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+The Project Gutenberg EBook History of United Netherlands, 1595
+#67 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
+
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+Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1595
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4867]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 9, 2002]
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+Edition: 10
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1595 ***
+
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+
+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS
+From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+
+
+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 67
+
+History of the United Netherlands, 1595
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXI.
+
+     Formal declaration of war against Spain--Marriage festivities--Death
+     of Archduke Ernest--His year of government--Fuentes declared
+     governor-general--Disaffection of the Duke of Arschot and Count
+     Arenberg--Death of the Duke of Arschot----Fuentes besieges Le
+     Catelet--The fortress of Ham, sold to the Spanish by De Gomeron,
+     besieged and taken by the Duke of Bouillon--Execution of De
+     Gomeron--Death of Colonel Verdugo--Siege of Dourlens by Fuentes--
+     Death of La Motte--Death of Charles Mansfeld--Total defeat of the
+     French--Murder of Admiral De Pillars--Dourlens captured, and the
+     garrison and citizens put to the sword--Military operations in
+     eastern Netherlands and on the Rhine--Maurice lays siege to Groento
+     --Mondragon hastening to its relief, Prince Maurice raises the
+     siege--Skirmish between Maurice and Mondragon--Death of Philip of
+     Nassau--Death of Mondragon--Bombardment and surrender of Weerd
+     Castle--Maurice retires into winter quarters--Campaign of Henry Iv.-
+     --He besieges Dijon--Surrender of Dijon--Absolution granted to Henry
+     by the pope--Career of Balagny at Cambray--Progress of the siege--
+     Capitulation of the town--Suicide of the Princess of Cambray, wife
+     of Balagny
+
+The year 1595 Opened with a formal declaration of war by the King of
+France against the King of Spain.  It would be difficult to say for
+exactly how many years the war now declared had already been waged,
+but it was a considerable advantage to the United Netherlands that the
+manifesto had been at last regularly issued.  And the manifesto was
+certainly not deficient in bitterness.  Not often in Christian history
+has a monarch been solemnly and officially accused by a brother sovereign
+of suborning assassins against his life.  Bribery, stratagem, and murder,
+were, however, so entirely the commonplace machinery of Philip's
+administration as to make an allusion to the late attempt of Chastel
+appear quite natural in Henry's declaration of war.  The king further
+stigmatized in energetic language the long succession of intrigues by
+which the monarch of Spain, as chief of the Holy League, had been making
+war upon him by means of his own subjects, for the last half dozcn years.
+Certainly there was hardly need of an elaborate statement of grievances.
+The deeds of Philip required no herald, unless Henry was prepared to
+abdicate his hardly-earned title to the throne of France.
+
+Nevertheless the politic Gascon subsequently regretted the fierce style
+in which he had fulminated his challenge.  He was accustomed to observe
+that no state paper required so much careful pondering as a declaration
+of war, and that it was scarcely possible to draw up such a document
+without committing many errors in the phraseology.  The man who never
+knew fear, despondency, nor resentment, was already instinctively acting
+on the principle that a king should deal with his enemy as if sure to
+become his friend, and with his friends as if they might easily change
+to foes.
+
+The answer to the declaration was delayed for two months.  When the
+reply came it of course breathed nothing but the most benignant
+sentiments in regard to France, while it expressed regret that it was
+necessary to carry fire and sword through that country in order to avert
+the unutterable woe which the crimes of the heretic Prince of Bearne were
+bringing upon all mankind.
+
+It was a solace for Philip to call the legitimate king by the title
+borne by him when heir-presumptive, and to persist in denying to him that
+absolution which, as the whole world was aware, the Vicar of Christ was
+at that very moment in the most solemn manner about to bestow upon him.
+
+More devoted to the welfare of France than were the French themselves,
+he was determined that a foreign prince himself, his daughter, or one of
+his nephews--should supplant the descendant of St. Louis on the French
+throne.  More catholic than the pope he could not permit the heretic,
+whom his Holiness was just washing whiter than snow, to intrude himself
+into the society of Christian sovereigns.
+
+The winter movements by Bouillon in Luxembourg, sustained by Philip
+Nassau campaigning with a meagre force on the French frontier, were not
+very brilliant.  The Netherland regiments quartered at Yssoire, La Ferte,
+and in the neighbourhood accomplished very little, and their numbers were
+sadly thinned by dysentery.  A sudden and successful stroke, too, by
+which that daring soldier Heraugiere, who had been the chief captor of
+Breda, obtained possession of the town, and castle of Huy, produced no
+permanent advantage.  This place, belonging to the Bishop of Liege, with
+its stone bridge over the Meuse, was an advantageous position from which
+to aid the operations of Bouillon in Luxembourg.  Heraugiere was,
+however, not sufficiently reinforced, and Huy was a month later
+recaptured by La Motte.  The campaigning was languid during that winter
+in the United Netherlands, but the merry-making was energetic.  The
+nuptials of Hohenlo with Mary, eldest daughter of William the Silent and
+own sister of the captive Philip William; of the Duke of Bouillon with
+Elizabeth, one of the daughters of the same illustrious prince by his
+third wife, Charlotte of Bourbon; and of Count Everard Solms, the famous
+general of the Zeeland troops, with Sabina, daughter of the unfortunate
+Lamoral Egmont, were celebrated with much pomp during the months of
+February and March.  The States of Holland and of Zeeland made
+magnificent presents of diamonds to the brides; the Countess Hohenlo
+receiving besides a yearly income of three thousand florins for the lives
+of herself and her husband.
+
+In the midst of these merry marriage bells at the Hague a funeral knell
+was sounding in Brussels.  On the 20th February, the governor-general of
+the obedient Netherlands, Archduke Ernest, breathed his last.  His career
+had not been so illustrious as the promises of the Spanish king and the
+allegories of schoolmaster Houwaerts had led him to expect.  He had not
+espoused the Infanta nor been crowned King of France.  He had not blasted
+the rebellious Netherlands with Cyclopean thunderbolts, nor unbound the
+Belgic Andromeda from the rock of doom.  His brief year of government
+had really been as dismal as, according to the announcement of his
+sycophants, it should have been amazing.  He had accomplished nothing,
+and all that was left him was to die at the age of forty-two, over head
+and ears in debt, a disappointed, melancholy man.  He was very indolent,
+enormously fat, very chaste, very expensive, fond of fine liveries and
+fine clothes, so solemn and stately as never to be known to laugh, but
+utterly without capacity either as a statesman or a soldier.  He would
+have shone as a portly abbot ruling over peaceful friars, but he was not
+born to ride a revolutionary whirlwind, nor to evoke order out of chaos.
+Past and Present were contending with each other in fierce elemental
+strife within his domain.  A world was in dying agony, another world was
+coming, full-armed, into existence within the hand-breadth of time and of
+space where he played his little part, but he dreamed not of it.  He
+passed away like a shadow, and was soon forgotten.
+
+An effort was made, during the last illness of Ernest, to procure from
+him the appointment of the elector of Cologne as temporary successor to
+tho government, but Count Fuentes was on the spot and was a man of
+action.  He produced a power in the French language from Philip, with a
+blank for the name.  This had been intended for the case of Peter Ernest
+Mansfeld's possible death during his provisional administration, and
+Fuentes now claimed the right of inserting his own name.
+
+The dying Ernest consented, and upon his death Fuentes was declared
+governor-general until the king's further pleasure should be known.
+
+Pedro de Guzman, Count of Fuentes, a Spaniard of the hard and antique
+type, was now in his sixty-fourth year.  The pupil and near relative of
+the Duke of Alva, he was already as odious to the Netherlanders as might
+have been inferred from such education and such kin.  A dark, grizzled,
+baldish man, with high steep forehead, long, haggard, leathern visage,
+sweeping beard, and large, stern, commanding, menacing eyes, with his
+Brussels ruff of point lace and his Milan coat of proof, he was in
+personal appearance not unlike the terrible duke whom men never named
+without a shudder, although a quarter of a century had passed since he
+had ceased to curse the Netherlands with his presence.  Elizabeth of
+England was accustomed to sneer at Fuentes because he had retreated
+before Essex in that daring commander's famous foray into Portugal.
+The queen called the Spanish general a timid old woman.  If her gibe
+were true, it was fortunate for her, for Henry of France, and for the
+republic, that there were not many more such old women to come from
+Spain to take the place of the veteran chieftains who were destined to
+disappear so rapidly during this year in Flanders.  He was a soldier of
+fortune, loved fighting, not only for the fighting's sake, but for the
+prize-money which was to be accumulated by campaigning, and he was wont
+to say that he meant to enter Paradise sword in hand.
+
+Meantime his appointment excited the wrath of the provincial magnates.
+The Duke of Arschot was beside himself with frenzy, and swore that he
+would never serve under Fuentes nor sit at his council-board.  The duke's
+brother, Marquis Havre, and his son-in-law, Count Arenberg, shared in the
+hatred, although they tried to mitigate the vehemence of its expression.
+But Arschot swore that no man had the right to take precedence of him in
+the council of state, and that the appointment of this or any Spaniard
+was a violation of the charters of the provinces and of the promises of
+his Majesty.  As if it were for the nobles of the obedient provinces to
+prate of charters and of oaths!  Their brethren under the banner of the
+republic had been teaching Philip for a whole generation how they could
+deal with the privileges of freemen and with the perjury of tyrants.
+It was late in the day for the obedient Netherlanders to remember their
+rights.  Havre and Arenberg, dissembling their own wrath, were abused and
+insulted by the duke when they tried to pacify him.  They proposed a
+compromise, according to which Arschot should be allowed to preside in
+the council of state while Fuentes should content himself with the
+absolute control of the army.  This would be putting a bit of fat in
+the duke's mouth, they said.  Fuentes would hear of no such arrangement.
+After much talk and daily attempts to pacify this great Netherlander, his
+relatives at last persuaded him to go home to his country place.  He even
+promised Arenberg and his wife that he would go to Italy, in pursuance of
+a vow made to our lady of Loretto.  Arenberg privately intimated to
+Stephen Ybarra that there was a certain oil, very apt to be efficacious
+in similar cases of irritation, which might be applied with prospect of
+success.  If his father-in-law could only receive some ten thousand
+florins which he claimed as due to him from Government, this would do
+more to quiet him than a regiment of soldiers could.  He also suggested
+that Fuentes should call upon the duke, while Secretary Ybarra should
+excuse himself by sickness for not having already paid his respects.
+This was done.  Fuentes called.  The duke returned the call, and the two
+conversed amicably about the death of the archduke, but entered into no
+political discussion.
+
+Arschot then invited the whole council of state, except John Baptist
+Tassis, to a great dinner.  He had prepared a paper to read to them in
+which he represented the great dangers likely to ensue from such an
+appointment as this of Fuentes, but declared that he washed his hands of
+the consequences, and that he had determined to leave a country where he
+was of so little account.  He would then close his eyes and ears to
+everything that might occur, and thus escape the infamy of remaining in a
+country where so little account was made of him.  He was urged to refrain
+from reading this paper and to invite Tassis.  After a time he consented
+to suppress the document, but he manfully refused to bid the
+objectionable diplomatist to his banquet.
+
+The dinner took place and passed off pleasantly enough.  Arschot did not
+read his manifesto, but, as he warmed with wine, he talked a great deal
+of nonsense which, according to Stephen Ybarra, much resembled it, and he
+vowed that thenceforth he would be blind and dumb to all that might
+occur.  A few days later, he paid a visit to the new governor-general,
+and took a peaceful farewell of him.  "Your Majesty knows very well what
+he is," wrote Fuentes: "he is nothing but talk."  Before leaving the
+country he sent a bitter complaint to Ybarra, to the effect that the king
+had entirely forgotten him, and imploring that financier's influence
+to procure for him some gratuity from his Majesty.  He was in such
+necessity, he said, that it was no longer possible for him to maintain
+his household.
+
+And with this petition the grandee of the obedient provinces shook the
+dust from his shoes, and left his natal soil for ever.  He died on the
+11th December of the same year in Venice.
+
+His son the Prince of Chimay, his brother, and son-inlaw, and the other
+obedient nobles, soon accommodated themselves to the new administration,
+much as they had been inclined to bluster at first about their
+privileges.  The governor soon reported that matters were proceeding
+very, smoothly.  There was a general return to the former docility now
+that such a disciplinarian as Fuentes held the reins.
+
+The opening scenes of the campaign between the Spanish governor and
+France were, as usual, in Picardy.  The Marquis of Varambon made a
+demonstration in the neighbourhood of Dourlens--a fortified town on the
+river Authie, lying in an open plain, very deep in that province--while
+Fuentes took the field with eight thousand men, and laid siege to Le
+Catelet.  He had his eye, however, upon Ham.  That important stronghold
+was in the hands of a certain nobleman called De Gomeron, who had been
+an energetic Leaguer, and was now disposed, for a handsome consideration,
+to sell himself to the King of Spain.  In the auction of governors and
+generals then going on in every part of France it had been generally
+found that Henry's money was more to be depended upon in the long run,
+although Philip's bids were often very high, and, for a considerable
+period, the payments regular.  Gomeron's upset price for himself was
+twenty-five thousand crowns in cash, and a pension of eight thousand a
+year.  Upon these terms he agreed to receive a Spanish garrison into the
+town, and to cause the French in the citadel to be sworn into the service
+of the Spanish king.  Fuentes agreed to the bargain and paid the adroit
+tradesman, who knew so well how to turn a penny for himself, a large
+portion of the twenty-five thousand crowns upon the nail.
+
+De Gomeron was to proceed to Brussels to receive the residue.  His
+brother-in-law, M. d'Orville, commanded in the citadel, and so soon as
+the Spanish troops had taken possession of the town its governor claimed
+full payment of his services.
+
+But difficulties awaited him in Brussels.  He was informed that a French
+garrison could not be depended upon for securing the fortress, but that
+town and citadel must both be placed in Spanish hands.  De Gomeron loudly
+protesting that this was not according to contract, was calmly assured,
+by command of Fuentes, that unless the citadel were at once evacuated and
+surrendered, he would not receive the balance of his twenty-five thousand
+crowns, and that he should instantly lose his head.  Here was more than
+De Gomeron had bargained for; but this particular branch of commerce
+in revolutionary times, although lucrative, has always its risks.
+De Gomeron, thus driven to the wall, sent a letter by a Spanish messenger
+to his brother-in-law, ordering him to surrender the fortress.
+D'Orville--who meantime had been making his little arrangements with
+the other party--protested that the note had been written under duress,
+and refused to comply with its directions.
+
+Time was pressing, for the Duke of Bouillon and the Count of St. Pol lay
+with a considerable force in the neighbourhood, obviously menacing Ham.
+
+Fuentes accordingly sent that distinguished soldier and historian, Don
+Carlos Coloma, with a detachment of soldiers to Brussels, with orders
+to bring Gomeron into camp.  He was found seated at supper with his two
+young brothers, aged respectively sixteen and eighteen years, and was
+just putting a cherry into his mouth as Coloma entered the room.  He
+remained absorbed in thought, trifling with the cherry without eating it,
+which Don Carlos set down as a proof of guilt: The three brothers were at
+once put in a coach, together with their sister, a nun of the age of
+twenty, and conveyed to the head-quarters of Fuentes, who lay before Le
+Catelet, but six leagues from Ham.
+
+Meantime D'Orville had completed his negotiations with Bouillon, and had
+agreed to surrender the fortress so soon as the Spanish troops should be
+driven from the town.  The duke knowing that there was no time to lose,
+came with three thousand men before the place.  His summons to surrender
+was answered by a volley of cannon-shot from the town defences.  An
+assault was made and repulsed, D'Humieres, a most gallant officer and a
+favourite of King Henry, being killed, besides at least two hundred
+soldiers.  The next attack was successful, the town was carried, and the
+Spanish garrison put to the sword.
+
+D'Orville then, before giving up the citadel, demanded three hostages for
+the lives of his three brothers-in-law.
+
+The hostages availed him little.  Fuentes had already sent word to
+Gomeron's mother, that if the bargain were not fulfilled he would send
+her the heads of her three sons on three separate dishes.  The distracted
+woman made her way, to D'Orville, and fell at his feet with tears and
+entreaties.  It was too late, and D'Orville, unable to bear her
+lamentations, suddenly rushed from the castle, and nearly fell into
+the hands of the Spaniards as he fled from the scene.  Two of the four
+cuirassiers, who alone of the whole garrison accompanied him, were taken
+prisoners.  The governor escaped to unknown regions.  Madame de Gomeron
+then appeared before Fuentes, and tried in vain to soften him.  De
+Gomeron was at once beheaded in the sight of the whole camp.  The two
+younger sons were retained in prison, but ultimately set at liberty.
+The town and citadel were thus permanently acquired by their lawful king,
+who was said to be more afflicted at the death of D'Humieres than
+rejoiced at the capture of Ham.
+
+Meantime Colonel Verdugo, royal governor of Friesland, whose occupation
+in those provinces, now so nearly recovered by the republic, was gone,
+had led a force of six thousand foot, and twelve hundred horse across the
+French border, and was besieging La Ferte on the Cher.  The siege was
+relieved by Bouillon on the 26th May, and the Spanish veteran was then
+ordered to take command in Burgundy.  But his days were numbered.  He had
+been sick of dysentery at Luxembourg during the summer, but after
+apparent recovery died suddenly on the 2nd September, and of course was
+supposed to have been poisoned.  He was identified with the whole history
+of the Netherland wars.  Born at Talavera de la Reyna, of noble
+parentage, as he asserted--although his mother was said to have sold
+dogs' meat, and he himself when a youth was a private soldier--he rose
+by steady conduct and hard fighting to considerable eminence in his
+profession.  He was governor of Harlem after the famous siege, and
+exerted himself with some success to mitigate the ferocity of the
+Spaniards towards the Netherlanders at that epoch.  He was marshal-
+general of the camp under Don John of Austria, and distinguished himself
+at the battle of Gemblours.  He succeeded Count Renneberg as governor of
+Friesland and Groningen, and bore a manful part in most of the rough
+business that had been going on for a generation of mankind among those
+blood-stained wolds and morasses.  He was often victorious, and quite as
+often soundly defeated; but he enjoyed campaigning, and was a glutton of
+work.  He cared little for parade and ceremony, but was fond of recalling
+with pleasure the days when he was a soldier at four crowns a month, with
+an undivided fourth of one cloak, which he and three companions wore by
+turns on holidays.  Although accused of having attempted to procure the
+assassination of William Lewis Nassau, he was not considered ill-natured,
+and he possessed much admiration for Prince Maurice.  An iron-clad man,
+who had scarcely taken harness from his back all his life, he was a type
+of the Spanish commanders who had implanted international hatred deeply
+in the Netherland soul, and who, now that this result and no other had
+been accomplished, were rapidly passing away.  He had been baptised
+Franco, and his family appellation of Verdugo meant executioner.  Punning
+on these names he was wont to say, that he was frank for all good people,
+but a hangman for heretics; and he acted up to his gibe.
+
+Foiled at Ham, Fuentes had returned to the siege of Catelet, and had soon
+reduced the place.  He then turned his attention again to Dourlens, and
+invested that city.  During the preliminary operations, another veteran
+commander in these wars, Valentin Pardieu de la Motte, recently created
+Count of Everbecque by Philip, who had been for a long time general-in-
+chief of the artillery, and was one of the most famous and experienced
+officers in the Spanish service, went out one fine moonlight night to
+reconnoitre the enemy, and to superintend the erection of batteries.  As
+he was usually rather careless of his personal safety, and rarely known
+to put on his armour when going for such purposes into the trenches, it
+was remarked with some surprise, on this occasion, that he ordered his
+page to bring his, accoutrements, and that he armed himself cap-a pie
+before leaving his quarters.  Nevertheless, before he had reached the
+redoubt, a bullet from the town struck him between the fold of his morion
+and the edge of his buckler and he fell dead without uttering a sound.
+
+Here again was a great loss to the king's service.  La Motte, of a noble
+family in Burgundy, had been educated in the old fierce traditions of the
+Spanish system of warfare in the Netherlands, and had been one of the
+very hardest instruments that the despot could use for his bloody work.
+He had commanded a company of horse at the famous battle of St. Quintin,
+and since that opening event in Philip's reign he had been unceasingly--
+engaged in the Flemish wars.  Alva made him a colonel of a Walloon
+regiment; the grand commander Requesena appointed him governor of
+Gravelines.  On the whole he had been tolerably faithful to his colours;
+having changed sides but twice.  After the pacification of Ghent he swore
+allegiance to the States-General, and assisted in the bombardment of the
+citadel of that place.  Soon afterwards he went over to Don John of
+Austria, and surrendered to him the town and fortress of Gravelines, of
+which he then continued governor in the name of the king.  He was
+fortunate in the accumulation of office and of money; rather unlucky in
+his campaigning.  He was often wounded in action, and usually defeated
+when commanding in chief.  He lost an arm at the siege of Sluy's, and had
+now lost his life almost by an accident.  Although twice married he left
+no children to inherit his great estates, while the civil and military
+offices left vacant by his death were sufficient to satisfy the claims of
+five aspiring individuals.  The Count of Varax succeeded him as general
+of artillery; but it was difficult to find a man to replace La Motte,
+possessing exactly the qualities which had made that warrior so valuable
+to his king.  The type was rapidly disappearing, and most fortunately
+for humanity, if half the stories told of him by grave chroniclers,
+accustomed to discriminate between history and gossip, are to be
+believed.  He had committed more than one cool homicide.  Although not
+rejoicing in the same patronymic as his Spanish colleague of Friesland,
+he too was ready on occasion to perform hangman's work.  When sergeant-
+major in Flanders, he had himself volunteered--so ran the chronicle--
+to do execution on a poor wretch found guilty of professing the faith of
+Calvin; and, with his own hands, had prepared a fire of straw, tied his
+victim to the stake, and burned him to cinders.  Another Netherlander
+for the name crime of heresy had been condemned to be torn to death by
+horses.  No one could be found to carry out the sentence.  The soldiers
+under La Motte's command broke into mutiny rather than permit themselves
+to be used for such foul purposes; but the ardent young sergeant-major
+came forward, tied the culprit by the arms and legs to two horses, and
+himself whipped them to their work till it was duly accomplished.  Was it
+strange that in Philip's reign such energy should be rewarded by wealth,
+rank, and honour?  Was not such a labourer in the vineyard worthy of his
+hire?
+
+Still another eminent chieftain in the king's service disappeared at this
+time--one who, although unscrupulous and mischievous enough in his day,
+was however not stained by any suspicion of crimes like these.  Count
+Charles Mansfeld, tired of governing his decrepit parent Peter Ernest,
+who, since the appointment of Fuentes, had lost all further chance of
+governing the Netherlands, had now left Philip's service and gone to the
+Turkish wars.  For Amurath III., who had died in the early days of the
+year, had been succeeded by a sultan as warlike as himself.  Mahomet
+III., having strangled his nineteen brothers on his accession, handsomely
+buried them in cypress coffins by the side of their father, and having
+subsequently sacked and drowned ten infant princes posthumously born to
+Amurath, was at leisure to carry the war through Transylvania and
+Hungary, up to the gates of Vienna, with renewed energy.  The Turk,
+who could enforce the strenuous rules of despotism by which all
+secundogenitures and collateral claimants in the Ottoman family were
+thus provided for, was a foe to be dealt with seriously.  The power of
+the Moslems at that day was a full match for the holy Roman Empire.  The
+days were far distant when the grim Turk's head was to become a mockery
+and a show; and when a pagan empire, born of carnage and barbarism, was
+to be kept alive in Europe when it was ready to die, by the collective
+efforts of Christian princes.  Charles Mansfeld had been received with
+great enthusiasm at the court of Rudolph, where he was created a prince
+of the Empire, and appointed to the chief command of the Imperial armies
+under the Archduke Matthias.  But his warfare was over.  At the siege of
+Gran he was stricken with sickness and removed to Comorn, where he
+lingered some weeks.  There, on the 24th August, as he lay half-dozing on
+his couch, he was told that the siege was at last successful; upon which
+he called for a goblet of wine, drained it eagerly, and then lay resting
+his head on his hand, like one absorbed in thought.  When they came to
+arouse him from his reverie they found that he was dead.  His father
+still remained superfluous in the Netherlands, hating and hated by
+Fuentes; but no longer able to give that governor so much annoyance as
+during his son's life-time the two had been able to create for Alexander
+Farnese.  The octogenarian was past work and past mischief now; but there
+was one older soldier than he still left upon the stage, the grandest
+veteran in Philip's service, and now the last survivor, except the
+decrepit Peter Ernest, of the grim commanders of Alva's school.
+Christopher Mondragon--that miracle of human endurance, who had been
+an old man when the great duke arrived in the Netherlands--was still
+governor of Antwerp citadel, and men were to speak of him yet once
+more before he passed from the stage.
+
+I return from this digression to the siege of Dourlens.  The death of La
+Motte made no difference in the plans of Fuentes.  He was determined to
+reduce the place preparatively to more important operations.  Bouillon
+was disposed to relieve it, and to that end had assembled a force of
+eight thousand men within the city of Amiens.  By midsummer the Spaniards
+had advanced with their mines and galleries close to the walls of the
+city.  Meantime Admiral Villars, who had gained so much renown by
+defending Rouen against Henry IV., and who had subsequently made such an
+excellent bargain with that monarch before entering his service, arrived
+at Amiens.  On the 24th July an expedition was sent from that city
+towards Dourlens.  Bouillon and St. Pol commanded in person a force of
+six hundred picked cavalry.  Pillars and Sanseval each led half as many,
+and there was a supporting body of twelve hundred musketeers.  This
+little army convoyed a train of wagons, containing ammunition and other
+supplies for the beleaguered town.  But Fuentes, having sufficiently
+strengthened his works, sallied forth with two thousand infantry, and a
+flying squadron of Spanish horse, to intercept them.  It was the eve of
+St. James, the patron saint of Spain, at the sound, of whose name as a
+war-cry so many battle-fields had been won in the Netherlands, so many
+cities sacked, so many wholesale massacres perpetrated.  Fuentes rode in
+the midst of his troops with the royal standard of Spain floating above
+him. On the other hand Yillars, glittering in magnificent armour and
+mounted on a superbly caparisoned charger came on, with his three hundred
+troopers, as if about to ride a course in a tournament.  The battle which
+ensued was one of the most bloody for the numbers engaged, and the
+victory one of the most decisive recorded in this war.  Villars charged
+prematurely, furiously, foolishly.  He seemed jealous of Bouillon, and
+disposed to show the sovereign to whom he had so recently given his
+allegiance that an ancient Leaguer and Papist was a better soldier for
+his purpose than the most grizzled Huguenot in his army.  On the other
+hand the friends of Villars accused the duke of faintheartedness, or at
+least of an excessive desire to save himself and his own command.  The
+first impetuous onset of the admiral was successful, and he drove half-
+a-dozen companies of Spaniards before him.  But he had ventured too far
+from his supports.  Bouillon had only intended a feint, instead of a
+desperate charge; the Spaniards were rallied, and the day was saved by
+that cool and ready soldier, Carlos Coloma.  In less than an hour the
+French were utterly defeated and cut to pieces.  Bouillon escaped to
+Amiens with five hundred men; this was all that was left of the
+expedition.  The horse of Villars was shot under him and the admiral's
+leg was broken as he fell.  He was then taken prisoner by two lieutenants
+of Carlos Coloma; but while these warriors were enjoying,
+by anticipation, the enormous ransom they should derive from so
+illustrious a captive, two other lieutenants in the service of Marshal de
+Rosnes came up and claimed their share in the prize.  While the four were
+wrangling, the admiral called out to them in excellent Spanish not to
+dispute, for he had money enough to satisfy them all.  Meantime the
+Spanish commissary--general of cavalry, Contreras, came up, rebuked this
+unseemly dispute before the enemy had been fairly routed, and, in order
+to arrange the quarrel impartially, ordered his page to despatch De
+Villars on the spot.  The page, without a word, placed his arquebus to
+the admiral's forehead and shot him dead.
+
+So perished a bold and brilliant soldier, and a most unscrupulous
+politician.  Whether the cause of his murder was mere envy on the part
+of the commissary at having lost a splendid opportunity for prize-money,
+or hatred to an ancient Leaguer thus turned renegade, it is fruitless
+now to enquire.
+
+Villars would have paid two hundred thousand crowns for his ransom, so
+that the assassination was bad as a mercantile speculation; but it was
+pretended by the friends of Contreras that rescue was at hand.  It is
+certain, however, that nothing was attempted by the French to redeem
+their total overthrow.  Count Belin was wounded and fell into the hands
+of Coloma.  Sanseval was killed; and a long list of some of the most
+brilliant nobles in France was published by the Spaniards as having
+perished on that bloody field.  This did not prevent a large number of
+these victims, however, from enjoying excellent health for many long
+years afterwards, although their deaths have been duly recorded in
+chronicle from that day to our own times.
+
+But Villars and Sanseval were certainly slain, and Fuentes sent their
+bodies, with a courteous letter, to the Duke of Nevers, at Amiens, who
+honoured them with a stately funeral.
+
+There was much censure cast on both Bouillon and Villars respectively
+by the antagonists of each chieftain; and the contest as to the cause of
+the defeat was almost as animated as the skirmish itself.  Bouillon was
+censured for grudging a victory to the Catholics, and thus leaving the
+admiral to his fate.  Yet it is certain that the Huguenot duke himself
+commanded a squadron composed almost entirely of papists.  Villars, on
+the other hand, was censured for rashness, obstinacy, and greediness for
+distinction; yet it is probable that Fuentes might have been defeated had
+the charges of Bouillon been as determined and frequent as were those of
+his colleague.  Savigny de Rosnes, too, the ancient Leaguer, who
+commanded under Fuentes, was accused of not having sufficiently followed
+up the victory, because unwilling that his Spanish friends should
+entirely trample upon his own countrymen.  Yet there is no doubt whatever
+that De Rosnes was as bitter an enemy to his own country as the most
+ferocious Spaniard of them all.  It has rarely been found in civil war
+that the man who draws his sword against his fatherland, under the banner
+of the foreigner, is actuated by any lingering tenderness for the nation
+he betrays; and the renegade Frenchman was in truth the animating spirit
+of Fuentes during the whole of his brilliant campaign.  The Spaniard's
+victories were, indeed, mainly attributable to the experience, the
+genius, and the rancour of De Rosnes.
+
+But debates over a lost battle are apt to be barren.  Meantime Fuentes,
+losing no time in controversy, advanced upon the city of Dourlens, was
+repulsed twice, and carried it on the third assault, exactly one week
+after the action just recounted.  The Spaniards and Leaguers, howling
+"Remember Ham!"  butchered without mercy the garrison and all the
+citizens, save a small number of prisoners likely to be lucrative.  Six
+hundred of the townspeople and two thousand five hundred French soldiers
+were killed within a few hours.  Well had Fuentes profited by the
+relationship and tuition of Alva!
+
+The Count of Dinant and his brother De Ronsoy were both slain, and two or
+three hundred thousand florins were paid in ransom by those who escaped
+with life.  The victims were all buried outside of the town in one vast
+trench, and the effluvia bred a fever which carried off most of the
+surviving inhabitants.  Dourlens became for the time a desert.
+
+Fuentes now received deputies with congratulations from the obedient
+provinces, especially from Hainault, Artois, and Lille.  He was also
+strongly urged to attempt the immediate reduction of Cambray, to which
+end those envoys were empowered to offer contributions of four hundred
+and fifty thousand florins and a contingent of seven thousand infantry.
+Berlaymont, too, bishop of Tournay and archbishop of Cambray, was ready
+to advance forty thousand florins in the same cause.
+
+Fuentes, in the highest possible spirits at his success, and having just
+been reinforced by Count Bucquoy with a fresh Walloon regiment of fifteen
+hundred foot and with eight hundred and fifty of the mutineers from
+Tirlemont and Chapelle, who were among the choicest of Spanish veterans,
+was not disposed to let the grass grow under his feet.  Within four days
+after the sack of Dourlens he broke up his camp, and came before Cambray
+with an army of twelve thousand foot and nearly four thousand horse.  But
+before narrating the further movements of the vigorous new governor-
+general, it is necessary to glance at the military operations in the
+eastern part of the Netherlands and upon the Rhine.
+
+The States-General had reclaimed to their authority nearly all that
+important region lying beyond the Yssel--the solid Frisian bulwark of the
+republic--but there were certain points nearer the line where Upper and
+Nether Germany almost blend into one, which yet acknowledged the name of
+the king.  The city of Groenlo, or Grol, not a place of much interest or
+importance in itself, but close to the frontier, and to that destined
+land of debate, the duchies of Cleves, Juliers, and Berg, still retained
+its Spanish garrison.  On the 14th July Prince Maurice of Nassau came
+before the city with six thousand infantry, some companies of cavalry,
+and sixteen pieces of artillery.  He made his approaches in form, and
+after a week's operations he fired three volleys, according to his
+custom, and summoned the place to capitulate.  Governor Jan van Stirum
+replied stoutly that he would hold the place for God and the king to the
+last drop of his blood.  Meantime there was hope of help from the
+outside.
+
+Maurice was a vigorous young commander, but there was a man to be dealt
+with who had been called the "good old Mondragon" when the prince was in
+his cradle; and who still governed the citadel of Antwerp, and was still
+ready for an active campaign.
+
+Christopher Mondragon was now ninety-two years old.  Not often in the
+world's history has a man of that age been capable of personal,
+participation in the joys of the battlefield, whatever natural reluctance
+veterans are apt to manifest at relinquishing high military control.
+
+But Mondragon looked not with envy but with admiration on the growing
+fame of the Nassau chieftain, and was disposed, before he himself left
+the stage, to match himself with the young champion.
+
+So soon as he heard of the intended demonstration of Maurice against
+Grol, the ancient governor of Antwerp collected a little army by throwing
+together all the troops that could be spared from the various garrisons
+within his command.  With two Spanish regiments, two thousand Swiss, the
+Walloon troops of De Grisons, and the Irish regiment of Stanley--in all
+seven thousand foot and thirteen hundred horse--Mondragon marched
+straight across Brabant and Gelderland to the Rhine.  At Kaiserworth he
+reviewed his forces, and announced his intention of immediately crossing
+the river.  There was a murmur of disapprobation among officers and men
+at what they considered the foolhardy scheme of mad old Mondragon.  But
+the general had not campaigned a generation before, at the age of sixty-
+nine, in the bottom of the sea, and waded chin-deep for six hours long of
+an October night, in the face of a rising tide from the German Ocean and
+of an army of Zeelanders, to be frightened now at the summer aspect of
+the peaceful Rhine.
+
+The wizened little old man, walking with difficulty by the aid of a
+staff, but armed in proof, with plumes waving gallantly from his iron
+headpiece, and with his rapier at his side, ordered a chair to be brought
+to the river's edge.  Then calmly seating himself in the presence of his
+host, he stated that he should not rise from that chair until the last
+man had crossed the river.  Furthermore, he observed that it was not only
+his purpose to relieve the city of Grol, but to bring Maurice to an
+action, and to defeat him, unless he retired.  The soldiers ceased to
+murmur, the pontoons were laid, the, river was passed, and on the 25th
+July, Maurice, hearing of the veteran's approach, and not feeling safe
+in his position, raised the siege of the city.  Burning his camp and
+everything that could not be taken with him on his march, the prince came
+in perfect order to Borkelo, two Dutch miles from Grol.  Here he occupied
+himself for some time in clearing the country of brigands who in the
+guise of soldiers infested that region and made the little cities of
+Deutecom, Anholt, and Heerenberg unsafe.  He ordered the inhabitants of
+these places to send out detachments to beat the bushes for his cavalry,
+while Hohenlo was ordered to hunt the heaths and wolds thoroughly with
+packs of bloodhounds until every man and beast to be found lurking in
+those wild regions should be extirpated.  By these vigorous and cruel,
+but perhaps necessary, measures the brigands were at last extirpated, and
+honest people began to sleep in their beds.
+
+On the 18th August Maurice took up a strong position at Bislich, not
+far from Wesel, where the River Lippe empties itself into the Rhine.
+Mondragon, with his army strengthened by reinforcements from garrisons
+in Gelderland, and by four hundred men brought by Frederic, van den Berg
+from Grol, had advanced to a place called Walston in den Ham, in the
+neighbourhood of Wesel.  The Lippe flowed between the two hostile forces.
+Although he had broken up his siege, the prince was not disposed to
+renounce his whole campaign before trying conclusions with his veteran
+antagonist.  He accordingly arranged an ambush with much skill, by means
+of which he hoped to bring on a general engagement and destroy Mondragon
+and his little army.
+
+His cousin and favourite lieutenant, Philip Nassau, was entrusted with
+the preliminaries.  That adventurous commander, with a picked force of
+seven hundred cavalry, moved quietly from the camp on the evening of the
+1st September.  He took with him his two younger brothers, Ernest and
+Lewis Gunther, who, as has been seen, had received the promise of the
+eldest brother of the family, William Lewis, that they should be employed
+from time to time in any practical work that might be going, forward.
+Besides these young gentlemen, several of the most famous English and
+Dutch commanders were on, the expedition; the brothers Paul and Marcellus
+Bax, Captains Parker, Cutler, and Robert Vere, brother of Sir Francis,
+among the number.
+
+Early in the morning of the 2nd September the force crossed the Lippe,
+according to orders, keeping a pontoon across the stream to secure their
+retreat.
+
+They had instructions thus to feel the enemy at early dawn, and, as he
+was known to have foraging parties out every morning along the margin of
+the river, to make a sudden descent upon their pickets, and to capture
+those companies before they could effect their escape or be reinforced.
+Afterwards they were to retreat across the Lippe, followed, as it was
+hoped would be the case, by the troops: of Mondragon, anxious to punish
+this piece of audacity.  Meantime Maurice with five thousand infantry,
+the rest of his cavalry, and several pieces of artillery, awaited their
+coming, posted behind some hills in the neighbourhood of Wesel.
+
+The plot of the young commander was an excellent one, but the ancient
+campaigner on the other side of the river had not come all the way from
+his comfortable quarters in Antwerp to be caught napping on that
+September morning.  Mondragon had received accurate information from his
+scouts as to what was going on in the enemy's camp; and as to the exact
+position of Maurice.  He was up long before daybreak--"the good old
+Christopher"--and himself personally arranged a counter-ambush.  In the
+fields lying a little back from the immediate neighbourhood of, the Lippe
+he posted the mass of his cavalry, supported by a well-concealed force of
+infantry.  The pickets on the stream and the foraging companies were left
+to do their usual work as if nothing were likely to happen.
+
+Philip Nassau galloped cheerfully forward; according to the well-
+concerted plan, sending Cutler and Marcellus Bax with a handful of
+troopers to pounce upon the enemy's pickets.  When those officers got to
+the usual foraging ground they, came upon a much larger cavalry force
+than they had looked for; and, suspecting something wrong; dashed back--
+again to give information to Count Philip.  That impatient commander,
+feeling sure of his game unless this foolish delay should give the
+foraging companies time to, escape; ordered an immediate advance with his
+whole cavalry force: The sheriff of Zallant was ordered to lead the way.
+He objected that the pass, leading through a narrow lane and opening by a
+gate into an open field, was impassable for more than two troopers
+abreast; and that the enemy was in force beyond.  Philips scorning these
+words of caution, and exclaiming that seventy-five lancers were enough to
+put fifty carabineers to rout; put on his casque, drew his sword; and
+sending his brother Lewis to summon Kinski and Donck; dashed into the
+pass, accompanied by the two counts and, a couple of other nobles. The
+sheriff, seeing this, followed him at full gallop; and after him came the
+troopers of Barchon, of Du Bois, and of Paul Bax; riding single file but
+in much disorder.  When they had all entered inextricably into the lane,
+with the foremost of the lancers already passing through the gate, they
+discovered the enemy's cavalry and infantry drawn up in force upon the
+watery, heathery pastures beyond.  There was at once a scene of
+confusion.   To use lances was impossible, while they were all struggling
+together through the narrow passage offering themselves an easy prey to
+the enemy as they slowly emerged into the gelds.  The foremost defended
+themselves with sabre and pistol as well as they could.  The hindmost did
+their best to escape, and rode for their lives to the other side of the
+river.  All trampled upon each other and impeded each other's movements.
+There was a brief engagement, bloody, desperate, hand to hand, and many
+Spaniards fell before the entrapped Netherlanders.  But there could not
+be a moment's doubt as to the issue.  Count Philip went down in the
+beginning of the action, shot through the body by an arquebus, discharged
+so close to him that his clothes were set on fire.  As there was no water
+within reach the flames could be extinguished at last only by rolling him
+over, and over, wounded as he was, among the sand and heather.  Count
+Ernest Solms was desperately wounded at the same time.  For a moment both
+gentlemen attempted to effect their escape by mounting on one horse, but
+both fell to the ground exhausted and were taken prisoners.  Ernest
+Nassau was also captured.  His young brother, Lewis Gunther, saved
+himself by swimming the river.  Count Kinski was mortally wounded.
+Robert Vere, too, fell into the enemy's hands, and was afterwards
+murdered in cold blood.  Marcellus Bax, who had returned to the field by
+a circuitous path, still under the delusion that he was about handsomely
+to cut off the retreat of the foraging companies, saved himself and a
+handful of cavalry by a rapid flight, so soon as he discovered the enemy
+drawn up in line of battle.  Cutler and Parker were equally fortunate.
+There was less than a hundred of the States' troops killed, and it is
+probable that a larger number of the Spaniards fell.  But the loss of
+Philip Nassau, despite the debauched life and somewhat reckless valour.
+of that soldier, was a very severe one to the army and to his family.
+He was conveyed to Rheinberg, where his wounds were dressed.  As he lay
+dying he was courteously visited by Mondragon, and by many other Spanish
+officers, anxious to pay their respects to so distinguished and warlike a
+member of an illustrious house.  He received them with dignity, and
+concealed his physical agony so as to respond to their conversation as
+became a Nassau.  His cousin, Frederic van den Berg, who was among the
+visitors, indecently taunted him with his position; asking him what he
+had expected by serving the cause of the Beggars.  Philip turned from him
+with impatience and bade him hold his peace.  At midnight he died.
+
+William of Orange and his three brethren had already laid down their
+lives for the republic, and now his eldest brother's son had died in the
+same cause.  "He has carried the name of Nassau with honour into the
+grave," said his brother Lewis William, to their father.  Ten others of
+the house, besides many collateral relations, were still in arms for
+their adopted country.  Rarely in history has a single noble race so
+entirely identified itself with a nation's record in its most heroic
+epoch as did that of Orange-Nassau with the liberation of Holland.
+
+Young Ernest Solms, brother of Count Everard, lay in the same chamber
+with Philip Nassau, and died on the following day.  Their bodies were
+sent by Mondragon with a courteous letter to Maurice at Bisslich.  Ernest
+Nassau was subsequently ransomed for ten thousand florins.
+
+This skirmish on the Lippe has no special significance in a military
+point of view, but it derives more than a passing interest, not only from
+the death of many a brave and distinguished soldier, but for the
+illustration of human vigour triumphing, both physically and mentally,
+over the infirmities of old age, given by the achievement of Christopher
+Mondragon.  Alone he had planned his expedition across the country from
+Antwerp, alone he had insisted on crossing the Rhine, while younger
+soldiers hesitated; alone, with his own active brain and busy hands, he
+had outwitted the famous young chieftain of the Netherlands, counteracted
+his subtle policy, and set the counter-ambush by which his choicest
+cavalry were cut to pieces, and one of his bravest generals slain.  So
+far could the icy blood of ninety-two prevail against the vigour of
+twenty-eight.
+
+The two armies lay over against each other, with the river between them,
+for some days longer, but it was obvious that nothing further would be
+attempted on either side.  Mondragon had accomplished the object for
+which he had marched from Brabant.  He had, spoiled the autumn campaign
+of Maurice, and, was, now disposed to return before winter to, his own
+quarters.  He sent a trumpet accordingly to his antagonist, begging him,
+half in jest, to have more consideration for his infirmities than to keep
+him out in his old age in such foul weather, but to allow him the
+military honour of being last to break up camp.  Should Maurice consent
+to move away, Mondragon was ready to pledge himself not to pursue him,
+and within three days to leave his own entrenchments.
+
+The proposition was not granted, and very soon afterwards the Spaniard,
+deciding to retire, crossed the Rhine on the 11th October.  Maurice made
+a slight attempt at pursuit, sending Count William Lewis with some
+cavalry, who succeeded in cutting off a few wagons.  The army, however,
+returned safely, to be dispersed into various garrisons.
+
+This was Mondragon's last feat of, arms.  Less than three months
+afterwards, in Antwerp citadel, as the veteran was washing his hands
+previously to going to the dinner-table, he sat down and died.  Strange
+to say, this man--who had spent almost a century on the battlefield, who
+had been a soldier in nearly every war that had been waged in any part of
+Europe during that most belligerent age, who had come an old man to the
+Netherlands before Alva's arrival, and had ever since been constantly and
+personally engaged in the vast Flemish tragedy which had now lasted well
+nigh thirty years--had never himself lost a drop of blood.  His battle-
+fields had been on land and water, on ice, in fire, and at the bottom of
+the sea, but he had never received a wound.  Nay, more; he had been blown
+up in a fortress--the castle of Danvilliers in Luxembourg, of which he
+was governor--where all perished save his wife and himself, and, when
+they came to dig among the ruins, they excavated at last the ancient
+couple, protected by the framework of a window in the embrasure of which
+they had been seated, without a scratch or a bruise.  He was a Biscayan
+by descent, but born in Medina del Campo.  A strict disciplinarian, very
+resolute and pertinacious, he had the good fortune to be beloved by his
+inferiors, his equals, and his superiors.  He was called the father of
+his soldiers, the good Mondragon, and his name was unstained by any of
+those deeds of ferocity which make the chronicles of the time resemble
+rather the history of wolves than of men.  To a married daughter, mother
+of several children, he left a considerable fortune.
+
+Maurice broke up his camp soon after the departure of his antagonist, and
+paused for a few days at Arnheim to give honourable burial to his cousin
+Philip and Count Solms.  Meantime Sir Francis Vere was detached, with
+three regiments, which were to winter in Overyssel, towards Weerd castle,
+situate at a league's distance from Ysselsburg, and defended by a
+garrison of twenty-six men under Captain Pruys.  That doughty commandant,
+on being summoned to surrender, obstinately refused.  Vere, according to
+Maurice's orders, then opened with his artillery against the place, which
+soon capitulated in great panic and confusion.  The captain demanded the
+honours of war.  Vere told him in reply that the honours of war were
+halters for the garrison who had dared to defend such a hovel against
+artillery.  The twenty-six were accordingly ordered to draw black and
+white straws.  This was done, and the twelve drawing white straws were
+immediately hanged; the thirteenth receiving his life on consenting to
+act as executioner for his comrades.  The commandant was despatched first
+of all.  The rope broke, but the English soldiers held him under the
+water of the ditch until he was drowned.  The castle was then thoroughly
+sacked, the women being sent unharmed to Ysselsburg.
+
+Maurice then shipped the remainder of his troops along the Rhine and Waal
+to their winter quarters and returned to the Hague.  It was the feeblest
+year's work yet done by the stadholder.
+
+Meantime his great ally, the Huguenot-Catholic Prince of Bearne, was
+making a dashing, and, on the whole, successful campaign in the heart of
+his own kingdom.  The constable of Castile, Don Ferdinando de Velasco,
+one of Spain's richest grandees and poorest generals, had been sent with
+an army of ten thousand men to take the field in Burgundy against the man
+with whom the great Farnese had been measuring swords so lately, and with
+not unmingled success, in Picardy.  Biron, with a sudden sweep, took
+possession of Aussone, Autun, and Beaune, but on one adventurous day
+found himself so deeply engaged with a superior force of the enemy in the
+neighbourhood of Fontaine Francaise, or St. Seine, where France's great
+river takes its rise, as to be nearly cut off and captured.  But Henry
+himself was already in the field, and by one of those mad, reckless
+impulses which made him so adorable as a soldier and yet so profoundly
+censurable as a commander-in-chief, he flung himself, like a young
+lieutenant, with a mere handful of cavalry, into the midst of the fight,
+and at the imminent peril of his own life succeeded in rescuing the
+marshal and getting off again unscathed.  On other occasions Henry said
+he had fought for victory, but on that for dear life; and, even as in the
+famous and foolish skirmish at Aumale three years before, it was absence
+of enterprise or lack of cordiality on the part of his antagonists, that
+alone prevented a captive king from being exhibited as a trophy of
+triumph for the expiring League.
+
+But the constable of Castile was not born to cheer the heart of his
+prudent master with such a magnificent spectacle.  Velasco fell back to
+Gray and obstinately refused to stir from his entrenchments, while Henry
+before his eyes laid siege to Dijon.  On the 28th June the capital of
+Burgundy surrendered to its sovereign, but no temptations could induce
+the constable to try the chance of a battle.  Henry's movements in the
+interior were more successful than were the operations nearer the
+frontier, but while the monarch was thus cheerfully fighting for his
+crown in France, his envoys were winning a still more decisive campaign
+for him in Rome.
+
+D'Ossat and Perron had accomplished their diplomatic task with consummate
+ability, and, notwithstanding the efforts and the threats of the Spanish
+ambassador and the intrigues of his master, the absolution was granted.
+The pope arose early on the morning of the 5th August, and walked
+barefoot from his palace of Mount Cavallo to the church of Maria
+Maggiore, with his eyes fixed on the ground, weeping loudly and praying
+fervently.  He celebrated mass in the church, and then returned as he
+went, saluting no one on the road and shutting himself up in his palace
+afterwards.  The same ceremony was performed ten days later on the
+festival of our Lady's Ascension.  In vain, however, had been the
+struggle on the part of his Holiness to procure from the ambassador the
+deposition of the crown of France in his hands, in order that the king
+might receive it back again as a free gift and concession from the chief
+pontiff.  Such a triumph was not for Rome, nor could even the publication
+of the Council of Trent in France be conceded except with a saving clause
+"as to matters which could not be put into operation without troubling
+the repose of the kingdom."  And to obtain this clause the envoys
+declared "that they had been obliged to sweat blood and water."
+
+On the 17th day of September the absolution was proclaimed with great
+pomp and circumstance from the gallery of St. Peter's, the holy father
+seated on the highest throne of majesty, with his triple crown on has
+head, and all his cardinals and bishops about him in their most effulgent
+robes.
+
+The silver trumpets were blown, while artillery roared from the castle
+of St. Angelo, and for two successive nights Rome was in a blaze of
+bonfires and illumination, in a whirl of bell-ringing, feasting, and
+singing of hosannaha.  There had not been such a merry-making in the
+eternal city since the pope had celebrated solemn thanksgiving for the
+massacre of St. Bartholomew.  The king was almost beside himself with
+rapture when the great news reached him, and he straightway wrote
+letters, overflowing with gratitude and religious enthusiasm, to the
+pontiff and expressed his regret that military operations did not allow
+him to proceed at once to Rome in person to kiss the holy father's feet.
+
+
+The narrative returns to Fuentes, who was left before the walls of
+Cambray.
+
+That venerable ecclesiastical city; pleasantly seated amid gardens,
+orchards, and green pastures, watered, by the winding Scheld, was well
+fortified after the old manner, but it was especially defended and
+dominated by a splendid pentagonal citadel built by Charles V.  It was
+filled with fine churches, among which the magnificent cathedral was
+pre-eminent, and with many other stately edifices.  The population was
+thrifty, active, and turbulent, like that of all those Flemish and
+Walloon cities which the spirit of mediaeval industry had warmed for a
+time into vehement little republics.
+
+But, as has already been depicted in these pages, the Celtic element had
+been more apt to receive than consistent to retain the generous impress
+which had once been stamped on all the Netherlands.  The Walloon
+provinces had fallen away from their Flemish sisters and seemed likely to
+accept a permanent yoke, while in the territory of the united States, as
+John Baptist Tassis was at that very moment pathetically observing in a
+private letter to Philip, "with the coming up of a new generation
+educated as heretics from childhood, who had never heard what the word
+king means, it was likely to happen at last that the king's memory, being
+wholly forgotten nothing would remain in the land but heresy alone."
+From this sad fate Cambray had been saved.  Gavre d'Inchy had seventeen
+years before surrendered the city to the Duke of Alencon during that
+unlucky personage's brief and base career in the Netherlands, all, that
+was left of his visit being the semi-sovereignty which the notorious
+Balagny had since that time enjoyed, in the archiepiscopal city.  This
+personage, a natural son of Monluc, Bishop of Valence, and nephew of the,
+distinguished Marshal Monluci was one of the most fortunate and the most
+ignoble of all the soldiers of fortune who had played their part at this
+epoch in the Netherlands.  A poor creature himself, he had a heroine for
+a wife.  Renee, the sister of Bussy d'Amboise, had vowed to unite herself
+to a man who would avenge the assassination of her brother by the Count
+Montsoreau?  Balagny readily agreed to perform the deed, and accordingly
+espoused the high-born dame, but it does not appear that he ever wreaked
+her vengeance on the murderer.  He had now governed Cambray until the
+citizens and the whole countryside were galled and exhausted by his
+grinding tyranny, his inordinate pride, and his infamous extortions.
+His latest achievement had been to force upon his subjects a copper
+currency bearing the nominal value of silver, with the same blasting
+effects which such experiments in political economy are apt to produce
+on princes and peoples.  He had been a Royalist, a Guisist, a Leaguer,
+a Dutch republican, by turns, and had betrayed all the parties, at whose
+expense he had alternately filled his coffers.  During the past year he
+had made up his mind--like most of the conspicuous politicians and
+campaigners of France--that the moribund League was only fit to be
+trampled upon by its recent worshippers, and he had made accordingly one
+of the very best bargains with Henry IV. that had yet been made, even at
+that epoch of self-vending grandees.
+
+Henry, by treaty ratified in August, 1594, had created him Prince of
+Cambray and Marshal of France, so that the man who had been receiving
+up to that very moment a monthly subsidy of seven thousand two hundred
+dollars from the King of Spain was now gratified with a pension to about
+the same yearly amount by the King of France.  During the autumn Henry
+had visited Cambray, and the new prince had made wondrous exhibitions of
+loyalty to the sovereign whom he had done his best all his life to
+exclude from his kingdom.  There had been a ceaseless round of
+tournaments, festivals, and masquerades in the city in honour of the
+Huguenot chieftain, now changed into the most orthodox and most
+legitimate of monarchs, but it was not until midsummer of the present
+year that Balagny was called on to defend his old possessions and his new
+principality against a well-seasoned army and a vigorous commander.
+Meanwhile his new patron was so warmly occupied in other directions that
+it might be difficult for him to send assistance to the beleaguered city.
+
+On the 14th August Fuentes began his siege operations.  Before the
+investment had been completed the young Prince of Rhetelois, only fifteen
+years of age, son of the Duke of Nevers, made his entrance into the city
+attended by thirty of his father's archers.  De Vich, too, an experienced
+and faithful commander, succeeded in bringing four or five hundred
+dragoons through the enemy's lines.  These meagre reinforcements were all
+that reached the place; for, although the States-General sent two or
+three thousand Scotchmen and Zeelanders, under Justinus of Nassau, to
+Henry, that he might be the better enabled to relieve this important
+frontier city, the king's movements were not sufficiently prompt to turn
+the force to good account Balagny was left with a garrison of three
+thousand French and Walloons in the city, besides five hundred French in
+the fortress.
+
+After six weeks steady drawing of parallels and digging of mines Fuentes
+was ready to open his batteries.  On the 26th September, the news, very
+much exaggerated, of Mondragon's brilliant victory near Wessel, and of
+the deaths of Philip Nassau and Ernest Solms, reached the Spanish camp.
+Immense was the rejoicing.  Triumphant salutes from eighty-seven cannon
+and many thousand muskets shook the earth and excited bewilderment and
+anxiety within the walls of the city.  Almost immediately afterwards a
+tremendous cannonade was begun and so vigorously sustained that the
+burghers, and part of the garrison, already half rebellious with hatred
+to Balagny, began loudly to murmur as the balls came flying into their
+streets.  A few days later an insurrection broke out.  Three thousand
+citizens, with red flags flying, and armed to the teeth were discovered
+at daylight drawn up in the market place.  Balagny came down from the
+citadel and endeavoured to calm the tumult, but was received with
+execrations.  They had been promised, shouted the insurgents, that
+every road about Cambray was to swarm with French soldiers under their
+formidable king, kicking the heads of the Spaniards in all directions.
+And what had they got? a child with thirty archers, sent by his father,
+and half a man at the head of four hundred dragoons.  To stand a siege
+under such circumstances against an army of fifteen thousand Spaniards,
+and to take Balagny's copper as if it were gold, was more than could be
+asked of respectable burghers.
+
+The allusion to the young prince Rhetelois and to De Vich, who had lost a
+leg in the wars, was received with much enthusiasm.  Balagny, appalled at
+the fury of the people, whom he had so long been trampling upon while
+their docility lasted, shrank back before their scornful denunciations
+into the citadel.
+
+But his wife was not appalled.  This princess had from the beginning of
+the siege showed a courage and an energy worthy of her race.  Night and
+day she had gone the rounds of the ramparts, encouraging and directing
+the efforts of the garrison.  She had pointed batteries against the
+enemy's works, and, with her own hands, had fired the cannon.  She now
+made her appearance in the market-place, after her husband had fled, and
+did her best to assuage the tumult, and to arouse the mutineers to a
+sense of duty or of shame.  She plucked  from her bosom whole handfuls
+of gold which she threw among the bystanders, and she was followed by a
+number of carts filled with sacks of coin ready to be exchanged for the
+debased currency.
+
+Expressing contempt for the progress made by the besieging army, and for
+the, slight impression so far produced upon the defences of the city, she
+snatched a pike from a soldier and offered in person to lead the garrison
+to the breach.  Her audience knew full well that this was no theatrical
+display, but that the princess was ready as the boldest warrior to lead
+a forlorn hope or to repel the bloodiest assault.  Nor, from a military
+point of view, was their situation desperate.  But their hatred and scorn
+for Balagny could not be overcome by any passing sentiment of admiration
+for his valiant though imperious wife.  No one followed her to the
+breach.  Exclaiming that she at least would never surrender, and that
+she would die a sovereign princess rather than live a subject, Renee de
+Balagny retained to the citadel.
+
+The town soon afterwards capitulated, and as the Spanish soldiers, on
+entering, observed the slight damage that had been caused by their
+batteries, they were most grateful to the faint-hearted or mutinous
+condition by which they had been spared the expense of an assault.
+
+The citadel was now summoned to surrender; and Balagny agreed, in case he
+should not be relieved within six days, to accept what was considered
+honourable terms.  It proved too late to expect succour from Henry, and
+Balagny, but lately a reigning prince, was fain to go forth on the
+appointed day and salute his conqueror.  But the princess kept her vow.
+She had done her best to defend her dominions and to live a sovereign,
+and now there was nothing left her but to die.  With bitter reproaches on
+her husband's pusillanimity, with tears and sobs of rage and shame, she
+refused food, spurned the idea of capitulation, and expired before the
+9th of October.
+
+On that day a procession moved out of the citadel gates.  Balagny,
+with a son of eleven years of age, the Prince of Rhetelois, the Commander
+De Vich; and many other distinguished personages, all magnificently
+attired, came forth at the head of what remained of the garrison.  The
+soldiers, numbering thirteen hundred foot and two hundred and forty
+horse, marched with colours flying, drums beating, bullet in mouth, and
+all the other recognised palliatives of military disaster.  Last of all
+came a hearse, bearing the coffin of the Princess of Cambray.  Fuentes
+saluted the living leaders of the procession, and the dead heroine; with
+stately courtesy, and ordered an escort as far as Peronne.
+
+Balagny met with a cool reception from Henry at St. Quintin, but
+subsequently made his peace, and espoused the sister of the king's
+mistress, Gabrielle d'Estrees.  The body of Gavre d'Inchy, which had been
+buried for years, was dug up and thrown into a gutter.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Deal with his enemy as if sure to become his friend
+Mondragon was now ninety-two years old
+More catholic than the pope
+Octogenarian was past work and past mischief
+Sacked and drowned ten infant princes
+Strangled his nineteen brothers on his accession
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1595 ***
+
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