in that year, many rumors went about the city as to the +man Jesus. There were who said that he had been seized by the guards of +Hanan; others said that he had left the village of Bethany and gone no man +knew whither. But for that day Jesus came not into Jerusalem, and men's +minds were occupied more with one of the difficulties of our Law which +form the occupation and delight of our Sages. I must explain this unto +thee, for upon it turn the events of the next day, so fateful for the man +about whom thou art inquiring. Thou canst easily understand what I shall +say, for thou hast, I know, a copy of the Scriptures in Greek, for did I +not procure it for thee? + +It is said in the Law, thou wilt find, that the Passover lamb is to be +killed in the twilight between the fourteenth and the fifteenth of Nisan, +and it is also said in our Law that the whole of the lamb must be consumed +that evening. Now, in the years when the fifteenth of Nisan, which is the +first day of the Passover, falleth upon the Sabbath, the killing and +roasting of the lamb would take place on the Sabbath eve, when no killing +must take place and no fire must be lit. Hence arises a conflict of the +Law of the Passover with the Law of the Sabbath. Now, the older view was, +that the Passover was superior to the Sabbath, and its law was to be +followed in preference. This the priests held and followed, and in this +they seemed to have the authority of the great Hillel, who also declared +the Passover superior to the Sabbath. + +But many among the Pharisees and the more pious preferred to slay the +Passover lamb on the eve between the thirteenth and the fourteenth day of +Nisan, and to eat it on the fourteenth day; that is, in those years when +the Passover fell on the Sabbath, as was the case in the year of which I +am now writing. It would appear that Jesus and his followers held with the +latter opinion, for, as I have heard, on the eve of the fourteenth of +Nisan he came stealthily into the city of Jerusalem, and ate the Passover +lamb concealed in an upper chamber of one of his friends in the city. It +showeth how earnest this man was in following the larger precepts of the +Law, though in smaller matters he seemed to neglect it. For by this time +he must have known that he was no longer safe in Jerusalem; and, indeed, +he proved this by his secret entry into it. Yet in order to fulfil the +Law, which saith, "The Passover lamb is to be eaten in Jerusalem," he +risked his own and his followers' lives. Yet was he careful of them; for, +as thou shalt soon hear, as soon as he had gone through the meal +prescribed by the Law, he escaped out of Jerusalem. + +Now, that night I was standing at the door of my house, looking upon the +city bathed in the light of the moon, which was near its full, when +suddenly a man seized me by the arm and said, "Thou art wanted." I looked, +and behold it was Simon Kantheros, my brother-in-law. And I said to him, +"Who wants me? and wherefore?" And Simon answered me and said, "Hanan the +High Priest has summoned suddenly a meeting of the Sanhedrim at his house +on the Mount of Olives." Then said I, "But if it be at his house, it can +only be the Priestly Sanhedrim of Twenty-Three that he summons." "Nay, +nay, man," answered Simon, "the case is urgent. He saith, 'any member of +the Sanhedrim.' Come, then, with me, and quickly." So with that I seized +my mantle and my staff, and went forth with him. + +So we hurried across the market-place towards the Fish Gate, and as we +passed near the Tower Antonia, we saw the flashing of red lights, and +heard hoarse cries of command, and knew not what was toward. But when we +arrived at the Fish Gate, we found them changing the sentries of the first +watch, and knew that the second watch had begun. At first the sentry would +not let us through the gate; but the officer was called, and Simon showed +him his badge as member of the Sanhedrim. But even this would not have +sufficed, but that Simon then pointed to his toga and the purple stripe, +which showed that he was a Roman citizen of rank. Thereat the officer +spake to the sentry, and we passed through the gate, and turned sharply to +the right, and went down the road which leads to the valley of the Kidron. +And as we were passing the Brook Kidron, we looked and saw dots of red +light moving up the hill from the Garden of Gethsemane. And as we advanced +up the hill of the Mount of Olives, we could see from time to time these +red sparks preceding us; and when we came within sight of the High +Priest's house, we saw them enter in and disappear. + +Soon we ourselves had come up to the gate, and when we knocked, a wicket +was opened, and a face peered out, and our names were asked. When we had +told them, the gate was closed, and we had to wait some time. But at last +the door was opened, and the captain of the guard received us. He took us +through the passage which led into the open court, with the water-basin in +the centre, round which we skirted, and ascended the steps into the inner +house. And again we stopped before the hall-door while our names were +asked, and again we had to wait till the door was at last opened. Then at +last we entered the hall, and found Joseph Caiaphas the High Priest and +many of his kinsmen seated round a long table. Caiaphas rose, and motioned +us to two seats at the end of this table, and we seated ourselves. + +When my eyes had become accustomed to the light, I looked round, and said +the greeting of peace unto those I knew of the assembly. I can still +remember many of their names. There was Ishmael ben Phabi, who had at +first replaced Hanan as High Priest. There were also the four sons of +Hanan--Eleazar, Jonathan, Theophilus, and Matthias. Then there were +Kamithos the priest, and his two sons, Simon and Joseph. And beside these, +I remember two men of my own generation--Elioni ben Kantheros and Chananyah +ben Nedebai. Most of these men had been, or were afterwards, High Priests, +and were all at this time members of the Priestly Sanhedrim. On the left +of Caiaphas was a low stool, and, even as I looked, Hanan ben Seth the +High Priest came in swiftly from a side door, and took a seat thereon. He +glanced sharply round at each of us, counting our numbers, and we were +exactly three and twenty. And when he saw me, he rose and spake somewhat +harshly, "Meshullam ben Zadok, what dost thou here? This is a meeting of +the Priestly Sanhedrim. Thou art a son of Israel." And I answered and +said, "Simon Kantheros here, my kinsman, summoned me to the meeting, +saying that any member of the Sanhedrim could attend." The High Priest +thought for a moment--he seemed as if he were counting us again--then he +said, "Be it so; thou art at least a true son of Israel, and this is not a +formal meeting of the priests." He sat him down again, and we waited. At +last an attendant entered by the same door, and, going up to the High +Priest, spake to him. He nodded quickly, and dismissed him with a wave of +his hand. And when he had passed through the door, Hanan the High Priest +rose, and spake to us these words:-- + +"Kinsmen and colleagues, ye have all heard, if ye have not witnessed, how +Jesus of Nazara entered the Holy City on the first day of this week, amid +the acclamations of his followers and many of the lower people, who even +went so far as to hail him as the Deliverer. Now, to-morrow, as ye know, +is the Passover. Who knows, if the thoughts of deliverance from Egypt, +which come at that time, may not cause this man, or, if not him, his +followers, to attempt a rising against the Romans our masters? We know +that any such attempt would be entirely futile, but the very attempt +itself would be the ruin of the nation. Ye know the character of the man +Pontius Pilate. 'Tis but a short time since he slew, of wanton cruelty, +certain Galilaeans, even while they were making sacrifices, and all for +mere suspicion of disaffection. Ye cannot but remember the building of +Solomon's Aqueduct. Because money was taken from the Temple treasury for +the building thereof, the people were inflamed, and would have risen +against them. What did he but send his soldiers, disguised in civil garb +and armed with clubs, among the people, when they came to make their +protest? And without warning, and in mere wanton cruelty, did he give the +signal for massacre. If he did this at a mere threat of a rising, what +will happen should an actual rising take place to-morrow? It is our duty +to see that such a calamity fall not upon this nation because of the +presence of this rude provincial in our midst. Better one man should die +than the nation should suffer. No time was to be lost, and I therefore +have had this Jesus arrested, and he now awaits our pleasure in the +atrium. + +"Before I summon him to our presence, I would briefly state to you what +seems to me and some of our friends here the right course to be followed. +We purpose to hand him over at dawn to Pontius Pilate, to deal with him as +he will. For he, by his spies, and by the demonstration on the first day +of the week, must be aware of the danger of a rising to-morrow night, +caused by this man's presence in our city. Indeed, it is for the very +purpose of preventing a rising that he cometh up each year about the +Passover to Jerusalem. Let it, then, be his care to prevent it how he +will; we shall have done our part, and he cannot punish the nation, or us +its leaders. + +"But some of you will say, Why should we deliver this man up to the +Romans, perhaps, or even probably, to his death? I say, that even apart +from the danger which he offers to the State, he is worthy of death for +his manifest blasphemies. He speaketh of himself as very God, and claims +to be the Anointed One, and puts aside the Law as it pleaseth him. I say +naught of his insolence in the Temple cloisters, for this matter concerns +us that be priests, and in the matter of judgment we must not take account +of aught that deals with our private concerns; yet it is manifest that he +hath no reverence for the Lord's house: witnesses shall prove to you that +he hath said he would sweep it away and build another. I wonder not that +horror is expressed in your faces at this blasphemy. + +"Yet, as ye know, our Law hath in mercy provided that none shall be +condemned unless on the testimony of witnesses. The Law shall be +fulfilled. Even now, as I speak, one of his followers, Judas, a man of +Kerioth, is drawing forth from him his blasphemies before two witnesses, +concealed, as is the custom. And even if he fail, I know this man Jesus; +in his arrogance he will not scruple to repeat his blasphemies, even +before us. + +"Time presses, and I have but this to add before the prisoner is summoned: +it is a wise provision of our Law, that in capital charges no final +condemnation shall occur until the second day of the trial. The day before +the Passover began this eve. If we keep to the Law, no condemnation can +take place till after the first day of the Passover, by which time all the +mischance may have come to pass. If the power of life and death were +solely in our hands, I would not depart in aught from the wise provision +of our forefathers; but, in truth, if this man be put to death, it will +not be our doing, for his fate rests with Pilate. I would remind the +younger members of the Sanhedrim that the final decision is not with us, +and if they vote for this man's death, as I cannot doubt they will, +considering the pressing danger to our nation, they need not fear to be +called members of a bloodthirsty Sanhedrim, since his death, if death he +suffers, will be at the hands of the Roman Procurator. In this strait I +propose, therefore, to examine this man at once, and if, as I doubt not, +he avows his guilt, to wait till the morning for his final condemnation, +and in this way fulfil the Law. Summon the prisoner to our presence." +Then, turning to Caiaphas, he said, "This is a matter between us and the +Romans, for whom thou, Joseph, art the High Priest. Take thou, then, the +interrogatory." + + + + + + XV. + THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM. + + +Then from the lower end of the hall entered Jesus the Nazarene, with his +arms bound with withes behind his back, and he was led by the captain of +the guard up to the centre of the table opposite Caiaphas the High Priest. +Then Caiaphas rose, and, looking at a paper in his hand which Hanan had +given him, said unto Jesus, "Jesus of Nazara, thou art accused before us +of blasphemy, and of leading the people of Israel astray: what sayest thou +thereto?" Jesus gazed haughtily at him, and answered, "_I_ spake openly to +all the world, I have taught in the synagogue and in the Temple, and in +secret I have said nothing. Why askest thou me? Ask them which heard me +what I have said unto them. Behold, they know what I have said." Then one +of the men who had led Jesus in struck him with the palm of his hand, and +said, "Answerest thou the High Priest so?" But Jesus turned, and said to +him in a milder voice, "If I have said aught that is evil, bear witness +thereof; but if well, why smitest thou me?" And Caiaphas the High Priest +bade the man begone and bring in the witnesses. Then one man came forward +and said he had heard Jesus call himself the Son of God. And another, that +he had spoken of himself as if he were very God, and could do all that the +Holy One, blessed be He, can perform. And yet another came forward and +said he had heard Jesus speak of himself as Son of Man, and had thereby, +as he thought, claimed to do what the Son of Man is said to do in the +Prophets Daniel and Enoch. But no two of these witnesses agreed as to time +and seasons, as is required by our Law. At last, however, two of them +declared that on the preceding day in the Temple they had heard him say, +"I will destroy this Temple that is made with hands, and in three days I +will build another without hands." Now, during all this time Jesus had +said naught, but looked before him with that rapt expression that I had +seen upon him on the second occasion when I had heard him preach in the +synagogue of the Galilaeans. So Caiaphas the High Priest spake to him, +saying, "Answerest thou naught to what these men witness against thee?" +And Jesus made as if he heard not. + +Then Hanan the High Priest leaned over to Caiaphas his son-in-law and +spake some words to him. Then Caiaphas, rising, spake thus to Jesus: "Art +thou the Christ, the Son of the Holy One, blessed be He?" Then Jesus +raised his head, and gazing fixedly at the High Priest, said in a loud +voice, "Thou hast said. And hereafter ye shall see the Son of Man sitting +on the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of heaven." Then +Hanan the High Priest rose and rent his clothes, as is our wont in time of +mourning or when blasphemy is heard, and he called out in his keen, shrill +voice, "What need we any further witnesses? Ye have heard the blasphemy; +what think ye?" And he waved his hand to the captain of the guard, who +removed the prisoner. + +When the door was closed behind him, Hanan said, "What need we of further +words? let us proceed to the judgment." And glancing over to Chananyah ben +Nedebai, he said, "Chananyah, thou art the youngest; it is thine to +pronounce judgment first. Is not this man guilty of death for his manifest +blasphemy here before us?" And Chananyah said, "Yea." And so said all till +Hanan had called upon thirteen to give judgment. Then said Hanan, "This +man is for certain condemned to death, or at least to be handed over to +the Roman Procurator: for already a majority of two have declared his +death, even if all the rest were for an acquittal, as I cannot think +possible. The Court will rise and reassemble at the time of the saying of +the morning prayer, in order to confirm this judgment. Ye will not have +long to wait, for even now I heard the crowing of the cock, and the dawn +cannot be far off." + +Then the Court broke up, and many of the younger members met together and +discussed the case. And I was somewhat surprised to find that very few +words of compassion were raised for Jesus. The stubborn conduct of the +prisoner had set them against him in the first place, and his wild +outburst had confirmed their ill thoughts of him. But most of all they +were influenced by the thought that this was but a preliminary trial, and +could only result in handing him over to the Roman Procurator, with whom +the last word would be. None of them had seen aught of Jesus but during +the last few days in the Temple, when he had interfered with their order +and prerogatives. I cannot say I was convinced, either by Hanan's harangue +at first, or by these men's arguments afterwards. But I was somewhat +perplexed, feeling myself in some wise an intruder in their midst, not +being of the priestly order. And as is my custom in such cases, I went out +into the open air down the steps into the atrium. + +There I found a great fire had been lit in the court, for the night was +chilly. Near the fire Jesus was seated, with the High Priest's guard +around him. As I came near, behold, one of the guard threw part of his +mantle across the face of Jesus so as to blindfold him, and then struck +him, saying, "Thou art a Prophet; prophesy who hath struck thee." And all +the soldiers laughed and jeered. Then sought I the captain of the guard +and told him this, and he said, "They mean naught of ill--they be rude +fellows; howbeit, I will stop them." And he went up to them and reproved +them. And I paced up and down the courtyard, with the silent stars above +and the glowing fire beneath, till an apparitor of the High Priest +summoned me, saying, "It beginneth to dawn at the back of the house; the +Council will resume its sitting." + +When I entered the council-chamber, I found all seated as before, but in +the midst was a smaller table, at which was seated a scribe, with a roll +in front of him. Then Hanan the High Priest came in, and said, "Ye have +all had the time of deliberation prescribed by our sages in capital cases, +or at least as much time as the urgency of the matter permits. We must +proceed to the formal ratification of this man's sentence, for I cannot +doubt that ye will see fit to confirm the righteous judgment which your +zeal for the Lord caused you to pass just now upon this man. And again I +would bid you remember you are voting, not so much for this man's death, +as whether he is to be delivered to the Romans. Scribe, read the roll." +And with that the scribe began to read our names, and we all answered to +them. Then said Hanan, "We will now proceed to the voting," and called +upon Chananyah ben Nedebai to record his vote. And he voted as before, for +death. Then each in his turn, and all voted as before. And when my name +was called upon I arose and hesitated, and Hanan looked over to me and +said, "Thou speakest here by our courtesy, Meshullam ben Zadok; if thou +disagree with the unanimous opinion of thy colleagues, thou hadst best +instruct us in thy reasons. What sayest thou? Is not he guilty of death +who is guilty of blasphemy against the Most High?" "Yea," said I. "And was +not this man Jesus manifestly guilty of blasphemy before us?" "Yea," said +I. Then said Hanan swiftly to the scribe, "He voteth for death," and waved +me down to my seat. And thereafter all the remaining members of the +Council voted for death, finishing with Hanan as the oldest, who merely +gave a grim nod to the scribe. + +By this time it was quite light, and all the Council and many of Hanan's +household joined together to say the morning prayers. After prayers most +of the Council, with Hanan and Caiaphas at our head, followed the soldiers +who guarded Jesus down from the Mount of Olives. As we came near the Brook +Kidron, behold, a man with haggard face darted out from the shrubs by the +wayside, and rushing up to Hanan the High Priest, dashed down at his feet +a bag which chinked, and then disappeared into the wayside again. But +Hanan only motioned with his finger to the bag at his feet, and the +captain of his guard lifted it up and poured out its contents into his +hand, and, behold, it was a number of new shekels from the Temple +treasury. Then Hanan smiled grimly, and bade the captain put them aside. +Thereupon we resumed our march, and soon came to the Aldgate. There we +inquired where the Procurator was, and learnt that he had taken up his +dwelling at the Palace of Herod, so that he might be in Jerusalem during +the Passover, as was his wont, for fear of a rising at that time. Then we +marched across and halted in front of the palace. And on our way the rumor +spread throughout the city that Jesus the Nazarene was being carried +before the Procurator, and soon our procession was joined by all who were +free from household duties. I have explained to thee, have I not, how that +for those of the older opinion this sixth day of the week was the day on +which the Paschal lamb was to be sacrificed, and for all good Jews the +morning would be devoted to the final search after the leaven. That +morning, therefore, all the householders of Jerusalem and all the heads of +families were occupied in the search after leaven, or in preparation for +the Paschal sacrifice, and it was only the younger men, and those who +cared not for acts of piety, who followed our procession on the way to +Herod's Palace. + +Now, all those of the Council were of the older opinion as to the Paschal +sacrifice, and were about to perform it on the evening of that day. +Wherefore it behoved them not to enter the dwellings of the heathen during +that day, since it is their custom to bury the bodies of men in their +gardens or in their houses, which render them a defilement to us Jews. +Therefore on the day of a sacrifice no Jew may enter a heathen's house, +above all the High Priest, upon whose sanctity the holiness of the nation +depends. When, therefore, we came within twenty paces of the Procurator's +dwelling, Hanan caused our procession to halt, and a summons to be sounded +upon the trumpet. Thereat a lictor appeared, who asked our business, and +to him Hanan gave a message to the Procurator. And here for the first time +since he had been arrested I could see the countenance of Jesus near me, +and it surprised me much to observe that all traces of anxiety and +weariness had disappeared from it. He seemed relieved and resigned, and +paid no heed to what was passing around him, seeming only to commune with +himself, or perhaps, I should say, with some inward friend and comforter. + +Then Pontius Pilate came forward and spake to Joseph Caiaphas the High +Priest, and asked him what he would with him. And Caiaphas answered and +said, pointing to Jesus, "This man have we captured and brought unto thee, +finding that he was perverting the people, and declaring that he was the +Anointed One of Israel, and therefore the rightful King of the Jews. Him +therefore have we brought to thee, seeing it is a matter which toucheth +our master the Emperor." Thereupon Pontius Pilate turned round, and said +something in the barbarian tongue, and the guard of Roman soldiers came +forward and took Jesus from the High Priest's guard, and took him with +them up the steps of the palace. Then Pilate courteously invited the High +Priests to enter the judgment-hall with him; but they, in answer, pointed +out that on that holy day they dared not enter to any house but their own +and the house of God. Then Pilate turned his back with scanter courtesy, +and reentered the palace, and we and the common people remained outside +waiting. + + + + + + XVI. + CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION. + + +And after a while of waiting, Pontius Pilate reappeared, and coming down +to Caiaphas said, "He hath confessed; he shall join the other criminals +that are to be executed this day." Then one among those who were waiting +in the crowd came forward unto Pilate, and said unto him, "Master, it is a +grace of our lord the Emperor that at our Passover there be released unto +us one of the prisoners that are condemned to death." And Pilate answered +and said, "That is so: whom will ye that I release?" And many of those in +the crowd called out, "Jesus." And Pilate stepped back, and summoned to +him a lictor. And shortly after soldiers came forward in the portico, +bearing with them Jesus the Nazarene. Upon him was a purple robe of +royalty, and upon his brow had been placed the faded rose-wreath of some +reveller which had been put on in haste, and some of the thorns had torn +the flesh, and blood was trickling down. When the people saw him, many +cried out, "Not this Jesus, but Jesus Bar Abbas." And one man among the +crowd called out, "Better Jesus Bar Abba(10) than Jesus Bar Amma;"(11) and +laughter and jeers followed. Then Pilate seemed puzzled, and called to him +one of his lictors, who spake earnestly to him for a time, and then +received an order from him. And going up the steps, he entered the palace. +And shortly afterwards there came forward the man Jesus Bar Abbas of +Jerusalem, of whom I have spoken to thee before. Now, he had been very +popular among the folk, and had lost his liberty in a rising against the +Romans, in which a Roman sentry had been slain. And there stood the two +Jesuses--the one that had risen against the Romans, and the one that had +told the people they should pay tribute to their Roman lords. It was +manifest that the new-comer, who had done naught against the Romans, was +more in favor with Pilate the Procurator, while the folk who had welcomed +him on the first day of the week, on this the sixth day reviled and +despised him because he had refused to lead a rising against the Romans as +the other one had done. Then Pilate called out to them and said, "Whom +will ye that I release unto you: Jesus who is called Bar Abbas, or Jesus +who is called Christ?" And almost all the multitude cried, "Jesus Bar +Abbas! Jesus Bar Abbas!" Then Pilate gave command, and the soldiers took +tack Jesus the Nazarene into the palace again, while others removed the +fetters from Jesus Bar Abbas, and he came down the steps and disappeared +among the crowd. + +After a while, there came forward from the side gate a company of Roman +soldiers, who took their stand in front of the steps of the palace, moving +the crowd away therefrom. And shortly after, other soldiers brought down +from above three men, each carrying two pieces of timber, one fixed across +the top of the other, like unto the letter _tau_. One of these was Jesus +the Nazarene, clad once more in his own garments, and without the rose- +wreath; yet couldst thou see the mark of the thorns upon his brow. The +others were, as I learnt, malefactors that had been condemned for robbery. + +Just at this moment one touched me on the shoulder, and, turning, I found +it was one of the servants of my household, who spake unto me and said, +"Meshullam ben Zadok, thy father would speak with thee." And as the house +was not far off, I went with him and spake to my father, who would have me +accompany him on the search for leaven on that morn. For at that time I +was betrothed, and next year I should have a house of my own, and would +have to conduct the search for leaven as a master of a household. So I +went round the house with my father--peace be upon him!--and searched for +the leaven. + +By the time the search for the leaven had been concluded, the hour had +come for the mid-day meal, at which all the members of my family +assembled. But I hurried forth, as soon as the grace after meals had been +said, to ascertain what had been the fate of the Nazarene. I could not go +to the place of execution, for it is not seemly for a member of the +Sanhedrim to attend an execution. I soon learnt that the Roman soldiers +had conducted Jesus and the two others to the Hill Golgotha, somewhat +apart from the place of stoning, where our Jewish executions were held. + +As I have explained to thee, Aglaophonos, our Sages have mercifully +interpreted the words of the Law relating to the four modes of capital +punishment among us--stoning, burning, beheading, and strangulation. For +stoning they have substituted throwing down from a height after the +criminal has been made to feel naught by drinking a mixture of +frankincense, myrrh, and vinegar, which the ladies of Jerusalem supply as +one of their pious duties. The criminal condemned to be burnt is in +reality strangled, and then a lighted wick placed for a moment in his open +mouth. In every way the aim of the Sages is to shorten the sufferings of +the condemned man. But the Romans, at least in their execution of all but +Roman citizens, seem rather to aim at the opposite of this; for they have +selected, as their method of execution for slaves and criminals that are +not citizens, suspension on a cross, by which all the organs of the body +are strained and tortured till some vital organ gives way. It was this +cruel form of punishment that the Romans were dealing out to Jesus the +Nazarene. It happeneth oft that men live for two or three days on the +cross, till they die even of hunger. I learnt to my dismay that Jesus had +refused, with words of menace, to take the draught of myrrh and wine which +the ladies of Jerusalem, as I have said, prepare for all men condemned to +capital punishment, so that they may not feel the pain and torture. + +I could not go to the place of execution, as a member of the Sanhedrim. I +hurried, therefore, to the northern slopes of the Temple mount, whence one +can see Golgotha. At first I could discern naught, for sombre clouds +covered all the heights of Scopus. But suddenly a flash came forth from +them, followed by a dull roll of thunder, and I could see for a moment +three crosses raised side by side on the top of Golgotha. Which of these +held Jesus I knew not. I only knew that there was dying one who had seemed +born to do honor to his nation, to help to deliver Israel from the men who +were now torturing him to his death. Since the night before, events had so +hurried past me that I had had no time to think of their import till now, +when I sat me down in the purple shadow of Antonia, and gazed upon the +hill of execution, where from time to time flashes showed me the three +crosses on the hill. + +This, then, was the end of the hopes connected with Jesus of Nazara, and +of the empire which he had wielded over men's minds! But five days agone +welcomed as a king, to-day executed with the ignominy reserved for the +basest slave. Each day of his sojourn in Jerusalem he had made another and +yet another class of the nation his enemies. First he threatens the power +of the priests; next he insults their opposites, the Pharisees; and then +he puts to naught the hope of the common folk that he would help them rise +against the Romans. Between Sabbath and Sabbath he had lost every friend; +not even his immediate followers stood by his side in the hour of trial. + +And yet no man had appeared in Israel for many generations endowed in so +high a degree with all the qualities which mark us Israelites out from the +nations around. He was tender to the poor; and which of the nations has +given thought for its poor, their feelings as well as their welfare, like +unto Israel? He bare the yoke of the Law willingly, yet as a son, not as a +slave, of the Most High. God was to him, as to all of us, as an ever- +present Father, to love, to chasten, and to reward; not as a harsh +taskmaster or as a boon-companion, as with the commoner minds of thy +people, Aglaophonos; nor as a vain figment of the reason, as with thy +higher minds. + +Even in what thou regardest as defects in our nation, this Jesus seemed +also to share. Thou makest us the reproach that we give no thought to the +beauties and grandeur of nature, and in nothing that I had seen and heard +of him did the Nazarene differ from the rest of us in this. Thou +complainest that we look upon life with all too much seriousness. "Ye +cannot see the smile upon the face of things," thou saidst once to me. In +this surely Jesus was a Jew of the Jews. We never saw him smile, still +less heard him laugh. Thou wouldst hold up to me as a model Socrates thy +teacher, who taught the Hellenes truth with a smile. That man there, dying +upon the cross, had tried to teach Israel the truth with tears and +threats. + +Herein he followed the exemplar of our prophets. Only in Israel have the +men who have led us farthest reviled us most. As our God, who has been to +us a Father, has chastened us while he loved us, so our prophets have +rebuked us their brethren. Many generations of men have passed since the +last of the prophets spake his words of loving reproof. Now has appeared +this Jesus, who again takes up their work. + +But in one thing, and that a great thing, he differs from our prophets. +All these spake never but as messengers of the Most High. This man alone +of the prophets speaketh in his own name: therefore he hath been a +stumbling-block and an offence unto us. He spake as one having authority, +and it seemed to us as arrogance. And when we would speak with him in the +gates, and know his own thought, he evaded our questionings and eluded our +testings. He seemed aloof from us and our desires. All Israel was pining +to be freed from the Roman yoke, and he would have us pay tribute to Rome +for aye. Did he feel himself in some way as not of our nation? I know not; +but in all ways we failed to know him. + +And as I was communing thus, the sun shone forth from a rift in the clouds +and illumined for a space the crown of Calvary, and I stretched forth my +hands to the figures on the cross, and cried aloud in my perplexity, +"Jesus, what art thou?" And then I bethought me, and my hands fell to my +side, and I said, "What wert thou, Jesus?" Naught answered me but the +distant rumbling from the gloomy clouds. + +But the sun was setting over Israel, and I turned to my father's house, +there once more to celebrate the Feast of the Deliverance from Egypt. + + + + + + EPILOGUE. + + +Thus far had I written to thee, Aglaophonos, as to what I knew of that +Jesus the Nazarene about whom thou hast made so earnest inquiry. I had +minded to hand it to Alphaeus ben Simon, my cousin, who goeth this week in +the galley to Cyprus, and thence would have passed it on to thee by the +hands of one of our brethren who visit Greece from year to year. But there +has happened to me an event which has given me much to think of with +regard to this very matter of Jesus. It chanced that the day before +yesterday I went from the Jewish quarter in this city of Alexandria for my +usual walk along the Lochias, which adjoins it. There it is my custom to +catch the sea air and to watch the vessels put into the Inner Port. Now, +it chanced that as I came upon the Lochias, the vessel of Joppa had just +hoved-to in the Inner Port, and the passengers were being landed up the +Broad Steps. Now these, by their _talith_ and their faces, I knew to be +Jews, and I went up to them, and greeted them with the greeting of peace. +But among them one came to me with the look of recognition in his eyes, +and said, "Knowest thou me not, Meshullam ben Zadok?" And, behold, it was +Rufus ben Simon, whom I had known before I left the Holy City. So I +welcomed him, and brought him home to this house of mine. And here he +remaineth till the morrow, when he starteth forth to go to Cyrene. + +Now, in my inquiries about old friends left behind, and new things that +had happened since I went away, I failed not to ask about the followers of +the Nazarene. To my wonder, I found that this Rufus had become one of +them, even though he was but a child when Jesus died. Yet is he a good Jew +in all else. He eateth only our meat, and keepeth our Sabbaths and +festivals. But he avers that the Anointed One, whom we expect, has already +appeared, and that he was Jesus the Nazarene. And upon my inquiry how he +could know aught of Jesus but from the common talk, he put in my hand some +Memorabilia of him, written down in Hebrew by one of his chief followers, +Matathias.(12) This have I read again and again, and pondered much +thereon. Nor have I been able to sleep these two nights for the new +thoughts about Jesus that have come to me from reading these memoirs of +him. + +For, behold, he appeareth in these records of him by his own followers in +far other wise than he showed himself to us in public at Jerusalem. In all +his public acts among us he was full of scornful rebukes; among his own +followers he was tender and loving. Scarcely ever could we get him to +speak out to us plainly his views about matters of public concern. He +would always give us an answer full of evasion and enigma, but to his +followers he would explain all his meaning over and over again, +illustrated with parable. There at Jerusalem he almost always turned to +the people his harsher side. I saw him on every occasion on which he +appeared in public in Jerusalem, and, save only in his sermons, he was +always rebuking one or another, just like the prophets of old. And the +manner of his rebuking towards us was as with scorpions, whereas among his +own he would mingle tenderness even with his reproaches. Nor, saving his +sermons, which few heard but those who already followed him, had he aught +novel to tell us about the things of life. He seemed to us as if he would +destroy the temple of our faith, nor in his public actions did he give any +promise of building it up anew. Yet to those with him he would continually +be telling what to do and how to do it, till, behold, a new manner of +life, fair and seemly, stood before them, fulfilled of Jewish +righteousness, with a tender mercy which was the man's very own. + +I need not detail to thee, Aglaophonos, what these acts and words were +which have given me an altogether new light as to the character and +thoughts of the man Jesus. From certain words of thine in thy letter, +which I understood not then when I first read it, I can see now that thou +must have had some such account of the life and death of Jesus before thee +as this which Rufus hath shown unto me. Now I can understand wherefore +thou hast inquired about this Jesus with such eager insistence. And to +thee as a Gentile the revelation of his character would come with more +attractive force than to us that be Jews. For in almost every way this +Jesus fulfilleth the idea of a Jew as we have it in these later days. +Working with his hands, yet teaching with his voice; obedient to the Law, +yet ever eager to take a new law upon himself; doing acts of love among +men, yet rebuking in love their ill acts, and doing all things as in the +presence of the Glory;--in all this Jesus was as the best of our Sages. + +"Wherefore, then, did ye suffer him to be killed?" thou wilt ask me, and +indeed I ask myself. If I were to answer thee in the way Jesus was wont to +answer us, I would say, "Why did ye Hellenes condemn Socrates to the +hemlock?" For he was as much the Ideal of the Hellenes as Jesus of the +Jews. Every Hellene would be eloquent and reasonable, and that was +Socrates. Every Jew would be wise and good and pious, and that was Jesus. +Yet each of these men, if I read their lives aright, died the death of a +criminal, because he cared not for that which his fellow-countrymen cared +for most. Socrates died because he would force his countrymen to examine +by their reason the ideas and ideals which they all accepted. Jesus died +for the same reason, but also for another--for that he cared naught for our +national hopes. We were all panting for national freedom; he would have +naught of it. Whether it was that he felt in some sort to be not of our +nation, I know not; but in all his teaching he dealt with us as men, not +as Jews. It is this, I can see, that has attracted thee to his doctrine, +whereas thou wert always scornful of our Jewish pretensions, as thou +calledst them. + +Yet herein again was he at one with the best thoughts of our Sages. Our +God is the God of all, and his Law shall be one day the Law of all. If we +yearn for the universal realm of the Messiah, it is as much for the sake +of the world as for ourselves. But methinks I see in the thoughts of this +Jesus an idea quite other than ours as to what the Anointed One shall be +and shall do. We hope for him as a Deliverer and a Conqueror with force of +arms by God's aid. Now, Jesus seemed not to think of the Anointed One in +any way like this. His mind seemed to be filled rather with the picture of +the Servant of God as drawn by the Prophet Esaias. Thou knowest the +passage, Aglaophonos; I remember thy laughter when first I read it thee, +that men could look forward to contempt and hatred as a good. Truly the +idea is far different from the saying of the barbarian, "Woe to the +conquered!" And surely to us all, Jew and Gentile, Greek and barbarian, +the greatest of joys is this--to worst an equal foe in fair fight. But to +Esaias the prophet, and to Jesus the Nazarene after him, the higher +victory is with him that is worsted in the battle of life. That will come +as good tidings to nine out of every ten of men. + +Therefore, if Jesus thought of himself as the Anointed One, it was as +being anointed with the woes of the vanquished, with the sweat and the +blood of the lowly and despised. Now I know why he seemed so sad when he +was greeted at Jerusalem as a victor. He had spent his life in trying to +impress a new ideal upon his people, and they had welcomed him only as the +fulfilment of the old ideal which he desired to replace. None of thy poets +have given a drama with more of _eironeia_ in it than this. + +Yet why did he remain silent before us as to these ideas of his? If, +indeed, these were his ideas; for even with the new light given by the +Hebrew Memorabilia, I can see his thought but dimly. Why spake he not his +own thought to the people in Jerusalem, and tell us no longer to hope for +worldly dominion as the best means for spreading the Law of the Lord, but +rather to be as servants of God, even as Esaias the Prophet hath spoken? +Was it that he wished to carry out the description of the prophet even to +every iota of his text? For, behold, the prophet sayeth, "He let himself +be humbled, and opened not his mouth." If so, then was the death of Jesus +but a sublime suicide. + +For surely by this silence he has committed a grievous sin against us his +people. For if we committed aught of sin and crime that handed him over to +the Romans as a pretender to empire, he indeed shared our sin and crime by +his silence. Ye Hellenes were at least greater in fault than we in the +matter of Socrates; for ye condemned him after he had spoken his whole +mind and made known his whole thought to his people; whereas we condemned +one who, I make bold to say, was even greater than thy Socrates, mainly +because of what seemed to us his sullen and arrogant silence, broken only +by a confession of guilt when he knew he was not guilty. + +But yet, let me not be as harsh in judgment upon him after his death, as +perhaps I was when I allowed the sentence to be declared against him +without protest. He, least of all men, could have died with a lie upon his +lips. In some sort and in some way he must have combined the thought of +the triumphant Messiah and of the despised Servant of God. For in those +Memorabilia of him which have come into my hands during the last days as +being a message from him that is dead, I find these two things combined. +He speaketh ever of the blessedness of the poor and the humble and the +despised, even as the Ebionim speak. So that if a man would be blessed, he +would choose a lowly career, even as did Jesus. Yet withal he speaketh oft +of himself as the Son of Man, and every Jew that heard him would think he +knew what he thereby claimed. For in the Prophets Daniel and Enoch it is +clearly said that the Son of Man would come in victory over the world; and +what other could this universal victor be than the Anointed One whom the +prophets had foretold? If Jesus put another meaning upon the prophetic +words, why spake he not his meaning fully unto the people? All we may have +gone like sheep astray, but he that might have been our shepherd went +apart alone with God. + +O Jesus, why didst thou not show thyself to thy people in thy true +character? Why didst thou seem to care not for aught that we at Jerusalem +cared for? Why, arraigned before the appointed judges of thy people, didst +thou keep silence before us, and, by thus keeping silent, share in +pronouncing judgment upon thyself? We have slain thee as the Hellenes have +slain Socrates their greatest, and our punishment will be as theirs. Then +will Israel be even as thou wert, despised and rejected of men--a nation of +sorrows among the nations. But Israel is greater than any of his sons, and +the day will come when he will know thee as his greatest. And in that day +he will say unto thee, "My sons have slain thee, O my son, and thou hast +shared our guilt." + + + + + + + RELIGIOUS BOOKS + + + _Serviceable, Timely, and Helpful._ + +_Riverside Parallel Bible._ +Containing the Authorized Version and the Revised Version in parallel +columns. Large type, cloth, $5.00; Persian, $10.00; morocco, $15.00. + +_Bible Dictionary._ +Dr. SMITH'S GREAT BIBLE DICTIONARY. Edited for America by Professor +HACKETT and Dr. EZRA ABBOT. By far the fullest and best Bible Dictionary +in the English language. 4 vols. 8vo, 596 illustrations, 3697 pages, +cloth, $20.00. Other bindings from $25.00 to $27.50. + +_The New Testament._ +Superbly illustrated with engravings from designs after the Old Masters. +Royal 4to, cloth, full gilt, $10.00; morocco, $20.00. + +_Robinson's Palestine._ +Biblical Researches in Palestine. By EDWARD ROBINSON. A work very highly +commended by Dean Stanley. 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By +WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS, D. D. $1.25. + +_An American Missionary in Japan._ +A book of great interest, and giving a great deal of information about the +social and religious development of Modern Japan. By Rev. Dr. M. L. +GORDON, for twenty years an able and devoted missionary in that country. +$1.25. + +_The Republic of God._ +By ELISHA MULFORD, LL. D. $2.00. "A unique work, and devotes to the great +topics of theology a kind of thinking of which we have had little in +English literature and need much."--_The Independent._ + +_As It Is In Heaven._ _The Unseen Friend._ _At the Beautiful Gate._ +Three books by LUCY LARCOM,--religious, cheerful, delightful to read, and +of the finest quality in every way. The last-named is a book of exquisite +religious lyrics. Each, $1.00. + +{~ASTERISM~} _For sale by all Booksellers. Sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by +the Publishers_, + + _Houghton, Mifflin & Company,__ _ + _4 Park Street, Boston; 11 East 17th Street, New York._ + + + + + + FOOTNOTES + + + 1 This, like most other utterances of Jesus, found in this book but + not in the Gospels, is also found in the early patristic + literature.--ED. + + 2 _{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}_, seemingly the translation of the Hebrew _{~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM~} {~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL TSADI~}_ + used for those unlearned in the Law; this term seems to have passed + through much the same history as "pagan."--ED. + + 3 Each of the Jewish rabbis used to sum up his teaching in some + pregnant sentence. These are given in the Talmudic treatise, _The + Ethics of the Fathers_.--ED. + + 4 Jose ben Joeser said, "Let thy place be a place of meeting for the + wise; dust thyself with the dust of their feet, and drink greedily + of their teaching" (_Pirke Aboth_, i. 4).--ED. + + 5 The rabbis use this expression, _Bath Kol_, for any supernatural + revelation.--ED. + + 6 This Logion is only found elsewhere in one MS. of the Gospels, viz., + in the Codex Bezae at Cambridge.--ED. + + 7 It must have been from a report of this discourse, and that given on + p. 92, that the majority of those utterances of Jesus have been + derived which are known in modern theology as "Agrapha."--ED. + + 8 The gospel version reads "Samaritan."--ED. + + 9 See note on p. 42.--ED. + + 10 _Bar Abba_ means "son of his father." + + 11 _Bar Amma_ means "son of his mother."--ED. + + 12 Probably the so-called Primitive Gospel, the common foundation of + our Synoptics. 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