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+The Project Gutenberg EBook History of The United Netherlands, 1604-05
+#77 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
+
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+Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1604-05
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4877]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 15, 2002]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1604-05 ***
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS
+From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+
+
+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 77
+
+History of the United Netherlands, 1604-1605
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIII.
+
+     Policy of the King of France--Operations of Prince Maurice--Plans
+     for a Flemish Campaign--Passage into Flanders--Fort St. Catharine--
+     Flight of its garrison, and occupation by Maurice--Surrender of
+     Ysendyke and Aardenburg--Skirmish at Stamper's Hook--Siege of Sluys
+     by Prince Maurice--Ineffectual attempt of Spinola to relieve the
+     town--Its capitulation and restoration to the States--Death of Lewis
+     Gunther of Nassau--Operations at Ostend--Surrender of the garrison--
+     Desolation of the scene after its evacuation.
+
+The States-General had begun to forget the severe lesson taught them in
+the Nieuport campaign.  Being determined to hold Ostend, they became very
+impatient, in the early part of the present year, that Maurice should
+once more invade Flanders, at the head of a relieving army, and drive the
+archdukes from before the town.
+
+They were much influenced in this policy by the persistent advice of the
+French king.  To the importunities of their envoy at Paris, Henry had,
+during the past eighteen months, replied by urging the States to invade
+Flanders and seize its ports.  When they had thus something to place as
+pledges in his hands, he might accede to their clamour and declare war
+against Spain.  But he scarcely concealed his intention, in such case, to
+annex both the obedient and the United Netherlands to his own dominions.
+Meantime, before getting into the saddle, he chose to be guaranteed
+against loss.  "Assure my lords the States that I love them," he said,
+"and shall always do my best for them."  His affection for the territory
+of my lords was even warmer than the sentiments he entertained for
+themselves.  Moreover, he grudged the preliminary expenses which would be
+necessary even should he ultimately make himself sovereign of the whole
+country.  Rosny assured the envoy that he was mistaken in expecting a
+declaration of war against Spain.  "Not that he does not think it useful
+and necessary," said the minister, "but he wishes to have war and peace
+both at once--peace because he wishes to make no retrenchments in his
+pleasures of women, dogs, and buildings, and so war would be very
+inopportune.  In three months he would be obliged to turn tail for want
+of means (to use his own words), although I would furnish him funds
+enough, if he would make the use of them that he ought."
+
+The Queen of England, who, with all her parsimony and false pretences,
+never doubted in her heart that perpetual hostility to Spain was the
+chief bulwark of her throne, and that the republic was fighting her
+battles as well as its own, had been ready to make such a lively war in
+conjunction with France as would drive the Spaniard out of all the
+Netherlands.  But Henry was not to be moved.  "I know that if I should
+take her at her word," said he, "she would at once begin to screw me for
+money.  She has one object, I another."  Villeroy had said plainly to
+Aerssens, in regard to the prevalent system of Englishmen, Spaniards, and
+Frenchmen being at war with each other, while the Governments might be
+nominally at peace, "Let us take off our masks.  If the Spaniard has
+designs against our State, has he not cause?  He knows the aid we are
+giving you, and resents it.  If we should abstain, he would leave us in
+peace.  If the Queen of England expects to draw us into a league, she is
+mistaken.  Look to yourselves and be on your guard.  Richardot is
+intriguing with Cecil.  You give the queen securities, fortresses, seats
+in your council.  The king asks nothing but communication of your
+projects."
+
+In short, all the comfort that Aerssens had been able to derive from his
+experiences at the French court in the autumn of 1602, was that the
+republic could not be too suspicious both of England and France.  Rosny
+especially he considered the most dangerous of all the politicians in
+France.  His daughter was married to the Prince of Espinoy, whose 50,000
+livres a year would be safer the more the archduke was strengthened.
+"But for this he would be stiffer," said Aerssens.  Nevertheless there
+were strong motives at work, pressing France towards the support of the
+States.  There were strong political reasons, therefore, why they should
+carry the war into Flanders, in conformity with the wishes of the king.
+
+The stadholder, after much argument, yielded as usual to the authority
+of the magistrates, without being convinced as to the sagacity of their
+plans.  It was arranged that an army should make a descent upon the
+Flemish coast in the early spring, and make a demonstration upon Sluys.
+The effect of this movement, it was thought, would be to draw the enemy
+out of his entrenchments, in which case it would be in the power of
+Maurice to put an end at once to the siege.  It is unquestionable that
+the better alternative, in the judgment of the prince, was to take
+possession; if possible, of Sluys itself.  His preparations were,
+however, made with a view to either event, and by the middle of April he
+had collected at Willemstad a force of fifteen thousand foot and three
+thousand horse.  As on the former memorable expedition, he now again
+insisted that a considerable deputation of the States and of the States'
+council should accompany the army.  His brother Henry, and his cousins
+Lewis William, Lewis Gunther, and Ernest Casimir, were likewise with him,
+as well as the Prince of Anhalt and other distinguished personages.
+
+On the 25th April the army, having crossed the mouth of the West Scheld,
+from Zeeland, in numberless vessels of all sizes and degrees, effected
+their debarkation on the island of Cadzand.
+
+In the course of two days they had taken possession of the little town,
+and all the forts of that island, having made their entrance through what
+was called the Black Channel.  Had they steered boldly through the Swint
+or Sluys channel at once, it is probable that they might have proceeded
+straight up to Sluy's, and taken the place by surprise.  Maurice's
+habitual caution was, perhaps, on this occasion, a disadvantage to him,
+but he would have violated the rules of war, and what seemed the dictates
+of common sense, had he not secured a basis of operations, and a
+possibility of retreat, before plunging with his army into the heart
+of a hostile country.  The republic still shuddered at the possible
+catastrophe of four years before, when circumstances had forced him to
+take the heroic but dangerous resolution of sending off his ships from
+Nieuport.  Before he had completed his arrangements for supplies on the
+island of Cadzand, he learned from scouts and reconnoitring parties that
+Spinola had sent a thousand infantry, besides five hundred cavalry, under
+Trivulzio, to guard the passage across the Swint.  Maurice was thus on
+the wrong side of the great channel by which Sluy's communicated with the
+sea?
+
+The town of Sluy's and its situation have been described in a former
+chapter.  As a port, it was in those days considered a commodious and
+important one, capable of holding five hundred ships.  As a town, it was
+not so insignificant as geographical and historical changes have since
+made it, and was certainly far superior to Ostend, even if Ostend had
+not been almost battered out of existence.  It had spacious streets and
+squares, and excellent fortifications in perfectly good condition.  It
+was situate in a watery labyrinth, many slender streams from the interior
+and several saltwater creeks being complicated around it, and then
+flowing leisurely, in one deep sluggish channel, to the sea.  The wrath
+of Leicester, when all his efforts to relieve the place had been baffled
+by the superior skill of Alexander Farnese, has been depicted, and during
+the seventeen years which had elapsed since its capture, the republic had
+not ceased to deplore that disaster.  Obviously if the present expedition
+could end in the restoration of Sluy's to its rightful owners, it would
+be a remarkable success, even if Ostend should fall.  Sluy's and its
+adjacent domains formed a natural portion of the Zeeland archipelago, the
+geographical counterpart of Flushing.  With both branches of the stately
+Scheld in its control, the republic would command the coast, and might
+even dispense with Ostend, which, in the judgment of Maurice, was an
+isolated and therefore not a desirable military possession.  The States-
+General were of a different opinion.  They much desired to obtain Sluy's,
+but they would not listen to the abandonment of Ostend.  It was expected
+of the stadholder, therefore, that he should seize the one and protect
+the other.  The task was a difficult one.  A less mathematical brain than
+that of Maurice of Nassau would have reeled at the problem to be solved.
+To master such a plexus of canals, estuaries, and dykes, of passages
+through swamps, of fords at low water which were obliterated by flood-
+tide; to take possession of a series of redoubts built on the only firm
+points of land, with nothing but quaking morass over which to manoeuvre
+troops or plant batteries against them, would be a difficult study, even
+upon paper.  To accomplish it in the presence of a vigilant and anxious
+foe seemed bewildering enough.
+
+At first it was the intention of the stadholder, disappointed at learning
+the occupation of the Swint, to content himself with fortifying Cadzand,
+in view of future operations at some more favourable moment?  So meagre
+a result would certainly not have given great satisfaction to the States,
+nor added much to the military reputation of Maurice.  While he hesitated
+between plunging without a clue into the watery maze around him, and
+returning discomfited from the expedition on which such high hopes had
+been built, a Flemish boor presented himself.  He offered to guide the
+army around the east and south of Sluy's, and to point out passages where
+it would be possible to cross the waters, which, through the care of
+Spinola, now seemed to forbid access to the place.  Maurice lingered no
+longer.  On the 28th April, led by the friendly boor, he advanced towards
+Oostburg.  Next morning a small force of the enemy's infantry and cavalry
+was seen, showing that there must be foothold in that direction.  He sent
+out a few companies to skirmish with those troops, who fled after a very
+brief action, and, in flying, showed their pursuers the road.  Maurice
+marched in force, straight through the waters, on the track of the
+retreating foe.  They endeavoured to rally at the fort of Coxie, which
+stood upon and commanded a dyke, but the republicans were too quick for
+them, and drove them out of the place."  The stadholder, thus obtaining
+an unexpected passage into Flanders, conceived strong hopes of success,
+despite the broken nature of the ground. Continuing to feel his way
+cautiously through the wilderness of quagmire, he soon came upon a very
+formidable obstacle.  The well-built and well-equipped redoubt of St.
+Catharine rose frowning before him, overshadowing his path, and
+completely prohibiting all further progress.  Plainly it would be
+necessary to reduce this work at once, unless he were willing to abandon
+his enterprise.  He sent back to Cadzand for artillery, but it was flood-
+tide, the waters were out, and it was not till late in the afternoon that
+nine pieces arrived.  The stadholder ordered a cannonade, less with the
+hope of producing an impression by such inadequate means on so strong a
+work, than with the intention of showing the enemy that he had brought
+field-guns with him, and was not merely on an accidental foray.  At the
+same time, having learned that the garrison, which was commanded by
+Trivulzio, was composed of only a few regular troops, and a large force
+of guerillas, he gave notice that such combatants were not entitled to
+quarter, and that if captured they would be all put to the sword.  The
+reply to this threat was not evacuation but defiance.  Especially a
+volunteer ensign mounted upon a rampart, and danced about, waving his
+flag gaily in the face of the assailants.  Maurice bitterly remarked to
+his staff that such a man alone was enough to hold the fort.  As it was
+obvious that the place would require a siege in form, and that it would
+be almost impossible to establish batteries upon that quaking soil, where
+there was no dry land for cavalry or artillery to move, Maurice ordered
+the nine guns to be carried back to Cadzand that night, betaking himself,
+much disappointed, in the same direction."  Yet it so happened that the
+cannoneers, floundering through the bogs, made such an outcry--especially
+when one of their guns became so bemired that it was difficult for them
+to escape the disgrace of losing it--that the garrison, hearing a great
+tumult, which they could not understand, fell into one of those panics to
+which raw and irregular troops are liable.  Nothing would convince them
+that fresh artillery had not arrived, that the terrible stadholder with
+an immense force was not creating invincible batteries, and that they
+should be all butchered in cold blood, according to proclamation, before
+the dawn of day.  They therefore evacuated the place under cover of
+the night, so that this absurd accident absolutely placed Maurice in
+possession of the very fort--without striking a blow--which he was about
+to abandon in despair, and which formed the first great obstacle to his
+advance.
+
+Having occupied St. Catharine's, he moved forward to Ysendyke, a strongly
+fortified place three leagues to the eastward of Sluys and invested it in
+form.  Meantime a great danger was impending over him.  A force of well-
+disciplined troops, to the number of two thousand, dropped down in boats
+from Sluy's to Cadzand, for the purpose of surprising the force left to
+guard that important place.
+
+The expedition was partially successful.  Six hundred landed; beating
+down all opposition.  But a few Scotch companies held firm, and by hard
+fighting were able at last to drive the invaders back to their sloops,
+many of which were sunk in the affray, with all on board.  The rest
+ignominiously retreated.  Had the enterprise been as well executed as it
+was safely planned, it would have gone hard with the stadholder and his
+army.  It is difficult to see in what way he could have extricated
+himself from such a dilemma, being thus cut off from his supplies and his
+fleet, and therefore from all possibility of carrying out his design or
+effecting his escape to Zeeland.  Certainly thus far, fortune had
+favoured his bold adventure.
+
+He now sent his own trumpeter, Master Hans, to summon Ysendyke to a
+surrender.  The answer was a bullet which went through the head of
+unfortunate Master Hans.  Maurice, enraged at this barbarous violation of
+the laws of war, drew his lines closer.  Next day the garrison, numbering
+six hundred, mostly Italians, capitulated, and gave up the musketeer who
+had murdered the trumpeter.
+
+Two days later the army appeared before Aardenburg, a well-fortified
+town four miles south of Sluys.  It surrendered disgracefully, without
+striking a blow.  The place was a most important position for the
+investment of Sluys.  Four or five miles further towards the west, two
+nearly parallel streams, both navigable, called the Sweet and the Salt,
+ran from Dam to Sluys.  It was a necessary but most delicate operation,
+to tie up these two important arteries.  An expedition despatched in this
+direction came upon Trivulzio with a strong force of cavalry, posted at a
+pass called Stamper's Hook, which controlled the first of these streams.
+The narrowness of the pathway gave the advantage to the Italian
+commander.  A warm action took place, in which the republican cavalry
+were worsted, and Paul Bax severely wounded.  Maurice coming up with the
+infantry at a moment when the prospect was very black, turned defeat into
+victory and completely routed the enemy, who fled from the precious
+position with a loss of five hundred killed and three hundred prisoners,
+eleven officers among them.  The Sweet was now in the stadholder's
+possession.
+
+Next day he marched against the Salt, at a pass where fourteen hundred
+Spaniards were stationed.  Making very ostentatious preparations for an
+attack upon this position, he suddenly fell backwards down the stream to
+a point which he had discovered to be fordable at low water, and marched
+his whole army through the stream while the skirmishing was going on a
+few miles farther up.  The Spaniards, discovering their error, and
+fearing to be cut off, scampered hastily away to Dam.  Both streams were
+now in the control of the republican army, while the single fort of St.
+Joris was all that was now interposed between Maurice and the much-
+coveted Swint.  This redoubt, armed with nine guns, and provided with a
+competent, garrison, was surrendered on the 23rd May.
+
+The Swint, or great sea-channel of Sluys, being now completely in the
+possession of the stadholder, he deliberately proceeded to lay out his
+lines, to make his entrenched camp, and to invest his city with the
+beautiful neatness which ever characterized his sieges.  A groan came
+from the learned Lipsius, as he looked from the orthodox shades of
+Louvain upon the progress of the heretic prince.
+
+"Would that I were happier," he cried, "but things are not going on in
+Flanders as I could wish.  How easy it would have been to save Sluys,
+which we are now trying so hard to do, had we turned our attention
+thither in time!  But now we have permitted the enemy to entrench and
+fortify himself, and we are the less excusable because we know to our
+cost how felicitously he fights with the spade, and that he builds works
+like an ancient Roman .  .  .  .  .  Should we lose Sluys, which God
+forbid, how much strength and encouragement will be acquired by the foe,
+and by all who secretly or openly favour him!  Our neighbours are all
+straining their eyes, as from a watch-tower, eager to see the result of
+all these doings.  But what if they too should begin to move?  Where
+should we be?  I pray God to have mercy on the Netherlanders, whom He has
+been so many years chastising with heavy whips."
+
+It was very true.  The man with the spade had been allowed to work too
+long at his felicitous vocation.  There had been a successful effort made
+to introduce reinforcements to the garrison.  Troops, to the number of
+fifteen hundred, had been added to those already shut up there, but the
+attempts to send in supplies were not so fortunate.  Maurice had
+completely invested the town before the end of May, having undisputed
+possession of the harbour and of all the neighbouring country.  He was
+himself encamped on the west side of the Swint; Charles van der Noot
+lying on the south.  The submerged meadows, stretching all around in the
+vicinity of the haven, he had planted thickly with gunboats.  Scarcely a
+bird or a fish could go into or out of the place.  Thus the stadholder
+exhibited to the Spaniards who, fifteen miles off towards the west, had
+been pounding and burrowing three years long before Ostend without
+success, what he understood by a siege.
+
+On the 22nd of May a day of solemn prayer and fasting was, by command of
+Maurice, celebrated throughout the besieging camp.  In order that the day
+should be strictly kept in penance, mortification, and thanksgiving, it
+was ordered, on severe penalties, that neither the commissaries nor
+sutlers should dispense any food whatever, throughout the twenty-four
+hours.  Thus the commander-in-chief of the republic prepared his troops
+for the work before them.
+
+In the very last days of May the experiment was once more vigorously
+tried to send in supplies.  A thousand galley-slaves, the remnant of
+Frederic Spinola's unlucky naval forces, whose services were not likely
+very soon to be required at sea, were sent out into the drowned land,
+accompanied by five hundred infantry.  Simultaneously Count Berlaymont,
+at the head of four thousand men, conveying a large supply of provisions
+and munitions, started from Dam.  Maurice, apprised of the adventure,
+sallied forth with two thousand troops to meet them.  Near Stamper's Hook
+he came upon a detachment of Berlaymont's force, routed them, and took a
+couple of hundred prisoners.  Learning from them that Berlaymont himself,
+with the principal part of his force, had passed farther on, he started
+off in pursuit; but, unfortunately taking a different path through the
+watery wilderness from the one selected by the flying foe, he was not
+able to prevent his retreat by a circuitous route to Dam.  From the
+prisoners, especially from the galley-slaves, who had no reason for
+disguising the condition of the place, he now learned that there were
+plenty of troops in Sluys, but that there was already a great lack of
+provisions.  They had lost rather than gained by their success in
+introducing reinforcements without supplies.  Upon this information
+Maurice now resolved to sit quietly down and starve out the garrison.
+If Spinola, in consequence, should raise the siege of Ostend, in order
+to relieve a better town, he was prepared to give him battle.  If the
+marquis held fast to his special work, Sluys was sure to surrender.
+This being the position of affairs, the deputies of the States-General
+took their leave of the stadholder, and returned to the Hague.
+
+Two months passed.  It was midsummer, and the famine in the beleaguered
+town had become horrible.  The same hideous spectacle was exhibited as on
+all occasions where thousands of human beings are penned together without
+food.  They ate dogs, cats, and rats, the weeds from the churchyards, old
+saddles, and old shoes, and, when all was gone, they began to eat each
+other.  The small children diminished rapidly in numbers, while beacons
+and signals of distress were fired day and night, that the obdurate
+Spinola, only a few miles off, might at last move to their relief.
+
+The archdukes too were beginning to doubt whether the bargain were a
+good one.  To give a strong, new, well-fortified city, with the best of
+harbours, in exchange for a heap of rubbish which had once been Ostend,
+seemed unthrifty enough.  Moreover, they had not got Ostend, while sure
+to lose Sluys.  At least the cardinal could no longer afford to dispense
+with the service of his beat corps of veterans who had demanded their
+wages so insolently, and who had laughed at his offer of excommunication
+by way of payment so heartily.  Flinging away his pride, he accordingly
+made a treaty with the mutinous "squadron" at Grave, granting an entire
+pardon for all their offences, and promising full payment of their
+arrears.  Until funds should be collected sufficient for this purpose,
+they were to receive twelve stivers a day each foot-soldier, and twenty-
+four stivers each cavalryman, and were to have the city of Roermond in
+pledge.  The treaty was negotiated by Guerrera, commandant of Ghent
+citadel, and by the Archbishop of Roermond, while three distinguished
+hostages were placed in the keeping of the mutineers until the contract
+should be faithfully executed: Guerrera himself, Count Fontenoy, son of
+Marquis d'Havre, and Avalos, commander of a Spanish legion.  Thus, after
+making a present of the services of these veterans for a twelvemonth to
+the stadholder, and after employing a very important portion of his
+remaining forces in a vain attempt to reduce their revolt, the archduke
+had now been fain to purchase their submission by conceding all their
+demands.  It would have been better economy perhaps to come to this
+conclusion at an earlier day.
+
+It would likewise have been more judicious, according to the lamentations
+of Justus Lipsius, had the necessity of saving Sluys been thought of in
+time.  Now that it was thoroughly enclosed, so that a mouse could scarce
+creep through the lines, the archduke was feverish to send in a thousand
+wagon loads of provisions.  Spinola, although in reality commander-in-
+chief of a Spanish army, and not strictly subject to the orders of the
+Flemish sovereigns, obeyed the appeal of the archduke, but he obeyed most
+reluctantly.  Two-thirds of Ostend had been effaced, and it was hard to
+turn even for a moment from the spot until all should have been
+destroyed.
+
+Leaving Rivas and Bucquoy to guard the entrenchments, and to keep
+steadily to the work, Spinola took the field with a large force of all
+arms, including the late mutineers and the troops of Count Trivulzio.
+On the 8th August he appeared in the neighbourhood of the Salt and Sweet
+streams, and exchanged a few cannon-shots with the republicans.  Next day
+he made a desperate assault with three thousand men and some companies of
+cavalry, upon Lewis William's quarters, where he had reason to believe
+the lines were weakest.  He received from that most vigilant commander
+a hearty welcome, however, and after a long skirmish was obliged to
+withdraw, carrying off his dead and wounded, together with a few cart-
+horses which had been found grazing outside the trenches.  Not satisfied
+with these trophies or such results, he remained several days inactive,
+and then suddenly whirled around Aardenburg with his whole army, directly
+southward of Sluys, seized the forts of St. Catharine and St. Philip,
+which had been left with very small garrisons, and then made a furious
+attempt to break the lines at Oostburg, hoping to cross the fords at that
+place, and thus push his way into the isle of Cadzand.  The resistance to
+his progress was obstinate, the result for a time doubtful.  After severe
+fighting however he crossed the waters of Oostburg in the face of the
+enemy.  Maurice meantime had collected all his strength at the vital
+position of Cadzand, hoping to deal, or at least to parry, a mortal blow.
+
+On the 17th, on Cadzand dyke, between two redoubts, Spinola again met
+Lewis William, who had been transferred to that important position.
+A severe struggle ensued.  The Spaniards were in superior force, and
+Lewis William, commanding the advance only of the States troops, was hard
+pressed.  Moving always in the thickest of the fight, he would probably
+have that day laid down his life, as so many of his race had done before
+in the cause of the republic, had not Colonel van Dorp come to his
+rescue, and so laid about him with a great broad sword, that the dyke was
+kept until Maurice arrived with Eytzinga's Frisian regiment and other
+reserves.  Van Dorp then fell covered with wounds.  Here was the decisive
+combat.  The two commanders-in-chief met face to face for the first time,
+and could Spinola have gained the position of Cadzand the fate of Maurice
+must have been sealed.  But all his efforts were vain.  The stadholder,
+by coolness and promptness, saved the day, and inflicted a bloody repulse
+upon the Catholics.  Spinola had displayed excellent generalship, but it
+is not surprising that the young volunteer should have failed upon his
+first great field day to defeat Maurice of Nassau and his cousin Lewis
+William.  He withdrew discomfited at last, leaving several hundred dead
+upon the field, definitely renouncing all hope of relieving Sluys, and
+retiring by way of Dam to his camp before Ostend.  Next day the town
+capitulated.
+
+The garrison were allowed to depart with the honours of war, and the same
+terms were accorded to the inhabitants, both in secular and religious
+matters, as were usual when Maurice re-occupied any portion of the
+republic.  Between three and four thousand creatures, looking rather like
+ghosts from the churchyards than living soldiers, marched out, with drums
+beating, colours displayed, matches lighted, and bullet in mouth.  Sixty
+of them fell dead before the dismal procession had passed out of the
+gates.  Besides these troops were nearly fifteen hundred galley-slaves,
+even more like shadows than the rest, as they had been regularly sent
+forth during the latter days of the siege to browse upon soutenelle in
+the submerged meadows, or to drown or starve if unable to find a
+sufficient supply of that weed.  These unfortunate victims of Mahometan
+and Christian tyranny were nearly all Turks, and by the care of the Dutch
+Government were sent back by sea to their homes.  A few of them entered
+the service of the States.
+
+The evacuation of Sluys by Governor Serrano and his garrison was upon
+the 20th August.  Next day the stadholder took possession, bestowing the
+nominal government of the place upon his brother Frederic Henry.  The
+atmosphere, naturally enough, was pestiferous, and young Count Lewis
+Gunther of Nassau, who had so brilliantly led the cavalry on the famous
+day of Nieuport, died of fever soon after entering the town infinitely
+regretted by every one who wished well to the republic.
+
+Thus an important portion of Zeeland was restored, to its natural owners.
+A seaport which in those days was an excellent one, and more than a
+compensation for the isolated fishing village already beleaguered for
+upwards of three years, had been captured in three months.  The States-
+General congratulated their stadholder on such prompt and efficient work,
+while the garrison of Ostend, first learning the authentic news seven
+days afterwards, although at a distance of only fourteen miles, had cause
+to go upon their knees and sing praises to the Most High.
+
+The question now arose as to the relief of Ostend.  Maurice was decidedly
+opposed to any such scheme.  He had got a better Ostend in Slays, and he
+saw no motive for spending money and blood in any further attempt to gain
+possession of a ruin, which, even if conquered, could only with extreme
+difficulty be held.  The States were of a diametrically opposite opinion.
+They insisted that the stadholder, so soon he could complete his
+preparations, should march straight upon Spinola's works and break up the
+siege, even at the risk of a general action.  They were willing once more
+to take the terrible chance of a defeat in Flanders.  Maurice, with a
+heavy heart, bowed to their decision, showing by his conduct the very
+spirit of a republican soldier, obeying the civil magistrate, even when
+that obedience was like to bring disaster upon the commonwealth.  But
+much was to be done before he could undertake this new adventure.
+
+Meantime the garrison in Ostend were at their last gasp.  On being asked
+by the States-General whether it was possible to hold out for twenty days
+longer, Marquette called a council of officers, who decided that they
+would do their best, but that it was impossible to fix a day or hour when
+resistance must cease.  Obviously, however, the siege was in its extreme
+old age.  The inevitable end was approaching.
+
+Before the middle of September the enemy was thoroughly established in
+possession of the new Hell's Mouth, the new Porcupine, and all the other
+bastions of the new entrenchment.  On the 13th of that month the last
+supreme effort was made, and the Sand Hill, that all-important redoubt,
+which during these three dismal years had triumphantly resisted every
+assault, was at last carried by storm.  The enemy had now gained
+possession of the whole town except Little Troy.  The new harbour would
+be theirs in a few hours, and as for Troy itself, those hastily and
+flimsily constructed ramparts were not likely to justify the vaunts
+uttered when they were thrown up nor to hold out many minutes before the
+whole artillery of Spinola.  Plainly on this last morsel of the fatal
+sandbank the word surrender must be spoken, unless the advancing trumpets
+of Maurice should now be heard.  But there was no such welcome sound in
+the air.  The weather was so persistently rainy and stormy that the roads
+became impassable, and Maurice, although ready and intending to march
+towards Spinola to offer him battle, was unable for some days to move.
+Meantime a council, summoned by Marquette, of all the officers, decided
+that Ostend must be abandoned now that Ostend had ceased to exist.
+
+On the 20th September the Accord was signed with Spinola.  The garrison
+were to march out with their arms.  They were to carry off four cannon
+but no powder.  All clerical persons were to leave the place, with their
+goods and chattels.  All prisoners taken on both sides during the siege
+were to be released.  Burghers, sutlers, and others, to go whither they
+would, undisturbed.  And thus the archdukes, after three years and
+seventy-seven days of siege, obtained their prize.  Three thousand men,
+in good health, marched out of little Troy with the honours of war.  The
+officers were entertained by Spinola and his comrades at a magnificent
+banquet, in recognition of the unexampled heroism with which the town had
+been defended.  Subsequently the whole force marched to the headquarters
+of the States' army in and about Sluys.  They were received by Prince
+Maurice, who stood bareheaded and surrounded by his most distinguished
+officers; to greet them and to shake them warmly by the hand.  Surely no
+defeated garrison ever deserved more respect from friend or foe.
+
+The Archduke Albert and the Infants Isabella entered the place
+in triumph, if triumph it could be called.  It would be difficult to
+imagine a more desolate scene.  The artillery of the first years of the
+seventeenth century was not the terrible enginry of destruction that it
+has become in the last third of the nineteenth, but a cannonade,
+continued so steadily and so long, had done its work.  There were no
+churches, no houses, no redoubts, no bastions, no walls, nothing but a
+vague and confused mass of ruin.  Spinola conducted his imperial guests
+along the edge of extinct volcanoes, amid upturned cemeteries, through
+quagmires which once were moats, over huge mounds of sand, and vast
+shapeless masses of bricks and masonry, which had been forts.  He
+endeavoured to point out places where mines had been exploded, where
+ravelins had been stormed, where the assailants had been successful, and
+where they had been bloodily repulsed.  But it was all loathsome, hideous
+rubbish.  There were no human habitations, no hovels, no casemates.  The
+inhabitants had burrowed at last in the earth, like the dumb creatures of
+the swamps and forests.  In every direction the dykes had burst, and the
+sullen wash of the liberated waves, bearing hither and thither the
+floating wreck of fascines and machinery, of planks and building
+materials, sounded far and wide over what should have been dry land.  The
+great ship channel, with the unconquered Half-moon upon one side and the
+incomplete batteries and platforms of Bucquoy on the other, still
+defiantly opened its passage to the sea, and the retiring fleets of the
+garrison were white in the offing.  All around was the grey expanse of
+stormy ocean, without a cape or a headland to break its monotony, as the
+surges rolled mournfully in upon a desolation more dreary than their own.
+The atmosphere was mirky and surcharged with rain, for the wild
+equinoctial storm which had held Maurice spell-bound had been raging over
+land and sea for many days.  At every step the unburied skulls of brave
+soldiers who had died in the cause of freedom grinned their welcome to
+the conquerors.  Isabella wept at the sight.  She had cause to weep.
+Upon that miserable sandbank more than a hundred thousand men had laid
+down their lives by her decree, in order that she and her husband might
+at last take possession of a most barren prize.  This insignificant
+fragment of a sovereignty which her wicked old father had presented to
+her on his deathbed--a sovereignty which he had no more moral right or
+actual power to confer than if it had been in the planet Saturn--had at
+last been appropriated at the cost of all this misery.  It was of no
+great value, although its acquisition had caused the expenditure of at
+least eight millions of florins, divided in nearly equal proportions
+between the two belligerents.  It was in vain that great immunities were
+offered to those who would remain, or who would consent to settle in the
+foul Golgotha.  The original population left the place in mass.  No human
+creatures were left save the wife of a freebooter and her paramour, a
+journeyman blacksmith.  This unsavoury couple, to whom entrance into the
+purer atmosphere of Zeeland was denied, thenceforth shared with the
+carrion crows the amenities of Ostend.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XLIV.
+
+     Equation between the contending powers--Treaty of peace between King
+     James and the archdukes and the King of Spain--Position of the
+     Provinces--States envoy in England to be styled ambassador--Protest
+     of the Spanish ambassador--Effect of James's peace-treaty on the
+     people of England--Public rejoicings for the victory at Sluys--
+     Spinola appointed commander-in-chief of the Spanish forces--
+     Preparations for a campaign against the States--Seizure of Dutch
+     cruisers--International discord--Destruction of Sarmiento's fleet by
+     Admiral Haultain--Projected enterprise against Antwerp--Descent of
+     Spinola on the Netherland frontier--Oldenzaal and Lingen taken--
+     Movements of Prince Maurice--Encounter of the two armies--Panic of
+     the Netherlanders--Consequent loss and disgrace--Wachtendonk and
+     Cracow taken by Spinola--Spinola's reception in Spain--Effect of his
+     victories--Results of the struggle between Freedom and Absolutism--
+     Affairs in the East--Amboyna taken by Van der Hagen--Contest for
+     possession of the Clove Islands--Commercial treaty between the
+     States and the King of Ternate--Hostilities between the Kings of
+     Ternate and Tydor--Expulsion of the Portuguese from the Moluccas--
+     Du Terrail's attempted assault on Bergen-op-Zoom--Attack on the
+     Dunkirk pirate fleet--Practice of executing prisoners captured at
+     sea.
+
+I have invited the reader's attention to the details of this famous siege
+because it was not an episode, but almost the sum total, of the great war
+during the period occupied by its events.  The equation between the
+contending forces indicated the necessity of peace.  That equation seemed
+for the time to have established itself over all Europe.  France had long
+since withdrawn from the actual strife, and kept its idle thunders in a
+concealed although ever threatening hand.  In the East the Pacha of Buda
+had become Pacha of Pest.  Even Gran was soon to fall before the Turk,
+whose advancing horse-tails might thus almost be descried from the walls
+of Vienna.  Stephen Botschkay meantime had made himself master of
+Transylvania, concluded peace with Ahmet, and laughed at the Emperor
+Rudolph for denouncing him as a rebel.
+
+Between Spain and England a far different result had been reached than
+the one foreshadowed in the portentous colloquies between King James and
+Maximilian de Bethune.  Those conferences have been purposely described
+with some minuteness, in order that the difference often existing between
+vast projects and diametrically opposed and very insignificant
+conclusions might once more be exhibited.
+
+In the summer of 1603 it had been firmly but mysteriously arranged
+between the monarchs of France and Great Britain that the House of
+Austria should be crushed, its territories parcelled out at the
+discretion of those two potentates, the imperial crown taken from the
+Habsburgs, the Spaniards driven out of the Netherlands, an alliance
+offensive and defensive made with the Dutch republic, while the East and
+West Indies were, to be wrested by main force of the allies, from Spain,
+whose subjects were thenceforth to be for ever excluded from those
+lucrative regions.  As for the Jesuits, who were to James as loathsome
+as were the Puritans to Elizabeth, the British sovereign had implored the
+ambassador of his royal brother, almost with tears, never to allow that
+pestilential brood to regain an entrance into his dominions.
+
+In the summer of 1604 King James made a treaty of peace and amity with
+the archdukes and with the monarch of Spain, thus extending his friendly
+relations with the doomed house of Austria.  The republic of the
+Netherlands was left to fight her battles alone; her imaginary allies
+looking down upon her struggle with benevolent indifference.  As for the
+Indies, not a syllable of allusion in the treaty was permitted by Spain
+to that sacred subject; the ambassador informing the British Government
+that he gave them access to twelve kingdoms and two seas, while Spain
+acquired by the treaty access only to two kingdoms and one sea.  The new
+world, however, east or west, from the Antilles to the Moluccas, was the
+private and indefeasible property of his Catholic Majesty.  On religious
+matters, it was agreed that English residents in Spain should not be
+compelled to go to mass, but that they should kneel in the street to the
+Host unless they could get out of the ways. In regard to the Netherlands,
+it was agreed by the two contracting powers that one should never assist
+the rebels or enemies of the other.  With regard to the cities and
+fortresses of Brill, Flushing, Rammekens, and other cautionary places,
+where English garrisons were maintained, and which King James was bound
+according to the contracts of Queen Elizabeth never to restore except to
+those who had pledged them to the English crown--the king would uphold
+those contracts.  He would, however, endeavour to make an arrangement
+with the States by which they should agree within a certain period to
+make their peace with Spain.  Should they refuse or fail, he would then
+consider himself liberated from these previous engagements and free to
+act concerning those cities in an honourable and reasonable manner, as
+became a friendly king?  Meantime the garrisons should not in any way
+assist the Hollanders in their hostilities with Spain.  English subjects
+were forbidden to carry into Spain or the obedient Netherlands any
+property or merchandize belonging to the Hollanders, or to make use of
+Dutch vessels in their trade with Spain.  Both parties agreed to do their
+best to bring about a pacification in the Netherlands.
+
+No irony certainly could be more exquisite that this last-named article.
+This was the end of that magnificent conception, the great Anglo-French
+League against the house of Austria.  King James would combine his
+efforts with King Philip to pacify the Netherlands.  The wolf and the
+watchdog would unite to bring back the erring flock to the fold.
+Meantime James would keep the cautionary towns in his clutches, not
+permitting their garrisons or any of his subjects to assist the rebels on
+sea or shore.  As for the Jesuits, their triumphant re-appearance in
+France, and the demolition of the pyramid raised to their dishonour on
+the site of the house where John Castel, who had stabbed Henry IV., had
+resided, were events about to mark the opening year.  Plainly enough
+Secretary Cecil had out-generalled the French party.
+
+The secret treaty of Hampton Court, the result of the efforts of Rosny
+and Olden-Barneveld in July of the previous year, was not likely to be
+of much service in protecting the republic.  James meant to let the dead
+treaties bury their dead, to live in peace with all the world, and to
+marry his sons and daughters to Spanish Infantes and Infantas.  Meantime,
+although he had sheathed the sword which Elizabeth had drawn against the
+common enemy, and had no idea of fighting or spending money for the
+States, he was willing that their diplomatic agent should be called
+ambassador.  The faithful and much experienced Noel de Caron coveted that
+distinction, and moved thereby the spleen of Henry's envoy at the Hague,
+Buzanval, who probably would not have objected to the title himself.
+"'Twill be a folly," he said, "for him to present himself on the pavement
+as a prancing steed, and then be treated like a poor hack.  He has been
+too long employed to put himself in such a plight.  But there are
+lunatics everywhere and of all ages."
+
+Never had the Advocate seemed so much discouraged.  Ostend had fallen,
+and the defection of the British sovereign was an off-set for the
+conquest of Sluys.  He was more urgent with the French Government for
+assistance than he had ever been before.  "A million florins a year from
+France," he said "joined to two millions raised in the provinces, would
+enable them to carry on the war.  The ship was in good condition," he
+added, "and fit for a long navigation without danger of shipwreck if
+there were only biscuit enough on board."  Otherwise she was lost.
+Before that time came he should quit the helm which he had been holding
+the more resolutely since the peace of Vervins because the king had told
+him, when concluding it, that if three years' respite should be given him
+he would enter into the game afresh, and take again upon his shoulders
+the burthen which inevitable necessity had made him throw down.  "But,"
+added Olden-Barneveld, bitterly, "there is little hope of it now, after
+his neglect of the many admirable occasions during the siege of Ostend."
+
+So soon as the Spanish ambassador learned that Caron was to be
+accepted into the same diplomatic rank as his own, he made an infinite
+disturbance, protested moat loudly and passionately to the king at the
+indignity done to his master by this concession to the representative of
+a crew of traitors and rebels, and demanded in the name of the treaty
+just concluded that Caron should be excluded in such capacity from all
+access to court.
+
+As James was nearly forty years of age, as the Hollanders had been
+rebels ever since he was born, and as the King of Spain had exercised no
+sovereignty over them within his memory, this was naturally asking too
+much of him in the name of his new-born alliance with Spain.  So he
+assumed a position of great dignity, notwithstanding the Constable's
+clamour, and declared his purpose to give audience to the agents of the
+States by whatever title they presented themselves before him.  In so
+doing he followed the example, he said, of others who (a strange
+admission on his part) were as wise as himself.  It was not for him to
+censure the crimes and faults of the States, if such they had committed.
+He had not been the cause of their revolt from Spanish authority, and it
+was quite sufficient that he had stipulated to maintain neutrality
+between the two belligerents's.  And with this the ambassador of his
+Catholic Majesty, having obtained the substance of a very advantageous
+treaty, was fain to abandon opposition to the shadowy title by which
+James sought to indemnify the republic for his perfidy.
+
+The treaty of peace with Spain gave no pleasure to the English public.
+There was immense enthusiasm in London at the almost simultaneous fall of
+Sluys, but it was impossible for the court to bring about a popular
+demonstration of sympathy with the abandonment of the old ally and the
+new-born affection for the ancient enemy.  "I can assure your
+mightinesses," wrote Caron, "that no promulgation was ever received in
+London with more sadness.  No mortal has shown the least satisfaction in
+words or deeds, but, on the contrary, people have cried out openly, 'God
+save our good neighbours the States of Holland and Zeeland, and grant
+them victory!'  On Sunday, almost all the preachers gave thanks from
+their pulpits for the victory which their good neighbours had gained at
+Sluys, but would not say a word about the peace.  The people were
+admonished to make bonfires, but you may be very sure not a bonfire was
+to be seen.  But, in honour of the victory, all the vessels in St.
+Catharine's Docks fired salutes at which the Spaniards were like to burst
+with spite.  The English clap their hands and throw their caps in the air
+when they hear anything published favourable to us, but, it must be
+confessed, they are now taking very dismal views of affairs.  'Vox populi
+vox Dei.'"
+
+The rejoicing in Paris was scarcely less enthusiastic or apparently
+less sincere than in London.  "The news of the surrender of Sluys," wrote
+Aerasens, "is received with so much joy by small and great that one would
+have said it was their own exploit.  His Majesty has made such
+demonstrations in his actions and discourse that he has not only been
+advised by his council to dissemble in the matter, but has undergone
+reproaches from the pope's nuncius of having made a league with your
+Mightinesses to the prejudice of the King of Spain.  His Majesty wishes
+your Mightinesses prosperity with all his heart, yea so that he would
+rather lose his right arm than see your Mightinesses in danger.  Be
+assured that he means roundly, and we should pray God for his long life;
+for I don't see that we can expect anything from these regions after his
+death."
+
+It was ere long to be seen, however, roundly as the king meant it, that
+the republic was to come into grave peril without causing him to lose his
+right arm, or even to wag his finger, save in reproach of their
+Mightinesses.
+
+The republic, being thus left to fight its battles alone, girded its
+loins anew for the conflict.  During the remainder of the year 1604,
+however, there were no military operations of consequence.  Both
+belligerents needed a brief repose.
+
+The siege of Ostend had not been a siege.  It was a long pitched battle
+between the new system and the old, between absolutism and the spirit of
+religious, political and mercantile freedom.  Absolutism had gained the
+lists on which the long duel had been fought, but the republic had
+meantime exchanged that war-blasted spot for a valuable and commodious
+position.
+
+It was certainly an advantage, as hostilities were necessarily to have
+continued somewhere during all that period, that all the bloodshed and
+desolation had been concentrated upon one insignificant locality, and one
+more contiguous to the enemy's possessions than to those of the united
+States.  It was very doubtful, however, whether all that money and blood
+might not have been expended in some other manner more beneficial to the
+cause of the archdukes.  At least it could hardly be maintained that they
+took anything by the capitulation of Ostend but the most barren and
+worthless of trophies.  Eleven old guns, partly broken, and a small
+quantity of ammunition, were all the spoils of war found in the city
+after its surrender.
+
+The Marquis Spinola went to Spain.  On passing through Paris he was
+received with immense enthusiasm by Henry IV., whose friendship for the
+States, and whose desperate designs against the house of Austria, did not
+prevent him from warmly congratulating the great Spanish general on his
+victory.  It was a victory, said Henry, which he could himself have never
+achieved, and, in recognition of so great a triumph, he presented Spinola
+with a beautiful Thracian horse, valued at twelve hundred ducats.
+Arriving in Spain, the conqueror found himself at once the object of the
+open applause and the scarcely concealed hatred of the courtiers and
+politicians.  He ardently desired to receive as his guerdon the rank of
+grandee of Spain.  He met with a refusal.  To keep his hat on his head in
+presence of the sovereign was the highest possible reward.  Should that
+be bestowed upon him now, urged Lerma, what possible recompense could be
+imagined for the great services which all felt confident that he was
+about to render in the future?  He must continue to remove his hat in
+the monarch's company. Meantime, if he wished the title of prince, with
+considerable revenues attached to his principality, this was at his
+disposal. It must be confessed that in a monarchy where the sentiment
+of honour was supposed to be the foundation of the whole
+structure there is something chivalrous and stimulating to the
+imagination in this preference by the great general of a shadowy but
+rare distinction to more substantial acquisitions.  Nevertheless, as the
+grandeeship was refused, it is not recorded that he was displeased with
+the principality.  Meantime there was a very busy intrigue to deprive him
+of the command-in-chief of the Catholic forces in Flanders, and one so
+nearly successful that Mexia, governor of Antwerp citadel, was actually
+appointed in Spinola's stead.  It was only after long and anxious
+conferences at Valladolid with the king and the Duke of Lerma, and after
+repeated statements in letters from the archdukes that all their hopes of
+victory depended on retaining the Genoese commander-in-chief, that the
+matter was finally arranged.  Mexia received an annual pension of eight
+thousand ducats, and to Spinola was assigned five hundred ducats monthly,
+as commander-in-chief under the archduke, with an equal salary as agent
+for the king's affairs in Flanders.
+
+Early in the spring he returned to Brussels, having made fresh
+preparations for the new campaign in which he was to measure himself
+before the world against Maurice of Nassau.
+
+Spinola had removed the thorn from the Belgic lion's foot: "Ostendae
+erasit fatalis Spinola spinam."  And although it may be doubted whether
+the relief was as thorough as had been hoped, yet a freedom of movement
+had unquestionably been gained.  There was now at least what for a long
+time had not existed, a possibility for imagining some new and perhaps
+more effective course of campaigning.   The young Genoese commander-in-
+chief returned from Spain early in May, with the Golden Fleece around his
+neck, and with full powers from the Catholic king to lay out his work,
+subject only to the approbation of the archduke.  It was not probable
+that Albert, who now thoroughly admired and leaned upon the man of whom
+he had for a time been disposed to be jealous, would interfere with his
+liberty of action.  There had also been--thanks to Spinola's influence
+with the cabinet at Madrid and the merchants of Genoa--much more energy
+in recruiting and in providing the necessary sinews of war.  Moreover it
+had been resolved to make the experiment of sending some of the new
+levies by sea, instead of subjecting them all to the long and painful
+overland march through Spain, Italy, and Germany.  A terzo of infantry
+was on its way from Naples, and two more were expected from Milan, but it
+was decided that the Spanish troops should be embarked on board a fleet
+of transports, mainly German and English, and thus carried to the shores
+of the obedient Netherlands.
+
+The States-General got wind of these intentions, and set Vice-Admiral
+Haultain upon the watch to defeat the scheme.  That well-seasoned mariner
+accordingly, with a sufficient fleet of war-galleots, cruised thenceforth
+with great assiduity in the chops of the channel.  Already the late
+treaty between Spain and England had borne fruits of bitterness to the
+republic.  The Spanish policy had for the time completely triumphed in
+the council of James.  It was not surprising therefore that the partisans
+of that policy should occasionally indulge in manifestations of
+malevolence towards the upstart little commonwealth which had presumed
+to enter into commercial rivalry with the British realm, and to assert a
+place among the nations of the earth.  An order had just been issued by
+the English Government that none of its subjects should engage in the
+naval service of any foreign power.  This decree was a kind of corollary
+to the Spanish treaty, was levelled directly against the Hollanders, and
+became the pretext of intolerable arrogance, both towards their
+merchantmen and their lesser war-vessels.  Admiral Monson, an especial
+partisan of Spain, was indefatigable in exercising the right he claimed
+of visiting foreign vessels off the English coast, in search of English
+sailors violating the proclamation of neutrality.  On repeated occasions
+prizes taken by Dutch cruisers from the Spaniards, and making their way
+with small prize crews to the ports of the republic, were overhauled,
+visited, and seized by the English admiral, who brought the vessels into
+the harbours of his own country, liberated the crews, and handed ships
+and cargoes over to the Spanish ambassador.  Thus prizes fairly gained by
+nautical skill and hard fighting, off Spain, Portugal, Brazil, or even
+more distant parts of the world, were confiscated almost in sight of
+port, in utter disregard of public law or international decency.  The
+States-General remonstrated with bitterness.  Their remonstrances were
+answered by copious arguments, proving, of course, to the entire
+satisfaction of the party who had done the wrong, that no practice could
+be more completely in harmony with reason and justice.  Meantime the
+Spanish ambassador sold the prizes, and appropriated the proceeds towards
+carrying on the war against the republic; the Dutch sailors, thus set
+ashore against their will and against law on the neutral coast of
+England, being left to get home as they could, or to starve if they could
+do no better.  As for the States, they had the legal arguments of their
+late ally to console them for the loss of their ships.
+
+Simultaneously with these events considerable levies of troops were made
+in England by the archduke, in spite of all the efforts of the Dutch
+ambassador to prevent this one-sided; neutrality, while at the other ends
+of the world mercantile jealousy in both the Indies was fast combining
+with other causes already rife to increase the international discord.
+Out of all this fuel it was fated that a blaze of hatred between the two
+leading powers of the new era, the United Kingdom and the United
+Republic, should one day burst forth, which was to be fanned by passion,
+prejudice, and a mistaken sentiment of patriotism and self-interest on
+both sides, and which not all the bloodshed of more than one fierce war
+could quench.  The traces of this savage sentiment are burnt deeply into
+the literature, language, and traditions of both countries; and it is
+strange enough that the epoch at which chronic wrangling and
+international coolness changed into furious antipathy between the two
+great Protestant powers of Europe--for great they already both were,
+despite the paucity of their population and resources, as compared with
+nations which were less influenced by the spirit of the age or had less
+aptness in obeying its impulse--should be dated from the famous year of
+Guy Fawkes.
+
+Meantime the Spanish troops, embarked in eight merchant ships and a few
+pinnaces, were slowly approaching their destination.  They had been
+instructed, in case they found it impracticable to enter a Flemish port,
+to make for the hospitable shores of England, the Spanish ambassador and
+those whom he had bribed at the court of James having already provided
+for their protection.  Off Dover Admiral Haultain got sight of
+Sarmiento's little fleet.  He made short work with it.  Faithfully
+carrying out the strenuous orders of the States-General, he captured some
+of the ships, burned one, and ran others aground after a very brief
+resistance.  Some of the soldiers and crews were picked up by English
+vessels cruising in the neighbourhood and narrowly watching the conflict.
+A few stragglers escaped by swimming, but by far, the greater proportion
+of the newly-arrived troops were taken prisoners, tied together two and
+two, and then, at a given signal from the admiral's ship, tossed into the
+sea.
+
+Not Peter Titelmann, nor Julian Romero, nor the Duke of Alva himself,
+ever manifested greater alacrity in wholesale murder than was shown by
+this admiral of the young republic in fulfilling the savage decrees of
+the States-General.
+
+Thus at least one-half of the legion perished.  The pursuit of the ships
+was continued within English waters, when the guns of Dover Castle opened
+vigorously upon the recent allies of England, in order to protect her
+newly-found friends in their sore distress.  Doubtless in the fervour of
+the work the Dutch admiral had violated the neutral coast of England, so
+that the cannonade from the castle waw technically justified.  It was
+however a biting satire upon the proposed Protestant league against Spain
+and universal monarchy in behalf of the Dutch republic, that England was
+already doing her best to save a Spanish legion and to sink a Dutch
+fleet.  The infraction of English sovereignty was unquestionable if
+judged by the more scrupulous theory of modern days, but it was well
+remarked by the States-General, in answer to the remonstrances of James's
+Government, that the Dutch admiral, knowing that the pirates of Dunkirk
+roamed at will through English waters in search of their prey, might have
+hoped for some indulgence of a similar character to the ships of the
+republic.
+
+Thus nearly the whole of the Spanish legion perished.  The soldiers who
+escaped to the English coast passed the winter miserably in huts, which
+they were allowed to construct on the sands, but nearly all, including
+the lieutenant-colonel commanding, Pedro Cubiera, died of famine or of
+wounds.   A few small vessels of the expedition succeeded in reaching the
+Flemish coast, and landing a slight portion of the terzo.
+
+The campaign of 1605 opened but languidly.  The strain upon the resources
+of the Netherlands, thus unaided, was becoming severe, although there
+is no doubt that, as the India traffic slowly developed itself, the
+productive force of the commonwealth visibly increased, while the
+thrifty habits of its citizens, and their comparative abstinence from
+unproductive consumption, still enabled it to bear the tremendous burthen
+of the war.  A new branch of domestic industry had grown out of the India
+trade, great quantities of raw silk being now annually imported from the
+East into Holland, to be wrought into brocades, tapestries, damasks,
+velvets, satins, and other luxurious fabrics for European consumption.
+
+It is a curious phenomenon in the history of industry that while at this
+epoch Holland was the chief seat of silk manufactures, the great
+financier of Henry IV. was congratulating his sovereign and himself that
+natural causes had for ever prevented the culture or manufacture of silk
+in France.  If such an industry were possible, he was sure that the
+decline of martial spirit in France and an eternal dearth of good French
+soldiers would be inevitable, and he even urged that the importation of
+such luxurious fabrics should be sternly prohibited, in order to preserve
+the moral health of the people.  The practical Hollanders were more
+inclined to leave silk farthingales and brocaded petticoats to be dealt
+with by thunderers from the pulpit or indignant fathers of families.
+Meantime the States-General felt instinctively that the little
+commonwealth grew richer, the more useful or agreeable things its
+burghers could call into existence out of nothingness, to be exchanged
+for the powder and bullets, timber and cordage, requisite for its eternal
+fight with universal monarchy, and that the richer the burghers grew the
+more capable they were of paying their taxes.  It was not the fault of
+the States that the insane ambition of Spain and the archdukes compelled
+them to exhaust themselves annually by the most unproductive consumption
+that man is ever likely to devise, that of scientifically slaughtering
+his brethren, because to practise economy in that regard would be to
+cease to exist, or to accept the most intolerable form of slavery.
+
+The forces put into the field in the spring of 1605 were but meagre.
+There was also, as usual, much difference of opinion between Maurice and
+Barneveld as to the most judicious manner of employing them, and as usual
+the docile stadholder submitted his better judgment to the States.  It
+can hardly be too much insisted upon that the high-born Maurice always
+deported himself in fact, and as it were unconsciously, as the citizen
+soldier of a little republic, even while personally invested with many of
+the attributes of exalted rank, and even while regarded by many of his
+leading fellow-citizens as the legitimate and predestined sovereign of
+the newly-born state.
+
+Early in the spring a great enterprise against Antwerp was projected.  It
+failed utterly.  Maurice, at Bergen-op-Zoom, despatched seven thousand
+troops up the Scheld, under command of Ernest Casimir.  The flotilla was
+a long time getting under weigh, and instead of effecting a surprise, the
+army, on reaching the walls of Antwerp, found the burghers and garrison
+not in the least astonished, but on the contrary entirely prepared.
+Ernest returned after a few insignificant skirmishes, having accomplished
+nothing.
+
+Maurice next spent a few days in reducing the castle of Wouda, not far
+from Bergen, and then, transporting his army once more to the isle of
+Cadzand, he established his headquarters at Watervliet, near Ysendyke.
+Spinola followed him, having thrown a bridge across the Scheld.  Maurice
+was disposed to reduce a fort, well called Patience, lying over against
+the isle of Walcheren.  Spinola took up a position by which he defended
+the place as with an impenetrable buckler.  A game of skill now began.
+between these two adepts in the art of war, for already the volunteer had
+taken rank among the highest professors of the new school.  It was the
+object of Maurice, who knew himself on the whole outnumbered, to divine
+his adversary's intentions.  Spinola was supposed to be aiming at Sluys,
+at Grave, at Bergen-op-Zoom, possibly even at some more remote city, like
+Rheinberg, while rumours as to his designs, flying directly from his
+camp, were as thick as birds in the air.  They were let loose on purpose
+by the artful Genoese, who all the time had a distinct and definite plan
+which was not yet suspected.  The dilatoriness of the campaign was
+exasperating.  It might be thought that the war was to last another half
+century, from the excessive inertness of both parties.  The armies had
+all gone into winter quarters in the previous November, Spinola had spent
+nearly six months in Spain, midsummer had came and gone, and still
+Maurice was at Watervliet, guessing at his adversary's first move.  On
+the whole, he had inclined to suspect a design upon Rheinberg, and had
+accordingly sent his brother Henry with a detachment to strengthen the
+garrison of that place.  On the 1st of August however he learned that
+Spinola had crossed the Meuse and the Rhine, with ten thousand foot and
+three thousand horse, and that leaving Count Bucquoy with six thousand
+foot and one thousand five hundred horse in the neighbourhood of the
+Rhine, to guard a couple of redoubts which had been constructed for a
+basis at Kaiserswerth, he was marching with all possible despatch towards
+Friesland and Groningen.
+
+The Catholic general had concealed his design in a masterly manner.  He
+had detained Maurice in the isle of Cadzand, the States still dreaming of
+a victorious invasion on their part of obedient Flanders, and the
+stadholder hesitating to quit his position of inactive observation, lest
+the moment his back was turned the rapid Spinola might whirl down upon
+Sluys, that most precious and skilfully acquired possession of the
+republic, when lo! his formidable antagonist was marching in force upon
+what the prince well knew to be her most important and least guarded
+frontier.
+
+On the 8th August the Catholic general was before Olden-zaal which he
+took in three days, and then advanced to Lingen.  Should that place fall
+--and the city was known to be most inadequately garrisoned and supplied
+--it would be easy for the foe to reduce Coeworden, and so seize the
+famous pass over the Bourtanger Morass, march straight to Embden--then in
+a state of municipal revolution on account of the chronic feuds between
+its counts and the population, and therefore an easy prey--after which
+all Friesland and Groningen would be at his mercy, and his road open to
+Holland and Utrecht; in short, into the very bowels of the republic.
+
+On the 4th August Maurice broke up his camp in Flanders, and leaving five
+thousand men under Colonel Van der Noot, to guard the positions there,
+advanced rapidly to Deventer, with the intention of saving Lingen.
+It was too late.  That very important place had been culpably neglected.
+The garrison consisted of but one cannoneer, and he had but one arm.
+A burgher guard, numbering about three hundred, made such resistance as
+they could, and the one-armed warrior fired a shot or two from a rusty
+old demi-cannon. Such opposition to the accomplished Italian was
+naturally not very effective.  On the 18th August the place capitulated.
+Maurice, arriving at Deventer, and being now strengthened by his cousin
+Lewis William with such garrison troops as could be collected, learned
+the mortifying news with sentiments almost akin to despair.  It was now
+to be a race for Coeworden, and the fleet-footed Spinola was a day's
+march at least in advance of his competitor.  The key to the fatal morass
+would soon be in his hands.  To the inexpressible joy of the stadholder,
+the Genoese seemed suddenly struck with blindness.  The prize was almost
+in his hands and he threw away all his advantages.  Instead of darting at
+once upon Coeworden he paused for nearly a month, during which period he
+seemed intoxicated with a success so rapidly achieved, and especially
+with his adroitness in outwitting the great stadholder.  On the 14th
+September he made a retrograde movement towards the Rhine, leaving two
+thousand five hundred men in Lingen.  Maurice, giving profound thanks to
+God for his enemy's infatuation, passed by Lingen, and having now, with
+his cousin's reinforcements, a force of nine thousand foot and three
+thousand horse, threw himself into Coeworden, strengthened and garrisoned
+that vital fortress which Spinola would perhaps have taken as easily as
+he had done Lingen, made all the neighbouring positions secure, and then
+fell back towards Wesel on the Rhine, in order to watch his antagonist.
+Spinola had established his headquarters at Ruhrort, a place where the
+river Ruhr empties into the Rhine.  He had yielded to the remonstrances
+of the Archbishop of Cologne, to whom Kaiserwerth belonged, and had
+abandoned the forts which Bucquoy, under his directions, had constructed
+at that place.
+
+The two armies now gazed at each other, at a respectful distance, for a
+fortnight longer, neither commander apparently having any very definite
+purpose.  At last, Maurice having well reconnoitred his enemy, perceived
+a weak point in his extended lines.  A considerable force of Italian
+cavalry, with some infantry, was stationed at the village of Mulheim, on
+the Ruhr, and apparently out of convenient supporting distance from
+Spinola's main army.  The stadholder determined to deliver a sudden blow
+upon this tender spot, break through the lines, and bring on a general
+action by surprise.  Assembling his well-seasoned and veteran troopers in
+force, he divided them into two formidable bands, one under the charge of
+his young brother Frederic Henry, the other under that most brilliant of
+cavalry officers, Marcellus Bax, hero of Turnhout and many another
+well-fought field.
+
+The river Ruhr was a wide but desultory stream, easily fordable in many
+places.  On the opposite bank to Mulheim was the Castle of Brock, and
+some hills of considerable elevation.  Bax was ordered to cross the river
+and seize the castle and the heights, Count Henry to attack the enemy's
+camp in front, while Maurice himself, following rapidly with the advance
+of infantry and wagons, was to sustain the assault.
+
+Marcellus Bax, rapid and dashing as usual, crossed the Ruhr, captured
+Broek Castle with ease, and stood ready to prevent the retreat of the
+Spaniards.  Taken by surprise in front, they would naturally seek refuge
+on the other side of the river.  That stream was not difficult for
+infantry, but as the banks were steep, cavalry could not easily extricate
+themselves from the water, except at certain prepared landings.  Bax
+waited however for some time in vain for the flying Spaniards.  It was
+not destined that the stadholder should effect many surprises that year.
+The troopers under Frederic Henry had made their approaches through an
+intricate path, often missing their way, and in far more leisurely
+fashion than was intended, so that outlying scouts had brought in
+information of the coming attack.  As Count Henry approached the village,
+Trivulzio's cavalry was found drawn up in battle array, formidable in
+numbers, and most fully prepared for their visitors from Wesel.  The
+party most astonished was that which came to surprise.  In an instant one
+of those uncontrollable panics broke out to which even veterans are as
+subject as to dysentery or scurvy.  The best cavalry of Maurice's army
+turned their backs at the very sight of the foe, and galloped off much
+faster than they had come.
+
+Meantime, Marcellus Bax was assaulted, not only by his late handful of
+antagonists, who had now rallied, but by troops from Mulheim, who began
+to wade across the stream.  At that moment he was cheered by the sight of
+Count Henry coming on with a very few of his troopers who had stood to
+their colours.  A simultaneous charge from both banks at the enemy
+floundering in the river was attempted.  It might have been brilliantly
+successful, but the panic had crossed the river faster than the Spaniards
+could do, and the whole splendid picked cavalry force of the republic,
+commanded by the youngest son of William the Silent, and by the favourite
+cavalry commander of her armies, was, after a hot but brief action, in
+disgraceful and unreasonable flight.  The stadholder reached the bank of
+that fatal stream only to witness this maddening spectacle, instead of
+the swift and brilliant triumph which he was justified in expecting.  He
+did his best to stem the retreating tide.  He called upon the veterans,
+by the memory of Turnhout and Nieuport, and so many other victories, to
+pause and redeem their name before it was too late.  He taunted them with
+their frequent demands to be led to battle, and their expressed
+impatience at enforced idleness.  He denounced them as valiant only for
+plundering defenceless peasants, and as cowards against armed men; as
+trusting more to their horses' heels than to their own right hands.  He
+invoked curses upon them for deserting his young brother, who,
+conspicuous among them by his gilded armour, the orange-plumes upon his
+calque, and the bright orange-scarf across his shoulders, was now sorely
+pressed in the struggling throng.
+
+It was all in vain.  Could Maurice have thrown himself into the field,
+he might, as in the crisis of the republic's fate at Nieuport, have once
+more converted ruin into victory by the magic of his presence.  But the
+river was between him and the battle, and he was an enforced spectator of
+his country's disgrace.
+
+For a few brief moments his demeanour, his taunts, and his supplications
+had checked the flight of his troops.
+
+A stand was made by a portion of the cavalry and a few detached but
+fierce combats took place.  Count Frederic Henry was in imminent danger.
+Leading a mere handful of his immediate retainers, he threw himself into
+the thickest of the fight, with the characteristic audacity of his house.
+A Spanish trooper aimed his carbine full at his face. It missed fire, and
+Henry, having emptied his own pistol, was seized by the floating scarf
+upon his breast by more than one enemy.  There was a brief struggle, and
+death or capture seemed certain; when an unknown hand laid his nearest
+antagonist low, and enabled him to escape from over powering numbers.
+The soldier, whose devotion thus saved the career of the youngest
+Orange-Nassau destined to be so long and so brilliant, from being cut off
+so prematurely, was never again heard of, and doubtless perished in the
+fray.
+
+Meantime the brief sparkle of valour on the part of the States' troops
+had already vanished. The adroit Spinola, hurrying personally to the
+front, had caused such a clangor from all the drums and trumpets in Broek
+and its neighbourhood to be made as to persuade the restive cavalry that
+the whole force of the enemy was already upon them. The day was obviously
+lost, and Maurice, with a heavy heart, now him self gave the signal to
+retreat.  Drawing up the greater part of his infantry in solid mass upon
+the banks to protect the passage, he sent a force to the opposite side,
+Horace Vere being the first to wade the stream.   All that was then
+possible to do was accomplished, and the panic flight converted into
+orderly retreat, but it was a day of disaster and disgrace for the
+republic.
+
+About five hundred of the best States' cavalry were left dead on the
+field, but the stain upon his almost unsullied flag was more cutting to
+the stadholder's heart than the death of his veterans. The material
+results were in truth almost even. The famous cavalry general, Count
+Trivulzio, with at least three hundred Spaniards, fell in the combat,
+but the glory of having defeated the best cavalry of Europe in a stricken
+field and under the very eyes of the stadholder would have been
+sufficient compensation to Spinola for much greater losses.
+
+Maurice withdrew towards Wesel, sullen but not desponding.  His forces
+were meagre, and although he had been out-generalled, out-marched, and
+defeated in the open field, at least the Genoese had not planted the blow
+which he had meditated in the very heart of the republic.
+
+Autumn was now far advanced, and dripping with rain. The roads and fields
+were fast becoming impassable sloughs, and no further large operations
+could be expected in this campaign.  Yet the stadholder's cup was not
+full, and he was destined to witness two more triumphs of his rival, now
+fast becoming famous, before this year of disasters should close.  On the
+27th October, Spinola took the city of Wachtendonk, after ten days'
+siege, and on the 5th of November the strong place of Cracow.
+
+Maurice was forced to see these positions captured almost under his eyes,
+being now quite powerless to afford relief. His troops had dwindled by
+sickness and necessary detachments for garrison-work to a comparatively,
+insignificant force, and very soon afterwards both armies went into
+winter quarters.
+
+The States were excessively disappointed at the results of the year's
+work, and deep if not loud were the reproaches cast upon the stadholder.
+Certainly his military reputation had not been augmented by this
+campaign.  He had lost many places, and had not gained an inch of ground
+anywhere.  Already the lustre of Sluys, of Nieuport, and Turnhout were
+growing dim, for Maurice had so accustomed the republic to victories that
+his own past triumphs seemed now his greatest enemies.  Moreover he had
+founded a school out of which apt pupils had already graduated, and it
+would seem that the Genoese volunteer had rapidly profited by his
+teachings as only a man endowed with exquisite military genius could have
+done.
+
+Yet, after all, it seems certain that, with the stadholder's limited
+means, and with the awful consequences to the country of a total defeat
+in the open field, the Fabian tactics, which he had now deliberately
+adopted, were the most reasonable.  The invader of foreign domains, the
+suppressor of great revolts, can indulge in the expensive luxury of
+procrastination only at imminent peril.  For the defence, it is always
+possible to conquer by delay, and it was perfectly understood between
+Spinola and his ablest advisers at the Spanish court that the blows must
+be struck thick and fast, and at the most vulnerable places, or that the
+victory would be lost.
+
+Time was the ally not of the Spanish invaders, who came from afar, but of
+the Dutch burghers, who remained at home.  "Jam aut Nunquam," was the
+motto upon the Italian's banners.
+
+In proportion to the depression in the republic at the results of this
+year's campaigning was the elation at the Spanish court.  Bad news and
+false news had preceded the authentic intelligence of Spinola's
+victories.  The English envoy had received unquestionable information
+that the Catholic general had sustained an overwhelming defeat at the
+close of the campaign, with a loss of three thousand five hundred men.
+
+The tale was implicitly believed by king and cabinet, so that when,
+very soon afterwards, the couriers arrived bringing official accounts of
+the victory gained over the veteran cavalry of the States in the very
+presence of the stadholder, followed by the crowning triumph of
+Wachtendonk, the demonstrations of joy were all the more vivacious in
+consequence of the previous gloom.  Spinola himself followed hard upon
+the latest messengers, and was received with ovations.  Never, since the
+days of Alexander Farnese, had a general at the Spanish court been more
+cordially caressed or hated.  Had Philip the Prudent been still upon the
+throne, he would have felt it his duty to make immediate arrangements for
+poisoning him.  Certainly his plans and his popularity would have been
+undermined in the most artistic manner.
+
+But Philip III., more dangerous to rabbits than to generals, left the
+Genoese to settle the plans of his next campaign with Lerma and his
+parasites.
+
+The subtle Spinola, having, in his despatches, ascribed the chief merit
+of the victories to Louis Velasco, a Spaniard, while his own original
+conception of transferring the war to Friesland was attributed by him
+with magnificent effrontery to Lerma and to the king--who were probably
+quite ignorant of the existence of that remote province--succeeded in
+maintaining his favourable position at court, and was allowed, by what
+was called the war-council, to manage matters nearly at his pleasure.
+
+It is difficult however to understand how so much clamour should have
+been made over such paltry triumphs.  All Europe rang with a cavalry
+fight in which less than a thousand saddles on both sides had been
+emptied, leading to no result, and with the capture of a couple of
+insignificant towns, of which not one man in a thousand had ever heard.
+
+Spinola had doubtless shown genius of a subtle and inventive order, and
+his fortunate audacity in measuring himself, while a mere apprentice,
+against the first military leader living had been crowned with wonderful
+success.  He had nailed the stadholder fast to the island of Cadzand,
+while he was perfecting his arrangements and building boats on the Rhine;
+he had propounded riddles which Maurice had spent three of the best
+campaigning months in idle efforts to guess, and when he at last moved,
+he had swept to his mark with the swiftness and precision of a bird of
+prey.  Yet the greatest of all qualities in a military commander, that of
+deriving substantial fruits from victory instead of barren trophies, he
+had not manifested.  If it had been a great stroke of art to seize reach
+Deventer, it was an enormous blunder, worthy of a journeyman soldier, to
+fail to seize the Bourtange marshes, and drive his sword into the fiery
+vitals of the republic, thus placed at his mercy.
+
+Meantime, while there had been all these rejoicings and tribulations at
+the great doings on the Rhine and the shortcoming in Friesland, the real
+operations of the war had been at the antipodes.
+
+It is not a very unusual phenomenon in history that the events, upon
+whose daily development the contemporary world hangs with most
+palpitating interest, are far inferior in permanent influence upon the
+general movement of humanity to a series of distant and apparently
+commonplace transactions.
+
+Empires are built up or undermined by the ceaseless industry of obscure
+multitudes often slightly observed, or but dimly comprehended.
+
+Battles and sieges, dreadful marches, eloquent debates, intricate
+diplomacy--from time to time but only perhaps at rare intervals--have
+decided or modified the destiny of nations, while very often the clash of
+arms, the din of rhetoric, the whiz of political spindles, produce
+nothing valuable for human consumption, and made the world no richer.
+
+If the age of heroic and religious passion was rapidly fading away before
+the gradual uprising of a politico-mercantile civilization--as it
+certainly was--the most vital events, those in which the fate of coming
+generations was most deeply involved, were those inspired by the spirit
+of commercial-enterprise.
+
+Nor can it be denied that there is often a genial and poetic essence even
+among things practical or of almost vulgar exterior.  In those early
+expeditions of the Hollanders to the flaming lands of the equator there
+is a rhythm and romance of historical movement not less significant than
+in their unexampled defence of fatherland and of the world's liberty
+against the great despotism of the age.
+
+Universal monarchy was baffled by the little republic, not within its own
+populous cities only, or upon its own barren sands.  The long combat
+between Freedom and Absolutism had now become as wide as the world.  The
+greatest European states had been dragged by the iron chain of necessity
+into a conflict from which they often struggled to escape, and on every
+ocean, and on almost every foot of soil, where the footsteps of mankind
+had as yet been imprinted, the fierce encounters were every day renewed.
+In the east and the west, throughout that great vague new world, of which
+geographers had hardly yet made a sketch, which comprised both the
+Americas and something called the East Indies, and which Spain claimed
+as her private property, those humbly born and energetic adventurers were
+rapidly creating a symmetrical system out of most dismal chaos.
+
+The King of Spain warned all nations from trespassing upon those outlying
+possessions.
+
+His edicts had not however prevented the English in moderate numbers, and
+the Hollanders in steadily increasing swarms, from enlarging and making
+profitable use of these new domains of the world's commerce.
+
+The days were coming when the People was to have more to say than the
+pope in regard to the disposition and arrangements of certain large
+districts of this planet.  While the world-empire, which still excited so
+much dismay, was yielding to constant corrosion, another empire, created
+by well-directed toil and unflinching courage, was steadily rising out of
+the depths.  It has often been thought amazing that the little republic
+should so long and so triumphantly withstand the enormous forces brought
+forward for her destruction.  It was not, however, so very surprising.
+Foremost among nations, and in advance of the age, the republic had found
+the strength which comes from the spirit of association.  On a wider
+scale than ever before known, large masses of men, with their pecuniary
+means, had been intelligently banded together to advance material
+interests.  When it is remembered that, in addition to this force, the
+whole commonwealth was inspired by the divine influence of liberty, her
+power will no longer seem so wonderful.
+
+A sinister event in the Isle of Ceylon had opened the series of
+transactions in the East, and had cast a gloom over the public sentiment
+at home.  The enterprising voyager, Sebald de Weerdt, one of the famous
+brotherhood of the Invincible Lion which had wintered in the straits of
+Magellan, had been murdered through the treachery of the King of Candy.
+His countrymen had not taken vengeance on his assassins.  They were
+perhaps too fearful of losing their growing trade in those lucrative
+regions to take a becoming stand in that emergency.  They were also not
+as yet sufficiently powerful there.
+
+The East India Company had sent out in May of this year its third fleet
+of eleven large ships, besides some smaller vessels, under the general
+superintendence of Matelieff de Jonghe, one of the directors.  The
+investments for the voyage amounted to more than nineteen hundred
+thousand florins.
+
+Meantime the preceding adventurers under Stephen van der Hagen, who had
+sailed at the end of 1603, had been doing much thorough work.  A firm
+league had been made with one of the chief potentates of Malabar,
+enabling them to build forts and establish colonies in perpetual menace
+of Goa, the great oriental capital of the Portuguese.  The return of the
+ambassadors sent out from Astgen to Holland had filled not only the
+island of Sumatra but the Moluccas, and all the adjacent regions, with
+praises of the power, wealth, and high civilization of that distant
+republic so long depicted by rivals as a nest of uncouth and sanguinary
+savages.  The fleet now proceeded to Amboyna, a stronghold of the
+Spanish-Portuguese, and the seat of a most lucrative trade.
+
+On the arrival of those foreign well-armed ships under the guns of the
+fortress, the governor sent to demand, with Castilian arrogance, who the
+intruders were, and by whose authority and with what intent they presumed
+to show themselves in those waters.  The reply was that they came in the
+name and by the authority of their High Mightinesses the States-General,
+and their stadholder the Prince of Orange; that they were sworn enemies
+of the King of Spain and all his subjects, and that as to their intent,
+this would soon be made apparent.  Whereupon, without much more ado, they
+began a bombardment of the fort, which mounted thirty-six guns.  The
+governor, as often happened in those regions, being less valiant against
+determined European foes than towards the feebler oriental races on which
+he had been accustomed to trample, succumbed with hardly an effort at
+resistance.  The castle and town and whole island were surrendered to the
+fleet, and thenceforth became virtually a colony of the republic with
+which, nominally, treaties of alliance and defence were, negotiated.
+Thence the fleet, after due possession had been taken of these new
+domains, sailed partly to Bands and partly to two small but most
+important islands of the Moluccas.
+
+In that multitude of islands which make up the Eastern Archipelago there
+were but five at that period where grew the clove--Ternate, Tydor,
+Motiel, Makian, and Bacia.
+
+Pepper and ginger, even nutmegs, cassia, and mace, were but vulgar drugs,
+precious as they were already to the world and the world's commerce,
+compared with this most magnificent spice.
+
+It is wonderful to reflect upon the strange composition of man.  The
+world had lived in former ages very comfortably without cloves.  But by
+the beginning of the seventeenth century that odoriferous pistil had been
+the cause of so many pitched battles and obstinate wars, of so much
+vituperation, negotiation, and intriguing, that the world's destiny
+seemed to have almost become dependent upon the growth of a particular
+gillyflower.  Out of its sweetness had grown such bitterness among great
+nations as not torrents of blood could wash away.  A commonplace
+condiment enough it seems to us now, easily to be dispensed with, and not
+worth purchasing at a thousand human lives or so the cargo, but it was
+once the great prize to be struggled for by civilized nations.  From that
+fervid earth, warmed from within by volcanic heat, and basking ever
+beneath the equatorial sun, arose vapours as deadly to human life as the
+fruits were exciting and delicious to human senses.  Yet the atmosphere
+of pestiferous fragrance had attracted, rather than repelled.  The
+poisonous delights of the climate, added to the perpetual and various
+warfare for its productions, spread a strange fascination around those
+fatal isles.
+
+Especially Ternate and Tydor were objects of unending strife.
+Chinese, Malays, Persians, Arabs, had struggled centuries long for their
+possession; those races successively or simultaneously ruling these and
+adjacent portions of the Archipelago.  The great geographical discoveries
+at the close of the fifteenth century had however changed the aspect of
+India and of the world.  The Portuguese adventurers found two rival
+kings--in the two precious islands, and by ingeniously protecting one of
+these potentates and poisoning the other, soon made themselves masters of
+the field.  The clove trade was now entirely in the hands of the
+strangers from the antipodes.  Goa became the great mart of the lucrative
+traffic, and thither came Chinese, Arabs, Moors, and other oriental
+traders to be supplied from the Portuguese monopoly: Two-thirds of the
+spices however found their way directly to Europe.
+
+Naturally enough, the Spaniards soon penetrated into these seas, and
+claimed their portion of the spice trade. They insisted that the coveted
+islands were included in their portion of the great Borgian grant.  As
+there had hardly yet been time to make a trigonometrical survey of an
+unknown world, so generously divided by the pope, there was no way of
+settling disputed boundary questions save by apostolic blows.  These were
+exchanged with much earnestness, year after year, between Spaniards,
+Portuguese, and all who came in their way.  Especially the unfortunate
+natives, and their kings most of all, came in for a full share.  At last
+Charles V. sold out his share of the spice islands to his Portuguese
+rival and co-proprietor, for three hundred and fifty thousand ducats.
+The emperor's very active pursuits caused him to require ready money more
+than cloves.  Yet John III.  had made an excellent bargain, and the
+monopoly thenceforth brought him in at least two hundred thousand ducats
+annually.  Goa became more flourishing, the natives more wretched,
+the Portuguese more detested than ever.  Occasionally one of the royal
+line of victims would consent to put a diadem upon his head, but the
+coronation was usually the prelude to a dungeon or death.  The treaties
+of alliance, which these unlucky potentates had formed with their
+powerful invaders, were, as so often is the case, mere deeds to convey
+themselves and their subjects into slavery.
+
+Spain and Portugal becoming one, the slender weapon of defence which
+these weak but subtle Orientals sometimes employed with success--the
+international and commercial jealousy between their two oppressors--was
+taken away.  It was therefore with joy that Zaida, who sat on the throne
+of Ternate at the end of the sixteenth century, saw the sails of a Dutch
+fleet arriving in his harbours.  Very soon negotiations were opened, and
+the distant republic undertook to protect the Mahometan king against his
+Catholic master.  The new friendship was founded upon trade monopoly, of
+course, but at that period at least the islanders were treated with
+justice and humanity by their republican allies.  The Dutch undertook to
+liberate their friends from bondage, while the King of Ternate, panting
+under Portuguese oppression, swore to have no traffic, no dealings of any
+kind, with any other nation than Holland; not even with the English.  The
+Dutch, they declared, were the liberators of themselves, of their
+friends, and of the seas.
+
+The international hatred, already germinating between England and
+Holland, shot forth in these flaming regions like a tropical plant.  It
+was carefully nurtured and tended by both peoples.  Freedom of commerce,
+freedom of the seas, meant that none but the Dutch East India Company--
+so soon as the Portuguese and Spaniards were driven out--should trade in
+cloves and nutmegs.  Decrees to that effect were soon issued, under very
+heavy penalties, by the States-General to the citizens of the republic
+and to the world at large.  It was natural therefore that the English
+traders should hail the appearance of the Dutch fleets with much less
+enthusiasm than was shown by the King of Ternate.
+
+On the other hand, the King of Tydor, persisting in his oriental hatred
+towards the rival potentate in the other island, allowed the Portuguese
+to build additional citadels, and generally to strengthen their positions
+within his dominions.  Thus when Cornelius Sebastian, with his division
+of Ver Hagen's fleet, arrived in the Moluccas in the summer of 1605, he
+found plenty of work prepared for him.  The peace recently concluded by
+James with Philip and the archdukes placed England in a position of
+neutrality in the war now waging in the clove islands between Spain and
+the republic's East India Company.  The English in those regions were not
+slow to avail themselves of the advantage.  The Portuguese of Tydor
+received from neutral sympathy a copious supply of powder and of
+pamphlets.  The one explosive material enabled them to make a more
+effective defence of their citadel against the Dutch fleet; the other
+revealed to the Portuguese and their Mussulman allies that "the
+Netherlanders could not exist without English protection, that they were
+the scum of nations, and that if they should get possession of this clove
+monopoly, their insolence would become intolerable."  Samples of polite
+literature such as these, printed but not published, flew about in
+volleys.  It was an age of pamphleteering, and neither the English nor
+the Dutch were behind their contemporaries in the science of attack and
+self-defence.  Nevertheless Cornelius Sebastian was not deterred by paper
+pellets, nor by the guns of the citadel, from carrying out his purpose.
+It was arranged with King Zaida that the islanders of Ternate should make
+a demonstration against Tydor, being set across the strait in Dutch
+vessels.  Sebastian, however, having little faith in oriental tenacity,
+entrusted the real work of storming the fortress to his own soldiers and
+sailors.  On a fine morning in May the assault was delivered in
+magnificent style.  The resistance was obstinate; many of the assailants
+fell, and Captain Mol, whom we have once before seen as master of the
+Tiger, sinking the galleys of Frederic Spinola off the Gat of Sluys,
+found himself at the head of only seven men within the interior defences
+of the citadel.  A Spanish soldier, Torre by name, rushed upon him with a
+spear.  Avoiding the blow, Mol grappled with his antagonist, and both
+rolled to the ground.  A fortunate carbine-shot from one of the Dutch
+captain's comrades went through the Spaniard's head.  Meantime the little
+band, so insignificant in numbers, was driven out of the citadel.  Mol
+fell to the ground with a shattered leg, and reproached his companions,
+who sought to remove him, for neglecting their work in order to save his
+life.  Let them take the fort, he implored them, and when that was done
+they might find leisure to pick him up if they chose.  While he was
+speaking the principal tower of the fortress blew up, and sixty of the
+garrison were launched into the air.  A well-directed shot had set fire
+to the magazine.  The assault was renewed with fresh numbers, and the
+Dutch were soon masters of the place.  Never was a stronghold more
+audaciously or more successfully stormed.  The garrison surrendered.
+The women and children, fearing to be at the mercy of those who had been
+depicted to them as cannibals, had already made their escape, and were
+scrambling like squirrels among the volcanic cliffs.  Famine soon
+compelled them to come down, however, when they experienced sufficiently
+kind treatment, but were all deported in Dutch vessels to the Philippine
+islands.  The conquerors not only spared the life of the King of Tydor,
+but permitted him to retain his crown.  At his request the citadel was
+razed to the ground.  It would have been better perhaps to let it stand,
+and it was possible that in the heart of the vanquished potentate some
+vengeance was lurking which might bear evil fruit at a later day.
+Meantime the Portuguese were driven entirely out of the Moluccas,
+save the island of Timos, where they still retained a not very
+important citadel.
+
+The East India Company was now in possession of the whole field.  The
+Moluccas and the clove trade were its own, and the Dutch republic had
+made manifest to the world that more potent instruments had now been
+devised for parcelling out the new world than papal decrees, although
+signed by the immaculate hand of a Borgia.
+
+During the main operations already sketched in the Netherlands, and
+during those vastly more important oriental movements to which the
+reader's attention has just been called, a detached event or two
+deserves notice.
+
+Twice during the summer campaign of this year Du Terrail, an enterprising
+French refugee in the service of the archdukes, had attempted to surprise
+the important city of Bergen-op-Zoom.  On the 21st August the intended
+assault had been discovered in time to prevent any very serious conflict
+on, either side.  On the 20th September the experiment was renewed at an
+hour after midnight.  Du Terrail, having arranged the attack at three
+different points, had succeeded in forcing his way across the moat and
+through one of the gates.  The trumpets of the foremost Spaniards already
+sounded in, the streets.  It was pouring with rain; the town was pitch
+dark.  But the energetic Paul Bax was governor of the place, a man who
+was awake at any hour of the twenty-four, and who could see in the
+darkest night.  He had already informed himself of the enemy's project,
+and had strengthened his garrison by a large intermixture of the most
+trustworthy burgher guards, so that the advance of Du Terrail at the
+southern gate was already confronted by a determined band.  A fierce
+battle began in the darkness.  Meantime Paul Bax, galloping through the
+city, had aroused the whole population for the defence.  At the Steinberg
+gate, where the chief assault had been prepared, Bax had caused great
+fires of straw and pitch barrels to be lighted, so that the invaders,
+instead of finding, as they expected, a profound gloom through the
+streets, saw themselves approaching a brilliantly illuminated city, fully
+prepared to give their uninvited guests a warm reception.  The garrison,
+the townspeople, even the women, thronged to the ramparts, saluting the
+Spaniards with a rain of bullets, paving-stones, and pitch hoops, and
+with a storm of gibes and taunts.  They were asked why they allowed their
+cardinal thus to send them to the cattle market, and whether Our Lady of
+Hall, to whom Isabella was so fond of making pilgrimages, did not live
+rather too far off to be of much use just then to her or to them.
+Catholics and Protestants all stood shoulder to shoulder that night to
+defend their firesides against the foreign foe, while mothers laid their
+sleeping children on the ground that they might fill their cradles with
+powder and ball, which they industriously brought to the soldiers.  The
+less energetic women fell upon their knees in the street, and prayed
+aloud through the anxious night.  The attack was splendidly repulsed.
+As morning dawned the enemy withdrew, leaving one hundred dead outside
+the walls or in the town, and carrying off thirty-eight wagon loads of
+wounded.  Du Terrail made no further attempts that summer, although the
+list of his surprises was not yet full.  He was a good engineer, and a
+daring partisan officer.  He was also inspired by an especial animosity
+to the States-General, who had refused the offer of his services before
+he made application to the archdukes.
+
+At sea there was no very important movement in European waters, save that
+Lambert Heinrichzoon, commonly called Pretty Lambert, a Rotterdam
+skipper, whom we have seen the sea-fights with Frederic Spinola, of the
+Dunkirk pirate fleet, Adrian Dirkzoon.  It was a desperate fight.--Pretty
+Lambent, sustained at a distance by Rear-Admiral Gerbrantzon, laid
+himself yard-arm to yard-arm alongside the pirate vessel, boarded her,
+and after beating down all resistance made prisoners such of the crew as
+remained alive, and carried them into Rotterdam.  Next day they were
+hanged, to the number of sixty.  A small number were pardoned on account
+of their youth, and a few individuals who effected their escape when led
+to the gallows, were not pursued.  The fact that the townspeople almost
+connived at the escape of these desperadoes showed that there had been a
+surfeit of hangings in Rotterdam.  It is moreover not easy to distinguish
+with exactness the lines which in those days separated regular sea
+belligerents, privateers, and pirates from each other.  It had been laid
+down by the archdukes that there was no military law at sea, and that
+sick soldiers captured on the water should be hanged.  Accordingly they
+were hanged.  Admiral Fazardo, of the Spanish royal navy, not only
+captured all the enemy's merchant vessels which came in his way, but
+hanged, drowned, and burned alive every man found on board.  Admiral
+Haultain, of the republican navy, had just been occupied in drowning a
+whole regiment of Spanish soldiers, captured in English and German
+transports.  The complaints brought against the English cruisers by the
+Hollanders for capturing and confiscating their vessels, and banging,
+maiming, and torturing their crews--not only when England was neutral,
+but even when she was the ally of the republic--had been a standing topic
+for diplomatic discussion, and almost a standing joke.  Why, therefore,
+these Dunkirk sea-rovers should not on the same principle be allowed to
+rush forth from their very convenient den to plunder friend and foe, burn
+ships, and butcher the sailors at pleasure, seems difficult to
+understand.  To expect from the inhabitants of this robbers' cave--
+this "church on the downs"--a code of maritime law so much purer and
+sterner than the system adopted by the English, the Spaniards, and the
+Dutch, was hardly reasonable.  Certainly the Dunkirkers, who were mainly
+Netherlanders--rebels to the republic and partisans of the Spanish crown
+--did their best to destroy the herring fishery and to cut the throats of
+the fishermen, but perhaps they received the halter more often than other
+mariners who had quite as thoroughly deserved it.  And this at last
+appeared the prevailing opinion in Rotterdam.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Abstinence from unproductive consumption
+Defeated garrison ever deserved more respect from friend or foe
+His own past triumphs seemed now his greatest enemies
+Hundred thousand men had laid down their lives by her decree
+John Castel, who had stabbed Henry IV.
+Looking down upon her struggle with benevolent indifference
+No retrenchments in his pleasures of women, dogs, and buildings
+Sick soldiers captured on the water should be hanged
+The small children diminished rapidly in numbers
+When all was gone, they began to eat each other
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1604-05 ***
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